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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll
+by Stuart Dodgson Collingwood
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll
+
+Author: Stuart Dodgson Collingwood
+
+Release Date: March 6, 2004 [EBook #11483]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE OF LEWIS CARROLL ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Gundry and PG Distributed
+Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+LIFE AND LETTERS
+
+OF
+
+LEWIS CARROLL
+
+(REV. C. L. DODGSON)
+
+
+
+BY
+
+STUART DODGSON COLLINGWOOD
+
+B.A. CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD
+
+
+
+1898
+
+
+
+TO THE
+
+CHILD FRIENDS
+
+OF
+
+LEWIS CARROLL
+
+AND TO ALL WHO LOVE HIS WRITINGS
+
+THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+It is with no undue confidence that I have accepted the
+invitation of the brothers and sisters of Lewis Carroll to write
+this Memoir. I am well aware that the path of the biographer is
+beset with pitfalls, and that, for him, _suppressio veri_ is
+almost necessarily _suggestio falsi_--the least omission may
+distort the whole picture.
+
+To write the life of Lewis Carroll as it should be written
+would tax the powers of a man of far greater experience and
+insight than I have any pretension to possess, and even he would
+probably fail to represent adequately such a complex personality.
+At least I have done my best to justify their choice, and if in
+any way I have wronged my uncle's memory, unintentionally, I
+trust that my readers will pardon me.
+
+My task has been a delightful one. Intimately as I thought I
+knew Mr. Dodgson during his life, I seem since his death to have
+become still better acquainted with him. If this Memoir helps
+others of his admirers to a fuller knowledge of a man whom to
+know was to love, I shall not have written in vain.
+
+I take this opportunity of thanking those who have so kindly
+assisted me in my work, and first I must mention my old
+schoolmaster, the Rev. Watson Hagger, M.A., to whom my readers
+are indebted for the portions of this book dealing with Mr.
+Dodgson's mathematical works. I am greatly indebted to Mr.
+Dodgson's relatives, and to all those kind friends of his and
+others who have aided me, in so many ways, in my difficult task.
+In particular, I may mention the names of H.R.H. the Duchess of
+Albany; Miss Dora Abdy; Mrs. Egerton Allen; Rev. F. H. Atkinson;
+Sir G. Baden-Powell, M.P.; Mr. A. Ball; Rev. T. Vere Bayne; Mrs.
+Bennie; Miss Blakemore; the Misses Bowman; Mrs. Boyes; Mrs.
+Bremer; Mrs. Brine; Miss Mary Brown; Mrs. Calverley; Miss
+Gertrude Chataway; Mrs. Chester; Mr. J. C. Cropper; Mr. Robert
+Davies; Miss Decima Dodgson; the Misses Dymes; Mrs. Eschwege;
+Mrs. Fuller; Mr. Harry Furniss; Rev. C. A. Goodhart; Mrs.
+Hargreaves; Miss Rose Harrison; Mr. Henry Holiday; Rev. H.
+Hopley; Miss Florence Jackson; Rev. A. Kingston; Mrs. Kitchin;
+Mrs. Freiligrath Kroeker; Mr. F. Madan; Mrs. Maitland; Miss M. E.
+Manners; Miss Adelaide Paine; Mrs. Porter; Miss Edith Rix; Rev.
+C. J. Robinson, D.D.; Mr. S. Rogers; Mrs. Round; Miss Isabel
+Standen; Mr. L. Sergeant; Miss Gaynor Simpson; Mrs. Southwall;
+Sir John Tenniel; Miss E. Gertrude Thomson; Mrs. Woodhouse; and
+Mrs. Wyper.
+
+For their help in the work of compiling the Bibliographical
+chapter and some other parts of the book, my thanks are due to
+Mr. E. Baxter, Oxford; the Controller of the University Press,
+Oxford; Mr. A. J. Lawrence, Rugby; Messrs. Macmillan and Co.,
+London; Mr. James Parker, Oxford; and Messrs. Ward, Lock and Co.,
+London.
+
+In the extracts which I have given from Mr. Dodgson's Journal
+and Correspondence it will be noticed that Italics have been
+somewhat freely employed to represent the words which he
+underlined. The use of Italics was so marked a feature of his
+literary style, as any one who has read his books must have
+observed, that without their aid the rhetorical effect, which he
+always strove to produce, would have been seriously marred.
+
+S. DODGSON COLLINGWOOD
+
+GUILDFORD, _September_, 1898.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+(1832-1850)
+
+    Lewis Carroll's forebears--The Bishop of Elphin--Murder of
+    Captain Dodgson--Daresbury--Living in
+    "Wonderland"--Croft--Boyish amusements--His first
+    school--Latin verses--A good report--He goes to Rugby--_The
+    Rectory Umbrella_--"A Lay of Sorrow"
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+(1850-1860)
+
+    Matriculation at Christ Church--Death of Mrs. Dodgson--The
+    Great Exhibition--University and College Honours--A
+    wonderful year--A theatrical
+    treat--_Misch-Masch_--_The Train_--_College
+    Rhymes_--His _nom de plume_--"Dotheboys
+    Hall"--Alfred Tennyson--Ordination--Sermons--A visit to
+    Farringford--"Where does the day begin?"--The Queen visits
+    Oxford
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+(1861-1867)
+
+    Jowett--Index to "In Memoriam"--The Tennysons--The beginning
+    of "Alice"--Tenniel--Artistic friends--"Alice's Adventures
+    in Wonderland"--"Bruno's Revenge"--Tour with Dr.
+    Liddon--Cologne--Berlin architecture--The "Majesty of
+    Justice"--Peterhof--Moscow--A Russian wedding--Nijni--The
+    Troitska Monastery--"Hieroglyphic" writing--Giessen
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+(1868-1876)
+
+    Death of Archdeacon Dodgson--Lewis Carroll's rooms at Christ
+    Church--"Phantasmagoria"--Translations of "Alice"--"Through
+    the Looking-Glass"--"Jabberwocky" in Latin--C.S.
+    Calverley--"Notes by an Oxford
+    Chiel"--Hatfield--Vivisection--"The Hunting of the Snark"
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+(1877-1883)
+
+    Dramatic tastes--Miss Ellen Terry--"Natural Science at
+    Oxford"--Mr. Dodgson as an artist--Miss E.G. Thomson--The
+    drawing of children--A curious dream--"The Deserted
+    Parks"--"Syzygies"--Circus children--Row-loving
+    undergraduates--A letter to _The Observer_--Resignation
+    of the Lectureship--He is elected Curator of the Common
+    Room--Dream-music.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+(1883-1887)
+
+    "The Profits of Authorship"--"Rhyme? and Reason?"--The
+    Common Room Cat--Visit to Jersey--Purity of
+    elections--Parliamentary Representation--Various literary
+    projects--Letters to Miss E. Rix--Being happy--"A Tangled
+    Tale"--Religious arguments--The "Alice" Operetta--"Alice's
+    Adventures Underground"--"The Game of Logic"--Mr. Harry
+    Furniss.
+
+CHAPTER VII
+(1888-1891)
+
+    A systematic life--"Memoria Technica"--Mr. Dodgson's
+    shyness--"A Lesson in Latin"--The "Wonderland"
+    Stamp-Case--"Wise Words about Letter-Writing"--Princess
+    Alice--"Sylvie and Bruno"--"The night cometh"--"The Nursery
+    'Alice'"--Coventry Patmore--Telepathy--Resignation of Dr.
+    Liddell--A letter about Logic.
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+(1892-1896)
+
+    Mr. Dodgson resigns the Curatorship--Bazaars--He lectures to
+    children--A mechanical "Humpty Dumpty"--A logical
+    controversy--Albert Chevalier--"Sylvie and Bruno
+    Concluded"--"Pillow Problems"--Mr. Dodgson's
+    generosity--College services--Religious difficulties--A
+    village sermon--Plans for the future--Reverence--"Symbolic
+    Logic"
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+(1897-1898)
+
+    Logic-lectures--Irreverent anecdotes--Tolerance of his
+    religious views--A mathematical discovery--"The Little
+    Minister"--Sir George Baden-Powell--Last illness--"Thy will
+    be done"--"Wonderland" at last!--Letters from
+    friends--"Three Sunsets"--"Of such is the kingdom of Heaven"
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+CHILD FRIENDS
+
+    Mr. Dodgson's fondness for children--Miss Isabel
+    Standen--Puzzles--"Me and Myself"--A double
+    acrostic--"Father William"--Of drinking healths--Kisses by
+    post--Tired in the face--The unripe
+    plum--Eccentricities--"Sylvie and Bruno"--"Mr. Dodgson is
+    going on _well_"
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+THE SAME--_continued._
+
+    Books for children--"The Lost Plum-Cake"--"An Unexpected
+    Guest"--Miss Isa Bowman--Interviews--"Matilda Jane"--Miss
+    Edith Rix--Miss Kathleen Eschwege
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+LEWIS CARROLL--Frontispiece
+_From a photograph_.
+
+ARCHDEACON DODGSON AS A YOUNG MAN
+_From a miniature, painted about_ 1826.
+
+DARESBURY PARSONAGE, LEWIS CARROLL'S BIRTHPLACE
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+LEWIS CARROLL, AGED 8
+_From a silhouette_.
+
+MRS. DODGSON, LEWIS CARROLL'S MOTHER
+_From a silhouette_.
+
+CROFT RECTORY; ARCHDEACON DODGSON AND FAMILY IN FOREGROUND
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1856.
+
+
+TOY STATION IN GARDEN AT CROFT
+_From a photograph_.
+
+ARCHBISHOP TAIT
+_From a photograph by Elliott and Fry_.
+
+"THE ONLY SISTER WHO _WOULD_ WRITE TO HER BROTHER"
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+"THE AGE OF INNOCENCE".
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+"THE SCANTY MEAL"
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+"THE FIRST EARRING"
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS TO "LAYS OF SORROW," NO. 2
+_From drawings by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+EXTERIOR OF CHRIST CHURCH
+_From a photograph_.
+
+GRAVE OF ARCHDEACON AND MRS. DODGSON IN CROFT CHURCHYARD
+_From a photograph_.
+
+LEWIS CARROLL, AGED 23
+_From a photograph_.
+
+ARCHDEACON DODGSON
+_From a photograph_.
+
+ARCHBISHOP LONGLEY
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+"ALAS! WHAT BOOTS--"
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+ALFRED TENNYSON
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1857.
+
+THE BISHOP OF LINCOLN
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1875.
+
+BISHOP WILBERFORCE
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1860.
+
+ALICE LIDDELL AS "THE BEGGAR-CHILD"
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1858.
+
+SKETCH FROM ST. LEONARD'S CONCERT-ROOM
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+GEORGE MACDONALD AND HIS DAUGHTER LILY
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1863.
+
+MRS. ROSSETTI AND HER CHILDREN, DANTE GABRIEL, CHRISTINA,
+AND WILLIAM
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1863.
+
+LORINA, ALICE, AND EDITH LIDDELL
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+GEORGE MACDONALD
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1870.
+
+J. SANT, R.A.
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1866.
+
+HOLMAN HUNT
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1860.
+
+SIR JOHN MILLAIS
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1865.
+
+CHARLOTTE M. YONGE
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1866.
+
+CANON LIDDON
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1867.
+
+"INSTANCE OF HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING OF THE DATE 1867"
+_From a sketch by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+SIR JOHN TENNIEL
+_From a photograph by Bassano_.
+
+LEWIS CARROLL'S STUDY AT CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD
+_From a photograph_.
+
+PROFESSOR FARADAY
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1860.
+
+JUSTICE DENMAN
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1873.
+
+LORD SALISBURY AND HIS TWO SONS
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1870.
+
+FACSIMILE OF A LETTER FROM SIR JOHN TENNIEL TO LEWIS
+CARROLL, DATED JUNE 1, 1870
+
+JOHN RUSKIN
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1875.
+
+HENRY HOLIDAY IN HIS STUDIO
+_From a photograph_.
+
+LEWIS CARROLL
+_From a photograph_.
+
+ELLEN TERRY
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+TOM TAYLOR
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1863.
+
+KATE TERRY
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1865.
+
+MISS E. GERTRUDE THOMSON
+_From a photograph_.
+
+DR. LIDDELL
+_From a photograph by Hill & Saunders_.
+
+"RESPONSIONS"
+_From a photograph by A.T. Shrimpton_.
+
+H. FURNISS
+_From a photograph_.
+
+"BALBUS AND THE DRAGON"
+_From a crayon drawing by the Rev. H.C. Gaye_.
+
+MEDLEY OF TENNIEL'S ILLUSTRATIONS IN "ALICE"
+_From an etching by Miss Whitehead_.
+
+FACSIMILE OF A LETTER FROM H. FURNISS TO LEWIS CARROLL,
+
+DATED AUGUST 23, 1886
+
+SYLVIE AND BRUNO
+_From a drawing by Henry Holiday_.
+
+FACSIMILE OF PROGRAMME OF "ALICE IN WONDERLAND" PRODUCED
+AT THE ROYAL GLOBE THEATRE, DECEMBER 26, 1888.
+
+"THE MAD TEA PARTY"
+_From a photograph by Elliott and Fry_.
+
+THE LATE DUKE OF ALBANY
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1875.
+
+THE DEAN OF CHRIST CHURCH
+_From a photograph by Hill & Saunders_.
+
+THE MECHANICAL "HUMPTY DUMPTY"
+_From a photograph_.
+
+LEWIS CARROLL
+_From a photograph_.
+
+THE CHESTNUTS, GUILDFORD
+_From a photograph_.
+
+LEWIS CARROLL'S GRAVE
+_From a photograph_.
+
+LORINA AND ALICE LIDDELL
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+ALICE LIDDELL
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+XIE KITCHIN
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+XIE KITCHIN AS A CHINAMAN
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+ALICE AND THE DORMOUSE
+_From a photograph by Elliott and Fry_.
+
+FACSIMILE OF A "LOOKING-GLASS" LETTER FROM LEWIS CARROLL
+TO MISS EDITH BALL
+
+ARTHUR HUGHES AND HIS DAUGHTER AGNES
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1863.
+
+"WHAT I LOOK LIKE WHEN I'M LECTURING"
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+(1832-1850.)
+
+
+    Lewis Carroll's forebears--The Bishop of Elphin--Murder of
+    Captain Dodgson--Daresbury--Living in
+    "Wonderland"--Croft--Boyish amusements--His first
+    school--Latin verses--A good report--He goes to
+    Rugby--_The Rectory Umbrella_--"A Lay of Sorrow."
+
+
+The Dodgsons appear to have been for a long time connected with the
+north of England, and until quite recently a branch of the family
+resided at Stubb Hall, near Barnard Castle.
+
+In the early part of the last century a certain Rev. Christopher
+Dodgson held a living in Yorkshire. His son, Charles, also took Holy
+Orders, and was for some time tutor to a son of the then Duke of
+Northumberland. In 1762 his patron presented him to the living of
+Elsdon, in Northumberland, by no means a desirable cure, as Mr.
+Dodgson discovered. The following extracts from his letters to various
+members of the Percy family are interesting as giving some idea of the
+life of a rural clergyman a hundred years ago:
+
+    I am obliged to you for promising to write to me, but don't
+    give yourself the trouble of writing to this place, for 'tis
+    almost impossible to receive 'em, without sending a
+    messenger 16 miles to fetch 'em.
+
+    'Tis impossible to describe the oddity of my situation at
+    present, which, however, is not void of some pleasant
+    circumstances.
+
+    A clogmaker combs out my wig upon my curate's head, by way
+    of a block, and his wife powders it with a dredging-box.
+
+    The vestibule of the castle (used as a temporary parsonage)
+    is a low stable; above it the kitchen, in which are two
+    little beds joining to each other. The curate and his wife
+    lay in one, and Margery the maid in the other. I lay in the
+    parlour between two beds to keep me from being frozen to
+    death, for as we keep open house the winds enter from every
+    quarter, and are apt to sweep into bed to me.
+
+    Elsdon was once a market town as some say, and a city
+    according to others; but as the annals of the parish were
+    lost several centuries ago, it is impossible to determine
+    what age it was either the one or the other.
+
+    There are not the least traces of the former grandeur to be
+    found, whence some antiquaries are apt to believe that it
+    lost both its trade and charter at the Deluge.
+
+     ... There is a very good understanding between the parties
+    [he is speaking of the Churchmen and Presbyterians who lived
+    in the parish], for they not only intermarry with one
+    another, but frequently do penance together in a white
+    sheet, with a white wand, barefoot, and in the coldest
+    season of the year. I have not finished the description for
+    fear of bringing on a fit of the ague. Indeed, the ideas of
+    sensation are sufficient to starve a man to death, without
+    having recourse to those of reflection.
+
+    If I was not assured by the best authority on earth that the
+    world is to be destroyed by fire, I should conclude that the
+    day of destruction is at hand, but brought on by means of an
+    agent very opposite to that of heat.
+
+    I have lost the use of everything but my reason, though my
+    head is entrenched in three night-caps, and my throat, which
+    is very bad, is fortified by a pair of stockings twisted in
+    the form of a cravat.
+
+    As washing is very cheap, I wear _two_ shirts at a
+    time, and, for want of a wardrobe, I hang my great coat upon
+    my own back, and generally keep on my boots in imitation of
+    my namesake of Sweden. Indeed, since the snow became two
+    feet deep (as I wanted a 'chaappin of Yale' from the
+    public-house), I made an offer of them to Margery the maid,
+    but her legs are too thick to make use of them, and I am
+    told that the greater part of my parishioners are not less
+    substantial, and notwithstanding this they are remarkable
+    for agility.
+
+ In course of time this Mr. Dodgson became Bishop of Ossory and Ferns,
+and he was subsequently translated to the see of Elphin. He was warmly
+congratulated on this change in his fortunes by George III., who said
+that he ought indeed to be thankful to have got away from a palace
+where the stabling was so bad.
+
+The Bishop had four children, the eldest of whom, Elizabeth Anne,
+married Charles Lutwidge, of Holmrook, in Cumberland. Two of the
+others died almost before they had attained manhood. Charles, the
+eldest son, entered the army, and rose to the rank of captain in the
+4th Dragoon Guards. He met with a sad fate while serving his king and
+country in Ireland. One of the Irish rebels who were supposed to have
+been concerned in the murder of Lord Kilwarden offered to give himself
+up to justice if Captain Dodgson would come alone and at night to take
+him. Though he fully realised the risk, the brave captain decided to
+trust himself to the honour of this outlaw, as he felt that no chance
+should be missed of effecting so important a capture. Having first
+written a letter of farewell to his wife, he set out on the night of
+December 16, 1803, accompanied by a few troopers, for the
+meeting-place--an old hut that stood a mile or so from Phillipstown,
+in King's County. In accordance with the terms of the agreement, he
+left his men a few hundred yards from the hut to await his return, and
+advanced alone through the night. A cowardly shot from one of the
+windows of the cottage ended his noble life, and alarmed the troopers,
+who, coming up in haste, were confronted with the dead body of their
+leader. The story is told that on the same night his wife heard two
+shots fired, and made inquiry about it, but could find out nothing.
+Shortly afterwards the news came that her husband had been killed just
+at that time.
+
+Captain Dodgson left two sons behind him--Hassard, who, after a
+brilliant career as a special pleader, became a Master of the Court of
+Common Pleas, and Charles, the father of the subject of this Memoir.
+
+Charles, who was the elder of the two, was born in the year 1800, at
+Hamilton, in Lanarkshire. He adopted the clerical profession, in which
+he rose to high honours. He was a distinguished scholar, and took a
+double first at Christ Church, Oxford. Although in after life
+mathematics were his favourite pursuit, yet the fact that he
+translated Tertullian for the "Library of the Fathers" is sufficient
+evidence that he made good use of his classical education. In the
+controversy about Baptismal Regeneration he took a prominent part,
+siding on the question with the Tractarians, though his views on some
+other points of Church doctrine were less advanced than those of the
+leaders of the Oxford movement. He was a man of deep piety and of a
+somewhat reserved and grave disposition, which, however, was tempered
+by the most generous charity, so that he was universally loved by the
+poor. In moments of relaxation his wit and humour were the delight of
+his clerical friends, for he had the rare power of telling anecdotes
+effectively. His reverence for sacred things was so great that he was
+never known to relate a story which included a jest upon words from
+the Bible.
+
+In 1830 he married his cousin, Frances Jane Lutwidge, by whom he had
+eleven children, all of whom, except Lewis Carroll, survive. His wife,
+in the words of one who had the best possible opportunities for
+observing her character, was "one of the sweetest and gentlest women
+that ever lived, whom to know was to love. The earnestness of her
+simple faith and love shone forth in all she did and said; she seemed
+to live always in the conscious presence of God. It has been said by
+her children that they never in all their lives remember to have heard
+an impatient or harsh word from her lips." It is easy to trace in
+Lewis Carroll's character the influence of that most gentle of
+mothers; though dead she still speaks to us in some of the most
+beautiful and touching passages of his works. Not so long ago I had a
+conversation with an old friend of his; one of the first things she
+said to me was, "Tell me about his mother." I complied with her
+request as well as I was able, and, when I had finished my account of
+Mrs. Dodgson's beautiful character, she said, "Ah, I knew it must have
+been so; I felt sure he must have had a good mother."
+
+On January 27, 1832, Charles Lutwidge Dodgson was born at Daresbury,
+of which parish his father was then incumbent. The village of
+Daresbury is about seven miles from Warrington; its name is supposed
+to be derived from a word meaning oak, and certainly oaks are very
+plentiful in the neighbourhood. A canal passes through an outlying
+part of the parish. The bargemen who frequented this canal were a
+special object of Mr. Dodgson's pastoral care. Once, when walking with
+Lord Francis Egerton, who was a large landowner in the district, he
+spoke of his desire to provide some sort of religious privileges for
+them. "If I only had £100," he said, "I would turn one of those barges
+into a chapel," and, at his companion's request, he described exactly
+how he would have the chapel constructed and furnished. A few weeks
+later he received a letter from Lord Francis to tell him that his wish
+was fulfilled, and that the chapel was ready. In this strange church,
+which is believed to have been the first of its kind, Mr. Dodgson
+conducted service and preached every Sunday evening!
+
+
+[Illustration: Daresbury Parsonage]
+
+
+The parsonage is situated a mile and a half from the village, on the
+glebe-farm, having been erected by a former incumbent, who, it was
+said, cared more for the glebe than the parish. Here it was that
+Charles spent the first eleven years of his life--years of complete
+seclusion from the world, for even the passing of a cart was a matter
+of great interest to the children.
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Carroll, aged 8.]
+
+In this quiet home the boy invented the strangest diversions for
+himself; he made pets of the most odd and unlikely animals, and
+numbered certain snails and toads among his intimate friends. He tried
+also to encourage civilised warfare among earthworms, by supplying
+them with small pieces of pipe, with which they might fight if so
+disposed. His notions of charity at this early age were somewhat
+rudimentary; he used to peel rushes with the idea that the pith would
+afterwards "be given to the poor," though what possible use they could
+put it to he never attempted to explain. Indeed he seems at this time
+to have actually lived in that charming "Wonderland" which he
+afterwards described so vividly; but for all that he was a thorough
+boy, and loved to climb the trees and to scramble about in the old
+marl-pits.
+
+One of the few breaks in this very uneventful life was a holiday spent
+with the other members of his family in Beaumaris. The journey took
+three days each way, for railroads were then almost unknown; and
+whatever advantages coaching may have had over travelling in trains,
+speed was certainly not one of them.
+
+Mr. Dodgson from the first used to take an active part in his son's
+education, and the following anecdote will show that he had at least a
+pupil who was anxious to learn. One day, when Charles was a very small
+boy, he came up to his father and showed him a book of logarithms,
+with the request, "Please explain." Mr. Dodgson told him that he was
+much too young to understand anything about such a difficult subject.
+The child listened to what his father said, and appeared to think it
+irrelevant, for he still insisted, "_But_, please, explain!"
+
+[Illustration: Mrs. Dodgson]
+
+On one occasion Mr. and Mrs. Dodgson went to Hull, to pay a visit to
+the latter's father, who had been seriously ill. From Hull Mrs.
+Dodgson wrote to Charles, and he set much store by this letter, which
+was probably one of the first he had received. He was afraid that some
+of his little sisters would mess it, or tear it up, so he wrote upon
+the back, "No one is to touch this note, for it belongs to C. L. D.";
+but, this warning appearing insufficient, he added, "Covered with
+slimy pitch, so that they will wet their fingers." The precious letter
+ran as follows:--
+
+    My dearest Charlie, I have used you rather ill in not having
+    written to you sooner, but I know you will forgive me, as
+    your Grandpapa has liked to have me with him so much, and I
+    could not write and talk to him comfortably. All your notes
+    have delighted me, my precious children, and show me that
+    you have not quite forgotten me. I am always thinking of
+    you, and longing to have you all round me again more than
+    words can tell. God grant that we may find you all well and
+    happy on Friday evening. I am happy to say your dearest Papa
+    is quite well--his cough is rather _tickling_, but is
+    of no consequence. It delights me, my darling Charlie, to
+    hear that you are getting on so well with your Latin, and
+    that you make so few mistakes in your Exercises. You will be
+    happy to hear that your dearest Grandpapa is going on
+    nicely--indeed I hope he will soon be quite well again. He
+    talks a great deal and most kindly about you all. I hope my
+    sweetest Will says "Mama" sometimes, and that precious Tish
+    has not forgotten. Give them and all my other treasures,
+    including yourself, 1,000,000,000 kisses from me, with my
+    most affectionate love. I am sending you a shabby note, but
+    I cannot help it. Give my kindest love to Aunt Dar, and
+    believe me, my own dearest Charlie, to be your sincerely
+    affectionate
+
+    Mama.
+
+Among the few visitors who disturbed the repose of Daresbury Parsonage
+was Mr. Durnford, afterwards Bishop of Chichester, with whom Mr.
+Dodgson had formed a close friendship. Another was Mr. Bayne, at that
+time head-master of Warrington Grammar School, who used occasionally
+to assist in the services at Daresbury. His son, Vere, was Charles's
+playfellow; he is now a student of Christ Church, and the friendship
+between him and Lewis Carroll lasted without interruption till the
+death of the latter.
+
+The memory of his birthplace did not soon fade from Charles's mind;
+long afterwards he retained pleasant recollections of its rustic
+beauty. For instance, his poem of "The Three Sunsets," which first
+appeared in 1860 in _All the Year Round,_ begins with the
+following stanzas, which have been slightly altered in later
+editions:--
+
+
+        I watch the drowsy night expire,
+        And Fancy paints at my desire
+        Her magic pictures in the fire.
+
+        An island farm, 'mid seas of corn,
+        Swayed by the wandering breath of morn,
+        The happy spot where I was born.
+
+
+Though nearly all Mr. Dodgson's parishioners at Daresbury have passed
+away, yet there are still some few left who speak with loving
+reverence of him whose lips, now long silenced, used to speak so
+kindly to them; whose hands, long folded in sleep, were once so ready
+to alleviate their wants and sorrows.
+
+In 1843 Sir Robert Peel presented him to the Crown living of Croft, a
+Yorkshire village about three miles south of Darlington. This
+preferment made a great change in the life of the family; it opened
+for them many more social opportunities, and put an end to that life
+of seclusion which, however beneficial it may be for a short time, is
+apt, if continued too long, to have a cramping and narrowing
+influence.
+
+The river Tees is at Croft the dividing line between Yorkshire and
+Durham, and on the middle of the bridge which there crosses it is a
+stone which shows where the one county ends and the other begins.
+"Certain lands are held in this place," says Lewis in his
+"Topographical Dictionary," "by the owner presenting on the bridge, at
+the coming of every new Bishop of Durham, an old sword, pronouncing a
+legendary address, and delivering the sword to the Bishop, who returns
+it immediately." The Tees is subject to extraordinary floods, and
+though Croft Church stands many feet above the ordinary level of the
+river, and is separated from it by the churchyard and a field, yet on
+one occasion the church itself was flooded, as was attested by
+water-marks on the old woodwork several feet from the floor, still to
+be seen when Mr. Dodgson was incumbent.
+
+This church, which is dedicated to St. Peter, is a quaint old building
+with a Norman porch, the rest of it being of more modern construction.
+It contains a raised pew, which is approached by a winding flight of
+stairs, and is covered in, so that it resembles nothing so much as a
+four-post bedstead. This pew used to belong to the Milbanke family,
+with which Lord Byron was connected. Mr. Dodgson found the
+chancel-roof in so bad a state of repair that he was obliged to take
+it down, and replace it by an entirely new one. The only village
+school that existed when he came to the place was a sort of barn,
+which stood in a corner of the churchyard. During his incumbency a
+fine school-house was erected. Several members of his family used
+regularly to help in teaching the children, and excellent reports were
+obtained.
+
+The Rectory is close to the church, and stands in the middle of a
+beautiful garden. The former incumbent had been an enthusiastic
+horticulturist, and the walls of the kitchen garden were covered with
+luxuriant fruit-trees, while the greenhouses were well stocked with
+rare and beautiful exotics. Among these was a specimen of that
+fantastic cactus, the night-blowing Cereus, whose flowers, after an
+existence of but a few hours, fade with the waning sun. On the day
+when this occurred large numbers of people used to obtain Mr.
+Dodgson's leave to see the curiosity.
+
+[Illustration: Croft Rectory]
+
+Near the Rectory is a fine hotel, built when Croft was an important
+posting-station for the coaches between London and Edinburgh, but in
+Mr. Dodgson's time chiefly used by gentlemen who stayed there during
+the hunting season. The village is renowned for its baths and
+medicinal waters. The parish of Croft includes the outlying hamlets of
+Halnaby, Dalton, and Stapleton, so that the Rector's position is by no
+means a sinecure. Within the village is Croft Hall, the old seat of
+the Chaytors; but during Mr. Dodgson's incumbency the then Sir William
+Chaytor built and lived at Clervaux Castle, calling it by an old
+family name.
+
+Shortly after accepting the living of Croft, Mr. Dodgson was appointed
+examining chaplain to the Bishop of Ripon; subsequently he was made
+Archdeacon of Richmond and one of the Canons of Ripon Cathedral.
+
+Charles was at this time very fond of inventing games for the
+amusement of his brothers and sisters; he constructed a rude train out
+of a wheelbarrow, a barrel and a small truck, which used to convey
+passengers from one "station" in the Rectory garden to another. At
+each of these stations there was a refreshment-room, and the
+passengers had to purchase tickets from him before they could enjoy
+their ride. The boy was also a clever conjuror, and, arrayed in a
+brown wig and a long white robe, used to cause no little wonder to his
+audience by his sleight-of-hand. With the assistance of various
+members of the family and the village carpenter, he made a troupe of
+marionettes and a small theatre for them to act in. He wrote all the
+plays himself the most popular being "The Tragedy of King John"--and
+he was very clever at manipulating the innumerable strings by which
+the movements of his puppets were regulated. One winter, when the snow
+lay thick upon the lawn, he traced upon it a maze of such hopeless
+intricacy as almost to put its famous rival at Hampton Court in the
+shade.
+
+[Illustration: Toy Station in garden at Croft.]
+
+When he was twelve years old his father sent him to school at
+Richmond, under Mr. Tate, a worthy son of that well-known Dr. Tate who
+had made Richmond School so famous.
+
+I am able to give his earliest impressions of school-life in his own
+words, for one of his first letters home has been fortunately
+preserved. It is dated August 5th, and is addressed to his two eldest
+sisters. A boy who has _ten_ brothers and sisters can scarcely be
+expected to write separate letters to each of them.
+
+
+    My dear Fanny and Memy,--I hope you are all getting on well,
+    as also the sweet twins, the boys I think that I like the
+    best, are Harry Austin, and all the Tates of which there are
+    7 besides a little girl who came down to dinner the first
+    day, but not since, and I also like Edmund Tremlet, and
+    William and Edward Swire, Tremlet is a sharp little fellow
+    about 7 years old, the youngest in the school, I also like
+    Kemp and Mawley. The rest of the boys that I know are
+    Bertram, Harry and Dick Wilson, and two Robinsons, I will
+    tell you all about them when I return. The boys have played
+    two tricks upon me which were these--they first proposed to
+    play at "King of the Cobblers" and asked if I would be king,
+    to which I agreed. Then they made me sit down and sat (on
+    the ground) in a circle round me, and told me to say "Go to
+    work" which I said, and they immediately began kicking me
+    and knocking me on all sides. The next game they proposed
+    was "Peter, the red lion," and they made a mark on a
+    tombstone (for we were playing in the churchyard) and one of
+    the boys walked with his eyes shut, holding out his finger,
+    trying to touch the mark; then a little boy came forward to
+    lead the rest and led a good many very near the mark; at
+    last it was my turn; they told me to shut my eyes well, and
+    the next minute I had my finger in the mouth of one of the
+    boys, who had stood (I believe) before the tombstone with
+    his mouth open. For 2 nights I slept alone, and for the rest
+    of the time with Ned Swire. The boys play me no tricks now.
+    The only fault (tell Mama) that there has been was coming in
+    one day to dinner just after grace. On Sunday we went to
+    church in the morning, and sat in a large pew with Mr.
+    Fielding, the church we went to is close by Mr. Tate's
+    house, we did not go in the afternoon but Mr. Tate read a
+    discourse to the boys on the 5th commandment. We went to
+    church again in the evening. Papa wished me to tell him all
+    the texts I had heard preached upon, please to tell him that
+    I could not hear it in the morning nor hardly one sentence
+    of the sermon, but the one in the evening was I Cor. i. 23.
+    I believe it was a farewell sermon, but I am not sure. Mrs.
+    Tate has looked through my clothes and left in the trunk a
+    great many that will not be wanted. I have had 3 misfortunes
+    in my clothes etc. 1st, I cannot find my tooth-brush, so
+    that I have not brushed my teeth for 3 or 4 days, 2nd, I
+    cannot find my blotting paper, and 3rd, I have no shoe-horn.
+    The chief games are, football, wrestling, leap frog, and
+    fighting. Excuse bad writing.
+
+    Yr affec' brother Charles.
+
+
+
+    _To_ SKEFF [_a younger brother, aged six_].
+
+    My dear Skeff,--Roar not lest thou be abolished. Yours,
+    etc.,--.
+
+The discomforts which he, as a "new boy," had to put up with from his
+school-mates affected him as they do not, unfortunately, affect most
+boys, for in later school days he was famous as a champion of the weak
+and small, while every bully had good reason to fear him. Though it is
+hard for those who have only known him as the gentle and retiring don
+to believe it, it is nevertheless true that long after he left school
+his name was remembered as that of a boy who knew well how to use his
+fists in defence of a righteous cause.
+
+As was the custom at that time, Charles began to compose Latin verses
+at a very early age, his first copy being dated November 25, 1844. The
+subject was evening, and this is how he treated it:--
+
+
+        Phoebus aqua splendet descendens, æquora tingens
+           Splendore aurato. Pervenit umbra solo.
+        Mortales lectos quærunt, et membra relaxant
+           Fessa labore dies; cuncta per orbe silet.
+        Imperium placidum nunc sumit Phoebe corusca.
+           Antris procedunt sanguine ore feræ.
+
+These lines the boy solemnly copied into his Diary, apparently in the
+most blissful ignorance of the numerous mistakes they contained.
+
+The next year he wrote a story which appeared in the school magazine.
+It was called "The Unknown One," so it was probably of the sensational
+type in which small boys usually revel.
+
+Though Richmond School, as it was in 1844, may not compare favourably
+in every respect with a modern preparatory school, where supervision
+has been so far "reduced to the absurd" that the unfortunate masters
+hardly get a minute to themselves from sunrise till long after sunset,
+yet no better or wiser men than those of the school of Mr. Tate are
+now to be found. Nor, I venture to think, are the results of the
+modern system more successful than those of the old one. Charles loved
+his "kind old schoolmaster," as he affectionately calls him, and
+surely to gain the love of the boys is the main battle in
+school-management.
+
+The impression he made upon his instructors may be gathered from the
+following extracts from Mr. Tate's first report upon him:
+
+    Sufficient opportunities having been allowed me to draw from
+    actual observation an estimate of your son's character and
+    abilities, I do not hesitate to express my opinion that he
+    possesses, along with other and excellent natural
+    endowments, a very uncommon share of genius. Gentle and
+    cheerful in his intercourse with others, playful and ready
+    in conversation, he is capable of acquirements and knowledge
+    far beyond his years, while his reason is so clear and so
+    jealous of error, that he will not rest satisfied without a
+    most exact solution of whatever appears to him obscure. He
+    has passed an excellent examination just now in mathematics,
+    exhibiting at times an illustration of that love of precise
+    argument, which seems to him natural.
+
+    I must not omit to set off against these great advantages
+    one or two faults, of which the removal as soon as possible
+    is desirable, tho' I am prepared to find it a work of time.
+    As you are well aware, our young friend, while jealous of
+    error, as I said above, where important faith or principles
+    are concerned, is exceedingly lenient towards lesser
+    frailties--and, whether in reading aloud or metrical
+    composition, frequently sets at nought the notions of Virgil
+    or Ovid as to syllabic quantity. He is moreover marvellously
+    ingenious in replacing the ordinary inflexions of nouns and
+    verbs, as detailed in our grammars, by more exact analogies,
+    or convenient forms of his own devising. This source of
+    fault will in due time exhaust itself, though flowing freely
+    at present.... You may fairly anticipate for him a bright
+    career. Allow me, before I close, one suggestion which
+    assumes for itself the wisdom of experience and the
+    sincerity of the best intention. You must not entrust your
+    son with a full knowledge of his superiority over other
+    boys. Let him discover this as he proceeds. The love of
+    excellence is far beyond the love of excelling; and if he
+    should once be bewitched into a mere ambition to surpass
+    others I need not urge that the very quality of his
+    knowledge would be materially injured, and that his
+    character would receive a stain of a more serious
+    description still....
+
+And again, when Charles was leaving Richmond, he wrote:
+
+    "Be assured that I shall always feel a peculiar interest in
+    the gentle, intelligent, and well-conducted boy who is now
+    leaving us."
+
+Although his father had been a Westminster boy, Charles was, for some
+reason or other, sent to Rugby. The great Arnold, who had, one might
+almost say, created Rugby School, and who certainly had done more for
+it than all his predecessors put together, had gone to his rest, and
+for four years the reins of government had been in the firm hands of
+Dr. Tait, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury. He was Headmaster
+during the whole of the time Charles was at Rugby, except the last
+year, during which Dr. Goulburn held that office. Charles went up in
+February, 1846, and he must have found his new life a great change
+from his quiet experiences at Richmond. Football was in full swing,
+and one can imagine that to a new boy "Big-side" was not an unalloyed
+delight. Whether he distinguished himself as a "dropper," or ever beat
+the record time in the "Crick" run, I do not know. Probably not; his
+abilities did not lie much in the field of athletics. But he got on
+capitally with his work, and seldom returned home without one or more
+prizes. Moreover, he conducted himself so well that he never had to
+enter that dreaded chamber, well known to _some_ Rugbeians, which
+is approached by a staircase that winds up a little turret, and
+wherein are enacted scenes better imagined than described.
+
+[Illustration: Archbishop Tait. _From a photograph by
+Messrs. Elliott and Fry_]
+
+A schoolboy's letter home is not, usually, remarkable for the
+intelligence displayed in it; as a rule it merely leads up with more
+or less ingenuity to the inevitable request for money contained in the
+postscript. Some of Charles's letters were of a different sort, as the
+following example shows:
+
+    Yesterday evening I was walking out with a friend of mine
+    who attends as mathematical pupil Mr. Smythies the second
+    mathematical master; we went up to Mr. Smythies' house, as
+    he wanted to speak to him, and he asked us to stop and have
+    a glass of wine and some figs. He seems as devoted to his
+    duty as Mr. Mayor, and asked me with a smile of delight,
+    "Well Dodgson I suppose you're getting well on with your
+    mathematics?" He is very clever at them, though not equal to
+    Mr. Mayor, as indeed few men are, Papa excepted.... I have
+    read the first number of Dickens' new tale, "Davy
+    Copperfield." It purports to be his life, and begins with
+    his birth and childhood; it seems a poor plot, but some of
+    the characters and scenes are good. One of the persons that
+    amused me was a Mrs. Gummidge, a wretched melancholy person,
+    who is always crying, happen what will, and whenever the
+    fire smokes, or other trifling accident occurs, makes the
+    remark with great bitterness, and many tears, that she is a
+    "lone lorn creetur, and everything goes contrairy with her."
+    I have not yet been able to get the second volume Macaulay's
+    "England" to read. I have seen it however and one passage
+    struck me when seven bishops had signed the invitation to
+    the pretender, and King James sent for Bishop Compton (who
+    was one of the seven) and asked him "whether he or any of
+    his ecclesiastical brethren had anything to do with it?" He
+    replied, after a moment's thought "I am fully persuaded your
+    majesty, that there is not one of my brethren who is not as
+    innocent in the matter as myself." This was certainly no
+    actual lie, but certainly, as Macaulay says, it was very
+    little different from one.
+
+The Mr. Mayor who is mentioned in this letter formed a very high
+opinion of his pupil's ability, for in 1848 he wrote to Archdeacon
+Dodgson: "I have not had a more promising boy at his age since I came
+to Rugby."
+
+Dr. Tait speaks no less warmly:--
+
+     My dear Sir,--I must not allow your son to leave school
+    without expressing to you the very high opinion I entertain
+    of him. I fully coincide in Mr. Cotton's estimate both of
+    his abilities and upright conduct. His mathematical
+    knowledge is great for his age, and I doubt not he will do
+    himself credit in classics. As I believe I mentioned to you
+    before, his examination for the Divinity prize was one of
+    the most creditable exhibitions I have ever seen.
+
+    During the whole time of his being in my house, his conduct
+    has been excellent.
+
+    Believe me to be, My dear Sir,
+
+    Yours very faithfully,
+
+    A.C. TAIT.
+
+Public school life then was not what it is now; the atrocious system
+then in vogue of setting hundreds of lines for the most trifling
+offences made every day a weariness and a hopeless waste of time,
+while the bad discipline which was maintained in the dormitories made
+even the nights intolerable--especially for the small boys, whose beds
+in winter were denuded of blankets that the bigger ones might not feel
+cold.
+
+Charles kept no diary during his time at Rugby; but, looking back upon
+it, he writes in 1855:--
+
+    During my stay I made I suppose some progress in learning of
+    various kinds, but none of it was done _con amore_, and
+    I spent an incalculable time in writing out
+    impositions--this last I consider one of the chief faults of
+    Rugby School. I made some friends there, the most intimate
+    being Henry Leigh Bennett (as college acquaintances we find
+    fewer common sympathies, and are consequently less
+    intimate)--but I cannot say that I look back upon my life at
+    a Public School with any sensations of pleasure, or that any
+    earthly considerations would induce me to go through my
+    three years again.
+
+When, some years afterwards, he visited Radley School, he was much
+struck by the cubicle system which prevails in the dormitories there,
+and wrote in his Diary, "I can say that if I had been thus secure from
+annoyance at night, the hardships of the daily life would have been
+comparative trifles to bear."
+
+The picture on page 32 was, I believe, drawn by Charles rile he was
+at Rugby in illustration of a letter received from one of his sisters.
+Halnaby, as I have said before, was an outlying district of Croft
+parish.
+
+During his holidays he used to amuse himself by editing local
+magazines. Indeed, they might be called _very local_ magazines,
+as their circulation was confined to the inmates of Croft Rectory. The
+first of these, _Useful and Instructive Poetry_, was written
+about 1845. It came to an untimely end after a six months' run, and
+was followed at varying intervals by several other periodicals,
+equally short-lived.
+
+In 1849 or 1850, _The Rectory Umbrella_ began to appear. As the
+editor was by this time seventeen or eighteen years old, it was
+naturally of a more ambitious character than any of its precursors. It
+contained a serial story of the most thrilling interest, entitled,
+"The Walking-Stick of Destiny," some meritorious poetry, a few
+humorous essays, and several caricatures of pictures in the Vernon
+Gallery. Three reproductions of these pictures follow, with extracts
+from the _Umbrella_ descriptive of them.
+
+[Illustration: The only sister who _would_ write to her
+brother, though the table had just "folded down"! The other sisters
+are depicted "sternly resolved to set off to Halnaby & the Castle,"
+tho' it is yet "early, early morning"--Rembrondt.]
+
+
+    THE VERNON GALLERY.
+
+    As our readers will have seen by the preceding page, we
+    have commenced engraving the above series of pictures. "The
+    Age of Innocence," by Sir J. Reynolds, representing a young
+    Hippopotamus seated under a shady tree, presents to the
+    contemplative mind a charming union of youth and innocence.
+
+    EDITOR.
+
+    [Illustration: _"The Scanty Meal."_]
+
+
+    We have been unusually[001] successful in our second
+    engraving from the Vernon Gallery. The picture is
+    intended, as our readers will perceive, to illustrate the
+    evils of homoeopathy.[002] This idea is well carried out
+    through the whole picture. The thin old lady at the head of
+    the table is in the painter's best style; we almost fancy we
+    can trace in the eye of the other lady a lurking suspicion
+    that her glasses are not really in fault, and that the old
+    gentleman has helped her to _nothing_ instead of a
+    nonillionth.[003] Her companion has evidently got an empty
+    glass in his hand; the two children in front are admirably
+    managed, and there is a sly smile on the footman's face, as
+    if he thoroughly enjoyed either the bad news he is bringing
+    or the wrath of his mistress. The carpet is executed with
+    that elaborate care for which Mr. Herring is so famed, and
+    the picture on the whole is one of his best.
+
+
+    "_The First Ear-ring_"
+
+    The scene from which this excellent picture is painted
+    is taken from a passage in the autobiography[004] of the
+    celebrated Sir William Smith[005] of his life when a
+    schoolboy: we transcribe the passage: "One day Bill
+    Tomkins[006] and I were left alone in the house, the old
+    doctor being out; after playing a number of pranks Bill laid
+    me a bet of sixpence that I wouldn't pour a bottle of ink
+    over the doctor's cat. _I did it_, but at that moment
+    old Muggles came home, and caught me by the ear as I
+    attempted to run away. My sensations at the moment I shall
+    never forget; _on that occasion I received my first
+    ear-ring_.[007] The only remark Bill made to me, as he
+    paid me the money afterwards was, 'I say, didn't you just
+    howl jolly!'" The engraving is an excellent copy of the
+    picture.
+
+[Illustration: Sir D. Wilkie Painter    The First Earring.
+W. Greatbach Engraver. _from the picture in the Vernon Gallery_]
+
+The best thing in the _Rectory Umbrella_ was a parody on Lord
+Macaulay's style in the "Lays of Ancient Rome"; Charles had a special
+aptitude for parody, as is evidenced by several of the best-known
+verses in his later books.
+
+
+        LAYS OF SORROW.
+
+        No. 2.
+
+
+        Fair stands the ancient[008] Rectory,
+        The Rectory of Croft,
+        The sun shines bright upon it,
+        The breezes whisper soft.
+        From all the house and garden
+        Its inhabitants come forth,
+        And muster in the road without,
+        And pace in twos and threes about,
+        The children of the North.
+
+        Some are waiting in the garden,
+        Some are waiting at the door,
+        And some are following behind,
+        And some have gone before.
+        But wherefore all this mustering?
+        Wherefore this vast array?
+        A gallant feat of horsemanship
+        Will be performed to-day.
+
+        To eastward and to westward,
+        The crowd divides amain,
+        Two youths are leading on the steed,
+        Both tugging at the rein;
+        And sorely do they labour,
+          For the steed[009] is very strong,
+        And backward moves its stubborn feet,
+        And backward ever doth retreat,
+          And drags its guides along.
+
+
+        And now the knight hath mounted,
+          Before the admiring band,
+        Hath got the stirrups on his feet.
+          The bridle in his hand.
+        Yet, oh! beware, sir horseman!
+          And tempt thy fate no more,
+        For such a steed as thou hast got,
+          Was never rid before!
+
+        The rabbits[010] bow before thee.
+          And cower in the straw;
+        The chickens[011] are submissive,
+          And own thy will for law;
+        Bullfinches and canary
+          Thy bidding do obey;
+        And e'en the tortoise in its shell
+          Doth never say thee nay.
+
+        But thy steed will hear no master,
+          Thy steed will bear no stick,
+        And woe to those that beat her,
+          And woe to those that kick![012]
+        For though her rider smite her,
+          As hard as he can hit,
+        And strive to turn her from the yard,
+        She stands in silence, pulling hard
+          Against the pulling bit.
+
+        And now the road to Dalton
+          Hath felt their coming tread,
+        The crowd are speeding on before,
+        And all have gone ahead.
+        Yet often look they backward,
+        And cheer him on, and bawl,
+        For slower still, and still more slow,
+        That horseman and that charger go,
+        And scarce advance at all.
+
+        And now two roads to choose from
+          Are in that rider's sight:
+        In front the road to Dalton,
+          And New Croft upon the right.
+        "I can't get by!" he bellows,
+          "I really am not able!
+        Though I pull my shoulder out of joint,
+        I cannot get him past this point,
+          For it leads unto his stable!"
+
+        Then out spake Ulfrid Longbow,[013]
+          A valiant youth was he,
+        "Lo! I will stand on thy right hand
+          And guard the pass for thee!"
+        And out spake fair Flureeza,[014]
+          His sister eke was she,
+        "I will abide on thy other side,
+          And turn thy steed for thee!"
+
+        And now commenced a struggle
+          Between that steed and rider,
+        For all the strength that he hath left
+          Doth not suffice to guide her.
+        Though Ulfrid and his sister
+          Have kindly stopped the way,
+        And all the crowd have cried aloud,
+        "We can't wait here all day!"
+
+        Round turned he as not deigning
+          Their words to understand,
+        But he slipped the stirrups from his feet
+          The bridle from his hand,
+        And grasped the mane full lightly,
+          And vaulted from his seat,
+        And gained the road in triumph,[015]
+          And stood upon his feet.
+
+        All firmly till that moment
+          Had Ulfrid Longbow stood,
+        And faced the foe right valiantly,
+          As every warrior should.
+        But when safe on terra firma
+          His brother he did spy,
+        "What _did_ you do that for?" he cried,
+        Then unconcerned he stepped aside
+          And let it canter by.
+
+        They gave him bread and butter,[016]
+        That was of public right,
+        As much as four strong rabbits,
+          Could munch from morn to night,
+        For he'd done a deed of daring,
+          And faced that savage steed,
+        And therefore cups of coffee sweet,
+        And everything that was a treat,
+          Were but his right and meed.
+
+        And often in the evenings,
+          When the fire is blazing bright,
+        When books bestrew the table
+          And moths obscure the light,
+        When crying children go to bed,
+          A struggling, kicking load;
+        We'll talk of Ulfrid Longbow's deed,
+        How, in his brother's utmost need,
+        Back to his aid he flew with speed,
+        And how he faced the fiery steed,
+          And kept the New Croft Road.
+
+
+[Illustration: Exterior of Christ Church]
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+(1850-1860.)
+
+    Matriculation at Christ Church--Death of Mrs. Dodgson--The
+    Great Exhibition--University and College Honours--A
+    wonderful year--A theatrical treat--_Misch-Masch--The
+    Train--College Rhymes_--His _nom de
+    plume_--"Dotheboys Hall"--Alfred
+    Tennyson--Ordination--Sermons--A visit to
+    Farringford--"Where does the day begin?"--The Queen visits
+    Oxford.
+
+
+We have traced in the boyhood of Lewis Carroll the beginnings of those
+characteristic traits which afterwards, more fully developed, gave him
+so distinguished a position among his contemporaries. We now come to a
+period of his life which is in some respects necessarily less
+interesting. We all have to pass through that painful era of
+self-consciousness which prefaces manhood, that time when we feel so
+deeply, and are so utterly unable to express to others, or even to
+define clearly to ourselves, what it is we do feel. The natural
+freedom of childhood is dead within us; the conventional freedom of
+riper years is struggling to birth, and its efforts are sometimes
+ludicrous to an unsympathetic observer. In Lewis Carroll's mental
+attitude during this critical period there was always a calm dignity
+which saved him from these absurdities, an undercurrent of
+consciousness that what seemed so great to him was really very little.
+
+On May 23, 1850, he matriculated at Christ Church, the venerable
+college which had numbered his father's among other illustrious names.
+A letter from Dr. Jelf, one of the canons of Christ Church, to
+Archdeacon Dodgson, written when the former heard that his old
+friend's son was coming up to "the House," contains the following
+words: "I am sure I express the common feeling of all who remember you
+at Christ Church when I say that we shall rejoice to see a son of
+yours worthy to tread in your footsteps."
+
+Lewis Carroll came into residence on January 24, 1851. From that day
+to the hour of his death--a period of forty-seven years--he belonged
+to "the House," never leaving it for any length of time, becoming
+almost a part of it. I, for one, can hardly imagine it without him.
+
+Though technically "in residence," he had not rooms of his own in
+College during his first term. The "House" was very full; and had it
+not been for one of the tutors, the Rev. J. Lew, kindly lending him
+one of his own rooms, he would have had to take lodgings in the town.
+The first set of rooms he occupied was in Peckwater Quadrangle, which
+is annually the scene of a great bonfire on Guy Fawkes' Day, and,
+generally speaking, is not the best place for a reading man to live
+in.
+
+In those days the undergraduates dining in hall were divided into
+"messes." Each mess consisted of about half a dozen men, who had a
+table to themselves. Dinner was served at five, and very indifferently
+served, too; the dishes and plates were of pewter, and the joint was
+passed round, each man cutting off what he wanted for himself. In Mr.
+Dodgson's mess were Philip Pusey, the late Rev. G. C. Woodhouse, and,
+among others, one who still lives in "Alice in Wonderland" as the
+"Hatter."
+
+Only a few days after term began, Mrs. Dodgson died suddenly at Croft.
+The shock was a terrible one to the whole family, and especially to
+her devoted husband. I have come across a delightful and most
+characteristic letter from Dr. Pusey--a letter full of the kindest and
+truest sympathy with the Archdeacon in his bereavement. The part of it
+which bears upon Mrs. Dodgson's death I give in full:--
+
+[Illustration: Grave of Archdeacon and Mrs. Dodgson in Croft
+Churchyard.]
+
+
+    My dear Friend, I hear and see so little and so few persons,
+    that I had not heard of your sorrow until your to-day's
+    letter; and now I but guess what it was: only your language
+    is that of the very deepest. I have often thought, since I
+    had to think of this, how, in all adversity, what God takes
+    away He may give us back with increase. One cannot think
+    that any holy earthly love will cease, when we shall "be
+    like the Angels of God in Heaven." Love here must shadow our
+    love there, deeper because spiritual, without any alloy from
+    our sinful nature, and in the fulness of the love of God.
+    But as we grow here by God's grace will be our capacity for
+    endless love. So, then, if by our very sufferings we are
+    purified, and our hearts enlarged, we shall, in that endless
+    bliss, love more those whom we loved here, than if we had
+    never had that sorrow, never been parted....
+
+Lewis Carroll was summoned home to attend the funeral--a sad interlude
+amidst the novel experiences of a first term at College. The Oxford of
+1851 was in many ways quite unlike the Oxford of 1898. The position of
+the undergraduates was much more similar to that of schoolboys than is
+now the case; they were subject to the same penalties--corporal
+punishment, even, had only just gone out of vogue!--and were expected
+to work, and to work hard.
+
+Early rising then was strictly enforced, as the following extract from
+one of his letters will show:--
+
+    I am not so anxious as usual to begin my personal history,
+    as the first thing I have to record is a very sad incident,
+    namely, my missing morning chapel; before, however, you
+    condemn me, you must hear how accidental it was. For some
+    days now I have been in the habit of, I will not say getting
+    up, but of being called at a quarter past six, and generally
+    managing to be down soon after seven. In the present
+    instance I had been up the night before till about half-past
+    twelve, and consequently when I was called I fell asleep
+    again, and was thunderstruck to find on waking that it was
+    ten minutes past eight. I have had no imposition, nor heard
+    anything about it. It is rather vexatious to have happened
+    so soon, as I had intended never to be late.
+
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Carroll, aged 23.]
+
+It was therefore obviously his custom to have his breakfast
+_before_ going to chapel. I wonder how many undergraduates of the
+present generation follow the same hardy rule! But then no
+"impositions" threaten the modern sluggard, even if he neglects chapel
+altogether.
+
+During the Long Vacation he visited the Great Exhibition, and wrote
+his sister Elizabeth a long account of what he had seen:--
+
+
+    I think the first impression produced on you when you get
+    inside is one of bewilderment. It looks like a sort of
+    fairyland. As far as you can look in any direction, you see
+    nothing but pillars hung about with shawls, carpets, &c.,
+    with long avenues of statues, fountains, canopies, etc.,
+    etc., etc. The first thing to be seen on entering is the
+    Crystal Fountain, a most elegant one about thirty feet high
+    at a rough guess, composed entirely of glass and pouring
+    down jets of water from basin to basin; this is in the
+    middle of the centre nave, and from it you can look down to
+    either end, and up both transepts. The centre of the nave
+    mostly consists of a long line of colossal statues, some
+    most magnificent. The one considered the finest, I believe,
+    is the Amazon and Tiger. She is sitting on horseback, and a
+    tiger has fastened on the neck of the horse in front. You
+    have to go to one side to see her face, and the other to see
+    the horse's. The horse's face is really wonderful,
+    expressing terror and pain so exactly, that you almost
+    expect to hear it scream.... There are some very ingenious
+    pieces of mechanism. A tree (in the French Compartment) with
+    birds chirping and hopping from branch to branch exactly
+    like life. The bird jumps across, turns round on the other
+    branch, so as to face back again, settles its head and neck,
+    and then in a few moments jumps back again. A bird standing
+    at the foot of the tree trying to eat a beetle is rather a
+    failure; it never succeeds in getting its head more than a
+    quarter of an inch down, and that in uncomfortable little
+    jerks, as if it was choking. I have to go to the Royal
+    Academy, so must stop: as the subject is quite inexhaustible,
+    there is no hope of ever coming to a regular finish.
+
+On November 1st he won a Boulter scholarship, and at the end of the
+following year obtained First Class Honours in Mathematics and a
+Second in Classical Moderations. On Christmas Eve he was made a
+Student on Dr. Pusey's nomination, for at that time the Dean and
+Canons nominated to Studentships by turn. The only conditions on which
+these old Studentships were held were that the Student should remain
+unmarried, and should proceed to Holy Orders. No statute precisely
+defined what work was expected of them, that question being largely
+left to their own discretion.
+
+The eight Students at the bottom of the list that is to say, the eight
+who had been nominated last--had to mark, by pricking on weekly papers
+called "the Bills," the attendance at morning and evening chapel. They
+were allowed to arrange this duty among themselves, and, if it was
+neglected, they were all punished. This long-defunct custom explains
+an entry in Lewis Carroll's Diary for October 15, 1853, "Found I had
+got the prickbills two hundred lines apiece, by not pricking in in the
+morning," which, I must confess, mystified me exceedingly at first.
+Another reference to College impositions occurs further on in his
+Diary, at a time when he was a Lecturer: "Spoke to the Dean about
+F--, who has brought an imposition which his tutor declares is not
+his own writing, after being expressly told to write it himself."
+
+The following is an extract from his father's letter of
+congratulation, on his being nominated for the Studentship:--
+
+
+    My dearest Charles,--The feelings of thankfulness and
+    delight with which I have read your letter just received, I
+    must leave to _your conception_; for they are, I assure
+    you, beyond _my expression_; and your affectionate
+    heart will derive no small addition of joy from thinking of
+    the joy which you have occasioned to me, and to all the
+    circle of your home. I say "_you_ have occasioned,"
+    because, grateful as I am to my old friend Dr. Pusey for
+    what he has done, I cannot desire stronger evidence than his
+    own words of the fact that you have _won_, and well
+    won, this honour for _yourself_, and that it is
+    bestowed as a matter of _justice_ to _you_, and
+    not of _kindness_ to _me_. You will be interested
+    in reading extracts from his two letters to me--the first
+    written three years ago in answer to one from me, in which I
+    distinctly told him that I neither asked nor expected that
+    he should serve me in this matter, unless my son should
+    fairly reach the standard of merit by which these
+    appointments were regulated. In reply he says--
+
+    "I thank you for the way in which you put the application to
+    me. I have now, for nearly twenty years, not given a
+    Studentship to any friend of my own, unless there was no
+    very eligible person in the College. I have passed by or
+    declined the sons of those to whom I was personally indebted
+    for kindness. I can only say that I shall have _very
+    great_ pleasure, if circumstances permit me to nominate
+    your son."
+
+    In his letter received this morning he says--
+
+      "I have great pleasure in telling you that I have been
+      enabled to recommend your son for a Studentship this
+      Christmas. It must be so much more satisfactory to you that
+      he should be nominated thus, in consequence of the
+      recommendation of the College. One of the Censors brought me
+      to-day five names; but in their minds it was plain that they
+      thought your son on the whole the most eligible for the
+      College. It has been very satisfactory to hear of your son's
+      uniform steady and good conduct."
+
+    The last clause is a parallel to your own report, and I am
+    glad that you should have had so soon an evidence so
+    substantial of the truth of what I have so often inculcated,
+    that it is the "steady, painstaking, likely-to-do-good" man,
+    who in the long run wins the race against those who now and
+    then give a brilliant flash and, as Shakespeare says,
+    "straight are cold again."
+
+[Illustration: Archdeacon Dodgson.]
+
+In 1853 Archdeacon Dodgson was collated and installed as one of the
+Canons of Ripon Cathedral. This appointment necessitated a residence
+of three months in every year at Ripon, where Dr. Erskine was then
+Dean. A certain Miss Anderson, who used to stay at the Deanery, had
+very remarkable "clairvoyant" powers; she was able--it was averred--by
+merely holding in her hand a folded paper containing some words
+written by a person unknown to her, to describe his or her character.
+In this way, at what precise date is uncertain, she dictated the
+following description of Lewis Carroll: "Very clever head; a great
+deal of number; a great deal of imitation; he would make a good actor;
+diffident; rather shy in general society; comes out in the home
+circle; rather obstinate; very clever; a great deal of concentration;
+very affectionate; a great deal of wit and humour; not much
+eventuality (or memory of events); fond of deep reading; imaginative,
+fond, of reading poetry; _may_ compose." Those who knew him well
+will agree that this was, at any rate, a remarkable coincidence.
+
+Longley, afterwards Primate, was then Bishop of Ripon. His charming
+character endeared him to the Archdeacon and his family, as to every
+one else who saw much of him. He was one of the few men whose faces
+can truly be called _beautiful_; it was a veil through which a
+soul, all gentleness and truth, shone brightly.
+
+In the early part of 1854 Mr. Dodgson was reading hard for "Greats."
+For the last three weeks before the examination he worked thirteen
+hours a day, spending the whole night before the _viva voce_ over
+his books. But philosophy and history were not very congenial subjects
+to him, and when the list was published his name was only in the third
+class.
+
+[Illustration: Archbishop Longley.]
+
+He spent the Long Vacation at Whitby, reading Mathematics with
+Professor Price. His work bore good fruit, for in October he obtained
+First Class Honours in the Final Mathematical School. "I am getting
+quite tired of being congratulated on various subjects," he writes;
+"there seems to be no end of it. If I had shot the Dean I could hardly
+have had more said about it."
+
+In another letter dated December 13th, he says:
+
+
+    Enclosed you will find a list which I expect you to rejoice
+    over considerably; it will take me more than a day to
+    believe it, I expect--I feel at present very like a child
+    with a new toy, but I daresay I shall be tired of it soon,
+    and wish to be Pope of Rome next.... I have just been to Mr.
+    Price to see how I did in the papers, and the result will I
+    hope be gratifying to you. The following were the sums total
+    for each in the First Class, as nearly as I can remember:--
+
+    Dodgson   ...   ...   ... 279
+    Bosanquet ...   ...   ... 261
+    Cookson  ...   ...   ...  254
+    Fowler   ...   ...   ...  225
+    Ranken   ...   ...   ...  213
+
+    He also said he never remembered so good a set of men in.
+    All this is very satisfactory. I must also add (this is a
+    very boastful letter) that I ought to get the senior
+    scholarship next term.... One thing more I will add, to
+    crown all, and that is, I find I am the next First Class
+    Mathematical Student to Faussett (with the exception of
+    Kitchin who has given up Mathematics), so that I stand next
+    (as Bosanquet is going to leave) for the Lectureship.
+
+On December 18th he took the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and on
+October 15, 1855, he was made a "Master of the House," in honour of
+the appointment of the new Dean (Dr. Liddell) who succeeded Dean
+Gaisford. To be made Master of the House means that a man has all the
+privileges of a Master of Arts within the walls of Christ Church. But
+he must be of a certain number of terms' standing, and be admitted in
+due form by the Vice-Chancellor, before he is a Master of Arts of the
+University. In this wider sense Mr. Dodgson did not take his Master's
+degree until 1857.
+
+This is anticipating events, and there is much to tell of the year
+1855, which was a very eventful one for him. On February 15th he was
+made Sub-Librarian. "This will add £35 to my income," he writes, "not
+much towards independence." For he was most anxious to have a
+sufficient income to make him his own master, that he might enter on
+the literary and artistic career of which he was already dreaming. On
+May 14th he wrote in his Diary: "The Dean and Canons have been pleased
+to give me one of the Bostock scholarships, said to be worth £20 a
+year--this very nearly raises my income this year to independence.
+Courage!"
+
+His college work, during 1855, was chiefly taking private pupils, but
+he had, in addition, about three and a half hours a day of lecturing
+during the last term of the year. He did not, however, work as one of
+the regular staff of lecturers until the next year. From that date his
+work rapidly increased, and he soon had to devote regularly as much as
+seven hours a day to delivering lectures, to say nothing of the time
+required for preparing them.
+
+The following extract from his Journal, June 22, 1855, will serve to
+show his early love for the drama. The scene is laid at the Princess'
+Theatre, then at the height of its glory:--
+
+    The evening began with a capital farce, "Away with
+    Melancholy," and then came the great play, "Henry VIII.,"
+    the greatest theatrical treat I ever had or ever expect to
+    have. I had no idea that anything so superb as the scenery
+    and dresses was ever to be seen on the stage. Kean was
+    magnificent as Cardinal Wolsey, Mrs. Kean a worthy successor
+    to Mrs. Siddons as Queen Catherine, and all the accessories
+    without exception were good--but oh, that exquisite vision
+    of Queen Catherine's! I almost held my breath to watch: the
+    illusion is perfect, and I felt as if in a dream all the
+    time it lasted. It was like a delicious reverie, or the most
+    beautiful poetry. This is the true end and object of
+    acting--to raise the mind above itself, and out of its petty
+    cares. Never shall I forget that wonderful evening, that
+    exquisite vision--sunbeams broke in through the roof, and
+    gradually revealed two angel forms, floating in front of the
+    carved work on the ceiling: the column of sunbeams shone
+    down upon the sleeping queen, and gradually down it floated,
+    a troop of angelic forms, transparent, and carrying palm
+    branches in their hands: they waved these over the sleeping
+    queen, with oh! such a sad and solemn grace. So could I
+    fancy (if the thought be not profane) would real angels seem
+    to our mortal vision, though doubtless our conception is
+    poor and mean to the reality. She in an ecstasy raises her
+    arms towards them, and to sweet slow music, they vanish as
+    marvellously as they came. Then the profound silence of the
+    audience burst at once into a rapture of applause; but even
+    that scarcely marred the effect of the beautiful sad waking
+    words of the Queen, "Spirits of peace, where are ye?" I
+    never enjoyed anything so much in my life before; and never
+    felt so inclined to shed tears at anything fictitious, save
+    perhaps at that poetical gem of Dickens, the death of little
+    Paul.
+
+On August 21st he received a long letter from his father, full of
+excellent advice on the importance to a young man of saving money:--
+
+    I will just sketch for you [writes the Archdeacon] a
+    supposed case, applicable to your own circumstances, of a
+    young man of twenty-three, making up his mind to work for
+    ten years, and living to do it, on an Income enabling him to
+    save £150 a year--supposing him to appropriate it thus:--
+
+                                      £     s.    d.
+
+    Invested at 4 per cent. ...  ... 100    0     0
+
+    Life Insurance of £1,500     ...  29   15     0
+    Books, besides those bought in
+    ordinary course ...     ...  ...  20    5     0
+                                      _____________
+                                    £150    0     0
+
+    Suppose him at the end of the ten years to get a Living
+    enabling him to settle, what will be the result of his
+    savings:--
+
+      1. A nest egg of £1,220 ready money, for furnishing and
+    other expenses.
+
+      2. A sum of £1,500 secured at his death on payment of a
+    _very much_ smaller annual Premium than if he had then
+    begun to insure it.
+
+      3. A useful Library, worth more than £200, besides the
+    books bought out of his current Income during the period....
+
+The picture on the opposite page is one of Mr. Dodgson's illustrations
+in _Misch-Masch,_ a periodical of the nature of _The Rectory
+Umbrella_, except that it contained printed stories and poems by
+the editor, cut out of the various newspapers to which he had
+contributed them. Of the comic papers of that day _Punch,_ of
+course, held the foremost place, but it was not without rivals; there
+was a certain paper called _Diogenes_, then very near its end,
+which imitated _Punch's_ style, and in 1853 the proprietor of
+_The Illustrated News_, at that time one of the most opulent
+publishers in London, started _The Comic Times._ A capable editor
+was found in Edmund Yates; "Phiz" and other well-known artists and
+writers joined the staff, and 100,000 copies of the first number were
+printed.
+
+[Illustration: Studies from English Poets II "Alas! What
+Boots--" Milton's Lucidas.]
+
+Among the contributors was Frank Smedley, author of "Frank Fairleigh."
+Though a confirmed invalid, and condemned to spend most of his days on
+a sofa, Mr. Smedley managed to write several fine novels, full of the
+joy of life, and free from the least taint of discontent or morbid
+feeling. He was one of those men--one meets them here and there--whose
+minds rise high above their bodily infirmities; at moments of
+depression, which come to them as frequently, if not more frequently,
+than to other men, they no doubt feel their weakness, and think
+themselves despised, little knowing that we, the stronger ones in
+body, feel nothing but admiration as we watch the splendid victory of
+the soul over its earthly companion which their lives display.
+
+It was through Frank Smedley that Mr. Dodgson became one of the
+contributors to _The Comic Times_. Several of his poems appeared
+in it, and Mr. Yates wrote to him in the kindest manner, expressing
+warm approval of them. When _The Comic Times_ changed hands in
+1856, and was reduced to half its size, the whole staff left it and
+started a new venture, _The Train_. They were joined by Sala,
+whose stories in _Household Words_ were at that time usually
+ascribed by the uninitiated to Charles Dickens. Mr. Dodgson's
+contributions to _The Train_ included the following: "Solitude"
+(March, 1856); "Novelty and Romancement" (October, 1856); "The Three
+Voices" (November, 1856); "The Sailor's Wife" (May, 1857); and last,
+but by no means least, "Hiawatha's Photographing" (December, 1857).
+All of these, except "Novelty and Romancement," have since been
+republished in "Rhyme? and Reason?" and "Three Sunsets."
+
+The last entry in Mr. Dodgson's Diary for this year reads as
+follows:--
+
+    I am sitting alone in my bedroom this last night of the old
+    year, waiting for midnight. It has been the most eventful
+    year of my life: I began it a poor bachelor student, with no
+    definite plans or expectations; I end it a master and tutor
+    in Ch. Ch., with an income of more than £300 a year, and the
+    course of mathematical tuition marked out by God's
+    providence for at least some years to come. Great mercies,
+    great failings, time lost, talents misapplied--such has been
+    the past year.
+
+His Diary is full of such modest depreciations of himself and his
+work, interspersed with earnest prayers (too sacred and private to be
+reproduced here) that God would forgive him the past, and help him to
+perform His holy will in the future. And all the time that he was thus
+speaking of himself as a sinner, and a man who was utterly falling
+short of his aim, he was living a life full of good deeds and
+innumerable charities, a life of incessant labour and unremitting
+fulfilment of duty. So, I suppose, it is always with those who have a
+really high ideal; the harder they try to approach it the more it
+seems to recede from them, or rather, perhaps, it is impossible to be
+both "the subject and spectator" of goodness. As Coventry Patmore
+wrote:--
+
+    Become whatever good you see;
+      Nor sigh if, forthwith, fades from view
+    The grace of which you may not be
+      The Subject and spectator too.
+
+The reading of "Alton Locke" turned his mind towards social subjects.
+"If the book were but a little more definite," he writes, "it might
+stir up many fellow-workers in the same good field of social
+improvement. Oh that God, in His good providence, may make me
+hereafter such a worker! But alas, what are the means? Each one has
+his own _nostrum_ to propound, and in the Babel of voices nothing
+is done. I would thankfully spend and be spent so long as I were sure
+of really effecting something by the sacrifice, and not merely lying
+down under the wheels of some irresistible Juggernaut."
+
+He was for some time the editor of _College Rhymes_, a Christ
+Church paper, in which his poem, "A Sea Dirge" (afterwards republished
+in "Phantasmagoria," and again in "Rhyme? and Reason?"), first
+appeared. The following verses were among his contributions to the
+same magazine:--
+
+    I painted her a gushing thing,
+      With years perhaps a score
+    I little thought to find they were
+      At least a dozen more;
+    My fancy gave her eyes of blue,
+      A curly auburn head:
+    I came to find the blue a green,
+      The auburn turned to red.
+
+    She boxed my ears this morning,
+      They tingled very much;
+    I own that I could wish her
+      A somewhat lighter touch;
+    And if you were to ask me how
+      Her charms might be improved,
+    I would not have them _added to_,
+      But just a few _removed_!
+
+    She has the bear's ethereal grace,
+      The bland hyena's laugh,
+    The footstep of the elephant,
+      The neck of the giraffe;
+    I love her still, believe me,
+      Though my heart its passion hides;
+    "She is all my fancy painted her,"
+      But oh! _how much besides_!
+
+It was when writing for _The Train_ that he first felt the need
+of a pseudonym. He suggested "Dares" (the first syllable of his
+birthplace) to Edmund Yates, but, as this did not meet with his
+editor's approval, he wrote again, giving a choice of four names, (1)
+Edgar Cuthwellis, (2) Edgar U. C. Westhall, (3) Louis Carroll, and (4)
+Lewis Carroll. The first two were formed from the letters of his two
+Christian names, Charles Lutwidge; the others are merely variant forms
+of those names--Lewis = Ludovicus = Lutwidge; Carroll = Carolus =
+Charles. Mr. Yates chose the last, and thenceforward it became Mr.
+Dodgson's ordinary _nom de plume_. The first occasion on which he
+used it was, I believe, when he wrote "The Path of Roses," a poem
+which appeared in _The Train_ in May, 1856.
+
+On June 16th he again visited the Princess's Theatre. This time the
+play was "A Winter's Tale," and he "especially admired the acting of
+the little Mamillius, Ellen Terry, a beautiful little creature, who
+played with remarkable ease and spirit."
+
+During the Long Vacation he spent a few weeks in the English Lake
+District. In spite of the rain, of which he had his full share, he
+managed to see a good deal of the best scenery, and made the ascent of
+Gable in the face of an icy gale, which laid him up with neuralgia for
+some days. He and his companions returned to Croft by way of Barnard
+Castle, as he narrates in his Diary:--
+
+     We set out by coach for Barnard Castle at about seven, and
+    passed over about forty miles of the dreariest hill-country
+    I ever saw; the climax of wretchedness was reached in Bowes,
+    where yet stands the original of "Dotheboys Hall"; it has
+    long ceased to be used as a school, and is falling into
+    ruin, in which the whole place seems to be following its
+    example--the roofs are falling in, and the windows broken or
+    barricaded--the whole town looks plague-stricken. The
+    courtyard of the inn we stopped at was grown over with
+    weeds, and a mouthing idiot lolled against the corner of the
+    house, like the evil genius of the spot. Next to a prison or
+    a lunatic asylum, preserve me from living at Bowes!
+
+Although he was anything but a sportsman, he was interested in the
+subject of betting, from a mathematical standpoint solely, and in 1857
+he sent a letter to _Bell's Life_, explaining a method by which a
+betting man might ensure winning over any race. The system was either
+to back _every_ horse, or to lay against _every_ horse,
+according to the way the odds added up. He showed his scheme to a
+sporting friend, who remarked, "An excellent system, and you're bound
+to win--_if only you can get people to take your bets_."
+
+In the same year he made the acquaintance of Tennyson, whose writings
+he had long intensely admired. He thus describes the poet's
+appearance:--
+
+    A strange shaggy-looking man; his hair, moustache, and beard
+    looked wild and neglected; these very much hid the character
+    of the face. He was dressed in a loosely fitting morning
+    coat, common grey flannel waistcoat and trousers, and a
+    carelessly tied black silk neckerchief. His hair is black; I
+    think the eyes too; they are keen and restless--nose
+    aquiline--forehead high and broad--both face and head are
+    fine and manly. His manner was kind and friendly from the
+    first; there is a dry lurking humour in his style of
+    talking.
+
+    I took the opportunity [he goes on to say] of asking the
+    meaning of two passages in his poems, which have always
+    puzzled me: one in "Maud"--
+
+      Strange that I hear two men
+        Somewhere talking of me;
+      Well, if it prove a girl, my boy
+        Will have plenty; so let it be.
+
+    He said it referred to Maud, and to the two fathers
+    arranging a match between himself and her.
+
+    The other was of the poet--
+
+      Dowered with the hate of hate, the scorn of scorn,
+        The love of love.
+
+
+    He said that he was quite willing it should bear any meaning
+    the words would fairly bear; to the best of his recollection
+    his meaning when he wrote it was "the hate of the quality
+    hate, &c.," but he thought the meaning of "the quintessence
+    of hatred" finer. He said there had never been a poem so
+    misunderstood by the "ninnies of critics" as "Maud."
+
+[Illustration: Alfred Tennyson. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll._]
+
+During an evening spent at Tent Lodge Tennyson remarked, on the
+similarity of the monkey's skull to the human, that a young monkey's
+skull is quite human in shape, and gradually alters--the analogy being
+borne out by the human skull being at first more like the statues of
+the gods, and gradually degenerating into human; and then, turning to
+Mrs. Tennyson, "There, that's the second original remark I've made
+this evening!" Mr. Dodgson saw a great deal of the Tennysons after
+this, and photographed the poet himself and various members of his
+family.
+
+In October he made the acquaintance of John Ruskin, who in after years
+was always willing to assist him with his valuable advice on any point
+of artistic criticism. Mr. Dodgson was singularly fortunate in his
+friends; whenever he was in difficulties on any technical matters,
+whether of religion, law, medicine, art, or whatever it might be, he
+always had some one especially distinguished in that branch of study
+whose aid he could seek as a friend. In particular, the names of Canon
+King (now Bishop of Lincoln), and Sir James Paget occur to me; to the
+latter Mr. Dodgson addressed many letters on questions of medicine and
+surgery--some of them intricate enough, but never too intricate to
+weary the unfailing patience of the great surgeon.
+
+A note in Mr. Dodgson's Journal, May 9, 1857, describes his
+introduction to Thackeray:--
+
+    I breakfasted this morning with Fowler of Lincoln to meet
+    Thackeray (the author), who delivered his lecture on George
+    III. in Oxford last night. I was much pleased with what I
+    saw of him; his manner is simple and unaffected; he shows no
+    anxiety to shine in conversation, though full of fun and
+    anecdote when drawn out. He seemed delighted with the
+    reception he had met with last night: the undergraduates
+    seem to have behaved with most unusual moderation.
+
+The next few years of his life passed quietly, and without any unusual
+events to break the monotony of college routine. He spent his mornings
+in the lecture-rooms, his afternoons in the country or on the
+river--he was very fond of boating--and his evenings in his room,
+reading and preparing for the next day's work. But in spite of all
+this outward calm of life, his mind was very much exercised on the
+subject of taking Holy Orders. Not only was this step necessary if he
+wished to retain his Studentship, but also he felt that it would give
+him much more influence among the undergraduates, and thus increase
+his power of doing good. On the other hand, he was not prepared to
+live the life of almost puritanical strictness which was then
+considered essential for a clergyman, and he saw that the impediment
+of speech from which he suffered would greatly interfere with the
+proper performance of his clerical duties.
+
+[Illustration: The Bishop of Lincoln. _From a photograph by
+Lewis Carroll_]
+
+The Bishop of Oxford, Dr. Wilberforce, had expressed the opinion that
+the "resolution to attend theatres or operas was an absolute
+disqualification for Holy Orders," which discouraged him very much,
+until it transpired that this statement was only meant to refer to the
+parochial clergy. He discussed the matter with Dr. Pusey, and with Dr.
+Liddon. The latter said that "he thought a deacon might lawfully, if
+he found himself unfit for the work, abstain from direct ministerial
+duty." And so, with many qualms about his own unworthiness, he at last
+decided to prepare definitely for ordination.
+
+On December 22, 1861, he was ordained deacon by the Bishop of Oxford.
+He never proceeded to priest's orders, partly, I think, because he
+felt that if he were to do so it would be his duty to undertake
+regular parochial work, and partly on account of his stammering. He
+used, however, to preach not unfrequently, and his sermons were always
+delightful to listen to, his extreme earnestness being evident in
+every word.
+
+[Illustration: Bishop Wilberforce. _From a photograph by
+Lewis Carroll_.]
+
+"He knew exactly what he wished to say" (I am quoting from an article
+in _The Guardian_), "and completely forgot his audience in his
+anxiety to explain his point clearly. He thought of the subject only,
+and the words came of themselves. Looking straight in front of him he
+saw, as it were, his argument mapped out in the form of a diagram, and
+he set to work to prove it point by point, under its separate heads,
+and then summed up the whole."
+
+One sermon which he preached in the University Church, on Eternal
+Punishment, is not likely to be soon forgotten by those who heard it.
+I, unfortunately, was not of that number, but I can well imagine how
+his clear-cut features would light up as he dwelt lovingly upon the
+mercy of that Being whose charity far exceeds "the measure of man's
+mind." It is hardly necessary to say that he himself did not believe
+in eternal punishment, or any other scholastic doctrine that
+contravenes the love of God.
+
+He disliked being complimented on his sermons, but he liked to be told
+of any good effects that his words had had upon any member of the
+congregation. "Thank you for telling me that fact about my sermon," he
+wrote to one of his sisters, who told him of some such good fruit that
+one of his addresses had borne. "I have once or twice had such
+information volunteered; and it is a _great_ comfort--and a kind
+of thing that is _really_ good for one to know. It is _not_
+good to be told (and I never wish to be told), 'Your sermon was so
+_beautiful_.' We shall not be concerned to know, in the Great
+Day, whether we have preached beautiful sermons, but whether they were
+preached with the one object of serving God."
+
+He was always ready and willing to preach at the special service for
+College servants, which used to be held at Christ Church every Sunday
+evening; but best of all he loved to preach to children. Some of his
+last sermons were delivered at Christ Church, Eastbourne (the church
+he regularly attended during the Long Vacation), to a congregation of
+children. On those occasions he told them an allegory--_Victor and
+Arnion,_ which he intended to publish in course of time--putting
+all his heart into the work, and speaking with such deep feeling that
+at times he was almost unable to control his emotion as he told them
+of the love and compassion of the Good Shepherd.
+
+I have dwelt at some length on this side of his life, for it is, I am
+sure, almost ignored in the popular estimate of him. He was
+essentially a religious man in the best sense of the term, and without
+any of that morbid sentimentality which is too often associated with
+the word; and while his religion consecrated his talents, and raised
+him to a height which without it he could never have reached, the
+example of such a man as he was, so brilliant, so witty, so
+successful, and yet so full of faith, consecrates the very conception
+of religion, and makes it yet more beautiful.
+
+On April 13, 1859, he paid another visit to Tennyson, this time at
+Farringford.
+
+    After dinner we retired for about an hour to the
+    smoking-room, where I saw the proof-sheets of the "King's
+    Idylls," but he would not let me read them. He walked
+    through the garden with me when I left, and made me remark
+    an effect produced on the thin white clouds by the moon
+    shining through, which I had not noticed--a ring of golden
+    light at some distance off the moon, with an interval of
+    white between--this, he says, he has alluded to in one of
+    his early poems ("Margaret," vol. i.), "the tender amber." I
+    asked his opinion of Sydney Dobell--he agrees with me in
+    liking "Grass from the Battlefield," and thinks him a writer
+    of genius and imagination, but extravagant.
+
+On another occasion he showed the poet a photograph which he had taken
+of Miss Alice Liddell as a beggar-child, and which Tennyson said was
+the most beautiful photograph he had ever seen.
+
+[Illustration: Alice Liddell as Beggar-child. _From a
+photograph by Lewis Carroll_.]
+
+    Tennyson told us he had often dreamed long passages of
+    poetry, and believed them to be good at the time, though he
+    could never remember them after waking, except four lines
+    which he dreamed at ten years old:--
+
+      May a cock sparrow
+      Write to a barrow?
+      I hope you'll excuse
+      My infantile muse;
+
+    --which, as an unpublished fragment of the Poet Laureate,
+    may be thought interesting, but not affording much promise
+    of his after powers.
+
+    He also told us he once dreamed an enormously long poem
+    about fairies, which began with very long lines that
+    gradually got shorter, and ended with fifty or sixty lines
+    of two syllables each!
+
+On October 17, 1859, the Prince of Wales came into residence at Christ
+Church. The Dean met him at the station, and all the dons assembled in
+Tom Quadrangle to welcome him. Mr. Dodgson, as usual, had an eye to a
+photograph, in which hope, however, he was doomed to disappointment.
+His Royal Highness was tired of having his picture taken.
+
+During his early college life he used often to spend a few days at
+Hastings, with his mother's sisters, the Misses Lutwidge. In a letter
+written from their house to his sister Mary, and dated April 11, 1860,
+he gives an account of a lecture he had just heard:--
+
+    I am just returned from a series of dissolving views on the
+    Arctic regions, and, while the information there received is
+    still fresh in my mind, I will try to give you some of it.
+    In the first place, you may not know that one of the objects
+    of the Arctic expeditions was to discover "the intensity of
+    the magnetic needle." He [the lecturer] did not tell us,
+    however, whether they had succeeded in discovering it, or
+    whether that rather obscure question is still doubtful. One
+    of the explorers, Baffin, "_though_ he did not suffer
+    all the hardships the others did, _yet_ he came to an
+    untimely end (of course one would think in the Arctic
+    regions), _for instance_ (what follows being, I
+    suppose, one of the untimely ends he came to), being engaged
+    in a war of the Portuguese against the Prussians, while
+    measuring the ground in front of a fortification, a
+    cannon-ball came against him, with the force with which
+    cannon-balls in that day _did_ come, and killed him
+    dead on the spot." How many instances of this kind would you
+    demand to prove that he did come to an untimely end? One of
+    the ships was laid up three years in the ice, during which
+    time, he told us, "Summer came and went frequently." This, I
+    think, was the most remarkable phenomenon he mentioned in
+    the whole lecture, and gave _me_ quite a new idea of
+    those regions.
+
+    On Tuesday I went to a concert at St. Leonard's. On the
+    front seat sat a youth about twelve years of age, of whom
+    the enclosed is a tolerably accurate sketch. He really was,
+    I think, the ugliest boy I ever saw. I wish I could get an
+    opportunity of photographing him.
+
+[Illustration: Sketch from St. Leonard's Concert-Room.]
+
+The following note occurs in his Journal for May 6th:--
+
+    A Christ Church man, named Wilmot, who is just returned from
+    the West Indies, dined in Hall. He told us some curious
+    things about the insects in South America--one that he had
+    himself seen was a spider charming a cockroach with flashes
+    of light; they were both on the wall, the spider about a
+    yard the highest, and the light was like a glow-worm, only
+    that it came by flashes and did not shine continuously; the
+    cockroach gradually crawled up to it, and allowed itself to
+    be taken and killed.
+
+    A few months afterwards, when in town and visiting Mr.
+    Munroe's studio, he found there two of the children of Mr.
+    George Macdonald, whose acquaintance he had already made:
+    "They were a girl and boy, about seven and six years old--I
+    claimed their acquaintance, and began at once proving to the
+    boy, Greville, that he had better take the opportunity of
+    having his head changed for a marble one. The effect was
+    that in about two minutes they had entirely forgotten that I
+    was a total stranger, and were earnestly arguing the
+    question as if we were old acquaintances." Mr. Dodgson urged
+    that a marble head would not have to be brushed and combed.
+    At this the boy turned to his sister with an air of great
+    relief, saying, "Do you hear _that_, Mary? It needn't
+    be combed!" And the narrator adds, "I have no doubt combing,
+    with his great head of long hair, like Hallam Tennyson's,
+    was _the_ misery of his life. His final argument was
+    that a marble head couldn't speak, and as I couldn't
+    convince either that he would be all the better for that, I
+    gave in."
+
+[Illustration: George Macdonald and his daughter Lily.
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll._]
+
+In November he gave a lecture at a meeting of the Ashmolean Society on
+"Where does the Day begin?" The problem, which was one he was very
+fond of propounding, may be thus stated: If a man could travel round
+the world so fast that the sun would be always directly above his
+head, and if he were to start travelling at midday on Tuesday, then in
+twenty-four hours he would return to his original point of departure,
+and would find that the day was now called Wednesday--at what point of
+his journey would the day change its name? The difficulty of answering
+this apparently simple question has cast a gloom over many a pleasant
+party.
+
+On December 12th he wrote in his Diary:--
+
+    Visit of the Queen to Oxford, to the great surprise of
+    everybody, as it had been kept a secret up to the time. She
+    arrived in Christ Church about twelve, and came into Hall
+    with the Dean, where the Collections were still going on,
+    about a dozen men being in Hall. The party consisted of the
+    Queen, Prince Albert, Princess Alice and her intended
+    husband, the Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt, the Prince of Wales,
+    Prince Alfred, and suite. They remained a minute or two
+    looking at the pictures, and the Sub-Dean was presented:
+    they then visited the Cathedral and Library. Evening
+    entertainment at the Deanery, _tableaux vivants_. I
+    went a little after half-past eight, and found a great party
+    assembled--the Prince had not yet come. He arrived before
+    nine, and I found an opportunity of reminding General Bruce
+    of his promise to introduce me to the Prince, which he did
+    at the next break in the conversation H.R.H. was holding
+    with Mrs. Fellowes. He shook hands very graciously, and I
+    began with a sort of apology for having been so importunate
+    about the photograph. He said something of the weather being
+    against it, and I asked if the Americans had victimised him
+    much as a sitter; he said they had, but he did not think
+    they had succeeded well, and I told him of the new American
+    process of taking twelve thousand photographs in an hour.
+    Edith Liddell coming by at the moment, I remarked on the
+    beautiful _tableau_ which the children might make: he
+    assented, and also said, in answer to my question, that he
+    had seen and admired my photographs of them. I then said
+    that I hoped, as I had missed the photograph, he would at
+    least give me his autograph in my album, which he promised
+    to do. Thinking I had better bring the talk to an end, I
+    concluded by saying that, if he would like copies of any of
+    my photographs, I should feel honoured by his accepting
+    them; he thanked me for this, and I then drew back, as he
+    did not seem inclined to pursue the conversation.
+
+A few days afterwards the Prince gave him his autograph, and also
+chose a dozen or so of his photograph (sic).
+
+
+[Illustration:  Mrs. Rossetti and her children Dante Gabriel,
+Christina, and William. _From a photograph by Lewis Carroll._]
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+(1861-1867)
+
+    Jowett--Index to "In Memoriam"--The Tennysons--The beginning
+    of "Alice"--Tenniel--Artistic friends--"Alice's Adventures
+    in Wonderland"--"Bruno's Revenge"--Tour with Dr.
+    Liddon--Cologne--Berlin architecture--The "Majesty of
+    Justice"--Peterhof--Moscow--A Russian wedding--Nijni--The
+    Troitska Monastery--"Hieroglyphic" writing--Giessen.
+
+It is my aim in this Memoir to let Mr. Dodgson tell his own story as
+much as possible. In order to effect this object I have drawn largely
+upon his Diary and correspondence. Very few men have left behind them
+such copious information about their lives as he has; unfortunately it
+is not equally copious throughout, and this fact must be my apology
+for the somewhat haphazard and disconnected way in which parts of this
+book are written. That it is the best which, under the circumstances,
+I have been able to do needs, I hope, no saying, but the circumstances
+have at times been too strong for me.
+
+Though in later years Mr. Dodgson almost gave up the habit of dining
+out, at this time of his life he used to do it pretty frequently, and
+several of the notes in his Diary refer to after-dinner and Common
+Room stories. The two following extracts will show the sort of facts
+he recorded:--
+
+    _January 2, 1861._--Mr. Grey (Canon) came to dine and
+    stay the night. He told me a curious old custom of millers,
+    that they place the sails of the mill as a Saint Andrew's
+    Cross when work is entirely suspended, thus x, but in an
+    upright cross, thus +, if they are just going to resume
+    work. He also mentioned that he was at school with Dr.
+    Tennyson (father of the poet), and was a great favourite of
+    his. He remembers that Tennyson used to do his
+    school-translations in rhyme.
+
+    _May 9th._--Met in Common Room Rev. C.F. Knight, and
+    the Hon'ble. F.J. Parker, both of Boston, U.S. The former
+    gave an amusing account of having seen Oliver Wendell Holmes
+    in a fishmonger's, lecturing _extempore_ on the head of
+    a freshly killed turtle, whose eyes and jaws still showed
+    muscular action: the lecture of course being all "cram," but
+    accepted as sober earnest by the mob outside.
+
+Old Oxford men will remember the controversies that raged from about
+1860 onwards over the opinions of the late Dr. Jowett. In my time the
+name "Jowett" only represented the brilliant translator of Plato, and
+the deservedly loved master of Balliol, whose sermons in the little
+College Chapel were often attended by other than Balliol men, and
+whose reputation for learning was expressed in the well-known verse of
+"The Masque of Balliol":--
+
+      First come I, my name is Jowett.
+      There's no knowledge but I know it;
+      I am Master of this College;
+      What I don't know isn't knowledge.
+
+But in 1861 he was anything but universally popular, and I am afraid
+that Mr. Dodgson, nothing if not a staunch Conservative, sided with
+the majority against him. Thus he wrote in his Diary:--
+
+    _November 20th._--Promulgation, in Congregation, of the
+    new statute to endow Jowett. The speaking took up the whole
+    afternoon, and the two points at issue, the endowing a
+    _Regius_ Professorship, and the countenancing Jowett's
+    theological opinions, got so inextricably mixed up that I
+    rose to beg that they might be kept separate. Once on my
+    feet, I said more than I at first meant, and defied them
+    ever to tire out the opposition by perpetually bringing the
+    question on (_Mem_.: if I ever speak again I will try
+    to say no more than I had resolved before rising). This was
+    my first speech in Congregation.
+
+At the beginning of 1862 an "Index to In Memoriam," compiled by Mr.
+Dodgson and his sisters, was published by Moxon. Tennyson had given
+his consent, and the little book proved to be very useful to his
+admirers.
+
+On January 27th Morning Prayer was for the first time read in English
+at the Christ Church College Service. On the same day Mr. Dodgson
+moved over into new rooms, as the part of the College where he had
+formerly lived (Chaplain's Quadrangle) was to be pulled down.
+
+During the Easter Vacation he paid another visit to the Tennysons,
+which he describes as follows:--
+
+    After luncheon I went to the Tennysons, and got Hallam and
+    Lionel to sign their names in my album. Also I made a
+    bargain with Lionel, that he was to give me some MS. of his
+    verses, and I was to send him some of mine. It was a very
+    difficult bargain to make; I almost despaired of it at
+    first, he put in so many conditions--first, I was to play a
+    game of chess with him; this, with much difficulty, was
+    reduced to twelve moves on each side; but this made little
+    difference, as I check-mated him at the sixth move. Second,
+    he was to be allowed to give me one blow on the head with a
+    mallet (this he at last consented to give up). I forget if
+    there were others, but it ended in my getting the verses,
+    for which I have written out "The Lonely Moor" for him.
+
+Mr. Dodgson took a great interest in occult phenomena, and was for
+some time an enthusiastic member of the "Psychical Society." It was
+his interest in ghosts that led to his meeting with the artist Mr.
+Heaphy, who had painted a picture of a ghost which he himself had
+seen. I quote the following from a letter to his sister Mary:--
+
+    During my last visit to town, I paid a very interesting
+    visit to a new artist, Mr. Heaphy. Do you remember that
+    curious story of a ghost lady (in _Household Words_ or
+    _All the Year Round_), who sat to an artist for her
+    picture; it was called "Mr. H.'s Story," and he was the
+    writer.... He received me most kindly, and we had a very
+    interesting talk about the ghost, which certainly is one of
+    the most curious and inexplicable stories I ever heard. He
+    showed me her picture (life size), and she must have been
+    very lovely, if it is like her (or like it, which ever is
+    the correct pronoun).... Mr. Heaphy showed me a most
+    interesting collection of drawings he has made abroad; he
+    has been about, hunting up the earliest and most authentic
+    pictures of our Saviour, some merely outlines, some coloured
+    pictures. They agree wonderfully in the character of the
+    face, and one, he says, there is no doubt was done before
+    the year 150.... I feel sure from his tone that he is doing
+    this in a religious spirit, and not merely as an artist.
+
+On July 4, 1862, there is a very important entry: "I made an
+expedition _up_ the river to Godstow with the three Liddells; we
+had tea on the bank there, and did not reach Christ Church till
+half-past eight."
+
+[Illustration: Lorina, Alice, and Edith Liddell. _From a
+photograph by Lewis Carroll_.]
+
+On the opposite page he added, somewhat later, "On which occasion I
+told them the fairy-tale of 'Alice's Adventures Underground,' which I
+undertook to write out for Alice."
+
+These words need to be supplemented by the verses with which he
+prefaced the "Wonderland":--
+
+        All in the golden afternoon
+          Full leisurely we glide;
+        For both our oars, with little skill,
+          By little arms are plied,
+        While little hands make vain pretence
+          Our wanderings to guide.
+
+        Ah, cruel Three! In such an hour,
+          Beneath such dreamy weather,
+        To beg a tale of breath too weak
+          To stir the tiniest feather!
+        Yet what can one poor voice avail
+          Against three tongues together?
+
+        Imperious Prima flashes forth
+          Her edict "to begin it"--
+        In gentler tones Secunda hopes
+          "There will be nonsense in it!"
+        While Tertia interrupts the tale
+          Not _more_ than once a minute.
+
+        Anon, to sudden silence won,
+          In fancy they pursue
+        The dream-child moving through a land
+          Of wonders wild and new,
+        In friendly chat with bird or beast--
+          And half believe it true.
+
+        And ever, as the story drained
+          The wells of fancy dry,
+        And faintly strove that weary one
+          To put the subject by,
+        "The rest next time"--"It _is_ next time!"
+          The happy voices cry.
+
+        Thus grew the tale of Wonderland:
+          Thus slowly, one by one,
+        Its quaint events were hammered out--
+          And now the tale is done,
+        And home we steer, a merry crew,
+          Beneath the setting sun.
+
+
+"Alice" herself (Mrs. Reginald Hargreaves) has given an account of the
+scene, from which what follows is quoted:--
+
+    Most of Mr. Dodgson's stories were told to us on river
+    expeditions to Nuneham or Godstow, near Oxford. My eldest
+    sister, now Mrs. Skene, was "Prima," I was "Secunda," and
+    "Tertia" was my sister Edith. I believe the beginning of
+    "Alice" was told one summer afternoon when the sun was so
+    burning that we had landed in the meadows down the river,
+    deserting the boat to take refuge in the only bit of shade
+    to be found, which was under a new-made hayrick. Here from
+    all three came the old petition of "Tell us a story," and so
+    began the ever-delightful tale. Sometimes to tease us--and
+    perhaps being really tired--Mr. Dodgson would stop suddenly
+    and say, "And that's all till next time." "Ah, but it is
+    next time," would be the exclamation from all three; and
+    after some persuasion the story would start afresh. Another
+    day, perhaps, the story would begin in the boat, and Mr.
+    Dodgson, in the middle of telling a thrilling adventure,
+    would pretend to go fast asleep, to our great dismay.
+
+"Alice's Adventures Underground" was the original name of the story;
+later on it became "Alice's Hour in Elfland." It was not until June
+18, 1864, that he finally decided upon "Alice's Adventures in
+Wonderland." The illustrating of the manuscript book gave him some
+trouble. He had to borrow a "Natural History" from the Deanery to
+learn the correct shapes of some of the strange animals with which
+Alice conversed; the Mock Turtle he must have evolved out of his inner
+consciousness, for it is, I think, a species unknown to naturalists.
+
+He was lucky enough during the course of the year to see a ceremony
+which is denied to most Oxford men. When degrees are given, any
+tradesman who has been unable to get his due from an undergraduate
+about to be made a Bachelor of Arts is allowed, by custom, to pluck
+the Proctor's gown as he passes, and then to make his complaint. This
+law is more honoured in the breach than in the observance; but, on the
+occasion of this visit of Mr. Dodgson's to Convocation, the Proctor's
+gown was actually plucked--on account of an unfortunate man who had
+gone through the Bankruptcy Court.
+
+When he promised to write out "Alice" for Miss Liddell he had no idea
+of publication; but his friend, Mr. George Macdonald, to whom he had
+shown the story, persuaded him to submit it to a publisher. Messrs.
+Macmillan agreed to produce it, and as Mr. Dodgson had not sufficient
+faith in his own artistic powers to venture to allow his illustrations
+to appear, it was necessary to find some artist who would undertake
+the work. By the advice of Tom Taylor he approached Mr. Tenniel, who
+was fortunately well disposed, and on April 5, 1864, the final
+arrangements were made.
+
+[Illustration: George MacDonald. _From a photograph by
+Lewis Carroll_.]
+
+The following interesting account of a meeting with Mr. Dodgson is
+from the pen of Mrs. Bennie, wife of the Rector of Glenfield, near
+Leicester:--
+
+    Some little time after the publication of "Alice's
+    Adventures" we went for our summer holiday to Whitby. We
+    were visiting friends, and my brother and sister went to the
+    hotel. They soon after asked us to dine with them there at
+    the _table d'hôte._ I had on one side of me a gentleman
+    whom I did not know, but as I had spent a good deal of time
+    travelling in foreign countries, I always, at once, speak to
+    any one I am placed next. I found on this occasion I had a
+    very agreeable neighbour, and we seemed to be much
+    interested in the same books, and politics also were touched
+    on. After dinner my sister and brother rather took me to
+    task for talking so much to a complete stranger. I said.
+    "But it was quite a treat to talk to him and to hear him
+    talk. Of one thing I am quite sure, he is a genius." My
+    brother and sister, who had not heard him speak, again
+    laughed at me, and said, "You are far too easily pleased."
+    I, however, maintained my point, and said what great delight
+    his conversation had given me, and how remarkably clever it
+    had been. Next morning nurse took out our two little twin
+    daughters in front of the sea. I went out a short time
+    afterwards, looked for them, and found them seated with my
+    friend of the _table d'hôte_ between them, and they
+    were listening to him, open-mouthed, and in the greatest
+    state of enjoyment, with his knee covered with minute toys.
+    I, seeing their great delight, motioned to him to go on;
+    this he did for some time. A most charming story he told
+    them about sea-urchins and Ammonites. When it was over, I
+    said, "You must be the author of 'Alice's Adventures.'" He
+    laughed, but looked astonished, and said, "My dear Madam, my
+    name is Dodgson, and 'Alice's Adventures' was written by
+    Lewis Carroll." I replied, "Then you must have borrowed the
+    name, for only he could have told a story as you have just
+    done." After a little sparring he admitted the fact, and I
+    went home and proudly told my sister and brother how my
+    genius had turned out a greater one than I expected. They
+    assured me I must be mistaken, and that, as I had suggested
+    it to him, he had taken advantage of the idea, and said he
+    was what I wanted him to be. A few days after some friends
+    came to Whitby who knew his aunts, and confirmed the truth
+    of his statement, and thus I made the acquaintance of one
+    whose friendship has been the source of great pleasure for
+    nearly thirty years. He has most generously sent us all his
+    books, with kind inscriptions, to "Minnie and Doe," whom he
+    photographed, but would not take Canon Bennie or me; he said
+    he never took portraits of people of more than seventeen
+    years of age until they were seventy. He visited us, and we
+    often met him at Eastbourne, and his death was indeed a
+    great loss after so many happy years of friendship with one
+    we so greatly admired and loved.
+
+He spent a part of the Long Vacation at Freshwater, taking great
+interest in the children who, for him, were the chief attraction of
+the seaside.
+
+    Every morning four little children dressed in yellow go by
+    from the front down to the beach: they go by in a state of
+    great excitement, brandishing wooden spades, and making
+    strange noises; from that moment they disappear
+    entirely--they are never to be seen _on_ the beach. The
+    only theory I can form is, that they all tumble into a hole
+    somewhere, and continue excavating therein during the day:
+    however that may be, I have once or twice come across them
+    returning at night, in exactly the same state of excitement,
+    and seemingly in quite as great a hurry to get home as they
+    were before to get out. The evening noises they make sound
+    to me very much like the morning noises, but I suppose they
+    are different to them, and contain an account of the day's
+    achievements.
+
+His enthusiasm for photography, and his keen appreciation of the
+beautiful, made him prefer the society of artists to that of any other
+class of people. He knew the Rossettis intimately, and his Diary shows
+him to have been acquainted with Millais, Holman Hunt, Sant,
+Westmacott, Val Prinsep, Watts, and a host of others. Arthur Hughes
+painted a charming picture to his order ("The Lady with the Lilacs")
+which used to hang in his rooms at Christ Church. The Andersons were
+great friends of his, Mrs. Anderson being one of his favourite
+child-painters. Those who have visited him at Oxford will remember a
+beautiful girl's head, painted by her from a rough sketch she had once
+made in a railway carriage of a child who happened to be sitting
+opposite her.
+
+[Illustration: J. Sant. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+His own drawings were in no way remarkable. Ruskin, whose advice he
+took on his artistic capabilities, told him that he had not enough
+talent to make it worth his while to devote much time to sketching,
+but every one who saw his photographs admired them. Considering the
+difficulties of the "wet process," and the fact that he had a
+conscientious horror of "touching up" his negatives, the pictures he
+produced are quite wonderful. Some of them were shown to the Queen,
+who said that she admired them very much, and that they were "such as
+the Prince would have appreciated very highly, and taken much pleasure
+in."
+
+[Illustration: Holman Hunt. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+On July 4, 1865, exactly three years after the memorable row up the
+river, Miss Alice Liddell received the first presentation copy of
+"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland": the second was sent to Princess
+Beatrice.
+
+The first edition, which consisted of two thousand copies, was
+condemned by both author and illustrator, for the pictures did not
+come out well. All purchasers were accordingly asked to return their
+copies, and to send their names and addresses; a new edition was
+prepared, and distributed to those who had sent back their old copies,
+which the author gave away to various homes and hospitals. The
+substituted edition was a complete success, "a perfect piece of
+artistic printing," as Mr. Dodgson called it. He hardly dared to hope
+that more than two thousand copies would be sold, and anticipated a
+considerable loss over the book. His surprise was great when edition
+after edition was demanded, and when he found that "Alice," far from
+being a monetary failure, was bringing him in a very considerable
+income every year.
+
+[Illustration: Sir John Millais. _From a photograph by
+Lewis Carroll_]
+
+A rough comparison between "Alice's Adventures Underground" and the
+book in its completed form, shows how slight were the alterations that
+Lewis Carroll thought it necessary to make.
+
+The "Wonderland" is somewhat longer, but the general plan of the book,
+and the simplicity of diction, which is one of its principal charms,
+are unchanged. His memory was so good that I believe the story as he
+wrote it down was almost word for word the same that he had told in
+the boat. The whole idea came like an inspiration into his mind, and
+that sort of inspiration does not often come more than once in a
+lifetime. Nothing which he wrote afterwards had anything like the same
+amount of freshness, of wit, of real genius. The "Looking-Glass" most
+closely approached it in these qualities, but then it was only the
+following out of the same idea. The most ingenuous comparison of the
+two books I have seen was the answer of a little girl whom Lewis
+Carroll had asked if she had read them: "Oh yes, I've read both of
+them, and I think," (this more slowly and thoughtfully) "I think
+'Through the Looking-Glass' is more stupid than 'Alice's Adventures.'
+Don't you think so?"
+
+The critics were loud in their praises of "Alice"; there was hardly a
+dissentient voice among them, and the reception which the public gave
+the book justified their opinion. So recently as July, 1898, the
+_Pall Mall Gazette_ conducted an inquiry into the popularity of
+children's books. "The verdict is so natural that it will surprise no
+normal person. The winner is 'Alice in Wonderland'; 'Through the
+Looking-Glass' is in the twenty, but much lower down."
+
+"Alice" has been translated into French, German, Italian, and Dutch,
+while one poem, "Father William," has even been turned into Arabic.
+Several plays have been based upon it; lectures have been given,
+illustrated by magic-lantern slides of Tenniel's pictures, which have
+also adorned wall-papers and biscuit-boxes. Mr. Dodgson himself
+designed a very ingenious "Wonderland" stamp-case; there has been an
+"Alice" birthday-book; at schools, children have been taught to read
+out of "Alice," while the German edition, shortened and simplified for
+the purpose, has also been used as a lesson-book. With the exception
+of Shakespeare's plays, very few, if any, books are so frequently
+quoted in the daily Press as the two "Alices."
+
+In 1866 Mr. Dodgson was introduced to Miss Charlotte M. Yonge, whose
+novels had long delighted him. "It was a pleasure I had long hoped
+for," he says, "and I was very much pleased with her cheerful and easy
+manners--the sort of person one knows in a few minutes as well as many
+in many years."
+
+[Illustration: C. M. Yonge. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+In 1867 he contributed a story to _Aunt Judy's Magazine_ called
+"Bruno's Revenge," the charming little idyll out of which "Sylvie and
+Bruno" grew. The creation of Bruno was the only act of homage Lewis
+Carroll ever paid to boy-nature, for which, as a rule, he professed an
+aversion almost amounting to terror. Nevertheless, on the few
+occasions on which I have seen him in the company of boys, he seemed
+to be thoroughly at his ease, telling them stories and showing them
+puzzles.
+
+I give an extract from Mrs. Gatty's letter, acknowledging the receipt
+of "Bruno's Revenge" for her magazine:--
+
+    I need hardly tell you that the story is _delicious_.
+    It is beautiful and fantastic and childlike, and I cannot
+    sufficiently thank you. I am so _proud_ for _Aunt
+    Judy_ that you have honoured _her_ by sending it
+    here, rather than to the _Cornhill_, or one of the
+    grander Magazines.
+
+    To-morrow I shall send the Manuscript to London probably;
+    to-day I keep it to enjoy a little further, and that the
+    young ladies may do so too. One word more. Make this one of
+    a series. You may have great mathematical abilities, but so
+    have hundreds of others. This talent is peculiarly your own,
+    and as an Englishman you are almost unique in possessing it.
+    If you covet fame, therefore, it will be (I think) gained by
+    this. Some of the touches are so exquisite, one would have
+    thought nothing short of intercourse with fairies could have
+    put them into your head.
+
+Somewhere about this time he was invited to witness a rehearsal of a
+children's play at a London theatre. As he sat in the wings, chatting
+to the manager, a little four-year-old girl, one of the performers,
+climbed up on his knee, and began talking to him. She was very anxious
+to be allowed to play the principal part (Mrs. Mite), which had been
+assigned to some other child. "I wish I might act Mrs. Mite," she
+said; "I know all her part, and I'd get an _encore_ for every
+word."
+
+During the year he published his book on "Determinants." To those
+accustomed to regard mathematics as the driest of dry subjects, and
+mathematicians as necessarily devoid of humour, it seems scarcely
+credible that "An Elementary Treatise on Determinants," and "Alice in
+Wonderland" were written by the same author, and it came quite as a
+revelation to the undergraduate who heard for the first time that Mr.
+Dodgson of Christ Church and Lewis Carroll were identical.
+
+The book in question, admirable as it is in many ways, has not
+commanded a large sale. The nature of the subject would be against it,
+as most students whose aim is to get as good a place as possible in
+the class lists cannot afford the luxury of a separate work, and have
+to be content with the few chapters devoted to "Determinants" in works
+on Higher Algebra or the Theory of Equations, supplemented by
+references to Mr. Dodgson's work which can be found in the College
+libraries.
+
+The general acceptance of the book would be rather restricted by the
+employment of new words and symbols, which, as the author himself
+felt, "are always a most unwelcome addition to a science already
+burdened with an enormous vocabulary." But the work itself is largely
+original, and its arrangement and style are, perhaps, as attractive as
+the nature of the subject will allow. Such a book as this has little
+interest for the general reader, yet, amongst the leisured few who are
+able to read mathematics for their own sake, the treatise has found
+warm admirers.
+
+In the Summer Vacation of 1867 he went for a tour on the Continent,
+accompanied by Dr. Liddon, whom I have already mentioned as having
+been one of his most intimate friends at this time. During the whole
+of this tour Mr. Dodgson kept a diary, more with the idea that it
+would help him afterwards to remember what he had seen than with any
+notion of publication. However, in later years it did occur to him
+that others might be interested in his impressions and experiences,
+though he never actually took any steps towards putting them before
+the public. Perhaps he was wise, for a traveller's diary always
+contains much information that can be obtained just as well from any
+guide-book. In the extracts which I reproduce here, I hope that I have
+not retained anything which comes under that category.
+
+[Illustration: Dr. Liddon. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+    _July 12th_.--The Sultan and I arrived in London almost
+    at the same time, but in different quarters--_my_ point
+    of entry being Paddington, and _his_ Charing Cross. I
+    must admit that the crowd was greatest at the latter place.
+
+Mr. Dodgson and Dr. Liddon met at Dover, and passed the night at one
+of the hotels there:--
+
+    _July 13th_.--We breakfasted, as agreed, at eight, or
+    at least we then sat down and nibbled bread and butter till
+    such time as the chops should be done, which great event
+    took place about half past. We tried pathetic appeals to the
+    wandering waiters, who told us, "They are coming, sir," in a
+    soothing tone, and we tried stern remonstrance, and they
+    then said, "They are coming, sir," in a more injured tone;
+    and after all such appeals they retired into their dens, and
+    hid themselves behind side-boards and dish-covers, and still
+    the chops came not. We agreed that of all virtues a waiter
+    can display, that of a retiring disposition is quite the
+    least desirable....
+
+    The pen refuses to describe the sufferings of some of the
+    passengers during our smooth trip of ninety minutes: my own
+    sensations were those of extreme surprise, and a little
+    indignation, at there being no other sensations--it was not
+    for _that_ I paid my money....
+
+    We landed at Calais in the usual swarm of friendly natives,
+    offering services and advice of all kinds; to all such
+    remarks I returned one simple answer, _Non!_ It was
+    probably not strictly applicable in all cases, but it
+    answered the purpose of getting rid of them; one by one they
+    left me, echoing the _Non_! in various tones, but all
+    expressive of disgust.
+
+At Cologne began that feast of beautiful things which his artistic
+temperament fitted him so well to enjoy. Though the churches he
+visited and the ceremonies he witnessed belonged to a religious system
+widely different from his own, the largeness and generosity of his
+mind always led him to insist upon that substratum of true
+devotion--to use a favourite word of his--which underlies all forms of
+Christianity.
+
+    We spent an hour in the cathedral, which I will not attempt
+    to describe further than by saying it was the most beautiful
+    of all churches I have ever seen or can imagine. If one
+    could imagine the spirit of devotion embodied in any
+    material form, it would be in such a building.
+
+In spite of all the wealth of words that has been expended upon German
+art, he found something new to say on this most fertile subject:--
+
+    The amount of art lavished on the whole region of Potsdam is
+    marvellous; some of the tops of the palaces were like
+    forests of statues, and they were all over the gardens, set
+    on pedestals. In fact, the two principles of Berlin
+    architecture appear to me to be these. On the house-tops,
+    wherever there is a convenient place, put up the figure of a
+    man; he is best placed standing on one leg. Wherever there
+    is room on the ground, put either a circular group of busts
+    on pedestals, in consultation, all looking inwards--or else
+    the colossal figure of a man killing, about to kill, or
+    having killed (the present tense is preferred) a beast; the
+    more pricks the beast has, the better--in fact a dragon is
+    the correct thing, but if that is beyond the artist, he may
+    content himself with a lion or a pig. The beast-killing
+    principle has been carried out everywhere with a relentless
+    monotony, which makes some parts of Berlin look like a
+    fossil slaughter-house.
+
+He never missed an opportunity of studying the foreign drama, which
+was most praiseworthy, as he knew very little German and not a word of
+Russ:--
+
+    At the hotel [at Danzig] was a green parrot on a stand; we
+    addressed it as "Pretty Poll," and it put its head on one
+    side and thought about it, but wouldn't commit itself to any
+    statement. The waiter came up to inform us of the reason of
+    its silence: "Er spricht nicht Englisch; er spricht nicht
+    Deutsch." It appeared that the unfortunate bird could speak
+    nothing but Mexican! Not knowing a word of that language, we
+    could only pity it.
+
+    _July 23rd._--We strolled about and bought a few
+    photographs, and at 11.39 left for Königsberg. On our way to
+    the station we came across the grandest instance of the
+    "Majesty of Justice" that I have ever witnessed. A little
+    boy was being taken to the magistrate, or to prison
+    (probably for picking a pocket). The achievement of this
+    feat had been entrusted to two soldiers in full uniform, who
+    were solemnly marching, one in front of the poor little
+    urchin and one behind, with bayonets fixed, of course, to be
+    ready to charge in case he should attempt an escape.
+
+    _July 25th._--In the evening I visited the theatre at
+    Königsberg, which was fairly good in every way, and very
+    good in the singing and some of the acting. The play was
+    "Anno 66," but I could only catch a few words here and
+    there, so have very little idea of the plot. One of the
+    characters was a correspondent of an English newspaper. This
+    singular being came on in the midst of a soldiers' bivouac
+    before Sadowa, dressed very nearly in white--a very long
+    frock-coat, and a tall hat on the back of his head, both
+    nearly white. He said "Morning" as a general remark, when he
+    first came on, but afterwards talked what I suppose was
+    broken German. He appeared to be regarded as a butt by the
+    soldiers, and ended his career by falling into a drum.
+
+From Königsberg the travellers went on to St. Petersburg, where they
+stayed several days, exploring the wonderful city and its environs:--
+
+    There is a fine equestrian statue of Peter the Great near
+    the Admiralty. The lower part is not a pedestal, but left
+    shapeless and rough like a real rock. The horse is rearing,
+    and has a serpent coiled about its hind feet, on which, I
+    think, it is treading. If this had been put up in Berlin,
+    Peter would no doubt have been actively engaged in killing
+    the monster, but here he takes no notice of it; in fact, the
+    killing theory is not recognised. We found two colossal
+    figures of lions, which are so painfully mild that each of
+    them is rolling a great ball about like a kitten.
+
+    _Aug. 1st_.--About half-past ten Mr. Merrilies called
+    for us, and with really remarkable kindness gave up his day
+    to taking us down to Peterhof, a distance of about twenty
+    miles, and showing us over the place. We went by steamer
+    down the tideless, saltless Gulf of Finland; the first
+    peculiarity extends through the Baltic, and the second
+    through a great part of it. The piece we crossed, some
+    fifteen miles from shore to shore, is very shallow, in many
+    parts only six or eight feet deep, and every winter it is
+    entirely frozen over with ice two feet thick, and when this
+    is covered with snow it forms a secure plain, which is
+    regularly used for travelling on, though the immense
+    distance, without means of food or shelter, is dangerous for
+    poorly clad foot passengers. Mr. Merrilies told us of a
+    friend of his who, in crossing last winter, passed the
+    bodies of eight people who had been frozen. We had a good
+    view, on our way, of the coast of Finland, and of Kronstadt.
+    When we landed at Peterhof, we found Mr. Muir's carriage
+    waiting for us, and with its assistance, getting out every
+    now and then to walk through portions where it could not go,
+    we went over the grounds of two imperial palaces, including
+    many little summer-houses, each of which would make a very
+    good residence in itself, as, though small, they were fitted
+    up and adorned in every way that taste could suggest or
+    wealth achieve. For varied beauty and perfect combination of
+    nature and art, I think the gardens eclipse those of Sans
+    Souci. At every corner, or end of an avenue or path, where a
+    piece of statuary could be introduced with effect, there one
+    was sure to find one, in bronze or in white marble; many of
+    the latter had a sort of circular niche built behind, with a
+    blue background to throw the figure into relief. Here we
+    found a series of shelving ledges made of stone, with a
+    sheet of water gliding down over them; here a long path,
+    stretching down slopes and flights of steps, and arched over
+    all the way with trellises and creepers; here a huge
+    boulder, hewn, just as it lay, into the shape of a gigantic
+    head and face, with mild, sphinx-like eyes, as if some
+    buried Titan were struggling to free himself; here a
+    fountain, so artfully formed of pipes set in circles, each
+    set shooting the water higher than those outside, as to form
+    a solid pyramid of glittering spray; here a lawn, seen
+    through a break in the woods below us, with threads of
+    scarlet geraniums running over it, and looking in the
+    distance like a huge branch of coral; and here and there
+    long avenues of trees, lying in all directions, sometimes
+    three or four together side by side, and sometimes radiating
+    like a star, and stretching away into the distance till the
+    eye was almost weary of following them. All this will rather
+    serve to remind me, than to convey any idea, of what we saw.
+
+But the beauties of Peterhof were quite eclipsed by the Oriental
+splendours of Moscow, which naturally made a great impression upon a
+mind accustomed to the cold sublimity of Gothic architecture at
+Oxford.
+
+    We gave five or six hours to a stroll through this wonderful
+    city, a city of white houses and green roofs, of conical
+    towers that rise one out of another like a foreshortened
+    telescope; of bulging gilded domes, in which you see, as in
+    a looking-glass, distorted pictures of the city; of churches
+    which look, outside, like bunches of variegated cactus (some
+    branches crowned with green prickly buds, others with blue,
+    and others with red and white) and which, inside, are hung
+    all round with _eikons_ and lamps, and lined with
+    illuminated pictures up to the very roof; and, finally, of
+    pavement that goes up and down like a ploughed field, and
+    _drojky_-drivers who insist on being paid thirty per
+    cent. extra to-day, "because it is the Empress's birthday."...
+
+    _Aug. 5th._--After dinner we went by arrangement to Mr.
+    Penny, and accompanied him to see a Russian wedding. It was
+    a most interesting ceremony. There was a large choir, from
+    the cathedral, who sang a long and beautiful anthem before
+    the service began; and the deacon (from the Church of the
+    Assumption) delivered several recitative portions of the
+    service in the most magnificent bass voice I ever heard,
+    rising gradually (I should say by less than half a note at a
+    time if that is possible), and increasing in volume of sound
+    as he rose in the scale, until his final note rang through
+    the building like a chorus of many voices. I could not have
+    conceived that one voice could have produced such an effect.
+    One part of the ceremony, the crowning the married couple,
+    was very nearly grotesque. Two gorgeous golden crowns were
+    brought in, which the officiating priest first waved before
+    them, and then placed on their heads--or rather the unhappy
+    bridegroom had to wear _his_, but the bride, having
+    prudently arranged her hair in a rather complicated manner
+    with a lace veil, could not have hers put on, but had it
+    held above her by a friend. The bridegroom, in plain evening
+    dress, crowned like a king, holding a candle, and with a
+    face of resigned misery, would have been pitiable if he had
+    not been so ludicrous. When the people had gone, we were
+    invited by the priests to see the east end of the church,
+    behind the golden gates, and were finally dismissed with a
+    hearty shake of the hand and the "kiss of peace," of which
+    even I, though in lay costume, came in for a share.
+
+One of the objects of the tour was to see the fair at Nijni Novgorod,
+and here the travellers arrived on August 6th, after a miserable
+railway journey. Owing to the breaking down of a bridge, the
+unfortunate passengers had been compelled to walk a mile through
+drenching rain.
+
+     We went to the Smernovaya (or some such name) Hotel, a
+    truly villainous place, though no doubt the best in the
+    town. The feeding was very good, and everything else very
+    bad. It was some consolation to find that as we sat at
+    dinner we furnished a subject of the liveliest interest to
+    six or seven waiters, all dressed in white tunics, belted at
+    the waist, and white trousers, who ranged themselves in a
+    row and gazed in a quite absorbed way at the collection of
+    strange animals that were feeding before them. Now and then
+    a twinge of conscience would seize them that they were,
+    after all, not fulfilling the great object of life as
+    waiters, and on these occasions they would all hurry to the
+    end of the room, and refer to a great drawer which seemed to
+    contain nothing but spoons and corks. When we asked for
+    anything, they first looked at each other in an alarmed way;
+    then, when they had ascertained which understood the order
+    best, they all followed his example, which always was to
+    refer to the big drawer. We spent most of the afternoon
+    wandering through the fair, and buying _eikons_, &c. It
+    was a wonderful place. Besides there being distinct quarters
+    for the Persians, the Chinese, and others, we were
+    constantly meeting strange beings with unwholesome
+    complexions and unheard-of costumes. The Persians, with
+    their gentle, intelligent faces, the long eyes set wide
+    apart, the black hair, and yellow-brown skin, crowned with a
+    black woollen fez something like a grenadier, were about the
+    most picturesque we met. But all the novelties of the day
+    were thrown into the shade by our adventure at sunset, when
+    we came upon the Tartar mosque (the only one in Nijni)
+    exactly as one of the officials came out on the roof to
+    utter the muezzin cry, or call to prayers. Even if it had
+    been in no way singular in itself, it would have been deeply
+    interesting from its novelty and uniqueness, but the cry
+    itself was quite unlike anything I have ever heard before.
+    The beginning of each sentence was uttered in a rapid
+    monotone, and towards the end it rose gradually till it
+    ended in a prolonged, shrill wail, which floated overhead
+    through the still air with an indescribably sad and
+    ghostlike effect; heard at night, it would have thrilled one
+    like the cry of the Banshee.
+
+This reminds one of the wonderful description in Mr. Kipling's "City
+of Dreadful Night." It is not generally known that Mr. Dodgson was a
+fervent admirer of Mr. Kipling's works; indeed during the last few
+years of his life I think he took more pleasure in his tales than in
+those of any other modern author.
+
+Dr. Liddon's fame as a preacher had reached the Russian clergy, with
+the result that he and Mr. Dodgson found many doors open to them which
+are usually closed to travellers in Russia. After their visit to Nijni
+Novgorod they returned to Moscow, whence, escorted by Bishop Leonide,
+Suffragan Bishop of Moscow, they made an expedition to the Troitska
+Monastery.
+
+    _August 12th_.--A most interesting day. We breakfasted
+    at half-past five, and soon after seven left by railway, in
+    company with Bishop Leonide and Mr. Penny, for Troitska
+    Monastery. We found the Bishop, in spite of his limited
+    knowledge of English, a very conversational and entertaining
+    fellow-traveller. The service at the cathedral had already
+    begun when we reached it, and the Bishop took us in with
+    him, through a great crowd which thronged the building, into
+    a side room which opened into the chancel, where we remained
+    during the service, and enjoyed the unusual privilege of
+    seeing the clergy communicate--a ceremony for which the
+    doors of the chancel are always shut, and the curtains
+    drawn, so that the congregation never witness it. It was a
+    most elaborate ceremony, full of crossings, and waving of
+    incense before everything that was going to be used, but
+    also clearly full of much deep devotion.... In the afternoon
+    we went down to the Archbishop's palace, and were presented
+    to him by Bishop Leonide. The Archbishop could only talk
+    Russian, so that the conversation between him and Liddon (a
+    most interesting one, which lasted more than an hour) was
+    conducted in a very original fashion--the Archbishop making
+    a remark in Russian, which was put into English by the
+    Bishop; Liddon then answered the remark in French, and the
+    Bishop repeated his answer in Russian to the Archbishop. So
+    that a conversation, entirely carried on between two people,
+    required the use of three languages!
+
+    The Bishop had kindly got one of the theological students,
+    who could talk French, to conduct us about, which he did
+    most zealously, taking us, among other things, to see the
+    subterranean cells of the hermits, in which some of them
+    live for many years. We were shown the doors of two of the
+    inhabited ones; it was a strange and not quite comfortable
+    feeling, in a dark narrow passage where each had to carry a
+    candle, to be shown the low narrow door of a little cellar,
+    and to know that a human being was living within, with only
+    a small lamp to give him light, in solitude and silence day
+    and night.
+
+His experiences with an exorbitant _drojky_-driver at St.
+Petersburg are worthy of record. They remind one of a story which he
+himself used to tell as having happened to a friend of his at Oxford.
+The latter had driven up in a cab to Tom Gate, and offered the cabman
+the proper fare, which was, however, refused with scorn. After a long
+altercation he left the irate cabman to be brought to reason by the
+porter, a one-armed giant of prodigious strength. When he was leaving
+college, he stopped at the gate to ask the porter how he had managed
+to dispose of the cabman. "Well, sir," replied that doughty champion,
+"I could not persuade him to go until I floored him."
+
+     After a hearty breakfast I left Liddon to rest and write
+    letters, and went off shopping, &c., beginning with a call
+    on Mr. Muir at No. 61, Galerne Ulitsa. I took a
+    _drojky_ to the house, having first bargained with the
+    driver for thirty _kopecks_; he wanted forty to begin
+    with. When we got there we had a little scene, rather a
+    novelty in my experience of _drojky_-driving. The
+    driver began by saying "_Sorok_" (forty) as I got out;
+    this was a warning of the coming storm, but I took no notice
+    of it, but quietly handed over the thirty. He received them
+    with scorn and indignation, and holding them out in his open
+    hand, delivered an eloquent discourse in Russian, of which
+    _sorok_ was the leading idea. A woman, who stood by
+    with a look of amusement and curiosity, perhaps understood
+    him. _I_ didn't, but simply held out my hand for the
+    thirty, returned them to the purse and counted out
+    twenty-five instead. In doing this I felt something like a
+    man pulling the string of a shower-bath--and the effect was
+    like it--his fury boiled over directly, and quite eclipsed
+    all the former row. I told him in very bad Russian that I
+    had offered thirty once, but wouldn't again; but this, oddly
+    enough, did not pacify him. Mr. Muir's servant told him the
+    same thing at length, and finally Mr. Muir himself came out
+    and gave him the substance of it sharply and shortly--but he
+    failed to see it in a proper light. Some people are very
+    hard to please.
+
+When staying at a friend's house at Kronstadt he wrote:--
+
+    Liddon had surrendered his overcoat early in the day, and
+    when going we found it must be recovered from the
+    waiting-maid, who only talked Russian, and as I had left the
+    dictionary behind, and the little vocabulary did not contain
+    _coat_, we were in some difficulty. Liddon began by
+    exhibiting his coat, with much gesticulation, including the
+    taking it half-off. To our delight, she appeared to
+    understand at once--left the room, and returned in a minute
+    with--a large clothes-brush. On this Liddon tried a further
+    and more energetic demonstration; he took off his coat, and
+    laid it at her feet, pointed downwards (to intimate that in
+    the lower regions was the object of his desire), smiled with
+    an expression of the joy and gratitude with which he would
+    receive it, and put the coat on again. Once more a gleam of
+    intelligence lighted up the plain but expressive features of
+    the young person; she was absent much longer this time, and
+    when she returned, she brought, to our dismay, a large
+    cushion and a pillow, and began to prepare the sofa for the
+    nap that she now saw clearly was the thing the dumb
+    gentleman wanted. A happy thought occurred to me, and I
+    hastily drew a sketch representing Liddon, with one coat on,
+    receiving a second and larger one from the hands of a
+    benignant Russian peasant. The language of hieroglyphics
+    succeeded where all other means had failed, and we returned
+    to St. Petersburg with the humiliating knowledge that our
+    standard of civilisation was now reduced to the level of
+    ancient Nineveh.
+
+[Illustration: Instance of hieroglyphic writing of the date
+MDCCCLXVII--Interpretation. "There is a coat here, left in the care of
+a Russian peasant, which I should be glad to receive from him."]
+
+At Warsaw they made a short stay, putting up at the Hotel
+d'Angleterre:--
+
+    Our passage is inhabited by a tall and very friendly
+    grey-hound, who walks in whenever the door is opened for a
+    second or two, and who for some time threatened to make the
+    labour of the servant, who was bringing water for a bath, of
+    no effect, by drinking up the water as fast as it was
+    brought.
+
+From Warsaw they went on to Leipzig, and thence to Giessen, where they
+arrived on September 4th.
+
+    We moved on to Giessen, and put up at the "Rappe Hotel" for
+    the night, and ordered an early breakfast of an obliging
+    waiter who talked English. "Coffee!" he exclaimed
+    delightedly, catching at the word as if it were a really
+    original idea, "Ah, coffee--very nice--and eggs? Ham with
+    your eggs? Very nice--" "If we can have it broiled," I said.
+    "Boiled?" the waiter repeated, with an incredulous smile.
+    "No, not _boiled_," I explained--"_broiled_." The
+    waiter put aside this distinction as trivial, "Yes, yes,
+    ham," he repeated, reverting to his favourite idea. "Yes,
+    ham," I said, "but how cooked?" "Yes, yes, how cooked," the
+    waiter replied, with the careless air of one who assents to
+    a proposition more from good nature than from a real
+    conviction of its truth.
+
+    _Sept. 5th_.--At midday we reached Ems, after a journey
+    eventless, but through a very interesting country--valleys
+    winding away in all directions among hills clothed with
+    trees to the very top, and white villages nestling away
+    wherever there was a comfortable corner to hide in. The
+    trees were so small, so uniform in colour, and so
+    continuous, that they gave to the more distant hills
+    something of the effect of banks covered with moss. The
+    really unique feature of the scenery was the way in which
+    the old castles seemed to grow, rather than to have been
+    built, on the tops of the rocky promontories that showed
+    their heads here and there among the trees. I have never
+    seen architecture that seemed so entirely in harmony with
+    the spirit of the place. By some subtle instinct the old
+    architects seem to have chosen both form and colour, the
+    grouping of the towers with their pointed spires, and the
+    two neutral tints, light grey and brown, on the walls and
+    roof, so as to produce buildings which look as naturally
+    fitted to the spot as the heath or the harebells. And, like
+    the flowers and the rocks, they seemed instinct with no
+    other meaning than rest and silence.
+
+And with these beautiful words my extracts from the Diary may well
+conclude. Lewis Carroll's mind was completely at one with Nature, and
+in her pleasant places of calm and infinite repose he sought his
+rest--and has found it.
+
+[Illustration: Sir John Tenniel. _From a photograph by
+Bassano_.]
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+(1868-1876)
+
+    Death of Archdeacon Dodgson--Lewis Carroll's rooms at Christ
+    Church--"Phantasmagoria"--Translations of "Alice"--"Through
+    the Looking-Glass"--"Jabberwocky" in Latin--C.S.
+    Calverley--"Notes by an Oxford
+    Chiel"--Hatfield--Vivisection--"The Hunting of the Snark."
+
+
+The success of "Alice in Wonderland" tempted Mr. Dodgson to make
+another essay in the same field of literature. His idea had not yet
+been plagiarised, as it was afterwards, though the book had of course
+been parodied, a notable instance being "Alice in Blunderland," which
+appeared in _Punch_. It was very different when he came to write
+"Sylvie and Bruno"; the countless imitations of the two "Alice" books
+which had been foisted upon the public forced him to strike out in a
+new line. Long before the publication of his second tale, people had
+heard that Lewis Carroll was writing again, and the editor of a
+well-known magazine had offered him two guineas a page, which was a
+high rate of pay in those days, for the story, if he would allow it to
+appear in serial form.
+
+The central idea was, as every one knows, the adventures of a little
+girl who had somehow or other got through a looking-glass. The first
+difficulty, however, was to get her through, and this question
+exercised his ingenuity for some time, before it was satisfactorily
+solved. The next thing was to secure Tenniel's services again. At
+first it seemed that he was to be disappointed in this matter; Tenniel
+was so fully occupied with other work that there seemed little hope of
+his being able to undertake any more. He then applied to Sir Noel
+Paton, with whose fairy-pictures he had fallen in love; but the artist
+was ill, and wrote in reply, "Tenniel is _the_ man." In the end
+Tenniel consented to undertake the work, and once more author and
+artist settled down to work together. Mr. Dodgson was no easy man to
+work with; no detail was too small for his exact criticism. "Don't
+give Alice so much crinoline," he would write, or "The White Knight
+must not have whiskers; he must not be made to look old"--such were
+the directions he was constantly giving.
+
+On June 21st Archdeacon Dodgson died, after an illness of only a few
+days' duration. Lewis Carroll was not summoned until too late, for the
+illness took a sudden turn for the worse, and he was unable to reach
+his father's bedside before the end had come. This was a terrible
+shock to him; his father had been his ideal of what a Christian
+gentleman should be, and it seemed to him at first as if a cloud had
+settled on his life which could never be dispelled. Two letters of
+his, both of them written long after the sad event, give one some idea
+of the grief which his father's death, and all that it entailed,
+caused him. The first was written long afterwards, to one who had
+suffered a similar bereavement. In this letter he said:--
+
+    We are sufficiently old friends, I feel sure, for me to have
+    no fear that I shall seem intrusive in writing about your
+    great sorrow. The greatest blow that has ever fallen on
+    _my_ life was the death, nearly thirty years ago, of my
+    own dear father; so, in offering you my sincere sympathy, I
+    write as a fellow-sufferer. And I rejoice to know that we
+    are not only fellow-sufferers, but also fellow-believers in
+    the blessed hope of the resurrection from the dead, which
+    makes such a parting holy and beautiful, instead of being
+    merely a blank despair.
+
+The second was written to a young friend, Miss Edith Rix, who had sent
+him an illuminated text:
+
+    My dear Edith,--I can now tell you (what I wanted to do when
+    you sent me that text-card, but felt I could not say it to
+    _two_ listeners, as it were) _why_ that special
+    card is one I like to have. That text is consecrated for me
+    by the memory of one of the greatest sorrows I have
+    known--the death of my dear father. In those solemn days,
+    when we used to steal, one by one, into the darkened room,
+    to take yet another look at the dear calm face, and to pray
+    for strength, the one feature in the room that I remember
+    was a framed text, illuminated by one of my sisters, "Then
+    are they glad, because they are at rest; and so he bringeth
+    them into the haven where they would be!" That text will
+    always have, for me, a sadness and a sweetness of its own.
+    Thank you again for sending it me. Please don't mention this
+    when we meet. I can't _talk_ about it.
+
+    Always affectionately yours,
+
+    C. L. DODGSON.
+
+The object of his edition of Euclid Book V., published during the
+course of the year, was to meet the requirements of the ordinary Pass
+Examination, and to present the subject in as short and simple a form
+as possible. Hence the Theory of Incommensurable Magnitudes was
+omitted, though, as the author himself said in the Preface, to do so
+rendered the work incomplete, and, from a logical point of view,
+valueless. He hinted pretty plainly his own preference for an
+equivalent amount of Algebra, which would be complete in itself. It is
+easy to understand this preference in a mind so strictly logical as
+his.
+
+So far as the object of the book itself is concerned, he succeeded
+admirably; the propositions are clearly and beautifully worked out,
+and the hints on proving Propositions in Euclid Book V., are most
+useful.
+
+In November he again moved into new rooms at Christ Church; the suite
+which he occupied from this date to the end of his life was one of the
+best in the College. Situated at the north-west corner of Tom Quad, on
+the first floor of the staircase from the entrance to which the Junior
+Common Room is now approached, they consist of four sitting-rooms and
+about an equal number of bedrooms, besides rooms for lumber, &c. From
+the upper floor one can easily reach the flat college roof. Mr.
+Dodgson saw at once that here was the very place for a photographic
+studio, and he lost no time in obtaining the consent of the
+authorities to erect one. Here he took innumerable photographs of his
+friends and their children, as indeed he had been doing for some time
+under less favourable conditions. One of his earliest pictures is an
+excellent likeness of Professor Faraday.
+
+[Illustration: Prof. Faraday. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+His study was characteristic of the man; oil paintings by A. Hughes,
+Mrs. Anderson, and Heaphy proclaimed his artistic tastes; nests of
+pigeon-holes, each neatly labelled, showed his love of order; shelves,
+filled with the best books on every subject that interested him, were
+evidence of his wide reading. His library has now been broken up and,
+except for a few books retained by his nearest relatives, scattered to
+the winds; such dispersions are inevitable, but they are none the less
+regrettable. It always seems to me that one of the saddest things
+about the death of a literary man is the fact that the breaking-up of
+his collection of books almost invariably follows; the building up of
+a good library, the work of a lifetime, has been so much labour lost,
+so far as future generations are concerned. Talent, yes, and genius
+too, are displayed not only in writing books but also in buying them,
+and it is a pity that the ruthless hammer of the auctioneer should
+render so much energy and skill fruitless.
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Carroll's Study at Christ Church,
+Oxford.]
+
+Lewis Carroll's dining-room has been the scene of many a pleasant
+little party, for he was very fond of entertaining. In his Diary, each
+of the dinners and luncheons that he gave is recorded by a small
+diagram, which shows who his guests were, and their several positions
+at the table. He kept a _menu_ book as well, that the same people
+might not have the same dishes too frequently. He sometimes gave large
+parties, but his favourite form of social relaxation was a _dîner à
+deux_.
+
+At the beginning of 1869 his "Phantasmagoria," a collection of poems
+grave and gay, was published by Macmillan. Upon the whole he was more
+successful in humorous poetry, but there is an undeniable dignity and
+pathos in his more serious verses. He gave a copy to Mr. Justice
+Denman, with whom he afterwards came to be very well acquainted, and
+who appreciated the gift highly. "I did not lay down the book," he
+wrote, "until I had read them [the poems] through; and enjoyed many a
+hearty laugh, and something like a cry or two. Moreover, I hope to
+read them through (as the _old man_ said) 'again and again.'"
+
+[Illustration: Justice Denman. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+It had been Lewis Carroll's intention to have "Phantasmagoria"
+illustrated, and he had asked George du Maurier to undertake the work;
+but the plan fell through. In his letter to du Maurier, Mr. Dodgson
+had made some inquiries about Miss Florence Montgomery, the authoress
+of "Misunderstood." In reply du Maurier said, "Miss Florence
+Montgomery is a very charming and sympathetic young lady, the daughter
+of the admiral of that ilk. I am, like you, a very great admirer of
+"Misunderstood," and cried pints over it. When I was doing the last
+picture I had to put a long white pipe in the little boy's mouth until
+it was finished, so as to get rid of the horrible pathos of the
+situation while I was executing the work. In reading the book a second
+time (knowing the sad end of the dear little boy), the funny parts
+made me cry almost as much as the pathetic ones."
+
+A few days after the publication of "Phantasmagoria," Lewis Carroll
+sent the first chapter of his new story to the press. "Behind the
+Looking-Glass and what Alice saw there" was his original idea for its
+title; it was Dr. Liddon who suggested the name finally adopted.
+
+During this year German and French translations of "Alice in
+Wonderland" were published by Macmillan; the Italian edition appeared
+in 1872. Henri Bué, who was responsible for the French version, had no
+easy task to perform. In many cases the puns proved quite
+untranslatable; while the poems, being parodies on well-known English
+pieces, would have been pointless on the other side of the Channel.
+For instance, the lines beginning, "How doth the little crocodile" are
+a parody on "How doth the little busy bee," a song which a French
+child has, of course, never heard of. In this case Bué gave up the
+idea of translation altogether, and, instead, parodied La Fontaine's
+"Maître Corbeau" as follows:--
+
+        Maître Corbeau sur un arbre perché
+        Faisait son nid entre des branches;
+        Il avait relevé ses manches,
+        Car il était très affairé.
+        Maître Renard par là passant,
+        Lui dit: "Descendez donc, compère;
+        Venez embrasser votre frère!"
+        Le Corbeau, le reconnaissant,
+        Lui répondit en son ramage!--
+              "Fromage."
+
+The dialogue in which the joke occurs about "tortoise" and "taught us"
+("Wonderland," p. 142) is thus rendered:--
+
+    "La maîtresse était une vieille tortue; nous l'appelions
+    chélonée." "Et pourquoi l'appeliez-vous chélonée, si ce
+    n'était pas son nom?" "Parcequ'on ne pouvait s'empêcher de
+    s'écrier en la voyant: Quel long nez!" dit la Fausse-Tortue
+    d'un ton fâché; "vous êtes vraiment bien bornée!"
+
+At two points, however, both M. Bué and Miss Antonie Zimmermann, who
+translated the tale into German, were fairly beaten: the reason for
+the whiting being so called, from its doing the boots and shoes, and
+for no wise fish going anywhere without a porpoise, were given up as
+untranslatable.
+
+At the beginning of 1870 Lord Salisbury came up to Oxford to be
+installed as Chancellor of the University. Dr. Liddon introduced Mr.
+Dodgson to him, and thus began a very pleasant acquaintance. Of course
+he photographed the Chancellor and his two sons, for he never missed
+an opportunity of getting distinguished people into his studio.
+
+[Illustration: Lord Salisbury and his two sons. _From a
+photograph by Lewis Carroll_.]
+
+In December, seven "Puzzles from Wonderland" appeared in Mrs. Gatty's
+paper, _Aunt Judy's Magazine_. They had originally been written
+for the Cecil children, with whom Lewis Carroll was already on the
+best terms. Meanwhile "Through the Looking-Glass" was steadily
+progressing--not, however, without many little hitches. One question
+which exercised Mr. Dodgson very much was whether the picture of the
+Jabberwock would do as a frontispiece, or whether it would be too
+frightening for little children. On this point he sought the advice of
+about thirty of his married lady friends, whose experiences with their
+own children would make them trustworthy advisers; and in the end he
+chose the picture of the White Knight on horseback. In 1871 the book
+appeared, and was an instantaneous success. Eight thousand of the
+first edition had been taken up by the booksellers before Mr. Dodgson
+had even received his own presentation copies. The compliments he
+received upon the "Looking-Glass" would have been enough to turn a
+lesser man's head, but he was, I think, proof against either praise or
+blame.
+
+    I can say with a clear head and conscience [wrote Henry
+    Kingsley] that your new book is the finest thing we have had
+    since "Martin Chuzzlewit." ... I can only say, in comparing
+    the new "Alice" with the old, "this is a more excellent song
+    than the other." It is perfectly splendid, but you have,
+    doubtless, heard that from other quarters. I lunch with
+    Macmillan habitually, and he was in a terrible pickle about
+    not having printed enough copies the other day.
+
+Jabberwocky[017] was at once recognised as the best and most original
+thing in the book, though one fair correspondent of _The Queen_
+declared that it was a translation from the German! The late Dean of
+Rochester, Dr. Scott, writes about it to Mr. Dodgson as follows:--
+
+    Are we to suppose, after all, that the Saga of Jabberwocky
+    is one of the universal heirlooms which the Aryan race at
+    its dispersion carried with it from the great cradle of the
+    family? You must really consult Max Müller about this. It
+    begins to be probable that the _origo originalissima_
+    may be discovered in Sanscrit, and that we shall by and by
+    have a _Iabrivokaveda_. The hero will turn out to be
+    the Sun-god in one of his _Avatars_; and the Tumtum
+    tree the great Ash _Ygdrasil_ of the Scandinavian
+    mythology.
+
+In March, 1872, the late Mr. A.A. Vansittart, of Trinity College,
+Cambridge, translated the poem into Latin elegiacs. His rendering was
+printed, for private circulation only, I believe, several years later,
+but will probably be new to most of my readers. A careful comparison
+with the original shows the wonderful fidelity of this translation:--
+
+
+        "MORS IABROCHII"
+
+        Coesper[018] erat: tunc lubriciles[019] ultravia circum
+          Urgebant gyros gimbiculosque tophi;
+        Moestenui visae borogovides ire meatu;
+          Et profugi gemitus exgrabuêre rathae.
+
+        O fuge Iabrochium, sanguis meus![020] Ille recurvis
+          Unguibus, estque avidis dentibus ille minax.
+        Ububae fuge cautus avis vim, gnate! Neque unquam
+          Faedarpax contra te frumiosus eat!
+
+        Vorpali gladio juvenis succingitur: hostis
+          Manxumus ad medium quaeritur usque diem:
+        Jamque via fesso, sed plurima mente prementi,
+          Tumtumiae frondis suaserat umbra moram.
+
+        Consilia interdum stetit egnia[021] mente revolvens:
+          At gravis in densa fronde susuffrus[022] erat,
+        Spiculaque[023] ex oculis jacientis flammea, tulscam
+          Per silvam venit burbur?[024] Iabrochii!
+
+        Vorpali, semel atque iterum collectus in ictum,
+          Persnicuit gladio persnacuitque puer:
+        Deinde galumphatus, spernens informe cadaver,
+          Horrendum monstri rettulit ipse caput.
+
+        Victor Iabrochii, spoliis insignis opimis,
+          Rursus in amplexus, o radiose, meos!
+        O frabiose dies! CALLO clamateque CALLA!
+         Vix potuit laetus chorticulare pater.
+
+        Coesper erat: tunc lubriciles ultravia circum
+          Urgebant gyros gimbiculosque tophi;
+        Moestenui visae borogovides ire meatu;
+          Et profugi gemitus exgrabuêre rathae.
+
+        A.A.V.
+
+
+JABBERWOCKY.
+
+        'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
+          Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
+        All mimsy were the borogroves,
+          And the mome raths outgrabe.
+
+        "Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
+          The jaws that bite, the claws that scratch!
+        Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun
+          The frumious Bandersnatch!"
+
+        He took his vorpal sword in hand:
+          Long time the manxome foe he sought--
+        So rested he by the Tumtum tree,
+          And stood awhile in thought.
+
+        And as in uffish thought he stood,
+          The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,
+        Came whiffling through the tulgey wood
+          And burbled as it came!
+
+        One, two! One, two! And through and through
+          The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!
+        He left it dead, and with its head
+          He went galumphing back.
+
+        "And hast thou slain the Jabberwock?
+          Come to my arms, my beamish boy!
+        O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!"
+          He chortled in his joy.
+
+        'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
+          Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
+        All mimsy were the borogroves,
+          And the mome raths outgrabe.
+
+The story, as originally written, contained thirteen chapters, but the
+published book consisted of twelve only. The omitted chapter
+introduced a wasp, in the character of a judge or barrister, I
+suppose, since Mr. Tenniel wrote that "a _wasp_ in a _wig_
+is altogether beyond the appliances of art." Apart from difficulties
+of illustration, the "wasp" chapter was not considered to be up to the
+level of the rest of the book, and this was probably the principal
+reason of its being left out.
+
+"It is a curious fact," wrote Mr. Tenniel some years later, when
+replying to a request of Lewis Carroll's that he would illustrate
+another of his books, "that with 'Through the Looking-Glass' the
+faculty of making drawings for book illustration departed from me,
+and, notwithstanding all sorts of tempting inducements, I have done
+nothing in that direction since."
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile of a letter from Sir John Tenniel
+to Lewis Carroll, June_ 1, 1870.]
+
+"Through the Looking Glass" has recently appeared in a solemn judgment
+of the House of Lords. In _Eastman Photographic Materials Company v.
+Comptroller General of Patents, Designs, and Trademarks_ (1898),
+the question for decision was, What constitutes an invented word? A
+trademark that consists of or contains an invented word or words is
+capable of registration. "Solio" was the word in issue in the case.
+Lord Macnaghten in his judgment said, when alluding to the
+distinguishing characteristics of an invented word:
+
+    I do not think that it is necessary that it should be wholly
+    meaningless. To give an illustration: your lordships may
+    remember that in a book of striking humour and fancy, which
+    was in everybody's hands when it was first published, there
+    is a collection of strange words where "there are" (to use
+    the language of the author) "two meanings packed up into one
+    word." No one would say that those were not invented words.
+    Still they contain a meaning--a meaning is wrapped up in
+    them if you can only find it out.
+
+Before I leave the subject of the "Looking-Glass," I should like to
+mention one or two circumstances in connection with it which
+illustrate his reverence for sacred things. In his original manuscript
+the bad-tempered flower (pp. 28-33) was the passion-flower; the sacred
+origin of the name never struck him, until it was pointed out to him
+by a friend, when he at once changed it into the tiger-lily. Another
+friend asked him if the final scene was based upon the triumphal
+conclusion of "Pilgrim's Progress." He repudiated the idea, saying
+that he would consider such trespassing on holy ground as highly
+irreverent.
+
+He seemed never to be satisfied with the amount of work he had on
+hand, and in 1872 he determined to add to his other labours by
+studying anatomy and physiology. Professor Barclay Thompson supplied
+him with a set of bones, and, having purchased the needful books, he
+set to work in good earnest. His mind was first turned to acquiring
+medical knowledge by his happening to be at hand when a man was seized
+with an epileptic fit. He had prevented the poor creature from
+falling, but was utterly at a loss what to do next. To be better
+prepared on any future occasion, he bought a little manual called
+"What to do in Emergencies." In later years he was constantly buying
+medical and surgical works, and by the end of his life he had a
+library of which no doctor need have been ashamed. There were only two
+special bequests in his will, one of some small keepsakes to his
+landlady at Eastbourne, Mrs. Dyer, and the other of his medical books
+to my brother.
+
+Whenever a new idea presented itself to his mind he used to make a
+note of it; he even invented a system by which he could take notes in
+the dark, if some happy thought or ingenious problem suggested itself
+to him during a sleepless night. Like most men who systematically
+overtax their brains, he was a poor sleeper. He would sometimes go
+through a whole book of Euclid in bed; he was so familiar with the
+bookwork that he could actually see the figures before him in the
+dark, and did not confuse the letters, which is perhaps even more
+remarkable.
+
+Most of his ideas were ingenious, though many were entirely useless
+from a practical point of view. For instance, he has an entry in his
+Diary on November 8, 1872: "I wrote to Calverley, suggesting an idea
+(which I think occurred to me yesterday) of guessing well-known poems
+as acrostics, and making a collection of them to hoax the public."
+Calverley's reply to this letter was as follows:--
+
+    My dear Sir,--I have been laid up (or laid down) for the
+    last few days by acute lumbago, or I would have written
+    before. It is rather absurd that I was on the point of
+    propounding to you this identical idea. I realised, and I
+    regret to add revealed to two girls, a fortnight ago, the
+    truth that all existing poems were in fact acrostics; and I
+    offered a small pecuniary reward to whichever would find out
+    Gray's "Elegy" within half an hour! But it never occurred to
+    me to utilise the discovery, as it did to you. I see that it
+    might be utilised, now you mention it--and I shall instruct
+    these two young women not to publish the notion among their
+    friends.
+
+This is the way Mr. Calverley treated Kirke White's poem "To an early
+Primrose." "The title," writes C.S.C. "might either be ignored or
+omitted. Possibly carpers might say that a primrose was not a rose."
+
+    Mild offspring of a dark and sullen sire!
+    Whose modest form, so delicately fine,                      Wild
+        Was nursed in whistling storms                          Rose
+        And cradled in the winds!
+
+    Thee, when young Spring first questioned Winter's sway,
+    And dared the sturdy blusterer to the fight,               W     a    R
+        Thee on this bank he threw
+        To mark his victory.
+
+    In this low vale, the promise of the year,
+    Serene thou openest to the nipping gale,
+        Unnoticed and alone                                    I  ncognit O
+        Thy tender elegance.
+
+    So Virtue blooms, brought forth amid the storms
+    Of chill adversity, in some lone walk
+        Of life she rears her head                             L owlines  S
+        Obscure and unobserved.
+
+    While every bleaching breeze that on her blows
+    Chastens her spotless purity of breast,
+        And hardens her to bear                                D isciplin E
+        Serene the ills of life.
+
+In the course of their correspondence Mr. Calverley wrote a
+Shakespearian sonnet, the initial letters of which form the name of
+William Herbert; and a parody entitled "The New Hat." I reproduce them
+both.
+
+        When o'er the world Night spreads her mantle dun,
+          In dreams, my love, I see those stars, thine eyes,
+        Lighting the dark: but when the royal sun
+          Looks o'er the pines and fires the orient skies,
+        I bask no longer in thy beauty's ray,
+          And lo! my world is bankrupt of delight.
+        Murk night seemed lately fair-complexioned day;
+          Hope-bringing day now seems most doleful night.
+        End, weary day, that art no day to me!
+          Return, fair night, to me the best of days!
+        But O my rose, whom in my dreams I see,
+          Enkindle with like bliss my waking gaze!
+        Replete with thee, e'en hideous night grows fair:
+        Then what would sweet morn be, if thou wert there?
+
+
+                    THE NEW HAT.
+
+
+        My boots had been wash'd, well wash'd, by a shower;
+          But little I car'd about that:
+        What I felt was the havoc a single half-hour
+          Had made with my beautiful Hat.
+
+        For the Boot, tho' its lustre be dimm'd, shall assume
+          New comeliness after a while;
+        But no art may restore its original bloom,
+          When once it hath fled, to the Tile.
+
+        I clomb to my perch, and the horses (a bay
+          And a brown) trotted off with a clatter;
+        The driver look'd round in his humorous way,
+          And said huskily, "Who is your hatter?"
+
+        I was pleased that he'd noticed its shape and its shine;
+          And, as soon as we reached the "Old Druid,"
+        I begged him to drink to its welfare and mine
+          In a glass of my favourite fluid.
+
+        A gratified smile sat, I own, on my lips
+          When the barmaid exclaimed to the master,
+        (He was standing inside with his hands on his hips),
+          "Just look at that gentleman's castor."
+
+        I laughed, when an organman paus'd in mid-air--
+          ('Twas an air that I happened to know,
+        By a great foreign _maestro_)--expressly to stare
+          At ze gent wiz _ze joli chapeau_.
+
+        Yet how swift is the transit from laughter to tears!
+          How rife with results is a day!
+        That Hat might, with care, have adorned me for years;
+          But one show'r wash'd its beauty away.
+
+        How I lov'd thee, my Bright One! I pluck in remorse
+          My hands from my pockets and wring 'em:
+        Oh, why did not I, dear, as a matter of course,
+          Ere I purchas'd thee purchase a gingham?
+
+        C.S. CALVERLEY.
+
+Mr. Dodgson spent the last night of the old year (1872) at Hatfield,
+where he was the guest of Lord Salisbury. There was a large party of
+children in the house, one of them being Princess Alice, to whom he
+told as much of the story of "Sylvie and Bruno" as he had then
+composed. While the tale was in progress Lady Salisbury entered the
+room, bringing in some new toy or game to amuse her little guests,
+who, with the usual thoughtlessness of children, all rushed off and
+left Mr. Dodgson. But the little Princess, suddenly appearing to
+remember that to do so might perhaps hurt his feelings, sat down again
+by his side. He read the kind thought which prompted her action, and
+was much pleased by it.
+
+As Mr. Dodgson knew several members of the _Punch_ staff, he used
+to send up any little incidents or remarks that particularly amused
+him to that paper. He even went so far as to suggest subjects for
+cartoons, though I do not know if his ideas were ever carried out. One
+of the anecdotes he sent to _Punch_ was that of a little boy,
+aged four, who after having listened with much attention to the story
+of Lot's wife, asked ingenuously, "Where does salt come from that's
+_not_ made of ladies?" This appeared on January 3, 1874.
+
+The following is one of several such little anecdotes jotted down by
+Lewis Carroll for future use: Dr. Paget was conducting a school
+examination, and in the course of his questions he happened to ask a
+small child the meaning of "Average." He was utterly bewildered by the
+reply, "The thing that hens lay on," until the child explained that he
+had read in a book that hens lay _on an average_ so many eggs a
+year.
+
+Among the notable people whom he photographed was John Ruskin, and, as
+several friends begged him for copies, he wrote to ask Mr. Ruskin's
+leave. The reply was, "Buy Number 5 of _Fors Clavigera_ for 1871,
+which will give you your answer." This was not what Mr. Dodgson
+wanted, so he wrote back, "Can't afford ten-pence!" Finally Mr. Ruskin
+gave his consent.
+
+[Illustration: John Ruskin. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+About this time came the anonymous publication of "Notes by an Oxford
+Chiel," a collection of papers written on various occasions, and all
+of them dealing with Oxford controversies. Taking them in order, we
+have first "The New Method of Evaluation as applied to [_pi_],"
+first published by Messrs. Parker in 1865, which had for its subject
+the controversy about the Regius Professorship of Greek. One extract
+will be sufficient to show the way in which the affair was treated:
+"Let U = the University, G = Greek, and P = Professor. Then G P =
+Greek Professor; let this be reduced to its lowest terms and call the
+result J [i.e., Jowett]."
+
+The second paper is called "The Dynamics of a Parti-cle," and is quite
+the best of the series; it is a geometrical treatment of the contest
+between Mr. Gathorne Hardy and Mr. Gladstone for the representation of
+the University. Here are some of the "Definitions" with which the
+subject was introduced:--
+
+    _Plain Superficiality_ is the character of a speech, in
+    which any two points being taken, the speaker is found to
+    lie wholly with regard to those two points.
+
+    _Plain Anger_ is the inclination of two voters to one
+    another, who meet together, but whose views are not in the
+    same direction.
+
+    When two parties, coming together, feel a Right Anger, each
+    is _said_ to be _complimentary_ to the other,
+    though, strictly speaking, this is very seldom the case.
+
+    _A surd_ is a radical whose meaning cannot be exactly
+    ascertained.
+
+As the "Notes of an Oxford Chiel" has been long out of print, I will
+give a few more extracts from this paper:--
+
+    _On Differentiation._
+
+    The effect of Differentiation on a Particle is very
+    remarkable, the first differential being frequently of
+    greater value than the original particle, and the second of
+    less enlightenment.
+
+    For example, let L = "Leader", S = "Saturday", and then LS =
+    "Leader in the Saturday" (a particle of no assignable
+    value). Differentiating once, we get L.S.D., a function of
+    great value. Similarly it will be found that, by taking the
+    second Differential of an enlightened Particle (_i.e.,_
+    raising it to the Degree D.D.), the enlightenment becomes
+    rapidly less. The effect is much increased by the addition
+    of a C: in this case the enlightenment often vanishes
+    altogether, and the Particle becomes Conservative.
+
+
+    PROPOSITIONS.
+
+    PROP. I. PR.
+
+    _To find the value of a given Examiner_.
+
+    _Example_.--A takes in ten books in the Final
+    Examination and gets a 3rd class; B takes in the Examiners,
+    and gets a 2nd. Find the value of the Examiners in terms of
+    books. Find also their value in terms in which no
+    Examination is held.
+
+
+    PROP. II. PR.
+
+    _To estimate Profit and Loss_.
+
+    _Example_.--Given a Derby Prophet, who has sent three
+    different winners to three different betting-men, and given
+    that none of the three horses are placed. Find the total
+    loss incurred by the three men (_a_) in money,
+    (_b_) in temper. Find also the Prophet. Is this latter
+    usually possible?
+
+
+    PROP. IV. TH.
+
+    _The end_ (i.e., "_the product of the extremes")
+    justifies_ (i.e., "_is equal to_"--_see Latin
+    "aequus") the means_.
+
+    No example is appended to this Proposition, for obvious
+    reasons.
+
+
+    PROP. V. PR.
+
+    _To continue a given series._
+
+    _Example_.--A and B, who are respectively addicted to
+    Fours and Fives, occupy the same set of rooms, which is
+    always at Sixes and Sevens. Find the probable amount of
+    reading done by A and B while the Eights are on.
+
+The third paper was entitled "Facts, Figures, and Fancies." The best
+thing in it was a parody on "The Deserted Village," from which an
+extract will be found in a later chapter. There was also a letter to
+the Senior Censor of Christ Church, in burlesque of a similar letter
+in which the Professor of Physics met an offer of the Clarendon
+Trustees by a detailed enumeration of the requirements in his own
+department of Natural Science. Mr. Dodgson's letter deals with the
+imaginary requirements of the Mathematical school:--
+
+    Dear Senior Censor,--In a desultory conversation on a point
+    connected with the dinner at our high table, you
+    incidentally remarked to me that lobster-sauce, "though a
+    necessary adjunct to turbot, was not entirely wholesome!"
+
+    It is entirely unwholesome. I never ask for it without
+    reluctance: I never take a second spoonful without a feeling
+    of apprehension on the subject of a possible nightmare. This
+    naturally brings me to the subject of Mathematics, and of
+    the accommodation provided by the University for carrying on
+    the calculations necessary in that important branch of
+    Science.
+
+    As Members of Convocation are called upon (whether
+    personally, or, as is less exasperating, by letter) to
+    consider the offer of the Clarendon Trustees, as well as
+    every other subject of human, or inhuman, interest, capable
+    of consideration, it has occurred to me to suggest for your
+    consideration how desirable roofed buildings are for
+    carrying on mathematical calculations: in fact, the variable
+    character of the weather in Oxford renders it highly
+    inexpedient to attempt much occupation, of a sedentary
+    nature, in the open air.
+
+    Again, it is often impossible for students to carry on
+    accurate mathematical calculations in close contiguity to
+    one another, owing to their mutual conversation;
+    consequently these processes require different rooms in
+    which irrepressible conversationalists, who are found to
+    occur in every branch of Society, might be carefully and
+    permanently fixed.
+
+    It may be sufficient for the present to enumerate the
+    following requisites--others might be added as funds
+    permit:--
+
+    A. A very large room for calculating Greatest Common
+    Measure. To this a small one might be attached for Least
+    Common Multiple: this, however, might be dispensed with.
+
+    B. A piece of open ground for keeping Roots and practising
+    their extraction: it would be advisable to keep Square Roots
+    by themselves, as their corners are apt to damage others.
+
+    C. A room for reducing Fractions to their Lowest Terms. This
+    should be provided with a cellar for keeping the Lowest
+    Terms when found, which might also be available to the
+    general body of Undergraduates, for the purpose of "keeping
+    Terms."
+
+    D. A large room, which might be darkened, and fitted up with
+    a magic lantern, for the purpose of exhibiting circulating
+    Decimals in the act of circulation. This might also contain
+    cupboards, fitted with glass doors, for keeping the various
+    Scales of Notation.
+
+    E. A narrow strip of ground, railed off and carefully
+    levelled, for investigating the properties of Asymptotes,
+    and testing practically whether Parallel Lines meet or not:
+    for this purpose it should reach, to use the expressive
+    language of Euclid, "ever so far."
+
+    This last process of "continually producing the lines," may
+    require centuries or more; but such a period, though long in
+    the life of an individual, is as nothing in the life of the
+    University.
+
+    As Photography is now very much employed in recording human
+    expressions, and might possibly be adapted to Algebraical
+    Expressions, a small photographic room would be desirable,
+    both for general use and for representing the various
+    phenomena of Gravity, Disturbance of Equilibrium,
+    Resolution, &c., which affect the features during severe
+    mathematical operations.
+
+    May I trust that you will give your immediate attention to
+    this most important subject?
+
+    Believe me,
+
+    Sincerely yours,
+
+    Mathematicus.
+
+Next came "The New Belfry of Christ Church, Oxford; a Monograph by
+D.C.L." On the title-page was a neatly drawn square--the figure of
+Euclid I. 46--below which was written "East view of the New Belfry,
+Christ Church, as seen from the meadow." The new belfry is fortunately a
+thing of the past, and its insolent hideousness no longer defaces Christ
+Church, but while it lasted it was no doubt an excellent target for
+Lewis Carroll's sarcasm. His article on it is divided into thirteen
+chapters. Three of them are perhaps worth quoting:--
+
+    §1. _On the etymological significance of the new Belfry, Ch. Ch_.
+
+    The word "Belfry" is derived from the French _bel_, "beautiful,
+    becoming, meet," and from the German _frei_, "free unfettered,
+    secure, safe." Thus, the word is strictly equivalent to "meat-safe,"
+    to which the new Belfry bears a resemblance so perfect as almost to
+    amount to coincidence.
+
+    §4. _On the chief architectural merit of the new Belfry, Ch. Ch_.
+
+    Its chief merit is its simplicity--a simplicity so pure, so
+    profound, in a word, so _simple_, that no other word will fitly
+    describe it. The meagre outline, and baldness of detail, of the
+    present Chapter, are adopted in humble imitation of this great
+    feature.
+
+    §5. _On the other architectural merits of the new Belfry, Ch. Ch_.
+
+    The Belfry has no other architectural merits.
+
+"The Vision of the Three T's" followed. It also was an attack on
+architectural changes in Christ Church; the general style was a parody
+of the "Compleat Angler." Last of all came "The Blank Cheque, a
+Fable," in reference to the building of the New Schools, for the
+expenses of which it was actually proposed (in 1874), to sign a blank
+cheque before any estimate had been made, or any plan laid before the
+University, and even before a committee had been elected to appoint an
+architect for the work.
+
+At the end of 1874 Mr. Dodgson was again at Hatfield, where he told
+the children the story of Prince Uggug, which was afterwards made a
+part of "Sylvie and Bruno," though at that time it seems to have been
+a separate tale. But "Sylvie and Bruno," in this respect entirely
+unlike "Alice in Wonderland," was the result of notes taken during
+many years; for while he was thinking out the book he never neglected
+any amusing scraps of childish conversation or funny anecdotes about
+children which came to his notice. It is this fact which gives such
+verisimilitude to the prattle of Bruno; childish talk is a thing which
+a grown-up person cannot possibly _invent_. He can only listen to
+the actual things the children say, and then combine what he has heard
+into a connected narrative.
+
+During 1875 Mr. Dodgson wrote an article on "Some Popular Fallacies
+about Vivisection," which was refused by the _Pall Mall Gazette_,
+the editor saying that he had never heard of most of them; on which
+Mr. Dodgson plaintively notes in his Diary that seven out of the
+thirteen fallacies dealt with in his essay had appeared in the columns
+of the _Pall Mall Gazette_. Ultimately it was accepted by the
+editor of _The Fortnightly Review_. Mr. Dodgson had a peculiar
+horror of vivisection. I was once walking in Oxford with him when a
+certain well-known professor passed us. "I am afraid that man
+vivisects," he said, in his gravest tone. Every year he used to get a
+friend to recommend him a list of suitable charities to which he
+should subscribe. Once the name of some Lost Dogs' Home appeared in
+this list. Before Mr. Dodgson sent his guinea he wrote to the
+secretary to ask whether the manager of the Home was in the habit of
+sending dogs that had to be killed to physiological laboratories for
+vivisection. The answer was in the negative, so the institution got
+the cheque. He did not, however, advocate the total abolition of
+vivisection--what reasonable man could?--but he would have liked to
+see it much more carefully restricted by law. An earlier letter of his
+to the _Pall Mall Gazette_ on the same subject is sufficiently
+characteristic to deserve a place here. Be it noted that he signed it
+"Lewis Carroll," in order that whatever influence or power his
+writings had gained him might tell in the controversy.
+
+
+    VIVISECTION AS A SIGN OF THE TIMES.
+
+    _To the Editor of the "Pall Mall Gazette."_
+
+    Sir,--The letter which appeared in last week's
+    _Spectator_, and which must have saddened the heart of
+    every one who read it, seems to suggest a question which has
+    not yet been asked or answered with sufficient clearness,
+    and that is, How far may vivisection be regarded as a sign
+    of the times, and a fair specimen of that higher
+    civilisation which a purely secular State education is to
+    give us? In that much-vaunted panacea for all human ills we
+    are promised not only increase of knowledge, but also a
+    higher moral character; any momentary doubt on this point
+    which we may feel is set at rest at once by quoting the
+    great crucial instance of Germany. The syllogism, if it
+    deserves the name, is usually stated thus: Germany has a
+    higher scientific education than England; Germany has a
+    lower average of crime than England; _ergo_, a
+    scientific education tends to improve moral conduct. Some
+    old-fashioned logician might perhaps whisper to himself,
+    "Praemissis particularibus nihil probatur," but such a
+    remark, now that Aldrich is out of date, would only excite a
+    pitying smile. May we, then, regard the practice of
+    vivisection as a legitimate fruit, or as an abnormal
+    development, of this higher moral character? Is the
+    anatomist, who can contemplate unmoved the agonies he is
+    inflicting for no higher purpose than to gratify a
+    scientific curiosity, or to illustrate some well-established
+    truth, a being higher or lower, in the scale of humanity,
+    than the ignorant boor whose very soul would sicken at the
+    horrid sight? For if ever there was an argument in favour of
+    purely scientific education more cogent than another, it is
+    surely this (a few years back it might have been put into
+    the mouth of any advocate of science; now it reads like the
+    merest mockery): "What can teach the noble quality of mercy,
+    of sensitiveness to all forms of suffering, so powerfully as
+    the knowledge of what suffering really is? Can the man who
+    has once realised by minute study what the nerves are, what
+    the brain is, and what waves of agony the one can convey to
+    the other, go forth and wantonly inflict pain on any
+    sentient being?" A little while ago we should have
+    confidently replied, "He cannot do it"; in the light of
+    modern revelations we must sorrowfully confess "He can." And
+    let it never be said that this is done with serious
+    forethought of the balance of pain and gain; that the
+    operator has pleaded with himself, "Pain is indeed an evil,
+    but so much suffering may fitly be endured to purchase so
+    much knowledge." When I hear of one of these ardent
+    searchers after truth giving, not a helpless dumb animal, to
+    whom he says in effect, "_You_ shall suffer that
+    _I_ may know," but his own person to the probe and to
+    the scalpel, I will believe in him as recognising a
+    principle of justice, and I will honour him as acting up to
+    his principles. "But the thing cannot be!" cries some
+    amiable reader, fresh from an interview with that most
+    charming of men, a London physician. "What! Is it possible
+    that one so gentle in manner, so full of noble sentiments,
+    can be hardhearted? The very idea is an outrage to common
+    sense!" And thus we are duped every day of our lives. Is it
+    possible that that bank director, with his broad honest
+    face, can be meditating a fraud? That the chairman of that
+    meeting of shareholders, whose every tone has the ring of
+    truth in it, can hold in his hand a "cooked" schedule of
+    accounts? That my wine merchant, so outspoken, so confiding,
+    can be supplying me with an adulterated article? That the
+    schoolmaster, to whom I have entrusted my little boy, can
+    starve or neglect him? How well I remember his words to the
+    dear child when last we parted. "You are leaving your
+    friends," he said, "but you will have a father in me, my
+    dear, and a mother in Mrs. Squeers!" For all such
+    rose-coloured dreams of the necessary immunity from human
+    vices of educated men the facts in last week's
+    _Spectator_ have a terrible significance. "Trust no man
+    further than you can see him," they seem to say. "Qui vult
+    decipi, decipiatur."
+
+    Allow me to quote from a modern writer a few sentences
+    bearing on this subject:--
+
+      "We are at present, legislature and nation together,
+      eagerly pushing forward schemes which proceed on the
+      postulate that conduct is determined, not by feelings, but
+      by cognitions. For what else is the assumption underlying
+      this anxious urging-on of organisations for teaching? What
+      is the root-notion common to Secularists and
+      Denominationalists but the notion that spread of knowledge
+      is the one thing needful for bettering behaviour? Having
+      both swallowed certain statistical fallacies, there has
+      grown up in them the belief that State education will
+      check ill-doing.... This belief in the moralising effects
+      of intellectual culture, flatly contradicted by facts, is
+      absurd _a priori_.... This faith in lesson-books and
+      readings is one of the superstitions of the age.... Not by
+      precept, though heard daily; not by example, unless it is
+      followed; but only by action, often caused by the related
+      feeling, can a moral habit be formed. And yet this truth,
+      which mental science clearly teaches, and which is in
+      harmony with familiar sayings, is a truth wholly ignored
+      in current educational fanaticisms."
+
+    There need no praises of mine to commend to the
+    consideration of all thoughtful readers these words of
+    Herbert Spencer. They are to be found in "The Study of
+    Sociology" (pp. 36l-367).
+
+    Let us, however, do justice to science. It is not so wholly
+    wanting as Mr. Herbert Spencer would have us believe in
+    principles of action--principles by which we may regulate
+    our conduct in life. I myself once heard an accomplished man
+    of science declare that his labours had taught him one
+    special personal lesson which, above all others, he had laid
+    to heart. A minute study of the nervous system, and of the
+    various forms of pain produced by wounds had inspired in him
+    one profound resolution; and that was--what think
+    you?--never, under any circumstances, to adventure his own
+    person into the field of battle! I have somewhere read in a
+    book--a rather antiquated book, I fear, and one much
+    discredited by modern lights--the words, "the whole creation
+    groaneth and travaileth in pain together until now." Truly
+    we read these words with a new meaning in the present day!
+    "Groan and travail" it undoubtedly does still (more than
+    ever, so far as the brute creation is concerned); but to
+    what end? Some higher and more glorious state? So one might
+    have said a few years back. Not so in these days. The
+    _telos teleion_ of secular education, when divorced
+    from religious or moral training, is--I say it
+    deliberately--the purest and most unmitigated selfishness.
+    The world has seen and tired of the worship of Nature, of
+    Reason, of Humanity; for this nineteenth century has been
+    reserved the development of the most refined religion of
+    all--the worship of Self. For that, indeed, is the upshot of
+    it all. The enslavement of his weaker brethren--"the labour
+    of those who do not enjoy, for the enjoyment of those who do
+    not labour"--the degradation of woman--the torture of the
+    animal world--these are the steps of the ladder by which man
+    is ascending to his higher civilisation. Selfishness is the
+    key-note of all purely secular education; and I take
+    vivisection to be a glaring, a wholly unmistakable case in
+    point. And let it not be thought that this is an evil that
+    we can hope to see produce the good for which we are asked
+    to tolerate it, and then pass away. It is one that tends
+    continually to spread. And if it be tolerated or even
+    ignored now, the age of universal education, when the
+    sciences, and anatomy among them, shall be the heritage of
+    all, will be heralded by a cry of anguish from the brute
+    creation that will ring through the length and breadth of
+    the land! This, then, is the glorious future to which the
+    advocate of secular education may look forward: the dawn
+    that gilds the horizon of his hopes! An age when all forms
+    of religious thought shall be things of the past; when
+    chemistry and biology shall be the ABC of a State education
+    enforced on all; when vivisection shall be practised in
+    every college and school; and when the man of science,
+    looking forth over a world which will then own no other sway
+    than his, shall exult in the thought that he has made of
+    this fair green earth, if not a heaven for man, at least a
+    hell for animals.
+
+    I am, sir,
+
+    Your obedient servant,
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+    _February 10th_.
+
+On March 29, 1876, "The Hunting of the Snark" was published. Mr.
+Dodgson gives some interesting particulars of its evolution. The first
+idea for the poem was the line "For the Snark _was_ a Boojum, you
+see," which came into his mind, apparently without any cause, while he
+was taking a country walk. The first complete verse which he composed
+was the one which stands last in the poem:--
+
+        In the midst of the word he was trying to say,
+          In the midst of his laughter and glee,
+        He had softly and suddenly vanished away--
+          For the Snark _was_ a Boojum, you see.
+
+The illustrations were the work of Mr. Henry Holiday, and they are
+thoroughly in keeping with the spirit of the poem. Many people have
+tried to show that "The Hunting of the Snark" was an allegory; some
+regarding it as being a burlesque upon the Tichborne case, and others
+taking the Snark as a personification of popularity. Lewis Carroll
+always protested that the poem had no meaning at all.
+
+    As to the meaning of the Snark [he wrote to a friend in
+    America], I'm very much afraid I didn't mean anything but
+    nonsense. Still, you know, words mean more than we mean to
+    express when we use them; so a whole book ought to mean a
+    great deal more than the writer means. So, whatever good
+    meanings are in the book, I'm glad to accept as the meaning
+    of the book. The best that I've seen is by a lady (she
+    published it in a letter to a newspaper), that the whole
+    book is an allegory on the search after happiness. I think
+    this fits in beautifully in many ways--particularly about
+    the bathing-machines: when the people get weary of life, and
+    can't find happiness in towns or in books, then they rush
+    off to the seaside, to see what bathing-machines will do for
+    them.
+
+[Illustration: Henry Holiday in his Studio. _From a
+photograph_.]
+
+Mr. H. Holiday, in a very interesting article on "The Snark's
+Significance" (_Academy,_ January 29, 1898), quoted the
+inscription which Mr. Dodgson had written in a vellum-bound,
+presentation-copy of the book. It is so characteristic that I take the
+liberty of reproducing it here:--
+
+    Presented to Henry Holiday, most patient of artists, by
+    Charles L. Dodgson, most exacting, but not most ungrateful
+    of authors, March 29, 1876.
+
+A little girl, to whom Mr. Dodgson had given a copy of the "Snark,"
+managed to get the whole poem off by heart, and insisted on reciting,
+it from beginning to end during a long carriage-drive. Her friends,
+who, from the nature of the case, were unable to escape, no doubt
+wished that she, too, was a Boojum.
+
+During the year, the first public dramatic representation of "Alice in
+Wonderland" was given at the Polytechnic, the entertainment taking the
+form of a series of _tableaux_, interspersed with appropriate
+readings and songs. Mr. Dodgson exercised a rigid censorship over all
+the extraneous matter introduced into the performance, and put his
+veto upon a verse in one of the songs, in which the drowning of
+kittens was treated from the humorous point of view, lest the children
+in the audience might learn to think lightly of death in the case of
+the lower animals.
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Carroll. _From a photograph_.]
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+(1877-1883)
+
+    Dramatic tastes--Miss Ellen Terry--"Natural Science at
+    Oxford"--Mr. Dodgson as an artist--Miss E. G. Thomson--The
+    drawing of children--A curious dream--"The Deserted
+    Parks"--"Syzygies"--Circus children--Row-loving
+    undergraduates--A letter to _The Observer_--Resignation
+    of the Lectureship--He is elected Curator of the Common
+    Room--Dream-music.
+
+Mr. Dodgson's love of the drama was not, as I have shown, a taste
+which he acquired in later years. From early college days he never
+missed anything which he considered worth seeing at the London
+theatres. I believe he used to reproach himself--unfairly, I
+think--with spending too much time on such recreations. For a man who
+worked so hard and so incessantly as he did; for a man to whom
+vacations meant rather a variation of mental employment than absolute
+rest of mind, the drama afforded just the sort of relief that was
+wanted. His vivid imagination, the very earnestness and intensity of
+his character enabled him to throw himself utterly into the spirit of
+what he saw upon the stage, and to forget in it all the petty worries
+and disappointments of life. The old adage says that a man cannot burn
+the candle at both ends; like most proverbs, it is only partially
+true, for often the hardest worker is the man who enters with most
+zest into his recreations, and this was emphatically the case with Mr.
+Dodgson.
+
+Walter Pater, in his book on the Renaissance, says (I quote from rough
+notes only), "A counted number of pulses only is given to us of a
+variegated dramatic life. How may we see in them all that is to be
+seen in them by the finest senses? How shall we pass most swiftly from
+point to point, and be present always at the focus where the greatest
+number of vital forces unite in their purest energy? To burn always
+with this hard gem-like flame, to maintain this ecstasy, is success in
+life." Here we have the truer philosophy, here we have the secret of
+Lewis Carroll's life. He never wasted time on social formalities; he
+refused to fulfil any of those (so called) duties which involve
+ineffable boredom, and so his mind was always fresh and ready. He said
+in one of his letters that he hoped that in the next world all
+knowledge would not be given to us suddenly, but that we should
+gradually grow wiser, for the _acquiring_ knowledge was to him
+the real pleasure. What is this but a paraphrase of another of Pater's
+thoughts, "Not the fruit of experience, but experience itself is the
+end."
+
+And so, times without number, he allowed himself to be carried away by
+emotion as he saw life in the mirror of the stage; but, best of all,
+he loved to see the acting of children, and he generally gave copies
+of his books to any of the little performers who specially pleased
+him. On January 13, 1877, he wrote in his Diary:--
+
+    Went up to town for the day, and took E-- with me to the
+    afternoon pantomime at the Adelphi, "Goody Two-Shoes," acted
+    entirely by children. It was a really charming performance.
+    Little Bertie Coote, aged ten, was clown--a wonderfully
+    clever little fellow; and Carrie Coote, about eight, was
+    Columbine, a very pretty graceful little thing. In a few
+    years' time she will be just _the_ child to act
+    "Alice," if it is ever dramatised. The harlequin was a
+    little girl named Gilchrist, one of the most beautiful
+    children, in face and figure, that I have ever seen. I must
+    get an opportunity of photographing her. Little Bertie
+    Coote, singing "Hot Codlings," was curiously like the
+    pictures of Grimaldi.
+
+It need hardly be said that the little girl was Miss Constance
+Gilchrist. Mr. Dodgson sent her a copy of "Alice in Wonderland," with
+a set of verses on her name.
+
+Many people object altogether to children appearing on the stage; it
+is said to be bad for their morals as well as for their health. A
+letter which Mr. Dodgson once wrote in the _St. James's Gazette_
+contains a sufficient refutation of the latter fancy:--
+
+    I spent yesterday afternoon at Brighton, where for five
+    hours I enjoyed the society of three exceedingly happy and
+    healthy little girls, aged twelve, ten, and seven. I think
+    that any one who could have seen the vigour of life in those
+    three children--the intensity with which they enjoyed
+    everything, great or small, that came in their way--who
+    could have watched the younger two running races on the
+    Pier, or have heard the fervent exclamation of the eldest at
+    the end of the afternoon, "We _have_ enjoyed
+    ourselves!" would have agreed with me that here, at least,
+    there was no excessive "physical strain," nor any
+    _imminent_ danger of "fatal results"! A drama, written
+    by Mr. Savile Clarke, is now being played at Brighton, and
+    in this (it is called "Alice in Wonderland") all three
+    children have been engaged. They had been acting every night
+    this week, and _twice_ on the day before I met them,
+    the second performance lasting till half-past ten at night,
+    after which they got up at seven next morning to bathe! That
+    such (apparently) severe work should co-exist with blooming
+    health and buoyant spirits seems at first sight a paradox;
+    but I appeal to any one who has ever worked _con amore_
+    at any subject whatever to support me in the assertion that,
+    when you really love the subject you are working at, the
+    "physical strain" is absolutely _nil_; it is only when
+    working "against the grain" that any strain is felt, and I
+    believe the apparent paradox is to be explained by the fact
+    that a taste for _acting_ is one of the strongest
+    passions of human nature, that stage-children show it nearly
+    from infancy, and that, instead of being miserable drudges
+    who ought to be celebrated in a new "Cry of the Children,"
+    they simply _rejoice_ in their work "even as a giant
+    rejoiceth to run his course."
+
+Mr. Dodgson's general views on the mission of the drama are well shown
+by an extract from a circular which he sent to many of his friends in
+1882:--
+
+    The stage (as every playgoer can testify) is an engine of
+    incalculable power for influencing society; and every effort
+    to purify and ennoble its aims seems to me to deserve all
+    the countenance that the great, and all the material help
+    that the wealthy, can give it; while even those who are
+    neither great nor wealthy may yet do their part, and help
+    to--
+      "Ring out the darkness of the land,
+       Ring in the Christ that is to be."
+
+
+[Illustration: Ellen Terry. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+I do not know if Mr. Dodgson's suggested amendment of some lines in
+the "Merchant of Venice" was ever carried out, but it further
+illustrates the serious view he took of this subject. The hint occurs
+in a letter to Miss Ellen Terry, which runs as follows:--
+
+    You gave me a treat on Saturday such as I have very seldom
+    had in my life. You must be weary by this time of hearing
+    your own praises, so I will only say that Portia was all I
+    could have imagined, and more. And Shylock is
+    superb--especially in the trial-scene.
+
+    Now I am going to be very bold, and make a suggestion, which
+    I do hope you will think well enough of to lay it before Mr.
+    Irving. I want to see that clause omitted (in the sentence
+    on Shylock)--
+
+                     That, for this favour,
+        He presently become a Christian;
+
+    It is a sentiment that is entirely horrible and revolting to
+    the feelings of all who believe in the Gospel of Love. Why
+    should our ears be shocked by such words merely because they
+    are Shakespeare's? In his day, when it was held to be a
+    Christian's duty to force his belief on others by fire and
+    sword--to burn man's body in order to save his soul--the
+    words probably conveyed no shock. To all Christians now
+    (except perhaps extreme Calvinists) the idea of forcing a
+    man to abjure his religion, whatever that religion may be,
+    is (as I have said) simply horrible.
+
+    I have spoken of it as a needless outrage on religious
+    feeling: but surely, being so, it is a great artistic
+    mistake. Its tendency is directly contrary to the spirit of
+    the scene. We have despised Shylock for his avarice, and we
+    rejoice to see him lose his wealth: we have abhorred him for
+    his bloodthirsty cruelty, and we rejoice to see him baffled.
+    And now, in the very fulness of our joy at the triumph of
+    right over wrong, we are suddenly called on to see in him
+    the victim of a cruelty a thousand times worse than his own,
+    and to honour him as a martyr. This, I am sure, Shakespeare
+    never meant. Two touches only of sympathy does he allow us,
+    that we may realise him as a man, and not as a demon
+    incarnate. "I will not pray with you"; "I had it of Leah,
+    when I was a bachelor." But I am sure he never meant our
+    sympathies to be roused in the supreme moment of his
+    downfall, and, if he were alive now, I believe he would cut
+    out those lines about becoming a Christian.
+
+    No interpolation is needed--(I should not like to suggest
+    the putting in a single word that is not Shakespeare's)--I
+    would read the speech thus:--
+
+             That lately stole his daughter:
+        Provided that he do record a gift,
+        Here in the court, &c.
+
+    And I would omit Gratiano's three lines at Shylock's exit,
+    and let the text stand:--
+
+        _Duke_: "Get thee gone, but do it." (_Exit
+        Shylock_.)
+
+    The exit, in solemn silence, would be, if possible, even
+    grander than it now is, and would lose nothing by the
+    omission of Gratiano's flippant jest....
+
+On January 16th he saw "New Men and Old Acres" at the Court Theatre.
+The two authors of the pieces, Dubourg and Tom Taylor, were great
+friends of his. "It was a real treat," he writes, "being well acted in
+every detail. Ellen Terry was wonderful, and I should think
+unsurpassable in all but the lighter parts." Mr. Dodgson himself had a
+strong wish to become a dramatic author, but, after one or two
+unsuccessful attempts to get his plays produced, he wisely gave up the
+idea, realising that he had not the necessary constructive powers. The
+above reference to Miss Ellen Terry's acting is only one out of a
+countless number; the great actress and he were excellent friends, and
+she did him many a kindness in helping on young friends of his who had
+taken up the stage as a profession.
+
+[Illustration: Tom Taylor. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+She and her sister, Miss Kate Terry, were among the distinguished
+people whom he photographed. The first time he saw the latter actress
+was, I think, in 1858, when she was playing in "The Tempest" at the
+Princess's. "The gem of the piece," he writes, "was the exquisitely
+graceful and beautiful Ariel, Miss Kate Terry. Her appearance as a
+sea-nymph was one of the most beautiful living pictures I ever saw,
+but this, and every other one in my recollection (except Queen
+Katherine's dream), were all outdone by the concluding scene, where
+Ariel is left alone, hovering over the wide ocean, watching the
+retreating ship. It is an innovation on Shakespeare, but a worthy one,
+and the conception of a true poet."
+
+[Illustration: Kate Terry. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+Mr. Dodgson was a frequent contributor to the daily Press. As a rule
+his letters appeared in the _St. James's Gazette_, for the
+editor, Mr. Greenwood, was a friend of his, but the following
+sarcastic epistle was an exception:--
+
+
+    NATURAL SCIENCE AT OXFORD.
+
+    _To the Editor of the "Pall Mall Gazette."_
+
+    Sir,--There is no one of the many ingenious appliances of
+    mechanical science that is more appreciated or more
+    successfully employed than the wedge; so subtle and
+    imperceptible are the forces needed for the insertion of its
+    "thin end," so astounding the results which its "thick end"
+    may ultimately produce. Of the former process we shall see a
+    beautiful illustration in a Congregation to be holden at
+    Oxford on the 24th inst., when it will be proposed to grant,
+    to those who have taken the degrees of bachelor and master
+    in Natural Science only, the same voting powers as in the
+    case of the "M.A." degree. This means the omission of one of
+    the two classical languages, Latin and Greek, from what has
+    been hitherto understood as the curriculum of an Oxford
+    education. It is to this "thin end" of the wedge that I
+    would call the attention of our non-residents, and of all
+    interested in Oxford education, while the "thick end" is
+    still looming in the distance. But why fear a "thick end" at
+    all? I shall be asked. Has Natural Science shown any such
+    tendency, or given any reason to fear that such a concession
+    would lead to further demands? In answer to that question,
+    let me sketch, in dramatic fashion, the history of her
+    recent career in Oxford. In the dark ages of our University
+    (some five-and-twenty years ago), while we still believed in
+    classics and mathematics as constituting a liberal
+    education, Natural Science sat weeping at our gates. "Ah,
+    let me in!" she moaned; "why cram reluctant youth with your
+    unsatisfying lore? Are they not hungering for bones; yea,
+    panting for sulphuretted hydrogen?" We heard and we pitied.
+    We let her in and housed her royally; we adorned her palace
+    with re-agents and retorts, and made it a very charnel-house
+    of bones, and we cried to our undergraduates, "The feast of
+    Science is spread! Eat, drink, and be happy!" But they would
+    not. They fingered the bones, and thought them dry. They
+    sniffed at the hydrogen, and turned away. Yet for all that
+    Science ceased not to cry, "More gold, more gold!" And her
+    three fair daughters, Chemistry, Biology, and Physics (for
+    the modern horse-leech is more prolific than in the days of
+    Solomon), ceased not to plead, "Give, give!" And we gave; we
+    poured forth our wealth like water (I beg her pardon, like
+    H{_2}O), and we could not help thinking there was something
+    weird and uncanny in the ghoul-like facility with which she
+    absorbed it.
+
+    The curtain rises on the second act of the drama. Science is
+    still weeping, but this time it is for lack of pupils, not
+    of teachers or machinery. "We are unfairly handicapped!" she
+    cries. "You have prizes and scholarships for classics and
+    mathematics, and you bribe your best students to desert us.
+    Buy us some bright, clever boys to teach, and then see what
+    we can do!" Once more we heard and pitied. We had bought her
+    bones; we bought her boys. And now at last her halls were
+    filled--not only with teachers paid to teach, but also with
+    learners paid to learn. And we have not much to complain of
+    in results, except that perhaps she is a little too ready to
+    return on our hands all but the "honour-men"--all, in fact,
+    who really need the helping hand of an educator. "Here, take
+    back your stupid ones!" she cries. "Except as subjects for
+    the scalpel (and we have not yet got the Human Vivisection
+    Act through Parliament) we can do nothing with them!"
+
+    The third act of the drama is yet under rehearsal; the
+    actors are still running in and out of the green-room, and
+    hastily shuffling on their new and ill-fitting dresses; but
+    its general scope is not far to seek. At no distant day our
+    once timid and tearful guest will be turning up her nose at
+    the fare provided for her. "Give me no more youths to
+    teach," she will say; "but pay me handsomely, and let me
+    think. Plato and Aristotle were all very well in their way;
+    Diogenes and his tub for me!" The allusion is not
+    inappropriate. There can be little doubt that some of the
+    researches conducted by that retiring philosopher in the
+    recesses of that humble edifice were strictly scientific,
+    embracing several distinct branches of entomology. I do not
+    mean, of course, that "research" is a new idea in Oxford.
+    From time immemorial we have had our own chosen band of
+    researchers (here called "professors"), who have advanced
+    the boundaries of human knowledge in many directions. True,
+    they are not left so wholly to themselves as some of these
+    modern thinkers would wish to be, but are expected to give
+    some few lectures, as the outcome of their "research" and
+    the evidence of its reality, but even that condition has not
+    always been enforced--for instance, in the case of the late
+    Professor of Greek, Dr. Gaisford, the University was too
+    conscious of the really valuable work he was doing in
+    philological research to complain that he ignored the usual
+    duties of the chair and delivered no lectures.
+
+    And, now, what is the "thick end" of the wedge? It is that
+    Latin and Greek may _both_ vanish from our curriculum;
+    that logic, philosophy, and history may follow; and that the
+    destinies of Oxford may some day be in the hands of those
+    who have had no education other than "scientific." And why
+    not? I shall be asked. Is it not as high a form of education
+    as any other? That is a matter to be settled by facts. I can
+    but offer my own little item of evidence, and leave it to
+    others to confirm or to refute. It used once to be thought
+    indispensable for an educated man that he should be able to
+    write his own language correctly, if not elegantly; it seems
+    doubtful how much longer this will be taken as a criterion.
+    Not so many years ago I had the honour of assisting in
+    correcting for the press some pages of the
+    _Anthropological Review_, or some such periodical. I
+    doubt not that the writers were eminent men in their own
+    line; that each could triumphantly prove, to his own
+    satisfaction, the unsoundness of what the others had
+    advanced; and that all would unite in declaring that the
+    theories of a year ago were entirely exploded by the latest
+    German treatise; but they were not able to set forth these
+    thoughts, however consoling in themselves, in anything
+    resembling the language of educated society. In all my
+    experience, I have never read, even in the "local news" of
+    a country paper, such slipshod, such deplorable English.
+
+    I shall be told that I am ungenerous in thus picking out a
+    few unfavourable cases, and that some of the greatest minds
+    of the day are to be found in the ranks of science. I freely
+    admit that such may be found, but my contention is that
+    _they_ made the science, not the science them; and that
+    in any line of thought they would have been equally
+    distinguished. As a general principle, I do not think that
+    the exclusive study of any _one_ subject is really
+    education; and my experience as a teacher has shown me that
+    even a considerable proficiency in Natural Science, taken
+    alone, is so far from proving a high degree of cultivation
+    and great natural ability that it is fully compatible with
+    general ignorance and an intellect quite below par.
+    Therefore it is that I seek to rouse an interest, beyond the
+    limits of Oxford, in preserving classics as an essential
+    feature of a University education. Nor is it as a classical
+    tutor (who might be suspected of a bias in favour of his own
+    subject) that I write this. On the contrary, it is as one
+    who has taught science here for more than twenty years (for
+    mathematics, though good-humouredly scorned by the
+    biologists on account of the abnormal certainty of its
+    conclusions, is still reckoned among the sciences) that I
+    beg to sign myself,--Your obedient servant,
+
+    Charles L. Dodgson,
+
+    _Mathematical Lecturer of Christ Church, Oxford.
+
+    May 17th._
+
+I give the above letter because I think it amusing; it must not be
+supposed that the writer's views on the subject remained the same all
+through his life. He was a thorough Conservative, and it took a long
+time to reconcile him to any new departure. In a political discussion
+with a friend he once said that he was "first an Englishman, and then
+a Conservative," but however much a man may try to put patriotism
+before party, the result will be but partially successful, if
+patriotism would lead him into opposition to the mental bias which has
+originally made him either a Conservative or a Radical.
+
+He took, of course, great pleasure in the success of his books, as
+every author must; but the greatest pleasure of all to him was to know
+that they had pleased others. Notes like the following are frequent in
+his Diary: "_June_ 25_th_.--Spent the afternoon in sending
+off seventy circulars to Hospitals, offering copies of 'Alice' and the
+'Looking-Glass' for sick children." He well deserved the name which
+one of his admirers gave him--"The man who loved little children."
+
+In April, 1878, he saw a performance of "Olivia" at the Court Theatre.
+"The gem of the piece is Olivia herself, acted by Ellen Terry with a
+sweetness and pathos that moved some of the audience (nearly including
+myself) to tears. Her leave-taking was exquisite; and when, in her
+exile, she hears that her little brother had cried at the mention of
+her name, her exclamation 'Pet!' was tenderness itself. Altogether, I
+have not had a greater dramatic treat for a long time. _Dies cretâ
+notandus_."
+
+I see that I have marked for quotation the following brief entries in
+the Diary:--
+
+    _Aug. 4th_ (at Eastbourne).--Went, morning and
+    evening, to the new chapel-of-ease belonging to S.
+    Saviour's. It has the immense advantage of _not_ being
+    crowded; but this scarcely compensates for the vile
+    Gregorian chants, which vex and weary one's ear.
+
+    _Aug. 17th_.--A very inquisitive person, who had some
+    children with her, found out my name, and then asked me to
+    shake hands with her child, as an admirer of my books: this
+    I did, unwisely perhaps, as I have no intention of
+    continuing the acquaintance of a "Mrs. Leo Hunter."
+
+    _Dec. 23rd_.--I have been making a plan for work next
+    term, of this kind: Choose a subject (_e.g._,
+    "Circulation," "Journeys of S. Paul," "English Counties")
+    for each week. On Monday write what I know about it; during
+    week get up subject; on Saturday write again; put the two
+    papers away, and six months afterwards write again and
+    compare.
+
+As an artist, Mr. Dodgson possessed an intense natural appreciation of
+the beautiful, an abhorrence of all that is coarse and unseemly which
+might almost be called hyper-refinement, a wonderfully good eye for
+form, and last, but not least, the most scrupulous conscientiousness
+about detail. On the other hand his sense of colour was somewhat
+imperfect, and his hand was almost totally untrained, so that while he
+had all the enthusiasm of the true artist, his work always had the
+defects of an amateur.
+
+[Illustration: Miss E. Gertrude Thomson.]
+
+In 1878 some drawings of Miss E. Gertrude Thomson's excited his keen
+admiration, and he exerted himself to make her acquaintance. Their
+first meeting is described so well by Miss Thomson herself in _The
+Gentlewoman_ for January 29, 1898, that I cannot do better than
+quote the description of the scene as given there:--
+
+    It was at the end of December, 1878, that a letter, written
+    in a singularly legible and rather boyish-looking hand, came
+    to me from Christ Church, Oxford, signed "C. L. Dodgson."
+    The writer said that he had come across some fairy designs
+    of mine, and he should like to see some more of my work. By
+    the same post came a letter from my London publisher (who
+    had supplied my address) telling me that the "Rev. C. L.
+    Dodgson" was "Lewis Carroll."
+
+    "Alice in Wonderland" had long been one of my pet books, and
+    as one regards a favourite author as almost a personal
+    friend, I felt less restraint than one usually feels in
+    writing to a stranger, though I carefully concealed my
+    knowledge of his identity, as he had not chosen to reveal
+    it.
+
+    This was the beginning of a frequent and delightful
+    correspondence, and as I confessed to a great love for fairy
+    lore of every description, he asked me if I would accept a
+    child's fairy-tale book he had written, called "Alice in
+    Wonderland." I replied that I knew it nearly all off by
+    heart, but that I should greatly prize a copy given to me by
+    himself. By return came "Alice," and "Through the
+    Looking-Glass," bound most luxuriously in white calf and
+    gold.
+
+    And this is the graceful and kindly note that came with
+    them: "I am now sending you 'Alice,' and the 'Looking-Glass'
+    as well. There is an incompleteness about giving only one,
+    and besides, the one you bought was probably in red and
+    would not match these. If you are at all in doubt as to what
+    to do with the (now) superfluous copy, let me suggest your
+    giving it to some poor sick child. I have been distributing
+    copies to all the hospitals and convalescent homes I can
+    hear of, where there are sick children capable of reading
+    them, and though, of course, one takes some pleasure in the
+    popularity of the books elsewhere, it is not nearly so
+    pleasant a thought to me as that they may be a comfort and
+    relief to children in hours of pain and weariness. Still, no
+    recipient _can_ be more appropriate than one who seems
+    to have been in fairyland herself, and to have seen, like
+    the 'weary mariners' of old--
+
+        'Between the green brink and the running foam
+        White limbs unrobed in a crystal air,
+        Sweet faces, rounded arms, and bosoms prest
+        To little harps of gold.'"
+
+    "Do you ever come to London?" he asked in another letter;
+    "if so, will you allow me to call upon you?"
+
+    Early in the summer I came up to study, and I sent him word
+    that I was in town. One night, coming into my room, after a
+    long day spent at the British Museum, in the half-light I
+    saw a card lying on the table. "Rev. C. L. Dodgson." Bitter,
+    indeed, was my disappointment at having missed him, but just
+    as I was laying it sadly down I spied a small T.O. in the
+    corner. On the back I read that he couldn't get up to my
+    rooms early or late enough to find me, so would I arrange to
+    meet him at some museum or gallery the day but one
+    following? I fixed on South Kensington Museum, by the
+    "Schliemann" collection, at twelve o'clock.
+
+    A little before twelve I was at the rendezvous, and then the
+    humour of the situation suddenly struck me, that _I_
+    had not the ghost of an idea what _he_ was like, nor
+    would _he_ have any better chance of discovering
+    _me!_ The room was fairly full of all sorts and
+    conditions, as usual, and I glanced at each masculine figure
+    in turn, only to reject it as a possibility of the one I
+    sought. Just as the big clock had clanged out twelve, I
+    heard the high vivacious voices and laughter of children
+    sounding down the corridor.
+
+    At that moment a gentleman entered, two little girls
+    clinging to his hands, and as I caught sight of the tall
+    slim figure, with the clean-shaven, delicate, refined face,
+    I said to myself, "_That's_ Lewis Carroll." He stood
+    for a moment, head erect, glancing swiftly over the room,
+    then, bending down, whispered something to one of the
+    children; she, after a moment's pause, pointed straight at
+    me.
+
+    Dropping their hands he came forward, and with that winning
+    smile of his that utterly banished the oppressive sense of
+    the Oxford don, said simply, "I am Mr. Dodgson; I was to
+    meet you, I think?" To which I as frankly smiled, and said,
+    "How did you know me so soon?"
+
+    "My little friend found you. I told her I had come to meet a
+    young lady who knew fairies, and she fixed on you at once.
+    But _I_ knew you before she spoke."
+
+This acquaintance ripened into a true, artistic friendship, which
+lasted till Mr. Dodgson's death. In his first letter to Miss Thomson
+he speaks of himself as one who for twenty years had found his one
+amusement in photographing from life--especially photographing
+children; he also said that he had made attempts ("most
+unsuccessfully") at drawing them. When he got to know her more
+intimately, he asked her to criticise his work, and when she wrote
+expressing her willingness to do so, he sent her a pile of
+sketch-books, through which she went most carefully, marking the
+mistakes, and criticising, wherever criticism seemed to be necessary.
+
+After this he might often have been seen in her studio, lying flat on
+his face, and drawing some child-model who had been engaged for his
+especial benefit. "I _love_ the effort to draw," he wrote in one
+of his letters to her, "but I utterly fail to please even my own
+eye--tho' now and then I seem to get somewhere _near_ a right
+line or two, when I have a live child to draw from. But I have no time
+left now for such things. In the next life, I do _hope_ we shall
+not only _see_ lovely forms, such as this world does not contain,
+but also be able to _draw_ them."
+
+But while he fully recognised the limits of his powers, he had great
+faith in his own critical judgment; and with good reason, for his
+perception of the beautiful in contour and attitude and grouping was
+almost unerring. All the drawings which Miss Thomson made for his
+"Three Sunsets" were submitted to his criticism, which descended to
+the smallest details. He concludes a letter to her, which contained
+the most elaborate and minute suggestions for the improvement of one
+of these pictures, with the following words: "I make all these
+suggestions with diffidence, feeling that I have _really no_
+right at all, as an amateur, to criticise the work of a real artist."
+
+The following extract from another letter to Miss Thomson shows that
+seeking after perfection, that discontent with everything short of the
+best, which was so marked a feature of his character. She had sent him
+two drawings of the head of some child-friend of his:--
+
+    Your note is a puzzle--you say that "No. 2 would have been
+    still more like if the paper had been exactly the same
+    shade--but I'd no more at hand of the darker colour." Had I
+    given you the impression that I was in a _hurry_, and
+    was willing to have No. 2 _less_ good than it
+    _might_ be made, so long as I could have it
+    _quick?_ If I did, I'm very sorry: I never _meant_
+    to say a word like it: and, if you had written "I could make
+    it still more like, on darker paper; but I've no more at
+    hand. How long can you wait for me to get some?" I should
+    have replied, "Six weeks, or six _months_, if you
+    prefer it!"
+
+I have already spoken of his love of nature, as opposed to the
+admiration for the morbid and abnormal. "I want you," he writes to
+Miss Thomson, "to do my fairy drawings from _life_. They would be
+very pretty, no doubt, done out of your own head, but they will be ten
+times as valuable if done from life. Mr. Furniss drew the pictures of
+'Sylvie' from life. Mr. Tenniel is the only artist, who has drawn for
+me, who resolutely refused to use a model, and declared he no more
+needed one than I should need a multiplication-table to work a
+mathematical problem!" On another occasion he urges the importance of
+using models, in order to avoid the similarity of features which would
+otherwise spoil the pictures: "Cruikshank's splendid illustrations
+were terribly spoiled by his having only _one_ pretty female face
+in them all. Leech settled down into _two_ female faces. Du
+Maurier, I think, has only _one_, now. All the ladies, and all
+the little girls in his pictures look like twin sisters."
+
+It is interesting to know that Sir Noel Paton and Mr. Walter Crane
+were, in Lewis Carroll's opinion, the most successful drawers of
+children: "There are but few artists who seem to draw the forms of
+children _con amore_. Walter Crane is perhaps the best (always
+excepting Sir Noel Paton): but the thick outlines, which he insists on
+using, seem to take off a good deal from the beauty of the result."
+
+He held that no artist can hope to effect a higher type of beauty than
+that which life itself exhibits, as the following words show:--
+
+    I don't quite understand about fairies losing "grace," if
+    too like human children. Of course I grant that to be like
+    some _actual_ child is to lose grace, because no living
+    child is perfect in form: many causes have lowered the race
+    from what God made it. But the _perfect_ human form,
+    free from these faults, is surely equally applicable to men,
+    and fairies, and angels? Perhaps that is what you mean--that
+    the Artist can imagine, and design, more perfect forms than
+    we ever find in life?
+
+I have already referred several times to Miss Ellen Terry as having
+been one of Mr. Dodgson's friends, but he was intimate with the whole
+family, and used often to pay them a visit when he was in town. On May
+15, 1879, he records a very curious dream which he had about Miss
+Marion ("Polly") Terry:--
+
+    Last night I had a dream which I record as a curiosity, so
+    far as I know, in the literature of dreams. I was staying,
+    with my sisters, in some suburb of London, and had heard
+    that the Terrys were staying near us, so went to call, and
+    found Mrs. Terry at home, who told us that Marion and
+    Florence were at the theatre, "the Walter House," where they
+    had a good engagement. "In that case," I said, "I'll go on
+    there at once, and see the performance--and may I take Polly
+    with me?" "Certainly," said Mrs. Terry. And there was Polly,
+    the child, seated in the room, and looking about nine or ten
+    years old: and I was distinctly conscious of the fact, yet
+    without any feeling of surprise at its incongruity, that I
+    was going to take the _child_ Polly with me to the
+    theatre, to see the _grown-up_ Polly act! Both
+    pictures--Polly as a child, and Polly as a woman, are, I
+    suppose, equally clear in my ordinary waking memory: and it
+    seems that in sleep I had contrived to give the two pictures
+    separate individualities.
+
+Of all the mathematical books which Mr. Dodgson wrote, by far the most
+elaborate, if not the most original, was "Euclid and His Modern
+Rivals." The first edition was issued in 1879, and a supplement,
+afterwards incorporated into the second edition, appeared in 1885.
+
+This book, as the author says, has for its object
+
+    to furnish evidence (1) that it is essential for the
+    purposes of teaching or examining in Elementary Geometry to
+    employ one text-book only; (2) that there are strong _a
+    priori_ reasons for retaining in all its main features,
+    and especially in its sequence and numbering of
+    Propositions, and in its treatment of Parallels, the Manual
+    of Euclid; and (3) that no sufficient reasons have yet been
+    shown for abandoning it in favour of any one of the modern
+    Manuals which have been offered as substitutes.
+
+The book is written in dramatic form, and relieved throughout by many
+touches in the author's happiest vein, which make it delightful not
+only to the scientific reader, but also to any one of average
+intelligence with the slightest sense of humour.
+
+Whether the conclusions are accepted in their entirety or not, it is
+certain that the arguments are far more effective than if the writer
+had presented them in the form of an essay. Mr. Dodgson had a wide
+experience as a teacher and examiner, so that he knew well what he was
+writing about, and undoubtedly the appearance of this book has done
+very much to stay the hand of the innovator.
+
+The scene opens in a College study--time, midnight. Minos, an
+examiner, is discovered seated between two immense piles of
+manuscripts. He is driven almost to distraction in his efforts to mark
+fairly the papers sent up, by reason of the confusion caused through
+the candidates offering various substitutes for Euclid. Rhadamanthus,
+another equally distracted examiner, comes to his room.
+
+The two men consult together for a time, and then Rhadamanthus
+retires, and Minos falls asleep. Hereupon the Ghost of Euclid appears,
+and discusses with Minos the reasons for retaining his Manual as a
+whole, in its present order and arrangement. As they are mainly
+concerned with the wants of beginners, their attention is confined to
+Books I. and II.
+
+We must be content with one short extract from the dialogue:--
+
+    _Euclid_.--It is, I think, a friend of yours who has
+    amused himself by tabulating the various Theorems which
+    might be enunciated on the single subject of Pairs of Lines.
+    How many did he make them out to be?
+
+    _Minos_.--About two hundred and fifty, I believe.
+
+    _Euclid_.--At that rate there would probably be within
+    the limit of my First Book--how many?
+
+    _Minos_.--A thousand at least.
+
+    _Euclid_.--What a popular school-book it will be! How
+    boys will bless the name of the writer who first brings out
+    the complete thousand!
+
+With a view to discussing and criticising his various modern rivals,
+Euclid promises to send to Minos the ghost of a German Professor (Herr
+Niemand) who "has read all books, and is ready to defend any thesis,
+true or untrue."
+
+"A charming companion!" as Minos drily remarks.
+
+This brings us to Act II., in which the Manuals which reject Euclid's
+treatment of Parallels are dealt with one by one. Those Manuals which
+adopt it are reserved for Act III., Scene i.; while in Scene ii., "The
+Syllabus of the Association for the Improvement of Geometrical
+Teaching," and Wilson's "Syllabus," come under review.
+
+Only one or two extracts need be given, which, it is hoped, will
+suffice to illustrate the character and style of the book:
+
+Act II., Scene v.--Niemand and Minos are arguing for and against
+Henrici's "Elementary Geometry."
+
+    _Minos_.--I haven't quite done with points yet. I find
+    an assertion that they never jump. Do you think that arises
+    from their having "position," which they feel might be
+    compromised by such conduct?
+
+    _Niemand_.--I cannot tell without hearing the passage
+    read.
+
+    _Minos_.--It is this: "A point, in changing its
+    position on a curve, passes in moving from one position to
+    another through all intermediate positions. It does not move
+    by jumps."
+
+    _Niemand_.--That is quite true.
+
+    _Minos_.--Tell me then--is every centre of gravity a
+    point?
+
+    _Niemand_.--Certainly.
+
+    _Minos_.--Let us now consider the centre of gravity of
+    a flea. Does it--
+
+    _Niemand (indignantly)_.--Another word, and I shall
+    vanish! I cannot waste a night on such trivialities.
+
+    _Minos_.--I can't resist giving you just _one_
+    more tit-bit--the definition of a square at page 123: "A
+    quadrilateral which is a kite, a symmetrical trapezium, and
+    a parallelogram is a square!" And now, farewell, Henrici:
+    "Euclid, with all thy faults, I love thee still!"
+
+Again, from Act II., Scene vi.:--
+
+    _Niemand_.--He (Pierce, another "Modern Rival,") has a
+    definition of direction which will, I think, be new to you.
+    _(Reads.)_
+
+    "The _direction of a line_ in any part is the direction
+    of a point at that part from the next preceding point of the
+    line!"
+
+    _Minos_.--That sounds mysterious. Which way along a
+    line are "preceding" points to be found?
+
+    _Niemand_.--_Both ways._ He adds, directly
+    afterwards, "A line has two different directions," &c.
+
+    _Minos_.--So your definition needs a postscript.... But
+    there is yet another difficulty. How far from a point is the
+    "next" point?
+
+    _Niemand_.--At an infinitely small distance, of course.
+    You will find the matter fully discussed in my work on the
+    Infinitesimal Calculus.
+
+    _Minos_.--A most satisfactory answer for a teacher to
+    make to a pupil just beginning Geometry!
+
+In Act IV. Euclid reappears to Minos, "followed by the ghosts of
+Archimedes, Pythagoras, &c., who have come to see fair play." Euclid
+thus sums up his case:--
+
+    "'The cock doth craw, the day doth daw,' and all respectable
+    ghosts ought to be going home. Let me carry with me the hope
+    that I have convinced you of the necessity of retaining my
+    order and numbering, and my method of treating Straight
+    Lines, Angles, Right Angles, and (most especially)
+    Parallels. Leave me these untouched, and I shall look on
+    with great contentment while other changes are made--while
+    my proofs are abridged and improved--while alternative
+    proofs are appended to mine--and while new Problems and
+    Theorems are interpolated. In all these matters my Manual is
+    capable of almost unlimited improvement."
+
+In Appendices I. and II. Mr. Dodgson quotes the opinions of two
+eminent mathematical teachers, Mr. Todhunter and Professor De Morgan,
+in support of his argument.
+
+Before leaving this subject I should like to refer to a very novel use
+of Mr. Dodgson's book--its employment in a school. Mr. G. Hopkins,
+Mathematical Master in the High School at Manchester, U.S., and
+himself the author of a "Manual of Plane Geometry," has so employed it
+in a class of boys aged from fourteen or fifteen upwards. He first
+called their attention to some of the more prominent difficulties
+relating to the question of Parallels, put a copy of Euclid in their
+hands, and let them see his treatment of them, and after some
+discussion placed before them Mr. Dodgson's "Euclid and His Modern
+Rivals" and "New Theory of Parallels."
+
+Perhaps it is the fact that American boys are sharper than English,
+but at any rate the youngsters are reported to have read the two books
+with an earnestness and a persistency that were as gratifying to their
+instructor as they were complimentary to Mr. Dodgson.
+
+In June of the same year an entry in the Diary refers to a proposal in
+Convocation to allow the University Club to have a cricket-ground in
+the Parks. This had been proposed in 1867, and then rejected. Mr.
+Dodgson sent round to the Common Rooms copies of a poem on "The
+Deserted Parks," which had been published by Messrs. Parker in 1867,
+and which was afterwards included in "Notes by an Oxford Chiel." I
+quote the first few lines:--
+
+        Museum! loveliest building of the plain
+        Where Cherwell winds towards the distant main;
+        How often have I loitered o'er thy green,
+        Where humble happiness endeared the scene!
+        How often have I paused on every charm,--
+        The rustic couple walking arm in arm,
+        The groups of trees, with seats beneath the shade
+        For prattling babes and whisp'ring lovers made,
+        The never-failing brawl, the busy mill,
+        Where tiny urchins vied in fistic skill.
+        (Two phrases only have that dusky race
+        Caught from the learned influence of the place;
+        Phrases in their simplicity sublime,
+        "Scramble a copper!" "Please, sir, what's the time?")
+        These round thy walks their cheerful influence shed;
+        These were thy charms--but all these charms are fled,
+          Amidst thy bowers the tyrant's hand is seen,
+        And rude pavilions sadden all thy green;
+        One selfish pastime grasps the whole domain,
+        And half a faction swallows up the plain;
+        Adown thy glades, all sacrificed to cricket,
+        The hollow-sounding bat now guards the wicket;
+        Sunk are thy mounds in shapeless level all,
+        Lest aught impede the swiftly rolling ball;
+        And trembling, shrinking from the fatal blow,
+        Far, far away thy hapless children go.
+        Ill fares the place, to luxury a prey,
+        Where wealth accumulates, and minds decay:
+        Athletic sports may flourish or may fade,
+        Fashion may make them, even as it has made;
+        But the broad Parks, the city's joy and pride,
+        When once destroyed can never be supplied!
+
+Readers of "Sylvie and Bruno" will remember the way in which the
+invisible fairy-children save the drunkard from his evil life, and I
+have always felt that Mr. Dodgson meant Sylvie to be something more
+than a fairy--a sort of guardian angel. That such an idea would not
+have been inconsistent with his way of looking at things is shown by
+the following letter:
+
+    Ch. Ch., _July_, 1879.
+
+    My dear Ethel,--I have been long intending to answer your
+    letter of April 11th, chiefly as to your question in
+    reference to Mrs. N--'s letter about the little S--s [whose
+    mother had recently died]. You say you don't see "how they
+    can be guided aright by their dead mother, or how light can
+    come from her." Many people believe that our friends in the
+    other world can and do influence us in some way, and perhaps
+    even "guide" us and give us light to show us our duty. My
+    own feeling is, it _may_ be so: but nothing has been
+    revealed about it. That the angels do so _is_ revealed,
+    and we may feel sure of _that_; and there is a
+    beautiful fancy (for I don't think one can call it more)
+    that "a mother who has died leaving a child behind her in
+    this world, is allowed to be a sort of guardian angel to
+    that child." Perhaps Mrs. N-- believes that.
+
+Here are two other entries in the Diary:--
+
+    _Aug. 26th_.--Worked from about 9.45 to 6.45, and again
+    from 10.15 to 11.45 (making 101/2 hours altogether) at an
+    idea which occurred to me of finding limits for _pi_ by
+    elementary trigonometry, for the benefit of the
+    circle-squarers.
+
+    _Dec. 12th_.--Invented a new way of working one word
+    into another. I think of calling the puzzle "syzygies."
+
+        I give the first three specimens:--
+
+           MAN                 }
+        permanent              }
+              entice           } Send MAN on ICE.
+                 ICE.          }
+
+         ACRE                  }
+        sacred                 }
+          credentials          } RELY on ACRE.
+              entirely         }
+                  RELY         }
+
+           PRISM               }
+           prismatic           }
+            dramatic           } Prove PRISM to be ODIOUS.
+        melodrama              }
+        melodious              }
+           ODIOUS.             }
+
+In February, 1880, Mr. Dodgson proposed to the Christ Church
+"Staff-salaries Board," that as his tutorial work was lighter he
+should have £200 instead of £300 a year. It is not often that a man
+proposes to cut down _his own_ salary, but the suggestion in this
+case was intended to help the College authorities in the policy of
+retrenchment which they were trying to carry out.
+
+    _May 24th_.--Percival, President of Trin. Coll., who
+    has Cardinal Newman as his guest, wrote to say that the
+    Cardinal would sit for a photo, to me, at Trinity. But I
+    could not take my photography there and he couldn't come to
+    me: so nothing came of it.
+
+    _Aug. 19th_. [At Eastbourne].--Took Ruth and Maud to
+    the Circus (Hutchinson and Tayleure's--from America). I
+    made friends with Mr. Tayleure, who took me to the tents of
+    horses, and the caravan he lived in. And I added to my
+    theatrical experiences by a chat with a couple of circus
+    children--Ada Costello, aged 9, and Polly (Evans, I think),
+    aged 13. I found Ada in the outer tent, with the pony on
+    which she was to perform--practising vaulting on to it,
+    varied with somersaults on the ground. I showed her my wire
+    puzzle, and ultimately gave it her, promising a duplicate to
+    Polly. Both children seemed bright and happy, and they had
+    pleasant manners.
+
+    _Sept. 2nd_.--Mrs. H-- took me to Dr. Bell's (the old
+    homoeopathic doctor) to hear Lord Radstock speak about
+    "training children." It was a curious affair. First a very
+    long hymn; then two very long extempore prayers (not by Lord
+    R--), which were strangely self-sufficient and wanting in
+    reverence. Lord R--'s remarks were commonplace enough,
+    though some of his theories were new, but, I think, not
+    true--_e.g.,_ that encouraging emulation in
+    schoolboys, or desiring that they should make a good
+    position in life, was un-Christian. I escaped at the first
+    opportunity after his speech, and went down on the beach,
+    where I made acquaintance with a family who were banking up
+    with sand the feet and legs of a pretty little girl perched
+    on a sand-castle. I got her father to make her stand to be
+    drawn. Further along the beach a merry little mite began
+    pelting me with sand; so I drew _her_ too.
+
+    _Nov. 16th_.--Thought of a plan for simplifying
+    money-orders, by making the sender fill up two duplicate
+    papers, one of which he hands in to be transmitted by the
+    postmaster--it containing a key-number which the receiver
+    has to supply in _his_ copy to get the money. I think
+    of suggesting this, and my plan for double postage on
+    Sunday, to the Government.
+
+    _Dec. 19th_.--The idea occurred to me that a game might
+    be made of letters, to be moved about on a chess-board till
+    they form words.
+
+A little book, published during this year, "Alice (a dramatic version
+of Lewis Carroll's 'Alice'), and other Fairy Tales for Children," by
+Mrs. Freiligrath-Kroeker, was very successful, and, I understand,
+still has a regular sale. Mr. Dodgson most gladly gave his consent to
+the dramatisation of his story by so talented an authoress, and
+shortly afterwards Mrs. Kroeker brought out "Through the
+Looking-Glass" in a similar form.
+
+    _Jan._ 17, 1881.--To the Lyceum to see "The Cup" and
+    "The Corsican Brothers." The first is exquisitely put on,
+    and Ellen Terry as Camma is the perfection of grace, and
+    Irving as the villain, and Mr. Terriss as the husband, were
+    very good. But the piece wants substance.
+
+    _Jan._ 19_th_.--Tried to go to Oxford, but the
+    line is blocked near Didcot, so stayed another night in
+    town. The next afternoon the line was reported clear, but
+    the journey took 5 hours! On the day before the Dean of Ch.
+    Ch. and his family were snowed up for 21 hours near Radley.
+
+    _March_ 27_th_.--Went to S. Mary's and stayed for
+    Holy Communion, and, as Ffoulkes was alone, I mustered up
+    courage to help him. I read the exhortation, and was pleased
+    to find I did not once hesitate. I think I must try
+    preaching again soon, as he has often begged me to do.
+
+    _April_ 16_th_.--Mr. Greenwood approves my theory
+    about general elections, and wants me to write on it in the
+    _St. James's Gazette_. (The letter appeared on May 5,
+    1881.)
+
+    _May_ 14_th_.--Took the longest walk (I believe) I
+    have ever done--round by Dorchester, Didcot and Abingdon--27
+    miles--took 8 hours--no blisters, I rejoice to find, and I
+    feel very little tired.
+
+    _May_ 26_th_.--The row-loving men in College are
+    beginning to be troublesome again, and last night some 30 or
+    40 of them, aided by out-College men, made a great
+    disturbance, and regularly defied the Censors. I have just
+    been with the other Tutors into Hall, and heard the Dean
+    make an excellent speech to the House. Some two or three
+    will have to go down, and twelve or fifteen others will be
+    punished in various ways. (A later note says): The
+    punishments had to be modified--it turned out that the
+    disturbers were nearly all out-College men.
+
+[Illustration 229: DR. Liddell. _From a photograph by Hill &
+Saunders._]
+
+Mr. Dodgson sent a letter to _The Observer_ on this subject:--
+
+    Sir,--Your paper of May 29th contains a leading article on
+    Christ Church, resting on so many mis-statements of fact
+    that I venture to appeal to your sense of justice to allow
+    me, if no abler writer has addressed you on the subject, an
+    opportunity of correcting them. It will, I think, be found
+    that in so doing I shall have removed the whole foundation
+    on which the writer has based his attack on the House, after
+    which I may contentedly leave the superstructure to take
+    care of itself. "Christ Church is always provoking the
+    adverse criticism of the outer world." The writer justifies
+    this rather broad generalisation by quoting three instances
+    of such provocation, which I will take one by one.
+
+    At one time we are told that "The Dean ... neglects his
+    functions, and spends the bulk of his time in Madeira." The
+    fact is that the Dean's absence from England more than
+    twenty years ago during two successive winters was a sad
+    necessity, caused by the appearance of symptoms of grave
+    disease, from which he has now, under God's blessing,
+    perfectly recovered.
+
+    The second instance occurred eleven years ago, when some of
+    the undergraduates destroyed some valuable statuary in the
+    Library. Here the writer states that the Dean first
+    announced that criminal proceedings would be taken, and
+    then, on discovering that the offenders were "highly
+    connected," found himself "converted to the opinion that
+    mercy is preferable to stern justice, and charity to the
+    strict letter of the law." The facts are that the punishment
+    awarded to the offenders was deliberated on and determined
+    on by the Governing Body, consisting of the Dean, the
+    Canons, and some twenty Senior Students; that their
+    deliberations were most assuredly in no way affected by any
+    thoughts of the offenders being "highly connected"; and
+    that, when all was over, we had the satisfaction of seeing
+    ourselves roundly abused in the papers on both sides, and
+    charged with having been too lenient, and also with having
+    been too severe.
+
+    The third instance occurred the other night. Some
+    undergraduates were making a disturbance, and the Junior
+    Censor "made his appearance in person upon the scene of
+    riot," and "was contumeliously handled." Here the only
+    statement of any real importance, the alleged assault by
+    Christ Church men on the Junior Censor, is untrue. The fact
+    is that nearly all the disturbers were out-College men, and,
+    though it is true that the Censor was struck by a stone
+    thrown from a window, the unenviable distinction of having
+    thrown it belongs to no member of the House. I doubt if we
+    have one single man here who would be capable of so base and
+    cowardly an act.
+
+    The writer then gives us a curious account of the present
+    constitution of the House. The Dean, whom he calls "the
+    right reverend gentleman," is, "in a kind of way, master of
+    the College. The Canons, in a vague kind of way, are
+    supposed to control the College." The Senior Students "dare
+    not call their souls their own," and yet somehow dare "to
+    vent their wrath" on the Junior Students. His hazy, mental
+    picture of the position of the Canons may be cleared up by
+    explaining to him that the "control" they exercise is
+    neither more nor less than that of any other six members of
+    the Governing Body. The description of the Students I pass
+    over as not admitting any appeal to actual facts.
+
+    The truth is that Christ Church stands convicted of two
+    unpardonable crimes--being great, and having a name. Such a
+    place must always expect to find itself "a wide mark for
+    scorn and jeers"--a target where the little and the nameless
+    may display their skill. Only the other day an M.P., rising
+    to ask a question about Westminster School, went on to speak
+    of Christ Church, and wound up with a fierce attack on the
+    ancient House. Shall we blame him? Do we blame the wanton
+    schoolboy, with a pebble in his hand, all powerless to
+    resist the alluring vastness of a barndoor?
+
+    The essence of the article seems to be summed up in the
+    following sentence: "At Christ Church all attempts to
+    preserve order by the usual means have hitherto proved
+    uniformly unsuccessful, and apparently remain equally
+    fruitless." It is hard for one who, like myself, has lived
+    here most of his life, to believe that this is seriously
+    intended as a description of the place. However, as general
+    statements can only be met by general statements, permit me,
+    as one who has lived here for thirty years and has taught
+    for five-and-twenty, to say that in my experience order has
+    been the rule, disorder the rare exception, and that, if the
+    writer of your leading article has had an equal amount of
+    experience in any similar place of education, and has found
+    a set of young men more gentlemanly, more orderly, and more
+    pleasant in every way to deal with, than I have found here,
+    I cannot but think him an exceptionally favoured
+    mortal.--Yours, &c.
+
+    Charles L. Dodgson,
+
+    _Student and Mathematical Lecturer of Christ Church_.
+
+In July began an amusing correspondence between Mr. Dodgson and a
+"circle-squarer," which lasted several months. Mr. Dodgson sent the
+infatuated person, whom we will call Mr. B--, a proof that the area of
+a circle is less than 3.15 the square of the radius. Mr. B--replied,
+"Your proof is not in accordance with Euclid, it assumes that a circle
+may be considered as a rectangle, and that two right lines can enclose
+a space." He returned the proof, saying that he could not accept any
+of it as elucidating the exact area of a circle, or as Euclidean. As
+Mr. Dodgson's method involved a slight knowledge of trigonometry, and
+he had reason to suspect that Mr. B--was entirely ignorant of that
+subject, he thought it worth while to put him to the test by asking
+him a few questions upon it, but the circle-squarer, with commendable
+prudence, declined to discuss anything not Euclidean. Mr. Dodgson then
+wrote to him, "taking leave of the subject, until he should be willing
+to enlarge his field of knowledge to the elements of Algebraical
+Geometry." Mr. B--replied, with unmixed contempt, "Algebraical
+Geometry is all moon-shine." _He_ preferred "weighing cardboard"
+as a means of ascertaining exact truth in mathematical research.
+Finally he suggested that Mr. Dodgson might care to join in a
+prize-competition to be got up among the followers of Euclid, and as
+he apparently wished him to understand that he (Mr. B--) did not think
+much of his chances of getting a prize, Mr. Dodgson considered that
+the psychological moment for putting an end to the correspondence had
+arrived.
+
+Meanwhile he was beginning to feel his regular College duties a
+terrible clog upon his literary work. The Studentship which he held
+was not meant to tie him down to lectures and examinations. Such work
+was very well for a younger man; he could best serve "the House" by
+his literary fame.
+
+    _July_ 14_th._--Came to a more definite decision
+    than I have ever yet done--that it is about time to resign
+    the Mathematical Lectureship. My chief motive for holding on
+    has been to provide money for others (for myself, I have
+    been many years able to retire), but even the £300 a year I
+    shall thus lose I may fairly hope to make by the additional
+    time I shall have for book-writing. I think of asking the
+    G.B. (Governing Body) next term to appoint my successor, so
+    that I may retire at the end of the year, when I shall be
+    close on fifty years old, and shall have held the
+    Lectureship for exactly 26 years. (I had the Honourmen for
+    the last two terms of 1855, but was not full Lecturer till
+    Hilary, 1856.)
+
+    _Oct_. 18_th_.--I have just taken an important
+    step in life, by sending to the Dean a proposal to resign
+    the Mathematical Lectureship at the end of this year. I
+    shall now have my whole time at my own disposal, and, if God
+    gives me life and continued health and strength, may hope,
+    before my powers fail, to do some worthy work in
+    writing--partly in the cause of mathematical education,
+    partly in the cause of innocent recreation for children, and
+    partly, I hope (though so utterly unworthy of being allowed
+    to take up such work) in the cause of religious thought. May
+    God bless the new form of life that lies before me, that I
+    may use it according to His holy will!
+
+    _Oct. 21st_.--I had a note in the evening from the
+    Dean, to say that he had seen the Censors on the subject of
+    my proposed resignation at the end of the year, and that
+    arrangements should be made, as far as could be done, to
+    carry out my wishes; and kindly adding an expression of
+    regret at losing my services, but allowing that I had
+    "earned a right to retirement." So my Lectureship seems to
+    be near its end.
+
+    _Nov. 30th_.--I find by my Journal that I gave my
+    _first_  Euclid Lecture in the Lecture-room on Monday,
+    January 28, 1856. It consisted of twelve men, of whom nine
+    attended. This morning, I have given what is most probably
+    my _last_: the lecture is now reduced to nine, of whom
+    all attended on Monday: this morning being a Saint's Day,
+    the attendance was voluntary, and only two appeared--E.H.
+    Morris, and G. Lavie. I was Lecturer when the _father_
+    of the latter took his degree, viz., in 1858.
+
+    There is a sadness in coming to the end of anything in life.
+    Man's instincts cling to the Life that will never end.
+
+    _May 30, 1882._--Called on Mrs. R--. During a good part
+    of the evening I read _The Times_, while the party
+    played a round game of spelling words--a thing I will never
+    join in. Rational conversation and _good_ music are the
+    only things which, to me, seem worth the meeting for, for
+    grown-up people.
+
+    _June 1st._--Went out with Charsley, and did four miles
+    on one of his velocimans, very pleasantly.
+
+The velociman was an early and somewhat cumbrous form of tricycle; Mr.
+Dodgson made many suggestions for its improvement. He never attempted
+to ride a bicycle, however, but, in accordance with his own dictum,
+"In youth, try a bicycle, in age, buy a tricycle," confined himself to
+the three-wheeled variety.
+
+[Illustration: XI Oxford types From a photograph by A.T.
+Shrimpton]
+
+    _Nov. 8th_.--Whitehead, of Trinity, told us a charming
+    story in Common Room of a father and son. They came up
+    together: the son got into a College--the father had to go
+    to New Inn Hall: the son passed Responsions, while his
+    father had to put off: finally, the father failed in Mods
+    and has gone down: the son will probably take his degree,
+    and may then be able to prepare his father for another try.
+
+        Among the coloured cartoons in Shrimpton's
+        window at Oxford there used to be, when I was
+        up, a picture which I think referred to this story.
+
+    _Nov. 23rd._--Spent two hours "invigilating" in the
+    rooms of W.J. Grant (who has broken his collar-bone, and is
+    allowed to do his Greats papers in this way) while he
+    dictated his answers to another undergraduate, Pakenham, who
+    acted as scribe.
+
+    _Nov. 24th_.--Dined with Fowler (now President of
+    C.C.C.) in hall, to meet Ranken. Both men are now mostly
+    bald, with quite grey hair: yet how short a time it seems
+    since we were undergraduates together at Whitby! (in 1854).
+
+    _Dec 8th._--A Common Room Meeting. Fresh powers were
+    given to the Wine Committee, and then a new Curator elected.
+    I was proposed by Holland, and seconded by Harcourt, and
+    accepted office with no light heart: there will be much
+    trouble and thought needed to work it satisfactorily, but it
+    will take me out of myself a little, and so may be a real
+    good--my life was tending to become too much that of a
+    selfish recluse.
+
+During this year he composed the words of a song, "Dreamland." The air
+was _dreamed_ by his friend, the late Rev. C. E. Hutchinson, of
+Chichester. The history of the dream is here given in the words of the
+dreamer:--
+
+    I found myself seated, with many others, in darkness, in a
+    large amphitheatre. Deep stillness prevailed. A kind of
+    hushed expectancy was upon us. We sat awaiting I know not
+    what. Before us hung a vast and dark curtain, and between it
+    and us was a kind of stage. Suddenly an intense wish seized
+    me to look upon the forms of some of the heroes of past
+    days. I cannot say whom in particular I longed to behold,
+    but, even as I wished, a faint light flickered over the
+    stage, and I was aware of a silent procession of figures
+    moving from right to left across the platform in front of
+    me. As each figure approached the left-hand corner it turned
+    and gazed at me, and I knew (by what means I cannot say) its
+    name. One only I recall--Saint George; the light shone with
+    a peculiar blueish lustre on his shield and helmet as he
+    turned and slowly faced me. The figures were shadowy, and
+    floated like mist before me; as each one disappeared an
+    invisible choir behind the curtain sang the "Dream music." I
+    awoke with the melody ringing in my ears, and the words of
+    the last line complete--"I see the shadows falling, and
+    slowly pass away." The rest I could not recall.
+
+[Illustration: Dreamland--Facsimile of Words and Music.]
+
+        DREAMLAND.
+
+        Words by LEWIS CARROLL.
+
+        Music by C.E. HUTCHINSON.
+
+        When midnight mists are creeping
+         And all the land is sleeping
+        Around me tread the mighty dead,
+         And slowly pass away.
+
+        Lo, warriors, saints, and sages,
+         From out the vanished ages,
+        With solemn pace and reverend face
+         Appear and pass away.
+
+        The blaze of noonday splendour,
+         The twilight soft and tender,
+        May charm the eye: yet they shall die,
+         Shall die and pass away
+
+        But here, in Dreamland's centre,
+         No spoiler's hand may enter,
+        These visions fair, this radiance rare,
+         Shall never pass away
+
+        I see the shadows falling,
+         The forms of eld recalling;
+        Around me tread the mighty dead,
+         And slowly pass away
+
+One of the best services to education which Mr. Dodgson performed was
+his edition of "Euclid I. and II.," which was published in 1882. In
+writing "Euclid and His Modern Rivals," he had criticised somewhat
+severely the various substitutes proposed for Euclid, so far as they
+concerned beginners; but at the same time he had admitted that within
+prescribed limits Euclid's text is capable of amendment and
+improvement, and this is what he attempted to do in this book. That he
+was fully justified is shown by the fact that during the years
+1882-1889 the book ran through eight editions. In the Introduction he
+enumerates, under the three headings of "Additions," "Omissions," and
+"Alterations," the chief points of difference between his own and the
+ordinary editions of Euclid, with his reasons for adopting them. They
+are the outcome of long experience, and the most conservative of
+teachers would readily accept them.
+
+The proof of I. 24, for example, is decidedly better and more
+satisfactory than the ordinary proof, and the introduction of the
+definition of "projection" certainly simplifies the cumbrous
+enunciations of II. 12 and 13. Again, the alternative proof of II. 8,
+suggested in the Introduction, is valuable, and removes all excuse for
+omitting this proposition, as is commonly clone.
+
+The figures used are from the blocks prepared for the late Mr.
+Todhunter's well-known edition of Euclid, to which Mr. Dodgson's
+manual forms an excellent stepping-stone.
+
+At the beginning of 1883 he went up to town to see the collection of
+D. G. Rossetti's pictures in the Burlington Gallery. He was especially
+struck with "Found," which he thus describes--
+
+    A picture of a man finding, in the streets of London, a girl
+    he had loved years before in the days of her innocence. She
+    is huddled up against the wall, dressed in gaudy colours,
+    and trying to turn away her agonised face, while he, holding
+    her wrists, is looking down with an expression of pain and
+    pity, condemnation and love, which is one of the most
+    marvellous things I have ever seen done in painting.
+
+    _Jan_. 27, 1883 [His birthday].--I cannot say I feel
+    much older at 51 than at 21! Had my first
+    "tasting-luncheon"; it seemed to give great satisfaction.
+    [The object of the Curator's "tasting-luncheon" was, of
+    course, to give members of Common Room an opportunity of
+    deciding what wines should be bought.]
+
+    _March_ 15_th._--Went up to town to fulfil my
+    promise to Lucy A.--: to take her for her _first_ visit
+    to the theatre. We got to the Lyceum in good time, and the
+    play was capitally acted. I had hinted to Beatrice (Miss
+    Ellen Terry) how much she could add to Lucy's pleasure by
+    sending round a "carte" of herself; she sent a cabinet. She
+    is certainly an adept in giving gifts that gratify.
+
+    _April_ 23_d_.--Tried another long walk--22 miles,
+    to Besilsleigh, Fyfield, Kingston, Bagpuize, Frilford,
+    Marcham, and Abingdon. The last half of the way was in the
+    face of wind, rain, snow, and hail. Was too lame to go into
+    Hall.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+(1883-1887)
+
+    "The Profits of Authorship"--"Rhyme? and Reason?"--The
+    Common Room Cat--Visit to Jersey--Purity of
+    elections--Parliamentary Representation--Various literary
+    projects--Letters to Miss E. Rix--Being happy--"A Tangled
+    Tale"--Religious arguments--The "Alice" Operetta--"Alice's
+    Adventures Underground"--"The Game of Logic"--Mr. Harry
+    Furniss.
+
+In 1883 Lewis Carroll was advised to make a stand against the heavy
+discount allowed by publishers to booksellers, and by booksellers to
+the public. Accordingly the following notice began to appear in all
+his books: "In selling Mr. Lewis Carroll's books to the Trade, Messrs.
+Macmillan and Co. will abate 2d. in the shilling (no odd copies), and
+allow 5 per cent, discount within six months, and 10 per cent, for
+cash. In selling them to the Public (for cash only) they will allow 10
+per cent, discount."
+
+It was a bold step to take, and elicited some loud expressions of
+disapproval. "Rather than buy on the terms Mr. Lewis Carroll offers,"
+"A Firm of London Booksellers" wrote in _The Bookseller_ of August
+4th, "the trade will do well to refuse to take copies of his books,
+new or old, so long as he adheres to the terms he has just announced
+to the trade for their delectation and delight." On the other hand, an
+editorial, which appeared in the same number of _The Bookseller,_
+expressed warm approval of the innovation.
+
+To avoid all possible misconceptions, the author fully explained his
+views in a little pamphlet on "The Profits of Authorship." He showed
+that the bookseller makes as much profit out of every volume he sells
+(assuming the buyer to pay the full published price, which he did in
+those days more readily than he does to-day) as author and publisher
+together, whereas his share in the work is very small. He does not say
+much about the author's part in the work--that it is a very heavy one
+goes without saying--but in considering the publisher's share he
+says:--
+
+    The publisher contributes about as much as the bookseller in
+    time and bodily labour, but in mental toil and trouble a
+    great deal more. I speak with some personal knowledge of the
+    matter, having myself, for some twenty years, inflicted on
+    that most patient and painstaking firm, Messrs. Macmillan
+    and Co., about as much wear and worry as ever publishers
+    have lived through. The day when they undertake a book for
+    me is a _dies nefastus_ for them. From that day till
+    the book is out--an interval of some two or three years on
+    an average--there is no pause in "the pelting of the
+    pitiless storm" of directions and questions on every
+    conceivable detail. To say that every question gets a
+    courteous and thoughtful reply--that they are still outside
+    a lunatic asylum--and that they still regard me with some
+    degree of charity--is to speak volumes in praise of their
+    good temper and of their health, bodily and mental. I think
+    the publisher's claim on the profits is on the whole
+    stronger than the booksellers.
+
+"Rhyme? and Reason?" appeared at Christmas; the dedicatory verses,
+inscribed "To a dear child: in memory of golden summer hours and
+whispers of a summer sea," were addressed to a little friend of the
+author's, Miss Gertrude Chataway. One of the most popular poems in the
+book is "Hiawatha's Photographing," a delicious parody of Longfellow's
+"Hiawatha." "In an age of imitation," says Lewis Carroll, in a note at
+the head, "I can claim no special merit for this slight attempt at
+doing what is known to be so easy." It is not every one who has read
+this note who has observed that it is really in the same metre as the
+poem below it.
+
+Another excellent parody, "Atalanta in Camden-Town," exactly hit off
+the style of that poet who stands alone and unapproached among the
+poets of the day, and whom Mr. Dodgson used to call "the greatest
+living master of language."
+
+"Fame's Penny Trumpet," affectionately dedicated to all "original
+researchers" who pant for "endowment," was an attack upon the
+Vivisectionists,
+
+      Who preach of Justice--plead with tears
+        That Love and Mercy should abound--
+      While marking with complacent ears
+        The moaning of some tortured hound.
+
+
+Lewis Carroll thus addresses them:--
+
+      Fill all the air with hungry wails--
+        "Reward us, ere we think or write!
+      Without your gold mere knowledge fails
+        To sate the swinish appetite!"
+
+      And, where great Plato paced serene,
+        Or Newton paused with wistful eye,
+      Rush to the chase with hoofs unclean
+        And Babel-clamour of the stye!
+
+      Be yours the pay: be theirs the praise:
+        We will not rob them of their due,
+      Nor vex the ghosts of other days
+        By naming them along with you.
+
+      They sought and found undying fame:
+        They toiled not for reward nor thanks:
+      Their cheeks are hot with honest shame
+        For you, the modern mountebanks!
+
+"For auld lang syne" the author sent a copy of his book to Mrs.
+Hargreaves (Miss Alice Liddell), accompanied by a short note.
+
+    Christ Church, _December_ 21, 1883.
+
+    Dear Mrs. Hargreaves,--Perhaps the shortest day in the year
+    is not _quite_ the most appropriate time for recalling the
+    long dreamy summer afternoons of ancient times; but anyhow
+    if this book gives you half as much pleasure to receive as
+    it does me to send, it will be a success indeed.
+
+    Wishing you all happiness at this happy season, I am,
+
+    Sincerely yours,
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+The beginning of 1884 was chiefly occupied in Common Room business.
+The Curatorship seems to have been anything but a sinecure. Besides
+weightier responsibilities, it involved the care of the Common Room
+Cat! In this case the "care" ultimately killed the cat--but not until
+it had passed the span of life usually allotted to those animals, and
+beyond which their further existence is equally a nuisance to
+themselves and to every one else. As to the best way of "terminating
+its sublunary existence," Mr. Dodgson consulted two surgeons, one of
+whom was Sir James Paget. I do not know what method was finally
+adopted, but I am sure it was one that gave no pain to pussy's nerves,
+and as little as possible to her feelings.
+
+On March 11th there was a debate in Congregation on the proposed
+admission of women to some of the Honour Schools at Oxford. This was
+one of the many subjects on which Mr. Dodgson wrote a pamphlet. During
+the debate he made one of his few speeches, and argued strongly
+against the proposal, on the score of the injury to health which it
+would inflict upon the girl-undergraduates.
+
+Later in the month he and the Rev. E.F. Sampson, Tutor of Christ
+Church, paid a visit to Jersey, seeing various friends, notably the
+Rev. F.H. Atkinson, an old College friend of Mr. Dodgson's, who had
+helped him when he was editor of _College Rhymes_. I quote a few
+lines from a letter of his to Mr. Atkinson, as showing his views on
+matrimony:--
+
+    So you have been for twelve years a married man, while I am
+    still a lonely old bachelor! And mean to keep so, for the
+    matter of that. College life is by no means unmixed misery,
+    though married life has no doubt many charms to which I am a
+    stranger.
+
+A note in his Diary on May 5th shows one of the changes in his way of
+life which advancing years forced him to make:--
+
+    Wrote to -- (who had invited me to dine) to beg off, on the
+    ground that, in my old age, I find dinner parties more and
+    more fatiguing. This is quite a new departure. I much grudge
+    giving an evening (even if it were not tiring) to bandying
+    small-talk with dull people.
+
+The next extract I give does not look much like old age!
+
+    I called on Mrs. M--. She was out; and only one maid in,
+    who, having come to the gate to answer the bell, found the
+    door blown shut on her return. The poor thing seemed really
+    alarmed and distressed. However, I got a man to come from a
+    neighbouring yard with a ladder, and got in at the
+    drawing-room window--a novel way of entering a friend's
+    house!
+
+Oddly enough, almost exactly the same thing happened to him in 1888:
+"The door blew shut, with the maid outside, and no one in the house. I
+got the cook of the next house to let me go through their premises,
+and with the help of a pair of steps got over the wall between the two
+back-yards."
+
+In July there appeared an article in the _St. James's Gazette_ on
+the subject of "Parliamentary Elections," written by Mr. Dodgson. It
+was a subject in which he was much interested, and a few years before
+he had contributed a long letter on the "Purity of Elections" to the
+same newspaper. I wish I had space to give both in full; as things
+are, a summary and a few extracts are all I dare attempt. The writer
+held that there are a great number of voters, and _pari passu_ a
+great number of constituencies, that like to be on the winning side,
+and whose votes are chiefly influenced by that consideration. The
+ballot-box has made it practically impossible for the individual voter
+to know which is going to be the winning side, but after the first few
+days of a general election, one side or the other has generally got a
+more or less decided advantage, and a weak-kneed constituency is
+sorely tempted to swell the tide of victory.
+
+    But this is not all. The evil extends further than to the
+    single constituency; nay, it extends further than to a
+    single general election; it constitutes a feature in our
+    national history; it is darkly ominous for the future of
+    England. So long as general elections are conducted as at
+    present we shall be liable to oscillations of political
+    power, like those of 1874 and 1880, but of ever-increasing
+    violence--one Parliament wholly at the mercy of one
+    political party, the next wholly at the mercy of the
+    other--while the Government of the hour, joyfully hastening
+    to undo all that its predecessors have done, will wield a
+    majority so immense that the fate of every question will be
+    foredoomed, and debate will be a farce; in one word, we
+    shall be a nation living from hand to mouth, and with no
+    settled principle--an army, whose only marching orders will
+    be "Right about face!"
+
+His remedy was that the result of each single election should be kept
+secret till the general election is over:--
+
+    It surely would involve no practical difficulty to provide
+    that the boxes of voting papers should be sealed up by a
+    Government official and placed in such custody as would make
+    it impossible to tamper with them; and that when the last
+    election had been held they should be opened, the votes
+    counted, and the results announced.
+
+The article on "Parliamentary Elections" proposed much more sweeping
+alterations. The opening paragraph will show its general purport:--
+
+    The question, how to arrange our constituencies and conduct
+    our Parliamentary elections so as to make the House of
+    Commons, as far as possible, a true index of the state of
+    opinion in the nation it professes to represent, is surely
+    equal in importance to any that the present generation has
+    had to settle. And the leap in the dark, which we seem about
+    to take in a sudden and vast extension of the franchise,
+    would be robbed of half its terrors could we feel assured
+    that each political party will be duly represented in the
+    next Parliament, so that every side of a question will get a
+    fair hearing.
+
+The axioms on which his scheme was based were as follows:--
+
+    (1) That each Member of Parliament should represent
+    approximately the same number of electors.
+
+    (2) That the minority of the two parties into which, broadly
+    speaking, each district may be divided, should be adequately
+    represented.
+
+    (3) That the waste of votes, caused by accidentally giving
+    one candidate more than he needs and leaving another of the
+    same party with less than he needs, should be, if possible,
+    avoided.
+
+    (4) That the process of marking a ballot-paper should be
+    reduced to the utmost possible simplicity, to meet the case
+    of voters of the very narrowest mental calibre.
+
+    (5) That the process of counting votes should be as simple
+    as possible.
+
+Then came a precise proposal. I do not pause to compare it in detail
+with the suggestions of Mr. Hare, Mr. Courtney, and others:--
+
+    I proceed to give a summary of rules for the method I
+    propose. Form districts which shall return three, four, or
+    more Members, in proportion to their size. Let each elector
+    vote for one candidate only. When the poll is closed, divide
+    the total number of votes by the number of Members to be
+    returned _plus_ one, and take the next greater integer as
+    "quota." Let the returning officer publish the list of
+    candidates, with the votes given for each, and declare as
+    "returned" each that has obtained the quota. If there are
+    still Members to return, let him name a time when all the
+    candidates shall appear before him; and each returned Member
+    may then formally assign his surplus votes to whomsoever of
+    the other candidates he will, while the other candidates may
+    in like manner assign their votes to one another.
+
+    This method would enable each of the two parties in a
+    district to return as many Members as it could muster
+    "quotas," no matter how the votes were distributed. If, for
+    example, 10,000 were the quota, and the "reds" mustered
+    30,000 votes, they could return three Members; for, suppose
+    they had four candidates, and that A had 22,000 votes, B
+    4,000, C 3,000, D 1,000, A would simply have to assign 6,000
+    votes to B and 6,000 to C; while D, being hopeless of
+    success, would naturally let C have his 1,000 also. There
+    would be no risk of a seat being left vacant through two
+    candidates of the same party sharing a quota between
+    them--an unwritten law would soon come to be
+    recognised--that the one with fewest votes should give place
+    to the other. And, with candidates of two opposite parties,
+    this difficulty could not arise at all; one or the other
+    could always be returned by the surplus votes of his party.
+
+Some notes from the Diary for March, 1885, are worth reproducing
+here:--
+
+    _March_ 1_st_.--Sent off two letters of literary
+    importance, one to Mrs. Hargreaves, to ask her consent to my
+    publishing the original MS. of "Alice" in facsimile (the
+    idea occurred to me the other day); the other to Mr. H.
+    Furniss, a very clever illustrator in _Punch_, asking
+    if he is open to proposals to draw pictures for me.
+
+The letter to Mrs. Hargreaves, which, it will be noticed, was earlier
+in date than the short note already quoted in this chapter, ran as
+follows:--
+
+    My Dear Mrs. Hargreaves,--I fancy this will come to you
+    almost like a voice from the dead, after so many years of
+    silence, and yet those years have made no difference that I
+    can perceive in _my_ clearness of memory of the days when we
+    _did_ correspond. I am getting to feel what an old man's
+    failing memory is as to recent events and new friends, (for
+    instance, I made friends, only a few weeks ago, with a very
+    nice little maid of about twelve, and had a walk with
+    her--and now I can't recall either of her names!), but my
+    mental picture is as vivid as ever of one who was, through
+    so many years, my ideal child-friend. I have had scores of
+    child-friends since your time, but they have been quite a
+    different thing.
+
+    However, I did not begin this letter to say all _that_. What
+    I want to ask is, Would you have any objection to the
+    original MS. book of "Alice's Adventures" (which I suppose
+    you still possess) being published in facsimile? The idea of
+    doing so occurred to me only the other day. If, on
+    consideration, you come to the conclusion that you would
+    rather _not_ have it done, there is an end of the matter.
+    If, however, you give a favourable reply, I would be much
+    obliged if you would lend it me (registered post, I should
+    think, would be safest) that I may consider the
+    possibilities. I have not seen it for about twenty years, so
+    am by no means sure that the illustrations may not prove to
+    be so awfully bad that to reproduce them would be absurd.
+
+    There can be no doubt that I should incur the charge of
+    gross egoism in publishing it. But I don't care for that in
+    the least, knowing that I have no such motive; only I think,
+    considering the extraordinary popularity the books have had
+    (we have sold more than 120,000 of the two), there must be
+    many who would like to see the original form.
+
+    Always your friend,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+The letter to Harry Furniss elicited a most satisfactory reply. Mr.
+Furniss said that he had long wished to illustrate one of Lewis
+Carroll's books, and that he was quite prepared to undertake the work
+("Sylvie and Bruno").
+
+[Illustration: H. Furniss. _From a photograph_.]
+
+Two more notes from the Diary, referring to the same month follow:--
+
+    _March 10th_.--A great Convocation assembled in the
+    theatre, about a proposed grant for Physiology, opposed by
+    many (I was one) who wish restrictions to be enacted as to
+    the practice of vivisection for research. Liddon made an
+    excellent speech against the grant, but it was carried by
+    412 to 244.
+
+    _March 29th_.--Never before have I had so many literary
+    projects on hand at once. For curiosity, I will here make a
+    list of them.
+
+    (1) Supplement to "Euclid and Modern Rivals."
+
+    (2) 2nd Edition of "Euc. and Mod. Rivals."
+
+    (3) A book of Math. curiosities, which I think of calling
+    "Pillow Problems, and other Math. Trifles." This will
+    contain Problems worked out in the dark, Logarithms without
+    Tables, Sines and angles do., a paper I am now writing on
+    "Infinities and Infinitesimals," condensed Long
+    Multiplication, and perhaps others.
+
+    (4) Euclid V.
+
+    (5) "Plain Facts for Circle-Squarers," which is nearly
+    complete, and gives actual proof of limits 3.14158, 3.14160.
+
+    (6) A symbolical Logic, treated by my algebraic method.
+
+    (7) "A Tangled Tale."
+
+    (8) A collection of Games and Puzzles of my devising, with
+    fairy pictures by Miss E.G. Thomson. This might also contain
+    my "Mem. Tech." for dates; my "Cipher-writing" scheme for
+    Letter-registration, &c., &c.
+
+    (9) Nursery Alice.
+
+    (10) Serious poems in "Phantasmagoria."
+
+    (11) "Alice's Adventures Underground."
+
+    (12) "Girl's Own Shakespeare." I have begun on "Tempest."
+
+    (13) New edition of "Parliamentary Representation."
+
+    (14) New edition of Euc. I., II.
+
+    (15) The new child's book, which Mr. Furniss is to
+    illustrate. I have settled on no name as yet, but it will
+    perhaps be "Sylvie and Bruno."
+
+    I have other shadowy ideas, _e.g._, a Geometry for
+    Boys, a vol. of Essays on theological points freely and
+    plainly treated, and a drama on "Alice" (for which Mr.
+    Mackenzie would write music): but the above is a fair
+    example of "too many irons in the fire!"
+
+A letter written about this time to his friend, Miss Edith Rix, gives
+some very good hints about how to work, all the more valuable because
+he had himself successfully carried them out. The first hint was as
+follows:--
+
+    When you have made a thorough and reasonably long effort, to
+    understand a thing, and still feel puzzled by it,
+    _stop_, you will only hurt yourself by going on. Put it
+    aside till the next morning; and if _then_ you can't
+    make it out, and have no one to explain it to you, put it
+    aside entirely, and go back to that part of the subject
+    which you _do_ understand. When I was reading
+    Mathematics for University honours, I would sometimes, after
+    working a week or two at some new book, and mastering ten or
+    twenty pages, get into a hopeless muddle, and find it just
+    as bad the next morning. My rule was _to begin the book
+    again_. And perhaps in another fortnight I had come to
+    the old difficulty with impetus enough to get over it. Or
+    perhaps not. I have several books that I have begun over and
+    over again.
+
+    My second hint shall be--Never leave an unsolved difficulty
+    _behind_. I mean, don't go any further in that book
+    till the difficulty is conquered. In this point, Mathematics
+    differs entirely from most other subjects. Suppose you are
+    reading an Italian book, and come to a hopelessly obscure
+    sentence--don't waste too much time on it, skip it, and go
+    on; you will do very well without it. But if you skip a
+    _mathematical_ difficulty, it is sure to crop up again:
+    you will find some other proof depending on it, and you will
+    only get deeper and deeper into the mud.
+
+    My third hint is, only go on working so long as the brain is
+    _quite_ clear. The moment you feel the ideas getting
+    confused leave off and rest, or your penalty will be that
+    you will never learn Mathematics _at all_!
+
+Two more letters to the same friend are, I think, deserving of a place
+here:--
+
+    Eastbourne, _Sept_. 25, 1885.
+
+    My dear Edith,--One subject you touch on--"the Resurrection
+    of the Body"--is very interesting to me, and I have given it
+    much thought (I mean long ago). _My_ conclusion was to
+    give up the _literal_ meaning of the _material_
+    body altogether. _Identity_, in some mysterious way,
+    there evidently is; but there is no resisting the scientific
+    fact that the actual _material_ usable for
+    _physical_ bodies has been used over and over again--so
+    that each atom would have several owners. The mere solitary
+    fact of the existence of _cannibalism_ is to my mind a
+    sufficient _reductio ad absurdum_ of the theory that
+    the particular set of atoms I shall happen to own at death
+    (changed every seven years, they say) will be mine in the
+    next life--and all the other insuperable difficulties (such
+    as people born with bodily defects) are swept away at once
+    if we accept S. Paul's "spiritual body," and his simile of
+    the grain of corn. I have read very little of "Sartor
+    Resartus," and don't know the passage you quote: but I
+    accept the idea of the material body being the "dress" of
+    the spiritual--a dress needed for material life.
+
+
+    Ch. Ch., _Dec_. 13, 1885.
+
+    Dear Edith,--I have been a severe sufferer from
+    _Logical_ puzzles of late. I got into a regular tangle
+    about the "import of propositions," as the ordinary logical
+    books declare that "all _x_ is _z_" doesn't even
+    _hint_ that any _x_'s exist, but merely that the
+    qualities are so inseparable that, if ever _x_ occurs,
+    _z_ must occur also. As to "some _x_ is _z_"
+    they are discreetly silent; and the living authorities I
+    have appealed to, including our Professor of Logic, take
+    opposite sides! Some say it means that the qualities are so
+    connected that, if any _x_'s _did_ exist, some
+    _must_ be _z_--others that it only means
+    compatibility, _i.e.,_ that some _might_ be
+    _z_, and they would go on asserting, with perfect
+    belief in their truthfulness, "some boots are made of
+    brass," even if they had all the boots in the world before
+    them, and knew that _none_ were so made, merely because
+    there is no inherent impossibility in making boots of brass!
+    Isn't it bewildering? I shall have to mention all this in my
+    great work on Logic--but _I_ shall take the line "any
+    writer may mean exactly what he pleases by a phrase so long
+    as he explains it beforehand." But I shall not venture to
+    assert "some boots are made of brass" till I have found a
+    pair! The Professor of Logic came over one day to talk about
+    it, and we had a long and exciting argument, the result of
+    which was "_x -x_"--a magnitude which you will be able
+    to evaluate for yourself.
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+As an example of the good advice Mr. Dodgson used to give his young
+friends, the following letter to Miss Isabel Standen will serve
+excellently:--
+
+    Eastbourne, _Aug_. 4, 1885.
+
+    I can quite understand, and much sympathise with, what you
+    say of your feeling lonely, and not what you can honestly
+    call "happy." Now I am going to give you a bit of philosophy
+    about that--my own experience is, that _every_ new form
+    of life we try is, just at first, irksome rather than
+    pleasant. My first day or two at the sea is a little
+    depressing; I miss the Christ Church interests, and haven't
+    taken up the threads of interest here; and, just in the same
+    way, my first day or two, when I get back to Christ Church,
+    I miss the seaside pleasures, and feel with unusual
+    clearness the bothers of business-routine. In all such
+    cases, the true philosophy, I believe, is "_wait_ a
+    bit." Our mental nerves seem to be so adjusted that we feel
+    _first_ and most keenly, the _dis_-comforts of any
+    new form of life; but, after a bit, we get used to them, and
+    cease to notice them; and _then_ we have time to
+    realise the enjoyable features, which at first we were too
+    much worried to be conscious of.
+
+    Suppose you hurt your arm, and had to wear it in a sling for
+    a month. For the first two or three days the discomfort of
+    the bandage, the pressure of the sling on the neck and
+    shoulder, the being unable to use the arm, would be a
+    constant worry. You would feel as if all comfort in life
+    were gone; after a couple of days you would be used to the
+    new sensations, after a week you perhaps wouldn't notice
+    them at all; and life would seem just as comfortable as
+    ever.
+
+    So my advice is, don't think about loneliness, or happiness,
+    or unhappiness, for a week or two. Then "take stock" again,
+    and compare your feelings with what they were two weeks
+    previously. If they have changed, even a little, for the
+    better you are on the right track; if not, we may begin to
+    suspect the life does not suit you. But what I want
+    _specially_ to urge is that there's no use in comparing
+    one's feelings between one day and the next; you must allow
+    a reasonable interval, for the _direction of_ change to
+    show itself.
+
+    Sit on the beach, and watch the waves for a few seconds; you
+    say "the tide is coming in "; watch half a dozen successive
+    waves, and you may say "the last is the lowest; it is going
+    out." Wait a quarter of an hour, and compare its
+    _average_ place with what it was at first, and you will
+    say "No, it is coming in after all." ...
+
+    With love, I am always affectionately yours,
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+The next event to chronicle in Lewis Carroll's Life is the
+publication, by Messrs. Macmillan, of "A Tangled Tale," a series of
+mathematical problems which had originally appeared in the _Monthly
+Packet_. In addition to the problems themselves, the author added
+their correct solutions, with criticisms on the solutions, correct or
+otherwise, which the readers of the _Monthly Packet_ had sent in
+to him. With some people this is the most popular of all his books; it
+is certainly the most successful attempt he ever made to combine
+mathematics and humour. The book was illustrated by Mr. A.B. Frost,
+who entered most thoroughly into the spirit of the thing. One of his
+pictures, "Balbus was assisting his mother-in-law to convince the
+dragon," is irresistibly comic. A short quotation will better enable
+the reader to understand the point of the joke:--
+
+    Balbus was waiting for them at the hotel; the journey down
+    had tried him, he said; so his two pupils had been the round
+    of the place, in search of lodgings, without the old tutor
+    who had been their inseparable companion from their
+    childhood. They had named him after the hero of their Latin
+    exercise-book, which overflowed with anecdotes about that
+    versatile genius--anecdotes whose vagueness in detail was
+    more than compensated by their sensational brilliance.
+    "Balbus has overcome all his enemies" had been marked by
+    their tutor, in the margin of the book, "Successful
+    Bravery." In this way he had tried to extract a moral from
+    every anecdote about Balbus--sometimes one of warning, as in
+    "Balbus had borrowed a healthy dragon," against which he had
+    written, "Rashness in Speculation "--sometimes of
+    encouragement, as in the words, "Influence of Sympathy in
+    United Action," which stood opposite to the anecdote "Balbus
+    was assisting his mother-in-law to convince the dragon"--and
+    sometimes it dwindled down to a single word, such as
+    "Prudence," which was all he could extract from the touching
+    record that "Balbus, having scorched the tail of the dragon,
+    went away." His pupils liked the short morals best, as it
+    left them more room for marginal illustrations, and in this
+    instance they required all the space they could get to
+    exhibit the rapidity of the hero's departure.
+
+Balbus and his pupils go in search of lodgings, which are only to be
+found in a certain square; at No. 52, one of the pupils supplements
+the usual questions by asking the landlady if the cat scratches:--
+
+    The landlady looked round suspiciously, as if to make sure
+    the cat was not listening. "I will not deceive you,
+    gentlemen," she said. "It _do_ scratch, but not without
+    you pulls its whiskers! It'll never do it," she repeated
+    slowly, with a visible effort to recall the exact words of
+    some written agreement between herself and the cat, "without
+    you pulls its whiskers!"
+
+    "Much may be excused in a cat so treated," said Balbus as
+    they left the house and crossed to No. 70, leaving the
+    landlady curtesying on the doorstep, and still murmuring to
+    herself her parting words, as if they were a form of
+    blessing--"Not without you pulls its whiskers!"
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a crayon drawing by the Rev. H.C.
+Gaye_.]
+
+They secure one room at each of the following numbers--the square
+contains 20 doors on each side--Nine, Twenty-five, Fifty-two, and
+Seventy-three. They require three bedrooms and one day-room, and
+decide to take as day-room the one that gives them the least walking
+to do to get to it. The problem, of course, is to discover which room
+they adopted as the day-room. There are ten such "knots" in the book,
+and few, if any of them, can be untied without a good deal of thought.
+
+Owing, probably, to the strain of incessant work, Mr. Dodgson about
+this period began to be subject to a very peculiar, yet not very
+uncommon, optical delusion, which takes the form of seeing moving
+fortifications. Considering the fact that he spent a good twelve hours
+out of every twenty-four in reading and writing, and that he was now
+well over fifty years old, it was not surprising that nature should
+begin to rebel at last, and warn him of the necessity of occasional
+rest.
+
+Some verses on "Wonderland" by "One who loves Alice," appeared in the
+Christmas number of _Sylvia's Home Journal_, 1885. They were
+written by Miss M.E. Manners, and, as Lewis Carroll himself admired
+them, they will, I think, be read with interest:--
+
+      WONDERLAND.
+
+      How sweet those happy days gone by,
+          Those days of sunny weather,
+      When Alice fair, with golden hair,
+          And we--were young together;--
+      When first with eager gaze we scann'd
+      The page which told of Wonderland.
+
+      On hearthrug in the winter-time
+          We lay and read it over;
+      We read it in the summer's prime,
+          Amidst the hay and clover.
+      The trees, by evening breezes fann'd,
+      Murmured sweet tales of Wonderland.
+
+      We climbed the mantelpiece, and broke
+          The jars of Dresden china;
+      In Jabberwocky tongue we spoke,
+          We called the kitten "Dinah!"
+      And, oh! how earnestly we planned
+      To go ourselves to Wonderland.
+
+      The path was fringed with flowers rare,
+          With rainbow colours tinted;
+      The way was "up a winding stair,"
+          Our elders wisely hinted.
+      We did not wish to understand
+      _Bed_ was the road to Wonderland.
+
+      We thought we'd wait till we should grow
+          Stronger as well as bolder,
+      But now, alas! full well we know
+          We're only growing older.
+      The key held by a childish hand,
+      Fits best the door of Wonderland.
+
+      Yet still the Hatter drinks his tea,
+          The Duchess finds a moral,
+      And Tweedledum and Tweedledee
+          Forget in fright their quarrel.
+      The Walrus still weeps on the sand,
+      That strews the shores of Wonderland.
+
+      And other children feel the spell
+          Which once we felt before them,
+      And while the well-known tale we tell,
+          We watch it stealing o'er them:
+      Before their dazzled eyes expand
+      The glorious realms of Wonderland.
+
+      Yes, "time is fleet," and we have gained
+          Years more than twice eleven;
+      Alice, dear child, hast thou remained
+          "Exactually" seven?
+      With "proper aid," "two" could command
+      Time to go back in Wonderland.
+
+      Or have the years (untouched by charms),
+          With joy and sorrow laden,
+      Rolled by, and brought unto thy arms
+          A dainty little maiden?
+      Another Alice, who shall stand
+      By thee to hear of Wonderland.
+
+      Carroll! accept the heartfelt thanks
+          Of children of all ages,
+      Of those who long have left their ranks,
+          Yet still must love the pages
+      Written by him whose magic wand
+      Called up the scenes of Wonderland.
+
+      Long mayst thou live, the sound to hear
+          Which most thy heart rejoices,
+      Of children's laughter ringing clear,
+          And children's merry voices,
+      Until for thee an angel-hand
+      Draws back the veil of Wonderland.
+
+                          One Who Loves "Alice."
+
+Three letters, written at the beginning of 1886 to Miss Edith Rix, to
+whom he had dedicated "A Tangled Tale," are interesting as showing the
+deeper side of his character:--
+
+    Guildford, _Jan_. 15, 1886.
+
+    My dear Edith,--I have been meaning for some time to write
+    to you about agnosticism, and other matters in your letter
+    which I have left unnoticed. And yet I do not know, much as
+    what you say interests me, and much as I should like to be
+    of use to any wandering seeker after truth, that I am at all
+    likely to say anything that will be new to you and of any
+    practical use.
+
+    The Moral Science student you describe must be a beautiful
+    character, and if, as you say, she lives a noble life, then,
+    even though she does not, as yet, see any God, for whose
+    sake she can do things, I don't think you need be unhappy
+    about her. "When thou wast under the fig tree, I saw thee,"
+    is often supposed to mean that Nathanael had been
+    _praying_, praying no doubt ignorantly and imperfectly,
+    but yet using the light he had: and it seems to have been
+    accepted as faith in the Messiah. More and more it seems to
+    me (I hope you won't be _very_ much shocked at me as an
+    ultra "Broad" Churchman) that what a person _is_ is of
+    more importance in God's sight than merely what propositions
+    he affirms or denies. _You_, at any rate, can do more
+    good among those new friends of yours by showing them what a
+    Christian _is_, than by telling them what a Christian
+    _believes_....
+
+    I have a deep dread of argument on religious topics: it has
+    many risks, and little chance of doing good. You and I will
+    never _argue_, I hope, on any controverted religious
+    question: though I do hope we may see the day when we may
+    freely _speak_ of such things, even where we happen to
+    hold different views. But even then I should have no
+    inclination, if we did differ, to conclude that my view was
+    the right one, and to try to convert you to it....
+
+    Now I come to your letter dated Dec. 22nd, and must scold
+    you for saying that my solution of the problem was "quite
+    different _to_ all common ways of doing it": if
+    _you_ think that's good English, well and good; but
+    _I_ must beg to differ to you, and to hope you will
+    _never_ write me a sentence similar from this again.
+    However, "worse remains behind"; and if you deliberately
+    intend in future, when writing to me about one of England's
+    greatest poets, to call him "Shelly," then all I can say is,
+    that you and I will have to quarrel! Be warned in time.
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+    CH. Ch., _Jan_. 26, 1886.
+
+    My Dear Edith,--I am interested by what you say of Miss--.
+    You will know, without my saying it, that if she, or any
+    other friend of yours with any troubles, were to like to
+    write to me, I would _very_ gladly try to help: with
+    all my ignorance and weakness, God has, I think, blessed my
+    efforts in that way: but then His strength is made perfect
+    in weakness....
+
+    Ch. Ch., _Feb_. 14, 1886.
+
+    My Dear Edith,... I think I've already noticed, in a way,
+    most of the rest of that letter--except what you say about
+    learning more things "after we are dead." _I_ certainly
+    like to think that may be so. But I have heard the other
+    view strongly urged, a good deal based on "then shall we
+    know even as we are known." But I can't believe that that
+    means we shall have _all_ knowledge given us in a
+    moment--nor can I fancy it would make me any happier: it is
+    the _learning_ that is the chief joy, here, at any
+    rate....
+
+    I find another remark anent "pupils"--a bold speculation
+    that my 1,000 pupils may really "go on" in the future life,
+    till they _have_ really outstripped Euclid. And,
+    please, what is _Euclid_ to be doing all that time? ...
+
+    One of the most dreadful things you have ever told me is
+    your students' theory of going and speaking to any one they
+    are interested in, without any introductions. This, joined
+    with what you say of some of them being interested in
+    "Alice," suggests the horrid idea of their some day walking
+    into this room and beginning a conversation. It is enough to
+    make one shiver, even to think of it!
+
+    Never mind if people do say "Good gracious!" when you help
+    old women: it _is_ being, in some degree, both "good"
+    _and_ "gracious," one may hope. So the remark wasn't so
+    inappropriate.
+
+    I fear I agree with your friend in not liking all sermons.
+    Some of them, one has to confess, are rubbish: but then I
+    release my attention from the preacher, and go ahead in any
+    line of thought he may have started: and his after-eloquence
+    acts as a kind of accompaniment--like music while one is
+    reading poetry, which often, to me, adds to the effect.
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+The "Alice" operetta, which Mr. Dodgson had despaired of, was at last
+to become a reality. Mr. Savile Clarke wrote on August 28th to ask his
+leave to dramatise the two books, and he gladly assented. He only made
+one condition, which was very characteristic of him, that there should
+be "no _suggestion_ even of coarseness in libretto or in stage
+business." The hint was hardly necessary, for Mr. Savile Clarke was
+not the sort of man to spoil his work, or to allow others to spoil it,
+by vulgarity. Several alterations were made in the books before they
+were suitable for a dramatic performance; Mr. Dodgson had to write a
+song for the ghosts of the oysters, which the Walrus and the Carpenter
+had devoured. He also completed "Tis the voice of the lobster," so as
+to make it into a song. It ran as follows:--
+
+      Tis the voice of the lobster; I heard him declare
+      "You have baked me too brown: I must sugar my hair."
+      As a duck with its eyelids, so he with his nose
+      Trims his belt and his buttons, and turns out his toes.
+      When the sands are all dry, he is gay as a lark,
+      And talks with the utmost contempt of the shark;
+      But when the tide rises, and sharks are around,
+      His words have a timid and tremulous sound.
+
+      I passed by his garden, and marked, with one eye,
+      How the owl and the panther were sharing a pie:
+      The panther took pie-crust, and gravy, and meat,
+      And the owl had the dish for his share of the treat.
+      When the plate was divided, the owl, as a boon,
+      Was kindly permitted to pocket the spoon:
+      But the panther obtained both the fork and the knife,
+      So, when _he_ lost his temper, the owl lost its life.
+
+The play, for the first few weeks at least, was a great success. Some
+notes in Mr. Dodgson's Diary which relate to it, show how he
+appreciated Mr. Savile Clarke's venture:--
+
+    _Dec. 30th._--To London with M--, and took her to
+    "Alice in Wonderland," Mr. Savile Clarke's play at the
+    Prince of Wales's Theatre. The first act (Wonderland) goes
+    well, specially the Mad Tea Party. Mr. Sydney Harcourt is a
+    capital Hatter, and little Dorothy d'Alcourt (æt. 61/2) a
+    delicious Dormouse. Phoebe Carlo is a splendid Alice. Her
+    song and dance with the Cheshire Cat (Master C. Adeson, who
+    played the Pirate King in "Pirates of Penzance") was a gem.
+    As a whole the play seems a success.
+
+    _Feb_. 11, 1887.--Went to the "Alice" play, where we
+    sat next a chatty old gentleman, who told me that the author
+    of "Alice" had sent Phoebe Carlo a book, and that she had
+    written to him to say that she would do her very best, and
+    further, that he is "an Oxford man"--all which I hope I
+    received with a sufficient expression of pleased interest.
+
+Shortly before the production of the play, a Miss Whitehead had drawn
+a very clever medley-picture, in which nearly all Tenniel's wonderful
+creations--the Dormouse, the White Knight, the Mad Hatter,
+&c.--appeared. This design was most useful as a "poster" to advertise
+the play. After the London run was over, the company made a tour of
+the provinces, where it met with a fair amount of success.
+
+[Illustration: Medley of Tenniel's Illustrations in "Alice."
+_From an etching by Miss Whitehead; used as a theatrical
+advertisement_.]
+
+At the end of 1886, "Alice's Adventures Underground," a facsimile of
+the original MS. book, afterwards developed into "Alice's Adventures
+in Wonderland," with thirty-seven illustrations by the author, was
+published by Macmillan & Co. A postscript to the Preface stated that
+any profits that might arise from the book would be given to
+Children's Hospitals and Convalescent Homes for Sick Children. Shortly
+before the book came out, Lewis Carroll wrote to Mrs. Hargreaves,
+giving a description of the difficulties that he had encountered in
+producing it:--
+
+    Christ Church, Oxford,
+
+    _November_ 11, 1886.
+
+    My Dear Mrs. Hargreaves,--Many thanks for your permission to
+    insert "Hospitals" in the Preface to your book. I have had
+    almost as many adventures in getting that unfortunate
+    facsimile finished, _Above_ ground, as your namesake
+    had _Under_ it!
+
+    First, the zincographer in London, recommended to me for
+    photographing the book, page by page, and preparing the
+    zinc-blocks, declined to undertake it unless I would entrust
+    the book to _him_, which I entirely refused to do. I
+    felt that it was only due to you, in return for your great
+    kindness in lending so unique a book, to be scrupulous in
+    not letting it be even _touched_ by the workmen's
+    hands. In vain I offered to come and reside in London with
+    the book, and to attend daily in the studio, to place it in
+    position to be photographed, and turn over the pages as
+    required. He said that could not be done because "other
+    authors' works were being photographed there, which must on
+    no account be seen by the public." I undertook not to look
+    at _anything_ but my own book; but it was no use: we
+    could not come to terms.
+
+    Then -- recommended me a certain Mr. X--, an excellent
+    photographer, but in so small a way of business that I
+    should have to _prepay_ him, bit by bit, for the
+    zinc-blocks: and _he_ was willing to come to Oxford,
+    and do it here. So it was all done in my studio, I remaining
+    in waiting all the time, to turn over the pages.
+
+    But I daresay I have told you so much of the story already.
+
+    Mr. X-- did a first-rate set of negatives, and took them
+    away with him to get the zinc-blocks made. These he
+    delivered pretty regularly at first, and there seemed to be
+    every prospect of getting the book out by Christmas, 1885.
+
+    On October 18, 1885, I sent your book to Mrs. Liddell, who
+    had told me your sisters were going to visit you and would
+    take it with them. I trust it reached you safely?
+
+    Soon after this--I having prepaid for the whole of the
+    zinc-blocks--the supply suddenly ceased, while twenty-two
+    pages were still due, and Mr. X-- disappeared!
+
+    My belief is that he was in hiding from his creditors. We
+    sought him in vain. So things went on for months. At one
+    time I thought of employing a detective to find him, but was
+    assured that "all detectives are scoundrels." The
+    alternative seemed to be to ask you to lend the book again,
+    and get the missing pages re-photographed. But I was most
+    unwilling to rob you of it again, and also afraid of the
+    risk of loss of the book, if sent by post--for even
+    "registered post" does not seem _absolutely_ safe.
+
+    In April he called at Macmillan's and left _eight_
+    blocks, and again vanished into obscurity.
+
+    This left us with fourteen pages (dotted up and down the
+    book) still missing. I waited awhile longer, and then put
+    the thing into the hands of a solicitor, who soon found the
+    man, but could get nothing but promises from him. "You will
+    never get the blocks," said the solicitor, "unless you
+    frighten him by a summons before a magistrate." To this at
+    last I unwillingly consented: the summons had to be taken
+    out at--(that is where this aggravating man is living),
+    and this entailed two journeys from Eastbourne--one to get
+    the summons (my _personal_ presence being necessary),
+    and the other to attend in court with the solicitor on the
+    day fixed for hearing the case. The defendant didn't appear;
+    so the magistrate said he would take the case in his
+    absence. Then I had the new and exciting experience of being
+    put into the witness-box, and sworn, and cross-examined by a
+    rather savage magistrate's clerk, who seemed to think that,
+    if he only bullied me enough, he would soon catch me out in
+    a falsehood! I had to give the magistrate a little lecture
+    on photo-zincography, and the poor man declared the case was
+    so complicated he must adjourn it for another week. But this
+    time, in order to secure the presence of our slippery
+    defendant, he issued a warrant for his apprehension, and the
+    constable had orders to take him into custody and lodge him
+    in prison, the night before the day when the case was to
+    come on. The news of _this_ effectually frightened him,
+    and he delivered up the fourteen negatives (he hadn't done
+    the blocks) before the fatal day arrived. I was rejoiced to
+    get them, even though it entailed the paying a second time
+    for getting the fourteen blocks done, and withdrew the
+    action.
+
+    The fourteen blocks were quickly done and put into the
+    printer's hands; and all is going on smoothly at last: and I
+    quite hope to have the book completed, and to be able to
+    send you a very special copy (bound in white vellum, unless
+    you would prefer some other style of binding) by the end of
+    the month.
+
+    Believe me always,
+
+    Sincerely yours,
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+"The Game of Logic" was Lewis Carroll's next book; it appeared about
+the end of February, 1887. As a method of teaching the first
+principles of Logic to children it has proved most useful; the
+subject, usually considered very difficult to a beginner, is made
+extremely easy by simplification of method, and both interesting and
+amusing by the quaint syllogisms that the author devised, such as--
+
+      No bald person needs a hair-brush;
+      No lizards have hair;
+        Therefore[1] No lizard needs a hair brush.
+
+      Caterpillars are not eloquent;
+      Jones is eloquent;
+          Jones is not a caterpillar.
+
+Meanwhile, with much interchange of correspondence between author and
+artist, the pictures for the new fairy tale, "Sylvie and Bruno," were
+being gradually evolved. Each of them was subjected by Lewis Carroll
+to the most minute criticism--hyper-criticism, perhaps, occasionally.
+A few instances of the sort of criticisms he used to make upon Mr.
+Furniss's work may be interesting; I have extracted them from a letter
+dated September 1, 1887. It will be seen that when he really admired a
+sketch he did not stint his praise:--
+
+    (1) "Sylvie helping beetle" [p. 193]. A quite charming
+    composition.
+
+    (3) "The Doctor" and "Eric." (Mr. Furniss's idea of their
+    appearance). No! The Doctor won't do _at all!_ He is a
+    smug London man, a great "ladies' man," who would hardly
+    talk anything but medical "shop." He is forty at least, and
+    can have had no love-affair for the last fifteen years. I
+    want him to be about twenty-five, powerful in frame,
+    poetical in face: capable of intelligent interest in any
+    subject, and of being a passionate lover. How would you draw
+    King Arthur when he first met Guinevere? Try _that_
+    type.
+
+    Eric's attitude is capital: but his face is a little too
+    near to the ordinary "masher." Please avoid _that_
+    inane creature; and please don't cut his hair short. That
+    fashion will be "out" directly.
+
+    (4) "Lady Muriel" (head); ditto (full length); "Earl."
+
+    I don't like _either_ face of Lady Muriel. I don't
+    think I could talk to her; and I'm quite sure I couldn't
+    fall in love with her. Her dress ("evening," of course) is
+    very pretty, I think.
+
+    I don't like the Earl's face either. He is proud of his
+    title, very formal, and one who would keep one "at arm's
+    length" always. And he is too prodigiously tall. I want a
+    gentle, genial old man; with whom one would feel at one's
+    ease in a moment.
+
+    (8) "Uggug becoming Porcupine" ("Sylvie and Bruno,
+    Concluded," page 388), is exactly my conception of it. I
+    expect this will be one of the most effective pictures in
+    the book. The faces of the people should express intense
+    _terror_.
+
+    (9) "The Professor" is altogether _delightful_. When
+    you get the text, you will see that you have hit the very
+    centre of the bull's-eye.
+
+    [A sketch of "Bruno"]. No, no! Please don't give us the (to
+    my mind) very ugly, quite modern costume, which shows with
+    such cruel distinctness a podgy, pot-bellied (excuse the
+    vulgarism) boy, who couldn't run a mile to save his life. I
+    want Bruno to be _strong_, but at the same time light
+    and active--with the figure of one of the little acrobats
+    one sees at the circus--not "Master Tommy," who habitually
+    gorges himself with pudding. Also that dress I dislike very
+    much. Please give him a short tunic, and _real_
+    knickerbockers--not the tight knee-breeches they are rapidly
+    shrinking to.
+
+    Very truly yours,
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+
+By Mr. Furniss's kind permission I am enabled to give an example of
+the other side of the correspondence, one of his letters to Mr.
+Dodgson, all the more interesting for the charming little sketch which
+it contains.
+
+With respect to the spider, Mr. Dodgson had written: "Some writer says
+that the full face of a spider, as seen under a magnifying-glass, is
+very striking."
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile of a letter from H. Furniss to
+Lewis Carroll, August 23, 1886_.]
+
+[Illustration: Sylvie and Bruno. _From a drawing by Henry
+Holiday_.]
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+(1888-1891)
+
+
+    A systematic life--"Memoria Technica"--Mr. Dodgson's
+    shyness--"A Lesson in Latin"--The "Wonderland"
+    Stamp-Case--"Wise Words about Letter-Writing"--Princess
+    Alice--"Sylvie and Bruno"--"The night cometh"--"The Nursery
+    'Alice'"--Coventry Patmore--Telepathy--Resignation of Dr.
+    Liddell--A letter about Logic.
+
+An old bachelor is generally very precise and exact in his habits. He
+has no one but himself to look after, nothing to distract his
+attention from his own affairs; and Mr. Dodgson was the most precise
+and exact of old bachelors. He made a précis of every letter he wrote
+or received from the 1st of January, 1861, to the 8th of the same
+month, 1898. These précis were all numbered and entered in
+reference-books, and by an ingenious system of cross-numbering he was
+able to trace a whole correspondence, which might extend through
+several volumes. The last number entered in his book is 98,721.
+
+He had scores of green cardboard boxes, all neatly labelled, in which
+he kept his various papers. These boxes formed quite a feature of his
+study at Oxford, a large number of them being arranged upon a
+revolving bookstand. The lists, of various sorts, which he kept were
+innumerable; one of them, that of unanswered correspondents,
+generally held seventy or eighty names at a time, exclusive of
+autograph-hunters, whom he did not answer on principle. He seemed to
+delight in being arithmetically accurate about every detail of life.
+
+He always rose at the same early hour, and, if he was in residence at
+Christ Church, attended College Service. He spent the day according to
+a prescribed routine, which usually included a long walk into the
+country, very often alone, but sometimes with another Don, or perhaps,
+if the walk was not to be as long as usual, with some little
+girl-friend at his side. When he had a companion with him, he would
+talk the whole time, telling delightful stories, or explaining some
+new logical problem; if he was alone, he used to think out his books,
+as probably many another author has done and will do, in the course of
+a lonely walk. The only irregularity noticeable in his mode of life
+was the hour of retiring, which varied from 11 p.m. to four o'clock in
+the morning, according to the amount of work which he felt himself in
+the mood for.
+
+He had a wonderfully good memory, except for faces and dates. The
+former were always a stumbling-block to him, and people used to say
+(most unjustly) that he was intentionally short-sighted. One night he
+went up to London to dine with a friend, whom he had only recently
+met. The next morning a gentleman greeted him as he was walking. "I
+beg your pardon," said Mr. Dodgson, "but you have the advantage of me.
+I have no remembrance of having ever seen you before this moment."
+"That is very strange," the other replied, "for I was your host last
+night!" Such little incidents as this happened more than once. To help
+himself to remember dates, he devised a system of mnemonics, which he
+circulated among his friends. As it has never been published, and as
+some of my readers may find it useful, I reproduce it here.
+
+    My "Memoria Technica" is a modification of Gray's; but,
+    whereas he used both consonants and vowels to represent
+    digits, and had to content himself with a syllable of
+    gibberish to represent the date or whatever other number was
+    required, I use only consonants, and fill in with vowels _ad
+    libitum,_ and thus can always manage to make a real word of
+    whatever has to be represented.
+
+    The principles on which the necessary 20 consonants have
+    been chosen are as follows:--
+
+    1. "b" and "c," the first two consonants in the alphabet.
+
+    2. "d" from "duo," "w" from "two."
+
+    3. "t" from "tres," the other may wait awhile.
+
+    4. "f" from "four," "q" from "quattuor."
+
+    5. "l" and "v," because "l" and "v" are the Roman symbols
+       for "fifty" and "five."
+
+    6. "s" and "x" from "six."
+
+    7. "p" and "m" from "septem."
+
+    8. "h" from "huit," and "k" from the Greek "okto."
+
+    9. "n" from "nine"; and "g" because it is so like a "9."
+
+    0. "z" and "r" from "zero."
+
+    There is now one consonant still waiting for its digit,
+    viz., "j," and one digit waiting for its consonant, viz.,
+    "3," the conclusion is obvious.
+
+    The result may be tabulated thus:--
+
+      |1  |2  |3  |4  |5  |6  |7  |8  |9  |0  |
+
+      |b  |d  |t  |f  |l  |s  |p  |h  |n  |z  |
+      |c  |w  |j  |q  |v  |x  |m  |k  |g  |r  |
+
+    When a word has been found, whose last consonants represent
+    the number required, the best plan is to put it as the last
+    word of a rhymed couplet, so that, whatever other words in
+    it are forgotten, the rhyme will secure the only really
+    important word.
+
+    Now suppose you wish to remember the date of the discovery
+    of America, which is 1492; the "1" may be left out as
+    obvious; all we need is "492."
+
+    Write it thus:--
+
+      4 9 2
+      f n d
+      q g w
+
+    and try to find a word that contains "f" or "q," "n" or "g,"
+    "d" or "w." A word soon suggests itself--"found."
+
+    The poetic faculty must now be brought into play, and the
+    following couplet will soon be evolved:--
+
+      "Columbus sailed the world around,
+      Until America was F O U N D."
+
+    If possible, invent the couplets for yourself; you will
+    remember them better than any others.
+
+    _June_, 1888.
+
+The inventor found this "Memoria Technica" very useful in helping him
+to remember the dates of the different Colleges. He often, of course,
+had to show his friends the sights of Oxford, and the easy way in
+which, asked or unasked, he could embellish his descriptions with
+dates used to surprise those who did not know how the thing was done.
+The couplet for St. John's College ran as follows:--
+
+      "They must have a bevel
+      To keep them so LEVEL."
+
+The allusion is to the beautiful lawns, for which St. John's is
+famous.
+
+In his power of remembering anecdotes, and bringing them out just at
+the right moment, Mr. Dodgson was unsurpassed. A guest brought into
+Christ Church Common Room was usually handed over to him to be amused.
+He was not a good man to tell a story to--he had always heard it
+before; but as a _raconteur_ I never met his equal. And the best
+of it was that his stories never grew--except in number.
+
+One would have expected that a mind so clear and logical and definite
+would have fought shy of the feminine intellect, which is generally
+supposed to be deficient in those qualities; and so it is somewhat
+surprising to find that by far the greater number of his friends were
+ladies. He was quite prepared to correct them, however, when they were
+guilty of what seemed to him unreasoning conduct, as is shown by the
+following extract from a letter of his to a young lady who had asked
+him to try and find a place for a governess, without giving the
+latter's address:--
+
+    Some of my friends are business-men, and it is pleasant to
+    see how methodical and careful they are in transacting any
+    business-matter. If, for instance, one of them were to write
+    to me, asking me to look out for a place for a French
+    governess in whom he was interested, I should be sure to
+    admire the care with which he would give me _her name in
+    full_--(in extra-legible writing if it were an unusual
+    name)--as well as her address. Some of my friends are not
+    men of business.
+
+So many such requests were addressed to him that at one time he had a
+circular letter printed, with a list of people requiring various
+appointments or assistants, which he sent round to his friends.
+
+In one respect Lewis Carroll resembled the stoic philosophers, for no
+outward circumstance could upset the tranquillity of his mind. He
+lived, in fact, the life which Marcus Aurelius commends so highly, the
+life of calm contentment, based on the assurance that so long as we
+are faithful to ourselves, no seeming evils can really harm us. But in
+him there was one exception to this rule. During an argument he was
+often excited. The war of words, the keen and subtle conflict between
+trained minds--in this his soul took delight, in this he sought and
+found the joy of battle and of victory. Yet he would not allow his
+serenity to be ruffled by any foe whom he considered unworthy of his
+steel; he refused to argue with people whom he knew to be hopelessly
+illogical--definitely refused, though with such tact that no wound was
+given, even to the most sensitive.
+
+He was modest in the true sense of the term, neither overestimating
+nor underrating his own mental powers, and preferring to follow his
+own course without regarding outside criticism. "I never read anything
+about myself or my books," he writes in a letter to a friend; and the
+reason he used to give was that if the critics praised him he might
+become conceited, while, if they found fault, he would only feel hurt
+and angry. On October 25, 1888, he wrote in his Diary: "I see there is
+a leader in to-day's _Standard_ on myself as a writer; but I do
+not mean to read it. It is not healthy reading, I think."
+
+He hated publicity, and tried to avoid it in every way. "Do not tell
+any one, if you see me in the theatre," he wrote once to Miss Marion
+Terry. On another occasion, when he was dining out at Oxford, and some
+one, who did not know that it was a forbidden subject, turned the
+conversation on "Alice in Wonderland," he rose suddenly and fled from
+the house. I could multiply instances of this sort, but it would be
+unjust to his memory to insist upon the morbid way in which he
+regarded personal popularity. As compared with self-advertisement, it
+is certainly the lesser evil; but that it _is_ an evil, and a
+very painful one to its possessor, Mr. Dodgson fully saw. Of course it
+had its humorous side, as, for instance, when he was brought into
+contact with lion-hunters, autograph-collectors, _et hoc genus
+omne_. He was very suspicious of unknown correspondents who
+addressed questions to him; in later years he either did not answer
+them at all, or used a typewriter. Before he bought his typewriter, he
+would get some friend to write for him, and even to sign "Lewis
+Carroll" at the end of the letter. It used to give him great amusement
+to picture the astonishment of the recipients of these letters, if by
+any chance they ever came to compare his "autographs."
+
+On one occasion the secretary of a "Young Ladies' Academy" in the
+United States asked him to present some of his works to the School
+Library. The envelope was addressed to "Lewis Carroll, Christ Church,"
+an incongruity which always annoyed him intensely. He replied to the
+Secretary, "As Mr. Dodgson's books are all on Mathematical subjects,
+he fears that they would not be very acceptable in a school library."
+
+Some fourteen or fifteen years ago, the Fourth-class of the Girl's
+Latin School at Boston, U.S., started a magazine, and asked him if
+they might call it _The Jabberwock._ He wrote in reply:--
+
+    Mr. Lewis Carroll has much pleasure in giving to the editors
+    of the proposed magazine permission to use the title they
+    wish for. He finds that the Anglo-Saxon word "wocer" or
+    "wocor" signifies "offspring" or "fruit." Taking "jabber" in
+    its ordinary acceptation of "excited and voluble
+    discussion," this would give the meaning of "the result of
+    much excited discussion." Whether this phrase will have any
+    application to the projected periodical, it will be for the
+    future historian of American literature to determine. Mr.
+    Carroll wishes all success to the forthcoming magazine.
+
+From that time forward he took a great interest in the magazine, and
+thought very well of it. It used, I believe, to be regularly supplied
+to him. Only once did he express disapproval of anything it contained,
+and that was in 1888, when he felt it necessary to administer a rebuke
+for what he thought to be an irreverent joke. The sequel is given in
+the following extract from _The Jabberwock_ for June, 1888:--
+
+    A FRIEND WORTH HAVING.
+
+    _The Jabberwock_ has many friends, and perhaps a few
+    (very few, let us hope) enemies. But, of the former, the
+    friend who has helped us most on the road to success is Mr.
+    Lewis Carroll, the author of "Alice in Wonderland," &c. Our
+    readers will remember his kind letter granting us permission
+    to use the name "Jabberwock," and also giving the meaning of
+    that word. Since then we have received another letter from
+    him, in which he expresses both surprise and regret at an
+    anecdote which we published in an early number of our little
+    paper. We would assure Mr. Carroll, as well as our other
+    friends, that we had no intention of making light of a
+    serious matter, but merely quoted the anecdote to show what
+    sort of a book Washington's diary was.
+
+    But now a third letter from our kind friend has come,
+    enclosing, to our delight, a poem, "A Lesson in Latin," the
+    pleasantest Latin lesson we have had this year.
+
+    The first two letters from Mr. Carroll were in a beautiful
+    literary hand, whereas the third is written with a
+    typewriter. It is to this fact that he refers in his letter,
+    which is as follows:--
+
+      "29, Bedford Street,
+      Covent Garden, LONDON,
+
+      _May_ 16, 1888.
+
+      Dear Young Friends,--After the Black Draught of serious
+      remonstrance which I ventured to send to you the other day,
+      surely a Lump of Sugar will not be unacceptable? The
+      enclosed I wrote this afternoon on purpose for you.
+
+      I hope you will grant it admission to the columns of _The
+      Jabberwock_, and not scorn it as a mere play upon words.
+
+      This mode of writing, is, of course, an American invention.
+      We never invent new machinery here; we do but use, to the
+      best of our ability, the machines you send us. For the one I
+      am now using, I beg you to accept my best thanks, and to
+      believe me
+
+      Your sincere friend,
+
+      Lewis Carroll."
+
+    Surely we can patiently swallow many Black Draughts, if we
+    are to be rewarded with so sweet a Lump of Sugar!
+
+    The enclosed poem, which has since been republished in
+    "Three Sunsets," runs as follows:
+
+      A LESSON IN LATIN.
+
+      Our Latin books, in motley row,
+        Invite us to the task--
+      Gay Horace, stately Cicero;
+      Yet there's one verb, when once we know,
+        No higher skill we ask:
+      This ranks all other lore above--
+      We've learned "amare" means "to love"!
+
+      So hour by hour, from flower to flower,
+        We sip the sweets of life:
+      Till ah! too soon the clouds arise,
+      And knitted brows and angry eyes
+        Proclaim the dawn of strife.
+      With half a smile and half a sigh,
+      "Amare! Bitter One!" we cry.
+
+      Last night we owned, with looks forlorn,
+        "Too well the scholar knows
+      There is no rose without a thorn "--
+      But peace is made! we sing, this morn,
+        "No thorn without a rose!"
+      Our Latin lesson is complete:
+      We've learned that Love is "Bitter-sweet"
+
+      Lewis Carroll.
+
+In October Mr. Dodgson invented a very ingenious little stamp-case,
+decorated with two "Pictorial Surprises," representing the "Cheshire
+Cat" vanishing till nothing but the grin was left, and the baby
+turning into a pig in "Alice's" arms. The invention was entered at
+Stationers' Hall, and published by Messrs. Emberlin and Son, of
+Oxford. As an appropriate accompaniment, he wrote "Eight or Nine Wise
+Words on Letter-Writing," a little booklet which is still sold along
+with the case. The "Wise Words," as the following extracts show, have
+the true "Carrollian" ring about them:--
+
+    Some American writer has said "the snakes in this district
+    may be divided into one species--the venomous." The same
+    principle applies here. Postage-stamp-cases may be divided
+    into one species--the "Wonderland."
+
+    Since I have possessed a "Wonderland-Stamp-Case," Life has
+    been bright and peaceful, and I have used no other. I
+    believe the Queen's Laundress uses no other.
+
+    My fifth Rule is, if your friend makes a severe remark,
+    either leave it unnoticed or make your reply distinctly less
+    severe: and, if he makes a friendly remark, tending towards
+    "making up" the little difference that has arisen between
+    you, let your reply be distinctly _more_ friendly. If,
+    in picking a quarrel, each party declined to go more than
+    _three-eighths_ of the way, and if, in making friends,
+    each was ready to go _five-eighths_ of the way--why,
+    there would be more reconciliations than quarrels! Which is
+    like the Irishman's remonstrance to his gad-about daughter:
+    "Shure, you're _always_ goin' out! You go out
+    _three_ times for wanst that you come in!"
+
+    My sixth Rule is, _don't try to have the last word!_
+    How many a controversy would be nipped in the bud, if each
+    was anxious to let the _other_ have the last word!
+    Never mind how telling a rejoinder you leave unuttered:
+    never mind your friend's supposing that you are silent from
+    lack of anything to say: let the thing drop, as soon as it
+    is possible without discourtesy: remember "Speech is
+    silvern, but silence is golden"! (N.B. If you are a
+    gentleman, and your friend a lady, this Rule is superfluous:
+    _you won't get the last word!_)
+
+    Remember the old proverb, "Cross-writing makes
+    cross-reading." "The _old_ proverb?" you say
+    inquiringly. "_How_ old?" Well, not so _very_
+    ancient, I must confess. In fact, I invented it while
+    writing this paragraph. Still, you know, "old" is a
+    _comparative_ term. I think you would be _quite_
+    justified in addressing a chicken, just out of the shell, as
+    "old boy!" _when compared_ with another chicken that
+    was only half-out!
+
+The pamphlet ends with an explanation of Lewis Carroll's method of
+using a correspondence-book, illustrated by a few imaginary pages from
+such a compilation, which are very humorous.
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile of programme of "Alice in
+Wonderland_."]
+
+At the end of the year the "Alice" operetta was again produced at the
+Globe Theatre, with Miss Isa Bowman as the heroine. "Isa makes a
+delightful Alice," Mr. Dodgson writes, "and Emsie [a younger sister]
+is wonderfully good as Dormouse and as Second Ghost [of an oyster!],
+when she sings a verse, and dances the Sailor's Hornpipe."
+
+[Illustration: "The Mad Tea-Party." _From a photograph by
+Elliott & Fry_.]
+
+The first of an incomplete series, "Curiosa Mathematica," was
+published for Mr. Dodgson by Messrs. Macmillan during the year. It was
+entitled "A New Theory of Parallels," and any one taking it up for the
+first time might be tempted to ask, Is the author serious, or is he
+simply giving us some _jeu d'esprit?_ A closer inspection,
+however, soon settles the question, and the reader, if mathematics be
+his hobby, is carried irresistibly along till he reaches the last
+page.
+
+The object which Mr. Dodgson set himself to accomplish was to prove
+Euclid I. 32 without assuming the celebrated 12th Axiom, a feat which
+calls up visions of the "Circle-Squarers."
+
+The work is divided into two parts: Book I. contains certain
+Propositions which require no disputable Axiom for their proof, and
+when once the few Definitions of "amount," &c., have become familiar
+it is easy reading. In Book II. the author introduces a new Axiom, or
+rather "Quasi-Axiom"--for it's _self-evident_ character is open
+to dispute. This Axiom is as follows:--
+
+    In any Circle the inscribed equilateral Tetragon (Hexagon in
+    editions 1st and 2nd) is greater than any one of the
+    Segments which lie outside it.
+
+Assuming the truth of this Axiom, Mr. Dodgson proves a series of
+Propositions, which lead up to and enable him to accomplish the feat
+referred to above.
+
+At the end of Book II. he places a proof (so far as finite magnitudes
+are concerned) of Euclid's Axiom, preceded by and dependent on the
+Axiom that "If two homogeneous magnitudes be both of them finite, the
+lesser may be so multiplied by a finite number as to exceed the
+greater." This Axiom, he says, he believes to be assumed by every
+writer who has attempted to prove Euclid's 12th Axiom. The proof
+itself is borrowed, with slight alterations, from Cuthbertson's
+"Euclidean Geometry."
+
+In Appendix I. there is an alternative Axiom which may be substituted
+for that which introduces Book II., and which will probably commend
+itself to many minds as being more truly axiomatic. To substitute
+this, however, involves some additions and alterations, which the
+author appends.
+
+Appendix II. is headed by the somewhat startling question, "Is
+Euclid's Axiom true?" and though true for finite magnitudes--the sense
+in which, no doubt, Euclid meant it to be taken--it is shown to be not
+universally true. In Appendix III. he propounds the question, "How
+should Parallels be defined?"
+
+Appendix IV., which deals with the theory of Parallels as it stands
+to-day, concludes with the following words:--
+
+    I am inclined to believe that if ever Euclid I. 32 is proved
+    without a new Axiom, it will be by some new and ampler
+    definition of the _Right Line_--some definition which
+    shall connote that mysterious property, which it must
+    somehow possess, which causes Euclid I. 32 to be true. Try
+    _that_ track, my gentle reader! It is not much trodden
+    as yet. And may success attend your search!
+
+In the Introduction, which, as is frequently the case, ought to be
+read _last_ in order to be appreciated properly, he relates his
+experiences with two of those "misguided visionaries," the
+circle-squarers. One of them had selected 3.2 as the value for
+"_pi_," and the other proved, to his own satisfaction at least,
+that it is correctly represented by 3! The Rev. Watson Hagger, to
+whose kindness, as I have already stated in my Preface, my readers are
+indebted for the several accounts of Mr. Dodgson's books on
+mathematics which appear in this Memoir, had a similar experience with
+one of these "cranks." This circle-squarer selected 3.125 as the value
+for "_pi_," and Mr. Hagger, who was fired with Mr. Dodgson's
+ambition to convince his correspondent of his error, failed as
+signally as Mr. Dodgson did.
+
+The following letter is interesting as showing that, strict
+Conservative though he was, he was not in religious matters
+narrow-minded; he held his own opinions strongly, but he would never
+condemn those of other people. He saw "good in everything," and there
+was but little exaggeration, be it said in all reverence, in the
+phrase which an old friend of his used in speaking of him to me: "Mr.
+Dodgson was as broad--as broad as _Christ_."
+
+     Christ Church, Oxford, _May_ 4, 1889.
+
+    Dear Miss Manners,--I hope to have a new book out very soon,
+    and had entered your name on the list of friends to whom
+    copies are to go; but, on second thoughts, perhaps you might
+    prefer that I should send it to your little sister (?)
+    (niece) Rachel, whom you mentioned in one of your letters.
+    It is to be called "The Nursery Alice," and is meant for
+    very young children, consisting of coloured enlargements of
+    twenty of the pictures in "Alice," with explanations such as
+    one would give in showing them to a little child.
+
+    I was much interested by your letter, telling me you belong
+    to the Society of Friends. Please do not think of _me_
+    as one to whom a "difference of creed" is a bar to
+    friendship. My sense of brother- and sisterhood is at least
+    broad enough to include _Christians_ of all
+    denominations; in fact, I have one valued friend (a lady who
+    seems to live to do good kind things) who is a Unitarian.
+
+    Shall I put "Rachel Manners" in the book?
+
+    Believe me, very sincerely yours,
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+From June 7th to June 10th he stayed at Hatfield.
+
+    Once at luncheon [he writes] I had the Duchess (of Albany)
+    as neighbour and once at breakfast, and had several other
+    chats with her, and found her very pleasant indeed. Princess
+    Alice is a sweet little girl. Her little brother (the Duke
+    of Albany) was entirely fascinating, a perfect little
+    prince, and the picture of good-humour. On Sunday afternoon
+    I had a pleasant half-hour with the children [Princess
+    Alice, the Duke of Albany, Honorable Mabel Palmer, Lady
+    Victoria Manners, and Lord Haddon], telling them "Bruno's
+    Picnic" and folding a fishing-boat for them. I got the
+    Duchess's leave to send the little Alice a copy of the
+    "Nursery Alice," and mean to send it with "Alice
+    Underground" for herself.
+
+Towards the end of the year Lewis Carroll had tremendously hard work,
+completing "Sylvie and Bruno." For several days on end he worked from
+breakfast until nearly ten in the evening without a rest. At last it
+was off his hands, and for a month or so he was (comparatively) an
+idle man. Some notes from his Diary, written during this period,
+follow:--
+
+    _Nov. 17th._--Met, for first time, an actual believer
+    in the "craze" that buying and selling are wrong (!) (he is
+    rather 'out of his mind'). The most curious thing was his
+    declaration that he himself _lives_ on that theory, and
+    never buys anything, and has no money! I thought of railway
+    travelling, and ventured to ask how he got from London to
+    Oxford? "On a bicycle!" And how he got the bicycle? "It was
+    given him!" So I was floored, and there was no time to think
+    of any other instances. The whole thing was so new to me
+    that, when he declared it to be _un-Christian_, I quite
+    forgot the text, "He that hath no sword, let him sell his
+    garment, and buy one."
+
+    _Dec. 19th._--Went over to Birmingham to see a
+    performance of "Alice" (Mrs. Freiligrath Kroeker's version)
+    at the High School. I rashly offered to tell "Bruno's
+    Picnic" afterwards to the little children, thinking I should
+    have an audience of 40 or 50, mostly children, instead of
+    which I had to tell it from the stage to an audience of
+    about 280, mostly older girls and grown-up people! However,
+    I got some of the children to come on the stage with me, and
+    the little Alice (Muriel Howard-Smith, æt. 11) stood by me,
+    which made it less awful. The evening began with some of
+    "Julius Caesar" in German. This and "Alice" were really
+    capitally acted, the White Queen being quite the best I have
+    seen (Miss B. Lloyd Owen). I was introduced to Alice and a
+    few more, and was quite sorry to hear afterwards that the
+    other performers wanted to shake hands.
+
+The publication of "Sylvie and Bruno" marks an epoch in its author's
+life, for it was the publication of all the ideals and sentiments
+which he held most dear. It was a book with a definite purpose; it
+would be more true to say with several definite purposes. For this
+very reason it is not an artistic triumph as the two "Alice" books
+undoubtedly are; it is on a lower literary level, there is no unity in
+the story. But from a higher standpoint, that of the Christian and the
+philanthropist, the book is the best thing he ever wrote. It is a
+noble effort to uphold the right, or what he thought to be the right,
+without fear of contempt or unpopularity. The influence which his
+earlier books had given him he was determined to use in asserting
+neglected truths.
+
+[Illustration: The Late Duke of Albany. _From a photograph
+by Lewis Carroll._]
+
+Of course the story has other features, delightful nonsense not
+surpassed by anything in "Wonderland," childish prattle with all the
+charm of reality about it, and pictures which may fairly be said to
+rival those of Sir John Tenniel. Had these been all, the book would
+have been a great success. As things are, there are probably hundreds
+of readers who have been scared by the religious arguments and
+political discussions which make up a large part of it, and who have
+never discovered that Sylvie is just as entrancing a personage as
+Alice when you get to know her.
+
+Perhaps the sentiment of the following poem, sent to Lewis Carroll by
+an anonymous correspondent, may also explain why some of "Alice's"
+lovers have given "Sylvie" a less warm welcome:--
+
+      TO SYLVIE.
+
+      Ah! Sylvie, winsome, wise and good!
+      Fain would I love thee as I should.
+      But, to tell the truth, my dear,--
+      And Sylvie loves the truth to hear,--
+      Though fair and pure and sweet thou art,
+      Thine elder sister has my heart!
+      I gave it her long, long ago
+      To have and hold; and well I know,
+      Brave Lady Sylvie, thou wouldst scorn
+      To accept a heart foresworn.
+
+      Lovers thou wilt have enow
+      Under many a greening bough--
+      Lovers yet unborn galore,
+      Like Alice all the wide world o'er;
+      But, darling, I am now too old
+      To change. And though I still shall hold
+      Thee, and that puckling sprite, thy brother,
+      Dear, I cannot _love_ another:
+      In this heart of mine I own
+      _She_ must ever reign alone!
+
+      _March_, 1890.
+
+      N.P.
+
+I do not know N.P.'s name and address, or I should have asked leave
+before giving publicity to the above verses. If these words meet his
+eye, I hope he will accept my most humble apologies for the liberty I
+have taken.
+
+At the beginning of 1894 a Baptist minister, preaching on the text,
+"No man liveth to himself," made use of "Sylvie and Bruno" to enforce
+his argument. After saying that he had been reading that book, he
+proceeded as follows:
+
+
+    A child was asked to define charity. He said it was "givin'
+    away what yer didn't want yerself." This was some people's
+    idea of self-sacrifice; but it was not Christ's. Then as to
+    serving others in view of reward: Mr. Lewis Carroll put this
+    view of the subject very forcibly in his "Sylvie and
+    Bruno"--an excellent book for youth; indeed, for men and
+    women too. He first criticised Archdeacon Paley's definition
+    of virtue (which was said to be "the doing good to mankind,
+    in obedience to the will of God, and for the sake of
+    everlasting happiness,") and then turned to such hymns as
+    the following:--
+
+      Whatever, Lord, we lend to Thee,
+      _Repaid a thousandfold shall be_,
+      Then gladly will we give to Thee,
+              Giver of all!
+
+    Mr. Carroll's comment was brief and to the point. He said:
+    "Talk of Original _Sin_! Can you have a stronger proof
+    of the Original Goodness there must be in this nation than
+    the fact that Religion has been preached to us, as a
+    commercial speculation, for a century, and that we still
+    believe in a God?" ["Sylvie and Bruno," Part i., pp. 276,
+    277.] Of course it was quite true, as Mr. Carroll pointed
+    out, that our good deeds would be rewarded; but we ought to
+    do them because they were _good_, and not because the
+    reward was great.
+
+In the Preface to "Sylvie and Bruno," Lewis Carroll alluded to certain
+editions of Shakespeare which seemed to him unsuitable for children;
+it never seemed to strike him that his words might be read by
+children, and that thus his object very probably would be defeated,
+until this fact was pointed out to him in a letter from an unknown
+correspondent, Mr. J.C. Cropper, of Hampstead. Mr. Dodgson replied as
+follows:--
+
+    Dear Sir,--Accept my best thanks for your thoughtful and
+    valuable suggestion about the Preface to "Sylvie and Bruno."
+    The danger you point out had not occurred to me (I suppose I
+    had not thought of _children_ reading the Preface): but
+    it is a very real one, and I am very glad to have had my
+    attention called to it.
+
+    Believe me, truly yours,
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+Mathematical controversy carried on by correspondence was a favourite
+recreation of Mr. Dodgson's, and on February 20, 1890, he wrote:--
+
+    I've just concluded a correspondence with a Cambridge man,
+    who is writing a Geometry on the "Direction" theory
+    (Wilson's plan), and thinks he has avoided Wilson's (what
+    _I_ think) fallacies. He _hasn't_, but I can't
+    convince him! My view of life is, that it's next to
+    impossible to convince _anybody_ of _anything_.
+
+The following letter is very characteristic. "Whatsoever thy hand
+findeth to do, do it with all thy might," was Mr. Dodgson's rule of
+life, and, as the end drew near, he only worked the harder:--
+
+    Christ Church, Oxford, _April_ 10, 1890.
+
+    My dear Atkinson,--Many and sincere thanks for your most
+    hospitable invitation, and for the very interesting photo of
+    the family group. The former I fear I must ask you to let me
+    defer _sine die_, and regard it as a pleasant dream,
+    not _quite_ hopeless of being some day realised. I keep
+    a list of such pleasant possibilities, and yours is now one
+    of ten similar kind offers of hospitality. But as life
+    shortens in, and the evening shadows loom in sight, one gets
+    to _grudge any_ time given to mere pleasure, which
+    might entail the leaving work half finished that one is
+    longing to do before the end comes.
+
+    There are several books I _greatly_ desire to get
+    finished for children. I am glad to find my working powers
+    are as good as they ever were. Even with the mathematical
+    book (a third edition) which I am now getting through the
+    press, I think nothing of working six hours at a stretch.
+
+    There is one text that often occurs to me, "The night
+    cometh, when no man can work." Kindest regards to Mrs.
+    Atkinson, and love to Gertrude.
+
+    Always sincerely yours,
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+    For the benefit of children aged "from nought to five," as
+    he himself phrased it, Lewis Carroll prepared a nursery
+    edition of "Alice." He shortened the text considerably, and
+    altered it so much that only the plot of the story remained
+    unchanged. It was illustrated by the old pictures, coloured
+    by Tenniel, and the cover was adorned by a picture designed
+    by Miss E. Gertrude Thomson. As usual, the Dedication takes
+    the form of an anagram, the solution of which is the name of
+    one of his later child-friends. "_The Nursery
+    'Alice,_'" was published by Macmillan and Co., in March,
+    1890.
+
+    On August 18th the following letter on the "Eight Hours
+    Movement" appeared in _The Standard:_--
+
+    Sir,--Supposing it were the custom, in a
+    certain town, to sell eggs in paper bags at so much per bag,
+    and that a fierce dispute had arisen between the egg vendors
+    and the public as to how many eggs each bag should be
+    understood to contain, the vendors wishing to be allowed to
+    make up smaller bags; and supposing the public were to say,
+    "In future we will pay you so much per egg, and you can make
+    up bags as you please," would any ground remain for further
+    dispute?
+
+    Supposing that employers of labour, when threatened with a
+    "strike" in case they should decline to reduce the number of
+    hours in a working day, were to reply, "In future we will
+    pay you so much per hour, and you can make up days as you
+    please," it does appear to me--being, as I confess, an
+    ignorant outsider--that the dispute would die out for want
+    of a _raison d'être_, and that these disastrous
+    strikes, inflicting such heavy loss on employers and
+    employed alike, would become things of the past.
+
+    I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+The remainder of the year was uneventful; a few notes from his Diary
+must represent it here:--
+
+    _Oct. 4th._--Called on Mr. Coventry Patmore (at
+    Hastings), and was very kindly received by him, and stayed
+    for afternoon tea and dinner. He showed me some interesting
+    pictures, including a charming little drawing, by Holman
+    Hunt, of one of his daughters when three years old. He gave
+    me an interesting account of his going, by Tennyson's
+    request, to his lodging to look for the MS. of "In
+    Memoriam," which he had left behind, and only finding it by
+    insisting on going upstairs, in spite of the landlady's
+    opposition, to search for it. Also he told me the story (I
+    think I have heard it before) of what Wordsworth told his
+    friends as the "one joke" of his life, in answer to a
+    passing carter who asked if he had seen his wife. "My good
+    friend, I didn't even know you had a wife!" He seems a very
+    hale and vigorous old man for nearly seventy, which I think
+    he gave as his age in writing to me.
+
+    _Oct. 31st._--This morning, thinking over the problem
+    of finding two squares whose sum is a square, I chanced on a
+    theorem (which seems _true_, though I cannot prove it),
+    that if x² + y² be even, its half is the sum of two squares.
+    A kindred theorem, that 2(x² + y²) is always the sum of two
+    squares, also seems true and unprovable.
+
+    _Nov. 5th.--_I have now proved the above two theorems.
+    Another pretty deduction from the theory of square numbers
+    is, that any number whose square is the sum of two squares,
+    is itself the sum of two squares.
+
+I have already mentioned Mr. Dodgson's habit of thinking out problems
+at night. Often new ideas would occur to him during hours of
+sleeplessness, and he had long wanted to hear of or invent some easy
+method of taking notes in the dark. At first he tried writing within
+oblongs cut out of cardboard, but the result was apt to be illegible.
+In 1891 he conceived the device of having a series of squares cut out
+in card, and inventing an alphabet, of which each letter was made of
+lines, which could be written along the edges of the squares, and
+dots, which could be marked at the corners. The thing worked well, and
+he named it the "Typhlograph," but, at the suggestion of one of his
+brother-students, this was subsequently changed into "Nyctograph."
+
+He spent the Long Vacation at Eastbourne, attending service every
+Sunday at Christ Church, according to his usual rule.
+
+    _Sept._ 6, 1891.--At the evening service at Christ
+    Church a curious thing happened, suggestive of telepathy.
+    Before giving out the second hymn the curate read out some
+    notices. Meanwhile I took my hymn-book, and said to myself
+    (I have no idea _why_), "It will be hymn 416," and I
+    turned to it. It was not one I recognised as having ever
+    heard; and, on looking at it, I said, "It is very prosaic;
+    it is a very unlikely one"--and it was really startling,
+    the next minute, to hear the curate announce "Hymn 416."
+
+In October it became generally known that Dean Liddell was going to
+resign at Christmas. This was a great blow to Mr. Dodgson, but little
+mitigated by the fact that the very man whom he himself would have
+chosen, Dr. Paget, was appointed to fill the vacant place. The old
+Dean was very popular in College; even the undergraduates, with whom
+he was seldom brought into contact, felt the magic of his commanding
+personality and the charm of his gracious, old-world manner. He was a
+man whom, once seen, it was almost impossible to forget.
+
+[Illustration: The Dean of Christ Church. _From a
+photograph by Hill & Saunders._]
+
+Shortly before the resignation of Dr. Liddell, the Duchess of Albany
+spent a few days at the Deanery. Mr. Dodgson was asked to meet her
+Royal Highness at luncheon, but was unable to go. Princess Alice and
+the little Duke of Albany, however, paid him a visit, and were
+initiated in the art of making paper pistols. He promised to send the
+Princess a copy of a book called "The Fairies," and the children,
+having spent a happy half-hour in his rooms, returned to the Deanery.
+This was one of the days which he "marked with a white stone." He sent
+a copy of "The Nursery 'Alice'" to the little Princess Alice, and
+received a note of thanks from her, and also a letter from her mother,
+in which she said that the book had taught the Princess to like
+reading, and to do it out of lesson-time. To the Duke he gave a copy
+of a book entitled "The Merry Elves." In his little note of thanks for
+this gift, the boy said, "Alice and I want you to love us both." Mr.
+Dodgson sent Princess Alice a puzzle, promising that if she found it
+out, he would give her a "golden chair from Wonderland."
+
+At the close of the year he wrote me a long letter, which I think
+worthy of reproducing here, for he spent a long time over it, and it
+contains excellent examples of his clear way of putting things.
+
+    _To S.D. Collingwood._
+
+    Ch. Ch., Oxford, _Dec_. 29, 1891.
+
+    My Dear Stuart,--(Rather a large note-sheet, isn't it? But
+    they do differ in size, you know.) I fancy this book of
+    science (which I have had a good while, without making any
+    use of it), may prove of some use to you, with your boys. [I
+    was a schoolmaster at that time.] Also this cycling-book (or
+    whatever it is to be called) may be useful in putting down
+    engagements, &c., besides telling you a lot about cycles.
+    There was no use in sending it to _me; my _cycling days
+    are over.
+
+    You ask me if your last piece of "Meritt" printing is dark
+    enough. I think not. I should say the rollers want fresh
+    inking. As to the _matter_ of your specimen--[it was a
+    poor little essay on killing animals for the purpose of
+    scientific recreations, _e.g._, collecting
+    butterflies]--I think you _cannot_ spend your time
+    better than in trying to set down clearly, in that
+    essay-form, your ideas on any subject that chances to
+    interest you; and _specially_ any theological subject
+    that strikes you in the course of your reading for Holy
+    Orders.
+
+    It will be most _excellent_ practice for you, against
+    the time when you try to compose sermons, to try thus to
+    realise exactly what it is you mean, and to express it
+    clearly, and (a much harder matter) to get into proper shape
+    the _reasons_ of your opinions, and to see whether they
+    do, or do not, tend to prove the conclusions you come to.
+    You have never studied technical Logic, at all, I fancy. [I
+    _had_, but I freely admit that the essay in question
+    proved that I had not then learnt to apply my principles to
+    practice.] It would have been a great help: but still it is
+    not indispensable: after all, it is only the putting into
+    rules of the way in which _every_ mind proceeds, when
+    it draws valid conclusions; and, by practice in careful
+    thinking, you may get to know "fallacies" when you meet with
+    them, without knowing the formal _rules_.
+
+    At present, when you try to give _reasons_, you are in
+    considerable danger of propounding fallacies. Instances
+    occur in this little essay of yours; and I hope it won't
+    offend your _amour propre_ very much, if an old uncle,
+    who has studied Logic for forty years, makes a few remarks
+    on it.
+
+    I am not going to enter _at all_ on the subject-matter
+    itself, or to say whether I agree, or not, with your
+    _conclusions_: but merely to examine, from a
+    logic-lecturer's point of view, your _premisses_ as
+    relating to them.
+
+    (1) "As the lower animals do not appear to have personality
+    or individual existence, I cannot see that any particular
+    one's life can be very important," &c. The word
+    "personality" is very vague: I don't know what you mean by
+    it. If you were to ask yourself, "What test should I use in
+    distinguishing what _has_, from what has _not_,
+    personality?" you might perhaps be able to express your
+    meaning more clearly. The phrase "individual existence" is
+    clear enough, and is in direct logical contradiction to the
+    phrase "particular one." To say, of anything, that it has
+    _not_ "individual existence," and yet that it _is_
+    a "particular one," involves the logical fallacy called a
+    "contradiction in terms."
+
+    (2) "In both cases" (animal and plant) "death is only the
+    conversion of matter from one form to another." The word
+    "form" is very vague--I fancy you use it in a sort of
+    _chemical_ sense (like saying "sugar is starch in
+    another form," where the change in nature is generally
+    believed to be a rearrangement of the very same atoms). If
+    you mean to assert that the difference between a live animal
+    and a dead animal, _i.e.,_ between animate and
+    sensitive matter, and the same matter when it becomes
+    inanimate and insensitive, is a mere rearrangement of the
+    same atoms, your premiss is intelligible. (It is a bolder
+    one than any biologists have yet advanced. The most
+    sceptical of them admits, I believe, that "vitality" is a
+    thing _per se. _However, that is beside my present
+    scope.) But this premiss is advanced to prove that it is of
+    no "consequence" to kill an animal. But, granting that the
+    conversion of sensitive into insensitive matter (and of
+    course _vice versa_) is a mere change of "form," and
+    _therefore_ of no "consequence"; granting this, we
+    cannot escape the including under this rule all similar
+    cases. If the _power_ of feeling pain, and the
+    _absence_ of that power, are only a difference of
+    "form," the conclusion is inevitable that the _feeling_
+    pain, and the _not_ feeling it, are _also_ only a
+    difference in form, _i.e.,_ to convert matter, which is
+    _not_ feeling pain, into matter _feeling_ pain, is
+    only to change its "form," and, if the process of "changing
+    form" is of no "consequence" in the case of sensitive and
+    insensitive matter, we must admit that it is _also_ of
+    no "consequence" in the case of pain-feeling and _not_
+    pain-feeling matter. This conclusion, I imagine, you neither
+    intended nor foresaw. The premiss, which you use, involves
+    the fallacy called "proving too much."
+
+    The best advice that could be given to you, when you begin
+    to compose sermons, would be what an old friend once gave to
+    a young man who was going out to be an Indian judge (in
+    India, it seems, the judge decides things, without a jury,
+    like our County Court judges). "Give _your decisions_
+    boldly and clearly; they will probably be _right_. But
+    do _not_ give your _reasons: they_ will probably
+    be _wrong"_ If your lot in life is to be in a
+    _country_ parish, it will perhaps not matter
+    _much_ whether the reasons given in your sermons do or
+    do not prove your conclusions. But even there you
+    _might_ meet, and in a town congregation you would be
+    _sure_ to meet, clever sceptics, who know well how to
+    argue, who will detect your fallacies and point them out to
+    those who are _not_ yet troubled with doubts, and thus
+    undermine _all_ their confidence in your teaching.
+
+    At Eastbourne, last summer, I heard a preacher advance the
+    astounding argument, "We believe that the Bible is true,
+    because our holy Mother, the Church, tells us it is." I pity
+    that unfortunate clergyman if ever he is bold enough to
+    enter any Young Men's Debating Club where there is some
+    clear-headed sceptic who has heard, or heard of, that
+    sermon. I can fancy how the young man would rub his hands,
+    in delight, and would say to himself, "Just see me get him
+    into a corner, and convict him of arguing in a circle!"
+
+    The bad logic that occurs in many and many a well-meant
+    sermon, is a real danger to modern Christianity. When
+    detected, it may seriously injure many believers, and fill
+    them with miserable doubts. So my advice to you, as a young
+    theological student, is "Sift your reasons _well_, and,
+    before you offer them to others, make sure that they prove
+    your conclusions."
+
+    I hope you won't give this letter of mine (which it has cost
+    me some time and thought to write) just a single reading and
+    then burn it; but that you will lay it aside. Perhaps, even
+    years hence, it may be of some use to you to read it again.
+
+    Believe me always
+
+    Your affectionate Uncle,
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+(1892-1896)
+
+
+    Mr. Dodgson resigns the Curatorship--Bazaars--He lectures to
+    children--A mechanical "Humpty Dumpty"--A logical
+    controversy--Albert Chevalier--"Sylvie and Bruno
+    Concluded"--"Pillow Problems"--Mr. Dodgson's
+    generosity--College services--Religious difficulties--A
+    village sermon--Plans for the future--Reverence--"Symbolic
+    Logic."
+
+
+At Christ Church, as at other Colleges, the Common Room is an
+important feature. Open from eight in the morning until ten at night,
+it takes the place of a club, where the "dons" may see the newspapers,
+talk, write letters, or enjoy a cup of tea. After dinner, members of
+High Table, with their guests if any are present, usually adjourn to
+the Common Room for wine and dessert, while there is a smoking-room
+hard by for those who do not despise the harmless but unnecessary
+weed, and below are cellars, with a goodly store of choice old wines.
+
+The Curator's duties were therefore sufficiently onerous. They were
+doubly so in Mr. Dodgson's case, for his love of minute accuracy
+greatly increased the amount of work he had to do. It was his office
+to select and purchase wines, to keep accounts, to adjust selling
+price to cost price, to see that the two Common Room servants
+performed their duties, and generally to look after the comfort and
+convenience of the members.
+
+"Having heard," he wrote near the end of the year 1892, "that Strong
+was willing to be elected (as Curator), and Common Room willing to
+elect him, I most gladly resigned. The sense of relief at being free
+from the burdensome office, which has cost me a large amount of time
+and trouble, is very delightful. I was made Curator, December 8, 1882,
+so that I have held the office more than nine years."
+
+The literary results of his Curatorship were three very interesting
+little pamphlets, "Twelve Months in a Curatorship, by One who has
+tried it"; "Three years in a Curatorship, by One whom it has tried";
+and "Curiosissima Curatoria, by 'Rude Donatus,'" all printed for
+private circulation, and couched in the same serio-comic vein. As a
+logician he naturally liked to see his thoughts in print, for, just as
+the mathematical mind craves for a black-board and a piece of chalk,
+so the logical mind must have its paper and printing-press wherewith
+to set forth its deductions effectively.
+
+A few extracts must suffice to show the style of these pamphlets, and
+the opportunity offered for the display of humour.
+
+In the arrangement of the prices at which wines were to be sold to
+members of Common Room, he found a fine scope for the exercise of his
+mathematical talents and his sense of proportion. In one of the
+pamphlets he takes old Port and Chablis as illustrations.
+
+    The original cost of each is about 3s. a bottle; but the
+    present value of the old Port is about 11s. a bottle. Let us
+    suppose, then, that we have to sell to Common Room one
+    bottle of old Port and three of Chablis, the original cost
+    of the whole being 12s., and the present value 20s. These
+    are our data. We have now two questions to answer. First,
+    what sum shall we ask for the whole? Secondly, how shall we
+    apportion that sum between the two kinds of wine?
+
+The sum to be asked for the whole he decides, following precedent, is
+to be the present market-value of the wine; as to the second question,
+he goes on to say--
+
+    We have, as so often happens in the lives of distinguished
+    premiers, three courses before us: (1) to charge the
+    _present_ value for each kind of wine; (2) to put on a
+    certain percentage to the _original_ value of each
+    kind; (3) to make a compromise between these two courses.
+
+    Course 1 seems to me perfectly reasonable; but a very
+    plausible objection has been made to it--that it puts a
+    prohibitory price on the valuable wines, and that they would
+    remain unconsumed. This would not, however, involve any loss
+    to our finances; we could obviously realise the enhanced
+    values of the old wines by selling them to outsiders, if the
+    members of Common Room would not buy them. But I do not
+    advocate this course.
+
+    Course 2 would lead to charging 5s. a bottle for Port and
+    Chablis alike. The Port-drinker would be "in clover," while
+    the Chablis-drinker would probably begin getting his wine
+    direct from the merchant instead of from the Common Room
+    cellar, which would be a _reductio ad absurdum_ of the
+    tariff. Yet I have heard this course advocated, repeatedly,
+    as an abstract principle. "You ought to consider the
+    _original_ value only," I have been told. "You ought to
+    regard the Port-drinker as a private individual, who has
+    laid the wine in for himself, and who ought to have all the
+    advantages of its enhanced value. You cannot fairly ask him
+    for more than what you need to refill the bins with Port,
+    _plus_ the percentage thereon needed to meet the
+    contingent expenses." I have listened to such arguments, but
+    have never been convinced that the course is just. It seems
+    to me that the 8s. additional value which the bottle of Port
+    has acquired, is the property of _Common Room_, and
+    that Common Room has the power to give it to whom it
+    chooses; and it does not seem to me fair to give it all to
+    the Port-drinker. What merit is there in preferring Port to
+    Chablis, that could justify our selling the Port-drinker his
+    wine at less than half what he would have to give outside,
+    and charging the Chablis-drinker five-thirds of what he
+    would have to give outside? At all events, I, as a
+    Port-drinker, do not wish to absorb the whole advantage, and
+    would gladly share it with the Chablis-drinker. The course I
+    recommend is
+
+    Course 3, which is a compromise between 1 and 2, its
+    essential principle being to sell the new wines _above_
+    their value, in order to be able to sell the old
+    _below_ their value. And it is clearly desirable, as
+    far as possible, to make the reductions _where they will
+    be felt,_ and the additions _where they will not be
+    felt._ Moreover it seems to me that reduction is most
+    felt where it _goes down to the next round sum,_ and an
+    addition in the reverse case, _i.e.,_ when it _starts
+    from a round sum._ Thus, if we were to take 2d. off a 5s.
+    8d. wine, and add it to a 4s. 4d.--thus selling them at 5s.
+    6d. and 4s. 6d. the reduction would be welcomed, and the
+    addition unnoticed; and the change would be a popular one.
+
+The next extract shows with what light-hearted frivolity he could
+approach this tremendous subject of wine:--
+
+    The consumption of Madeira (B) has been during the past
+    year, zero. After careful calculation I estimate that, if
+    this rate of consumption be steadily maintained, our present
+    stock will last us an infinite number of years. And although
+    there may be something monotonous and dreary in the prospect
+    of such vast cycles spent in drinking second-class Madeira,
+    we may yet cheer ourselves with the thought of how
+    economically it can be done.
+
+To assist the Curator in the discharge of his duties, there was a Wine
+Committee, and for its guidance a series of rules was drawn up. The
+first runs as follows: "There shall be a Wine Committee, consisting of
+five persons, including the Curator, whose duty it shall be to assist
+the Curator in the management of the cellar." "Hence," wrote Mr.
+Dodgson, "logically it is the bounden duty of the Curator 'to assist
+himself.' I decline to say whether this clause has ever brightened
+existence for me--or whether, in the shades of evening, I may ever
+have been observed leaving the Common Room cellars with a small but
+suspicious-looking bundle, and murmuring, 'Assist thyself, assist
+thyself!'"
+
+Every Christmas at Christ Church the children of the College servants
+have a party in the Hall. This year he was asked to entertain them,
+and gladly consented to do so. He hired a magic lantern and a large
+number of slides, and with their help told the children the three
+following stories: (1) "The Epiphany"; (2) "The Children Lost in the
+Bush"; (3) "Bruno's Picnic."
+
+I have already referred to the services held in Christ Church for the
+College servants, at which Mr. Dodgson used frequently to preach. The
+way in which he regarded this work is very characteristic of the man.
+"Once more," he writes, "I have to thank my Heavenly Father for the
+great blessing and privilege of being allowed to speak for Him! May He
+bless my words to help some soul on its heavenward way." After one of
+these addresses he received a note from a member of the congregation,
+thanking him for what he had said. "It is very sweet," he said, "to
+get such words now and then; but there is danger in them if more such
+come, I must beg for silence."
+
+During the year Mr. Dodgson wrote the following letter to the Rev.
+C.A. Goodhart, Rector of Lambourne, Essex:--
+
+
+    Dear Sir,--Your kind, sympathising and most encouraging
+    letter about "Sylvie and Bruno" has deserved a better
+    treatment from me than to have been thus kept waiting more
+    than two years for an answer. But life is short; and one has
+    many other things to do; and I have been for years almost
+    hopelessly in arrears in correspondence. I keep a register,
+    so that letters which I intend to answer do somehow come to
+    the front at last.
+
+    In "Sylvie and Bruno" I took courage to introduce what I had
+    entirely avoided in the two "Alice" books--some reference to
+    subjects which are, after all, the _only_ subjects of real
+    interest in life, subjects which are so intimately bound up
+    with every topic of human interest that it needs more effort
+    to avoid them than to touch on them; and I felt that such a
+    book was more suitable to a clerical writer than one of mere
+    fun.
+
+    I hope I have not offended many (evidently I have not
+    offended _you_) by putting scenes of mere fun, and talk
+    about God, into the same book.
+
+    Only one of all my correspondents ever guessed there was
+    more to come of the book. She was a child, personally
+    unknown to me, who wrote to "Lewis Carroll" a sweet letter
+    about the book, in which she said, "I'm so glad it hasn't
+    got a regular wind-up, as it shows there is more to come!"
+
+    There is indeed "more to come." When I came to piece
+    together the mass of accumulated material I found it was
+    quite _double_ what could be put into one volume. So I
+    divided it in the middle; and I hope to bring out "Sylvie
+    and Bruno Concluded" next Christmas--if, that is, my
+    Heavenly Master gives me the time and the strength for the
+    task; but I am nearly 60, and have no right to count on
+    years to come.
+
+    In signing my real name, let me beg you not to let the
+    information go further--I have an _intense_ dislike to
+    personal publicity; and, the more people there are who know
+    nothing of "Lewis Carroll" save his books, the happier I am.
+
+    Believe me, sincerely yours,
+
+    Charles L. Dodgson.
+
+I have made no attempt to chronicle all the games and puzzles which
+Lewis Carroll invented. A list of such as have been published will be
+found in the Bibliographical chapter. He intended to bring out a book
+of "Original Games and Puzzles," with illustrations by Miss E.
+Gertrude Thomson. The MS. was, I believe, almost complete before his
+death, and one, at least, of the pictures had been drawn. On June 30th
+he wrote in his Diary, "Invented what I think is a new kind of riddle.
+A Russian had three sons. The first, named Rab, became a lawyer; the
+second, Ymra, became a soldier; the third became a sailor. What was
+his name?"
+
+The following letter written to a child-friend, Miss E. Drury,
+illustrates Lewis Carroll's hatred of bazaars:--
+
+    Ch. Ch., Oxford, _Nov_. 10, 1892.
+
+    My dear Emmie,--I object to _all_ bazaars on the general
+    principle that they are very undesirable schools for young
+    ladies, in which they learn to be "too fast" and forward,
+    and are more exposed to undesirable acquaintances than in
+    ordinary society. And I have, besides that, special
+    objections to bazaars connected with charitable or religious
+    purposes. It seems to me that they desecrate the religious
+    object by their undesirable features, and that they take the
+    reality out of all charity by getting people to think that
+    they are doing a good action, when their true motive is
+    amusement for themselves. Ruskin has put all this far better
+    than I can possibly do, and, if I can find the passage, and
+    find the time to copy it, I will send it you. But _time_ is
+    a very scarce luxury for me!
+
+    Always yours affectionately,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+In his later years he used often to give lectures on various subjects
+to children. He gave a series on "Logic" at the Oxford Girls' High
+School, but he sometimes went further afield, as in the following
+instance:--
+
+
+    Went, as arranged with Miss A. Ottley, to the High School at
+    Worcester, on a visit. At half-past three I had an audience
+    of about a hundred little girls, aged, I should think, from
+    about six to fourteen. I showed them two arithmetic puzzles
+    on the black-board, and told them "Bruno's Picnic." At
+    half-past seven I addressed some serious words to a second
+    audience of about a hundred elder girls, probably from
+    fifteen to twenty--an experience of the deepest interest to
+    me.
+
+The illustration on the next page will be best explained by the
+following letter which I have received from Mr. Walter Lindsay, of
+Philadelphia, U.S.:--
+
+    Phila., _September_ 12, 1898.
+
+    Dear Sir,--I shall be very glad to furnish what information
+    I can with respect to the "Mechanical Humpty Dumpty" which I
+    constructed a few years ago, but I must begin by
+    acknowledging that, in one sense at least, I did not
+    "invent" the figure. The idea was first put into my head by
+    an article in the _Cosmopolitan_, somewhere about 1891, I
+    suppose, describing a similar contrivance. As a devoted
+    admirer of the "Alice" books, I determined to build a Humpty
+    Dumpty of my own; but I left the model set by the author of
+    the article mentioned, and constructed the figure on
+    entirely different lines. In the first place, the figure as
+    described in the magazine had very few movements, and not
+    very satisfactory ones at that; and in the second place, no
+    attempt whatever was made to reproduce, even in a general
+    way, the well-known appearance of Tenniel's drawing. Humpty,
+    when completed, was about two feet and a half high. His
+    face, of course, was white; the lower half of the egg was
+    dressed in brilliant blue. His stockings were grey, and the
+    famous cravat orange, with a zigzag pattern in blue. I am
+    sorry to say that the photograph hardly does him justice;
+    but he had travelled to so many different places during his
+    career, that he began to be decidedly out of shape before he
+    sat for his portrait.
+
+    [Illustration: The Mechanical "Humpty Dumpty."
+    _From a photograph._]
+
+    When Humpty was about to perform, a short "talk" was usually
+    given before the curtain rose, explaining the way in which
+    the Sheep put the egg on the shelf at the back of the little
+    shop, and how Alice went groping along to it. And then, just
+    as the explanation had reached the opening of the chapter on
+    Humpty Dumpty, the curtain rose, and Humpty was discovered,
+    sitting on the wall, and gazing into vacancy. As soon as the
+    audience had had time to recover, Alice entered, and the
+    conversation was carried on just as it is in the book.
+    Humpty Dumpty gesticulated with his arms, rolled his eyes,
+    raised his eyebrows, frowned, turned up his nose in scorn at
+    Alice's ignorance, and smiled from ear to ear when he shook
+    hands with her. Besides this, his mouth kept time with his
+    words all through the dialogue, which added very greatly to
+    his life-like appearance.
+
+    The effect of his huge face, as it changed from one
+    expression to another, was ludicrous in the extreme, and we
+    were often obliged to repeat sentences in the conversation
+    (to "go back to the last remark but one") because the
+    audience laughed so loudly over Humpty Dumpty's expression
+    of face that they drowned what he was trying to say. The
+    funniest effect was the change from the look of
+    self-satisfied complacency with which he accompanied the
+    words: "The king has promised me--" to that of towering rage
+    when Alice innocently betrays her knowledge of the secret.
+    At the close of the scene, when Alice has vainly endeavoured
+    to draw him into further conversation, and at last walks
+    away in disgust, Humpty loses his balance on the wall,
+    recovers himself, totters again, and then falls off
+    backwards; at the same time a box full of broken glass is
+    dropped on the floor behind the scenes, to represent the
+    "heavy crash," which "shook the forest from end to
+    end";--and the curtain falls.
+
+    Now, as to how it was all done. Humpty was made of barrel
+    hoops, and covered with stiff paper and muslin. His eyes
+    were round balls of rags, covered with muslin, drawn
+    smoothly, and with the pupil and iris marked on the front.
+    These eyes were pivoted to a board, fastened just behind the
+    eye-openings in the face. To the eyeballs were sewed strong
+    pieces of tape, which passed through screw-eyes on the edges
+    of the board, and so down to a row of levers which were
+    hinged in the lower part of the figure. One lever raised
+    both eyes upward, another moved them both to the left, and
+    so on. The eyebrows were of worsted and indiarubber knitted
+    together. They were fastened at the ends, and raised and
+    lowered by fine white threads passing through small holes in
+    the face, and also operated by levers. The arms projected
+    into the interior of the machine, and the gestures were made
+    by moving the short ends inside. The right hand contained a
+    spring clothes-pin, by which he was enabled to hold the
+    note-book in which Alice set down the celebrated problem--
+
+        365
+          1
+        ___
+        364
+
+    The movement of the mouth, in talking, was produced by a
+    long tape, running down to a pedal, which was controlled by
+    the foot of the performer. And the smile consisted of long
+    strips of red tape, which were drawn out through slits at
+    the corners of the mouth by means of threads which passed
+    through holes in the sides of the head. The performer--who
+    was always your humble servant--stood on a box behind the
+    wall, his head just reaching the top of the egg, which was
+    open all the way up the back. At the lower end of the
+    figure, convenient to the hands of the performer, was the
+    row of levers, like a little keyboard; and by striking
+    different chords on the keys, any desired expression could
+    be produced on the face.
+
+    Of course, a performance of this kind without a good Alice
+    would be unutterably flat; but the little girl who played
+    opposite to Humpty, Miss Nellie K---, was so exactly the
+    counterpart of Alice, both in appearance and disposition,
+    that most children thought she was the original, right out
+    of the book.
+
+    Humpty still exists, but he has not seen active life for
+    some years. His own popularity was the cause of his
+    retirement; for having given a number of performances (for
+    Charity, of course), and delighted many thousands of
+    children of all ages, the demands upon his time, from
+    Sunday-schools and other institutions, became so numerous
+    that the performers were obliged to withdraw him in
+    self-defence. He was a great deal of trouble to build, but
+    the success he met with and the pleasure he gave more than
+    repaid me for the bother; and I am sure that any one else
+    who tries it will reach the same conclusion.
+
+    Yours sincerely,
+
+    Walter Lindsay.
+
+At the beginning of 1893 a fierce logical battle was being waged
+between Lewis Carroll and Mr. Cook Wilson, Professor of Logic at
+Oxford. The Professor, in spite of the countless arguments that Mr.
+Dodgson hurled at his head, would not confess that he had committed a
+fallacy.
+
+On February 5th the Professor appears to have conceded a point, for
+Mr. Dodgson writes: "Heard from Cook Wilson, who has long declined to
+read a paper which I sent January 12th, and which seems to me to prove
+the fallacy of a view of his about Hypotheticals. He now offers to
+read it, if _I_ will study a proof he sent, that another problem
+of mine had contradictory _data_. I have accepted his offer, and
+studied and answered his paper. So I now look forward hopefully to the
+result of his reading mine."
+
+The hopes which he entertained were doomed to be disappointed; the
+controversy bore no fruits save a few pamphlets and an enormous amount
+of correspondence, and finally the two antagonists had to agree to
+differ.
+
+As a rule Mr. Dodgson was a stern opponent of music-halls and
+music-hall singers; but he made one or two exceptions with regard to
+the latter. For Chevalier he had nothing but praise; he heard him at
+one of his recitals, for he never in his life entered a "Variety
+Theatre." I give the passage from his Diary:--
+
+    Went to hear Mr. Albert Chevalier's Recital. I only knew of
+    him as being now recognised as _facile princeps_ among
+    music-hall singers, and did not remember that I had seen him
+    twice or oftener on the stage--first as "Mr. Hobbs" in
+    "Little Lord Fauntleroy," and afterwards as a "horsy" young
+    man in a _matinée_ in which Violet Vanbrugh appeared. He was
+    decidedly _good_ as an actor; but as a comic singer (with
+    considerable powers of pathos as well) he is quite
+    first-rate. His chief merit seems to be the earnestness with
+    which he throws himself into the work. The songs (mostly his
+    own writing) were quite inoffensive, and very funny. I am
+    very glad to be able to think that his influence on public
+    taste is towards refinement and purity. I liked best "The
+    Future Mrs. 'Awkins," with its taking tune, and "My Old
+    Dutch," which revealed powers that, I should think, would
+    come out grandly in Robsonian parts, such as "The Porter's
+    Knot." "The Little Nipper" was also well worth hearing.
+
+Mr. Dodgson's views on Sunday Observance were old-fashioned, but he
+lived up to them, and did not try to force them upon people with whose
+actions he had no concern. They were purely matters of "private
+opinion" with him. On October 2nd he wrote to Miss E.G. Thomson, who
+was illustrating his "Three Sunsets":--
+
+    Would you kindly do _no_ sketches, or photos, for
+    _me_, on a Sunday? It is, in _my_ view (of
+    _course_ I don't condemn any one who differs from me)
+    inconsistent with keeping the day holy. I do _not_ hold
+    it to be the Jewish "Sabbath," but I _do_ hold it to be
+    "the Lord's Day," and so to be made very distinct from the
+    other days.
+
+In December, the Logical controversy being over for a time, Mr.
+Dodgson invented a new problem to puzzle his mathematical friends
+with, which was called "The Monkey and Weight Problem." A rope is
+supposed to be hung over a wheel fixed to the roof of a building; at
+one end of the rope a weight is fixed, which exactly counterbalances a
+monkey which is hanging on to the other end. Suppose that the monkey
+begins to climb the rope, what will be the result? The following
+extract from the Diary illustrates the several possible answers which
+may be given:--
+
+    Got Professor Clifton's answer to the "Monkey and Weight
+    Problem." It is very curious, the different views taken by
+    good mathematicians. Price says the weight goes _up_, with
+    increasing velocity; Clifton (and Harcourt) that it goes
+    _up_, at the same rate as the monkey; while Sampson says
+    that it goes _down_.
+
+On December 24th Mr. Dodgson received the first twelve copies of
+"Sylvie and Bruno Concluded," just about four years after the
+appearance of the first part of the story. In this second volume the
+two fairy children are as delightful as ever; it also contains what I
+think most people will agree to be the most beautiful poem Lewis
+Carroll ever wrote, "Say, what is the spell, when her fledglings are
+cheeping?" (p. 305). In the preface he pays a well-deserved compliment
+to Mr. Harry Furniss for his wonderfully clever pictures; he also
+explains how the book was written, showing that many of the amusing
+remarks of Bruno had been uttered by real children. He makes
+allusion to two books, which only his death prevented him from
+finishing--"Original Games and Puzzles," and a paper on "Sport,"
+viewed from the standpoint of the humanitarian. From a literary point
+of view the second volume of "Sylvie and Bruno" lacks unity; a fairy
+tale is all very well, and a novel also is all very well, but the
+combination of the two is surely a mistake. However, the reader who
+cares more for the spirit than the letter will not notice this
+blemish; to him "Sylvie and Bruno Concluded" will be interesting and
+helpful, as the revelation of a very beautiful personality.
+
+    You have made everything turn out just as I should have
+    chosen [writes a friend to whom he had sent a copy], and
+    made right all that disappointed me in the first part. I
+    have not only to thank you for writing an interesting book,
+    but for writing a helpful one too. I am sure that "Sylvie
+    and Bruno" has given me many thoughts that will help me all
+    life through. One cannot know "Sylvie" without being the
+    better for it. You may say that "Mister Sir" is not
+    consciously meant to be yourself, but I cannot help feeling
+    that he is. As "Mister Sir" talks, I hear your voice in
+    every word. I think, perhaps, that is why I like the book so
+    much.
+
+I have received an interesting letter from Mr. Furniss, bearing upon
+the subject of "Sylvie and Bruno," and Lewis Carroll's methods of
+work. The letter runs as follows:--
+
+    I have illustrated stories of most of our leading authors,
+    and I can safely say that Lewis Carroll was the only one who
+    cared to understand the illustrations to his own book. He
+    was the W. S. Gilbert for children, and, like Gilbert
+    producing one of his operas, Lewis Carroll took infinite
+    pains to study every detail in producing his extraordinary
+    and delightful books. Mr. Gilbert, as every one knows, has a
+    model of the stage; he puts up the scenery, draws every
+    figure, moves them about just as he wishes the real actors
+    to move about. Lewis Carroll was precisely the same. This,
+    of course, led to a great deal of work and trouble, and made
+    the illustrating of his books more a matter of artistic
+    interest than of professional profit. I was _seven years_
+    illustrating his last work, and during that time I had the
+    pleasure of many an interesting meeting with the fascinating
+    author, and I was quite repaid for the trouble I took, not
+    only by his generous appreciation of my efforts, but by the
+    liberal remuneration he gave for the work, and also by the
+    charm of having intercourse with the interesting, if
+    somewhat erratic genius.
+
+A book very different in character from "Sylvie and Bruno," but under
+the same well-known pseudonym, appeared about the same time. I refer
+to "Pillow Problems," the second part of the series entitled "Curiosa
+Mathematica."
+
+"Pillow Problems thought out during wakeful hours" is a collection of
+mathematical problems, which Mr. Dodgson solved while lying awake at
+night. A few there are to which the title is not strictly applicable,
+but all alike were worked out mentally before any diagram or word of
+the solution was committed to paper.
+
+The author says that his usual practice was to write down the
+_answer_ first of all, and afterwards the question and its
+solution. His motive, he says, for publishing these problems was not
+from any desire to display his powers of mental calculation. Those who
+knew him will readily believe this, though they will hardly be
+inclined to accept his own modest estimate of those powers.
+
+Still the book was intended, not for the select few who can scale the
+mountain heights of advanced mathematics, but for the much larger
+class of ordinary mathematicians, and they at least will be able to
+appreciate the gifted author, and to wonder how he could follow so
+clearly in his head the mental diagrams and intricate calculations
+involved in some of these "Pillow Problems."
+
+His chief motive in publishing the book was to show how, by a little
+determination, the mind "can be made to concentrate itself on some
+intellectual subject (not necessarily mathematics), and thus banish
+those petty troubles and vexations which most people experience, and
+which--unless the mind be otherwise occupied--_will_ persist in
+invading the hours of night." And this remedy, as he shows, serves a
+higher purpose still. In a paragraph which deserves quoting at length,
+as it gives us a momentary glimpse of his refined and beautiful
+character, he says:--
+
+    Perhaps I may venture for a moment to use a more serious
+    tone, and to point out that there are mental troubles, much
+    worse than mere worry, for which an absorbing object of
+    thought may serve as a remedy. There are sceptical thoughts,
+    which seem for the moment to uproot the firmest faith: there
+    are blasphemous thoughts, which dart unbidden into the most
+    reverent souls: there are unholy thoughts, which torture
+    with their hateful presence the fancy that would fain be
+    pure. Against all these some real mental work is a most
+    helpful ally. That "unclean spirit" of the parable, who
+    brought back with him seven others more wicked than himself,
+    only did so because he found the chamber "swept and
+    garnished," and its owner sitting with folded hands. Had he
+    found it all alive with the "busy hum" of active _work_,
+    there would have been scant welcome for him and his seven!
+
+It would have robbed the book of its true character if Lewis Carroll
+had attempted to improve on the work done in his head, and
+consequently we have the solutions exactly as he worked them out
+before setting them down on paper. Of the Problems themselves there is
+not much to be said here; they are original, and some of them (e.g.,
+No. 52) expressed in a style peculiarly the author's own. The subjects
+included in their range are Arithmetic, Algebra, Pure Geometry
+(Plane), Trigonometry, Algebraic Geometry, and Differential Calculus;
+and there is one Problem to which Mr. Dodgson says he "can proudly
+point," in "Transcendental Probabilities," which is here given: "A bag
+contains two counters, as to which nothing is known except that each
+is either black or white. Ascertain their colour without taking them
+out of the bag." The answer is, "One is black and the other white."
+For the solution the reader is referred to the book itself, a study of
+which will well repay him, apart from the chance he may have of
+discovering some mistake, and the consequent joy thereat!
+
+A few extracts from the Diary follow, written during the early part of
+1894:--
+
+    _Feb._ 1_st.--Dies notandus._ As Ragg was reading
+    Prayers, and Bayne and I were the only M.A.'s in the stalls,
+    I tried the experiment of going to the lectern and reading
+    the lesson. I did not hesitate much, but feel it too great a
+    strain on the nerves to be tried often. Then I went to the
+    Latin Chapel for Holy Communion. Only Paget (Dean) and Dr.
+    Huntley came: so, for the first time in my recollection, it
+    had to be given up. Then I returned to my rooms, and found
+    in _The Standard_ the very important communication from
+    Gladstone denying the rumour that he has decided upon
+    resigning the Premiership, but admitting that, owing to
+    failing powers, it may come at any moment. It will make a
+    complete change in the position of politics! Then I got,
+    from Cook Wilson, what I have been so long trying for--an
+    accepted transcript of the fallacious argument over which we
+    have had an (apparently) endless fight. I think the end is
+    near, _now_.
+
+    _Feb._ 4_th._--The idea occurred to me that it
+    might be a pleasant variation in Backgammon to throw
+    _three_ dice, and choose any two of the three numbers.
+    The average quality of the throws would be much raised. I
+    reckon that the chance of "6, 6" would be about two and a
+    half what it now is. It would also furnish a means, similar
+    to giving points in billiards, for equalising players: the
+    weaker might use three dice, the other using two. I think of
+    calling it "Thirdie Backgammon."
+
+    _March_ 31_st._--Have just got printed, as a
+    leaflet, "A Disputed Point in Logic"--the point Professor
+    Wilson and I have been arguing so long. This paper is wholly
+    in his own words, and puts the point very clearly. I think
+    of submitting it to all my logical friends.
+
+"A Disputed Point in Logic" appeared also, I believe, in
+_Mind_, July, 1894.
+
+This seems a fitting place in which to speak of a side of Mr.
+Dodgson's character of which he himself was naturally very
+reticent--his wonderful generosity. My own experience of him was of a
+man who was always ready to do one a kindness, even though it put him
+to great expense and inconvenience; but of course I did not know,
+during his lifetime, that my experience of him was the same as that of
+all his other friends. The income from his books and other sources,
+which might have been spent in a life of luxury and selfishness, he
+distributed lavishly where he saw it was needed, and in order to do
+this he always lived in the most simple way. To make others happy was
+the Golden Rule of his life. On August 31st he wrote, in a letter to a
+friend, Miss Mary Brown: "And now what am I to tell you about myself?
+To say I am quite well 'goes without saying' with me. In fact, my life
+is so strangely free from all trial and trouble that I cannot doubt my
+own happiness is one of the talents entrusted to me to 'occupy' with,
+till the Master shall return, by doing something to make other lives
+happy."
+
+In several instances, where friends in needy circumstances have
+written to him for loans of money, he has answered them, "I will not
+_lend_, but I will _give_ you the £100 you ask for." To help
+child-friends who wanted to go on the stage, or to take up music as a
+profession, he has introduced them to leading actors and actresses,
+paid for them having lessons in singing from the best masters, sent
+round circulars to his numerous acquaintances begging them to
+patronise the first concert or recital.
+
+In writing his books he never attempted to win popularity by acceding
+to the prejudices and frailties of the age--his one object was to make
+his books useful and helpful and ennobling. Like the great Master, in
+whose steps he so earnestly strove to follow, he "went about doing
+good." And one is glad to think that even his memory is being made to
+serve the same purpose. The "Alice" cots are a worthy sequel to his
+generous life.
+
+Even Mr. Dodgson, with all his boasted health, was not absolutely
+proof against disease, for on February 12, 1895, he writes:--
+
+    Tenth day of a rather bad attack of influenza of the ague
+    type. Last night the fever rose to a great height, partly
+    caused by a succession of _five_ visitors. One,
+    however, was of my own seeking--Dean Paget, to whom I was
+    thankful to be able to tell all I have had in my mind for a
+    year or more, as to our Chapel services _not_ being as
+    helpful as they could be made. The chief fault is extreme
+    _rapidity_. I long ago gave up the attempt to say the
+    Confession at that pace; and now I say it, and the Lord's
+    Prayer, close together, and never hear a word of the
+    Absolution. Also many of the Lessons are quite unedifying.
+
+On July 11th he wrote to my brother on the subject of a paper about
+Eternal Punishment, which was to form the first of a series of essays
+on Religious Difficulties:--
+
+    I am sending you the article on "Eternal Punishment" as it
+    is. There is plenty of matter for consideration, as to which
+    I shall be glad to know your views.
+
+    Also if there are other points, connected with religion,
+    where you feel that perplexing difficulties exist, I should
+    be glad to know of them in order to see whether I can see my
+    way to saying anything helpful.
+
+    But I had better add that I do not want to deal with any
+    such difficulties, _unless_ they tend to affect _life.
+    Speculative_ difficulties which do not affect conduct, and
+    which come into collision with any of the principles which I
+    intend to state as axioms, lie outside the scope of my book.
+    These axioms are:--
+
+      (1) Human conduct is capable of being _right_, and of
+      being _wrong_.
+
+      (2) I possess Free-Will, and am able to choose between
+      right and wrong.
+
+      (3) I have in some cases chosen wrong.
+
+      (4) I am responsible for choosing wrong.
+
+      (5) I am responsible to a person.
+
+      (6) This person is perfectly good.
+
+    I call them axioms, because I have no _proofs_ to offer for
+    them. There will probably be others, but these are all I can
+    think of just now.
+
+The Rev. H. Hopley, Vicar of Westham, has sent me the following
+interesting account of a sermon Mr. Dodgson preached at his church:--
+
+    In the autumn of 1895 the Vicar of Eastbourne was to have
+    preached my Harvest Sermon at Westham, a village five miles
+    away; but something or other intervened, and in the middle
+    of the week I learned he could not come. A mutual friend
+    suggested my asking Mr. Dodgson, who was then in Eastbourne,
+    to help me, and I went with him to his rooms. I was quite a
+    stranger to Mr. Dodgson; but knowing from hearsay how
+    reluctant he usually was to preach, I apologised and
+    explained my position--with Sunday so near at hand. After a
+    moment's hesitation he consented, and in a most genial
+    manner made me feel quite at ease as to the abruptness of my
+    petition. On the morrow he came over to my vicarage, and
+    made friends with my daughters, teaching them some new
+    manner of playing croquet [probably Castle Croquet], and
+    writing out for them puzzles and anagrams that he had
+    composed.
+
+    The following letter was forwarded on the Saturday:--
+
+        "7, Lushington Road, Eastbourne,
+
+        _September_ 26, 1895.
+
+        Dear Mr. Hopley,--I think you will excuse the liberty
+        I am taking in asking you to give me some food after the
+        service on Sunday, so that I may have no need to catch the
+        train, but can walk back at leisure. This will save me from
+        the worry of trying to conclude at an exact minute, and
+        you, perhaps, from the trouble of finding short hymns, to save
+        time. It will not, I hope, cause your cook any trouble, as
+        my regular rule here is _cold_ dinner on Sundays. This not
+        from any "Sabbatarian" theory, but from the wish to let our
+        _employés_ have the day _wholly_ at their own disposal.
+
+        I beg Miss Hopley's acceptance of the enclosed papers--
+        (puzzles and diagrams.)
+
+        Believe me, very truly yours,
+
+        C.L. Dodgson."
+
+    On Sunday our grand old church was crowded, and, although
+    our villagers are mostly agricultural labourers, yet they
+    breathlessly listened to a sermon forty minutes long, and
+    apparently took in every word of it. It was quite extempore,
+    in very simple words, and illustrated by some delightful and
+    most touching stories of children. I only wish there had
+    been a shorthand-writer there.
+
+    In the vestry after service, while he was signing his name
+    in the Preachers' Book, a church officer handed him a bit of
+    paper. "Mr. Dodgson, would you very kindly write your name
+    on that?" "Sir!" drawing himself up sternly--"Sir, I never
+    do that for any one"--and then, more kindly, "You see, if I
+    did it for one, I must do it for all."
+
+An amusing incident in Mr. Dodgson's life is connected with the
+well-known drama, "Two Little Vagabonds." I give the story as he wrote
+it in his Diary:--
+
+    _Nov._ 28_th.--Matinée_ at the Princess's of "Two Little
+    Vagabonds," a very sensational melodrama, capitally acted.
+    "Dick" and "Wally" were played by Kate Tyndall and Sydney
+    Fairbrother, whom I guess to be about fifteen and twelve.
+    Both were excellent, and the latter remarkable for the
+    perfect realism of her acting. There was some beautiful
+    religious dialogue between "Wally" and a hospital nurse--
+    most reverently spoken, and reverently received by the
+    audience.
+
+    _Dec._ 17_th._--I have given books to Kate Tyndall and
+    Sydney Fairbrother, and have heard from them, and find I was
+    entirely mistaken in taking them for children. Both are
+    married women!
+
+The following is an extract from a letter written in 1896 to one of
+his sisters, in allusion to a death which had recently occurred in the
+family:--
+
+    It is getting increasingly difficult now to remember _which_
+    of one's friends remain alive, and _which_ have gone "into
+    the land of the great departed, into the silent land." Also,
+    such news comes less and less as a shock, and more and more
+    one realises that it is an experience each of _us_ has to
+    face before long. That fact is getting _less_ dreamlike to
+    me now, and I sometimes think what a grand thing it will be
+    to be able to say to oneself, "Death is _over_ now; there is
+    not _that_ experience to be faced again."
+
+    I am beginning to think that, if the _books I_ am still
+    hoping to write are to be done _at all,_ they must be done
+    _now_, and that I am _meant_ thus to utilise the splendid
+    health I have had, unbroken, for the last year and a half,
+    and the working powers that are fully as great as, if not
+    greater, than I have ever had. I brought with me here (this
+    letter was written from Eastbourne) the MS., such as it is
+    (very fragmentary and unarranged) for the book about
+    religious difficulties, and I meant, when I came here, to
+    devote myself to that, but I have changed my plan. It seems
+    to me that _that_ subject is one that hundreds of living men
+    could do, if they would only try, _much_ better than I
+    could, whereas there is no living man who could (or at any
+    rate who would take the trouble to) arrange and finish and
+    publish the second part of the "Logic." Also, I _have_ the
+    Logic book in my head; it will only need three or four
+    months to write out, and I have _not_ got the other book in
+    my head, and it might take years to think out. So I have
+    decided to get Part ii. finished _first_, and I am working
+    at it day and night. I have taken to early rising, and
+    sometimes sit down to my work before seven, and have one and
+    a half hours at it before breakfast. The book will be a
+    great novelty, and will help, I fully believe, to make the
+    study of Logic _far_ easier than it now is. And it will, I
+    also believe, be a help to religious thought by giving
+    _clearness_ of conception and of expression, which may
+    enable many people to face, and conquer, many religious
+    difficulties for themselves. So I do really regard it as
+    work for _God_.
+
+Another letter, written a few months later to Miss Dora Abdy, deals
+with the subject of "Reverence," which Mr. Dodgson considered a virtue
+not held in sufficient esteem nowadays:--
+
+    My Dear Dora,--In correcting the proofs of "Through the
+    Looking-Glass" (which is to have "An Easter Greeting"
+    inserted at the end), I am reminded that in that letter (I
+    enclose a copy), I had tried to express my thoughts on the
+    very subject we talked about last night--the relation of
+    _laughter_ to religious thought. One of the hardest things
+    in the world is to convey a meaning accurately from one mind
+    to another, but the _sort_ of meaning I want to convey to
+    other minds is that while the laughter of _joy_ is in full
+    harmony with our deeper life, the laughter of amusement
+    should be kept apart from it. The danger is too great of
+    thus learning to look at solemn things in a spirit of
+    _mockery_, and to seek in them opportunities for exercising
+    _wit_. That is the spirit which has spoiled, for me, the
+    beauty of some of the Bible. Surely there is a deep meaning
+    in our prayer, "Give us an heart to love and _dread_ Thee."
+    We do not mean _terror_: but a dread that will harmonise
+    with love; "respect" we should call it as towards a human
+    being, "reverence" as towards God and all religious things.
+
+    Yours affectionately,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+In his "Game of Logic" Lewis Carroll introduced an original method of
+working logical problems by means of diagrams; this method he
+superseded in after years for a much simpler one, the method of
+"Subscripts."
+
+In "Symbolic Logic, Part i." (London: Macmillan, 1896) he employed
+both methods. The Introduction is specially addressed "to Learners,"
+whom Lewis Carroll advises to read the book straight through, without
+_dipping_.
+
+    This Rule [he says] is very desirable with other kinds of
+    books--such as novels, for instance, where you may easily
+    spoil much of the enjoyment you would otherwise get from the
+    story by dipping into it further on, so that what the author
+    meant to be a pleasant surprise comes to you as a matter of
+    course. Some people, I know, make a practice of looking into
+    vol. iii. first, just to see how the story ends; and perhaps
+    it _is_ as well just to know that all ends
+    _happily_--that the much persecuted lovers _do_
+    marry after all, that he is proved to be quite innocent of
+    the murder, that the wicked cousin is completely foiled in
+    his plot, and gets the punishment he deserves, and that the
+    rich uncle in India (_Qu._ Why in _India? Ans._
+    Because, somehow, uncles never _can_ get rich anywhere
+    else) dies at exactly the right moment--before taking the
+    trouble to read vol i. This, I say, is _just_
+    permissible with a _novel_, where vol. iii. has a
+    _meaning_, even for those who have not read the earlier
+    part of the story; but with a _scientific_ book, it is
+    sheer insanity. You will find the latter part
+    _hopelessly_ unintelligible, if you read it before
+    reaching it in regular course.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+(1897-1898)
+
+
+    Logic-lectures--Irreverent anecdotes--Tolerance of his
+    religious views--A mathematical discovery--"The Little
+    Minister" Sir George Baden-Powell--Last illness--"Thy will
+    be done"--"Wonderland" at last!--Letters from friends "Three
+    Sunsets"--"Of such is the kingdom of Heaven."
+
+The year 1897, the last complete year which he was destined to spend,
+began for Mr. Dodgson at Guildford. On January 3rd he preached in the
+morning at the beautiful old church of S. Mary's, the church which he
+always attended when he was staying with his sisters at the Chestnuts.
+
+On the 5th he began a course of Logic Lectures at Abbot's Hospital.
+The Rev. A. Kingston, late curate of Holy Trinity and S. Mary's
+Parishes, Guildford, had requested him to do this, and he had given
+his promise if as many as six people could be got together to hear
+him. Mr. Kingston canvassed the town so well that an audience of about
+thirty attended the first lecture.
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Carroll. _From a photograph._]
+
+A long Sunday walk was always a feature of Mr. Dodgson's life in the
+vacations. In earlier years the late Mr. W. Watson was his usual
+companion at Guildford. The two men were in some respects very much
+alike; a peculiar gentleness of character, a winning charm of manner
+which no one could resist, distinguished them both. After Mr. Watson's
+death his companion was usually one of the following Guildford
+clergymen: the Rev. J.H. Robson, LL.D., the Rev. H.R. Ware, and the
+Rev. A. Kingston.
+
+On the 26th Mr. Dodgson paid a visit to the Girls' High School, to
+show the pupils some mathematical puzzles, and to teach the elder ones
+his "Memoria Technica." On the 28th he returned to Oxford, so as to be
+up in time for term.
+
+I have said that he always refused invitations to dinner; accordingly
+his friends who knew of this peculiarity, and wished to secure him for
+a special evening, dared not actually invite him, but wrote him little
+notes stating that on such and such days they would be dining at home.
+Thus there is an entry in his Journal for February 10th:
+
+    "Dined with Mrs. G--(She had not sent an
+    'invitation'--only 'information')."
+
+His system of symbolic logic enabled him to work out the most complex
+problems with absolute certainty in a surprisingly short time. Thus he
+wrote on the 15th: "Made a splendid logic-problem, about
+"great-grandsons" (modelled on one by De Morgan). My method of
+solution is quite new, and I greatly doubt if any one will solve the
+Problem. I have sent it to Cook Wilson."
+
+On March 7th he preached in the University Church, the first occasion
+on which he had done so:--
+
+    There is now [he writes] a system established of a course of
+    six sermons at S. Mary's each year, for University men
+    _only_, and specially meant for undergraduates. They
+    are preached, preceded by a few prayers and a hymn, at
+    half-past eight. This evening ended the course for this
+    term: and it was my great privilege to preach. It has been
+    the most formidable sermon I have ever had to preach, and it
+    is a _great_ relief to have it over. I took, as text,
+    Job xxviii. 28, "And unto man he said, The fear of the Lord,
+    that is wisdom"--and the prayer in the Litany "Give us an
+    heart to love and dread thee." It lasted three-quarters of
+    an hour.
+
+One can imagine how he would have treated the subject. The views which
+he held on the subject of reverence were, so at least it appears to
+me, somewhat exaggerated; they are well expressed in a letter which he
+wrote to a friend of his, during the year, and which runs as
+follows:--
+
+    Dear--, After changing my mind several times, I have at
+    last decided to venture to ask a favour of you, and to trust
+    that you will not misinterpret my motives in doing so.
+
+    The favour I would ask is, that you will not tell me any
+    more stories, such as you did on Friday, of remarks which
+    children are said to have made on very sacred subjects--
+    remarks which most people would recognise as irreverent, if
+    made by _grown-up people_, but which are assumed to be
+    innocent when made by children who are unconscious of any
+    irreverence, the strange conclusion being drawn that they
+    are therefore innocent when _repeated_ by a grown-up person.
+
+    The misinterpretation I would guard against is, your
+    supposing that I regard such repetition as always _wrong_ in
+    any grown-up person. Let me assure you that I do _not_ so
+    regard it. I am always willing to believe that those who
+    repeat such stories differ wholly from myself in their views
+    of what is, and what is not, fitting treatment of sacred
+    things, and I fully recognise that what would certainly be
+    wrong in _me_, is not necessarily so in _them_.
+
+    So I simply ask it as a personal favour to myself. The
+    hearing of that anecdote gave me so much pain, and spoiled
+    so much the pleasure of my tiny dinner-party, that I feel
+    sure you will kindly spare me such in future.
+
+    One further remark. There are quantities of such anecdotes
+    going about. I don't in the least believe that 5 per cent.
+    of them were ever said by _children_. I feel sure that most
+    of them are concocted by people who _wish_ to bring sacred
+    subjects into ridicule--sometimes by people who _wish_ to
+    undermine the belief that others have in religious truths:
+    for there is no surer way of making one's beliefs _unreal_
+    than by learning to associate them with ludicrous ideas.
+
+    Forgive the freedom with which I have said all this.
+
+    Sincerely yours,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+The entry in the Diary for April 11th (Sunday) is interesting:--
+
+    Went my eighteen-mile round by Besilsleigh. From my rooms
+    back to them again, took me five hours and twenty-seven
+    minutes. Had "high tea" at twenty minutes past seven. This
+    entails only leaving a plate of cold meat, and gives much
+    less trouble than hot dinner at six.
+
+    Dinner at six has been my rule since January 31st, when it
+    began--I then abandoned the seven o'clock Sunday dinner, of
+    which I entirely disapprove. It has prevented, for two
+    terms, the College Servants' Service.
+
+On May 12th he wrote:--
+
+    As the Prince of Wales comes this afternoon to open the Town
+    Hall, I went round to the Deanery to invite them to come
+    through my rooms upon the roof, to see the procession
+    arrive.... A party of about twenty were on my roof in the
+    afternoon, including Mrs. Moberly, Mrs. Driver, and Mrs.
+    Baynes, and most, if not all, of the children in Christ
+    Church. Dinner in Hall at eight. The Dean had the Prince on
+    his right, and Lord Salisbury on his left. My place was almost
+    _vis-à-vis_ with the Prince. He and the Dean were the
+    only speakers. We did not get out of Hall till nearly ten.
+
+In June he bought a "Whiteley Exerciser," and fixed it up in his
+rooms. One would have thought that he would have found his long walks
+sufficient exercise (an eighteen-mile round was, as we have seen, no
+unusual thing for him to undertake), but apparently it was not so. He
+was so pleased with the "Exerciser," that he bought several more of
+them, and made presents of them to his friends.
+
+As an instance of his broad-mindedness, the following extract from his
+Diary for June 20th is interesting. It must be premised that E--was a
+young friend of his who had recently become a member of the Roman
+Catholic Church, and that their place of worship in Oxford is
+dedicated to S. Aloysius.
+
+    I went with E-- to S. Aloysius. There was much beauty in the
+    service, part of which consisted in a procession, with
+    banner, all round the church, carrying the Host, preceded by
+    a number of girls in white, with veils (who had all had
+    their first communion that morning), strewing flowers. Many
+    of them were quite little things of about seven. The sermon
+    (by Father Richardson) was good and interesting, and in a
+    very loyal tone about the Queen.
+
+A letter he wrote some years before to a friend who had asked him
+about his religious opinions reveals the same catholicity of mind:--
+
+    I am a member of the English Church, and have taken Deacon's
+    Orders, but did not think fit (for reasons I need not go
+    into) to take Priest's Orders. My dear father was what is
+    called a "High Churchman," and I naturally adopted those
+    views, but have always felt repelled by the yet higher
+    development called "Ritualism."
+
+    But I doubt if I am fully a "High Churchman" now. I find
+    that as life slips away (I am over fifty now), and the life
+    on the other side of the great river becomes more and more
+    the reality, of which _this_ is only a shadow, that the
+    petty distinctions of the many creeds of Christendom tend to
+    slip away as well--leaving only the great truths which all
+    Christians believe alike. More and more, as I read of the
+    Christian religion, as Christ preached it, I stand amazed at
+    the forms men have given to it, and the fictitious barriers
+    they have built up between themselves and their brethren. I
+    believe that when you and I come to lie down for the last
+    time, if only we can keep firm hold of the great truths
+    Christ taught us--our own utter worthlessness and His
+    infinite worth; and that He has brought us back to our one
+    Father, and made us His brethren, and so brethren to one
+    another--we shall have all we need to guide us through the
+    shadows.
+
+    Most assuredly I accept to the full the doctrines you refer
+    to--that Christ died to save us, that we have no other way
+    of salvation open to us but through His death, and that it
+    is by faith in Him, and through no merit of ours, that we
+    are reconciled to God; and most assuredly I can cordially
+    say, "I owe all to Him who loved me, and died on the Cross
+    of Calvary."
+
+He spent the Long Vacation at Eastbourne as usual, frequently walking
+over to Hastings, which is about twenty miles off. A good many of his
+mornings were spent in giving lectures and telling stories at schools.
+
+A letter to the widow of an old college friend reveals the
+extraordinary sensitiveness of his nature:--
+
+    2, Bedford Well Road, Eastbourne,
+
+    _August_ 2, 1897.
+
+    My Dear Mrs. Woodhouse,--Your letter, with its mournful
+    news, followed me down here, and I only got it on Saturday
+    night; so I was not able to be with you in thought when the
+    mortal remains of my dear old friend were being committed to
+    the ground; to await the time when our Heavenly Father shall
+    have accomplished the number of His elect, and when you and
+    I shall once more meet the loved ones from whom we are, for
+    a little while only--what a little while even a long human
+    life lasts!--parted in sorrow, yet _not_ sorrowing as
+    those without hope.
+
+    You will be sure without words of mine, that you have my
+    true and deep sympathy. Of all the friends I made at Ch.
+    Ch., your husband was the very _first_ who spoke to
+    me--across the dinner-table in Hall. That is forty-six years
+    ago, but I remember, as if it were only yesterday, the
+    kindly smile with which he spoke....
+
+September 27th and 28th are marked in his Diary "with a white
+stone":--
+
+    _Sept. 27th.--Dies notandus._ Discovered rule for
+    dividing a number by 9, by mere addition and subtraction. I
+    felt sure there must be an analogous one for 11, and found
+    it, and proved first rule by algebra, after working about
+    nine hours!
+
+    _Sept. 28th.--Dies cretâ notandus._ I have actually
+    _superseded_ the rules discovered yesterday! My new
+    rules require to ascertain the 9-remainder, and the
+    11-remainder, which the others did _not_ require; but
+    the new ones are much the quickest. I shall send them to
+    _The Educational Times_, with date of discovery.
+
+On November 4th he wrote:--
+
+    Completed a rule for dividing a given number by any divisor
+    that is within 10 of a power of 10, either way. The
+    _principle_ of it is not my discovery, but was sent me
+    by Bertram Collingwood--a rule for dividing by a divisor
+    which is within 10 of a power of 10, _below_ it.
+
+My readers will not be surprised to learn that only eight days after
+this he had superseded his rule:--
+
+    An inventive morning! After waking, and before I had
+    finished dressing, I had devised a new and much neater form
+    in which to work my Rules for Long Division, and also
+    decided to bring out my "Games and Puzzles," and Part iii.
+    of "Curiosa Mathematica," in _Numbers_, in paper covers,
+    paged consecutively, to be ultimately issued in boards.
+
+On November 20th he spent the day in London, with the object of seeing
+"The Little Minister" at the Haymarket. "A beautiful play, beautifully
+acted," he calls it, and says that he should like to see it "again and
+again." He especially admired the acting of Mrs. Cyril Maude (Miss
+Winifred Emery) as Lady Babbie. This was the last theatrical
+performance he ever witnessed.
+
+He apparently kept rough notes for his Diary, and only wrote it up
+every few weeks, as there are no entries at all for 1898, nor even for
+the last week of 1897. The concluding page runs as follows:--
+
+    _Dec. (W.) 10 a.m._--I am in my large room, with no fire,
+    and open window--temperature 54 degrees.
+
+    _Dec. 17 (F.)._--Maggie [one of his sisters], and our nieces
+    Nella and Violet, came to dinner.
+
+    _Dec. 19 (Sun.)._--Sat up last night till 4 a.m., over a
+    tempting problem, sent me from New York, "to find 3 equal
+    rational-sided rt.-angled _triangles_." I found _two_,
+    whose sides are 20, 21, 29; 12, 35, 37; but could not find
+    _three_.
+
+    _Dec. 23(Th.)._--I start for Guildford by the 2.7 today.
+
+As my story of Lewis Carroll's life draws near its end, I have
+received some "Stray Reminiscences" from Sir George Baden-Powell,
+M.P., which, as they refer to several different periods of time, are
+as appropriate here as in any other part of the book. The Rev. E.H.
+Dodgson, referred to in these reminiscences, is a younger brother of
+Lewis Carroll's; he spent several years of his life upon the remote
+island of Tristan d'Acunha, where there were only about seventy or
+eighty inhabitants besides himself. About once a year a ship used to
+call, when the island-folk would exchange their cattle for cloth,
+corn, tea, &c., which they could not produce themselves. The island is
+volcanic in origin, and is exposed to the most terrific gales; the
+building used as a church stood at some distance from Mr. Dodgson's
+dwelling, and on one occasion the wind was so strong that he had to
+crawl on his hands and knees for the whole distance that separated
+the two buildings.
+
+    My first introduction (writes Sir George Baden-Powell) to
+    the author of "Through the Looking-Glass" was about the year
+    1870 or 1871, and under appropriate conditions! I was then
+    coaching at Oxford with the well-known Rev. E. Hatch, and
+    was on friendly terms with his bright and pretty children.
+    Entering his house one day, and facing the dining-room, I
+    heard mysterious noises under the table, and saw the cloth
+    move as if some one were hiding. Children's legs revealed it
+    as no burglar, and there was nothing for it but to crawl
+    upon them, roaring as a lion. Bursting in upon them in their
+    strong-hold under the table, I was met by the staid but
+    amused gaze of a reverend gentleman. Frequently afterwards
+    did I see and hear "Lewis Carroll" entertaining the
+    youngsters in his inimitable way.
+
+    We became friends, and greatly did I enjoy intercourse with
+    him over various minor Oxford matters. In later years, at one
+    time I saw much of him, in quite another _rôle_--namely
+    that of ardent sympathy with the, as he thought, ill-treated
+    and deserted islanders of Tristan d'Acunha. His brother, it
+    will be remembered, had voluntarily been left at that island
+    with a view to ministering to the spiritual and educational
+    needs of the few settlers, and sent home such graphic
+    accounts and urgent demands for aid, that "Lewis Carroll"
+    spared no pains to organise assistance and relief. At his
+    instance I brought the matter before Government and the
+    House of Commons, and from that day to this frequent
+    communication has been held with the islanders, and material
+    assistance has been rendered them--thanks to the warm heart
+    of "Lewis Carroll."
+
+On December 23, 1897, as the note in his Diary states, he went down,
+in accordance with his usual custom, to Guildford, to spend Christmas
+with his sisters at the Chestnuts. He seemed to be in his ordinary
+health, and in the best of spirits, and there was nothing to show that
+the end was so near.
+
+[Illustration: The Chestnuts, Guildford. _From a
+photograph._]
+
+At Guildford he was hard at work upon the second part of his "Symbolic
+Logic," spending most of the day over this task. This book, alas! he
+was not destined to finish, which is the more to be regretted as it
+will be exceedingly difficult for any one else to take up the thread
+of the argument, even if any one could be found willing to give the
+great amount of time and trouble which would be needed.
+
+On January 5th my father, the Rev. C.S. Collingwood, Rector of
+Southwick, near Sunderland, died after a very short illness. The
+telegram which brought Mr. Dodgson the news of this contained the
+request that he would come at once. He determined to travel north the
+next day--but it was not to be so. An attack of influenza, which began
+only with slight hoarseness, yet enough to prevent him from following
+his usual habit of reading family prayers, was pronounced next morning
+to be sufficiently serious to forbid his undertaking a journey. At
+first his illness seemed a trifle, but before a week had passed
+bronchial symptoms had developed, and Dr. Gabb, the family physician,
+ordered him to keep his bed. His breathing rapidly became hard and
+laborious, and he had to be propped up with pillows. A few days before
+his death he asked one of his sisters to read him that well-known
+hymn, every verse of which ends with 'Thy Will be done.' To another he
+said that his illness was a great trial of his patience. How great a
+trial it must have been it is hard for us to understand. With the work
+he had set himself still uncompleted, with a sense of youth and
+joyousness, which sixty years of the battle of life had in no way
+dulled, Lewis Carroll had to face death. He seemed to know that the
+struggle was over. "Take away those pillows," he said on the 13th, "I
+shall need them no more." The end came about half-past two on the
+afternoon of the 14th. One of his sisters was in the room at the time,
+and she only noticed that the hard breathing suddenly ceased. The
+nurse, whom she summoned, at first hoped that this was a sign that he
+had taken a turn for the better. And so, indeed, he had--he had passed
+from a world of incompleteness and disappointment, to another where
+God is putting his beautiful soul to nobler and grander work than was
+possible for him here, where he is learning to comprehend those
+difficulties which used to puzzle him so much, and where that infinite
+Love, which he mirrored so wonderfully in his own life, is being
+revealed to him "face to face."
+
+In accordance with his expressed wish, the funeral was simple in the
+extreme--flowers, and flowers only, adorned the plain coffin. There
+was no hearse to drag it up the steep incline that leads to the
+beautiful cemetery where he lies. The service was taken by Dean Paget
+and Canon Grant, Rector of Holy Trinity and S. Mary's, Guildford. The
+mourners who followed him in the quiet procession were few--but the
+mourners who were not there, and many of whom had never seen him--who
+shall tell _their_ number?
+
+After the grave had been filled up, the wreaths which had covered the
+coffin were placed upon it. Many were from "child-friends" and bore
+such inscriptions as "From two of his child-friends"--"To the sweetest
+soul that ever looked with human eyes," &c. Then the mourners left him
+alone there--up on the pleasant downs where he had so often walked.
+
+A marble cross, under the shadow of a pine, marks the spot, and
+beneath his own name they have engraved the name of "Lewis Carroll,"
+that the children who pass by may remember their friend, who is
+now--himself a child in all that makes childhood most attractive--in
+that "Wonderland" which outstrips all our dreams and hopes.
+
+I cannot forbear quoting from Professor Sanday's sermon at Christ
+Church on the Sunday after his death:--
+
+    The world will think of Lewis Carroll as one who opened out
+    a new vein in literature, a new and a delightful vein, which
+    added at once mirth and refinement to life.... May we not
+    say that from our courts at Christ Church there has flowed
+    into the literature of our time a rill, bright and
+    sparkling, health-giving and purifying, wherever its waters
+    extend?
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Carroll's grave. _From a photograph._]
+
+On the following Sunday Dean Paget, in the course of a sermon on the
+"Virtue of Simplicity," said:--
+
+    We may differ, according to our difference of taste or
+    temperament, in appraising Charles Dodgson's genius; but
+    that that great gift was his, that his best work ranks with
+    the very best of its kind, this has been owned with a
+    recognition too wide and spontaneous to leave room for
+    doubt. The brilliant, venturesome imagination, defying
+    forecast with ever-fresh surprise; the sense of humour in
+    its finest and most naïve form; the power to touch with
+    lightest hand the undercurrent of pathos in the midst of
+    fun; the audacity of creative fancy, and the delicacy of
+    insight--these are rare gifts; and surely they were his.
+    Yes, but it was his simplicity of mind and heart that raised
+    them all, not only in his work but in his life, in all his
+    ways, in the man as we knew him, to something higher than
+    any mere enumeration of them tells: that almost curious
+    simplicity, at times, that real and touching child-likeness
+    that marked him in all fields of thought, appearing in his
+    love of children and in their love of him, in his dread of
+    giving pain to any living creature, in a certain
+    disproportion, now and then, of the view he took of
+    things--yes, and also in that deepest life, where the pure
+    in heart and those who become as little children see the
+    very truth and walk in the fear and love of God.
+
+Some extracts from the numerous sympathetic letters received by Mr.
+Dodgson's brothers and sisters will show how greatly his loss was
+felt. Thus Canon Jelf writes:--
+
+    It was quite a shock to me to see in the paper to-day the
+    death of your dear, good brother, to whom we owe so much of
+    the brightening of our lives with pure, innocent fun.
+    Personally I feel his loss very much indeed. We were
+    together in old Ch. Ch. days from 1852 onwards; and he was
+    always such a loyal, faithful friend to me. I rejoice to
+    think of the _serious_ talks we had together--of the grand,
+    brave way in which he used the opportunities he had as a man
+    of humour, to reach the consciences of a host of readers--of
+    his love for children--his simplicity of heart--of his care
+    for servants--his spiritual care for them. Who can doubt
+    that he was fully prepared for a change however sudden--for
+    the one clear call which took him away from us? Yet the
+    world seems darker for his going; we can only get back our
+    brightness by realising Who gave him all his talent, all his
+    mirth of heart--the One who never leaves us. In deep
+    sympathy,
+
+    Yours very sincerely,
+
+    George E. Jelf.
+
+    P.S.--When you have time tell me a little about him; he was
+    so dear to me.
+
+Mr. Frederic Harrison writes as follows:--
+
+    The occasional visits that I received from your late brother
+    showed me a side of his nature which to my mind was more
+    interesting and more worthy of remembrance even than his
+    wonderful and delightful humour--I mean his intense sympathy
+    with all who suffer and are in need.
+
+    He came to see me several times on sundry errands of mercy,
+    and it has been a lesson to me through life to remember his
+    zeal to help others in difficulty, his boundless generosity,
+    and his inexhaustible patience with folly and error.
+
+    My young daughter, like all young people in civilised
+    countries, was brought up on his beautiful fancies and
+    humours. But for my part I remember him mainly as a sort of
+    missionary to all in need. We all alike grieve, and offer
+    you our heartfelt sympathy.
+
+    I am, faithfully yours,
+
+    Frederic Harrison.
+
+His old friend and tutor. Dr. Price, writes:--
+
+    ... I feel his removal from among us as the loss of an old
+    and dear friend and pupil, to whom I have been most warmly
+    attached ever since he was with me at Whitby, reading
+    mathematics, in, I think, 1853--44 years ago! And 44 years
+    of uninterrupted friendship .... I was pleased to read
+    yesterday in _The Times_ newspaper the kindly obituary
+    notice: perfectly just and true; appreciative, as it should
+    be, as to the unusual combination of deep mathematical
+    ability and taste with the genius that led to the writing of
+    "Alice's Adventures."
+
+    Only the other day [writes a lady friend] he wrote to me
+    about his admiration for my dear husband, and he ended his
+    letter thus: "I trust that when _my_ time comes, I may be
+    found, like him, working to the last, and ready for the
+    Master's call"--and truly so he was.
+
+A friend at Oxford writes:--
+
+    Mr. Dodgson was ever the kindest and gentlest of friends,
+    bringing sunshine into the house with him. We shall mourn
+    his loss deeply, and my two girls are quite overcome with
+    grief. All day memories of countless acts of kindness shown
+    to me, and to people I have known, have crowded my mind, and
+    I feel it almost impossible to realise that he has passed
+    beyond the reach of our gratitude and affection.
+
+The following are extracts from letters written by some of his
+"child-friends," now grown up:--
+
+    How beautiful to think of the track of light and love he has
+    left behind him, and the amount of happiness he brought into
+    the lives of all those he came in contact with! I shall
+    never forget all his kindness to us, from the time he first
+    met us as little mites in the railway train, and one feels
+    glad to have had the privilege of knowing him.
+
+One of Mr. Dodgson's oldest "child-friends" writes:--
+
+    He was to me a dear and true friend, and it has been my
+    great privilege to see a good deal of him ever since I was a
+    tiny child, and especially during the last two years. I
+    cannot tell you how much we shall miss him here. Ch. Ch.
+    without Mr. Dodgson will be a strange place, and it is
+    difficult to realise it even while we listen to the special
+    solemn anthems and hymns to his memory in our cathedral.
+
+One who had visited him at Guildford, writes:--
+
+    It must be quite sixteen years now since he first made
+    friends with my sister and myself as children on the beach
+    at Eastbourne, and since then his friendship has been and
+    must always be one of my most valued possessions. It
+    culminated, I think, in the summer of 1892--the year when he
+    brought me to spend a very happy Sunday at Guildford. I had
+    not seen him before, that year, for some time; and it was
+    then, I think, that the childish delight in his kindness,
+    and pride in his friendship, changed into higher love and
+    reverence, when in our long walks over the downs I saw more
+    and more into the great tenderness and gentleness of his
+    nature.
+
+Shortly after Mr. Dodgson's death, his "Three Sunsets" was published
+by Messrs. Macmillan. The twelve "Fairy Fancies," which illustrate it,
+were drawn by Miss E. G. Thomson. Though they are entirely unconnected
+with the text, they are so thoroughly in accordance with the author's
+delicate refinement, and so beautiful in themselves, that they do not
+strike one as inappropriate.
+
+Some of the verses are strangely in keeping with the time at which
+they are published.
+
+        I could not see, for blinding tears,
+          The glories of the west:
+        A heavenly music filled my ears,
+          A heavenly peace my breast.
+        "Come unto me, come unto me--
+        All ye that labour, unto me--
+        Ye heavy-laden, come to me--
+          And I will give you rest."
+
+One cannot read this little volume without feeling that the shadow of
+some disappointment lay over Lewis Carroll's life. Such I believe to
+have been the case, and it was this that gave him his wonderful
+sympathy with all who suffered. But those who loved him would not wish
+to lift the veil from these dead sanctities, nor would any purpose be
+served by so doing. The proper use of sympathy is not to weep over
+sorrows that are over, and whose very memory is perhaps obliterated
+for him in the first joy of possessing new and higher faculties.
+
+Before leaving the subject of this book, I should like to draw
+attention to a few lines on "woman's mission," lines full of the
+noblest chivalry, reminding one of Tennyson's "Idylls of the King":--
+
+          In the darkest path of man's despair,
+        Where War and Terror shake the troubled earth,
+        Lies woman's mission; with unblenching brow
+        To pass through scenes of horror and affright
+        Where men grow sick and tremble: unto her
+        All things are sanctified, for all are good.
+        Nothing so mean, but shall deserve her care:
+        Nothing so great, but she may bear her part.
+        No life is vain: each hath his place assigned:
+        Do thou thy task, and leave the rest to God.
+
+Of the unpublished works which Mr. Dodgson left behind him, I may
+mention "Original Games and Puzzles"; "Symbolic Logic, Part ii.," and
+a portion of a mathematical book, the proofs of which are now in the
+hands of the Controller of the Oxford University Press.
+
+I will conclude this chapter with a poem which
+appeared in _Punch_ for January 29th, a fortnight
+after Lewis Carroll's death. It expresses, with
+all the grace and insight of the true poet, what
+I have tried, so feebly and ineffectually, to
+say:--
+
+                LEWIS CARROLL.
+
+    _Born_ 1832. _Died January_ 14, 1898.
+
+        Lover of children! Fellow-heir with those
+          Of whom the imperishable kingdom is!
+        Beyond all dreaming now your spirit knows
+          The unimagined mysteries.
+
+        Darkly as in a glass our faces look
+          To read ourselves, if so we may, aright;
+        You, like the maiden in your faërie book--
+          You step behind and see the light!
+
+        The heart you wore beneath your pedant's cloak
+          Only to children's hearts you gave away;
+        Yet unaware in half the world you woke
+          The slumbering charm of childhood's day.
+
+        We older children, too, our loss lament,
+          We of the "Table Round," remembering well
+        How he, our comrade, with his pencil lent
+          Your fancy's speech a firmer spell.
+
+        Master of rare woodcraft, by sympathy's
+          Sure touch he caught your visionary gleams,
+        And made your fame, the dreamer's, one with his.
+          The wise interpreter of dreams.
+
+        Farewell!  But near our hearts we have you yet,
+          Holding our heritage with loving hand,
+        Who may not follow where your feet are set
+          Upon the ways of Wonderland.[025]
+
+[Illustration: Lorina and Alice Liddell. _From a photograph
+by Lewis Carroll._]
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+CHILD FRIENDS
+
+    Mr. Dodgson's fondness for children--Miss Isabel
+    Standen--Puzzles--"Me and Myself"--A double
+    acrostic--"Father William"--Of drinking healths--Kisses by
+    post--Tired in the face--The unripe
+    plum--Eccentricities--"Sylvie and Bruno"--"Mr. Dodgson is
+    going on _well_."
+
+This chapter, and the next will deal with Mr. Dodgson's friendships
+with children. It would have been impossible to arrange them in
+chronological sequence in the earlier part of this book, and the fact
+that they exhibit a very important and distinct side of his nature
+seems to justify me in assigning them a special and individual
+position.
+
+For the contents of these two chapters, both my readers and myself owe
+a debt of gratitude to those child-friends of his, without whose
+ever-ready help this book could never have been written.
+
+From very early college days began to emerge that beautiful side of
+Lewis Carroll's character which afterwards was to be, next to his fame
+as an author, the one for which he was best known--his attitude
+towards children, and the strong attraction they had for him. I shall
+attempt to point out the various influences which led him in this
+direction; but if I were asked for one comprehensive word wide
+enough to explain this tendency of his nature, I would answer
+unhesitatingly--Love. My readers will remember a beautiful verse in
+"Sylvie and Bruno"; trite though it is, I cannot forbear to quote it--
+
+    Say, whose is the skill that paints valley and hill,
+      Like a picture so fair to the sight?
+    That flecks the green meadow with sunshine and shadow,
+      Till the little lambs leap with delight?
+    'Tis a secret untold to hearts cruel and cold,
+      Though 'tis sung by the angels above,
+    In notes that ring clear for the ears that can hear,
+      And the name of the secret is Love!
+
+That "secret"--an open secret for him--explains this side of his
+character. As _he_ read everything in its light, so it is only in
+its light that _we_ can properly understand _him_. I think
+that the following quotation from a letter to the Rev. F. H. Atkinson,
+accompanying a copy of "Alice" for his little daughter Gertrude,
+sufficiently proves the truth of what I have just stated:--
+
+    Many thanks to Mrs. Atkinson and to you for the sight of the
+    tinted photograph of your Gertrude. As you say, the picture
+    speaks for itself, and I can see exactly what sort of a
+    child she is, in proof of which I send her my love and a
+    kiss herewith. It is possible I may be the first (unseen)
+    gentleman from whom she has had so ridiculous a message; but
+    I can't say she is the first unseen child to whom I have
+    sent one! I think the most precious message of the kind I
+    ever got from a child I never saw (and never shall see in
+    this world) was to the effect that she liked me when she
+    read about Alice, "but please tell him, whenever I read that
+    Easter letter he sent me I _do_ love him!" She was in a
+    hospital, and a lady friend who visited there had asked me
+    to send the letter to her and some other sick children.
+
+And now as to the secondary causes which attracted him to children.
+First, I think children appealed to him because he was pre-eminently a
+teacher, and he saw in their unspoiled minds the best material for him
+to work upon. In later years one of his favourite recreations was to
+lecture at schools on logic; he used to give personal attention to
+each of his pupils, and one can well imagine with what eager
+anticipation the children would have looked forward to the visits of a
+schoolmaster who knew how to make even the dullest subjects
+interesting and amusing.
+
+Again, children appealed to his æsthetic faculties, for he was a keen
+admirer of the beautiful in every form. Poetry, music, the drama, all
+delighted him, but pictures more than all put together. I remember his
+once showing me "The Lady with the Lilacs," which Arthur Hughes had
+painted for him, and how he dwelt with intense pleasure on the
+exquisite contrasts of colour which it contained--the gold hair of a
+girl standing out against the purple of lilac-blossom. But with those
+who find in such things as these a complete satisfaction of their
+desire for the beautiful he had no sympathy; for no imperfect
+representations of life could, for him, take the place of life itself,
+life as God has made it--the babbling of the brook, the singing of the
+birds, the laughter and sweet faces of the children. And yet,
+recognising, as he did, what Mr. Pater aptly terms "the curious
+perfection of the human form," in man, as in nature, it was the soul
+that attracted him more than the body. His intense admiration, one
+might almost call it adoration, for the white innocence and
+uncontaminated spirituality of childhood emerges most clearly in
+"Sylvie and Bruno." He says very little of the personal beauty of his
+heroine; he might have asked, with Mr. Francis Thompson--
+
+        How can I tell what beauty is her dole,
+        Who cannot see her countenance for her soul?
+
+So entirely occupied is he with her gentleness, her pity, her
+sincerity, and her love.
+
+Again, the reality of children appealed strongly to the simplicity and
+genuineness of his own nature. I believe that he understood children
+even better than he understood men and women; civilisation has made
+adult humanity very incomprehensible, for convention is as a veil
+which hides the divine spark that is in each of us, and so this
+strange thing has come to be, that the imperfect mirrors perfection
+more completely than the perfected, that we see more of God in the
+child than in the man.
+
+And in those moments of depression of which he had his full share,
+when old age seemed to mock him with all its futility and feebleness,
+it was the thought that the children still loved him which nerved him
+again to continue his life-work, which renewed his youth, so that to
+his friends he never seemed an old man. Even the hand of death itself
+only made his face look more boyish--the word is not too strong. "How
+wonderfully young your brother looks!" were the first words the doctor
+said, as he returned from the room where Lewis Carroll's body lay, to
+speak to the mourners below. And so he loved children because their
+friendship was the true source of his perennial youth and unflagging
+vigour. This idea is expressed in the following poem--an acrostic,
+which he wrote for a friend some twenty years ago:--
+
+        Around my lonely hearth, to-night,
+          Ghostlike the shadows wander:
+        Now here, now there, a childish sprite,
+        Earthborn and yet as angel bright,
+          Seems near me as I ponder.
+
+        Gaily she shouts: the laughing air
+          Echoes her note of gladness--
+        Or bends herself with earnest care
+        Round fairy-fortress to prepare
+        Grim battlement or turret-stair--
+          In childhood's merry madness!
+
+        New raptures still hath youth in store:
+          Age may but fondly cherish
+        Half-faded memories of yore--
+        Up, craven heart! repine no more!
+        Love stretches hands from shore to shore:
+          Love is, and shall not perish!
+
+His first child-friend, so far as I know, was Miss Alice Liddell, the
+little companion whose innocent talk was one of the chief pleasures of
+his early life at Oxford, and to whom he told the tale that was to
+make him famous. In December, 1885, Miss M.E. Manners presented him
+with a little volume, of which she was the authoress, "Aunt Agatha Ann
+and Other Verses," and which contained a poem (which I quoted in
+Chapter VI.), about "Alice." Writing to acknowledge this gift, Lewis
+Carroll said:--
+
+    Permit me to offer you my sincere thanks for the very sweet
+    verses you have written about my dream-child (named after a
+    real Alice, but none the less a dream-child) and her
+    Wonderland. That children love the book is a very precious
+    thought to me, and, next to their love, I value the sympathy
+    of those who come with a child's heart to what I have tried
+    to write about a child's thoughts. Next to what conversing
+    with an angel _might_ be--for it is hard to imagine
+    it--comes, I think, the privilege of having a real child's
+    thoughts uttered to one. I have known some few _real_
+    children (you have too, I am sure), and their friendship is
+    a blessing and a help in life.
+
+[Illustration: Alice Liddell. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll._]
+
+It is interesting to note how in "Sylvie and Bruno" his idea of the
+thoughts of a child has become deeper and more spiritual. Yet in the
+earlier tale, told "all in a golden afternoon," to the plash of oars
+and the swish of a boat through the waters of Cherwell or Thames, the
+ideal child is strangely beautiful; she has all Sylvie's genuineness
+and honesty, all her keen appreciation of the interest of life; only
+there lacks that mysterious charm of deep insight into the hidden
+forces of nature, the gentle power that makes the sky "such a darling
+blue," which almost links Sylvie with the angels.
+
+Another of Lewis Carroll's early favourites was Miss Alexandra (Xie)
+Kitchin, daughter of the Dean of Durham. Her father was for fifteen
+years the Censor of the unattached members of the University of
+Oxford, so that Mr. Dodgson had plenty of opportunities of
+photographing his little friend, and it is only fair to him to say
+that he did not neglect them.
+
+It would be futile to attempt even a bare list of the children whom he
+loved, and who loved him; during forty years of his life he was
+constantly adding to their number. Some remained friends for life, but
+in a large proportion of cases the friendship ended with the end of
+childhood. To one of those few, whose affection for him had not waned
+with increasing years, he wrote:--
+
+    I always feel specially grateful to friends who, like you,
+    have given me a child-friendship and a woman-friendship.
+    About nine out of ten, I think, of my child-friendships get
+    ship-wrecked at the critical point, "where the stream and
+    river meet," and the child-friends, once so affectionate,
+    become uninteresting acquaintances, whom I have no wish to
+    set eyes on again.
+
+[Illustration: Xie Kitchin. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll._]
+
+These friendships usually began all very much in the same way. A
+chance meeting on the sea-shore, in the street, at some friend's
+house, led to conversation; then followed a call on the parents, and
+after that all sorts of kindnesses on Lewis Carroll's part, presents
+of books, invitations to stay with him at Oxford, or at Eastbourne,
+visits with him to the theatre. For the amusement of his little guests
+he kept a large assortment of musical-boxes, and an organette which
+had to be fed with paper tunes. On one occasion he ordered about
+twelve dozen of these tunes "on approval," and asked one of the other
+dons, who was considered a judge of music, to come in and hear them
+played over. In addition to these attractions there were clock-work
+bears, mice, and frogs, and games and puzzles in infinite variety.
+
+One of his little friends, Miss Isabel Standen, has sent me the
+following account of her first meeting with him:--
+
+    We met for the first time in the Forbury Gardens, Reading.
+    He was, I believe, waiting for a train. I was playing with
+    my brothers and sisters in the Gardens. I remember his
+    taking me on his knee and showing me puzzles, one of which
+    he refers to in the letter (given below. This puzzle was, by
+    the way, a great favourite of his; the problem is to draw
+    three interlaced squares without going over the same lines
+    twice, or taking the pen off the paper), which is so
+    thoroughly characteristic of him in its quaint humour:--
+
+
+        "The Chestnuts, Guildford,
+
+        _August _22, 1869.
+
+        My Dear Isabel,--Though I have only been acquainted
+        with you for fifteen minutes, yet, as there is no one
+        else in Reading I have known so long, I hope you will
+        not mind my troubling you. Before I met you in the
+        Gardens yesterday I bought some old books at a shop in
+        Reading, which I left to be called for, and had not
+        time to go back for them. I didn't even remark the name
+        of the shop, but I can tell _where_ it was, and if
+        you know the name of the woman who keeps the shop, and
+        would put it into the blank I have left in this note,
+        and direct it to her I should be much obliged ... A
+        friend of mine, called Mr. Lewis Carroll, tells me he
+        means to send you a book. He is a _very_ dear
+        friend of mine. I have known him all my life (we are
+        the same age) and have _never_ left him. Of course
+        he was with me in the Gardens, not a yard off--even
+        while I was drawing those puzzles for you. I wonder if
+        you saw him?
+
+        Your fifteen-minute friend,
+
+        C.L. Dodgson.
+
+        Have you succeeded in drawing the three squares?"
+
+
+Another favourite puzzle was the following--I give it in his own
+words:--
+
+    A is to draw a fictitious map divided into counties.
+
+    B is to colour it (or rather mark the counties with
+    _names_ of colours) using as few colours as possible.
+
+    Two adjacent counties must have _different_ colours.
+
+    A's object is to force B to use as _many_ colours as
+    possible.
+
+    How many can he force B to use?
+
+One of his most amusing letters was to a little girl called Magdalen,
+to whom he had given a copy of his "Hunting of the Snark":--
+
+    Christ Church, _December_ 15, 1875.
+
+    My dear Magdalen,--I want to explain to you why I did not
+    call yesterday. I was sorry to miss you, but you see I had
+    so many conversations on the way. I tried to explain to the
+    people in the street that I was going to see you, but they
+    wouldn't listen; they said they were in a hurry, which was
+    rude. At last I met a wheelbarrow that I thought would
+    attend to me, but I couldn't make out what was in it. I saw
+    some features at first, then I looked through a telescope,
+    and found it was a countenance; then I looked through a
+    microscope, and found it was a face! I thought it was father
+    like me, so I fetched a large looking-glass to make sure,
+    and then to my great joy I found it was me. We shook hands,
+    and were just beginning to talk, when myself came up and
+    joined us, and we had quite a pleasant conversation. I said,
+    "Do you remember when we all met at Sandown?" and myself
+    said, "It was very jolly there; there was a child called
+    Magdalen," and me said, "I used to like her a little; not
+    much, you know--only a little." Then it was time for us to
+    go to the train, and who do you think came to the station to
+    see us off? You would never guess, so I must tell you. They
+    were two very dear friends of mine, who happen to be here
+    just now, and beg to be allowed to sign this letter as your
+    affectionate friends,
+
+    Lewis Carroll and C.L. Dodgson.
+
+Another child-friend, Miss F. Bremer, writes as follows:--
+
+    Our acquaintance began in a somewhat singular manner. We
+    were playing on the Fort at Margate, and a gentleman on a
+    seat near asked us if we could make a paper boat, with a
+    seat at each end, and a basket in the middle for fish! We
+    were, of course, enchanted with the idea, and our new
+    friend--after achieving the feat--gave us his card, which we
+    at once carried to our mother. He asked if he might call
+    where we were staying, and then presented my elder sister
+    with a copy of "Alice in Wonderland," inscribed "From the
+    Author." He kindly organised many little excursions for
+    us--chiefly in the pursuit of knowledge. One memorable visit
+    to a light house is still fresh in our memories.
+
+It was while calling one day upon Mrs. Bremer that he scribbled off
+the following double acrostic on the names of her two daughters--
+
+        DOUBLE ACROSTIC--FIVE LETTERS.
+
+        Two little girls near London dwell,
+        More naughty than I like to tell.
+
+                         1.
+        Upon the lawn the hoops are seen:
+        The balls are rolling on the green.       T  ur  F
+
+                         2.
+        The Thames is running deep and wide:
+        And boats are rowing on the tide.         R ive  R
+
+                         3.
+        In winter-time, all in a row,
+        The happy skaters come and go.            I  c   E
+
+                         4.
+        "Papa!" they cry, "Do let us stay!"
+        He does not speak, but says they may.     N   o  D
+
+                         5.
+        "There is a land," he says, "my dear,
+        Which is too hot to skate, I fear."       A fric A
+
+At Margate also he met Miss Adelaide Paine, who afterwards became one
+of his greatest favourites. He could not bear to see the healthy
+pleasures of childhood spoiled by conventional restraint. "One piece
+of advice given to my parents," writes Miss Paine, "gave me very great
+glee, and that was not to make little girls wear gloves at the
+seaside; they took the advice, and I enjoyed the result."
+_Apropos_ of this I may mention that, when staying at Eastbourne,
+he never went down to the beach without providing himself with a
+supply of safety-pins. Then if he saw any little girl who wanted to
+wade in the sea, but was afraid of spoiling her frock, he would
+gravely go up to her and present her with a safety-pin, so that she
+might fasten up her skirts out of harm's way.
+
+Tight boots were a great aversion of his, especially for children. One
+little girl who was staying with him at Eastbourne had occasion to buy
+a new pair of boots. Lewis Carroll gave instructions to the bootmaker
+as to how they were to be made, so as to be thoroughly comfortable,
+with the result that when they came home they were more useful than
+ornamental, being very nearly as broad as they were long! Which shows
+that even hygienic principles may be pushed too far.
+
+The first meeting with Miss Paine took place in 1876. When Lewis
+Carroll returned to Christ Church he sent her a copy of "The Hunting
+of the Snark," with the following acrostic written in the fly-leaf:--
+
+    'A re you deaf, Father William?' the young man said,
+    'D id you hear what I told you just now?
+     E xcuse me for shouting! Don't waggle your head
+     L ike a blundering, sleepy old cow!
+     A little maid dwelling in Wallington Town,
+     I s my friend, so I beg to remark:
+     D o you think she'd be pleased if a book were sent down
+     E ntitled "The Hunt of the Snark?"'
+
+    'P ack it up in brown paper!' the old man cried,
+    'A nd seal it with olive-and-dove.
+     I command you to do it!' he added with pride,
+    'N or forget, my good fellow, to send her beside
+     E aster Greetings, and give her my love.'
+
+This was followed by a letter, dated June 7, 1876:--
+
+    My dear Adelaide,--Did you try if the letters at the
+    beginnings of the lines about Father William would spell
+    anything? Sometimes it happens that you can spell out words
+    that way, which is very curious.
+
+    I wish you could have heard him when he shouted out "Pack it
+    up in brown paper!" It quite shook the house. And he threw
+    one of his shoes at his son's head (just to make him attend,
+    you know), but it missed him.
+
+    He was glad to hear you had got the book safe, but his eyes
+    filled with tears as he said, "I sent _her_ my love,
+    but she never--" he couldn't say any more, his mouth was so
+    full of bones (he was just finishing a roast goose).
+
+Another letter to Miss Paine is very characteristic of his quaint humour:--
+
+    Christ Church, Oxford, _March_ 8, 1880.
+
+    My dear Ada,--(Isn't that your short name? "Adelaide" is all
+    very well, but you see when one's _dreadfully_ busy one
+    hasn't time to write such long words--particularly when it
+    takes one half an hour to remember how to spell it--and even
+    then one has to go and get a dictionary to see if one has
+    spelt it right, and of course the dictionary is in another
+    room, at the top of a high bookcase--where it has been for
+    months and months, and has got all covered with dust--so
+    one has to get a duster first of all, and nearly choke
+    oneself in dusting it--and when one _has_ made out at
+    last which is dictionary and which is dust, even _then_
+    there's the job of remembering which end of the alphabet "A"
+    comes--for one feels pretty certain it isn't in the
+    _middle_--then one has to go and wash one's hands
+    before turning over the leaves--for they've got so thick
+    with dust one hardly knows them by sight--and, as likely as
+    not, the soap is lost, and the jug is empty, and there's no
+    towel, and one has to spend hours and hours in finding
+    things--and perhaps after all one has to go off to the shop
+    to buy a new cake of soap--so, with all this bother, I hope
+    you won't mind my writing it short and saying, "My dear
+    Ada"). You said in your last letter you would like a
+    likeness of me: so here it is, and I hope you will like
+    it--I won't forget to call the next time but one I'm in
+    Wallington.
+
+    Your very affectionate friend,
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+It was quite against Mr. Dodgson's usual rule to give away photographs
+of himself; he hated publicity, and the above letter was accompanied
+by another to Mrs. Paine, which ran as follows:--
+
+    I am very unwilling, usually, to give my photograph, for I
+    don't want people, who have heard of Lewis Carroll, to be
+    able to recognise him in the street--but I can't refuse Ada.
+    Will you kindly take care, if any of your ordinary
+    acquaintances (I don't speak of intimate friends) see it,
+    that they are _not_ told anything about the name of
+    "Lewis Carroll"?
+
+He even objected to having his books discussed in his presence; thus
+he writes to a friend:--
+
+    Your friend, Miss--was very kind and complimentary about my
+    books, but may I confess that I would rather have them
+    ignored? Perhaps I am too fanciful, but I have somehow taken
+    a dislike to being talked to about them; and consequently
+    have some trials to bear in society, which otherwise would
+    be no trials at all.... I don't think any of my many little
+    stage-friends have any shyness at all about being talked to
+    of their performances. _They_ thoroughly enjoy the
+    publicity that I shrink from.
+
+
+The child to whom the three following letters were addressed, Miss
+Gaynor Simpson, was one of Lewis Carroll's Guildford friends. The
+correct answer to the riddle propounded in the second letter is
+"Copal":--
+
+    _December_ 27, 1873.
+
+    My dear Gaynor,--My name is spelt with a "G," that is to say
+    "_Dodgson_." Any one who spells it the same as that
+    wretch (I mean of course the Chairman of Committees in the
+    House of Commons) offends me _deeply_, and _for
+    ever!_ It is a thing I _can_ forget, but _never
+    can forgive! _If you do it again, I shall call you
+    "'aynor." Could you live happy with such a name?
+
+    As to dancing, my dear, I _never_ dance, unless I am
+    allowed to do it _in my own peculiar way. _There is no
+    use trying to describe it: it has to be seen to be believed.
+    The last house I tried it in, the floor broke through. But
+    then it was a poor sort of floor--the beams were only six
+    inches thick, hardly worth calling beams at all: stone
+    arches are much more sensible, when any dancing, _of my
+    peculiar kind_, is to be done. Did you ever see the
+    Rhinoceros, and the Hippopotamus, at the Zoölogical Gardens,
+    trying to dance a minuet together? It is a touching sight.
+
+    Give any message from me to Amy that you think will be most
+    likely to surprise her, and, believe me,
+
+    Your affectionate friend,
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+
+    My dear Gaynor,--So you would like to know the answer to
+    that riddle? Don't be in a hurry to tell it to Amy and
+    Frances: triumph over them for a while!
+
+        My first lends its aid when you plunge into trade.
+
+    _Gain_. Who would go into trade if there were no gain
+    in it?
+
+        My second in jollifications--
+
+    _Or_ [The French for "gold"--] Your jollifications
+    would be _very_ limited if you had no money.
+
+        My whole, laid on thinnish, imparts a neat finish
+          To pictorial representations.
+
+    _Gaynor_. Because she will be an ornament to the
+    Shakespeare Charades--only she must be "laid on thinnish,"
+    that is, _there musn't be too much of her._
+
+    Yours affectionately,
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+
+    My dear Gaynor,--Forgive me for having sent you a
+    sham answer to begin with.
+
+    My first--_Sea_. It carries the ships of the merchants.
+
+    My second--_Weed_. That is, a cigar, an article much used
+    in jollifications.
+
+    My whole--_Seaweed_. Take a newly painted oil-picture;
+    lay it on its back on the floor, and spread over it, "thinnish,"
+    some wet seaweed. You will find you have "finished" that
+    picture.
+
+    Yours affectionately,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+Lewis Carroll during the last fifteen years of his life always spent
+the Long Vacation at Eastbourne; in earlier times, Sandown, a pleasant
+little seaside resort in the Isle of Wight, was his summer abode. He
+loved the sea both for its own sake and because of the number of
+children whom he met at seaside places. Here is another "first
+meeting"; this time it is at Sandown, and Miss Gertrude Chataway is
+the narrator:--
+
+    I first met Mr. Lewis Carroll on the sea-shore at Sandown in
+    the Isle of Wight, in the summer of 1875, when I was quite a
+    little child.
+
+    We had all been taken there for change of air, and next door
+    there was an old gentlemen--to me at any rate he seemed
+    old--who interested me immensely. He would come on to his
+    balcony, which joined ours, sniffing the sea-air with his
+    head thrown back, and would walk right down the steps on to
+    the beach with his chin in air, drinking in the fresh
+    breezes as if he could never have enough. I do not know why
+    this excited such keen curiosity on my part, but I remember
+    well that whenever I heard his footstep I flew out to see
+    him coming, and when one day he spoke to me my joy was
+    complete.
+
+    Thus we made friends, and in a very little while I was as
+    familiar with the interior of his lodgings as with our own.
+
+    I had the usual child's love for fairy-tales and marvels,
+    and his power of telling stories naturally fascinated me. We
+    used to sit for hours on the wooden steps which led from our
+    garden on to the beach, whilst he told the most lovely tales
+    that could possibly be imagined, often illustrating the
+    exciting situations with a pencil as he went along.
+
+    One thing that made his stories particularly charming to a
+    child was that he often took his cue from her remarks--a
+    question would set him off on quite a new trail of ideas, so
+    that one felt that one had somehow helped to make the story,
+    and it seemed a personal possession It was the most lovely
+    nonsense conceivable, and I naturally revelled in it. His
+    vivid imagination would fly from one subject to another, and
+    was never tied down in any way by the probabilities of life.
+
+    To _me_ it was of course all perfect, but it is
+    astonishing that _he_ never seemed either tired or to
+    want other society. I spoke to him once of this since I have
+    been grown up, and he told me it was the greatest pleasure
+    he could have to converse freely with a child, and feel the
+    depths of her mind.
+
+    He used to write to me and I to him after that summer, and
+    the friendship, thus begun, lasted. His letters were one of
+    the greatest joys of my childhood.
+
+    I don't think that he ever really understood that we, whom
+    he had known as children, could not always remain such. I
+    stayed with him only a few years ago, at Eastbourne, and
+    felt for the time that I was once more a child. He never
+    appeared to realise that I had grown up, except when I
+    reminded him of the fact, and then he only said, "Never
+    mind: you will always be a child to me, even when your hair
+    is grey."
+
+Some of the letters, to which Miss Chataway refers in these
+reminiscences, I am enabled, through her kindness, to give below:--
+
+    Christ Church, Oxford, _October_ 13, 1875.
+
+    My dear Gertrude,--I never give birthday _presents_,
+    but you see I _do_ sometimes write a birthday
+    _letter_: so, as I've just arrived here, I am writing
+    this to wish you many and many a happy return of your
+    birthday to-morrow. I will drink your health, if only I can
+    remember, and if you don't mind--but perhaps you object? You
+    see, if I were to sit by you at breakfast, and to drink your
+    tea, you wouldn't like _that_, would you? You would say
+    "Boo! hoo! Here's Mr. Dodgson's drunk all my tea, and I
+    haven't got any left!" So I am very much afraid, next time
+    Sybil looks for you, she'll find you sitting by the sad
+    sea-wave, and crying "Boo! hoo! Here's Mr. Dodgson has drunk
+    my health, and I haven't got any left!" And how it will
+    puzzle Dr. Maund, when he is sent for to see you! "My dear
+    Madam, I'm very sorry to say your little girl has got _no
+    health at all_! I never saw such a thing in my life!"
+    "Oh, I can easily explain it!" your mother will say. "You
+    see she would go and make friends with a strange gentleman,
+    and yesterday he drank her health!" "Well, Mrs. Chataway,"
+    he will say, "the only way to cure her is to wait till his
+    next birthday, and then for _her_ to drink _his_
+    health."
+
+    And then we shall have changed healths. I wonder how you'll
+    like mine! Oh, Gertrude, I wish you wouldn't talk such
+    nonsense!...
+
+    Your loving friend,
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+
+    Christ Church, Oxford, _Dec_. 9, 1875.
+
+    My dear Gertrude,--This really will _not_ do, you know,
+    sending one more kiss every time by post: the parcel gets so
+    heavy it is quite expensive. When the postman brought in the
+    last letter, he looked quite grave. "Two pounds to pay,
+    sir!" he said. "_Extra weight_, sir!" (I think he
+    cheats a little, by the way. He often makes me pay two
+    _pounds_, when I think it should be _pence_). "Oh,
+    if you please, Mr. Postman!" I said, going down gracefully
+    on one knee (I wish you could see me go down on one knee to
+    a postman--it's a very pretty sight), "do excuse me just
+    this once! It's only from a little girl!"
+
+    "Only from a little girl!" he growled. "What are little
+    girls made of?" "Sugar and spice," I began to say, "and all
+    that's ni--" but he interrupted me. "No! I don't mean
+    _that_. I mean, what's the good of little girls, when
+    they send such heavy letters?" "Well, they're not
+    _much_ good, certainly," I said, rather sadly.
+
+    "Mind you don't get any more such letters," he said, "at
+    least, not from that particular little girl. _I know her
+    well, and she's a regular bad one!"_ That's not true, is
+    it? I don't believe he ever saw you, and you're not a bad
+    one, are you? However, I promised him we would send each
+    other _very_ few more letters--"Only two thousand four
+    hundred and seventy, or so," I said. "Oh!" he said, "a
+    little number like _that_ doesn't signify. What I meant
+    is, you mustn't send _many_."
+
+    So you see we must keep count now, and when we get to two
+    thousand four hundred and seventy, we mustn't write any
+    more, unless the postman gives us leave.
+
+    I sometimes wish I was back on the shore at Sandown; don't
+    you?
+
+    Your loving friend,
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+    Why is a pig that has lost its tail like a little girl on
+    the sea-shore?
+
+    Because it says, "I should like another tale, please!"
+
+
+    Christ Church, Oxford, _July_ 21, 1876.
+
+    My dear Gertrude,--Explain to me how I am to enjoy Sandown
+    without _you_. How can I walk on the beach alone? How
+    can I sit all alone on those wooden steps? So you see, as I
+    shan't be able to do without you, you will have to come. If
+    Violet comes, I shall tell her to invite you to stay with
+    her, and then I shall come over in the Heather-Bell and
+    fetch you.
+
+    If I ever _do_ come over, I see I couldn't go back the
+    same day, so you will have to engage me a bed somewhere in
+    Swanage; and if you can't find one, I shall expect
+    _you_ to spend the night on the beach, and give up your
+    room to _me_. Guests of course must be thought of
+    before children; and I'm sure in these warm nights the beach
+    will be quite good enough for _you_. If you _did_
+    feel a little chilly, of course you could go into a
+    bathing-machine, which everybody knows is _very_
+    comfortable to sleep in--you know they make the floor of
+    soft wood on purpose. I send you seven kisses (to last a
+    week) and remain
+
+    Your loving friend,
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+
+    Christ church, Oxford, _October_ 28, 1876.
+
+    My dearest Gertrude,--You will be sorry, and surprised, and
+    puzzled, to hear what a queer illness I have had ever since
+    you went. I sent for the doctor, and said, "Give me some
+    medicine, for I'm tired." He said, "Nonsense and stuff! You
+    don't want medicine: go to bed!" I said, "No; it isn't the
+    sort of tiredness that wants bed. I'm tired in the
+    _face_." He looked a little grave, and said, "Oh, it's
+    your _nose_ that's tired: a person often talks too
+    much when he thinks he nose a great deal." I said, "No; it
+    isn't the nose. Perhaps it's the _hair_." Then he
+    looked rather grave, and said, "_Now_ I understand:
+    you've been playing too many hairs on the piano-forte." "No,
+    indeed I haven't!" I said, "and it isn't exactly the
+    _hair_: it's more about the nose and chin." Then he
+    looked a good deal graver, and said, "Have you been walking
+    much on your chin lately?" I said, "No." "Well!" he said,
+    "it puzzles me very much. Do you think that it's in the
+    lips?" "Of course!" I said. "That's exactly what it is!"
+    Then he looked very grave indeed, and said, "I think you
+    must have been giving too many kisses." "Well," I said, "I
+    did give _one_ kiss to a baby child, a little friend of
+    mine." "Think again," he said; "are you sure it was only
+    _one_?" I thought again, and said, "Perhaps it was
+    eleven times." Then the doctor said, "You must not give her
+    _any_ more till your lips are quite rested again." "But
+    what am I to do?" I said, "because you see, I owe her a
+    hundred and eighty-two more." Then he looked so grave that
+    the tears ran down his cheeks, and he said, "You may send
+    them to her in a box." Then I remembered a little box that I
+    once bought at Dover, and thought I would some day give it
+    to _some_ little girl or other. So I have packed them
+    all in it very carefully. Tell me if they come safe, or if
+    any are lost on the way.
+
+
+    Reading Station, _April_ 13, 1878.
+
+    My dear Gertrude,--As I have to wait here for half an
+    hour, I have been studying Bradshaw (most things, you know,
+    ought to be studied: even a trunk is studded with nails),
+    and the result is that it seems I could come, any day next
+    week, to Winckfield, so as to arrive there about one; and
+    that, by leaving Winckfield again about half-past six, I
+    could reach Guildford again for dinner. The next question
+    is, _How far is it from Winckfield to Rotherwick?_ Now
+    do not deceive me, you wretched child! If it is more than a
+    hundred miles, I can't come to see you, and there is no use
+    to talk about it. If it is less, the next question is,
+    _How much less?_ These are serious questions, and you
+    must be as serious as a judge in answering them. There
+    mustn't be a smile in your pen, or a wink in your ink
+    (perhaps you'll say, "There can't be a _wink_ in
+    _ink_: but there _may_ be _ink_ in a
+    _wink_"--but this is trifling; you mustn't make jokes
+    like that when I tell you to be serious) while you write to
+    Guildford and answer these two questions. You might as well
+    tell me at the same time whether you are still living at
+    Rotherwick--and whether you are at home--and whether you get
+    my letter--and whether you're still a child, or a grown-up
+    person--and whether you're going to the seaside next
+    summer--and anything else (except the alphabet and the
+    multiplication table) that you happen to know. I send you
+    10,000,000 kisses, and remain.
+
+    Your loving friend,
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+
+    The Chestnuts, Guildford, _April_ 19, 1878.
+
+    My dear Gertrude,--I'm afraid it's "no go"--I've had such a
+    bad cold all the week that I've hardly been out for some
+    days, and I don't think it would be wise to try the
+    expedition this time, and I leave here on Tuesday. But after
+    all, what does it signify? Perhaps there are ten or twenty
+    gentlemen, all living within a few miles of Rotherwick, and
+    any one of them would do just as well! When a little girl is
+    hoping to take a plum off a dish, and finds that she can't
+    have that one, because it's bad or unripe, what does she do?
+    Is she sorry, or disappointed? Not a bit! She just takes
+    another instead, and grins from one little ear to the other
+    as she puts it to her lips! This is a little fable to do you
+    good; the little girl means _you_--the bad plum means
+    _me_--the other plum means some other friend--and all
+    that about the little girl putting plums to her lips
+    means--well, it means--but you know you can't expect
+    _every bit_ of a fable to mean something! And the
+    little girl grinning means that dear little smile of yours,
+    that just reaches from the tip of one ear to the tip of the
+    other!
+
+    Your loving friend,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+    I send you 4-3/4 kisses.
+
+The next letter is a good example of the dainty little notes Lewis
+Carroll used to scribble off on any scrap of paper that lay to his
+hand:--
+
+    Chestnuts, Guildford, _January_ 15, 1886.
+
+    Yes, my child, if all be well, I shall hope, and you may
+    fear, that the train reaching Hook at two eleven, will
+    contain
+
+    Your loving friend,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+Only a few years ago, illness prevented him from fulfilling his usual
+custom of spending Christmas with his sisters at Guildford. This is
+the allusion in the following letter:--
+
+    My dear old Friend,--(The friendship is old, though the
+    child is young.) I wish a very happy New Year, and many of
+    them, to you and yours; but specially to you, because I know
+    you best and love you most. And I pray God to bless you,
+    dear child, in this bright New Year, and many a year to
+    come.  ... I write all this from my sofa, where I have been
+    confined a prisoner for six weeks, and as I dreaded the
+    railway journey, my doctor and I agreed that I had better
+    not go to spend Christmas with my sisters at Guildford. So I
+    had my Christmas dinner all alone, in my room here, and
+    (pity me, Gertrude!) it wasn't a Christmas dinner at all--I
+    suppose the cook thought I should not care for roast beef or
+    plum pudding, so he sent me (he has general orders to send
+    either fish and meat, or meat and pudding) some fried sole
+    and some roast mutton! Never, never have I dined before, on
+    Christmas Day, without _plum pudding_. Wasn't it sad?
+    Now I think you must be content; this is a longer letter
+    than most will get. Love to Olive. My clearest memory of her
+    is of a little girl calling out "Good-night" from her room,
+    and of your mother taking me in to see her in her bed, and
+    wish her good-night. I have a yet clearer memory (like a
+    dream of fifty years ago) of a little bare-legged girl in a
+    sailor's jersey, who used to run up into my lodgings by the
+    sea. But why should I trouble you with foolish reminiscences
+    of _mine_ that _cannot_ interest you?
+
+    Yours always lovingly,
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+It was a writer in _The National Review_ who, after eulogising
+the talents of Lewis Carroll, and stating that _he_ would never
+be forgotten, added the harsh prophecy that "future generations will
+not waste a single thought upon the Rev. C.L. Dodgson."
+
+If this prediction is destined to be fulfilled, I think my readers
+will agree with me that it will be solely on account of his
+extraordinary diffidence about asserting himself. But such an
+unnatural division of Lewis Carroll, the author, from the Rev. C.L.
+Dodgson, the man, is forced in the extreme. His books are simply the
+expression of his normal habit of mind, as these letters show. In
+literature, as in everything else, he was absolutely natural.
+
+To refer to such criticisms as this (I am thankful to say they have
+been very few) is not agreeable; but I feel that it is owing to Mr.
+Dodgson to do what I can to vindicate the real unity which underlay
+both his life and all his writings.
+
+Of many anecdotes which might be adduced to show the lovable character
+of the man, the following little story has reached me through one of
+his child-friends:--
+
+    My sister and I [she writes] were spending a day of
+    delightful sightseeing in town with him, on our way to his
+    home at Guildford, where we were going to pass a day or two
+    with him. We were both children, and were much interested
+    when he took us into an American shop where the cakes for
+    sale were cooked by a very rapid process before your eyes,
+    and handed to you straight from the cook's hands. As the
+    preparation of them could easily be seen from outside the
+    window, a small crowd of little ragamuffins naturally
+    assembled there, and I well remember his piling up seven of
+    the cakes on one arm, and himself taking them out and doling
+    them round to the seven hungry little youngsters. The simple
+    kindness of his act impressed its charm on his child-friends
+    inside the shop as much as on his little stranger friends
+    outside.
+
+It was only to those who had but few personal dealings with him that
+he seemed stiff and "donnish"; to his more intimate acquaintances, who
+really understood him, each little eccentricity of manner or of habits
+was a delightful addition to his charming and interesting personality.
+That he was, in some respects, eccentric cannot be denied; for
+instance he hardly ever wore an overcoat, and always wore a tall hat,
+whatever might be the climatic conditions. At dinner in his rooms
+small pieces of cardboard took the place of table-mats; they answered
+the purpose perfectly well, he said, and to buy anything else would be
+a mere waste of money. On the other hand, when purchasing books for
+himself, or giving treats to the children he loved, he never seemed to
+consider expense at all.
+
+He very seldom sat down to write, preferring to stand while thus
+engaged. When making tea for his friends, he used, in order, I
+suppose, to expedite the process, to walk up and down the room waving
+the teapot about, and telling meanwhile those delightful anecdotes of
+which he had an inexhaustible supply.
+
+Great were his preparations before going a journey; each separate
+article used to be carefully wrapped up in a piece of paper all to
+itself, so that his trunks contained nearly as much paper as of the
+more useful things. The bulk of the luggage was sent on a day or two
+before by goods train, while he himself followed on the appointed day,
+laden only with his well-known little black bag, which he always
+insisted on carrying himself.
+
+He had a strong objection to staring colours in dress, his favourite
+combination being pink and grey. One little girl who came to stay with
+him was absolutely forbidden to wear a red frock, of a somewhat
+pronounced hue, while out in his company.
+
+At meals he was very abstemious always, while he took nothing in the
+middle of the day except a glass of wine and a biscuit. Under these
+circumstances it is not very surprising that the healthy appetites of
+his little friends filled him with wonder, and even with alarm. When
+he took a certain one of them out with him to a friend's house to
+dinner, he used to give the host or hostess a gentle warning, to the
+mixed amazement and indignation of the child, "Please be careful,
+because she eats a good deal too much."
+
+Another peculiarity, which I have already referred to, was his
+objection to being invited to dinners or any other social gatherings;
+he made a rule of never accepting invitations. "Because you have
+invited me, therefore I cannot come," was the usual form of his
+refusal. I suppose the reason of this was his hatred of the
+interference with work which engagements of this sort occasion.
+
+He had an extreme horror of infection, as will appear from the
+following illustration. Miss Isa Bowman and her sister, Nellie, were
+at one time staying with him at Eastbourne, when news came from home
+that their youngest sister had caught the scarlet fever. From that day
+every letter which came from Mrs. Bowman to the children was held up
+by Mr. Dodgson, while the two little girls, standing at the opposite
+end of the room, had to read it as best they could. Mr. Dodgson, who
+was the soul of honour, used always to turn his head to one side
+during these readings, lest he might inadvertently see some words that
+were not meant for his eyes.
+
+Some extracts from letters of his to a child-friend, who prefers to
+remain anonymous, follow:
+
+    _November_ 30, 1879.
+
+    I have been awfully busy, and I've had to write _heaps_
+    of letters--wheelbarrows full, almost. And it tires me so
+    that generally I go to bed again the next minute after I get
+    up: and sometimes I go to bed again a minute _before_ I
+    get up! Did you ever hear of any one being so tired as
+    _that?_...
+
+
+    _November_ 7, 1882.
+
+    My dear E--, How often you must find yourself in want of a
+    pin! For instance, you go into a shop, and you say to the
+    man, "I want the largest penny bun you can let me have for a
+    halfpenny." And perhaps the man looks stupid, and doesn't
+    quite understand what you mean. Then how convenient it is to
+    have a pin ready to stick into the back of his hand, while
+    you say, "Now then! Look sharp, stupid!"... and even when
+    you don't happen to want a pin, how often you think to
+    yourself, "They say Interlacken is a very pretty place. I
+    wonder what it looks like!" (That is the place that is
+    painted on this pincushion.)
+
+    When you don't happen to want either a pin or pictures, it
+    may just remind you of a friend who sometimes thinks of his
+    dear little friend E--, and who is just now thinking of the
+    day he met her on the parade, the first time she had been
+    allowed to come out alone to look for him....
+
+
+    _December_ 26, 1886.
+
+    My dear E--, Though rushing, rapid rivers roar between us
+    (if you refer to the map of England, I think you'll find
+    that to be correct), we still remember each other, and feel
+    a sort of shivery affection for each other....
+
+
+    _March_ 31, 1890.
+
+    I _do_ sympathise so heartily with you in what you say
+    about feeling shy with children when you have to entertain
+    them! Sometimes they are a real _terror_ to
+    me--especially boys: little girls I can now and then get on
+    with, when they're few enough. They easily become "de trop."
+    But with little _boys_ I'm out of my element
+    altogether. I sent "Sylvie and Bruno" to an Oxford friend,
+    and, in writing his thanks, he added, "I think I must bring
+    my little boy to see you." So I wrote to say "_don't_,"
+    or words to that effect: and he wrote again that he could
+    hardly believe his eyes when he got my note. He thought I
+    doted on _all_ children. But I'm _not_
+    omnivorous!--like a pig. I pick and choose....
+
+    You are a lucky girl, and I am rather inclined to envy you,
+    in having the leisure to read Dante--_I_ have never
+    read a page of him; yet I am sure the "Divina Commedia" is
+    one of the grandest books in the world--though I am
+    _not_ sure whether the reading of it would _raise_
+    one's life and give it a nobler purpose, or simply be a
+    grand poetical treat. That is a question you are beginning
+    to be able to answer: I doubt if _I_ shall ever (at
+    least in this life) have the opportunity of reading it; my
+    life seems to be all torn into little bits among the host of
+    things I want to do! It seems hard to settle what to do
+    _first. One_ piece of work, at any rate, I am clear
+    ought to be done this year, and it will take months of hard
+    work: I mean the second volume of "Sylvie and Bruno." I
+    fully _mean_, if I have life and health till Xmas next,
+    to bring it out then. When one is close on sixty years old,
+    it seems presumptuous to count on years and years of work
+    yet to be done....
+
+    She is rather the exception among the hundred or so of
+    child-friends who have brightened my life. Usually the child
+    becomes so entirely a different being as she grows into a
+    woman, that our friendship has to change too: and
+    _that_ it usually does by gliding down from a loving
+    intimacy into an acquaintance that merely consists of a
+    smile and a bow when we meet!...
+
+
+    _January_ 1, 1895.
+
+    ... You are quite correct in saying it is a long time since
+    you have heard from me: in fact, I find that I have not
+    written to you since the 13th of last November. But what of
+    that? You have access to the daily papers. Surely you can
+    find out negatively, that I am all right! Go carefully
+    through the list of bankruptcies; then run your eye down the
+    police cases; and, if you fail to find my name anywhere, you
+    can say to your mother in a tone of calm satisfaction, "Mr.
+    Dodgson is going on _well_."
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+(THE SAME--_continued_.)
+
+    Books for children--"The Lost Plum-Cake"--"An Unexpected
+    Guest"--Miss Isa Bowman--Interviews--"Matilda Jane"--Miss
+    Edith Rix--Miss Kathleen Eschwege.
+
+Lewis Carroll's own position as an author did not prevent him from
+taking a great interest in children's books and their writers. He had
+very strong ideas on what was or was not suitable in such books, but,
+when once his somewhat exacting taste was satisfied, he was never
+tired of recommending a story to his friends. His cousin, Mrs. Egerton
+Allen, who has herself written several charming tales for young
+readers, has sent me the following letter which she received from him
+some years ago:--
+
+    Dear Georgie,--_Many_ thanks. The book was at Ch. Ch.
+    I've done an unusual thing, in thanking for a book, namely,
+    _waited to read it_. I've read it _right through_!
+    In fact, I found it very refreshing, when jaded with my own
+    work at "Sylvie and Bruno" (coming out at Xmas, I hope) to
+    lie down on the sofa and read a chapter of "Evie." I like it
+    very much: and am so glad to have helped to bring it out. It
+    would have been a real loss to the children of England, if
+    you had burned the MS., as you once thought of doing....
+
+[Illustration: Xie Kitchin as a Chinaman. _From a
+photograph by Lewis Carroll_.]
+
+The very last words of his that appeared in print took the form of a
+preface to one of Mrs. Allen's tales, "The Lost Plum-Cake," (Macmillan
+& Co., 1898). So far as I know, this was the only occasion on which he
+wrote a preface for another author's book, and his remarks are doubly
+interesting as being his last service to the children whom he loved.
+No apology, then, is needed for quoting from them here:--
+
+    Let me seize this opportunity of saying one earnest word to
+    the mothers in whose hands this little book may chance to
+    come, who are in the habit of taking their children to
+    church with them. However well and reverently those dear
+    little ones have been taught to behave, there is no doubt
+    that so long a period of enforced quietude is a severe tax
+    on their patience. The hymns, perhaps, tax it least: and
+    what a pathetic beauty there is in the sweet fresh voices of
+    the children, and how earnestly they sing! I took a little
+    girl of six to church with me one day: they had told me she
+    could hardly read at all--but she made me find all the
+    places for her! And afterwards I said to her elder sister
+    "What made you say Barbara couldn't read? Why, I heard her
+    joining in, all through the hymn!" And the little sister
+    gravely replied, "She knows the _tunes_, but not the
+    _words_." Well, to return to my subject--children in
+    church. The lessons, and the prayers, are not wholly beyond
+    them: often they can catch little bits that come within the
+    range of their small minds. But the sermons! It goes to
+    one's heart to see, as I so often do, little darlings of
+    five or six years old, forced to sit still through a weary
+    half-hour, with nothing to do, and not one word of the
+    sermon that they can understand. Most heartily can I
+    sympathise with the little charity-girl who is said to have
+    written to some friend, "I think, when I grows up, I'll
+    never go to church no more. I think I'se getting sermons
+    enough to last me all my life!" But need it be so? Would it
+    be so _very_ irreverent to let your child have a
+    story-book to read during the sermon, to while away that
+    tedious half-hour, and to make church-going a bright and
+    happy memory, instead of rousing the thought, "I'll never go
+    to church no more"? I think not. For my part, I should love
+    to see the experiment tried. I am quite sure it would be a
+    success. My advice would be to _keep_ some books
+    for that special purpose. I would call such books
+    "Sunday-treats"--and your little boy or girl would soon
+    learn to look forward with eager hope to that half-hour,
+    once so tedious. If I were the preacher, dealing with some
+    subject too hard for the little ones, I should love to see
+    them all enjoying their picture-books. And if _this_
+    little book should ever come to be used as a "Sunday-treat"
+    for some sweet baby reader, I don't think it could serve a
+    better purpose.
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+Miss M.E. Manners was another writer for children whose books pleased
+him. She gives an amusing account of two visits which he paid to her
+house in 1889:--
+
+    _An Unexpected Guest._
+
+
+    "Mr. Dobson wants to see you, miss."
+
+    I was in the kitchen looking after the dinner, and did not
+    feel that I particularly wished to see anybody.
+
+    "He wants a vote, or he is an agent for a special kind of
+    tea," thought I. "I don't know him; ask him to send a
+    message."
+
+    Presently the maid returned--
+
+    "He says he is Mr. Dodgson, of Oxford."
+
+    "Lewis Carroll!" I exclaimed; and somebody else had to
+    superintend the cooking that day.
+
+    My apologies were soon made and cheerfully accepted. I
+    believe I was unconventional enough to tell the exact truth
+    concerning my occupation, and matters were soon on a
+    friendly footing. Indeed I may say at once that the stately
+    college don we have heard so much about never made his
+    appearance during our intercourse with him.
+
+    He did not talk "Alice," of course; authors don't generally
+    _talk_ their books, I imagine; but it was undoubtedly
+    Lewis Carroll who was present with us.
+
+    A portrait of Ellen Terry on the wall had attracted his
+    attention, and one of the first questions he asked was, "Do
+    you ever go to the theatre?" I explained that such things
+    were done, occasionally, even among Quakers, but they were
+    not considered quite orthodox.
+
+    "Oh, well, then you will not be shocked, and I may venture
+    to produce my photographs." And out into the hall he went,
+    and soon returned with a little black bag containing
+    character portraits of his child-friends, Isa and Nellie
+    Bowman.
+
+    "Isa used to be Alice until she grew too big," he said.
+    "Nellie was one of the oyster-fairies, and Emsie, the tiny
+    one of all, was the Dormouse."
+
+    "When 'Alice' was first dramatised," he said, "the poem of
+    the 'Walrus and the Carpenter' fell rather flat, for people
+    did not know when it was finished, and did not clap in the
+    right place; so I had to write a song for the ghosts of the
+    oysters to sing, which made it all right."
+
+[Illustration: Alice and the Dormouse. _From a photograph
+by Elliott & Fry_.]
+
+    He was then on his way to London, to fetch Isa to stay with
+    him at Eastbourne. She was evidently a great favourite, and
+    had visited him before. Of that earlier time he said:--
+
+    "When people ask me why I have never married, I tell them I
+    have never met the young lady whom I could endure for a
+    fortnight--but Isa and I got on so well together that I said
+    I should keep her a month, the length of the honeymoon, and
+    we didn't get tired of each other."
+
+    Nellie afterwards joined her sister "for a few days," but
+    the days spread to some weeks, for the poor little dormouse
+    developed scarlet fever, and the elder children had to be
+    kept out of harm's way until fear of infection was over.
+
+    Of Emsie he had a funny little story to tell. He had taken
+    her to the Aquarium, and they had been watching the seals
+    coming up dripping out of the water. With a very pitiful
+    look she turned to him and said, "Don't they give them any
+    towels?" [The same little girl commiserated the bear,
+    because it had got no tail.]
+
+    Asked to stay to dinner, he assured us that he never took
+    anything in the middle of the day but a glass of wine and a
+    biscuit; but he would be happy to sit down with us, which he
+    accordingly did and kindly volunteered to carve for us. His
+    offer was gladly accepted, but the appearance of a rather
+    diminutive piece of neck of mutton was somewhat of a puzzle
+    to him. He had evidently never seen such a joint in his life
+    before, and had frankly to confess that he did not know how
+    to set about carving it. Directions only made things worse,
+    and he bravely cut it to pieces in entirely the wrong
+    fashion, relating meanwhile the story of a shy young man who
+    had been asked to carve a fowl, the joints of which had been
+    carefully wired together beforehand by his too attentive
+    friends.
+
+    The task and the story being both finished, our visitor
+    gazed on the mangled remains, and remarked quaintly: "I
+    think it is just as well I don't want anything, for I don't
+    know where I should find it."
+
+    At least one member of the party felt she could have managed
+    matters better; but that was a point of very little
+    consequence.
+
+    A day or two after the first call came a note saying that he
+    would be taking Isa home before long, and if we would like
+    to see her he would stop on the way again.
+
+    Of course we were only too delighted to have the
+    opportunity, and, though the visit was postponed more than
+    once, it did take place early in August, when he brought
+    both Isa and Nellie up to town to see a performance of
+    "Sweet Lavender." It is needless to remark that we took
+    care, this time, to be provided with something at once
+    substantial and carvable.
+
+    The children were bright, healthy, happy and childlike
+    little maidens, quite devoted to their good friend, whom
+    they called "Uncle"; and very interesting it was to see them
+    together.
+
+    But he did not allow any undue liberties either, as a little
+    incident showed.
+
+    He had been describing a particular kind of collapsible
+    tumbler, which you put in your pocket and carried with you
+    for use on a railway journey.
+
+    "There now," he continued, turning to the children, "I
+    forgot to bring it with me after all."
+
+    "Oh Goosie," broke in Isa; "you've been talking about that
+    tumbler for days, and now you have forgotten it."
+
+    He pulled himself up, and looked at her steadily with an air
+    of grave reproof.
+
+    Much abashed, she hastily substituted a very subdued "Uncle"
+    for the objectionable "Goosie," and the matter dropped.
+
+    The principal anecdote on this occasion was about a dog
+    which had been sent into the sea after sticks. He brought
+    them back very properly for some time, and then there
+    appeared to be a little difficulty, and he returned swimming
+    in a very curious manner. On closer inspection it appeared
+    that he had caught hold of his own tail by mistake, and was
+    bringing it to land in triumph.
+
+    This was told with the utmost gravity, and though we had
+    been requested beforehand not to mention "Lewis Carroll's"
+    books, the temptation was too strong. I could not help
+    saying to the child next me--
+
+    "That was like the Whiting, wasn't it?"
+
+    Our visitor, however, took up the remark, and seemed quite
+    willing to talk about it.
+
+    "When I wrote that," he said, "I believed that whiting
+    really did have their tails in their mouths, but I have
+    since been told that fishmongers put the tail through the
+    eye, not in the mouth at all."
+
+He was not a very good carver, for Miss Bremer also describes a little
+difficulty he had--this time with the pastry: "An amusing incident
+occurred when he was at lunch with us. He was requested to serve some
+pastry, and, using a knife, as it was evidently rather hard, the knife
+penetrated the d'oyley beneath--and his consternation was extreme when
+he saw the slice of linen and lace he served as an addition to the
+tart!"
+
+It was, I think, through her connection with the "Alice" play that Mr.
+Dodgson first came to know Miss Isa Bowman. Her childish friendship
+for him was one of the joys of his later years, and one of the last
+letters he wrote was addressed to her. The poem at the beginning of
+"Sylvie and Bruno" is an acrostic on her name--
+
+        Is all our Life, then, but a dream,
+        Seen faintly in the golden gleam
+        Athwart Times's dark, resistless stream?
+
+        Bowed to the earth with bitter woe,
+        Or laughing at some raree-show,
+        We flutter idly to and fro.
+
+        Man's little Day in haste we spend,
+        And, from the merry noontide, send
+        No glance to meet the silent end.
+
+Every one has heard of Lewis Carroll's hatred of interviewers; the
+following letter to Miss Manners makes one feel that in some cases, at
+least, his feeling was justifiable:--
+
+    If your Manchester relatives ever go to the play, tell them
+    they ought to see Isa as "Cinderella"--she is evidently a
+    success. And she has actually been "interviewed" by one of
+    those dreadful newspapers reporters, and the "interview" is
+    published with her picture! And such rubbish he makes her
+    talk! She tells him that something or other was "tacitly
+    conceded": and that "I love to see a great actress give
+    expression to the wonderful ideas of the immortal master!"
+
+    (N.B.--I never let her talk like that when she is with _me_!)
+
+    Emsie recovered in time to go to America, with her mother
+    and Isa and Nellie: and they all enjoyed the trip much; and
+    Emsie has a London engagement.
+
+Only once was an interviewer bold enough to enter Lewis Carroll's
+_sanctum_. The story has been told in _The Guardian_ (January 19,
+1898), but will bear repetition:--
+
+    Not long ago Mr. Dodgson happened to get into correspondence
+    with a man whom he had never seen, on some question of
+    religious difficulty, and he invited him to come to his
+    rooms and have a talk on the subject. When, therefore, a Mr.
+    X-- was announced to him one morning, he advanced to meet
+    him with outstretched hand and smiles of welcome. "Come in
+    Mr. X--, I have been expecting you." The delighted visitor
+    thought this a promising beginning, and immediately pulled
+    out a note-book and pencil, and proceeded to ask "the usual
+    questions." Great was Mr. Dodgson's disgust! Instead of his
+    expected friend, here was another man of the same name, and
+    one of the much-dreaded interviewers, actually sitting in
+    his chair! The mistake was soon explained, and the
+    representative of the Press was bowed out as quickly as he
+    had come in.
+
+It was while Isa and one of her sisters were staying at Eastbourne
+that the visit to America was mooted. Mr. Dodgson suggested that it
+would be well for them to grow gradually accustomed to seafaring, and
+therefore proposed to take them by steamer to Hastings. This plan was
+carried out, and the weather was unspeakably bad--far worse than
+anything they experienced in their subsequent trip across the
+Atlantic. The two children, who were neither of them very good
+sailors, experienced sensations that were the reverse of pleasant. Mr.
+Dodgson did his best to console them, while he continually repeated,
+"Crossing the Atlantic will be much worse than this."
+
+However, even this terrible lesson on the horrors of the sea did not
+act as a deterrent; it was as unsuccessful as the effort of the old
+lady in one of his stories: "An old lady I once knew tried to check
+the military ardour of a little boy by showing him a picture of a
+battlefield, and describing some of its horrors. But the only answer
+she got was, 'I'll be a soldier. Tell it again!'"
+
+The Bowman children sometimes came over to visit him at Oxford, and he
+used to delight in showing them over the colleges, and pointing out
+the famous people whom they encountered. On one of these occasions he
+was walking with Maggie, then a mere child, when they met the Bishop
+of Oxford, to whom Mr. Dodgson introduced his little guest. His
+lordship asked her what she thought of Oxford. "I think," said the
+little actress, with quite a professional _aplomb,_ "it's the
+best place in the Provinces!" At which the Bishop was much amused.
+After the child had returned to town, the Bishop sent her a copy of a
+little book called "Golden Dust," inscribed "From W. Oxon," which
+considerably mystified her, as she knew nobody of that name!
+
+Another little stage-friend of Lewis Carroll's was Miss Vera Beringer,
+the "Little Lord Fauntleroy," whose acting delighted all theatre-goers
+eight or nine years ago. Once, when she was spending a holiday in the
+Isle of Man, he sent her the following lines:--
+
+        There was a young lady of station,
+        "I love man" was her sole exclamation;
+          But when men cried, "You flatter,"
+          She replied, "Oh! no matter,
+        Isle of Man is the true explanation."
+
+Many of his friendships with children began in a railway carriage, for
+he always took about with him a stock of puzzles when he travelled, to
+amuse any little companions whom chance might send him. Once he was in
+a carriage with a lady and her little daughter, both complete
+strangers to him. The child was reading "Alice in Wonderland," and
+when she put her book down, he began talking to her about it. The
+mother soon joined in the conversation, of course without the least
+idea who the stranger was with whom she was talking. "Isn't it sad,"
+she said, "about poor Mr. Lewis Carroll? He's gone mad, you know."
+"Indeed," replied Mr. Dodgson, "I had never heard that." "Oh, I assure
+you it is quite true," the lady answered. "I have it on the best
+authority." Before Mr. Dodgson parted with her, he obtained her leave
+to send a present to the little girl, and a few days afterwards she
+received a copy of "Through the Looking-Glass," inscribed with her
+name, and "From the Author, in memory of a pleasant journey."
+
+When he gave books to children, he very often wrote acrostics on their
+names on the fly-leaf. One of the prettiest was inscribed in a copy of
+Miss Yonge's "Little Lucy's Wonderful Globe," which he gave to Miss
+Ruth Dymes:--
+
+        R ound the wondrous globe I wander wild,
+        U p and down-hill--Age succeeds to youth--
+        T oiling all in vain to find a child
+        H alf so loving, half so dear as Ruth.
+
+In another book, given to her sister Margaret, he
+wrote:--
+
+        M aidens, if a maid you meet
+        A lways free from pout and pet,
+        R eady smile and temper sweet,
+        G reet my little Margaret.
+        A nd if loved by all she be
+        R ightly, not a pampered pet,
+        E asily you then may see
+       'Tis my little Margaret.
+
+Here are two letters to children, the one interesting as a specimen of
+pure nonsense of the sort which children always like, the other as
+showing his dislike of being praised. The first was written to Miss
+Gertrude Atkinson, daughter of an old College friend, but otherwise
+unknown to Lewis Carroll except by her photograph:--
+
+    My dear Gertrude,--So many things have happened since we met
+    last, really I don't know _which_ to begin talking
+    about! For instance, England has been conquered by William
+    the Conqueror. We haven't met since _that_ happened,
+    you know. How did you like it? Were you frightened?
+
+    And one more thing has happened: I have got your
+    photograph. Thank you very much for it. I like it "awfully."
+    Do they let you say "awfully"? or do they say, "No, my dear;
+    little girls mustn't say 'awfully'; they should say 'very
+    much indeed'"?
+
+    I wonder if you will ever get as far as Jersey? If not, how
+    _are_ we to meet?
+
+    Your affectionate friend,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+From the second letter, to Miss Florence Jackson, I take the following
+extract:--
+
+    I have two reasons for sending you this fable; one is, that
+    in a letter you wrote me you said something about my being
+    "clever"; and the other is that, when you wrote again you
+    said it again! And _each_ time I thought, "Really, I
+    _must_ write and ask her _not_ to say such things;
+    it is not wholesome reading for me."
+
+    The fable is this. The cold, frosty, bracing air is the
+    treatment one gets from the world generally--such as
+    contempt, or blame, or neglect; all those are very
+    wholesome. And the hot dry air, that you breathe when you
+    rush to the fire, is the praise that one gets from one's
+    young, happy, rosy, I may even say _florid_ friends!
+    And that's very bad for me, and gives pride--fever, and
+    conceit--cough, and such-like diseases. Now I'm sure you
+    don't want me to be laid up with all these diseases; so
+    please don't praise me _any_ more!
+
+The verses to "Matilda Jane" certainly deserve a place in this
+chapter. To make their meaning clear, I must state that Lewis Carroll
+wrote them for a little cousin of his, and that Matilda Jane was the
+somewhat prosaic name of her doll. The poem expresses finely the
+blind, unreasoning devotion which the infant mind professes for
+inanimate objects:--
+
+        Matilda Jane, you never look
+        At any toy or picture-book;
+        I show you pretty things in vain,
+        You must be blind, Matilda Jane!
+
+        I ask you riddles, tell you tales,
+        But all our conversation fails;
+        You never answer me again,
+        I fear you're dumb, Matilda Jane!
+
+        Matilda, darling, when I call
+        You never seem to hear at all;
+        I shout with all my might and main,
+        But you're _so_ deaf, Matilda Jane!
+
+        Matilda Jane, you needn't mind,
+        For though you're deaf, and dumb, and blind,
+        There's some one loves you, it is plain,
+        And that is _me_, Matilda Jane!
+
+In an earlier chapter I gave some of Mr. Dodgson's letters to Miss
+Edith Rix; the two which follow, being largely about children, seem
+more appropriate here:--
+
+    My dear Edith,--Would you tell your mother I was aghast at
+    seeing the address of her letter to me: and I would much
+    prefer "Rev. C.L. Dodgson, Ch. Ch., Oxford." When a letter
+    comes addressed "Lewis Carroll, Ch. Ch.," it either goes to
+    the Dead Letter Office, or it impresses on the minds of all
+    letter-carriers, &c., through whose hands it goes, the very
+    fact I least want them to know.
+
+    Please offer to your sister all the necessary apologies for
+    the liberty I have taken with her name. My only excuse is,
+    that I know no other; and how _am_ I to guess what the
+    full name is? It _may_ be Carlotta, or Zealot, or
+    Ballot, or Lotus-blossom (a very pretty name), or even
+    Charlotte. Never have I sent anything to a young lady of
+    whom I have a more shadowy idea. Name, an enigma; age,
+    somewhere between 1 and 19 (you've no idea how bewildering
+    it is, alternately picturing her as a little toddling thing
+    of 5, and a tall girl of 15!); disposition--well, I
+    _have_ a fragment of information on _that_
+    question--your mother says, as to my coming, "It must be
+    when Lottie is at home, or she would never forgive us."
+    Still, I _cannot_ consider the mere fact that she is of
+    an unforgiving disposition as a complete view of her
+    character. I feel sure she has some other qualities besides.
+
+    Believe me,
+
+    Yrs affectionately,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+
+    My dear child,--It seems quite within the bounds of
+    possibility, if we go on long in this style, that our
+    correspondence may at last assume a really friendly tone. I
+    don't of course say it will actually do so--that would be
+    too bold a prophecy, but only that it may tend to shape
+    itself in that direction.
+
+    Your remark, that slippers for elephants _could_ be
+    made, only they would not be slippers, but boots, convinces
+    me that there is a branch of your family in _Ireland_.
+    Who are (oh dear, oh dear, I am going distracted! There's a
+    lady in the opposite house who simply sings _all_ day.
+    All her songs are wails, and their tunes, such as they have,
+    are much the same. She has one strong note in her voice, and
+    she knows it! I _think_ it's "A natural," but I haven't
+    much ear. And when she gets to that note, she howls!) they?
+    The O'Rixes, I suppose?
+
+    About your uninteresting neighbours, I sympathise with you
+    much; but oh, I wish I had you here, that I might teach you
+    _not_ to say "It is difficult to visit one's district
+    regularly, like every one else does!"
+
+    And now I come to the most interesting part of your letter--
+    May you treat me as a perfect friend, and write anything you
+    like to me, and ask my advice? Why, _of course_ you
+    may, my child! What else am I good for? But oh, my dear
+    child-friend, you cannot guess how such words sound to
+    _me_! That any one should look up to _me_, or
+    think of asking _my_ advice--well, it makes one feel
+    humble, I think, rather than proud--humble to remember,
+    while others think so well of me, what I really _am_,
+    in myself. "Thou, that teachest another, teachest thou not
+    thyself?" Well, I won't talk about myself, it is not a
+    healthy topic. Perhaps it may be true of _any_ two
+    people, that, if one could see the other through and
+    through, love would perish. I don't know. Anyhow, I like to
+    _have_ the love of my child-friends, tho' I know I
+    don't deserve it. Please write as freely as _ever_ you
+    like.
+
+    I went up to town and fetched Phoebe down here on Friday in
+    last week; and we spent _most_ of Saturday upon the
+    beach--Phoebe  wading and digging, and "as happy as a bird
+    upon the wing" (to quote the song she sang when first I saw
+    her). Tuesday evening brought a telegram to say she was
+    wanted at the theatre next morning. So, instead of going to
+    bed, Phoebe packed her things, and we left by the last
+    train, reaching her home by a quarter to 1 a.m. However,
+    even four days of sea-air,  and a new kind of happiness, did
+    her good, I think. I am rather lonely now she is gone. She
+    is a very sweet child, and a thoughtful child, too. It was
+    very touching to see (we had a little Bible-reading every
+    day: I tried to remember that my little friend had a soul to
+    be cared for, as well as a body) the far-away look in her
+    eyes, when we talked of God and of heaven--as if her angel,
+    who beholds His face continually, were whispering to her.
+
+    Of course, there isn't _much_ companionship possible,
+    after all, between an old man's mind and a little child's,
+    but what there is is sweet--and wholesome, I think.
+
+Three letters of his to a child-friend, Miss Kathleen Eschwege, now
+Mrs. Round, illustrate one of those friendships which endure: the sort
+of friendship that he always longed for, and so often failed to
+secure:--
+
+[Illustrations and: Facsimile of a "Looking-Glass
+Letter" from Lewis Carroll to Miss Edith Ball.]
+
+    Ch. Ch., Oxford, _October_ 24, 1879.
+
+    My dear Kathleen,--I was really pleased to get your letter,
+    as I had quite supposed I should never see or hear of you
+    again. You see I knew only your Christian name--not the
+    ghost of a surname, or the shadow of an address--and I was
+    not prepared to spend my little all in advertisements--"If
+    the young lady, who was travelling on the G.W. Railway, &c."
+    --or to devote the remainder of my life to going about
+    repeating "Kathleen," like that young woman who came from
+    some foreign land to look for her lover, but only knew that
+    he was called "Edward" (or "Richard" was it? I dare say you
+    know History better than I do) and that he lived in England;
+    so that naturally it took her some time to find him. All I
+    knew was that _you_ could, if you chose, write to me
+    through Macmillan: but it is three months since we met, so I
+    was _not_ expecting it, and it was a pleasant surprise.
+
+    Well, so I hope I may now count you as one of my
+    child-friends. I am fond of children (except boys), and have
+    more child-friends than I could possibly count on my
+    fingers, even if I were a centipede (by the way, _have_
+    they fingers? I'm afraid they're only feet, but, of course,
+    they use them for the same purpose, and that is why no other
+    insects, _except centipedes_, ever succeed in doing
+    _Long Multiplication_), and I have several not so very
+    far from you--one at Beckenham, two at Balham, two at Herne
+    Hill, one at Peckham--so there is every chance of my being
+    somewhere near you _before the year_ 1979. If so, may I
+    call? I am _very_ sorry your neck is no better, and I
+    wish they would take you to Margate: Margate air will make
+    _any_ body well of _any_ thing.
+
+    It seems you have already got my two books about "Alice."
+    Have you also got "The Hunting of the Snark"? If not, I
+    should be very glad to send you one. The pictures (by Mr.
+    Holiday) are pretty: and you needn't read the verses unless
+    you like.
+
+    How do you pronounce your surname? "esk-weej"? or how? Is it
+    a German name?
+
+    If you can do "Doublets," with how many links do you turn
+    KATH into LEEN?
+
+    With kind remembrances to your mother, I am
+
+    Your affectionate friend,
+
+    Charles L. Dodgson
+
+    (_alias_ "Lewis Carroll").
+
+
+    Ch. Ch., Oxford, _January_ 20, 1892.
+
+    My dear Kathleen,--Some months ago I heard, from my cousin,
+    May Wilcox, that you were engaged to be married. And, ever
+    since, I have cherished the intention of writing to offer my
+    congratulations. Some might say, "Why not write _at
+    once?"_ To such unreasoning creatures, the obvious reply
+    is, "When you have bottled some peculiarly fine Port, do you
+    usually begin to drink it _at once?"_ Is not that a
+    beautiful simile? Of course, I need not remark that my
+    congratulations are like fine old Port--only finer, and
+    _older!_
+
+    Accept, my dear old friend, my _heartiest_ wishes for
+    happiness, of all sorts and sizes, for yourself, and for him
+    whom you have chosen as your other self. And may you love
+    one another with a love second only to your love for God--a
+    love that will last through bright days and dark days, in
+    sickness and in health, through life and through death.
+
+    A few years ago I went, in the course of about three months,
+    to the weddings of three of my old child-friends. But
+    weddings are not very exhilarating scenes for a miserable
+    old bachelor; and I think you'll have to excuse me from
+    attending _yours_.
+
+    However, I have so far concerned myself in it that I
+    actually _dreamed_ about it a few nights ago! I dreamed
+    that you had had a photograph done of the wedding-party, and
+    had sent me a copy of it. At one side stood a group of
+    ladies, among whom I made out the faces of Dolly and Ninty;
+    and in the foreground, seated in a boat, were two people, a
+    gentleman and a lady I _think_ (could they have been
+    the bridegroom and the bride?) engaged in the natural and
+    usual occupation for a riverside picnic--pulling a Christmas
+    cracker! I have no idea what put such an idea into my head.
+    _I_ never saw crackers used in such a scene!
+
+    I hope your mother goes on well. With kindest regards to her
+    and your father, and love to your sisters--and to yourself
+    too, if HE doesn't object!--I am,
+
+    Yours affectionately,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+    P.S.--I never give wedding-presents; so please regard the
+    enclosed as an _unwedding_ present.
+
+
+    Ch. Ch., Oxford, _December_ 8, 1897.
+
+    My dear Kathleen,--Many thanks for the photo of yourself and
+    your _fiancé_, which duly reached me January 23, 1892.
+    Also for a wedding-card, which reached me August 28, 1892.
+    Neither of these favours, I fear, was ever acknowledged. Our
+    only communication since, has been, that on December 13,
+    1892, I sent you a biscuit-box adorned with "Looking-Glass"
+    pictures. This _you_ never acknowledged; so I was
+    properly served for my negligence. I hope your little
+    daughter, of whose arrival Mrs. Eschwege told me in
+    December, 1893, has been behaving well? How quickly the
+    years slip by! It seems only yesterday that I met, on the
+    railway, a little girl who was taking a sketch of Oxford!
+
+    Your affectionate old friend,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+The following verses were inscribed in a copy of "Alice's Adventures,"
+presented to the three Miss Drurys in August, 1869:--
+
+_To three puzzled little girls, from the Author._
+
+        Three little maidens weary of the rail,
+        Three pairs of little ears listening to a tale,
+        Three little hands held out in readiness,
+        For three little puzzles very hard to guess.
+        Three pairs of little eyes, open wonder-wide,
+        At three little scissors lying side by side.
+        Three little mouths that thanked an unknown Friend,
+        For one little book, he undertook to send.
+        Though whether they'll remember a friend, or book, or day--
+        In three little weeks is very hard to say.
+
+He took the same three children to German Reed's entertainment, where
+the triple bill consisted of "Happy Arcadia," "All Abroad," and "Very
+Catching." A few days afterwards he sent them "Phantasmagoria," with a
+little poem on the fly-leaf to remind them of their treat:--
+
+        Three little maids, one winter day,
+          While others went to feed,
+        To sing, to laugh, to dance, to play,
+          More wisely went to--Reed.
+
+        Others, when lesson-time's begun,
+          Go, half inclined to cry,
+        Some in a walk, some in a run;
+          But _these_ went in a--Fly.
+
+        I give to other little maids
+          A smile, a kiss, a look,
+        Presents whose memory quickly fades,
+          I give to these--a Book.
+
+        _Happy Arcadia _may blind,
+          While _all abroad,_ their eyes;
+        At home, this book (I trust) they'll find
+          A _very catching_ prize.
+
+The next three letters were addressed to two of Mr. Arthur Hughes'
+children. They are good examples of the wild and delightful nonsense
+with which Lewis Carroll used to amuse his little friends:--
+
+    My dear Agnes,--You lazy thing! What? I'm to divide the
+    kisses myself, am I? Indeed I won't take the trouble to do
+    anything of the sort! But I'll tell _you_ how to do it.
+    First, you must take _four_ of the kisses, and--and
+    that reminds me of a very curious thing that happened to me
+    at half-past four yesterday. Three visitors came knocking at
+    my door, begging me to let them in. And when I opened the
+    door, who do you think they were? You'll never guess. Why,
+    they were three cats! Wasn't it curious? However, they all
+    looked so cross and disagreeable that I took up the first
+    thing I could lay my hand on (which happened to be the
+    rolling-pin) and knocked them all down as flat as pan-cakes!
+    "If _you_ come knocking at _my_ door," I said,
+    "_I_ shall come knocking at _your_ heads." "That
+    was fair, wasn't it?"
+
+    Yours affectionately,
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+
+    My dear Agnes,--About the cats, you know. Of course I didn't
+    leave them lying flat on the ground like dried flowers: no,
+    I picked them up, and I was as kind as I could be to them. I
+    lent them the portfolio for a bed--they wouldn't have been
+    comfortable in a real bed, you know: they were too thin--but
+    they were _quite_ happy between the sheets of
+    blotting-paper--and  each of them had a pen-wiper for a
+    pillow. Well, then I went to bed: but first I lent them the
+    three dinner-bells, to ring if they wanted anything in the
+    night.
+
+    You know I have _three_ dinner-bells--the first (which
+    is the largest) is rung when dinner is _nearly_ ready;
+    the second (which is rather larger) is rung when it is quite
+    ready; and the third (which is as large as the other two put
+    together) is rung all the time I am at dinner. Well, I told
+    them they might ring if they happened to want anything--and,
+    as they rang _all_ the bells _all_ night, I
+    suppose they did want something or other, only I was too
+    sleepy to attend to them.
+
+    In the morning I gave them some rat-tail jelly and buttered
+    mice for breakfast, and they were as discontented as they
+    could be. They wanted some boiled pelican, but of course I
+    knew it wouldn't be good _for_ them. So all I said was
+    "Go to Number Two, Finborough Road, and ask for Agnes
+    Hughes, and if it's _really_ good for you, she'll give
+    you some." Then I shook hands with them all, and wished them
+    all goodbye, and drove them up the chimney. They seemed very
+    sorry to go, and they took the bells and the portfolio with
+    them. I didn't find this out till after they had gone, and
+    then I was sorry too, and wished for them back again. What
+    do I mean by "them"? Never mind.
+
+    How are Arthur, and Amy, and Emily? Do they still go up and
+    down Finborough Road, and teach the cats to be kind to mice?
+    I'm _very_ fond of all the cats in Finborough Road.
+
+    Give them my love.
+    Who do I mean by "them"?
+    Never mind.
+
+    Your affectionate friend,
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+[Illustration: Arthur Hughes and his daughter Agnes. _From
+a photograph by Lewis Carroll._]
+
+    My dear Amy,--How are you getting on, I wonder, with
+    guessing those puzzles from "Wonderland"? If you think
+    you've found out any of the answers, you may send them to
+    me; and if they're wrong, I won't tell you they're right!
+
+    You asked me after those three cats. Ah! The dear creatures!
+    Do you know, ever since that night they first came, they
+    have _never left me?_ Isn't it kind of them? Tell Agnes
+    this. She will be interested to hear it. And they _are_
+    so kind and thoughtful! Do you know, when I had gone out for
+    a walk the other day, they got _all_ my books out of
+    the bookcase, and opened them on the floor, to be ready for
+    me to read. They opened them all at page 50, because they
+    thought that would be a nice useful page to begin at. It was
+    rather unfortunate, though: because they took my bottle of
+    gum, and tried to gum pictures upon the ceiling (which they
+    thought would please me), and by accident they spilt a
+    quantity of it all over the books. So when they were shut up
+    and put by, the leaves all stuck together, and I can never
+    read page 50 again in any of them!
+
+    However, they meant it very kindly, so I wasn't angry. I
+    gave them each a spoonful of ink as a treat; but they were
+    ungrateful for that, and made dreadful faces. But, of
+    course, as it was given them as a treat, they had to drink
+    it. One of them has turned black since: it was a white cat
+    to begin with.
+
+    Give my love to any children you happen to meet. Also I send
+    two kisses and a half, for you to divide with Agnes, Emily,
+    and Godfrey. Mind you divide them fairly.
+
+    Yours affectionately,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+The intelligent reader will make a discovery about the first of the
+two following letters, which Miss Maggie Cunningham, the
+"child-friend" to whom both were addressed, perhaps did not hit upon
+at once. Mr. Dodgson wrote these two letters in 1868:--
+
+    Dear Maggie,--I found that _the friend, _that the
+    little girl asked me to write to, lived at Ripon, and not at
+    Land's End--a  nice sort of place to invite to! It looked
+    rather suspicious to me--and soon after, by dint of
+    incessant inquiries, I found out that _she_ was called
+    Maggie, and lived in a Crescent! Of course I declared,
+    "After that" (the language I used doesn't matter), "I will
+    _not_ address her, that's flat! So do not expect me to
+    flatter."
+
+    Well, I hope you will soon see your beloved Pa come
+    back--for consider, should you be quite content with only
+    Jack? Just suppose they made a blunder! (Such things happen
+    now and then.) Really, now, I shouldn't wonder if your
+    "John" came home again, and your father stayed at school! A
+    most awkward thing, no doubt. How would you receive him?
+    You'll say, perhaps, "you'd turn him out." That would answer
+    well, so far as concerns the boy, you know--but consider
+    your Papa, learning lessons in a row of great inky
+    schoolboys! This (though unlikely) might occur: "Haly" would
+    be grieved to miss him (don't mention it to _her_).
+
+    No _carte_ has yet been done of me, that does real
+    justice to my _smile_; and so I hardly like, you see,
+    to send you one. However, I'll consider if I will or
+    not--meanwhile, I send a little thing to give you an idea of
+    what I look like when I'm lecturing. The merest sketch, you
+    will allow--yet still I think there's something grand in the
+    expression of the brow and in the action of the hand.
+
+    Have you read my fairy tale in _Aunt Judy's Magazine?_
+    If you have you will not fail to discover what I mean when I
+    say "Bruno yesterday came to remind me that _he_ was my
+    god-son!"--on the ground that I "gave him a name"!
+
+    Your affectionate friend,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+    P.S.--I would send, if I were not too shy, the same message
+    to "Haly" that she (though I do not deserve it, not I!) has
+    sent through her sister to me. My best love to yourself--to
+    your Mother my kindest regards--to your small, fat,
+    impertinent, ignorant brother my hatred. I think that is
+    all.
+
+[Illustration: What I look like when I'm Lecturing. _From a
+drawing, by Lewis Carroll._]
+
+    My dear Maggie,--I am a very bad correspondent, I fear, but
+    I hope you won't leave off writing to me on that account. I
+    got the little book safe, and will do my best about putting
+    my name in, if I can only manage to remember what day my
+    birthday is--but one forgets these things so easily.
+
+    Somebody told me (a little bird, I suppose) that you had
+    been having better photographs done of yourselves. If so, I
+    hope you will let me buy copies. Fanny will pay you for
+    them. But, oh Maggie, how _can_ you ask for a better
+    one of me than the one I sent! It is one of the best ever
+    done! Such grace, such dignity, such benevolence, such--as a
+    great secret (please don't repeat it) the _Queen_ sent
+    to ask for a copy of it, but as it is against my rule to
+    give in such a case, I was obliged to answer--
+
+    "Mr. Dodgson presents his compliments to her Majesty, and
+    regrets to say that his rule is never to give his photograph
+    except to _young_ ladies." I am told she was annoyed
+    about it, and said, "I'm not so old as all that comes to!"
+    and one doesn't like to annoy Queens; but really I couldn't
+    help it, you know.
+
+I will conclude this chapter with some reminiscences of Lewis Carroll,
+which have been kindly sent me by an old child-friend of his, Mrs.
+Maitland, daughter of the late Rev. E.A. Litton, Rector of Naunton,
+and formerly Fellow of Oriel College and Vice-Principal of Saint
+Edmund's Hall:--
+
+    To my mind Oxford will be never quite the same again now
+    that so many of the dear old friends of one's childhood have
+    "gone over to the great majority."
+
+    Often, in the twilight, when the flickering firelight danced
+    on the old wainscotted wall, have we--father and I--chatted
+    over the old Oxford days and friends, and the merry times we
+    all had together in Long Wall Street. I was a nervous, thin,
+    remarkably ugly child then, and for some years I was left
+    almost entirely to the care of Mary Pearson, my own
+    particular attendant. I first remember Mr. Dodgson when I
+    was about seven years old, and from that time until we went
+    to live in Gloucestershire he was one of my most delightful
+    friends.
+
+    I shall never forget how Mr. Dodgson and I sat once under a
+    dear old tree in the Botanical Gardens, and how he told me,
+    for the first time, Hans Andersen's story of the "Ugly
+    Duckling." I cannot explain the charm of Mr. Dodgson's way
+    of telling stories; as he spoke, the characters seemed to be
+    real flesh and blood. This particular story made a great
+    impression upon me, and interested me greatly, as I was very
+    sensitive about my ugly little self. I remember his
+    impressing upon me that it was better to be good and
+    truthful and to try not to think of oneself than to be a
+    pretty, selfish child, spoiled and disagreeable; and, after
+    telling me this story, he gave me the name of "Ducky."
+    "Never mind, little Ducky," he used often to say, "perhaps
+    some day you will turn out a swan."
+
+    I always attribute my love for animals to the teaching of
+    Mr. Dodgson: his stories about them, his knowledge of their
+    lives and histories, his enthusiasm about birds and
+    butterflies enlivened many a dull hour. The monkeys in the
+    Botanical Gardens were our special pets, and when we fed
+    them with nuts and biscuits he seemed to enjoy the fun as
+    much as I did.
+
+    Every day my nurse and I used to take a walk in Christ
+    Church Meadows, and often we would sit down on the soft
+    grass, with the dear old Broad Walk quite close, and, when
+    we raised our eyes, Merton College, with its walls covered
+    with Virginian creeper. And how delighted we used to be to
+    see the well-known figure in cap and gown coming, so
+    swiftly, with his kind smile ready to welcome the "Ugly
+    Duckling." I knew, as he sat beside me, that a book of fairy
+    tales was hidden in his pocket, or that he would have some
+    new game or puzzle to show me--and he would gravely accept a
+    tiny daisy-bouquet for his coat with as much courtesy as if
+    it had been the finest hot-house _boutonnière_.
+
+    Two or three times I went fishing with him from the bank
+    near the Old Mill, opposite Addison's Walk, and he quite
+    entered into my happiness when a small fish came wriggling
+    up at the end of my bent pin, just ready for the dinner of
+    the little white kitten "Lily," which he had given me.
+
+    My hair was a great trouble to me, as a child, for it would
+    tangle, and Mary was not too patient with me, as I twisted
+    about while she was trying to dress it. One day I received a
+    long blue envelope addressed to myself, which contained a
+    story-letter, full of drawings, from Mr. Dodgson. The first
+    picture was of a little girl--with her hat off and her
+    tumbled hair very much in evidence--asleep on a rustic bench
+    under a big tree by the riverside, and two birds, holding
+    what was evidently a very important conversation, above in
+    the branches, their heads on one side, eyeing the sleeping
+    child. Then there was a picture of the birds flying up to
+    the child with twigs and straw in their beaks, preparing to
+    build their nest in her hair. Next came the awakening, with
+    the nest completed, and the mother-bird sitting on it; while
+    the father-bird flew round the frightened child. And then,
+    lastly, hundreds of birds--the air thick with them--the
+    child fleeing, small boys with tin trumpets raised to their
+    lips to add to the confusion, and Mary, armed with a basket
+    of brushes and combs, bringing up the rear! After this,
+    whenever I was restive while my hair was being arranged,
+    Mary would show me the picture of the child with the nest on
+    her head, and I at once became "as quiet as a lamb."
+
+    I had a daily governess, a dear old soul, who used to come
+    every morning to teach me. I disliked particularly the
+    large-lettered copies which she used to set me; and as I
+    confided this to Mr. Dodgson, he came and gave me some
+    copies himself. The only ones which I can remember were
+    "Patience and water-gruel cure gout" (I always wondered what
+    "gout" might be) and "Little girls should be seen and not
+    heard" (which I thought unkind). These were written many
+    times over, and I had to present the pages to him, without
+    one blot or smudge, at the end of the week.
+
+    One of the Fellows of Magdalen College at that time was a
+    Mr. Saul, a friend of my father's and of Mr. Dodgson, and a
+    great lover of music--his rooms were full of musical
+    instruments of every sort. Mr. Dodgson and father and I all
+    went one afternoon to pay him a visit. At that time he was
+    much interested in the big drum, and we found him when we
+    arrived in full practice, with his music-book open before
+    him. He made us all join in the concert. Father undertook
+    the 'cello, and Mr. Dodgson hunted up a comb and some paper,
+    and, amidst much fun and laughter, the walls echoed with the
+    finished roll, or shake, of the big drum--a roll that was
+    Mr. Saul's delight.
+
+    My father died on August 27, 1897, and Mr. Dodgson on
+    January 14, 1898. And we, who are left behind in this cold,
+    weary world can only hope we may some day meet them again.
+    Till then, oh! Father, and my dear old childhood's friend,
+    _requiescalis in pace!_
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+"NOTES ON THE FIRST TWO BOOKS OF EUCLID."                     1860
+  Oxford: Parker. 8vo. 6d
+
+
+"PHOTOGRAPHS."                                             (?)1860
+  (Printed for private circulation; a
+  list of negatives taken by the Rev. C. L.
+  Dodgson.) Pp. 4, 4to
+
+
+"A SYLLABUS OF PLANE ALGEBRAICAL GEOMETRY,"                   1860
+  systematically arranged, with formal definitions,
+  postulates, and axioms. By Charles Lutwidge
+  Dodgson. Part I. Containing Points, Right Lines,
+  Rectilinear Figures, Pencils and Circles.
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. xvi + 164, 8vo. Cloth, paper label. 5s
+
+
+"RULES FOR COURT CIRCULAR."                                   1860
+  (A new game, invented by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson.)
+  Pp. 4. (Reprinted in 1862).
+
+
+"THE FORMULÆ OF PLANE TRIGONOMETRY,"                          1861
+  printed with symbols (instead of words) to express the
+  "goniometrical ratios." By Charles Lutwidge Dodgson.
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. 19, 4to. Stitched, 1s.
+
+
+"NOTES ON THE FIRST PART OF ALGEBRA."                         1861
+  Oxford: Parker. 8vo. 6d
+
+
+"INDEX TO 'IN MEMORIAM.'"                                     1862
+  [Suggested and edited by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson;
+  much of the actual work of compilation was
+  done by his sisters]
+  London: Moxon.
+
+
+"THE ENUNCIATIONS OF EUCLID, Books I. and II."                1863
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"GENERAL LIST OF (MATHEMATICAL) SUBJECTS, AND                 1863
+  CYCLE FOR WORKING EXAMPLES."
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"CROQUÊT CASTLES."                                            1863
+  (A new game invented by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson).
+  London(?) Pp. 4. (Reprinted, with additions
+  and alterations, in 1866 at Oxford.)
+
+
+"THE NEW EXAMINATION STATUTE."                                1864
+  (A letter to the Vice-Chancellor.)
+  Pp. 2, 4 to. Oxford.
+
+
+"A GUIDE TO THE MATHEMATICAL STUDENT IN READING,              1864
+  REVIEWING, AND WORKING EXAMPLES." By Charles
+  Lutwidge Dodgson. Part I. Pure Mathematics.
+  Oxford: Parker. Two leaves and pp. 27, 8vo.
+  Stitched, 1s.
+
+
+"THE DYNAMICS OF A PARTI-CLE, with an Excursus on             1865
+  the New Method of Evaluation as applied to pi."
+  Oxford: Vincent. Pp. 28, 8vo. (Three editions).
+
+
+"ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND." By Lewis                  1865
+  Carroll, with forty-two illustrations by John
+  Tenniel. London: Macmillan. Pp. 192, cr. 8vo.
+  Cloth, gilt edges. 6s.
+ The 1st edition (recalled) was printed in Oxford,
+   and is very rare; all subsequent editions (1865
+   onwards) by Richard Clay in London. Now in its
+   86th thousand. [People's Edition, price 2s. 6d.;
+   first published in 1887. Now in its 70th
+   thousand.]
+
+
+"CONDENSATION OF DETERMINANTS," being a new and               1866
+  brief method for computing their arithmetical
+  values. By the Rev. C.L. Dodgson. From "The
+  Proceedings of the Royal Society, No. 84, 1866."
+  London: Taylor and Francis. Pp. 8, 8vo.
+
+
+"AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON DETERMINANTS."                     1867
+  London: Macmillan. (Printed in Oxford.)
+  Pp. viii + 143, 4to. Cloth. 10s. 6d.
+
+
+"THE FIFTH BOOK OF EUCLID TREATED ALGEBRAICALLY,              1868
+  SO FAR AS IT RELATES TO COMMENSURABLE MAGNITUDES."
+  With notes. By Charles L. Dodgson. Oxford and
+  London: Parker. Two leaves and pp. 37, 8vo. In
+  wrapper, 1s. 6d.
+
+
+"ALGEBRAICAL FORMULÆ FOR RESPONSIONS."                        1868
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"THE TELEGRAPH CIPHER."                                    (?)1868
+  (Invented, in 1868, by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson.)
+
+
+"PHANTASMAGORIA AND OTHER POEMS."                             1869
+  By Lewis Carroll.
+  London: Macmillan. (Printed in Oxford.)
+  Pp. viii + 202, small 8vo. Cloth, gilt edges.
+
+
+"AVENTURES D'ALICE AU PAYS DE MERVEILLES."                    1869
+  Par Lewis Carroll, ouvrage illustré de 42 vignettes
+  par John Tenniel. Traduit de l'anglais, par H. Bué.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 196, cr. 8vo. Cloth, gilt
+  edges. 6s. (Now in its 2nd thousand.)
+
+
+"ALICE'S ABENTEUER IM WUNDERLAND." Von Lewis                  1869
+  Carroll, mit zweiundvierzig Illustrationen von
+  John Tenniel. Uebersetzt von Antonie Zimmermann.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 178, cr. 8vo. Cloth, gilt
+  edges. 6s.
+
+
+"GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY."                                      1870
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"ALGEBRAICAL FORMULÆ AND RULES."                              1870
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"ARITHMETICAL FORMULÆ AND RULES."                              1870
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"TO ALL CHILD READERS OF 'ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN               1871
+  WONDERLAND.'" Pp. 4
+
+
+"THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS AND WHAT ALICE FOUND               1871
+  THERE." By Lewis Carroll. With fifty illustrations
+  by John Tenniel.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 224., cr. 8vo. Cloth,
+  gilt edges. 6s. Now in its 61st thousand
+  [People's edition. Price 2s. 6d. First
+  published in 1887. Now in its 46th thousand.]
+
+
+"LE AVVENTURE D'ALICE NEL PAESE DELLA MERAVIGLIE."            1872
+  Per Lewis Carroll. Tradotte dall'inglese da T.
+  Pietrocòla-Rossetti. Con 42 vignette di Giovanni
+  Tenniel.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 189, cr. 8vo.
+  Cloth, gilt edges. 6s.
+
+
+CIRCULAR TO HOSPITALS OFFERING COPIES OF THE TWO              1872
+  "ALICE" BOOKS.
+  London: Macmillan.
+
+
+"SYMBOLS, &c., TO BE USED IN EUCLID,                           1872
+  Books I. and II."
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"NUMBER OF PROPOSITIONS IN EUCLID." Oxford:                   1872
+  Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"THE NEW BELFRY OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD." A                  1872
+  Monograph. By D.C.L.
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. 2 + 31, cr. 8vo.
+  In wrapper. 6d. (Five editions.)
+
+
+"ENUNCIATIONS, EUCLID, I.-VI."                                1873
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"OBJECTIONS, SUBMITTED TO THE GOVERNING BODY of               1873
+  Christ Church, Oxford, against certain proposed
+  alterations in the Great Quadrangle."
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press. Pp. 4, 4to.
+  [Printed for Private Circulation.]
+
+
+"THE VISION OF THE THREE T's." A Threnody. By the             1873
+  Author of "The New Belfry."
+  Oxford. Parker. Pp. 37 + 3, 8vo. In wrapper, 9d.
+  (Three editions.)
+
+
+"A DISCUSSION OF THE VARIOUS MODES OF PROCEDURE IN            1873
+  CONDUCTING ELECTIONS."
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"EUCLID, BOOK V. PROVED ALGEBRAICALLY," so far as             1874
+  it relates to Commensurable Magnitudes. To which
+  is prefixed a summary of all the necessary
+  algebraical operations, arranged in order of
+  difficulty. By Charles L. Dodgson.
+  Oxford: Parker.
+  Pp. viii + 62, 8vo. Cloth. 3s. 6d.
+
+
+"SUGGESTIONS AS TO THE BEST METHOD OF TAKING VOTES,           1874
+  where more than two Issues are to be voted on."
+  Oxford: Hall and Stacy. Pp. 8, 8vo.
+
+
+"THE BLANK CHEQUE." A Fable. By the Author of "The            1874
+  New Belfry," and "The Vision of The Three T's"
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. 14 + 2, cr. 8vo. In wrapper. 4d.
+
+
+"PRELIMINARY ALGEBRA, AND EUCLID Book V."                     1874
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"THE DYNAMICS OF A PARTI-CLE."                                1874
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. 24, cr. 8vo. In wrapper. 6d.
+
+
+"THE NEW METHOD OF EVALUATION AS APPLIED TO pi."              1874
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. 16, cr. 8vo. In wrapper. 4d.
+
+
+"FACTS, FIGURES, AND FANCIES," relating to the                1874
+  Elections to the Hebdomadal Council, the Offer of
+  the Clarendon Trustees, and the Proposal to
+  convert the Parks into Cricket-Grounds.
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. 29 + 3, cr. 8vo. In wrapper. 8d.
+
+
+"NOTES BY AN OXFORD CHIEL."                                   1874
+  Oxford: Parker. Cr. 8vo. Cloth, gilt edges.
+  [This book consists of the following six pamphlets
+  bound together--"The New Method of Evaluation,"
+  "The Dynamics of a Particle," "Facts, Figures, and
+  Fancies," "The New Belfry," "The Vision of the
+  Three T's," and "The Blank Cheque."]
+
+
+"EXAMPLES IN ARITHMETIC."                                     1874
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"EUCLID, BOOKS I. and II." Edited by Charles L.               1875
+  Dodgson.
+  Oxford: Parker. Diagram, Title, Preface,
+  and pp. 102, cr. 8vo. Cloth.
+  [The book was circulated privately among
+  Mathematical friends for hints. "Not yet
+  published" was printed above title.]
+
+
+"THE PROFESSORSHIP OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY."                 1876
+  (Three leaflets.)
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"A METHOD OF TAKING VOTES OF MORE THAN TWO                    1876
+  ISSUES."
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+  Pp. 20, cr. 8vo.
+  [A note on the title-page runs as follows: "As I
+  hope to investigate this subject further, and to
+  publish a more complete pamphlet on the subject, I
+  shall feel greatly obliged if you will enter in
+  this copy any remarks that occur to you, and
+  return it to me any time before--"]
+
+
+LETTER AND QUESTIONS TO HOSPITALS. Oxford:                    1876
+  Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"AN EASTER GREETING." [Reprinted in London, by                1876
+  Macmillan & Co., in 1880.]
+
+
+"FAME'S PENNY TRUMPET." Not published.                        1876
+  Oxford: Baxter. Pp. 4, 4to.
+  [Afterwards published in "Rhyme? and Reason?"]
+
+
+"THE HUNTING OF THE SNARK." An Agony, in Eight                1876
+  Fits. By Lewis Carroll. With nine illustrations by
+  Henry Holiday.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. xi + 83, 8vo. Cloth,
+  gilt edges. 4s.. 6d.
+
+
+"THE RESPONSIONS OF HILARY TERM, 1877."                       1877
+  (A letter to the Vice-Chancellor.)
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"A CHARADE." (Written with a cyclostyle.) Pp. 4.              1878
+
+
+"WORD-LINKS." (A game, afterwards called                      1878
+  "DOUBLETS," invented by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson.)
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press. Pp. 4,
+  8vo.[There is also a form written with a
+  cyclostyle.]
+
+
+"DOUBLETS." A Word-Puzzle. By Lewis Carroll.                  1879
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 73, 8vo. Cloth. 2s. (2nd
+  edition, 1880.)
+
+
+"EUCLID AND HIS MODERN RIVALS."                               1879
+  London: Macmillan. 8vo. Cloth. 6s.
+  (2nd edition, 1885. Pp. xxxi + 275.)
+
+
+"DOUBLETS." A Word-Puzzle. By Lewis Carroll.                  1880
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press. Pp. 8.
+  8vo. [This Puzzle appeared in Vanity Fair, April
+  19, 1879.]
+
+
+"LETTER FROM MABEL TO EMILY." To illustrate common            1880
+  errors in letter-writing. (Written with a
+  cyclostyle.)
+
+
+"LIZE'S AVONTUREN IN HET WONDERLAND."                      (?)1881
+  Naar het Engelsch. [A Dutch version of "Alice
+  in Wonderland."]
+  Nijmegen. 4to.
+
+
+"ON CATCHING COLD." (A pamphlet, consisting of                1881
+  extracts from two books by Dr. Inman.)
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"JABBERWOCKY." (Lewis Carroll's Poem, with A.A.               1881
+  Vansittart's Latin rendering.)
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+NOTICE RE CONCORDANCE TO "IN MEMORIAM."                       1881
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"LANRICK." A Game for Two Players.                            1881
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+A CIRCULAR ABOUT THE "SCHOOL OF DRAMATIC ART."                1882
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"AN ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONSIONS-LISTS FROM                    1882
+  MICHAELMAS, 1873, to Michaelmas, 1881."
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+CIRCULAR ASKING FOR SUGGESTIONS FOR A GIRLS'                  1882
+  EDITION OF SHAKESPEARE.
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+  [Two different forms, one pp. 2, the other pp. 4.]
+
+
+"EUCLID, BOOKS I. and II."                                    1882
+  London: Macmillan. Printed in Oxford.
+  Pp. xi + 108. 8vo. Cloth. 2s.
+  [Seven editions were subsequently published.]
+
+
+"DREAMLAND." A Song. Words by Lewis Carroll; music            1882
+  by Rev. C. E. Hutchinson.
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"MISCHMASCH." (A game invented by the Rev. C. L.              1882
+  Dodgson.) Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+  Two editions.
+
+
+"RHYME? AND REASON?" By Lewis Carroll. With                   1883
+  sixty-five illustrations by Arthur B. Frost, and
+  nine by Henry Holiday.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. xii + 214, cr. 8vo.
+  Cloth, 7s. (Now in its 6th thousand.)
+  [This book is a reprint, with a few additions, of
+  "The Hunting of the Snark," and of the comic
+  portions of "Phantasmagoria and Other Poems."]
+
+
+"LAWN TENNIS TOURNAMENTS: THE TRUE METHOD OF                  1883
+  ASSIGNING PRIZES, with a Proof of the Fallacy of
+  the Present Method."
+  London: Macmillan. Printed in Oxford. 8vo.
+
+
+"RULES FOR RECKONING POSTAGE."                                1883
+  Oxford: Baxter.
+
+
+"TWELVE MONTHS IN A CURATORSHIP."                             1884
+  By One who has tried it.
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter.
+  Pp. 52, 8vo
+
+
+SUPPLEMENT TO DITTO.                                          1884
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 8, 8vo
+
+
+POSTSCRIPT TO DITTO.                                          1884
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 2, 8vo.
+
+
+"CHRISTMAS GREETINGS."                                        1884
+  London: Macmillan.
+
+
+"THE PROFITS OF AUTHORSHIP." By Lewis Carroll.                 1884
+  London: Macmillan. 8vo. 6d.
+
+
+"THE PRINCIPLES OF PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION."             1884
+  London: Harrison. Pp. 56, 8vo. (Reprinted in
+  1885.)
+
+
+SUPPLEMENT TO DITTO.                                          1885
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 8, 8vo.
+  Two editions.
+
+
+POSTSCRIPT TO SUPPLEMENT TO DITTO.                            1885
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 8vo.
+  Two editions.
+
+
+SUPPLEMENT TO FIRST EDITION OF "EUCLID AND HIS                1885
+  MODERN RIVALS." London: Macmillan. 8vo. 1s
+
+
+"A TANGLED TALE." By Lewis Carroll. With six                  1885
+  illustrations by Arthur B. Frost. London:
+  Macmillan. Printed in Oxford. Pp. 152, cr. 8vo.
+  Cloth, gilt edges. 4s. 6d. (Now in its 4th
+  thousand.)
+  [First appeared in Monthly Packet, April,
+  1882-November, 1884. There are also separate
+  reprints of each "Knot," and of the Answers to
+  "Knots" I. and II.]
+
+
+"PROPOSED PROCURATORIAL CYCLE."                               1885
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 4to.
+
+
+"THE PROCURATORIAL CYCLE. FURTHER REMARKS."                   1885
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 3, 4to.
+
+
+"SUGGESTIONS AS TO THE ELECTION OF PROCTORS."                 1885
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 4to.
+  (Reprinted, with additions, in 1886)
+
+
+"ALICE'S ADVENTURES UNDER GROUND." By Lewis                   1886
+  Carroll. With thirty-seven illustrations by the
+  author.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. viii + 95, cr. 8vo. Cloth,
+   gilt edges. 4s. (Now in its 4th thousand.)
+  [This book is a facsimile of the original
+  Manuscript story, afterwards developed into "Alice
+  in Wonderland."]
+
+
+"THREE YEARS IN A CURATORSHIP."                               1886
+  By one whom it has tried.
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 32, cr. 8vo.
+
+
+"REMARKS ON THE REPORT OF THE FINANCE COMMITTEE."             1886
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 8, cr. 8vo.
+
+
+"REMARKS ON MR. SAMPSON'S PROPOSAL."                          1886
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, cr. 8vo.
+
+
+"OBSERVATIONS ON MR. SAMPSON'S PROPOSAL."                     1889
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 12, 8vo.
+
+
+"FIRST PAPER ON LOGIC."                                       1886
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 2, 8vo.
+
+
+"FOURTH PAPER ON LOGIC."                                      1886
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 3, 8vo.
+
+
+"FIFTH PAPER ON LOGIC."                                       1887
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 8vo.
+
+
+"SIXTH PAPER ON LOGIC."                                       1887
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 8vo.
+
+
+"QUESTIONS IN LOGIC."                                         1887
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, fcap. fol.
+
+
+"ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND; AND THROUGH THE            1887
+  LOOKING-GLASS." People's editions, 1 vol.
+  London: Macmillan. Cr. 8vo. Cloth. 4s. 6d.
+
+
+"THE GAME OF LOGIC." By Lewis Carroll.                        1887
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 96, cr. 8vo. Cloth. 3s.
+
+
+"CURIOSA MATHEMATICA, Part I. A New Theory of                 1888
+  Parallels." By C. L. Dodgson.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 75. 8vo. Cloth. 2s.
+  (Reprinted in 1889, 1890, and 1895.)
+
+
+"MEMORIA TECHNICA." [Written with a cyclostyle.]              1888
+  Pp. 4
+
+
+"CIRCULAR BILLIARDS FOR TWO PLAYERS." Invented, in         (?)1889
+  1889, by Lewis Carroll. Two editions
+
+
+"SYLVIE AND BRUNO." By Lewis Carroll. With                    1889
+  forty-six illustrations by Harry Furniss.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. xxiii + 400, cr. 8vo.
+  Cloth, gilt edges. (Now in its 13th thousand.)
+  [The picture on p. 77 was drawn by Miss Alice Havers.]
+
+
+"THE NURSERY 'ALICE.'" Containing twenty coloured             1890
+  enlargements from Tenniel's illustrations to
+  "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland." With text
+  adapted to nursery readers by Lewis Carroll. The
+  cover designed and coloured by E. Gertrude
+  Thomson. London: Macmillan. Pp. 56, 4to. Boards.
+  4s. (Now in its 11th thousand.)
+
+
+"EIGHT OR NINE WISE WORDS ABOUT LETTER-WRITING."              1890
+  By Lewis Carroll. Oxford: Emberlin and Son. (Now
+  in its 5th edition.) [This pamphlet is sold with
+  the "Wonderland" Postage-Stamp Case, published by
+  Messrs. Emberlin and Son.]
+
+
+"THE STRANGER CIRCULAR." (A leaflet sent by Mr.               1890
+  Dodgson to people who wrote to him about his
+  "Lewis Carroll" books, addressing the envelope to
+  Rev. C. L. Dodgson.)
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+CIRCULAR, asking friends to send addresses of                 1890
+  stationers likely to sell the
+  "Wonderland" Postage-Stamp Case.
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+CIRCULAR SENT TO VARIOUS HOSPITALS, offering free             1890
+  copies of Lewis Carroll's books.
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+LIST OF INSTITUTIONS to which above was to be sent.           1890
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+CIRCULAR, ADDRESSED TO THE GOVERNING BODY OF                  1891
+  CHRIST CHURCH, Oxford, about the proposal to
+  invite M.A.'s to dine at High Table.
+
+
+"A POSTAL PROBLEM." June, 1891.                               1891
+
+
+DITTO, Supplement.                                            1891
+
+
+A CIRCULAR ABOUT RESIGNATION OF CURATORSHIP.                  1892
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+A CIRCULAR ABOUT "UNPARLIAMENTARY" WORDS                      1892
+  used by some competitors in the "Syzygies"
+  competition in The Lady.
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+"CURIOSISSIMA CURATORIA." By 'Rude Donatus.'                  1892
+  (A Pamphlet sent to all resident members of Christ
+  Church Common Room.)
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+"EIGHTH PAPER ON LOGIC."                                      1892
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+  [A revised version of one page was
+  printed in same year.]
+
+
+"NINTH PAPER ON LOGIC."                                       1892
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+"NOTES TO LOGIC PAPERS EIGHT AND NINE."                       1892
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+"CURIOSA MATHEMATICA, Part III. PILLOW PROBLEMS,"             1893
+  thought out during wakeful hours, by C. L.
+  Dodgson.
+  London, Macmillan: Printed in Oxford. Pp.
+  xvii + 109, 8vo. Cloth, 1st and 2nd editions.
+  (Reprinted in 1894, 1895.)
+
+
+"SYZYGIES AND LANRICK." By Lewis Carroll.                     1893
+  London: The Lady office. Pp. 26. 6d.
+
+
+"SYLVIE AND BRUNO CONCLUDED." By Lewis Carroll.               1893
+  With forty-six illustrations by Harry Furniss.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. xxi + 423, cr. 8vo. Cloth,
+  gilt edges. 7s.6d. (Now in its 3rd thousand.) [The
+  picture on p. 409 was drawn by Miss Alice Havers.]
+
+
+"A DISPUTED POINT IN LOGIC."                                  1894
+
+
+"WHAT THE TORTOISE SAID TO ACHILLES." (Reprinted              1894
+  from Mind, December, 1894.) Pp. 4.
+
+
+"A FASCINATING MENTAL RECREATION FOR THE YOUNG."           (?)1895
+  (A circular about Symbolic Logic, signed "Lewis
+  Carroll.")
+
+
+"RESIDENT WOMEN-STUDENTS."                                    1896
+  (A circular, signed "Charles L Dodgson.")
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+"SYMBOLIC LOGIC. Part I. Elementary." By Lewis                1896
+  Carroll.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. xxxi + 192, cr.
+  8vo. Cloth. 2s. (Now in its 4th edition.)
+
+
+"THREE SUNSETS AND OTHER POEMS." By Lewis Carroll.            1898
+  With twelve Fairy-Fancies by E. Gertrude Thomson.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 68, fcap. 4to. Cloth, gilt
+  edges. 4s. [This book is a reprint, with
+  additions, of the serious portions of
+  "Phantasmagoria and Other Poems."]
+
+
+"TO MY CHILD-FRIEND." (A poem, reprinted in "The           No date
+  Game of Logic.") Pp. 2
+
+
+"THE ALPHABET-CIPHER."                                     No date
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+A
+
+
+Abdy, Miss Dora,
+
+Albany, The Duchess of,
+
+"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,"
+
+"Alice's Adventures Underground,"
+
+"Alice" Operetta, The,
+
+Alice, Princess,
+
+"Alice, The Nursery,"
+
+Allen, Mrs. Egerton,
+
+Anderson, Mrs.,
+
+Atkinson, Miss G.,
+
+Atkinson, Rev. F. H.,
+
+
+
+B
+
+
+Baden-Powell, Sir George,
+
+Bayne, Rev. T. Vere,
+
+Bennie, Mrs.,
+
+"Blank Cheque, The,"
+
+Bowman, Miss Isa,
+
+Bremer, Miss,
+
+"Bruno's Revenge,"
+
+
+
+C
+
+
+Calverley, C. S.,
+
+Chataway, Miss G.,
+
+Chevalier, Albert,
+
+Circle-squarers,
+
+_College Rhymes,_
+
+College Servants,
+
+_Comic Times, The,_
+
+Cook Wilson, Professor,
+
+Croft,
+
+Cunningham, Miss M.,
+
+
+
+D
+
+
+Daresbury,
+
+"Deserted Parks, The,"
+
+"Determinants, An Elementary Treatise On,"
+
+Dodgson, Archdeacon,
+
+Dodgson, Captain,
+
+Dodgson, Mrs.,
+
+"Dotheboys Hall,"
+
+"Dreamland,"
+
+Drury, Miss
+
+Dymes, Miss
+
+"Dynamics of a Parti-cle, The"
+
+
+
+E
+
+
+Egerton, Lord Francis
+
+Elphin, The Bishop of
+
+Elsdon
+
+Eschwege, Miss K.
+
+Eternal Punishment
+
+"Euclid and His Modern Rivals"
+
+"Euclid, Books I. and II."
+
+"Euclid, Book V."
+
+Exhibition, The Great
+
+
+
+F
+
+
+"Facts, Figures, and Fancies"
+
+Freiligrath Kroeker, Mrs.
+
+Frost, A.B.
+
+Furniss, Harry
+
+
+
+G
+
+
+"Game of Logic, The"
+
+Gatty, Mrs.
+
+General Elections
+
+
+
+H
+
+
+Harrison, Frederic
+
+Holiday, Henry
+
+Hopley, Rev. H.
+
+Hughes, Arthur
+
+Hughes, Miss Agnes
+
+"Hunting of the Snark, The"
+
+Hutchinson, Rev. C.E.
+
+
+
+J
+
+
+_Jabberwock, The_
+
+Jackson, Miss F.
+
+Jelf, Canon
+
+Jowett, Dr.
+
+
+
+K
+
+
+Kean, Mrs.
+
+Kingsley, Henry
+
+Kitchin, Miss Alexandra (Xie)
+
+
+
+L
+
+
+"Lays of Sorrow"
+
+Liddell, Dr.
+
+Liddell, Miss Alice
+
+Liddon, Canon
+
+"Little Minister, The"
+
+Longley, Archbishop
+
+
+
+M
+
+
+Macdonald, George
+
+Maitland, Mrs.
+
+Manners, Miss M.E.
+
+Maurier, George du
+
+Mechanical "Humpty Dumpty," The
+
+"Memoria Technica"
+
+_Misch-Masch_
+
+Moscow
+
+
+
+N
+
+
+Natural Science
+
+"New Belfry, The"
+
+"New Method of Evaluation, The"
+
+"New Theory of Parallels, The"
+
+Nijni Novgorod
+
+"Notes by an Oxford Chiel"
+
+
+
+P
+
+
+Paget, Dean
+
+Paget, Sir James
+
+Paine, Miss Adelaide
+
+Patmore, Coventry
+
+Paton, Sir Noel
+
+"Phantasmagoria"
+
+"Pillow Problems"
+
+Potsdam
+
+Price, Professor
+
+"Profits of Authorship, The"
+
+Pusey, Dr.
+
+
+
+R
+
+
+_Rectory Umbrella, The_
+
+"Rhyme? and Reason?"
+
+Richmond
+
+Rix, Miss Edith
+
+Rugby
+
+Ruskin, John
+
+
+
+S
+
+
+Salisbury, The Marquis of
+
+St. Petersburg
+
+Sanday, Professor
+
+Simpson, Miss Gaynor
+
+Smedley, Frank
+
+Standen, Miss Isabel
+
+"Sylvie and Bruno"
+
+"Sylvie and Bruno Concluded"
+
+"Symbolic Logic, Part I."
+
+"Syzygies"
+
+
+
+T
+
+
+Tait, Archbishop
+
+"Tangled Tale, A"
+
+Taylor, Tom
+
+Tenniel, Sir John
+
+Tennyson, Alfred
+
+Terry, Miss Ellen
+
+Terry, Miss Kate
+
+Thackeray, W.M.
+
+Thomson, Miss E.G.
+
+"Three Sunsets"
+
+"Through the Looking-Glass"
+
+_Train, The_
+
+"Twelve Months in a Curatorship"
+
+
+
+V
+
+
+Vansittart, A.A.
+
+"Vision of The Three T's, The"
+
+Vivisection
+
+
+
+W
+
+
+Wilberforce, Bishop
+
+"Wise Words on Letter-Writing"
+
+"Wonderland" Stamp-Case, The
+
+Woodhouse, Rev. G.C.
+
+
+
+Y
+
+
+Yates, Edmund
+
+Yonge, Miss Charlotte M.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES.
+
+
+[Footnote 001: Perhaps an incorrect expression, as it was only the
+second attempt.]
+
+
+[Footnote 002: The science of taking medicine in infinitely small
+doses.]
+
+
+[Footnote 003:
+
+             1
+_________________________
+1000000000000000000000000
+
+]
+
+[Footnote 004: A Man's history of his own life.]
+
+
+[Footnote 005: The author of "The Bandy-legged Butterfly."]
+
+
+[Footnote 006: Afterwards President of the Society for the Prevention
+of Cruelty to Animals.]
+
+
+
+[Footnote 007: Or a pulling by the ear.]
+
+
+[Footnote 008: This Rectory has been supposed to have been built in
+the time of Edward VI., but recent discoveries clearly assign its
+origin to a much earlier period. A stone has been found in an island
+formed by the river Tees on which is inscribed the letter "A," which
+is justly conjectured to stand for the name of the great King Alfred,
+in whose reign this house was probably built.]
+
+
+[Footnote 009: The poet entreats pardon for having represented a
+donkey under this dignified name.]
+
+
+[Footnote 010: With reference to these remarkable animals see "Moans
+from the Miserable," page 12.]
+
+
+[Footnote 011: A full account of the history and misfortunes of these
+interesting creatures may be found in the first "Lay of Sorrow," page
+36.]
+
+
+[Footnote 012: It is a singular fact that a donkey makes a point of
+returning any kicks offered to it.]
+
+
+[Footnote 013: This valiant knight, besides having a heart of steel
+and nerves of iron, has been lately in the habit of carrying a brick
+in his eye.]
+
+
+[Footnote 014: She was sister to both.]
+
+
+[Footnote 015: The reader will probably be at a loss to discover the
+nature of this triumph, as no object was gained, and the donkey was
+obviously the victor; on this point, however, we are sorry to say, we
+can offer no good explanation.]
+
+
+[Footnote 016: Much more acceptable to a true knight than "corn-land"
+which the Roman people were so foolish as to give to their daring
+champion, Horatius.]
+
+
+[Footnote 017: Lewis Carroll composed this poem while staying with his
+cousins, the Misses Wilcox, at Whitburn, near Sunderland. To while
+away an evening the whole party sat down to a game of verse-making,
+and "Jabberwocky" was his contribution.]
+
+
+[Footnote 018: Coesper from coena and vesper.]
+
+
+[Footnote 019: Lubriciles, from lubricus and graciles. See the
+commentary in "Humpty Dumpty's square," which will also explain
+ultravia, and, if it requires explanation, moestenui.]
+
+
+[Footnote 020: Sanguis meus: Verg. Aen. vi. 836--"Projice tela
+manu, sanguis meus!"]
+
+
+[Footnote 021: Egnia: "muffish"--segnis; therefore "uffish" =
+egnis. This is a conjectural analogy, but I can suggest no better
+solution.]
+
+
+[Footnote 022: Susuffrus: "whiffling," susurrus: "whistling."]
+
+
+[Footnote 023: Spicula: see the picture.]
+
+
+[Footnote 024: Burbur: apparently a labial variation of murmur,
+stronger but more dissonant.]
+
+
+[Footnote 025: This poem is reproduced here by the kind permission of
+the proprietors of Punch.]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll
+by Stuart Dodgson Collingwood
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE OF LEWIS CARROLL ***
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+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+<html>
+<head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF LEWIS
+CARROLL (REV. C. L. DODGSON) by S. DODGSON COLLINGWOOD.</title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+    <!--
+    * {  font-family: Times;}
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+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll
+by Stuart Dodgson Collingwood
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll
+
+Author: Stuart Dodgson Collingwood
+
+Release Date: March 6, 2004 [EBook #11483]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE OF LEWIS CARROLL ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Gundry and PG Distributed
+Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+    <h2>
+      THE<br>
+      <br>
+      LIFE AND LETTERS<br>
+      <br>
+      OF<br>
+      <br>
+      LEWIS CARROLL<br>
+      <br>
+      (REV. C. L. DODGSON)
+    </h2><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <h2>
+      BY<br>
+      <br>
+      STUART DODGSON COLLINGWOOD<br>
+      <br>
+      B.A. CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD
+    </h2><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <h4>
+      Illustrated
+    </h4>
+    <h4>
+      PUBLISHED BY THE CENTURY CO.<br>
+      <br>
+      NEW YORK, MDCCCXCIX
+    </h4><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <div class="c1" align="Center">
+      <b>TO THE<br>
+      <br>
+      CHILD FRIENDS<br>
+      <br>
+      OF<br>
+      <br>
+      LEWIS CARROLL<br>
+      <br>
+      AND TO ALL WHO LOVE HIS WRITINGS<br>
+      <br>
+      THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED</b>
+    </div><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <table cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" align="Center" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td valign="Top" align="Center"><a name="466"></a>
+            <img src="Images/466.png" alt="Frontispiece">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td valign="Top" align="Center">
+            <div class="c2">
+              <b>Lewis Carroll.</b><br>
+              <i>Frontispiece</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <h2>
+      CONTENTS
+    </h2><br>
+    <br>
+    <h4>
+      <a name="PREFACE"></a> <a href="#PREFACE_T">PREFACE</a>
+    </h4><br>
+    <br>
+    <h4>
+      <a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS"></a> <a href="#LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS_T">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</a>
+    </h4><br>
+    <br>
+    <h4>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_I"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_I_T">CHAPTER
+      I</a><br>
+      (1832&mdash;1850)
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      Lewis Carroll's forebears&mdash;The Bishop of Elphin&mdash;Murder of
+      Captain Dodgson&mdash;Daresbury&mdash;Living in
+      "Wonderland"&mdash;Croft&mdash;Boyish amusements&mdash;His first school-Latin
+      verses&mdash;A good report&mdash;He goes to Rugby&mdash;<i>The Rectory
+      Umbrella</i>&mdash;"A Lay of Sorrow "
+    </blockquote>
+    <h4>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_II"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_II_T">CHAPTER
+      II</a><br>
+      (1850&mdash;1860)
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      Matriculation at Christ Church&mdash;Death of Mrs. Dodgson&mdash;The
+      Great Exhibition&mdash;University and College Honours&mdash;A wonderful
+      year&mdash;A theatrical treat&mdash;<i>Misch-Masch</i>&mdash;<i>The
+      Train</i>&mdash;<i>College Rhymes</i>&mdash;His <i>nom de
+      plume</i>&mdash;"Dotheboys Hall"&mdash;Alfred
+      Tennyson&mdash;Ordination&mdash;Sermons&mdash;A visit to Farringford&mdash;"Where
+      does the day begin?"&mdash;The Queen visits Oxford
+    </blockquote>
+    <h4>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_III"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_III_T">CHAPTER
+      III</a><br>
+      (1861&mdash;1867)
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      Jowett&mdash;Index to "In Memoriam"&mdash;The Tennysons&mdash;The beginning
+      of "Alice"&mdash;Tenniel&mdash;Artistic friends&mdash;"Alice's Adventures in
+      Wonderland"&mdash;"Bruno's Revenge"&mdash;Tour with Dr.
+      Liddon&mdash;Cologne&mdash;Berlin architecture&mdash;The "Majesty of
+      Justice"&mdash;Peterhof&mdash;Moscow&mdash;A Russian wedding&mdash;Nijni&mdash;The
+      Troitska Monastery&mdash;"Hieroglyphic" writing&mdash;Giessen
+    </blockquote>
+    <h4>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_IV_"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_IV_T">CHAPTER
+      IV</a><br>
+      (1868&mdash;1876)
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      Death of Archdeacon Dodgson&mdash;Lewis Carroll's rooms at Christ
+      Church&mdash;"Phantasmagoria"&mdash;Translations of "Alice"&mdash;"Through
+      the Looking-Glass"&mdash;"Jabberwocky" in Latin&mdash;C.S.
+      Calverley&mdash;"Notes by an Oxford
+      Chiel"&mdash;Hatfield&mdash;Vivisection&mdash;"The Hunting of the Snark"
+    </blockquote>
+    <h4>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_V"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_V_T">CHAPTER
+      V</a><br>
+      (1877&mdash;1883)
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      Dramatic tastes&mdash;Miss Ellen Terry&mdash;"Natural Science at
+      Oxford"&mdash;Mr. Dodgson as an artist&mdash;Miss E.G. Thomson&mdash;The
+      drawing of children&mdash;A curious dream&mdash;"The Deserted
+      Parks"&mdash;"Syzygies"&mdash;Circus children&mdash;Row-loving
+      undergraduates&mdash;A letter to <i>The Observer</i>&mdash;Resignation
+      of the Lectureship&mdash;He is elected Curator of the Common
+      Room&mdash;Dream-music.
+    </blockquote>
+    <h4>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_VI"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_VI_T">CHAPTER
+      VI</a><br>
+      (1883&mdash;1887)
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      "The Profits of Authorship"&mdash;"Rhyme? and Reason?"&mdash;The Common
+      Room Cat&mdash;Visit to Jersey&mdash;Purity of elections&mdash;Parliamentary
+      Representation&mdash;Various literary projects&mdash;Letters to Miss E.
+      Rix&mdash;Being happy&mdash;"A Tangled Tale"&mdash;Religious arguments&mdash;The
+      "Alice" Operetta&mdash;"Alice's Adventures Underground"&mdash;"The Game
+      of Logic"&mdash;Mr. Harry Furniss.
+    </blockquote>
+    <h4>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_VII"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_VII_T">CHAPTER
+      VII</a><br>
+      (1888&mdash;1891)
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      A systematic life&mdash;"Memoria Technica"&mdash;Mr. Dodgson's
+      shyness&mdash;"A Lesson in Latin"&mdash;The "Wonderland"
+      Stamp-Case&mdash;"Wise Words about Letter-Writing"&mdash;Princess
+      Alice&mdash;"Sylvie and Bruno"&mdash;"The night cometh"&mdash;"The Nursery
+      'Alice'"&mdash;Coventry Patmore&mdash;Telepathy&mdash;Resignation of Dr.
+      Liddell&mdash;A letter about Logic.
+    </blockquote>
+    <h4>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_VIII"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_VIII_T">CHAPTER VIII</a><br>
+      (1892&mdash;1896)
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      Mr. Dodgson resigns the Curatorship&mdash;Bazaars&mdash;He lectures to
+      children&mdash;A mechanical "Humpty Dumpty"&mdash;A logical
+      controversy&mdash;Albert Chevalier&mdash;"Sylvie and Bruno
+      Concluded"&mdash;"Pillow Problems"&mdash;Mr. Dodgson's
+      generosity&mdash;College services&mdash;Religious difficulties&mdash;A
+      village sermon&mdash;Plans for the future&mdash;Reverence&mdash;"Symbolic
+      Logic"
+    </blockquote>
+    <h4>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_IX"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_IX_T">CHAPTER
+      IX</a><br>
+      (1897&mdash;1898)
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      Logic-lectures&mdash;Irreverent anecdotes&mdash;Tolerance of his
+      religious views&mdash;A mathematical discovery&mdash;"The Little
+      Minister"&mdash;Sir George Baden-Powell&mdash;Last illness&mdash;"Thy will be
+      done"&mdash;"Wonderland" at last!&mdash;Letters from friends&mdash;"Three
+      Sunsets"&mdash;"Of such is the kingdom of Heaven"
+    </blockquote>
+    <h4>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_X"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_X_T">CHAPTER
+      X</a><br>
+      CHILD FRIENDS
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      Mr. Dodgson's fondness for children&mdash;Miss Isabel
+      Standen&mdash;Puzzles&mdash;"Me and Myself"&mdash;A double acrostic&mdash;"Father
+      William"&mdash;Of drinking healths&mdash;Kisses by post&mdash;Tired in the
+      face&mdash;The unripe plum&mdash;Eccentricities&mdash;"Sylvie and Bruno"&mdash; Mr.
+      Dodgson is going on <i>well</i>"
+    </blockquote>
+    <h4>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_XI"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_XI_T">CHAPTER
+      XI</a><br>
+      THE SAME&mdash;<i>continued</i>.
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      Books for children&mdash;"The Lost Plum-Cake"&mdash;"An Unexpected
+      Guest"&mdash;Miss Isa Bowman&mdash;Interviews&mdash;"Matilda Jane"&mdash;Miss Edith
+      Rix&mdash;Miss Kathleen Eschwege
+    </blockquote><br>
+    <br>
+    <h4>
+      <a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY"></a> <a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY_T">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a>
+    </h4><br>
+    <br>
+    <h4>
+      <a name="INDEX"></a> <a href="#INDEX_T">INDEX</a>
+    </h4>
+    <br><br>
+    <h4>
+      <a name="FOOTNOTES"></a> <a href="#FOOTNOTES._T">FOOTNOTES</a>
+    </h4>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <h2>
+      <a name="PREFACE_T"></a> <a href="#PREFACE">PREFACE</a>
+    </h2>
+    <p>
+      It is with no undue confidence that I have accepted the
+      invitation of the brothers and sisters of Lewis Carroll to
+      write this Memoir. I am well aware that the path of the
+      biographer is beset with pitfalls, and that, for him,
+      <i>suppressio veri</i> is almost necessarily <i>suggestio
+      falsi</i>&mdash;the least omission may distort the whole picture.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To write the life of Lewis Carroll as it should be written
+      would tax the powers of a man of far greater experience and
+      insight than I have any pretension to possess, and even he
+      would probably fail to represent adequately such a complex
+      personality. At least I have done my best to justify their
+      choice, and if in any way I have wronged my uncle's memory,
+      unintentionally, I trust that my readers will pardon me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      My task has been a delightful one. Intimately as I thought
+      I knew Mr. Dodgson during his life, I seem since his death
+      to have become still better acquainted with him. If this
+      Memoir helps others of his admirers to a fuller knowledge
+      of a man whom to know was to love, I shall not have written
+      in vain.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I take this opportunity of thanking those who have so
+      kindly assisted me in my work, and first I must mention my
+      old schoolmaster, the Rev. Watson Hagger, M.A., to whom my
+      readers are indebted for the portions of this book dealing
+      with Mr. Dodgson's mathematical works. I am greatly
+      indebted to Mr. Dodgson's relatives, and to all those kind
+      friends of his and others who have aided me, in so many
+      ways, in my difficult task. In particular, I may mention
+      the names of H.R.H. the Duchess of Albany; Miss Dora Abdy;
+      Mrs. Egerton Allen; Rev. F. H. Atkinson; Sir G.
+      Baden-Powell, M.P.; Mr. A. Ball; Rev. T. Vere Bayne; Mrs.
+      Bennie; Miss Blakemore; the Misses Bowman; Mrs. Boyes; Mrs.
+      Bremer; Mrs. Brine; Miss Mary Brown; Mrs. Calverley; Miss
+      Gertrude Chataway; Mrs. Chester; Mr. J. C. Cropper; Mr.
+      Robert Davies; Miss Decima Dodgson; the Misses Dymes; Mrs.
+      Eschwege; Mrs. Fuller; Mr. Harry Furniss; Rev. C. A.
+      Goodhart; Mrs. Hargreaves; Miss Rose Harrison; Mr. Henry
+      Holiday; Rev. H. Hopley; Miss Florence Jackson; Rev. A.
+      Kingston; Mrs. Kitchin; Mrs. Freiligrath Kroeker; Mr. F.
+      Madan; Mrs. Maitland; Miss M. E. Manners; Miss Adelaide
+      Paine; Mrs. Porter; Miss Edith Rix; Rev. C. J. Robinson,
+      D.D.; Mr. S. Rogers; Mrs. Round; Miss Isabel Standen; Mr.
+      L. Sergeant; Miss Gaynor Simpson; Mrs. Southwall; Sir John
+      Tenniel; Miss E. Gertrude Thomson; Mrs. Woodhouse; and Mrs.
+      Wyper.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For their help in the work of compiling the Bibliographical
+      chapter and some other parts of the book, my thanks are due
+      to Mr. E. Baxter, Oxford; the Controller of the University
+      Press, Oxford; Mr. A. J. Lawrence, Rugby; Messrs. Macmillan
+      and Co., London; Mr. James Parker, Oxford; and Messrs.
+      Ward, Lock and Co., London.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the extracts which I have given from Mr. Dodgson's
+      Journal and Correspondence it will be noticed that Italics
+      have been somewhat freely employed to represent the words
+      which he underlined. The use of Italics was so marked a
+      feature of his literary style, as any one who has read his
+      books must have observed, that without their aid the
+      rhetorical effect, which he always strove to produce, would
+      have been seriously marred.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      S. DODGSON COLLINGWOOD<br>
+      <br>
+      GUILDFORD, <i>September</i>, 1898.
+    </p><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <h2>
+      <a name="LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS_T"></a> <a href="#LIST_OF_ILLUSTRATIONS">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</a>
+    </h2><br>
+    <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="15" summary="Illustrations">
+      <tbody><tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"><a href="#466">
+          <img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          LEWIS CARROLL &mdash; Frontispiece<br>
+          <i>From a photograph</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"><a name="T465"></a><a href="#465">
+          <img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          ARCHDEACON DODGSON AS A YOUNG MAN<br>
+          <i>From a miniature, painted about</i> 1826.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top"><a name="T467"></a><a href="#467">
+          <img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" valign="Top" align="left">
+          DARESBURY PARSONAGE, LEWIS CARROLL'S BIRTHPLACE<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T027"></a><a href="#027"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3">
+                            </a>
+
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          LEWIS CARROLL, AGED 8<br>
+          <i>From a silhouette</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T468"></a><a href="#468"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3">
+                            </a>
+
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          MRS. DODGSON, LEWIS CARROLL'S MOTHER<br>
+          <i>From a silhouette</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T469"></a><a href="#469"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3">
+                            </a>
+
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          CROFT RECTORY; ARCHDEACON DODGSON AND FAMILY IN
+          FOREGROUND<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1856.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T470"></a><a href="#470"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3">
+                            </a>
+
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          TOY STATION IN GARDEN AT CROFT<br>
+          <i>From a photograph</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T471"></a><a href="#471"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3">
+                            </a>
+
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          ARCHBISHOP TAIT<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Elliott and Fry</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T048"></a><a href="#048"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3">
+                            </a>
+
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          "THE ONLY SISTER WHO <i>WOULD</i> WRITE TO HER
+          BROTHER"<br>
+          <i>From a drawing by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T049"></a><a href="#049"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3">
+                            </a>
+
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          "THE AGE OF INNOCENCE".<br>
+          <i>From a drawing by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T050"></a><a href="#050"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3">
+                            </a>
+
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          "THE SCANTY MEAL"<br>
+          <i>From a drawing by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T052"></a><a href="#052"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          "THE FIRST EARRING"<br>
+          <i>From a drawing by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T053"></a><a href="#053"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          ILLUSTRATIONS TO "LAYS OF SORROW," NO. 2<br>
+          <i>From drawings by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T472"></a><a href="#472"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          EXTERIOR OF CHRIST CHURCH<br>
+          <i>From a photograph</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T473"></a><a href="#473"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          GRAVE OF ARCHDEACON AND MRS. DODGSON IN CROFT
+          CHURCHYARD<br>
+          <i>From a photograph</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T474"></a><a href="#474"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          LEWIS CARROLL, AGED 23<br>
+          <i>From a photograph</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T475"></a><a href="#475"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          ARCHDEACON DODGSON<br>
+          <i>From a photograph</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T476"></a><a href="#476"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          ARCHBISHOP LONGLEY<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T079"></a><a href="#079"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          "ALAS! WHAT BOOTS&#8212;"<br>
+          <i>From a drawing by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T477"></a><a href="#477"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          ALFRED TENNYSON<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1857.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T478"></a><a href="#478"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          THE BISHOP OF LINCOLN<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1875.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T479"></a><a href="#479"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          BISHOP WILBERFORCE<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1860.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T480"></a><a href="#480"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          ALICE LIDDELL AS "THE BEGGAR-CHILD"<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1858.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T098"></a><a href="#098"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          SKETCH FROM ST. LEONARD'S CONCERT-ROOM<br>
+          <i>From a drawing by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T481"></a><a href="#481"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          GEORGE MACDONALD AND HIS DAUGHTER LILY<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1863.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T482"></a><a href="#482"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          MRS. ROSSETTI AND HER CHILDREN, DANTE GABRIEL,
+          CHRISTINA, AND WILLIAM<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1863.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T483"></a><a href="#483"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          LORINA, ALICE, AND EDITH LIDDELL<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T484"></a><a href="#484"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          GEORGE MACDONALD<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1870.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T485"></a><a href="#485"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          J. SANT, R.A.<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1866.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T486"></a><a href="#486"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          HOLMAN HUNT<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1860.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T487"></a><a href="#487"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          SIR JOHN MILLAIS<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1865.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T488"></a><a href="#488"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          CHARLOTTE M. YONGE<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1866.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T489"></a><a href="#489"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          CANON LIDDON<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1867.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+         <a name="T140"></a><a href="#140"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          "INSTANCE OF HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING OF THE DATE 1867"<br>
+          <i>From a sketch by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T490"></a><a href="#490"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          SIR JOHN TENNIEL<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Bassano</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T491"></a><a href="#491"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          LEWIS CARROLL'S STUDY AT CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD<br>
+          <i>From a photograph</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T492"></a><a href="#492"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          PROFESSOR FARADAY<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1860.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T493"></a><a href="#493"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          JUSTICE DENMAN<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1873.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T494"></a><a href="#494"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          LORD SALISBURY AND HIS TWO SONS<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1870.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T163"></a><a href="#163"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          FACSIMILE OF A LETTER FROM SIR JOHN TENNIEL TO
+          LEWIS<br>
+          CARROLL, DATED JUNE 1, 1870
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T495"></a><a href="#495"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          JOHN RUSKIN<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1875.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T496"></a><a href="#496"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          HENRY HOLIDAY IN HIS STUDIO<br>
+          <i>From a photograph</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T497"></a><a href="#497"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          LEWIS CARROLL<br>
+          <i>From a photograph</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T498"></a><a href="#498"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          ELLEN TERRY<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T500"></a><a href="#500"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          TOM TAYLOR<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1863.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T523"></a><a href="#523"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          KATE TERRY<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1865.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T501"></a><a href="#501"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          MISS E. GERTRUDE THOMSON<br>
+          <i>From a photograph</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T502"></a><a href="#502"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          DR. LIDDELL<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Hill &amp; Saunders</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T503"></a><a href="#503"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          "RESPONSIONS"<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by A.T. Shrimpton</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T238"></a><a href="#238"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          DREAMLAND.<br>
+          <i>Song.<br>
+          Words by LEWIS CARROLL.<br>
+          Music by C.E. HUTCHINSON</i>.<br>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T504"></a><a href="#504"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          H. FURNISS<br>
+          <i>From a photograph</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T505"></a><a href="#505"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          "BALBUS AND THE DRAGON"<br>
+          <i>From a crayon drawing by the Rev. H.C. Gaye</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T506"></a><a href="#506"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          MEDLEY OF TENNIEL'S ILLUSTRATIONS IN "ALICE"<br>
+          <i>From an etching by Miss Whitehead</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T278"></a><a href="#278"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          FACSIMILE OF A LETTER FROM H. FURNISS TO LEWIS
+          CARROLL,<br>
+          DATED AUGUST 23, 1886.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T508"></a><a href="#508"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          SYLVIE AND BRUNO<br>
+          <i>From a drawing by Henry Holiday</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T295"></a><a href="#295"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          FACSIMILE OF PROGRAMME OF "ALICE IN WONDERLAND"
+          PRODUCED<br>
+          AT THE ROYAL GLOBE THEATRE, DECEMBER 26, 1888.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T509"></a><a href="#509"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          "THE MAD TEA PARTY"<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Elliott and Fry</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T510"></a><a href="#510"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          THE LATE DUKE OF ALBANY<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1875.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T511"></a><a href="#511"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          THE DEAN OF CHRIST CHURCH<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Hill &amp; Saunders</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T512"></a><a href="#512"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          THE MECHANICAL "HUMPTY DUMPTY"<br>
+          <i>From a photograph</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T513"></a><a href="#513"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          LEWIS CARROLL<br>
+          <i>From a photograph</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T514"></a><a href="#514"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          THE CHESTNUTS, GUILDFORD<br>
+          <i>From a photograph</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T515"></a><a href="#515"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          LEWIS CARROLL'S GRAVE<br>
+          <i>From a photograph</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T516"></a><a href="#516"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          LORINA AND ALICE LIDDELL<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T517"></a><a href="#517"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          ALICE LIDDELL<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T518"></a><a href="#518"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          XIE KITCHIN<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T519"></a><a href="#519"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          XIE KITCHIN AS A CHINAMAN<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T520"></a><a href="#520"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          ALICE AND THE DORMOUSE<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Elliott and Fry</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T430"></a><a href="#430"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          FACSIMILE OF A "LOOKING-GLASS" LETTER FROM LEWIS
+          CARROLL TO MISS EDITH BALL
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T521"></a><a href="#521"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          ARTHUR HUGHES AND HIS DAUGHTER AGNES<br>
+          <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1863.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td width="5%" align="Right" valign="Top">
+          <a name="T441"></a><a href="#441"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+        </td>
+        <td width="95%" align="Left" valign="Top">
+          "WHAT I LOOK LIKE WHEN I'M LECTURING"<br>
+          <i>From a drawing by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </tbody></table><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <h2>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_I_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER
+      I</a>
+    </h2>
+    <h4>
+      (1832&mdash;1850.)
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      Lewis Carroll's forebears&mdash;The Bishop of Elphin&mdash;Murder of
+      Captain Dodgson&mdash;Daresbury&mdash;Living in
+      "Wonderland"&mdash;Croft&mdash;Boyish amusements&mdash;His first school-Latin
+      verses&mdash;A good report&mdash;He goes to Rugby&mdash;<i>The Rectory
+      Umbrella</i>&mdash;"A Lay of Sorrow."
+    </blockquote>
+    <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" border="0" align="Center" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td valign="Top"><a name="465"></a>
+            <img src="Images/465.png" alt="465.png" width="241" height="330"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td align="Center" valign="Top"><a href="#T465"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a>
+            <div class="c2">
+              ARCHDEACON DODGSON<br>
+              AS A YOUNG MAN
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      The Dodgsons appear to have been for a long time connected
+      with the north of England, and until quite recently a
+      branch of the family resided at Stubb Hall, near Barnard
+      Castle.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the early part of the last century a certain Rev.
+      Christopher Dodgson held a living in Yorkshire. His son,
+      Charles, also took Holy Orders, and was for some time tutor
+      to a son of the then Duke of Northumberland. In 1762 his
+      patron presented him to the living of Elsdon, in
+      Northumberland, by no means a desirable cure, as Mr.
+      Dodgson discovered. The following extracts from his letters
+      to various members of the Percy family are interesting as
+      giving some idea of the life of a rural clergyman a hundred
+      years ago:
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I am obliged to you for promising to write to me, but don't
+      give yourself the trouble of writing to this place, for
+      'tis almost impossible to receive 'em, without sending a
+      messenger 16 miles to fetch 'em.<br>
+      <br>
+      'Tis impossible to describe the oddity of my situation at
+      present, which, however, is not void of some pleasant
+      circumstances.<br>
+      <br>
+      A clogmaker combs out my wig upon my curate's head, by way
+      of a block, and his wife powders it with a
+      dredging-box.<br>
+      <br>
+      The vestibule of the castle (used as a temporary parsonage)
+      is a low stable; above it the kitchen, in which are two
+      little beds joining to each other. The curate and his wife
+      lay in one, and Margery the maid in the other. I lay in the
+      parlour between two beds to keep me from being frozen to
+      death, for as we keep open house the winds enter from every
+      quarter, and are apt to sweep into bed to me.<br>
+      <br>
+      Elsdon was once a market town as some say, and a city
+      according to others; but as the annals of the parish were
+      lost several centuries ago, it is impossible to determine
+      what age it was either the one or the other.<br>
+      <br>
+      There are not the least traces of the former grandeur to be
+      found, whence some antiquaries are apt to believe that it
+      lost both its trade and charter at the Deluge.<br>
+      <br>
+      ... There is a very good understanding between the parties
+      [he is speaking of the Churchmen and Presbyterians who
+      lived in the parish], for they not only intermarry with one
+      another, but frequently do penance together in a white
+      sheet, with a white wand, barefoot, and in the coldest
+      season of the year. I have not finished the description for
+      fear of bringing on a fit of the ague. Indeed, the ideas of
+      sensation are sufficient to starve a man to death, without
+      having recourse to those of reflection.<br>
+      <br>
+      If I was not assured by the best authority on earth that
+      the world is to be destroyed by fire, I should conclude
+      that the day of destruction is at hand, but brought on by
+      means of an agent very opposite to that of heat.<br>
+      <br>
+      I have lost the use of everything but my reason, though my
+      head is entrenched in three night-caps, and my throat,
+      which is very bad, is fortified by a pair of stockings
+      twisted in the form of a cravat.<br>
+      <br>
+      As washing is very cheap, I wear <i>two</i> shirts at a
+      time, and, for want of a wardrobe, I hang my great coat
+      upon my own back, and generally keep on my boots in
+      imitation of my namesake of Sweden. Indeed, since the snow
+      became two feet deep (as I wanted a 'chaappin of Yale' from
+      the public-house), I made an offer of them to Margery the
+      maid, but her legs are too thick to make use of them, and I
+      am told that the greater part of my parishioners are not
+      less substantial, and notwithstanding this they are
+      remarkable for agility.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      In course of time this Mr. Dodgson became Bishop of Ossory
+      and Ferns, and he was subsequently translated to the see of
+      Elphin. He was warmly congratulated on this change in his
+      fortunes by George III., who said that he ought indeed to
+      be thankful to have got away from a palace where the
+      stabling was so bad.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Bishop had four children, the eldest of whom, Elizabeth
+      Anne, married Charles Lutwidge, of Holmrook, in Cumberland.
+      Two of the others died almost before they had attained
+      manhood. Charles, the eldest son, entered the army, and
+      rose to the rank of captain in the 4th Dragoon Guards. He
+      met with a sad fate while serving his king and country in
+      Ireland. One of the Irish rebels who were supposed to have
+      been concerned in the murder of Lord Kilwarden offered to
+      give himself up to justice if Captain Dodgson would come
+      alone and at night to take him. Though he fully realised
+      the risk, the brave captain decided to trust himself to the
+      honour of this outlaw, as he felt that no chance should be
+      missed of effecting so important a capture. Having first
+      written a letter of farewell to his wife, he set out on the
+      night of December 16, 1803, accompanied by a few troopers,
+      for the meeting-place&mdash;an old hut that stood a mile or so
+      from Phillipstown, in King's County. In accordance with the
+      terms of the agreement, he left his men a few hundred yards
+      from the hut to await his return, and advanced alone
+      through the night. A cowardly shot from one of the windows
+      of the cottage ended his noble life, and alarmed the
+      troopers, who, coming up in haste, were confronted with the
+      dead body of their leader. The story is told that on the
+      same night his wife heard two shots fired, and made inquiry
+      about it, but could find out nothing. Shortly afterwards
+      the news came that her husband had been killed just at that
+      time.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Captain Dodgson left two sons behind him&mdash;Hassard, who,
+      after a brilliant career as a special pleader, became a
+      Master of the Court of Common Pleas, and Charles, the
+      father of the subject of this Memoir.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Charles, who was the elder of the two, was born in the year
+      1800, at Hamilton, in Lanarkshire. He adopted the clerical
+      profession, in which he rose to high honours. He was a
+      distinguished scholar, and took a double first at Christ
+      Church, Oxford. Although in after life mathematics were his
+      favourite pursuit, yet the fact that he translated
+      Tertullian for the "Library of the Fathers" is sufficient
+      evidence that he made good use of his classical education.
+      In the controversy about Baptismal Regeneration he took a
+      prominent part, siding on the question with the
+      Tractarians, though his views on some other points of
+      Church doctrine were less advanced than those of the
+      leaders of the Oxford movement. He was a man of deep piety
+      and of a somewhat reserved and grave disposition, which,
+      however, was tempered by the most generous charity, so that
+      he was universally loved by the poor. In moments of
+      relaxation his wit and humour were the delight of his
+      clerical friends, for he had the rare power of telling
+      anecdotes effectively. His reverence for sacred things was
+      so great that he was never known to relate a story which
+      included a jest upon words from the Bible.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In 1830 he married his cousin, Frances Jane Lutwidge, by
+      whom he had eleven children, all of whom, except Lewis
+      Carroll, survive. His wife, in the words of one who had the
+      best possible opportunities for observing her character,
+      was "one of the sweetest and gentlest women that ever
+      lived, whom to know was to love. The earnestness of her
+      simple faith and love shone forth in all she did and said;
+      she seemed to live always in the conscious presence of God.
+      It has been said by her children that they never in all
+      their lives remember to have heard an impatient or harsh
+      word from her lips." It is easy to trace in Lewis Carroll's
+      character the influence of that most gentle of mothers;
+      though dead she still speaks to us in some of the most
+      beautiful and touching passages of his works. Not so long
+      ago I had a conversation with an old friend of his; one of
+      the first things she said to me was, "Tell me about his
+      mother." I complied with her request as well as I was able,
+      and, when I had finished my account of Mrs. Dodgson's
+      beautiful character, she said, "Ah, I knew it must have
+      been so; I felt sure he must have had a good mother."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On January 27, 1832, Charles Lutwidge Dodgson was born at
+      Daresbury, of which parish his father was then incumbent.
+      The village of Daresbury is about seven miles from
+      Warrington; its name is supposed to be derived from a word
+      meaning oak, and certainly oaks are very plentiful in the
+      neighbourhood. A canal passes through an outlying part of
+      the parish. The bargemen who frequented this canal were a
+      special object of Mr. Dodgson's pastoral care. Once, when
+      walking with Lord Francis Egerton, who was a large
+      landowner in the district, he spoke of his desire to
+      provide some sort of religious privileges for them. "If I
+      only had &#163;100," he said, "I would turn one of those
+      barges into a chapel," and, at his companion's request, he
+      described exactly how he would have the chapel constructed
+      and furnished. A few weeks later he received a letter from
+      Lord Francis to tell him that his wish was fulfilled, and
+      that the chapel was ready. In this strange church, which is
+      believed to have been the first of its kind, Mr. Dodgson
+      conducted service and preached every Sunday evening!
+    </p>
+    <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" align="Center" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td valign="Top"><a name="467"></a>
+            <img src="Images/467.png" alt="467.png" width="516" height="332">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td valign="Top"><div align="center"><a href="#T467"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c2" align="Center">
+              DARESBURY PARSONAGE
+            </div>
+                                <div align="Center">
+          </div>
+</td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      The parsonage is situated a mile and a half from the
+      village, on the glebe-farm, having been erected by a former
+      incumbent, who, it was said, cared more for the glebe than
+      the parish. Here it was that Charles spent the first eleven
+      years of his life&mdash;years of complete seclusion from the
+      world, for even the passing of a cart was a matter of great
+      interest to the children.
+    </p>
+    <table cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" align="Right" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td valign="Top">
+            <div class="c3">
+              <a name="027"></a>
+<img src="Images/027.png" alt="Lewis Carroll, aged 8" width="171" height="350">
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td valign="Top"><div align="center"><a href="#T027"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c2" align="Center">
+              Lewis Carroll, aged 8
+            </div>
+                                <div align="Center">
+          </div>
+</td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      In this quiet home the boy invented the strangest
+      diversions for himself; he made pets of the most odd and
+      unlikely animals, and numbered certain snails and toads
+      among his intimate friends. He tried also to encourage
+      civilised warfare among earthworms, by supplying them with
+      small pieces of pipe, with which they might fight if so
+      disposed. His notions of charity at this early age were
+      somewhat rudimentary; he used to peel rushes with the idea
+      that the pith would afterwards "be given to the poor,"
+      though what possible use they could put it to he never
+      attempted to explain. Indeed he seems at this time to have
+      actually lived in that charming "Wonderland" which he
+      afterwards described so vividly; but for all that he was a
+      thorough boy, and loved to climb the trees and to scramble
+      about in the old marl-pits.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      One of the few breaks in this very uneventful life was a
+      holiday spent with the other members of his family in
+      Beaumaris. The journey took three days each way, for
+      railroads were then almost unknown; and whatever advantages
+      coaching may have had over travelling in trains, speed was
+      certainly not one of them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Dodgson from the first used to take an active part in
+      his son's education, and the following anecdote will show
+      that he had at least a pupil who was anxious to learn. One
+      day, when Charles was a very small boy, he came up to his
+      father and showed him a book of logarithms, with the
+      request, "Please explain." Mr. Dodgson told him that he was
+      much too young to understand anything about such a
+      difficult subject. The child listened to what his father
+      said, and appeared to think it irrelevant, for he still
+      insisted, "<i>But</i>, please, explain!"
+    </p>
+    <table cellpadding="10" cellspacing="2" align="Right" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td valign="Top">
+            <a name="468"></a>
+<img src="Images/468.png" alt="Mrs. Dodgson" width="150" height="336">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td valign="Top"><div align="center"><a href="#T468"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c2" align="Center">
+              Mrs Dodgson.
+            </div>
+                                <div align="Center">
+          </div>
+</td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      On one occasion Mr. and Mrs. Dodgson went to Hull, to pay a
+      visit to the latter's father, who had been seriously ill.
+      From Hull Mrs. Dodgson wrote to Charles, and he set much
+      store by this letter, which was probably one of the first
+      he had received. He was afraid that some of his little
+      sisters would mess it, or tear it up, so he wrote upon the
+      back, "No one is to touch this note, for it belongs to C.
+      L. D."; but, this warning appearing insufficient, he added,
+      "Covered with slimy pitch, so that they will wet their
+      fingers." The precious letter ran as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      My dearest Charlie, I have used you rather ill in not
+      having written to you sooner, but I know you will forgive
+      me, as your Grandpapa has liked to have me with him so
+      much, and I could not write and talk to him comfortably.
+      All your notes have delighted me, my precious children, and
+      show me that you have not quite forgotten me. I am always
+      thinking of you, and longing to have you all round me again
+      more than words can tell. God grant that we may find you
+      all well and happy on Friday evening. I am happy to say
+      your dearest Papa is quite well&mdash;his cough is rather
+      <i>tickling</i>, but is of no consequence. It delights me,
+      my darling Charlie, to hear that you are getting on so well
+      with your Latin, and that you make so few mistakes in your
+      Exercises. You will be happy to hear that your dearest
+      Grandpapa is going on nicely&mdash;indeed I hope he will soon be
+      quite well again. He talks a great deal and most kindly
+      about you all. I hope my sweetest Will says "Mama"
+      sometimes, and that precious Tish has not forgotten. Give
+      them and all my other treasures, including yourself,
+      1,000,000,000 kisses from me, with my most affectionate
+      love. I am sending you a shabby note, but I cannot help it.
+      Give my kindest love to Aunt Dar, and believe me, my own
+      dearest Charlie, to be your sincerely affectionate<br>
+      <br>
+      MAMA.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Among the few visitors who disturbed the repose of
+      Daresbury Parsonage was Mr. Durnford, afterwards Bishop of
+      Chichester, with whom Mr. Dodgson had formed a close
+      friendship. Another was Mr. Bayne, at that time head-master
+      of Warrington Grammar School, who used occasionally to
+      assist in the services at Daresbury. His son, Vere, was
+      Charles's playfellow; he is now a student of Christ Church,
+      and the friendship between him and Lewis Carroll lasted
+      without interruption till the death of the latter.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The memory of his birthplace did not soon fade from
+      Charles's mind; long afterwards he retained pleasant
+      recollections of its rustic beauty. For instance, his poem
+      of "The Three Sunsets," which first appeared in 1860 in
+      <i>All the Year Round,</i> begins with the following
+      stanzas, which have been slightly altered in later
+      editions:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I watch the drowsy night expire,<br>
+      And Fancy paints at my desire<br>
+      Her magic pictures in the fire.<br>
+      <br>
+      An island farm, 'mid seas of corn,<br>
+      Swayed by the wandering breath of morn,<br>
+      The happy spot where I was born.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Though nearly all Mr. Dodgson's parishioners at Daresbury
+      have passed away, yet there are still some few left who
+      speak with loving reverence of him whose lips, now long
+      silenced, used to speak so kindly to them; whose hands,
+      long folded in sleep, were once so ready to alleviate their
+      wants and sorrows.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In 1843 Sir Robert Peel presented him to the Crown living
+      of Croft, a Yorkshire village about three miles south of
+      Darlington. This preferment made a great change in the life
+      of the family; it opened for them many more social
+      opportunities, and put an end to that life of seclusion
+      which, however beneficial it may be for a short time, is
+      apt, if continued too long, to have a cramping and
+      narrowing influence.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The river Tees is at Croft the dividing line between
+      Yorkshire and Durham, and on the middle of the bridge which
+      there crosses it is a stone which shows where the one
+      county ends and the other begins. "Certain lands are held
+      in this place," says Lewis in his "Topographical
+      Dictionary," "by the owner presenting on the bridge, at the
+      coming of every new Bishop of Durham, an old sword,
+      pronouncing a legendary address, and delivering the sword
+      to the Bishop, who returns it immediately." The Tees is
+      subject to extraordinary floods, and though Croft Church
+      stands many feet above the ordinary level of the river, and
+      is separated from it by the churchyard and a field, yet on
+      one occasion the church itself was flooded, as was attested
+      by water-marks on the old woodwork several feet from the
+      floor, still to be seen when Mr. Dodgson was incumbent.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This church, which is dedicated to St. Peter, is a quaint
+      old building with a Norman porch, the rest of it being of
+      more modern construction. It contains a raised pew, which
+      is approached by a winding flight of stairs, and is covered
+      in, so that it resembles nothing so much as a four-post
+      bedstead. This pew used to belong to the Milbanke family,
+      with which Lord Byron was connected. Mr. Dodgson found the
+      chancel-roof in so bad a state of repair that he was
+      obliged to take it down, and replace it by an entirely new
+      one. The only village school that existed when he came to
+      the place was a sort of barn, which stood in a corner of
+      the churchyard. During his incumbency a fine school-house
+      was erected. Several members of his family used regularly
+      to help in teaching the children, and excellent reports
+      were obtained.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Rectory is close to the church, and stands in the
+      middle of a beautiful garden. The former incumbent had been
+      an enthusiastic horticulturist, and the walls of the
+      kitchen garden were covered with luxuriant fruit-trees,
+      while the greenhouses were well stocked with rare and
+      beautiful exotics. Among these was a specimen of that
+      fantastic cactus, the night-blowing Cereus, whose flowers,
+      after an existence of but a few hours, fade with the waning
+      sun. On the day when this occurred large numbers of people
+      used to obtain Mr. Dodgson's leave to see the curiosity.
+    </p>
+    <div class="c1">
+      <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" align="Center" summary="">
+        <tbody>
+          <tr>
+            <td valign="Top">
+              <b><a name="469"></a>
+<img src="Images/469.png" alt="CROFT RECTORY" width="572" height="400"><br></b>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <td valign="Top"><div align="center"><a href="#T469"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+              <div class="c2" align="Center">
+                CROFT RECTORY
+              </div>
+                                    <div align="Center">
+            </div>
+</td>
+          </tr>
+        </tbody>
+      </table>
+                              <div align="Center">
+    </div>
+</div>
+    <p>
+      Near the Rectory is a fine hotel, built when Croft was an
+      important posting-station for the coaches between London
+      and Edinburgh, but in Mr. Dodgson's time chiefly used by
+      gentlemen who stayed there during the hunting season. The
+      village is renowned for its baths and medicinal waters. The
+      parish of Croft includes the outlying hamlets of Halnaby,
+      Dalton, and Stapleton, so that the Rector's position is by
+      no means a sinecure. Within the village is Croft Hall, the
+      old seat of the Chaytors; but during Mr. Dodgson's
+      incumbency the then Sir William Chaytor built and lived at
+      Clervaux Castle, calling it by an old family name.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Shortly after accepting the living of Croft, Mr. Dodgson
+      was appointed examining chaplain to the Bishop of Ripon;
+      subsequently he was made Archdeacon of Richmond and one of
+      the Canons of Ripon Cathedral.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Charles was at this time very fond of inventing games for
+      the amusement of his brothers and sisters; he constructed a
+      rude train out of a wheelbarrow, a barrel and a small
+      truck, which used to convey passengers from one "station"
+      in the Rectory garden to another. At each of these stations
+      there was a refreshment-room, and the passengers had to
+      purchase tickets from him before they could enjoy their
+      ride. The boy was also a clever conjuror, and, arrayed in a
+      brown wig and a long white robe, used to cause no little
+      wonder to his audience by his sleight-of-hand. With the
+      assistance of various members of the family and the village
+      carpenter, he made a troupe of marionettes and a small
+      theatre for them to act in. He wrote all the plays himself
+      the most popular being "The Tragedy of King John"&mdash;and he
+      was very clever at manipulating the innumerable strings by
+      which the movements of his puppets were regulated. One
+      winter, when the snow lay thick upon the lawn, he traced
+      upon it a maze of such hopeless intricacy as almost to put
+      its famous rival at Hampton Court in the shade.
+    </p>
+    <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" align="Center" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td valign="Top">
+            <a name="470"></a>
+<img src="Images/470.png" alt="TOY STATION IN GARDEN AT CROFT." width="514" height="360"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td valign="Top"><div align="center"><a href="#T470"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c2" align="Center">
+              TOY STATION IN GARDEN AT CROFT.
+            </div>
+                                    <div align="Center">
+          </div>
+</td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      When he was twelve years old his father sent him to school
+      at Richmond, under Mr. Tate, a worthy son of that
+      well-known Dr. Tate who had made Richmond School so famous.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I am able to give his earliest impressions of school-life
+      in his own words, for one of his first letters home has
+      been fortunately preserved. It is dated August 5th, and is
+      addressed to his two eldest sisters. A boy who has
+      <i>ten</i> brothers and sisters can scarcely be expected to
+      write separate letters to each of them.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      My dear Fanny and Memy,&mdash;I hope you are all getting on well,
+      as also the sweet twins, the boys I think that I like the
+      best, are Harry Austin, and all the Tates of which there
+      are 7 besides a little girl who came down to dinner the
+      first day, but not since, and I also like Edmund Tremlet,
+      and William and Edward Swire, Tremlet is a sharp little
+      fellow about 7 years old, the youngest in the school, I
+      also like Kemp and Mawley. The rest of the boys that I know
+      are Bertram, Harry and Dick Wilson, and two Robinsons, I
+      will tell you all about them when I return. The boys have
+      played two tricks upon me which were these&mdash;they first
+      proposed to play at "King of the Cobblers" and asked if I
+      would be king, to which I agreed. Then they made me sit
+      down and sat (on the ground) in a circle round me, and told
+      me to say "Go to work" which I said, and they immediately
+      began kicking me and knocking me on all sides. The next
+      game they proposed was "Peter, the red lion," and they made
+      a mark on a tombstone (for we were playing in the
+      churchyard) and one of the boys walked with his eyes shut,
+      holding out his finger, trying to touch the mark; then a
+      little boy came forward to lead the rest and led a good
+      many very near the mark; at last it was my turn; they told
+      me to shut my eyes well, and the next minute I had my
+      finger in the mouth of one of the boys, who had stood (I
+      believe) before the tombstone with his mouth open. For 2
+      nights I slept alone, and for the rest of the time with Ned
+      Swire. The boys play me no tricks now. The only fault (tell
+      Mama) that there has been was coming in one day to dinner
+      just after grace. On Sunday we went to church in the
+      morning, and sat in a large pew with Mr. Fielding, the
+      church we went to is close by Mr. Tate's house, we did not
+      go in the afternoon but Mr. Tate read a discourse to the
+      boys on the 5th commandment. We went to church again in the
+      evening. Papa wished me to tell him all the texts I had
+      heard preached upon, please to tell him that I could not
+      hear it in the morning nor hardly one sentence of the
+      sermon, but the one in the evening was I Cor. i. 23. I
+      believe it was a farewell sermon, but I am not sure. Mrs.
+      Tate has looked through my clothes and left in the trunk a
+      great many that will not be wanted. I have had 3
+      misfortunes in my clothes etc. 1st, I cannot find my
+      tooth-brush, so that I have not brushed my teeth for 3 or 4
+      days, 2nd, I cannot find my blotting paper, and 3rd, I have
+      no shoe-horn. The chief games are, football, wrestling,
+      leap frog, and fighting. Excuse bad writing.<br>
+      <br>
+      Yr affec' brother Charles.
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>To</i> SKEFF [<i>a younger brother, aged six</i>].<br>
+      <br>
+      My dear Skeff,&mdash;Roar not lest thou be abolished. Yours,
+      etc.,&mdash;&mdash;.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The discomforts which he, as a "new boy," had to put up
+      with from his school-mates affected him as they do not,
+      unfortunately, affect most boys, for in later school days
+      he was famous as a champion of the weak and small, while
+      every bully had good reason to fear him. Though it is hard
+      for those who have only known him as the gentle and
+      retiring don to believe it, it is nevertheless true that
+      long after he left school his name was remembered as that
+      of a boy who knew well how to use his fists in defence of a
+      righteous cause.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As was the custom at that time, Charles began to compose
+      Latin verses at a very early age, his first copy being
+      dated November 25, 1844. The subject was evening, and this
+      is how he treated it:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Phoebus aqua splendet descendens, &#230;quora tingens<br>
+      Splendore aurato. Pervenit umbra solo.<br>
+      Mortales lectos qu&#230;runt, et membra relaxant<br>
+      Fessa labore dies; cuncta per orbe silet.<br>
+      Imperium placidum nunc sumit Phoebe corusca.<br>
+      Antris procedunt sanguine ore fer&#230;.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      These lines the boy solemnly copied into his Diary,
+      apparently in the most blissful ignorance of the numerous
+      mistakes they contained.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The next year he wrote a story which appeared in the school
+      magazine. It was called "The Unknown One," so it was
+      probably of the sensational type in which small boys
+      usually revel.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Though Richmond School, as it was in 1844, may not compare
+      favourably in every respect with a modern preparatory
+      school, where supervision has been so far "reduced to the
+      absurd" that the unfortunate masters hardly get a minute to
+      themselves from sunrise till long after sunset, yet no
+      better or wiser men than those of the school of Mr. Tate
+      are now to be found. Nor, I venture to think, are the
+      results of the modern system more successful than those of
+      the old one. Charles loved his "kind old schoolmaster," as
+      he affectionately calls him, and surely to gain the love of
+      the boys is the main battle in school-management.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The impression he made upon his instructors may be gathered
+      from the following extracts from Mr. Tate's first report
+      upon him:
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Sufficient opportunities having been allowed me to draw
+      from actual observation an estimate of your son's character
+      and abilities, I do not hesitate to express my opinion that
+      he possesses, along with other and excellent natural
+      endowments, a very uncommon share of genius. Gentle and
+      cheerful in his intercourse with others, playful and ready
+      in conversation, he is capable of acquirements and
+      knowledge far beyond his years, while his reason is so
+      clear and so jealous of error, that he will not rest
+      satisfied without a most exact solution of whatever appears
+      to him obscure. He has passed an excellent examination just
+      now in mathematics, exhibiting at times an illustration of
+      that love of precise argument, which seems to him
+      natural.<br>
+      <br>
+      I must not omit to set off against these great advantages
+      one or two faults, of which the removal as soon as possible
+      is desirable, tho' I am prepared to find it a work of time.
+      As you are well aware, our young friend, while jealous of
+      error, as I said above, where important faith or principles
+      are concerned, is exceedingly lenient towards lesser
+      frailties&mdash;and, whether in reading aloud or metrical
+      composition, frequently sets at nought the notions of
+      Virgil or Ovid as to syllabic quantity. He is moreover
+      marvellously ingenious in replacing the ordinary inflexions
+      of nouns and verbs, as detailed in our grammars, by more
+      exact analogies, or convenient forms of his own devising.
+      This source of fault will in due time exhaust itself,
+      though flowing freely at present.... You may fairly
+      anticipate for him a bright career. Allow me, before I
+      close, one suggestion which assumes for itself the wisdom
+      of experience and the sincerity of the best intention. You
+      must not entrust your son with a full knowledge of his
+      superiority over other boys. Let him discover this as he
+      proceeds. The love of excellence is far beyond the love of
+      excelling; and if he should once be bewitched into a mere
+      ambition to surpass others I need not urge that the very
+      quality of his knowledge would be materially injured, and
+      that his character would receive a stain of a more serious
+      description still....
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      And again, when Charles was leaving Richmond, he wrote:
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      "Be assured that I shall always feel a peculiar interest in
+      the gentle, intelligent, and well-conducted boy who is now
+      leaving us."
+      <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="10" align="Right" summary="">
+        <tbody>
+          <tr>
+            <td valign="Top">
+              <a name="471"></a>
+<img src="Images/471.png" alt="ARCHBISHOP TAIT." width="200" height="400" align="Right"><br>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <td valign="Top"><div align="center"><a href="#T471"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+              <div class="c1" align="Center">
+                <b>ARCHBISHOP TAIT</b>.
+              </div>
+                                              <div align="Center">
+            </div>
+</td>
+          </tr>
+        </tbody>
+      </table>
+                                        <div align="Center">
+    </div>
+</blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Although his father had been a Westminster boy, Charles
+      was, for some reason or other, sent to Rugby. The great
+      Arnold, who had, one might almost say, created Rugby
+      School, and who certainly had done more for it than all his
+      predecessors put together, had gone to his rest, and for
+      four years the reins of government had been in the firm
+      hands of Dr. Tait, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury. He
+      was Headmaster during the whole of the time Charles was at
+      Rugby, except the last year, during which Dr. Goulburn held
+      that office. Charles went up in February, 1846, and he must
+      have found his new life a great change from his quiet
+      experiences at Richmond. Football was in full swing, and
+      one can imagine that to a new boy "Big-side" was not an
+      unalloyed delight. Whether he distinguished himself as a
+      "dropper," or ever beat the record time in the "Crick" run,
+      I do not know. Probably not; his abilities did not lie much
+      in the field of athletics. But he got on capitally with his
+      work, and seldom returned home without one or more prizes.
+      Moreover, he conducted himself so well that he never had to
+      enter that dreaded chamber, well known to <i>some</i>
+      Rugbeians, which is approached by a staircase that winds up
+      a little turret, and wherein are enacted scenes better
+      imagined than described.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A schoolboy's letter home is not, usually, remarkable for
+      the intelligence displayed in it; as a rule it merely leads
+      up with more or less ingenuity to the inevitable request
+      for money contained in the postscript. Some of Charles's
+      letters were of a different sort, as the following example
+      shows:
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Yesterday evening I was walking out with a friend of mine
+      who attends as mathematical pupil Mr. Smythies the second
+      mathematical master; we went up to Mr. Smythies' house, as
+      he wanted to speak to him, and he asked us to stop and have
+      a glass of wine and some figs. He seems as devoted to his
+      duty as Mr. Mayor, and asked me with a smile of delight,
+      "Well Dodgson I suppose you're getting well on with your
+      mathematics?" He is very clever at them, though not equal
+      to Mr. Mayor, as indeed few men are, Papa excepted.... I
+      have read the first number of Dickens' new tale, "Davy
+      Copperfield." It purports to be his life, and begins with
+      his birth and childhood; it seems a poor plot, but some of
+      the characters and scenes are good. One of the persons that
+      amused me was a Mrs. Gummidge, a wretched melancholy
+      person, who is always crying, happen what will, and
+      whenever the fire smokes, or other trifling accident
+      occurs, makes the remark with great bitterness, and many
+      tears, that she is a "lone lorn creetur, and everything
+      goes contrairy with her." I have not yet been able to get
+      the second volume Macaulay's "England" to read. I have seen
+      it however and one passage struck me when seven bishops had
+      signed the invitation to the pretender, and King James sent
+      for Bishop Compton (who was one of the seven) and asked him
+      "whether he or any of his ecclesiastical brethren had
+      anything to do with it?" He replied, after a moment's
+      thought "I am fully persuaded your majesty, that there is
+      not one of my brethren who is not as innocent in the matter
+      as myself." This was certainly no actual lie, but
+      certainly, as Macaulay says, it was very little different
+      from one.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The Mr. Mayor who is mentioned in this letter formed a very
+      high opinion of his pupil's ability, for in 1848 he wrote
+      to Archdeacon Dodgson: "I have not had a more promising boy
+      at his age since I came to Rugby."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dr. Tait speaks no less warmly:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      My dear Sir,&mdash;I must not allow your son to leave school
+      without expressing to you the very high opinion I entertain
+      of him. I fully coincide in Mr. Cotton's estimate both of
+      his abilities and upright conduct. His mathematical
+      knowledge is great for his age, and I doubt not he will do
+      himself credit in classics. As I believe I mentioned to you
+      before, his examination for the Divinity prize was one of
+      the most creditable exhibitions I have ever seen.<br>
+      <br>
+      During the whole time of his being in my house, his conduct
+      has been excellent.<br>
+      <br>
+      Believe me to be, My dear Sir,<br>
+      <br>
+      Yours very faithfully,<br>
+      <br>
+      A.C. TAIT.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Public school life then was not what it is now; the
+      atrocious system then in vogue of setting hundreds of lines
+      for the most trifling offences made every day a weariness
+      and a hopeless waste of time, while the bad discipline
+      which was maintained in the dormitories made even the
+      nights intolerable&mdash;especially for the small boys, whose
+      beds in winter were denuded of blankets that the bigger
+      ones might not feel cold.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Charles kept no diary during his time at Rugby; but,
+      looking back upon it, he writes in 1855:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      During my stay I made I suppose some progress in learning
+      of various kinds, but none of it was done <i>con amore</i>,
+      and I spent an incalculable time in writing out
+      impositions&mdash;this last I consider one of the chief faults of
+      Rugby School. I made some friends there, the most intimate
+      being Henry Leigh Bennett (as college acquaintances we find
+      fewer common sympathies, and are consequently less
+      intimate)&mdash;but I cannot say that I look back upon my life at
+      a Public School with any sensations of pleasure, or that
+      any earthly considerations would induce me to go through my
+      three years again.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      When, some years afterwards, he visited Radley School, he
+      was much struck by the cubicle system which prevails in the
+      dormitories there, and wrote in his Diary, "I can say that
+      if I had been thus secure from annoyance at night, the
+      hardships of the daily life would have been comparative
+      trifles to bear."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The picture on page 32 was, I believe, drawn by Charles
+      while he was at Rugby in illustration of a letter received
+      from one of his sisters. Halnaby, as I have said before,
+      was an outlying district of Croft parish.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During his holidays he used to amuse himself by editing
+      local magazines. Indeed, they might be called <i>very
+      local</i> magazines, as their circulation was confined to
+      the inmates of Croft Rectory. The first of these, <i>Useful
+      and Instructive Poetry</i>, was written about 1845. It came
+      to an untimely end after a six months' run, and was
+      followed at varying intervals by several other periodicals,
+      equally short-lived.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In 1849 or 1850, <i>The Rectory Umbrella</i> began to
+      appear. As the editor was by this time seventeen or
+      eighteen years old, it was naturally of a more ambitious
+      character than any of its precursors. It contained a serial
+      story of the most thrilling interest, entitled, "The
+      Walking-Stick of Destiny," some meritorious poetry, a few
+      humorous essays, and several caricatures of pictures in the
+      Vernon Gallery. Three reproductions of these pictures
+      follow, with extracts from the <i>Umbrella</i> descriptive
+      of them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      <a name="048"></a>
+<img src="Images/048.png" alt="048.png" width="540" height="340" vspace="10">
+    </p>
+	<div align="center"><a href="#T048"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+    <p>
+      [Illustration: The only sister who <i>would</i> write to
+      her brother, though the table had just "folded down"! The
+      other sisters are depicted "sternly resolved to set off to
+      Halnaby &amp; the Castle," tho' it is yet "early, early
+      morning"&mdash;Rembrondt.]
+    </p><br>
+    <blockquote>
+      <b>THE VERNON GALLERY.</b><br>
+      <br>
+      <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" align="Center" summary="">
+        <tbody>
+          <tr>
+            <td valign="Top">
+              <a name="The_Age_of_Innocence_049"></a>
+                                                      <a name="049"></a>
+<img src="Images/049.png" alt="The Age of Innocence">
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <td valign="Top">
+              <div class="c2" align="Center">
+                "<i>The Age of Innocence.</i>"
+              </div>
+                                                     <div align="center"><a href="#T049"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+</td>
+          </tr>
+        </tbody>
+      </table><br>
+      As our readers will have seen by the preceding page, we
+      have commenced engraving the above series of pictures. "The
+      Age of Innocence," by Sir J. Reynolds, representing a young
+      Hippopotamus seated under a shady tree, presents to the
+      contemplative mind a charming union of youth and
+      innocence.<br>
+      <br>
+      EDITOR.<br>
+      <br>
+      <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" align="Center" summary="">
+        <tbody>
+          <tr>
+            <td valign="Top">
+              <a name="050"></a>
+<img src="Images/050.png" alt="&quot;The Scanty Meal.&quot;" width="600" height="413"><br>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <td valign="Top"><div align="center"><a href="#T050"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+              <div class="c2" align="Center">
+                "<i>The Scanty Meal</i>."
+              </div>
+                                                      <div align="Center">
+            </div>
+</td>
+          </tr>
+        </tbody>
+      </table><br>
+      We have been unusually<a name="FNanchor001"></a><a href="#Footnote_001"><sup>[001]</sup></a> successful in our
+      second engraving from the Vernon Gallery. The picture is
+      intended, as our readers will perceive, to illustrate the
+      evils of homoeopathy.<a name="FNanchor002"></a><a href="#Footnote_002"><sup>[002]</sup></a> This idea is well
+      carried out through the whole picture. The thin old lady at
+      the head of the table is in the painter's best style; we
+      almost fancy we can trace in the eye of the other lady a
+      lurking suspicion that her glasses are not really in fault,
+      and that the old gentleman has helped her to <i>nothing</i>
+      instead of a nonillionth.<a name="FNanchor003"></a><a href="#Footnote_003"><sup>[003]</sup></a> Her companion has
+      evidently got an empty glass in his hand; the two children
+      in front are admirably managed, and there is a sly smile on
+      the footman's face, as if he thoroughly enjoyed either the
+      bad news he is bringing or the wrath of his mistress. The
+      carpet is executed with that elaborate care for which Mr.
+      Herring is so famed, and the picture on the whole is one of
+      his best.<br>
+      <br>
+      <div class="c1" align="Center">
+        <a name="052"></a>
+<img src="Images/052.png" alt="The First Ear-ring" width="458" height="391" vspace="10">
+      </div>
+	  <div align="center"><a href="#T052"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+      <div class="c1" align="Center">
+        [Illustration: SIR D. WILKIE PAINTER THE FIRST EARRING.
+        W. GREATBACH ENGRAVER. <i>from the picture in the Vernon
+        Gallery</i>]
+      </div>
+      <div class="c3">
+        <br>
+        <br>
+        "<i>The First Ear-ring</i>"
+      </div><br>
+      The scene from which this excellent picture is painted is
+      taken from a passage in the autobiography<a name="FNanchor004"></a><a href="#Footnote_004"><sup>[004]</sup></a> of the celebrated Sir
+      William Smith<a name="FNanchor005"></a><a href="#Footnote_005"><sup>[005]</sup></a> of his life when a
+      schoolboy: we transcribe the passage: "One day Bill
+      Tomkins<a name="FNanchor006"></a><a href="#Footnote_006"><sup>[006]</sup></a> and I were left alone
+      in the house, the old doctor being out; after playing a
+      number of pranks Bill laid me a bet of sixpence that I
+      wouldn't pour a bottle of ink over the doctor's cat. <i>I
+      did it</i>, but at that moment old Muggles came home, and
+      caught me by the ear as I attempted to run away. My
+      sensations at the moment I shall never forget; <i>on that
+      occasion I received my first ear-ring</i>.<a name="FNanchor007"></a><a href="#Footnote_007"><sup>[007]</sup></a> The only remark Bill
+      made to me, as he paid me the money afterwards was, 'I say,
+      didn't you just howl jolly!'" The engraving is an excellent
+      copy of the picture.
+    </blockquote><br>
+    <p>
+      The best thing in the <i>Rectory Umbrella</i> was a parody
+      on Lord Macaulay's style in the "Lays of Ancient Rome";
+      Charles had a special aptitude for parody, as is evidenced
+      by several of the best-known verses in his later books.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      LAYS OF SORROW.<br>
+      <br>
+      No. 2.<br>
+<table width="260" summary="Imageholder" align="Left">
+<tr>
+<td><a name="053"></a><img src="Images/053a.png" alt="053.png" width="239" height="300" vspace="10" align="Left" hspace="10">
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><div align="center"><a href="#T053"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+      <br>
+      Fair stands the ancient<a name="FNanchor008"></a><a href="#Footnote_008"><sup>[008]</sup></a> Rectory,<br>
+      The Rectory of Croft,<br>
+      The sun shines bright upon it,<br>
+      The breezes whisper soft.<br>
+      From all the house and garden<br>
+      Its inhabitants come forth,<br>
+      And muster in the road without,<br>
+      And pace in twos and threes about,<br>
+      The children of the North.<br>
+      <br>
+      Some are waiting in the garden,<br>
+      Some are waiting at the door,<br>
+      And some are following behind,<br>
+      And some have gone before.<br>
+      But wherefore all this mustering?<br>
+<img src="Images/053b.png" alt="053b.png" width="240" height="606" hspace="10" vspace="10" align="Right"><br><br>
+      Wherefore this vast array?<br>
+      A gallant feat of horsemanship<br>
+      Will be performed to-day.<br>
+      <br>
+      To eastward and to westward,<br>
+      The crowd divides amain,<br>
+      Two youths are leading on the steed,<br>
+      Both tugging at the rein;<br>
+      And sorely do they labour,<br>
+      For the steed<a name="FNanchor009"></a><a href="#Footnote_009"><sup>[009]</sup></a> is very strong,<br>
+      And backward moves its stubborn feet,<br>
+      And backward ever doth retreat,<br>
+      And drags its guides along.<br>
+      <br>
+      And now the knight hath mounted,<br>
+      Before the admiring band,<br>
+      Hath got the stirrups on his feet.<br>
+      The bridle in his hand.<br>
+      Yet, oh! beware, sir horseman!<br>
+      And tempt thy fate no more,<br>
+      For such a steed as thou hast got,<br>
+      Was never rid before!<br>
+      <img src="Images/054a.png" alt="054a.png" width="300" height="272" hspace="10" vspace="10" align="Left"><br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      The rabbits<a name="FNanchor010"></a><a href="#Footnote_010"><sup>[010]</sup></a> bow before thee.<br>
+      And cower in the straw;<br>
+      The chickens<a name="FNanchor011"></a><a href="#Footnote_011"><sup>[011]</sup></a> are submissive,<br>
+      And own thy will for law;<br>
+      Bullfinches and canary<br>
+      Thy bidding do obey;<br>
+      And e'en the tortoise in its shell<br>
+      Doth never say thee nay.<br>
+      <img src="Images/054b.png" alt="054b.png" width="169" height="200" hspace="10" vspace="10" align="Right"><br>
+      But thy steed will hear no master,<br>
+      Thy steed will bear no stick,<br>
+      And woe to those that beat her,<br>
+      And woe to those that kick!<a name="FNanchor012"></a><a href="#Footnote_012"><sup>[012]</sup></a><br>
+      For though her rider smite her,<br>
+      As hard as he can hit,<br>
+      And strive to turn her from the yard,<br>
+      She stands in silence, pulling hard<br>
+      Against the pulling bit.<br>
+      <img src="Images/055a.png" alt="055a.png" width="147" height="200" hspace="10" vspace="10" align="Left"><br>
+      And now the road to Dalton<br>
+      Hath felt their coming tread,<br>
+      The crowd are speeding on before,<br>
+      And all have gone ahead.<br>
+      Yet often look they backward,<br>
+      And cheer him on, and bawl,<br>
+      For slower still, and still more slow,<br>
+      That horseman and that charger go,<br>
+      And scarce advance at all.<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      And now two roads to choose from<br>
+      Are in that rider's sight:<br>
+      In front the road to Dalton,<br>
+      <img src="Images/055b.png" alt="055b.png" width="69" height="200" border="1" align="Left" hspace="10" vspace="10"><br>
+      And New Croft upon the right.<br>
+      "I can't get by!" he bellows,<br>
+      "I really am not able!<br>
+      Though I pull my shoulder out of joint,<br>
+      I cannot get him past this point,<br>
+      For it leads unto his stable!"<br>
+      <br>
+      Then out spake Ulfrid Longbow,<a name="FNanchor013"></a><a href="#Footnote_013"><sup>[013]</sup></a><br>
+      A valiant youth was he,<br>
+      "Lo! I will stand on thy right hand<br>
+      And guard the pass for thee!"<br>
+      <img src="Images/055c.png" alt="055c.png" width="181" height="200" hspace="10" vspace="10" align="Right"><br>
+      And out spake fair Flureeza,<a name="FNanchor014"></a><a href="#Footnote_014"><sup>[014]</sup></a><br>
+      His sister eke was she,<br>
+      "I will abide on thy other side,<br>
+      And turn thy steed for thee!"<br>
+      <div class="c1">
+        <img src="Images/056a.png" alt="056a.png" width="300" height="264" hspace="10" vspace="10">
+      </div>And now commenced a struggle<br>
+      Between that steed and rider,<br>
+      For all the strength that he hath left<br>
+      <img src="Images/056b.png" alt="056b.png" width="269" height="200" align="Left"><br>
+      Doth not suffice to guide her.<br>
+      Though Ulfrid and his sister<br>
+      <div class="c1"></div>Have kindly stopped the way,<br>
+      And all the crowd have cried aloud,<br>
+      "We can't wait here all day!"<br>
+      <br>
+      Round turned he as not deigning<br>
+      Their words to understand,<br>
+      But he slipped the stirrups from his feet<br>
+      <img src="Images/057a.png" alt="057a.png" width="184" height="300" hspace="10" vspace="10" align="Right"><br>
+      The bridle from his hand,<br>
+      And grasped the mane full lightly,<br>
+      And vaulted from his seat,<br>
+      And gained the road in triumph,<a name="FNanchor015"></a><a href="#Footnote_015"><sup>[015]</sup></a><br>
+      And stood upon his feet.<br>
+      All firmly till that moment<br>
+      Had Ulfrid Longbow stood,<br>
+      And faced the foe right valiantly,<br>
+      As every warrior should.<br>
+      But when safe on terra firma<br>
+      His brother he did spy,<br>
+      "What <i>did</i> you do that for?" he cried,<br>
+      Then unconcerned he stepped aside<br>
+      And let it canter by.<br>
+      <img src="Images/057b.png" alt="057b.png" width="151" height="300" hspace="10" vspace="10" align="Left"><br>
+      <br>
+      They gave him bread and butter,<a name="FNanchor016"></a><a href="#Footnote_016"><sup>[016]</sup></a><br>
+      <img src="Images/058a.png" alt="058a.png" width="127" height="200" hspace="10" vspace="10" align="Right"><br>
+      That was of public right,<br>
+      As much as four strong rabbits,<br>
+      Could munch from morn to night,<br>
+      For he'd done a deed of daring,<br>
+      And faced that savage steed,<br>
+      And therefore cups of coffee sweet,<br>
+      And everything that was a treat,<br>
+      Were but his right and meed.<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      And often in the evenings,<br>
+      When the fire is blazing bright,<br>
+      When books bestrew the table<br>
+      And moths obscure the light,<img src="Images/058b.png" alt="058b.png" width="139" height="173" hspace="10" vspace="10"><br>
+      When crying children go to bed,<br>
+      A struggling, kicking load;<br>
+      <img src="Images/058c.png" alt="058c.png" width="116" height="211" hspace="10" vspace="10"><br>
+      We'll talk of Ulfrid Longbow's deed,<br>
+      How, in his brother's utmost need,<br>
+      Back to his aid he flew with speed,<br>
+      And how he faced the fiery steed,<br>
+      And kept the New Croft Road.
+    </blockquote><br>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <h2>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_II_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER
+      II</a>
+    </h2>
+    <h4>
+      (1850&mdash;1860.)
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      Matriculation at Christ Church&mdash;Death of Mrs. Dodgson&mdash;The
+      Great Exhibition&mdash;University and College Honours&mdash;A wonderful
+      year&mdash;A theatrical treat&mdash;<i>Misch-Masch&mdash;The Train&mdash;College
+      Rhymes</i>&mdash;His <i>nom de plume</i>&mdash;"Dotheboys Hall"&mdash;Alfred
+      Tennyson&mdash;Ordination&mdash;Sermons&mdash;A visit to Farringford&mdash;"Where
+      does the day begin?"&mdash;The Queen visits Oxford.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      We have traced in the boyhood of Lewis Carroll the
+      beginnings of those characteristic traits which afterwards,
+      more fully developed, gave him so distinguished a position
+      among his contemporaries. We now come to a period of his
+      life which is in some respects necessarily less
+      interesting. We all have to pass through that painful era
+      of self-consciousness which prefaces manhood, that time
+      when we feel so deeply, and are so utterly unable to
+      express to others, or even to define clearly to ourselves,
+      what it is we do feel. The natural freedom of childhood is
+      dead within us; the conventional freedom of riper years is
+      struggling to birth, and its efforts are sometimes
+      ludicrous to an unsympathetic observer. In Lewis Carroll's
+      mental attitude during this critical period there was
+      always a calm dignity which saved him from these
+      absurdities, an undercurrent of consciousness that what
+      seemed so great to him was really very little.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On May 23, 1850, he matriculated at Christ Church, the
+      venerable college which had numbered his father's among
+      other illustrious names. A letter from Dr. Jelf, one of the
+      canons of Christ Church, to Archdeacon Dodgson, written
+      when the former heard that his old friend's son was coming
+      up to "the House," contains the following words: "I am sure
+      I express the common feeling of all who remember you at
+      Christ Church when I say that we shall rejoice to see a son
+      of yours worthy to tread in your footsteps."
+    </p>
+    <div class="c1"><a name="472"></a>
+      <img src="Images/472.png" alt="472.png" hspace="10" vspace="10"></div> <div align="center"><a href="#T472"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a><br><b>EXTERIOR OF CHRIST CHURCH</b></div>
+
+    <p>
+      Lewis Carroll came into residence on January 24, 1851. From
+      that day to the hour of his death&mdash;a period of forty-seven
+      years&mdash;he belonged to "the House," never leaving it for any
+      length of time, becoming almost a part of it. I, for one,
+      can hardly imagine it without him.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Though technically "in residence," he had not rooms of his
+      own in College during his first term. The "House" was very
+      full; and had it not been for one of the tutors, the Rev.
+      J. Lew, kindly lending him one of his own rooms, he would
+      have had to take lodgings in the town. The first set of
+      rooms he occupied was in Peckwater Quadrangle, which is
+      annually the scene of a great bonfire on Guy Fawkes' Day,
+      and, generally speaking, is not the best place for a
+      reading man to live in.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In those days the undergraduates dining in hall were
+      divided into "messes." Each mess consisted of about half a
+      dozen men, who had a table to themselves. Dinner was served
+      at five, and very indifferently served, too; the dishes and
+      plates were of pewter, and the joint was passed round, each
+      man cutting off what he wanted for himself. In Mr.
+      Dodgson's mess were Philip Pusey, the late Rev. G. C.
+      Woodhouse, and, among others, one who still lives in "Alice
+      in Wonderland" as the "Hatter."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Only a few days after term began, Mrs. Dodgson died
+      suddenly at Croft. The shock was a terrible one to the
+      whole family, and especially to her devoted husband. I have
+      come across a delightful and most characteristic letter
+      from Dr. Pusey&mdash;a letter full of the kindest and truest
+      sympathy with the Archdeacon in his bereavement. The part
+      of it which bears upon Mrs. Dodgson's death I give in
+      full:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      My dear Friend, I hear and see so little and so few
+      persons, that I had not heard of your sorrow until your
+      to-day's letter; and now I but guess what it was: only your
+      language is that of the very deepest. I have often thought,
+      since I had to think of this, how, in all adversity, what
+      God takes away He may give us back with increase. One
+      cannot think that any holy earthly love will cease, when we
+      shall "be like the Angels of God in Heaven." Love here must
+      shadow our love there, deeper because spiritual, without
+      any alloy from our sinful nature, and in the fulness of the
+      love of God. But as we grow here by God's grace will be our
+      capacity for endless love. So, then, if by our very
+      sufferings we are purified, and our hearts enlarged, we
+      shall, in that endless bliss, love more those whom we loved
+      here, than if we had never had that sorrow, never been
+      parted....
+    </blockquote>
+    <div class="c1" align="Center"><a name="473"></a>
+      <img src="Images/473.png" alt="473.png"></div>
+	  <div align="center"><a href="#T473"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+      <div class="c2" align="center">
+        <b>GRAVE OF ARCHDEACON AND MRS. DODGSON<br>
+        IN CROFT CHURCHYARD.</b></div>
+
+
+    <p>
+      Lewis Carroll was summoned home to attend the funeral&mdash;a sad
+      interlude amidst the novel experiences of a first term at
+      College. The Oxford of 1851 was in many ways quite unlike
+      the Oxford of 1898. The position of the undergraduates was
+      much more similar to that of schoolboys than is now the
+      case; they were subject to the same penalties&mdash;corporal
+      punishment, even, had only just gone out of vogue!&mdash;and were
+      expected to work, and to work hard.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Early rising then was strictly enforced, as the following
+      extract from one of his letters will show:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I am not so anxious as usual to begin my personal history,
+      as the first thing I have to record is a very sad incident,
+      namely, my missing morning chapel; before, however, you
+      condemn me, you must hear how accidental it was. For some
+      days now I have been in the habit of, I will not say
+      getting up, but of being called at a quarter past six, and
+      generally managing to be down soon after seven. In the
+      present instance I had been up the night before till about
+      half-past twelve, and consequently when I was called I fell
+      asleep again, and was thunderstruck to find on waking that
+      it was ten minutes past eight. I have had no imposition,
+      nor heard anything about it. It is rather vexatious to have
+      happened so soon, as I had intended never to be late.
+    </blockquote>
+    <div class="c1" align="Center"><a name="474"></a>
+      <img src="Images/474.png" alt="474.png"></div>
+	  <div align="center"><a href="#T474"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+      <div class="c2" align="Center">
+        LEWIS CARROLL, AGED 23.</div>
+
+
+    <p>
+      It was therefore obviously his custom to have his breakfast
+      <i>before</i> going to chapel. I wonder how many
+      undergraduates of the present generation follow the same
+      hardy rule! But then no "impositions" threaten the modern
+
+      sluggard, even if he neglects chapel altogether.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During the Long Vacation he visited the Great Exhibition,
+      and wrote his sister Elizabeth a long account of what he
+      had seen:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I think the first impression produced on you when you get
+      inside is one of bewilderment. It looks like a sort of
+      fairyland. As far as you can look in any direction, you see
+      nothing but pillars hung about with shawls, carpets,
+      &amp;c., with long avenues of statues, fountains, canopies,
+      etc., etc., etc. The first thing to be seen on entering is
+      the Crystal Fountain, a most elegant one about thirty feet
+      high at a rough guess, composed entirely of glass and
+      pouring down jets of water from basin to basin; this is in
+      the middle of the centre nave, and from it you can look
+      down to either end, and up both transepts. The centre of
+      the nave mostly consists of a long line of colossal
+      statues, some most magnificent. The one considered the
+      finest, I believe, is the Amazon and Tiger. She is sitting
+      on horseback, and a tiger has fastened on the neck of the
+      horse in front. You have to go to one side to see her face,
+      and the other to see the horse's. The horse's face is
+      really wonderful, expressing terror and pain so exactly,
+      that you almost expect to hear it scream.... There are some
+      very ingenious pieces of mechanism. A tree (in the French
+      Compartment) with birds chirping and hopping from branch to
+      branch exactly like life. The bird jumps across, turns
+      round on the other branch, so as to face back again,
+      settles its head and neck, and then in a few moments jumps
+      back again. A bird standing at the foot of the tree trying
+      to eat a beetle is rather a failure; it never succeeds in
+      getting its head more than a quarter of an inch down, and
+      that in uncomfortable little jerks, as if it was choking. I
+      have to go to the Royal Academy, so must stop: as the
+      subject is quite inexhaustible, there is no hope of ever
+      coming to a regular finish.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      On November 1st he won a Boulter scholarship, and at the
+      end of the following year obtained First Class Honours in
+      Mathematics and a Second in Classical Moderations. On
+      Christmas Eve he was made a Student on Dr. Pusey's
+      nomination, for at that time the Dean and Canons nominated
+      to Studentships by turn. The only conditions on which these
+      old Studentships were held were that the Student should
+      remain unmarried, and should proceed to Holy Orders. No
+      statute precisely defined what work was expected of them,
+      that question being largely left to their own discretion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The eight Students at the bottom of the list that is to
+      say, the eight who had been nominated last&mdash;had to mark, by
+      pricking on weekly papers called "the Bills," the
+      attendance at morning and evening chapel. They were allowed
+      to arrange this duty among themselves, and, if it was
+      neglected, they were all punished. This long&mdash;defunct custom
+      explains an entry in Lewis Carroll's Diary for October 15,
+      1853, "Found I had got the prickbills two hundred lines
+      apiece, by not pricking in in the morning," which, I must
+      confess, mystified me exceedingly at first. Another
+      reference to College impositions occurs further on in his
+      Diary, at a time when he was a Lecturer: "Spoke to the Dean
+      about F&mdash;, who has brought an imposition which his tutor
+      declares is not his own writing, after being expressly told
+      to write it himself."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following is an extract from his father's letter of
+      congratulation, on his being nominated for the
+      Studentship:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      My dearest Charles,&mdash;The feelings of thankfulness and
+      delight with which I have read your letter just received, I
+      must leave to <i>your conception</i>; for they are, I
+      assure you, beyond <i>my expression</i>; and your
+      affectionate heart will derive no small addition of joy
+      from thinking of the joy which you have occasioned to me,
+      and to all the circle of your home. I say "<i>you</i> have
+      occasioned," because, grateful as I am to my old friend Dr.
+      Pusey for what he has done, I cannot desire stronger
+      evidence than his own words of the fact that you have
+      <i>won</i>, and well won, this honour for <i>yourself</i>,
+      and that it is bestowed as a matter of <i>justice</i> to
+      <i>you</i>, and not of <i>kindness</i> to <i>me</i>. You
+      will be interested in reading extracts from his two letters
+      to me&mdash;the first written three years ago in answer to one
+      from me, in which I distinctly told him that I neither
+      asked nor expected that he should serve me in this matter,
+      unless my son should fairly reach the standard of merit by
+      which these appointments were regulated. In reply he says&mdash;
+      "I thank you for the way in which you put the application
+      to me. I have now, for nearly twenty years, not given a
+      Studentship to any friend of my own, unless there was no
+      very eligible person in the College. I have passed by or
+      declined the sons of those to whom I was personally
+      indebted for kindness. I can only say that I shall have
+      <i>very great</i> pleasure, if circumstances permit me to
+      nominate your son." In his letter received this morning he
+      says&mdash;
+      <blockquote>
+        "I have great pleasure in telling you that I have been
+        enabled to recommend your son for a Studentship this
+        Christmas. It must be so much more satisfactory to you
+        that he should be nominated thus, in consequence of the
+        recommendation of the College. One of the Censors brought
+        me to-day five names; but in their minds it was plain
+        that they thought your son on the whole the most eligible
+        for the College. It has been very satisfactory to hear of
+        your son's uniform steady and good conduct."
+      </blockquote>The last clause is a parallel to your own
+      report, and I am glad that you should have had so soon an
+      evidence so substantial of the truth of what I have so
+      often inculcated, that it is the "steady, painstaking,
+      likely-to-do-good" man, who in the long run wins the race
+      against those who now and then give a brilliant flash and,
+      as Shakespeare says, "straight are cold again."
+    </blockquote>
+    <div class="c1" align="Center"><a name="475"></a>
+      <img src="Images/475.png" alt="475.png"></div>
+      <div align="center"><a href="#T475"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+	  <div class="c2" align="center">
+        ARCHDEACON DODGSON.</div>
+
+
+    <p>
+      In 1853 Archdeacon Dodgson was collated and installed as
+      one of the Canons of Ripon Cathedral. This appointment
+      necessitated a residence of three months in every year at
+      Ripon, where Dr. Erskine was then Dean. A certain Miss
+      Anderson, who used to stay at the Deanery, had very
+      remarkable "clairvoyant" powers; she was able&mdash;it was
+      averred&mdash;by merely holding in her hand a folded paper
+      containing some words written by a person unknown to her,
+      to describe his or her character. In this way, at what
+      precise date is uncertain, she dictated the following
+      description of Lewis Carroll: "Very clever head; a great
+      deal of number; a great deal of imitation; he would make a
+      good actor; diffident; rather shy in general society; comes
+      out in the home circle; rather obstinate; very clever; a
+      great deal of concentration; very affectionate; a great
+      deal of wit and humour; not much eventuality (or memory of
+      events); fond of deep reading; imaginative, fond, of
+      reading poetry; <i>may</i> compose." Those who knew him
+      well will agree that this was, at any rate, a remarkable
+      coincidence.
+    </p>
+    <table align="Right" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="476"></a>
+            <img src="Images/476.png" alt="476.png" align="Right"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T476"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c2" align="center">
+              ARCHBISHOP LONGLEY.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      Longley, afterwards Primate, was then Bishop of Ripon. His
+      charming character endeared him to the Archdeacon and his
+      family, as to every one else who saw much of him. He was
+      one of the few men whose faces can truly be called
+      <i>beautiful</i>; it was a veil through which a soul, all
+      gentleness and truth, shone brightly.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the early part of 1854 Mr. Dodgson was reading hard for
+      "Greats." For the last three weeks before the examination
+      he worked thirteen hours a day, spending the whole night
+      before the <i>viva voce</i> over his books. But philosophy
+      and history were not very congenial subjects to him, and
+      when the list was published his name was only in the third
+      class.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He spent the Long Vacation at Whitby, reading Mathematics
+      with Professor Price. His work bore good fruit, for in
+      October he obtained First Class Honours in the Final
+      Mathematical School. "I am getting quite tired of being
+      congratulated on various subjects," he writes; "there seems
+      to be no end of it. If I had shot the Dean I could hardly
+      have had more said about it."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In another letter dated December 13th, he says:
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Enclosed you will find a list which I expect you to rejoice
+      over considerably; it will take me more than a day to
+      believe it, I expect&mdash;I feel at present very like a child
+      with a new toy, but I daresay I shall be tired of it soon,
+      and wish to be Pope of Rome next.... I have just been to
+      Mr. Price to see how I did in the papers, and the result
+      will I hope be gratifying to you. The following were the
+      sums total for each in the First Class, as nearly as I can
+      remember:&mdash;
+      <pre>      <tt>
+Dodgson   ...   ...   ... 279<br>
+Bosanquet ...   ...   ... 261<br>
+Cookson  ...   ...   ...  254<br>
+Fowler   ...   ...   ...  225<br>
+Ranken   ...   ...   ...  213</tt>     <br></pre>He also said he never remembered so good a set of men in.
+All this is very satisfactory. I must also add (this is a very
+boastful letter) that I ought to get the senior scholarship next
+term.... One thing more I will add, to crown all, and that is, I
+find I am the next First Class Mathematical Student to Faussett
+(with the exception of Kitchin who has given up Mathematics), so
+that I stand next (as Bosanquet is going to leave) for the
+Lectureship.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      On December 18th he took the degree of Bachelor of Arts,
+      and on October 15, 1855, he was made a "Master of the
+      House," in honour of the appointment of the new Dean (Dr.
+      Liddell) who succeeded Dean Gaisford. To be made Master of
+      the House means that a man has all the privileges of a
+      Master of Arts within the walls of Christ Church. But he
+      must be of a certain number of terms' standing, and be
+      admitted in due form by the Vice-Chancellor, before he is a
+      Master of Arts of the University. In this wider sense Mr.
+      Dodgson did not take his Master's degree until 1857.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This is anticipating events, and there is much to tell of
+      the year 1855, which was a very eventful one for him. On
+      February 15th he was made Sub-Librarian. "This will add
+      &#163;35 to my income," he writes, "not much towards
+      independence." For he was most anxious to have a sufficient
+      income to make him his own master, that he might enter on
+      the literary and artistic career of which he was already
+      dreaming. On May 14th he wrote in his Diary: "The Dean and
+      Canons have been pleased to give me one of the Bostock
+      scholarships, said to be worth &#163;20 a year&mdash;this very
+      nearly raises my income this year to independence.
+      Courage!"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      His college work, during 1855, was chiefly taking private
+      pupils, but he had, in addition, about three and a half
+      hours a day of lecturing during the last term of the year.
+      He did not, however, work as one of the regular staff of
+      lecturers until the next year. From that date his work
+      rapidly increased, and he soon had to devote regularly as
+      much as seven hours a day to delivering lectures, to say
+      nothing of the time required for preparing them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following extract from his Journal, June 22, 1855, will
+      serve to show his early love for the drama. The scene is
+      laid at the Princess' Theatre, then at the height of its
+      glory:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      The evening began with a capital farce, "Away with
+      Melancholy," and then came the great play, "Henry VIII.,"
+      the greatest theatrical treat I ever had or ever expect to
+      have. I had no idea that anything so superb as the scenery
+      and dresses was ever to be seen on the stage. Kean was
+      magnificent as Cardinal Wolsey, Mrs. Kean a worthy
+      successor to Mrs. Siddons as Queen Catherine, and all the
+      accessories without exception were good&mdash;but oh, that
+      exquisite vision of Queen Catherine's! I almost held my
+      breath to watch: the illusion is perfect, and I felt as if
+      in a dream all the time it lasted. It was like a delicious
+      reverie, or the most beautiful poetry. This is the true end
+      and object of acting&mdash;to raise the mind above itself, and
+      out of its petty cares. Never shall I forget that wonderful
+      evening, that exquisite vision&mdash;sunbeams broke in through
+      the roof, and gradually revealed two angel forms, floating
+      in front of the carved work on the ceiling: the column of
+      sunbeams shone down upon the sleeping queen, and gradually
+      down it floated, a troop of angelic forms, transparent, and
+      carrying palm branches in their hands: they waved these
+      over the sleeping queen, with oh! such a sad and solemn
+      grace. So could I fancy (if the thought be not profane)
+      would real angels seem to our mortal vision, though
+      doubtless our conception is poor and mean to the reality.
+      She in an ecstasy raises her arms towards them, and to
+      sweet slow music, they vanish as marvellously as they came.
+      Then the profound silence of the audience burst at once
+      into a rapture of applause; but even that scarcely marred
+      the effect of the beautiful sad waking words of the Queen,
+      "Spirits of peace, where are ye?" I never enjoyed anything
+      so much in my life before; and never felt so inclined to
+      shed tears at anything fictitious, save perhaps at that
+      poetical gem of Dickens, the death of little Paul.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      On August 21st he received a long letter from his father,
+      full of excellent advice on the importance to a young man
+      of saving money:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I will just sketch for you [writes the Archdeacon] a
+      supposed case, applicable to your own circumstances, of a
+      young man of twenty-three, making up his mind to work for
+      ten years, and living to do it, on an Income enabling him
+      to save &#163;150 a year&mdash;supposing him to appropriate it
+      thus:&mdash;
+      <pre>      <tt><br>
+                                  &#163;    s.    d.<br>
+<br>
+Invested at 4 per cent. ...  ... 100    0     0<br>
+<br>
+Life Insurance of &#163;1,500     ...  29   15     0<br>
+Books, besides those bought in<br>
+ordinary course ...     ...  ...  20    5     0<br>
+                                  _____________<br>
+                                &#163;150    0     0
+</tt>     <br></pre>Suppose him at the end of the ten years to get a Living
+enabling him to settle, what will be the result of his savings:&mdash;
+1. A nest egg of &#163;1,220 ready money, for furnishing and
+other expenses. 2. A sum of &#163;1,500 secured at his death on
+payment of a <i>very much</i> smaller annual Premium than if he
+had then begun to insure it. 3. A useful Library, worth more than
+&#163;200, besides the books bought out of his current Income
+during the period....
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The picture on the opposite page is one of Mr. Dodgson's
+      illustrations in <i>Misch-Masch,</i> a periodical of the
+      nature of <i>The Rectory Umbrella</i>, except that it
+      contained printed stories and poems by the editor, cut out
+      of the various newspapers to which he had contributed them.
+      Of the comic papers of that day <i>Punch,</i> of course,
+      held the foremost place, but it was not without rivals;
+      there was a certain paper called <i>Diogenes</i>, then very
+      near its end, which imitated <i>Punch's</i> style, and in
+      1853 the proprietor of <i>The Illustrated News</i>, at that
+      time one of the most opulent publishers in London, started
+      <i>The Comic Times.</i> A capable editor was found in
+      Edmund Yates; "Phiz" and other well-known artists and
+      writers joined the staff, and 100,000 copies of the first
+      number were printed.
+    </p>
+    <div class="c1" align="Center"><a name="079"></a>
+      <img src="Images/079.png" alt="079.png" width="550" height="359" hspace="10" vspace="10">
+    </div>
+	<div align="center"><a href="#T079"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+    <div class="c2" align="Center">
+      <b>STUDIES FROM ENGLISH POETS II<br>
+      "Alas! What Boots"<br>
+      Milton's Lucidas.</b>
+    </div><br>
+    <p>
+      Among the contributors was Frank Smedley, author of "Frank
+      Fairleigh." Though a confirmed invalid, and condemned to
+      spend most of his days on a sofa, Mr. Smedley managed to
+      write several fine novels, full of the joy of life, and
+      free from the least taint of discontent or morbid feeling.
+      He was one of those men&mdash;one meets them here and there&mdash;whose
+      minds rise high above their bodily infirmities; at moments
+      of depression, which come to them as frequently, if not
+      more frequently, than to other men, they no doubt feel
+      their weakness, and think themselves despised, little
+      knowing that we, the stronger ones in body, feel nothing
+      but admiration as we watch the splendid victory of the soul
+      over its earthly companion which their lives display.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was through Frank Smedley that Mr. Dodgson became one of
+      the contributors to <i>The Comic Times</i>. Several of his
+      poems appeared in it, and Mr. Yates wrote to him in the
+      kindest manner, expressing warm approval of them. When
+      <i>The Comic Times</i> changed hands in 1856, and was
+      reduced to half its size, the whole staff left it and
+      started a new venture, <i>The Train</i>. They were joined
+      by Sala, whose stories in <i>Household Words</i> were at
+      that time usually ascribed by the uninitiated to Charles
+      Dickens. Mr. Dodgson's contributions to <i>The Train</i>
+      included the following: "Solitude" (March, 1856); "Novelty
+      and Romancement" (October, 1856); "The Three Voices"
+      (November, 1856); "The Sailor's Wife" (May, 1857); and
+      last, but by no means least, "Hiawatha's Photographing"
+      (December, 1857). All of these, except "Novelty and
+      Romancement," have since been republished in "Rhyme? and
+      Reason?" and "Three Sunsets."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The last entry in Mr. Dodgson's Diary for this year reads
+      as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I am sitting alone in my bedroom this last night of the old
+      year, waiting for midnight. It has been the most eventful
+      year of my life: I began it a poor bachelor student, with
+      no definite plans or expectations; I end it a master and
+      tutor in Ch. Ch., with an income of more than &#163;300 a
+      year, and the course of mathematical tuition marked out by
+      God's providence for at least some years to come. Great
+      mercies, great failings, time lost, talents misapplied&mdash;such
+      has been the past year.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      His Diary is full of such modest depreciations of himself
+      and his work, interspersed with earnest prayers (too sacred
+      and private to be reproduced here) that God would forgive
+      him the past, and help him to perform His holy will in the
+      future. And all the time that he was thus speaking of
+      himself as a sinner, and a man who was utterly falling
+      short of his aim, he was living a life full of good deeds
+      and innumerable charities, a life of incessant labour and
+      unremitting fulfilment of duty. So, I suppose, it is always
+      with those who have a really high ideal; the harder they
+      try to approach it the more it seems to recede from them,
+      or rather, perhaps, it is impossible to be both "the
+      subject and spectator" of goodness. As Coventry Patmore
+      wrote:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <br>
+      Become whatever good you see;<br>
+      Nor sigh if, forthwith, fades from view<br>
+      The grace of which you may not be<br>
+      The Subject and spectator too.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The reading of "Alton Locke" turned his mind towards social
+      subjects. "If the book were but a little more definite," he
+      writes, "it might stir up many fellow-workers in the same
+      good field of social improvement. Oh that God, in His good
+      providence, may make me hereafter such a worker! But alas,
+      what are the means? Each one has his own <i>nostrum</i> to
+      propound, and in the Babel of voices nothing is done. I
+      would thankfully spend and be spent so long as I were sure
+      of really effecting something by the sacrifice, and not
+      merely lying down under the wheels of some irresistible
+      Juggernaut."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He was for some time the editor of <i>College Rhymes</i>, a
+      Christ Church paper, in which his poem, "A Sea Dirge"
+      (afterwards republished in "Phantasmagoria," and again in
+      "Rhyme? and Reason?"), first appeared. The following verses
+      were among his contributions to the same magazine:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <br>
+      I painted her a gushing thing,<br>
+      With years perhaps a score<br>
+      I little thought to find they were<br>
+      At least a dozen more;<br>
+      My fancy gave her eyes of blue,<br>
+      A curly auburn head:<br>
+      I came to find the blue a green,<br>
+      The auburn turned to red.<br>
+      <br>
+      She boxed my ears this morning,<br>
+      They tingled very much;<br>
+      I own that I could wish her<br>
+      A somewhat lighter touch;<br>
+      And if you were to ask me how<br>
+      Her charms might be improved,<br>
+      I would not have them <i>added to</i>,<br>
+      But just a few <i>removed</i>!<br>
+      <br>
+      She has the bear's ethereal grace,<br>
+      The bland hyena's laugh,<br>
+      The footstep of the elephant,<br>
+      The neck of the giraffe;<br>
+      I love her still, believe me,<br>
+      Though my heart its passion hides;<br>
+      "She is all my fancy painted her,"<br>
+      But oh! <i>how much besides</i>!
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      It was when writing for <i>The Train</i> that he first felt
+      the need of a pseudonym. He suggested "Dares" (the first
+      syllable of his birthplace) to Edmund Yates, but, as this
+      did not meet with his editor's approval, he wrote again,
+      giving a choice of four names, (1) Edgar Cuthwellis, (2)
+      Edgar U. C. Westhall, (3) Louis Carroll, and (4) Lewis
+      Carroll. The first two were formed from the letters of his
+      two Christian names, Charles Lutwidge; the others are
+      merely variant forms of those names&mdash;Lewis = Ludovicus =
+      Lutwidge; Carroll = Carolus = Charles. Mr. Yates chose the
+      last, and thenceforward it became Mr. Dodgson's ordinary
+      <i>nom de plume</i> . The first occasion on which he used
+      it was, I believe, when he wrote "The Path of Roses," a
+      poem which appeared in <i>The Train</i> in May, 1856.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On June 16th he again visited the Princess's Theatre. This
+      time the play was "A Winter's Tale," and he "especially
+      admired the acting of the little Mamillius, Ellen Terry, a
+      beautiful little creature, who played with remarkable ease
+      and spirit."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During the Long Vacation he spent a few weeks in the
+      English Lake District. In spite of the rain, of which he
+      had his full share, he managed to see a good deal of the
+      best scenery, and made the ascent of Gable in the face of
+      an icy gale, which laid him up with neuralgia for some
+      days. He and his companions returned to Croft by way of
+      Barnard Castle, as he narrates in his Diary:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      We set out by coach for Barnard Castle at about seven, and
+      passed over about forty miles of the dreariest hill-country
+      I ever saw; the climax of wretchedness was reached in
+      Bowes, where yet stands the original of "Dotheboys Hall";
+      it has long ceased to be used as a school, and is falling
+      into ruin, in which the whole place seems to be following
+      its example&mdash;the roofs are falling in, and the windows
+      broken or barricaded&mdash;the whole town looks plague-stricken.
+      The courtyard of the inn we stopped at was grown over with
+      weeds, and a mouthing idiot lolled against the corner of
+      the house, like the evil genius of the spot. Next to a
+      prison or a lunatic asylum, preserve me from living at
+      Bowes!
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Although he was anything but a sportsman, he was interested
+      in the subject of betting, from a mathematical standpoint
+      solely, and in 1857 he sent a letter to <i>Bell's Life</i>,
+      explaining a method by which a betting man might ensure
+      winning over any race. The system was either to back
+      <i>every</i> horse, or to lay against <i>every</i> horse,
+      according to the way the odds added up. He showed his
+      scheme to a sporting friend, who remarked, "An excellent
+      system, and you're bound to win&mdash;<i>if only you can get
+      people to take your bets</i>."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the same year he made the acquaintance of Tennyson,
+      whose writings he had long intensely admired. He thus
+      describes the poet's appearance:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="477"></a>
+            <img src="Images/477.png" alt="477.png" align="Right"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+		  <div align="center"><a href="#T477"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1">
+              <b>ALFRED TENNYSON.</b><br>
+              <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <blockquote>
+      A strange shaggy-looking man; his hair, moustache, and
+      beard looked wild and neglected; these very much hid the
+      character of the face. He was dressed in a loosely fitting
+      morning coat, common grey flannel waistcoat and trousers,
+      and a carelessly tied black silk neckerchief. His hair is
+      black; I think the eyes too; they are keen and
+      restless&mdash;nose aquiline&mdash;forehead high and broad&mdash;both face
+      and head are fine and manly. His manner was kind and
+      friendly from the first; there is a dry lurking humour in
+      his style of talking. I took the opportunity [he goes on to
+      say] of asking the meaning of two passages in his poems,
+      which have always puzzled me: one in "Maud"&mdash;
+      <blockquote>
+        <br>
+        Strange that I hear two men<br>
+        Somewhere talking of me;<br>
+        Well, if it prove a girl, my boy<br>
+        Will have plenty; so let it be.
+      </blockquote>He said it referred to Maud, and to the two
+      fathers arranging a match between himself and her.
+    </blockquote>
+    <blockquote>
+      The other was of the poet&mdash;
+      <blockquote>
+        <br>
+        Dowered with the hate of hate, the scorn of scorn,<br>
+        The love of love.
+      </blockquote>He said that he was quite willing it should
+      bear any meaning the words would fairly bear; to the best
+      of his recollection his meaning when he wrote it was "the
+      hate of the quality hate, &amp;c.," but he thought the
+      meaning of "the quintessence of hatred" finer. He said
+      there had never been a poem so misunderstood by the
+      "ninnies of critics" as "Maud."
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      During an evening spent at Tent Lodge Tennyson remarked, on
+      the similarity of the monkey's skull to the human, that a
+      young monkey's skull is quite human in shape, and gradually
+      alters&mdash;the analogy being borne out by the human skull being
+      at first more like the statues of the gods, and gradually
+      degenerating into human; and then, turning to Mrs.
+      Tennyson, "There, that's the second original remark I've
+      made this evening!" Mr. Dodgson saw a great deal of the
+      Tennysons after this, and photographed the poet himself and
+      various members of his family.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In October he made the acquaintance of John Ruskin, who in
+      after years was always willing to assist him with his
+      valuable advice on any point of artistic criticism. Mr.
+      Dodgson was singularly fortunate in his friends; whenever
+      he was in difficulties on any technical matters, whether of
+      religion, law, medicine, art, or whatever it might be, he
+      always had some one especially distinguished in that branch
+      of study whose aid he could seek as a friend. In
+      particular, the names of Canon King (now Bishop of
+      Lincoln), and Sir James Paget occur to me; to the latter
+      Mr. Dodgson addressed many letters on questions of medicine
+      and surgery&mdash;some of them intricate enough, but never too
+      intricate to weary the unfailing patience of the great
+      surgeon.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A note in Mr. Dodgson's Journal, May 9, 1857, describes his
+      introduction to Thackeray:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="478"></a>
+            <img src="Images/478.png" alt="478.png" align="Right"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T478"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>THE BISHOP OF LINCOLN.</b><br>
+              <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <blockquote>
+      I breakfasted this morning with Fowler of Lincoln to meet
+      Thackeray (the author), who delivered his lecture on George
+      III. in Oxford last night. I was much pleased with what I
+      saw of him; his manner is simple and unaffected; he shows
+      no anxiety to shine in conversation, though full of fun and
+      anecdote when drawn out. He seemed delighted with the
+      reception he had met with last night: the undergraduates
+      seem to have behaved with most unusual moderation.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The next few years of his life passed quietly, and without
+      any unusual events to break the monotony of college
+      routine. He spent his mornings in the lecture-rooms, his
+      afternoons in the country or on the river&mdash;he was very fond
+      of boating&mdash;and his evenings in his room, reading and
+      preparing for the next day's work. But in spite of all this
+      outward calm of life, his mind was very much exercised on
+      the subject of taking Holy Orders. Not only was this step
+      necessary if he wished to retain his Studentship, but also
+      he felt that it would give him much more influence among
+      the undergraduates, and thus increase his power of doing
+      good. On the other hand, he was not prepared to live the
+      life of almost puritanical strictness which was then
+      considered essential for a clergyman, and he saw that the
+      impediment of speech from which he suffered would greatly
+      interfere with the proper performance of his clerical
+      duties.
+    </p>
+    <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="479"></a>
+            <img src="Images/479.png" alt="479.png" align="Right"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T479"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>BISHOP WILBERFORCE.</b><br>
+              <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      The Bishop of Oxford, Dr. Wilberforce, had expressed the
+      opinion that the "resolution to attend theatres or operas
+      was an absolute disqualification for Holy Orders," which
+      discouraged him very much, until it transpired that this
+      statement was only meant to refer to the parochial clergy.
+      He discussed the matter with Dr. Pusey, and with Dr.
+      Liddon. The latter said that "he thought a deacon might
+      lawfully, if he found himself unfit for the work, abstain
+      from direct ministerial duty." And so, with many qualms
+      about his own unworthiness, he at last decided to prepare
+      definitely for ordination.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On December 22, 1861, he was ordained deacon by the Bishop
+      of Oxford. He never proceeded to priest's orders, partly, I
+      think, because he felt that if he were to do so it would be
+      his duty to undertake regular parochial work, and partly on
+      account of his stammering. He used, however, to preach not
+      unfrequently, and his sermons were always delightful to
+      listen to, his extreme earnestness being evident in every
+      word.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "He knew exactly what he wished to say" (I am quoting from
+      an article in <i>The Guardian</i>), "and completely forgot
+      his audience in his anxiety to explain his point clearly.
+      He thought of the subject only, and the words came of
+      themselves. Looking straight in front of him he saw, as it
+      were, his argument mapped out in the form of a diagram, and
+      he set to work to prove it point by point, under its
+      separate heads, and then summed up the whole."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      One sermon which he preached in the University Church, on
+      Eternal Punishment, is not likely to be soon forgotten by
+      those who heard it. I, unfortunately, was not of that
+      number, but I can well imagine how his clear-cut features
+      would light up as he dwelt lovingly upon the mercy of that
+      Being whose charity far exceeds "the measure of man's
+      mind." It is hardly necessary to say that he himself did
+      not believe in eternal punishment, or any other scholastic
+      doctrine that contravenes the love of God.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He disliked being complimented on his sermons, but he liked
+      to be told of any good effects that his words had had upon
+      any member of the congregation. "Thank you for telling me
+      that fact about my sermon," he wrote to one of his sisters,
+      who told him of some such good fruit that one of his
+      addresses had borne. "I have once or twice had such
+      information volunteered; and it is a <i>great</i>
+      comfort&mdash;and a kind of thing that is <i>really</i> good for
+      one to know. It is <i>not</i> good to be told (and I never
+      wish to be told), 'Your sermon was so <i>beautiful</i>.' We
+      shall not be concerned to know, in the Great Day, whether
+      we have preached beautiful sermons, but whether they were
+      preached with the one object of serving God."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He was always ready and willing to preach at the special
+      service for College servants, which used to be held at
+      Christ Church every Sunday evening; but best of all he
+      loved to preach to children. Some of his last sermons were
+      delivered at Christ Church, Eastbourne (the church he
+      regularly attended during the Long Vacation), to a
+      congregation of children. On those occasions he told them
+      an allegory&mdash;<i>Victor and Arnion,</i> which he intended to
+      publish in course of time&mdash;putting all his heart into the
+      work, and speaking with such deep feeling that at times he
+      was almost unable to control his emotion as he told them of
+      the love and compassion of the Good Shepherd.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have dwelt at some length on this side of his life, for
+      it is, I am sure, almost ignored in the popular estimate of
+      him. He was essentially a religious man in the best sense
+      of the term, and without any of that morbid sentimentality
+      which is too often associated with the word; and while his
+      religion consecrated his talents, and raised him to a
+      height which without it he could never have reached, the
+      example of such a man as he was, so brilliant, so witty, so
+      successful, and yet so full of faith, consecrates the very
+      conception of religion, and makes it yet more beautiful.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On April 13, 1859, he paid another visit to Tennyson, this
+      time at Farringford.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      After dinner we retired for about an hour to the
+      smoking-room, where I saw the proof-sheets of the "King's
+      Idylls," but he would not let me read them. He walked
+      through the garden with me when I left, and made me remark
+      an effect produced on the thin white clouds by the moon
+      shining through, which I had not noticed&mdash;a ring of golden
+      light at some distance off the moon, with an interval of
+      white between&mdash;this, he says, he has alluded to in one of
+      his early poems ("Margaret," vol. i.), "the tender amber."
+      I asked his opinion of Sydney Dobell&mdash;he agrees with me in
+      liking "Grass from the Battlefield," and thinks him a
+      writer of genius and imagination, but extravagant.
+    </blockquote>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="480"></a>
+            <img src="Images/480.png" alt="480.png" align="Right"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T480"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>ALICE LIDDELL AS BEGGAR-CHILD.</b><br>
+              <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      On another occasion he showed the poet a photograph which
+      he had taken of Miss Alice Liddell as a beggar-child, and
+      which Tennyson said was the most beautiful photograph he
+      had ever seen.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Tennyson told us he had often dreamed long passages of
+      poetry, and believed them to be good at the time, though he
+      could never remember them after waking, except four lines
+      which he dreamed at ten years old:&mdash;
+      <blockquote>
+        <br>
+        May a cock sparrow<br>
+        Write to a barrow?<br>
+        I hope you'll excuse<br>
+        My infantile muse;
+      </blockquote>&mdash;which, as an unpublished fragment of the Poet
+      Laureate, may be thought interesting, but not affording
+      much promise of his after powers. He also told us he once
+      dreamed an enormously long poem about fairies, which began
+      with very long lines that gradually got shorter, and ended
+      with fifty or sixty lines of two syllables each!
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      On October 17, 1859, the Prince of Wales came into
+      residence at Christ Church. The Dean met him at the
+      station, and all the dons assembled in Tom Quadrangle to
+      welcome him. Mr. Dodgson, as usual, had an eye to a
+      photograph, in which hope, however, he was doomed to
+      disappointment. His Royal Highness was tired of having his
+      picture taken.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During his early college life he used often to spend a few
+      days at Hastings, with his mother's sisters, the Misses
+      Lutwidge. In a letter written from their house to his
+      sister Mary, and dated April 11, 1860, he gives an account
+      of a lecture he had just heard:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I am just returned from a series of dissolving views on the
+      Arctic regions, and, while the information there received
+      is still fresh in my mind, I will try to give you some of
+      it. In the first place, you may not know that one of the
+      objects of the Arctic expeditions was to discover "the
+      intensity of the magnetic needle." He [the lecturer] did
+      not tell us, however, whether they had succeeded in
+      discovering it, or whether that rather obscure question is
+      still doubtful. One of the explorers, Baffin,
+      "<i>though</i> he did not suffer all the hardships the
+      others did, <i>yet</i> he came to an untimely end (of
+      course one would think in the Arctic regions), <i>for
+      instance</i> (what follows being, I suppose, one of the
+      untimely ends he came to), being engaged in a war of the
+      Portuguese against the Prussians, while measuring the
+      ground in front of a fortification, a cannon-ball came
+      against him, with the force with which cannon-balls in that
+      day <i>did</i> come, and killed him dead on the spot." How
+      many instances of this kind would you demand to prove that
+      he did come to an untimely end? One of the ships was laid
+      up three years in the ice, during which time, he told us,
+      "Summer came and went frequently." This, I think, was the
+      most remarkable phenomenon he mentioned in the whole
+      lecture, and gave <i>me</i> quite a new idea of those
+      regions.
+    </blockquote>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="098"></a>
+            <img src="Images/098.png" alt="098.png" align="Right">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+           <td><div align="center"><a href="#T098"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <blockquote>
+      On Tuesday I went to a concert at St. Leonard's. On the
+      front seat sat a youth about twelve years of age, of whom
+      the enclosed is a tolerably accurate sketch. He really was,
+      I think, the ugliest boy I ever saw. I wish I could get an
+      opportunity of photographing him.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The following note occurs in his Journal for May 6th:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      A Christ Church man, named Wilmot, who is just returned
+      from the West Indies, dined in Hall. He told us some
+      curious things about the insects in South America&mdash;one that
+      he had himself seen was a spider charming a cockroach with
+      flashes of light; they were both on the wall, the spider
+      about a yard the highest, and the light was like a
+      glow-worm, only that it came by flashes and did not shine
+      continuously; the cockroach gradually crawled up to it, and
+      allowed itself to be taken and killed.
+    </blockquote>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="481"></a>
+            <img src="Images/481.png" alt="481.png" align="Right"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T481"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>GEORGE MACDONALD<br>
+              AND HIS DAUGHTER LILY.</b><br>
+              <i>(From a photograph<br>
+              by Lewis Carroll)</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      A few months afterwards, when in town and visiting Mr.
+      Munroe's studio, he found there two of the children of Mr.
+      George Macdonald, whose acquaintance he had already made:
+      "They were a girl and boy, about seven and six years old&mdash;I
+      claimed their acquaintance, and began at once proving to
+      the boy, Greville, that he had better take the opportunity
+      of having his head changed for a marble one. The effect was
+      that in about two minutes they had entirely forgotten that
+      I was a total stranger, and were earnestly arguing the
+      question as if we were old acquaintances." Mr. Dodgson
+      urged that a marble head would not have to be brushed and
+      combed. At this the boy turned to his sister with an air of
+      great relief, saying, "Do you hear <i>that</i>, Mary? It
+      needn't be combed!" And the narrator adds, "I have no doubt
+      combing, with his great head of long hair, like Hallam
+      Tennyson's, was <i>the</i> misery of his life. His final
+      argument was that a marble head couldn't speak, and as I
+      couldn't convince either that he would be all the better
+      for that, I gave in."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In November he gave a lecture at a meeting of the Ashmolean
+      Society on "Where does the Day begin?" The problem, which
+      was one he was very fond of propounding, may be thus
+      stated: If a man could travel round the world so fast that
+      the sun would be always directly above his head, and if he
+      were to start travelling at midday on Tuesday, then in
+      twenty-four hours he would return to his original point of
+      departure, and would find that the day was now called
+      Wednesday&mdash;at what point of his journey would the day change
+      its name? The difficulty of answering this apparently
+      simple question has cast a gloom over many a pleasant
+      party.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On December 12th he wrote in his Diary:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Visit of the Queen to Oxford, to the great surprise of
+      everybody, as it had been kept a secret up to the time. She
+      arrived in Christ Church about twelve, and came into Hall
+      with the Dean, where the Collections were still going on,
+      about a dozen men being in Hall. The party consisted of the
+      Queen, Prince Albert, Princess Alice and her intended
+      husband, the Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt, the Prince of
+      Wales, Prince Alfred, and suite. They remained a minute or
+      two looking at the pictures, and the Sub-Dean was
+      presented: they then visited the Cathedral and Library.
+      Evening entertainment at the Deanery, <i>tableaux
+      vivants</i> . I went a little after half-past eight, and
+      found a great party assembled&mdash;the Prince had not yet come.
+      He arrived before nine, and I found an opportunity of
+      reminding General Bruce of his promise to introduce me to
+      the Prince, which he did at the next break in the
+      conversation H.R.H. was holding with Mrs. Fellowes. He
+      shook hands very graciously, and I began with a sort of
+      apology for having been so importunate about the
+      photograph. He said something of the weather being against
+      it, and I asked if the Americans had victimised him much as
+      a sitter; he said they had, but he did not think they had
+      succeeded well, and I told him of the new American process
+      of taking twelve thousand photographs in an hour. Edith
+      Liddell coming by at the moment, I remarked on the
+      beautiful <i>tableau</i> which the children might make: he
+      assented, and also said, in answer to my question, that he
+      had seen and admired my photographs of them. I then said
+      that I hoped, as I had missed the photograph, he would at
+      least give me his autograph in my album, which he promised
+      to do. Thinking I had better bring the talk to an end, I
+      concluded by saying that, if he would like copies of any of
+      my photographs, I should feel honoured by his accepting
+      them; he thanked me for this, and I then drew back, as he
+      did not seem inclined to pursue the conversation.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      A few days afterwards the Prince gave him his autograph,
+      and also chose a dozen or so of his photograph (sic).
+    </p><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <table align="Center" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="482"></a>
+            <img src="Images/482.png" alt="482.png" align="Right"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T482"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>MRS. ROSSETTI AND HER CHILDREN<br>
+              DANTE GABRIEL, CHRISTINA, AND WILLIAM.</b><br>
+              <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <h2>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_III_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER
+      III</a>
+    </h2><br>
+    <h4>
+      (1861&mdash;1867)
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      Jowett&mdash;Index to "In Memoriam"&mdash;The Tennysons&mdash;The beginning
+      of "Alice"&mdash;Tenniel&mdash;Artistic friends&mdash;"Alice's Adventures in
+      Wonderland"&mdash;"Bruno's Revenge"&mdash;Tour with Dr.
+      Liddon&mdash;Cologne&mdash;Berlin architecture&mdash;The "Majesty of
+      Justice"&mdash;Peterhof&mdash;Moscow&mdash;A Russian wedding&mdash;Nijni&mdash;The
+      Troitska Monastery&mdash;"Hieroglyphic" writing&mdash;Giessen.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      It is my aim in this Memoir to let Mr. Dodgson tell his own
+      story as much as possible. In order to effect this object I
+      have drawn largely upon his Diary and correspondence. Very
+      few men have left behind them such copious information
+      about their lives as he has; unfortunately it is not
+      equally copious throughout, and this fact must be my
+      apology for the somewhat haphazard and disconnected way in
+      which parts of this book are written. That it is the best
+      which, under the circumstances, I have been able to do
+      needs, I hope, no saying, but the circumstances have at
+      times been too strong for me.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Though in later years Mr. Dodgson almost gave up the habit
+      of dining out, at this time of his life he used to do it
+      pretty frequently, and several of the notes in his Diary
+      refer to after-dinner and Common Room stories. The two
+      following extracts will show the sort of facts he
+      recorded:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>January 2, 1861.</i>&mdash;Mr. Grey (Canon) came to dine and
+      stay the night. He told me a curious old custom of millers,
+      that they place the sails of the mill as a Saint Andrew's
+      Cross when work is entirely suspended, thus x, but in an
+      upright cross, thus +, if they are just going to resume
+      work. He also mentioned that he was at school with Dr.
+      Tennyson (father of the poet), and was a great favourite of
+      his. He remembers that Tennyson used to do his
+      school-translations in rhyme.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>May 9th.</i>&mdash;Met in Common Room Rev. C.F. Knight, and
+      the Hon'ble. F.J. Parker, both of Boston, U.S. The former
+      gave an amusing account of having seen Oliver Wendell
+      Holmes in a fishmonger's, lecturing <i>extempore</i> on the
+      head of a freshly killed turtle, whose eyes and jaws still
+      showed muscular action: the lecture of course being all
+      "cram," but accepted as sober earnest by the mob outside.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Old Oxford men will remember the controversies that raged
+      from about 1860 onwards over the opinions of the late Dr.
+      Jowett. In my time the name "Jowett" only represented the
+      brilliant translator of Plato, and the deservedly loved
+      master of Balliol, whose sermons in the little College
+      Chapel were often attended by other than Balliol men, and
+      whose reputation for learning was expressed in the
+      well-known verse of "The Masque of Balliol":&mdash;
+    </p><span class="c4">First come I, my name is
+    Jowett.</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">There's no knowledge but I know
+    it;</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">I am Master of this College;</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">What I don't know isn't
+    knowledge.</span><br>
+    <p>
+      But in 1861 he was anything but universally popular, and I
+      am afraid that Mr. Dodgson, nothing if not a staunch
+      Conservative, sided with the majority against him. Thus he
+      wrote in his Diary:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>November 20th.</i>&mdash;Promulgation, in Congregation, of the
+      new statute to endow Jowett. The speaking took up the whole
+      afternoon, and the two points at issue, the endowing a
+      <i>Regius</i> Professorship, and the countenancing Jowett's
+      theological opinions, got so inextricably mixed up that I
+      rose to beg that they might be kept separate. Once on my
+      feet, I said more than I at first meant, and defied them
+      ever to tire out the opposition by perpetually bringing the
+      question on (<i>Mem</i>.: if I ever speak again I will try
+      to say no more than I had resolved before rising). This was
+      my first speech in Congregation.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      At the beginning of 1862 an "Index to In Memoriam,"
+      compiled by Mr. Dodgson and his sisters, was published by
+      Moxon. Tennyson had given his consent, and the little book
+      proved to be very useful to his admirers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On January 27th Morning Prayer was for the first time read
+      in English at the Christ Church College Service. On the
+      same day Mr. Dodgson moved over into new rooms, as the part
+      of the College where he had formerly lived (Chaplain's
+      Quadrangle) was to be pulled down.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During the Easter Vacation he paid another visit to the
+      Tennysons, which he describes as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      After luncheon I went to the Tennysons, and got Hallam and
+      Lionel to sign their names in my album. Also I made a
+      bargain with Lionel, that he was to give me some MS. of his
+      verses, and I was to send him some of mine. It was a very
+      difficult bargain to make; I almost despaired of it at
+      first, he put in so many conditions&mdash;first, I was to play a
+      game of chess with him; this, with much difficulty, was
+      reduced to twelve moves on each side; but this made little
+      difference, as I check-mated him at the sixth move. Second,
+      he was to be allowed to give me one blow on the head with a
+      mallet (this he at last consented to give up). I forget if
+      there were others, but it ended in my getting the verses,
+      for which I have written out "The Lonely Moor" for him.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Dodgson took a great interest in occult phenomena, and
+      was for some time an enthusiastic member of the "Psychical
+      Society." It was his interest in ghosts that led to his
+      meeting with the artist Mr. Heaphy, who had painted a
+      picture of a ghost which he himself had seen. I quote the
+      following from a letter to his sister Mary:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      During my last visit to town, I paid a very interesting
+      visit to a new artist, Mr. Heaphy. Do you remember that
+      curious story of a ghost lady (in <i>Household Words</i> or
+      <i>All the Year Round</i>), who sat to an artist for her
+      picture; it was called "Mr. H.'s Story," and he was the
+      writer.... He received me most kindly, and we had a very
+      interesting talk about the ghost, which certainly is one of
+      the most curious and inexplicable stories I ever heard. He
+      showed me her picture (life size), and she must have been
+      very lovely, if it is like her (or like it, which ever is
+      the correct pronoun).... Mr. Heaphy showed me a most
+      interesting collection of drawings he has made abroad; he
+      has been about, hunting up the earliest and most authentic
+      pictures of our Saviour, some merely outlines, some
+      coloured pictures. They agree wonderfully in the character
+      of the face, and one, he says, there is no doubt was done
+      before the year 150.... I feel sure from his tone that he
+      is doing this in a religious spirit, and not merely as an
+      artist.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      On July 4, 1862, there is a very important entry: "I made
+      an expedition <i>up</i> the river to Godstow with the three
+      Liddells; we had tea on the bank there, and did not reach
+      Christ Church till half-past eight."
+    </p>
+    <table align="Center" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="483"></a>
+            <img src="Images/483.png" alt="483.png" align="Right"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T483"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>LORINA, ALICE, AND EDITH LIDDELL.</b><br>
+              <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      On the opposite page he added, somewhat later, "On which
+      occasion I told them the fairy-tale of 'Alice's Adventures
+      Underground,' which I undertook to write out for Alice."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      These words need to be supplemented by the verses with
+      which he prefaced the "Wonderland":&mdash;
+    </p><span class="c4">All in the golden afternoon</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">Full leisurely we glide;</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">For both our oars, with little
+    skill,</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">By little arms are plied,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">While little hands make vain
+    pretence</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">Our wanderings to guide.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c4">Ah, cruel Three! In such an hour,</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">Beneath such dreamy weather,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">To beg a tale of breath too weak</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">To stir the tiniest feather!</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">Yet what can one poor voice avail</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">Against three tongues together?</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c4">Imperious Prima flashes forth</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">Her edict "to begin it"&mdash;</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">In gentler tones Secunda hopes</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">"There will be nonsense in it!"</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">While Tertia interrupts the tale</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">Not <i>more</i> than once a
+    minute.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c4">Anon, to sudden silence won,</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">In fancy they pursue</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">The dream-child moving through a
+    land</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">Of wonders wild and new,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">In friendly chat with bird or
+    beast&mdash;</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">And half believe it true.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c4">And ever, as the story drained</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">The wells of fancy dry,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">And faintly strove that weary one</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">To put the subject by,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">"The rest next time"&mdash;"It <i>is</i> next
+    time!"</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">The happy voices cry.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c4">Thus grew the tale of Wonderland:</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">Thus slowly, one by one,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">Its quaint events were hammered
+    out&mdash;</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">And now the tale is done,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">And home we steer, a merry crew,</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">Beneath the setting sun.</span><br>
+    <p>
+      "Alice" herself (Mrs. Reginald Hargreaves) has given an
+      account of the scene, from which what follows is quoted:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Most of Mr. Dodgson's stories were told to us on river
+      expeditions to Nuneham or Godstow, near Oxford. My eldest
+      sister, now Mrs. Skene, was "Prima," I was "Secunda," and
+      "Tertia" was my sister Edith. I believe the beginning of
+      "Alice" was told one summer afternoon when the sun was so
+      burning that we had landed in the meadows down the river,
+      deserting the boat to take refuge in the only bit of shade
+      to be found, which was under a new-made hayrick. Here from
+      all three came the old petition of "Tell us a story," and
+      so began the ever-delightful tale. Sometimes to tease
+      us&mdash;and perhaps being really tired&mdash;Mr. Dodgson would stop
+      suddenly and say, "And that's all till next time." "Ah, but
+      it is next time," would be the exclamation from all three;
+      and after some persuasion the story would start afresh.
+      Another day, perhaps, the story would begin in the boat,
+      and Mr. Dodgson, in the middle of telling a thrilling
+      adventure, would pretend to go fast asleep, to our great
+      dismay.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      "Alice's Adventures Underground" was the original name of
+      the story; later on it became "Alice's Hour in Elfland." It
+      was not until June 18, 1864, that he finally decided upon
+      "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland." The illustrating of the
+      manuscript book gave him some trouble. He had to borrow a
+      "Natural History" from the Deanery to learn the correct
+      shapes of some of the strange animals with which Alice
+      conversed; the Mock Turtle he must have evolved out of his
+      inner consciousness, for it is, I think, a species unknown
+      to naturalists.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He was lucky enough during the course of the year to see a
+      ceremony which is denied to most Oxford men. When degrees
+      are given, any tradesman who has been unable to get his due
+      from an undergraduate about to be made a Bachelor of Arts
+      is allowed, by custom, to pluck the Proctor's gown as he
+      passes, and then to make his complaint. This law is more
+      honoured in the breach than in the observance; but, on the
+      occasion of this visit of Mr. Dodgson's to Convocation, the
+      Proctor's gown was actually plucked&mdash;on account of an
+      unfortunate man who had gone through the Bankruptcy Court.
+    </p>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="484"></a>
+            <img src="Images/484.png" alt="484.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T484"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>GEORGE MACDONALD.</b><br>
+              <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      When he promised to write out "Alice" for Miss Liddell he
+      had no idea of publication; but his friend, Mr. George
+      Macdonald, to whom he had shown the story, persuaded him to
+      submit it to a publisher. Messrs. Macmillan agreed to
+      produce it, and as Mr. Dodgson had not sufficient faith in
+      his own artistic powers to venture to allow his
+      illustrations to appear, it was necessary to find some
+      artist who would undertake the work. By the advice of Tom
+      Taylor he approached Mr. Tenniel, who was fortunately well
+      disposed, and on April 5, 1864, the final arrangements were
+      made.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following interesting account of a meeting with Mr.
+      Dodgson is from the pen of Mrs. Bennie, wife of the Rector
+      of Glenfield, near Leicester:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Some little time after the publication of "Alice's
+      Adventures" we went for our summer holiday to Whitby. We
+      were visiting friends, and my brother and sister went to
+      the hotel. They soon after asked us to dine with them there
+      at the <i>table d'h&#244;te.</i> I had on one side of me a
+      gentleman whom I did not know, but as I had spent a good
+      deal of time travelling in foreign countries, I always, at
+      once, speak to any one I am placed next. I found on this
+      occasion I had a very agreeable neighbour, and we seemed to
+      be much interested in the same books, and politics also
+      were touched on. After dinner my sister and brother rather
+      took me to task for talking so much to a complete stranger.
+      I said. "But it was quite a treat to talk to him and to
+      hear him talk. Of one thing I am quite sure, he is a
+      genius." My brother and sister, who had not heard him
+      speak, again laughed at me, and said, "You are far too
+      easily pleased." I, however, maintained my point, and said
+      what great delight his conversation had given me, and how
+      remarkably clever it had been. Next morning nurse took out
+      our two little twin daughters in front of the sea. I went
+      out a short time afterwards, looked for them, and found
+      them seated with my friend of the <i>table d'h&#244;te</i>
+      between them, and they were listening to him, open-mouthed,
+      and in the greatest state of enjoyment, with his knee
+      covered with minute toys. I, seeing their great delight,
+      motioned to him to go on; this he did for some time. A most
+      charming story he told them about sea-urchins and
+      Ammonites. When it was over, I said, "You must be the
+      author of 'Alice's Adventures.'" He laughed, but looked
+      astonished, and said, "My dear Madam, my name is Dodgson,
+      and 'Alice's Adventures' was written by Lewis Carroll." I
+      replied, "Then you must have borrowed the name, for only he
+      could have told a story as you have just done." After a
+      little sparring he admitted the fact, and I went home and
+      proudly told my sister and brother how my genius had turned
+      out a greater one than I expected. They assured me I must
+      be mistaken, and that, as I had suggested it to him, he had
+      taken advantage of the idea, and said he was what I wanted
+      him to be. A few days after some friends came to Whitby who
+      knew his aunts, and confirmed the truth of his statement,
+      and thus I made the acquaintance of one whose friendship
+      has been the source of great pleasure for nearly thirty
+      years. He has most generously sent us all his books, with
+      kind inscriptions, to "Minnie and Doe," whom he
+      photographed, but would not take Canon Bennie or me; he
+      said he never took portraits of people of more than
+      seventeen years of age until they were seventy. He visited
+      us, and we often met him at Eastbourne, and his death was
+      indeed a great loss after so many happy years of friendship
+      with one we so greatly admired and loved.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      He spent a part of the Long Vacation at Freshwater, taking
+      great interest in the children who, for him, were the chief
+      attraction of the seaside.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Every morning four little children dressed in yellow go by
+      from the front down to the beach: they go by in a state of
+      great excitement, brandishing wooden spades, and making
+      strange noises; from that moment they disappear
+      entirely&mdash;they are never to be seen <i>on</i> the beach. The
+      only theory I can form is, that they all tumble into a hole
+      somewhere, and continue excavating therein during the day:
+      however that may be, I have once or twice come across them
+      returning at night, in exactly the same state of
+      excitement, and seemingly in quite as great a hurry to get
+      home as they were before to get out. The evening noises
+      they make sound to me very much like the morning noises,
+      but I suppose they are different to them, and contain an
+      account of the day's achievements.
+    </blockquote>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="485"></a>
+            <img src="Images/485.png" alt="485.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T485"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>J. SANT.</b><br>
+              <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      His enthusiasm for photography, and his keen appreciation
+      of the beautiful, made him prefer the society of artists to
+      that of any other class of people. He knew the Rossettis
+      intimately, and his Diary shows him to have been acquainted
+      with Millais, Holman Hunt, Sant, Westmacott, Val Prinsep,
+      Watts, and a host of others. Arthur Hughes painted a
+      charming picture to his order ("The Lady with the Lilacs")
+      which used to hang in his rooms at Christ Church. The
+      Andersons were great friends of his, Mrs. Anderson being
+      one of his favourite child-painters. Those who have visited
+      him at Oxford will remember a beautiful girl's head,
+      painted by her from a rough sketch she had once made in a
+      railway carriage of a child who happened to be sitting
+      opposite her.
+    </p><br>
+    <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="486"></a>
+            <img src="Images/486.png" alt="486.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T486"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>HOLMAN HUNT.</b><br>
+              <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table><br>
+    <br>
+    <p>
+      His own drawings were in no way remarkable. Ruskin, whose
+      advice he took on his artistic capabilities, told him that
+      he had not enough talent to make it worth his while to
+      devote much time to sketching, but every one who saw his
+      photographs admired them. Considering the difficulties of
+      the "wet process," and the fact that he had a conscientious
+      horror of "touching up" his negatives, the pictures he
+      produced are quite wonderful. Some of them were shown to
+      the Queen, who said that she admired them very much, and
+      that they were "such as the Prince would have appreciated
+      very highly, and taken much pleasure in."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On July 4, 1865, exactly three years after the memorable
+      row up the river, Miss Alice Liddell received the first
+      presentation copy of "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland":
+      the second was sent to Princess Beatrice.
+    </p><br>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="487"></a>
+            <img src="Images/487.png" alt="487.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T487"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>SIR JOHN MILLAIS.</b><br>
+              <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table><br>
+    <p>
+      The first edition, which consisted of two thousand copies,
+      was condemned by both author and illustrator, for the
+      pictures did not come out well. All purchasers were
+      accordingly asked to return their copies, and to send their
+      names and addresses; a new edition was prepared, and
+      distributed to those who had sent back their old copies,
+      which the author gave away to various homes and hospitals.
+      The substituted edition was a complete success, "a perfect
+      piece of artistic printing," as Mr. Dodgson called it. He
+      hardly dared to hope that more than two thousand copies
+      would be sold, and anticipated a considerable loss over the
+      book. His surprise was great when edition after edition was
+      demanded, and when he found that "Alice," far from being a
+      monetary failure, was bringing him in a very considerable
+      income every year.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A rough comparison between "Alice's Adventures Underground"
+      and the book in its completed form, shows how slight were
+      the alterations that Lewis Carroll thought it necessary to
+      make.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The "Wonderland" is somewhat longer, but the general plan
+      of the book, and the simplicity of diction, which is one of
+      its principal charms, are unchanged. His memory was so good
+      that I believe the story as he wrote it down was almost
+      word for word the same that he had told in the boat. The
+      whole idea came like an inspiration into his mind, and that
+      sort of inspiration does not often come more than once in a
+      lifetime. Nothing which he wrote afterwards had anything
+      like the same amount of freshness, of wit, of real genius.
+      The "Looking-Glass" most closely approached it in these
+      qualities, but then it was only the following out of the
+      same idea. The most ingenuous comparison of the two books I
+      have seen was the answer of a little girl whom Lewis
+      Carroll had asked if she had read them: "Oh yes, I've read
+      both of them, and I think," (this more slowly and
+      thoughtfully) "I think 'Through the Looking-Glass' is more
+      stupid than 'Alice's Adventures.' Don't you think so?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The critics were loud in their praises of "Alice"; there
+      was hardly a dissentient voice among them, and the
+      reception which the public gave the book justified their
+      opinion. So recently as July, 1898, the <i>Pall Mall
+      Gazette</i> conducted an inquiry into the popularity of
+      children's books. "The verdict is so natural that it will
+      surprise no normal person. The winner is 'Alice in
+      Wonderland'; 'Through the Looking-Glass' is in the twenty,
+      but much lower down."
+    </p>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="490"></a>
+            <img src="Images/490.png" alt="490.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T490"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>SIR JOHN TENNIEL.</b><br>
+              <i>From a photograph by Bassano</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      "Alice" has been translated into French, German, Italian,
+      and Dutch, while one poem, "Father William," has even been
+      turned into Arabic. Several plays have been based upon it;
+      lectures have been given, illustrated by magic-lantern
+      slides of Tenniel's pictures, which have also adorned
+      wall-papers and biscuit-boxes. Mr. Dodgson himself designed
+      a very ingenious "Wonderland" stamp-case; there has been an
+      "Alice" birthday-book; at schools, children have been
+      taught to read out of "Alice," while the German edition,
+      shortened and simplified for the purpose, has also been
+      used as a lesson-book. With the exception of Shakespeare's
+      plays, very few, if any, books are so frequently quoted in
+      the daily Press as the two "Alices."
+    </p>
+    <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="488"></a>
+            <img src="Images/488.png" alt="488.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T488"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>C. M. YONGE.</b><br>
+              <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      In 1866 Mr. Dodgson was introduced to Miss Charlotte M.
+      Yonge, whose novels had long delighted him. "It was a
+      pleasure I had long hoped for," he says, "and I was very
+      much pleased with her cheerful and easy manners&mdash;the sort of
+      person one knows in a few minutes as well as many in many
+      years."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In 1867 he contributed a story to <i>Aunt Judy's
+      Magazine</i> called "Bruno's Revenge," the charming little
+      idyll out of which "Sylvie and Bruno" grew. The creation of
+      Bruno was the only act of homage Lewis Carroll ever paid to
+      boy-nature, for which, as a rule, he professed an aversion
+      almost amounting to terror. Nevertheless, on the few
+      occasions on which I have seen him in the company of boys,
+      he seemed to be thoroughly at his ease, telling them
+      stories and showing them puzzles.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I give an extract from Mrs. Gatty's letter, acknowledging
+      the receipt of "Bruno's Revenge" for her magazine:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I need hardly tell you that the story is <i>delicious</i>.
+      It is beautiful and fantastic and childlike, and I cannot
+      sufficiently thank you. I am so <i>proud</i> for <i>Aunt
+      Judy</i> that you have honoured <i>her</i> by sending it
+      here, rather than to the <i>Cornhill</i>, or one of the
+      grander Magazines.<br>
+      <br>
+      To-morrow I shall send the Manuscript to London probably;
+      to-day I keep it to enjoy a little further, and that the
+      young ladies may do so too. One word more. Make this one of
+      a series. You may have great mathematical abilities, but so
+      have hundreds of others. This talent is peculiarly your
+      own, and as an Englishman you are almost unique in
+      possessing it. If you covet fame, therefore, it will be (I
+      think) gained by this. Some of the touches are so
+      exquisite, one would have thought nothing short of
+      intercourse with fairies could have put them into your
+      head.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Somewhere about this time he was invited to witness a
+      rehearsal of a children's play at a London theatre. As he
+      sat in the wings, chatting to the manager, a little
+      four-year-old girl, one of the performers, climbed up on
+      his knee, and began talking to him. She was very anxious to
+      be allowed to play the principal part (Mrs. Mite), which
+      had been assigned to some other child. "I wish I might act
+      Mrs. Mite," she said; "I know all her part, and I'd get an
+      <i>encore</i> for every word."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During the year he published his book on "Determinants." To
+      those accustomed to regard mathematics as the driest of dry
+      subjects, and mathematicians as necessarily devoid of
+      humour, it seems scarcely credible that "An Elementary
+      Treatise on Determinants," and "Alice in Wonderland" were
+      written by the same author, and it came quite as a
+      revelation to the undergraduate who heard for the first
+      time that Mr. Dodgson of Christ Church and Lewis Carroll
+      were identical.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The book in question, admirable as it is in many ways, has
+      not commanded a large sale. The nature of the subject would
+      be against it, as most students whose aim is to get as good
+      a place as possible in the class lists cannot afford the
+      luxury of a separate work, and have to be content with the
+      few chapters devoted to "Determinants" in works on Higher
+      Algebra or the Theory of Equations, supplemented by
+      references to Mr. Dodgson's work which can be found in the
+      College libraries.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The general acceptance of the book would be rather
+      restricted by the employment of new words and symbols,
+      which, as the author himself felt, "are always a most
+      unwelcome addition to a science already burdened with an
+      enormous vocabulary." But the work itself is largely
+      original, and its arrangement and style are, perhaps, as
+      attractive as the nature of the subject will allow. Such a
+      book as this has little interest for the general reader,
+      yet, amongst the leisured few who are able to read
+      mathematics for their own sake, the treatise has found warm
+      admirers.
+    </p>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="489"></a>
+            <img src="Images/489.png" alt="489.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T489"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>DR. LIDDON.</b><br>
+              <i>(From a photograph by Lewis Carroll)</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      In the Summer Vacation of 1867 he went for a tour on the
+      Continent, accompanied by Dr. Liddon, whom I have already
+      mentioned as having been one of his most intimate friends
+      at this time. During the whole of this tour Mr. Dodgson
+      kept a diary, more with the idea that it would help him
+      afterwards to remember what he had seen than with any
+      notion of publication. However, in later years it did occur
+      to him that others might be interested in his impressions
+      and experiences, though he never actually took any steps
+      towards putting them before the public. Perhaps he was
+      wise, for a traveller's diary always contains much
+      information that can be obtained just as well from any
+      guide-book. In the extracts which I reproduce here, I hope
+      that I have not retained anything which comes under that
+      category.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>July 12th</i>.&mdash;The Sultan and I arrived in London almost
+      at the same time, but in different quarters&mdash;<i>my</i> point
+      of entry being Paddington, and <i>his</i> Charing Cross. I
+      must admit that the crowd was greatest at the latter place.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Dodgson and Dr. Liddon met at Dover, and passed the
+      night at one of the hotels there:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>July 13th</i>.&mdash;We breakfasted, as agreed, at eight, or
+      at least we then sat down and nibbled bread and butter till
+      such time as the chops should be done, which great event
+      took place about half past. We tried pathetic appeals to
+      the wandering waiters, who told us, "They are coming, sir,"
+      in a soothing tone, and we tried stern remonstrance, and
+      they then said, "They are coming, sir," in a more injured
+      tone; and after all such appeals they retired into their
+      dens, and hid themselves behind side-boards and
+      dish-covers, and still the chops came not. We agreed that
+      of all virtues a waiter can display, that of a retiring
+      disposition is quite the least desirable....<br>
+      <br>
+      The pen refuses to describe the sufferings of some of the
+      passengers during our smooth trip of ninety minutes: my own
+      sensations were those of extreme surprise, and a little
+      indignation, at there being no other sensations&mdash;it was not
+      for <i>that</i> I paid my money....<br>
+      <br>
+      We landed at Calais in the usual swarm of friendly natives,
+      offering services and advice of all kinds; to all such
+      remarks I returned one simple answer, <i>Non!</i> It was
+      probably not strictly applicable in all cases, but it
+      answered the purpose of getting rid of them; one by one
+      they left me, echoing the <i>Non</i>! in various tones, but
+      all expressive of disgust.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      At Cologne began that feast of beautiful things which his
+      artistic temperament fitted him so well to enjoy. Though
+      the churches he visited and the ceremonies he witnessed
+      belonged to a religious system widely different from his
+      own, the largeness and generosity of his mind always led
+      him to insist upon that substratum of true devotion&mdash;to use
+      a favourite word of his&mdash;which underlies all forms of
+      Christianity.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      We spent an hour in the cathedral, which I will not attempt
+      to describe further than by saying it was the most
+      beautiful of all churches I have ever seen or can imagine.
+      If one could imagine the spirit of devotion embodied in any
+      material form, it would be in such a building.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      In spite of all the wealth of words that has been expended
+      upon German art, he found something new to say on this most
+      fertile subject:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      The amount of art lavished on the whole region of Potsdam
+      is marvellous; some of the tops of the palaces were like
+      forests of statues, and they were all over the gardens, set
+      on pedestals. In fact, the two principles of Berlin
+      architecture appear to me to be these. On the house-tops,
+      wherever there is a convenient place, put up the figure of
+      a man; he is best placed standing on one leg. Wherever
+      there is room on the ground, put either a circular group of
+      busts on pedestals, in consultation, all looking inwards&mdash;or
+      else the colossal figure of a man killing, about to kill,
+      or having killed (the present tense is preferred) a beast;
+      the more pricks the beast has, the better&mdash;in fact a dragon
+      is the correct thing, but if that is beyond the artist, he
+      may content himself with a lion or a pig. The beast&mdash;killing
+      principle has been carried out everywhere with a relentless
+      monotony, which makes some parts of Berlin look like a
+      fossil slaughter-house.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      He never missed an opportunity of studying the foreign
+      drama, which was most praiseworthy, as he knew very little
+      German and not a word of Russ:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      At the hotel [at Danzig] was a green parrot on a stand; we
+      addressed it as "Pretty Poll," and it put its head on one
+      side and thought about it, but wouldn't commit itself to
+      any statement. The waiter came up to inform us of the
+      reason of its silence: "Er spricht nicht Englisch; er
+      spricht nicht Deutsch." It appeared that the unfortunate
+      bird could speak nothing but Mexican! Not knowing a word of
+      that language, we could only pity it.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>July 23rd.</i>&mdash;We strolled about and bought a few
+      photographs, and at 11.39 left for K&#246;nigsberg. On our
+      way to the station we came across the grandest instance of
+      the "Majesty of Justice" that I have ever witnessed. A
+      little boy was being taken to the magistrate, or to prison
+      (probably for picking a pocket). The achievement of this
+      feat had been entrusted to two soldiers in full uniform,
+      who were solemnly marching, one in front of the poor little
+      urchin and one behind, with bayonets fixed, of course, to
+      be ready to charge in case he should attempt an escape.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>July 25th.</i>&mdash;In the evening I visited the theatre at
+      K&#246;nigsberg, which was fairly good in every way, and
+      very good in the singing and some of the acting. The play
+      was "Anno 66," but I could only catch a few words here and
+      there, so have very little idea of the plot. One of the
+      characters was a correspondent of an English newspaper.
+      This singular being came on in the midst of a soldiers'
+      bivouac before Sadowa, dressed very nearly in white&mdash;a very
+      long frock-coat, and a tall hat on the back of his head,
+      both nearly white. He said "Morning" as a general remark,
+      when he first came on, but afterwards talked what I suppose
+      was broken German. He appeared to be regarded as a butt by
+      the soldiers, and ended his career by falling into a drum.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      From K&#246;nigsberg the travellers went on to St.
+      Petersburg, where they stayed several days, exploring the
+      wonderful city and its environs:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      There is a fine equestrian statue of Peter the Great near
+      the Admiralty. The lower part is not a pedestal, but left
+      shapeless and rough like a real rock. The horse is rearing,
+      and has a serpent coiled about its hind feet, on which, I
+      think, it is treading. If this had been put up in Berlin,
+      Peter would no doubt have been actively engaged in killing
+      the monster, but here he takes no notice of it; in fact,
+      the killing theory is not recognised. We found two colossal
+      figures of lions, which are so painfully mild that each of
+      them is rolling a great ball about like a kitten.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Aug. 1st</i>.&mdash;About half-past ten Mr. Merrilies called
+      for us, and with really remarkable kindness gave up his day
+      to taking us down to Peterhof, a distance of about twenty
+      miles, and showing us over the place. We went by steamer
+      down the tideless, saltless Gulf of Finland; the first
+      peculiarity extends through the Baltic, and the second
+      through a great part of it. The piece we crossed, some
+      fifteen miles from shore to shore, is very shallow, in many
+      parts only six or eight feet deep, and every winter it is
+      entirely frozen over with ice two feet thick, and when this
+      is covered with snow it forms a secure plain, which is
+      regularly used for travelling on, though the immense
+      distance, without means of food or shelter, is dangerous
+      for poorly clad foot passengers. Mr. Merrilies told us of a
+      friend of his who, in crossing last winter, passed the
+      bodies of eight people who had been frozen. We had a good
+      view, on our way, of the coast of Finland, and of
+      Kronstadt. When we landed at Peterhof, we found Mr. Muir's
+      carriage waiting for us, and with its assistance, getting
+      out every now and then to walk through portions where it
+      could not go, we went over the grounds of two imperial
+      palaces, including many little summer-houses, each of which
+      would make a very good residence in itself, as, though
+      small, they were fitted up and adorned in every way that
+      taste could suggest or wealth achieve. For varied beauty
+      and perfect combination of nature and art, I think the
+      gardens eclipse those of Sans Souci. At every corner, or
+      end of an avenue or path, where a piece of statuary could
+      be introduced with effect, there one was sure to find one,
+      in bronze or in white marble; many of the latter had a sort
+      of circular niche built behind, with a blue background to
+      throw the figure into relief. Here we found a series of
+      shelving ledges made of stone, with a sheet of water
+      gliding down over them; here a long path, stretching down
+      slopes and flights of steps, and arched over all the way
+      with trellises and creepers; here a huge boulder, hewn,
+      just as it lay, into the shape of a gigantic head and face,
+      with mild, sphinx-like eyes, as if some buried Titan were
+      struggling to free himself; here a fountain, so artfully
+      formed of pipes set in circles, each set shooting the water
+      higher than those outside, as to form a solid pyramid of
+      glittering spray; here a lawn, seen through a break in the
+      woods below us, with threads of scarlet geraniums running
+      over it, and looking in the distance like a huge branch of
+      coral; and here and there long avenues of trees, lying in
+      all directions, sometimes three or four together side by
+      side, and sometimes radiating like a star, and stretching
+      away into the distance till the eye was almost weary of
+      following them. All this will rather serve to remind me,
+      than to convey any idea, of what we saw.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      But the beauties of Peterhof were quite eclipsed by the
+      Oriental splendours of Moscow, which naturally made a great
+      impression upon a mind accustomed to the cold sublimity of
+      Gothic architecture at Oxford.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      We gave five or six hours to a stroll through this
+      wonderful city, a city of white houses and green roofs, of
+      conical towers that rise one out of another like a
+      foreshortened telescope; of bulging gilded domes, in which
+      you see, as in a looking-glass, distorted pictures of the
+      city; of churches which look, outside, like bunches of
+      variegated cactus (some branches crowned with green prickly
+      buds, others with blue, and others with red and white) and
+      which, inside, are hung all round with <i>eikons</i> and
+      lamps, and lined with illuminated pictures up to the very
+      roof; and, finally, of pavement that goes up and down like
+      a ploughed field, and <i>drojky</i>&mdash;drivers who insist on
+      being paid thirty per cent. extra to-day, "because it is
+      the Empress's birthday." ...<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Aug. 5th.</i>&mdash;After dinner we went by arrangement to Mr.
+      Penny, and accompanied him to see a Russian wedding. It was
+      a most interesting ceremony. There was a large choir, from
+      the cathedral, who sang a long and beautiful anthem before
+      the service began; and the deacon (from the Church of the
+      Assumption) delivered several recitative portions of the
+      service in the most magnificent bass voice I ever heard,
+      rising gradually (I should say by less than half a note at
+      a time if that is possible), and increasing in volume of
+      sound as he rose in the scale, until his final note rang
+      through the building like a chorus of many voices. I could
+      not have conceived that one voice could have produced such
+      an effect. One part of the ceremony, the crowning the
+      married couple, was very nearly grotesque. Two gorgeous
+      golden crowns were brought in, which the officiating priest
+      first waved before them, and then placed on their heads&mdash;or
+      rather the unhappy bridegroom had to wear <i>his</i>, but
+      the bride, having prudently arranged her hair in a rather
+      complicated manner with a lace veil, could not have hers
+      put on, but had it held above her by a friend. The
+      bridegroom, in plain evening dress, crowned like a king,
+      holding a candle, and with a face of resigned misery, would
+      have been pitiable if he had not been so ludicrous. When
+      the people had gone, we were invited by the priests to see
+      the east end of the church, behind the golden gates, and
+      were finally dismissed with a hearty shake of the hand and
+      the "kiss of peace," of which even I, though in lay
+      costume, came in for a share.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      One of the objects of the tour was to see the fair at Nijni
+      Novgorod, and here the travellers arrived on August 6th,
+      after a miserable railway journey. Owing to the breaking
+      down of a bridge, the unfortunate passengers had been
+      compelled to walk a mile through drenching rain.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      We went to the Smernovaya (or some such name) Hotel, a
+      truly villainous place, though no doubt the best in the
+      town. The feeding was very good, and everything else very
+      bad. It was some consolation to find that as we sat at
+      dinner we furnished a subject of the liveliest interest to
+      six or seven waiters, all dressed in white tunics, belted
+      at the waist, and white trousers, who ranged themselves in
+      a row and gazed in a quite absorbed way at the collection
+      of strange animals that were feeding before them. Now and
+      then a twinge of conscience would seize them that they
+      were, after all, not fulfilling the great object of life as
+      waiters, and on these occasions they would all hurry to the
+      end of the room, and refer to a great drawer which seemed
+      to contain nothing but spoons and corks. When we asked for
+      anything, they first looked at each other in an alarmed
+      way; then, when they had ascertained which understood the
+      order best, they all followed his example, which always was
+      to refer to the big drawer. We spent most of the afternoon
+      wandering through the fair, and buying <i>eikons</i>,
+      &amp;c. It was a wonderful place. Besides there being
+      distinct quarters for the Persians, the Chinese, and
+      others, we were constantly meeting strange beings with
+      unwholesome complexions and unheard-of costumes. The
+      Persians, with their gentle, intelligent faces, the long
+      eyes set wide apart, the black hair, and yellow-brown skin,
+      crowned with a black woollen fez something like a
+      grenadier, were about the most picturesque we met. But all
+      the novelties of the day were thrown into the shade by our
+      adventure at sunset, when we came upon the Tartar mosque
+      (the only one in Nijni) exactly as one of the officials
+      came out on the roof to utter the muezzin cry, or call to
+      prayers. Even if it had been in no way singular in itself,
+      it would have been deeply interesting from its novelty and
+      uniqueness, but the cry itself was quite unlike anything I
+      have ever heard before. The beginning of each sentence was
+      uttered in a rapid monotone, and towards the end it rose
+      gradually till it ended in a prolonged, shrill wail, which
+      floated overhead through the still air with an
+      indescribably sad and ghostlike effect; heard at night, it
+      would have thrilled one like the cry of the Banshee.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      This reminds one of the wonderful description in Mr.
+      Kipling's "City of Dreadful Night." It is not generally
+      known that Mr. Dodgson was a fervent admirer of Mr.
+      Kipling's works; indeed during the last few years of his
+      life I think he took more pleasure in his tales than in
+      those of any other modern author.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dr. Liddon's fame as a preacher had reached the Russian
+      clergy, with the result that he and Mr. Dodgson found many
+      doors open to them which are usually closed to travellers
+      in Russia. After their visit to Nijni Novgorod they
+      returned to Moscow, whence, escorted by Bishop Leonide,
+      Suffragan Bishop of Moscow, they made an expedition to the
+      Troitska Monastery.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>August 12th</i>.&mdash;A most interesting day. We breakfasted
+      at half-past five, and soon after seven left by railway, in
+      company with Bishop Leonide and Mr. Penny, for Troitska
+      Monastery. We found the Bishop, in spite of his limited
+      knowledge of English, a very conversational and
+      entertaining fellow-traveller. The service at the cathedral
+      had already begun when we reached it, and the Bishop took
+      us in with him, through a great crowd which thronged the
+      building, into a side room which opened into the chancel,
+      where we remained during the service, and enjoyed the
+      unusual privilege of seeing the clergy communicate&mdash;a
+      ceremony for which the doors of the chancel are always
+      shut, and the curtains drawn, so that the congregation
+      never witness it. It was a most elaborate ceremony, full of
+      crossings, and waving of incense before everything that was
+      going to be used, but also clearly full of much deep
+      devotion.... In the afternoon we went down to the
+      Archbishop's palace, and were presented to him by Bishop
+      Leonide. The Archbishop could only talk Russian, so that
+      the conversation between him and Liddon (a most interesting
+      one, which lasted more than an hour) was conducted in a
+      very original fashion&mdash;the Archbishop making a remark in
+      Russian, which was put into English by the Bishop; Liddon
+      then answered the remark in French, and the Bishop repeated
+      his answer in Russian to the Archbishop. So that a
+      conversation, entirely carried on between two people,
+      required the use of three languages!<br>
+      <br>
+      The Bishop had kindly got one of the theological students,
+      who could talk French, to conduct us about, which he did
+      most zealously, taking us, among other things, to see the
+      subterranean cells of the hermits, in which some of them
+      live for many years. We were shown the doors of two of the
+      inhabited ones; it was a strange and not quite comfortable
+      feeling, in a dark narrow passage where each had to carry a
+      candle, to be shown the low narrow door of a little cellar,
+      and to know that a human being was living within, with only
+      a small lamp to give him light, in solitude and silence day
+      and night.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      His experiences with an exorbitant <i>drojky</i>&mdash;driver at
+      St. Petersburg are worthy of record. They remind one of a
+      story which he himself used to tell as having happened to a
+      friend of his at Oxford. The latter had driven up in a cab
+      to Tom Gate, and offered the cabman the proper fare, which
+      was, however, refused with scorn. After a long altercation
+      he left the irate cabman to be brought to reason by the
+      porter, a one-armed giant of prodigious strength. When he
+      was leaving college, he stopped at the gate to ask the
+      porter how he had managed to dispose of the cabman. "Well,
+      sir," replied that doughty champion, "I could not persuade
+      him to go until I floored him."
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      After a hearty breakfast I left Liddon to rest and write
+      letters, and went off shopping, &amp;c., beginning with a
+      call on Mr. Muir at No. 61, Galerne Ulitsa. I took a
+      <i>drojky</i> to the house, having first bargained with the
+      driver for thirty <i>kopecks</i>; he wanted forty to begin
+      with. When we got there we had a little scene, rather a
+      novelty in my experience of <i>drojky</i>&mdash;driving. The
+      driver began by saying "<i>Sorok</i>" (forty) as I got out;
+      this was a warning of the coming storm, but I took no
+      notice of it, but quietly handed over the thirty. He
+      received them with scorn and indignation, and holding them
+      out in his open hand, delivered an eloquent discourse in
+      Russian, of which <i>sorok</i> was the leading idea. A
+      woman, who stood by with a look of amusement and curiosity,
+      perhaps understood him. <i>I</i> didn't, but simply held
+      out my hand for the thirty, returned them to the purse and
+      counted out twenty-five instead. In doing this I felt
+      something like a man pulling the string of a
+      shower-bath&mdash;and the effect was like it&mdash;his fury boiled over
+      directly, and quite eclipsed all the former row. I told him
+      in very bad Russian that I had offered thirty once, but
+      wouldn't again; but this, oddly enough, did not pacify him.
+      Mr. Muir's servant told him the same thing at length, and
+      finally Mr. Muir himself came out and gave him the
+      substance of it sharply and shortly&mdash;but he failed to see it
+      in a proper light. Some people are very hard to please.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      When staying at a friend's house at Kronstadt he wrote:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Liddon had surrendered his overcoat early in the day, and
+      when going we found it must be recovered from the
+      waiting-maid, who only talked Russian, and as I had left
+      the dictionary behind, and the little vocabulary did not
+      contain <i>coat</i>, we were in some difficulty. Liddon
+      began by exhibiting his coat, with much gesticulation,
+      including the taking it half-off. To our delight, she
+      appeared to understand at once&mdash;left the room, and returned
+      in a minute with&mdash;a large clothes-brush. On this Liddon
+      tried a further and more energetic demonstration; he took
+      off his coat, and laid it at her feet, pointed downwards
+      (to intimate that in the lower regions was the object of
+      his desire), smiled with an expression of the joy and
+      gratitude with which he would receive it, and put the coat
+      on again. Once more a gleam of intelligence lighted up the
+      plain but expressive features of the young person; she was
+      absent much longer this time, and when she returned, she
+      brought, to our dismay, a large cushion and a pillow, and
+      began to prepare the sofa for the nap that she now saw
+      clearly was the thing the dumb gentleman wanted. A happy
+      thought occurred to me, and I hastily drew a sketch
+      representing Liddon, with one coat on, receiving a second
+      and larger one from the hands of a benignant Russian
+      peasant. The language of hieroglyphics succeeded where all
+      other means had failed, and we returned to St. Petersburg
+      with the humiliating knowledge that our standard of
+      civilisation was now reduced to the level of ancient
+      Nineveh.
+    </blockquote>
+    <table align="Center" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="140"></a>
+            <img src="Images/140.png" alt="140.png"><br><div align="center"><a href="#T140"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      At Warsaw they made a short stay, putting up at the Hotel
+      d'Angleterre:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Our passage is inhabited by a tall and very friendly
+      grey-hound, who walks in whenever the door is opened for a
+      second or two, and who for some time threatened to make the
+      labour of the servant, who was bringing water for a bath,
+      of no effect, by drinking up the water as fast as it was
+      brought.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      From Warsaw they went on to Leipzig, and thence to Giessen,
+      where they arrived on September 4th.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      We moved on to Giessen, and put up at the "Rappe Hotel" for
+      the night, and ordered an early breakfast of an obliging
+      waiter who talked English. "Coffee!" he exclaimed
+      delightedly, catching at the word as if it were a really
+      original idea, "Ah, coffee&mdash;very nice&mdash;and eggs? Ham with
+      your eggs? Very nice&mdash;" "If we can have it broiled," I said.
+      "Boiled?" the waiter repeated, with an incredulous smile.
+      "No, not <i>boiled</i>," I explained&mdash;"<i>broiled</i>." The
+      waiter put aside this distinction as trivial, "Yes, yes,
+      ham," he repeated, reverting to his favourite idea. "Yes,
+      ham," I said, "but how cooked?" "Yes, yes, how cooked," the
+      waiter replied, with the careless air of one who assents to
+      a proposition more from good nature than from a real
+      conviction of its truth.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Sept. 5th</i>.&mdash;At midday we reached Ems, after a journey
+      eventless, but through a very interesting country-valleys
+      winding away in all directions among hills clothed with
+      trees to the very top, and white villages nestling away
+      wherever there was a comfortable corner to hide in. The
+      trees were so small, so uniform in colour, and so
+      continuous, that they gave to the more distant hills
+      something of the effect of banks covered with moss. The
+      really unique feature of the scenery was the way in which
+      the old castles seemed to grow, rather than to have been
+      built, on the tops of the rocky promontories that showed
+      their heads here and there among the trees. I have never
+      seen architecture that seemed so entirely in harmony with
+      the spirit of the place. By some subtle instinct the old
+      architects seem to have chosen both form and colour, the
+      grouping of the towers with their pointed spires, and the
+      two neutral tints, light grey and brown, on the walls and
+      roof, so as to produce buildings which look as naturally
+      fitted to the spot as the heath or the harebells. And, like
+      the flowers and the rocks, they seemed instinct with no
+      other meaning than rest and silence.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      And with these beautiful words my extracts from the Diary
+      may well conclude. Lewis Carroll's mind was completely at
+      one with Nature, and in her pleasant places of calm and
+      infinite repose he sought his rest&mdash;and has found it.
+    </p><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <h2>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_IV_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_IV_">CHAPTER
+      IV</a>
+    </h2>
+    <h4>
+      (1868&mdash;1876)
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      Death of Archdeacon Dodgson&mdash;Lewis Carroll's rooms at Christ
+      Church&mdash;"Phantasmagoria"&mdash;Translations of "Alice"&mdash;"Through
+      the Looking-Glass"&mdash;"Jabberwocky" in Latin&mdash;C.S.
+      Calverley&mdash;"Notes by an Oxford
+      Chiel"&mdash;Hatfield&mdash;Vivisection&mdash;"The Hunting of the Snark."
+    </blockquote><br>
+    <p>
+      The success of "Alice in Wonderland" tempted Mr. Dodgson to
+      make another essay in the same field of literature. His
+      idea had not yet been plagiarised, as it was afterwards,
+      though the book had of course been parodied, a notable
+      instance being "Alice in Blunderland," which appeared in
+      <i>Punch</i>. It was very different when he came to write
+      "Sylvie and Bruno"; the countless imitations of the two
+      "Alice" books which had been foisted upon the public forced
+      him to strike out in a new line. Long before the
+      publication of his second tale, people had heard that Lewis
+      Carroll was writing again, and the editor of a well-known
+      magazine had offered him two guineas a page, which was a
+      high rate of pay in those days, for the story, if he would
+      allow it to appear in serial form.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The central idea was, as every one knows, the adventures of
+      a little girl who had somehow or other got through a
+      looking-glass. The first difficulty, however, was to get
+      her through, and this question exercised his ingenuity for
+      some time, before it was satisfactorily solved. The next
+      thing was to secure Tenniel's services again. At first it
+      seemed that he was to be disappointed in this matter;
+      Tenniel was so fully occupied with other work that there
+      seemed little hope of his being able to undertake any more.
+      He then applied to Sir Noel Paton, with whose
+      fairy-pictures he had fallen in love; but the artist was
+      ill, and wrote in reply, "Tenniel is <i>the</i> man." In
+      the end Tenniel consented to undertake the work, and once
+      more author and artist settled down to work together. Mr.
+      Dodgson was no easy man to work with; no detail was too
+      small for his exact criticism. "Don't give Alice so much
+      crinoline," he would write, or "The White Knight must not
+      have whiskers; he must not be made to look old"&mdash;such were
+      the directions he was constantly giving.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On June 21st Archdeacon Dodgson died, after an illness of
+      only a few days' duration. Lewis Carroll was not summoned
+      until too late, for the illness took a sudden turn for the
+      worse, and he was unable to reach his father's bedside
+      before the end had come. This was a terrible shock to him;
+      his father had been his ideal of what a Christian gentleman
+      should be, and it seemed to him at first as if a cloud had
+      settled on his life which could never be dispelled. Two
+      letters of his, both of them written long after the sad
+      event, give one some idea of the grief which his father's
+      death, and all that it entailed, caused him. The first was
+      written long afterwards, to one who had suffered a similar
+      bereavement. In this letter he said:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      We are sufficiently old friends, I feel sure, for me to
+      have no fear that I shall seem intrusive in writing about
+      your great sorrow. The greatest blow that has ever fallen
+      on <i>my</i> life was the death, nearly thirty years ago,
+      of my own dear father; so, in offering you my sincere
+      sympathy, I write as a fellow-sufferer. And I rejoice to
+      know that we are not only fellow-sufferers, but also
+      fellow-believers in the blessed hope of the resurrection
+      from the dead, which makes such a parting holy and
+      beautiful, instead of being merely a blank despair.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The second was written to a young friend, Miss Edith Rix,
+      who had sent him an illuminated text:
+    </p><br>
+    <blockquote>
+      My dear Edith,&mdash;I can now tell you (what I wanted to do when
+      you sent me that text-card, but felt I could not say it to
+      <i>two</i> listeners, as it were) <i>why</i> that special
+      card is one I like to have. That text is consecrated for me
+      by the memory of one of the greatest sorrows I have
+      known&mdash;the death of my dear father. In those solemn days,
+      when we used to steal, one by one, into the darkened room,
+      to take yet another look at the dear calm face, and to pray
+      for strength, the one feature in the room that I remember
+      was a framed text, illuminated by one of my sisters, "Then
+      are they glad, because they are at rest; and so he bringeth
+      them into the haven where they would be!" That text will
+      always have, for me, a sadness and a sweetness of its own.
+      Thank you again for sending it me. Please don't mention
+      this when we meet. I can't <i>talk</i> about it.<br>
+      <br>
+      Always affectionately yours,<br>
+      <br>
+      C. L. DODGSON.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The object of his edition of Euclid Book V., published
+      during the course of the year, was to meet the requirements
+      of the ordinary Pass Examination, and to present the
+      subject in as short and simple a form as possible. Hence
+      the Theory of Incommensurable Magnitudes was omitted,
+      though, as the author himself said in the Preface, to do so
+      rendered the work incomplete, and, from a logical point of
+      view, valueless. He hinted pretty plainly his own
+      preference for an equivalent amount of Algebra, which would
+      be complete in itself. It is easy to understand this
+      preference in a mind so strictly logical as his.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      So far as the object of the book itself is concerned, he
+      succeeded admirably; the propositions are clearly and
+      beautifully worked out, and the hints on proving
+      Propositions in Euclid Book V., are most useful.
+    </p>
+    <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="492"></a>
+            <img src="Images/492.png" alt="492.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T492"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c2" align="center">
+              PROF. FARADAY.<br>
+              <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      In November he again moved into new rooms at Christ Church;
+      the suite which he occupied from this date to the end of
+      his life was one of the best in the College. Situated at
+      the north-west corner of Tom Quad, on the first floor of
+      the staircase from the entrance to which the Junior Common
+      Room is now approached, they consist of four sitting-rooms
+      and about an equal number of bedrooms, besides rooms for
+      lumber, &amp;c. From the upper floor one can easily reach
+      the flat college roof. Mr. Dodgson saw at once that here
+      was the very place for a photographic studio, and he lost
+      no time in obtaining the consent of the authorities to
+      erect one. Here he took innumerable photographs of his
+      friends and their children, as indeed he had been doing for
+      some time under less favourable conditions. One of his
+      earliest pictures is an excellent likeness of Professor
+      Faraday.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      His study was characteristic of the man; oil paintings by
+      A. Hughes, Mrs. Anderson, and Heaphy proclaimed his
+      artistic tastes; nests of pigeon-holes, each neatly
+      labelled, showed his love of order; shelves, filled with
+      the best books on every subject that interested him, were
+      evidence of his wide reading. His library has now been
+      broken up and, except for a few books retained by his
+      nearest relatives, scattered to the winds; such dispersions
+      are inevitable, but they are none the less regrettable. It
+      always seems to me that one of the saddest things about the
+      death of a literary man is the fact that the breaking-up of
+      his collection of books almost invariably follows; the
+      building up of a good library, the work of a lifetime, has
+      been so much labour lost, so far as future generations are
+      concerned. Talent, yes, and genius too, are displayed not
+      only in writing books but also in buying them, and it is a
+      pity that the ruthless hammer of the auctioneer should
+      render so much energy and skill fruitless.
+    </p>
+    <table align="Center" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="491"></a>
+            <img src="Images/491.png" alt="491.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T491"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              LEWIS CARROLL'S STUDY<br>
+              AT CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      Lewis Carroll's dining-room has been the scene of many a
+      pleasant little party, for he was very fond of
+      entertaining. In his Diary, each of the dinners and
+      luncheons that he gave is recorded by a small diagram,
+      which shows who his guests were, and their several
+      positions at the table. He kept a <i>menu</i> book as well,
+      that the same people might not have the same dishes too
+      frequently. He sometimes gave large parties, but his
+      favourite form of social relaxation was a <i>d&#238;ner
+      &#224; deux</i>.
+    </p>
+    <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="493"></a>
+            <img src="Images/493.png" alt="493.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T493"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>JUSTICE DENMAN.</b><br>
+              <i>From a photograph by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      At the beginning of 1869 his "Phantasmagoria," a collection
+      of poems grave and gay, was published by Macmillan. Upon
+      the whole he was more successful in humorous poetry, but
+      there is an undeniable dignity and pathos in his more
+      serious verses. He gave a copy to Mr. Justice Denman, with
+      whom he afterwards came to be very well acquainted, and who
+      appreciated the gift highly. "I did not lay down the book,"
+      he wrote, "until I had read them [the poems] through; and
+      enjoyed many a hearty laugh, and something like a cry or
+      two. Moreover, I hope to read them through (as the <i>old
+      man</i> said) 'again and again.'"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It had been Lewis Carroll's intention to have
+      "Phantasmagoria" illustrated, and he had asked George du
+      Maurier to undertake the work; but the plan fell through.
+      In his letter to du Maurier, Mr. Dodgson had made some
+      inquiries about Miss Florence Montgomery, the authoress of
+      "Misunderstood." In reply du Maurier said, "Miss Florence
+      Montgomery is a very charming and sympathetic young lady,
+      the daughter of the admiral of that ilk. I am, like you, a
+      very great admirer of "Misunderstood," and cried pints
+      over it. When I was doing the last picture I had to put a
+      long white pipe in the little boy's mouth until it was
+      finished, so as to get rid of the horrible pathos of the
+      situation while I was executing the work. In reading the
+      book a second time (knowing the sad end of the dear little
+      boy), the funny parts made me cry almost as much as the
+      pathetic ones."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A few days after the publication of "Phantasmagoria," Lewis
+      Carroll sent the first chapter of his new story to the
+      press. "Behind the Looking-Glass and what Alice saw there"
+      was his original idea for its title; it was Dr. Liddon who
+      suggested the name finally adopted.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During this year German and French translations of "Alice
+      in Wonderland" were published by Macmillan; the Italian
+      edition appeared in 1872. Henri Bu&#233;, who was
+      responsible for the French version, had no easy task to
+      perform. In many cases the puns proved quite
+      untranslatable; while the poems, being parodies on
+      well-known English pieces, would have been pointless on the
+      other side of the Channel. For instance, the lines
+      beginning, "How doth the little crocodile" are a parody on
+      "How doth the little busy bee," a song which a French child
+      has, of course, never heard of. In this case Bu&#233;
+      gave up the idea of translation altogether, and, instead,
+      parodied La Fontaine's "Ma&#238;tre Corbeau" as follows:&mdash;
+    </p><span class="c6">Ma&#238;tre Corbeau sur un arbre
+    perch&#233;</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Faisait son nid entre des
+    branches;</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Il avait relev&#233; ses
+    manches,</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Car il &#233;tait tr&#232;s
+    affair&#233;.</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Ma&#238;tre Renard par l&#224;
+    passant,</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Lui dit: "Descendez donc,
+    comp&#232;re;</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Venez embrasser votre
+    fr&#232;re!"</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Le Corbeau, le reconnaissant,</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Lui r&#233;pondit en son
+    ramage!&mdash;</span><br>
+    <span class="c7">"Fromage."</span><br>
+    <p>
+      The dialogue in which the joke occurs about "tortoise" and
+      "taught us" ("Wonderland," p. 142) is thus rendered:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      "La ma&#238;tresse &#233;tait une vieille tortue; nous
+      l'appelions ch&#233;lon&#233;e."<br>
+      "Et pourquoi l'appeliez-vous ch&#233;lon&#233;e, si ce
+      n'&#233;tait pas son nom?"<br>
+      "Parcequ'on ne pouvait s'emp&#234;cher de s'&#233;crier
+      en la voyant: Quel long nez!" dit la Fausse-Tortue d'un ton
+      f&#226;ch&#233;; "vous &#234;tes vraiment bien
+      born&#233;e!"
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      At two points, however, both M. Bu&#233; and Miss Antonie
+      Zimmermann, who translated the tale into German, were
+      fairly beaten: the reason for the whiting being so called,
+      from its doing the boots and shoes, and for no wise fish
+      going anywhere without a porpoise, were given up as
+      untranslatable.
+    </p>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="494"></a>
+            <img src="Images/494.png" alt="494.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T494"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>LORD SALISBURY<br>
+              AND HIS TWO SONS.</b><br>
+              <i>From a photograph<br>
+              by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      At the beginning of 1870 Lord Salisbury came up to Oxford
+      to be installed as Chancellor of the University. Dr. Liddon
+      introduced Mr. Dodgson to him, and thus began a very
+      pleasant acquaintance. Of course he photographed the
+      Chancellor and his two sons, for he never missed an
+      opportunity of getting distinguished people into his
+      studio.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In December, seven "Puzzles from Wonderland" appeared in
+      Mrs. Gatty's paper, <i>Aunt Judy's Magazine</i>. They had
+      originally been written for the Cecil children, with whom
+      Lewis Carroll was already on the best terms. Meanwhile
+      "Through the Looking-Glass" was steadily progressing&mdash;not,
+      however, without many little hitches. One question which
+      exercised Mr. Dodgson very much was whether the picture of
+      the Jabberwock would do as a frontispiece, or whether it
+      would be too frightening for little children. On this point
+      he sought the advice of about thirty of his married lady
+      friends, whose experiences with their own children would
+      make them trustworthy advisers; and in the end he chose the
+      picture of the White Knight on horseback. In 1871 the book
+      appeared, and was an instantaneous success. Eight thousand
+      of the first edition had been taken up by the booksellers
+      before Mr. Dodgson had even received his own presentation
+      copies. The compliments he received upon the
+      "Looking-Glass" would have been enough to turn a lesser
+      man's head, but he was, I think, proof against either
+      praise or blame.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I can say with a clear head and conscience [wrote Henry
+      Kingsley] that your new book is the finest thing we have
+      had since "Martin Chuzzlewit." ... I can only say, in
+      comparing the new "Alice" with the old, "this is a more
+      excellent song than the other." It is perfectly splendid,
+      but you have, doubtless, heard that from other quarters. I
+      lunch with Macmillan habitually, and he was in a terrible
+      pickle about not having printed enough copies the other
+      day.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Jabberwocky<a name="FNanchor017"></a><a href="#Footnote_017"><sup>[017]</sup></a> was at once recognised
+      as the best and most original thing in the book, though one
+      fair correspondent of <i>The Queen</i> declared that it was
+      a translation from the German! The late Dean of Rochester,
+      Dr. Scott, writes about it to Mr. Dodgson as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Are we to suppose, after all, that the Saga of Jabberwocky
+      is one of the universal heirlooms which the Aryan race at
+      its dispersion carried with it from the great cradle of the
+      family? You must really consult Max M&#252;ller about this.
+      It begins to be probable that the <i>origo
+      originalissima</i> may be discovered in Sanscrit, and that
+      we shall by and by have a <i>Iabrivokaveda</i> . The hero
+      will turn out to be the Sun-god in one of his
+      <i>Avatars</i>; and the Tumtum tree the great Ash
+      <i>Ygdrasil</i> of the Scandinavian mythology.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      In March, 1872, the late Mr. A.A. Vansittart, of Trinity
+      College, Cambridge, translated the poem into Latin
+      elegiacs. His rendering was printed, for private
+      circulation only, I believe, several years later, but will
+      probably be new to most of my readers. A careful comparison
+      with the original shows the wonderful fidelity of this
+      translation:&mdash;
+    </p><span class="c6">"MORS IABROCHII"</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">Coesper<a name="FNanchor018"></a><a href="#Footnote_018"><sup>[018]</sup></a> erat: tunc
+    lubriciles<a name="FNanchor019"></a><a href="#Footnote_019"><sup>[019]</sup></a> ultravia
+    circum</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Urgebant gyros gimbiculosque
+    tophi;</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Moestenui visae borogovides ire
+    meatu;</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Et profugi gemitus exgrabu&#234;re
+    rathae.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">O fuge Iabrochium, sanguis meus!<a name="FNanchor020"></a><a href="#Footnote_020"><sup>[020]</sup></a> Ille recurvis</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Unguibus, estque avidis dentibus ille
+    minax.</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Ububae fuge cautus avis vim, gnate! Neque
+    unquam</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Faedarpax contra te frumiosus
+    eat!</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">Vorpali gladio juvenis succingitur:
+    hostis</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Manxumus ad medium quaeritur usque
+    diem:</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Jamque via fesso, sed plurima mente
+    prementi,</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Tumtumiae frondis suaserat umbra
+    moram.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">Consilia interdum stetit egnia<a name="FNanchor021"></a><a href="#Footnote_021"><sup>[021]</sup></a> mente
+    revolvens:</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">At gravis in densa fronde susuffrus<a name="FNanchor022"></a><a href="#Footnote_022"><sup>[022]</sup></a> erat,</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Spiculaque<a name="FNanchor023"></a><a href="#Footnote_023"><sup>[023]</sup></a> ex oculis jacientis
+    flammea, tulscam</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Per silvam venit burbur?<a name="FNanchor024"></a><a href="#Footnote_024"><sup>[024]</sup></a> Iabrochii!</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">Vorpali, semel atque iterum collectus in
+    ictum,</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Persnicuit gladio persnacuitque
+    puer:</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Deinde galumphatus, spernens informe
+    cadaver,</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Horrendum monstri rettulit ipse
+    caput.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">Victor Iabrochii, spoliis insignis
+    opimis,</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Rursus in amplexus, o radiose,
+    meos!</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">O frabiose dies! CALLO clamateque
+    CALLA!</span><br>
+    <span class="c9">Vix potuit laetus chorticulare
+    pater.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">Coesper erat: tunc lubriciles ultravia
+    circum</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Urgebant gyros gimbiculosque
+    tophi;</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Moestenui visae borogovides ire
+    meatu;</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Et profugi gemitus exgrabu&#234;re
+    rathae.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">A.A.V.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">JABBERWOCKY.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">'Twas brillig, and the slithy
+    toves</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">All mimsy were the borogroves,</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">And the mome raths outgrabe.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">"Beware the Jabberwock, my son!</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">The jaws that bite, the claws that
+    scratch!</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">The frumious Bandersnatch!"</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">He took his vorpal sword in hand:</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Long time the manxome foe he
+    sought&mdash;</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">So rested he by the Tumtum tree,</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">And stood awhile in thought.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">And as in uffish thought he
+    stood,</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">The Jabberwock, with eyes of
+    flame,</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Came whiffling through the tulgey
+    wood</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">And burbled as it came!</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">One, two! One, two! And through and
+    through</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">The vorpal blade went
+    snicker-snack!</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">He left it dead, and with its
+    head</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">He went galumphing back.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">"And hast thou slain the
+    Jabberwock?</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Come to my arms, my beamish boy!</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!"</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">He chortled in his joy.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">'Twas brillig, and the slithy
+    toves</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">All mimsy were the borogroves,</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">And the mome raths outgrabe.</span><br>
+    <p>
+      The story, as originally written, contained thirteen
+      chapters, but the published book consisted of twelve only.
+      The omitted chapter introduced a wasp, in the character of
+      a judge or barrister, I suppose, since Mr. Tenniel wrote
+      that "a <i>wasp</i> in a <i>wig</i> is altogether beyond
+      the appliances of art." Apart from difficulties of
+      illustration, the "wasp" chapter was not considered to be
+      up to the level of the rest of the book, and this was
+      probably the principal reason of its being left out.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "It is a curious fact," wrote Mr. Tenniel some years later,
+      when replying to a request of Lewis Carroll's that he would
+      illustrate another of his books, "that with 'Through the
+      Looking-Glass' the faculty of making drawings for book
+      illustration departed from me, and, notwithstanding all
+      sorts of tempting inducements, I have done nothing in that
+      direction since."
+    </p>
+    <table align="Center" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="163"></a><div align="center"><a href="#T163"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <img src="Images/163.png" alt="163.png">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <img src="Images/164.png" alt="164.png">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <img src="Images/165.png" alt="165.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <div class="c10" align="center">
+              Facsimile of a letter<br>
+              from Sir John Tenniel<br>
+              to Lewis Carroll,<br>
+              June 1, 1870.
+            </div><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      "Through the Looking Glass" has recently appeared in a
+      solemn judgment of the House of Lords. In <i>Eastman
+      Photographic Materials Company v. Comptroller General of
+      Patents, Designs, and Trademarks</i> (1898), the question
+      for decision was, What constitutes an invented word? A
+      trademark that consists of or contains an invented word or
+      words is capable of registration. "Solio" was the word in
+      issue in the case. Lord Macnaghten in his judgment said,
+      when alluding to the distinguishing characteristics of an
+      invented word:
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I do not think that it is necessary that it should be
+      wholly meaningless. To give an illustration: your lordships
+      may remember that in a book of striking humour and fancy,
+      which was in everybody's hands when it was first published,
+      there is a collection of strange words where "there are"
+      (to use the language of the author) "two meanings packed up
+      into one word." No one would say that those were not
+      invented words. Still they contain a meaning&mdash;a meaning is
+      wrapped up in them if you can only find it out.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Before I leave the subject of the "Looking-Glass," I should
+      like to mention one or two circumstances in connection with
+      it which illustrate his reverence for sacred things. In his
+      original manuscript the bad-tempered flower (pp. 28&mdash;33) was
+      the passion-flower; the sacred origin of the name never
+      struck him, until it was pointed out to him by a friend,
+      when he at once changed it into the tiger-lily. Another
+      friend asked him if the final scene was based upon the
+      triumphal conclusion of "Pilgrim's Progress." He repudiated
+      the idea, saying that he would consider such trespassing on
+      holy ground as highly irreverent.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He seemed never to be satisfied with the amount of work he
+      had on hand, and in 1872 he determined to add to his other
+      labours by studying anatomy and physiology. Professor
+      Barclay Thompson supplied him with a set of bones, and,
+      having purchased the needful books, he set to work in good
+      earnest. His mind was first turned to acquiring medical
+      knowledge by his happening to be at hand when a man was
+      seized with an epileptic fit. He had prevented the poor
+      creature from falling, but was utterly at a loss what to do
+      next. To be better prepared on any future occasion, he
+      bought a little manual called "What to do in Emergencies."
+      In later years he was constantly buying medical and
+      surgical works, and by the end of his life he had a library
+      of which no doctor need have been ashamed. There were only
+      two special bequests in his will, one of some small
+      keepsakes to his landlady at Eastbourne, Mrs. Dyer, and the
+      other of his medical books to my brother.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Whenever a new idea presented itself to his mind he used to
+      make a note of it; he even invented a system by which he
+      could take notes in the dark, if some happy thought or
+      ingenious problem suggested itself to him during a
+      sleepless night. Like most men who systematically overtax
+      their brains, he was a poor sleeper. He would sometimes go
+      through a whole book of Euclid in bed; he was so familiar
+      with the bookwork that he could actually see the figures
+      before him in the dark, and did not confuse the letters,
+      which is perhaps even more remarkable.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Most of his ideas were ingenious, though many were entirely
+      useless from a practical point of view. For instance, he
+      has an entry in his Diary on November 8, 1872: "I wrote to
+      Calverley, suggesting an idea (which I think occurred to me
+      yesterday) of guessing well-known poems as acrostics, and
+      making a collection of them to hoax the public."
+      Calverley's reply to this letter was as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      My dear Sir,&mdash;I have been laid up (or laid down) for the
+      last few days by acute lumbago, or I would have written
+      before. It is rather absurd that I was on the point of
+      propounding to you this identical idea. I realised, and I
+      regret to add revealed to two girls, a fortnight ago, the
+      truth that all existing poems were in fact acrostics; and I
+      offered a small pecuniary reward to whichever would find
+      out Gray's "Elegy" within half an hour! But it never
+      occurred to me to utilise the discovery, as it did to you.
+      I see that it might be utilised, now you mention it&mdash;and I
+      shall instruct these two young women not to publish the
+      notion among their friends.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      This is the way Mr. Calverley treated Kirke White's poem
+      "To an early Primrose." "The title," writes C.S.C. "might
+      either be ignored or omitted. Possibly carpers might say
+      that a primrose was not a rose."
+    </p>
+    <pre>      <tt>   Mild offspring of a dark and sullen sire!<br>
+    Whose modest form, so delicately fine,                      Wild<br>
+        Was nursed in whistling storms                          Rose<br>
+        And cradled in the winds!<br>
+    <br>
+    Thee, when young Spring first questioned Winter's sway,<br>
+    And dared the sturdy blusterer to the fight,               W     a    R<br>
+        Thee on this bank he threw<br>
+        To mark his victory.<br>
+    <br>
+    In this low vale, the promise of the year,<br>
+    Serene thou openest to the nipping gale,<br>
+        Unnoticed and alone                                    I  ncognit O<br>
+        Thy tender elegance.<br>
+    <br>
+    So Virtue blooms, brought forth amid the storms<br>
+    Of chill adversity, in some lone walk<br>
+        Of life she rears her head                             L owlines  S<br>
+        Obscure and unobserved.<br>
+    <br>
+    While every bleaching breeze that on her blows<br>
+    Chastens her spotless purity of breast,<br>
+        And hardens her to bear                                D isciplin E<br>
+        Serene the ills of life.</tt>     <br></pre><br>
+    <p>
+      In the course of their correspondence Mr. Calverley wrote a
+      Shakespearian sonnet, the initial letters of which form the
+      name of William Herbert; and a parody entitled "The New
+      Hat." I reproduce them both.
+    </p><span class="c6">When o'er the world Night spreads her
+    mantle dun,</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">In dreams, my love, I see those stars, thine
+    eyes,</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Lighting the dark: but when the royal
+    sun</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Looks o'er the pines and fires the orient
+    skies,</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">I bask no longer in thy beauty's
+    ray,</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">And lo! my world is bankrupt of
+    delight.</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Murk night seemed lately fair-complexioned
+    day;</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Hope-bringing day now seems most doleful
+    night.</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">End, weary day, that art no day to
+    me!</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Return, fair night, to me the best of
+    days!</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">But O my rose, whom in my dreams I
+    see,</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Enkindle with like bliss my waking
+    gaze!</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Replete with thee, e'en hideous night grows
+    fair:</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Then what would sweet morn be, if thou wert
+    there?</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c5">THE NEW HAT.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">My boots had been wash'd, well wash'd, by a
+    shower;</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">But little I car'd about that:</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">What I felt was the havoc a single
+    half-hour</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Had made with my beautiful Hat.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">For the Boot, tho' its lustre be dimm'd,
+    shall assume</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">New comeliness after a while;</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">But no art may restore its original
+    bloom,</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">When once it hath fled, to the
+    Tile.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">I clomb to my perch, and the horses (a
+    bay</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">And a brown) trotted off with a
+    clatter;</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">The driver look'd round in his humorous
+    way,</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">And said huskily, "Who is your
+    hatter?"</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">I was pleased that he'd noticed its shape
+    and its shine;</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">And, as soon as we reached the "Old
+    Druid,"</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">I begged him to drink to its welfare and
+    mine</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">In a glass of my favourite fluid.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">A gratified smile sat, I own, on my
+    lips</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">When the barmaid exclaimed to the
+    master,</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">(He was standing inside with his hands on
+    his hips),</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">"Just look at that gentleman's
+    castor."</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">I laughed, when an organman paus'd in
+    mid-air&mdash;</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">('Twas an air that I happened to
+    know,</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">By a great foreign <i>maestro</i>)&mdash;expressly
+    to stare</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">At ze gent wiz <i>ze joli chapeau</i>
+    .</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">Yet how swift is the transit from laughter
+    to tears!</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">How rife with results is a day!</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">That Hat might, with care, have adorned me
+    for years;</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">But one show'r wash'd its beauty
+    away.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">How I lov'd thee, my Bright One! I pluck in
+    remorse</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">My hands from my pockets and wring
+    'em:</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Oh, why did not I, dear, as a matter of
+    course,</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">Ere I purchas'd thee purchase a
+    gingham?</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c6">C.S. CALVERLEY.</span><br>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Dodgson spent the last night of the old year (1872) at
+      Hatfield, where he was the guest of Lord Salisbury. There
+      was a large party of children in the house, one of them
+      being Princess Alice, to whom he told as much of the story
+      of "Sylvie and Bruno" as he had then composed. While the
+      tale was in progress Lady Salisbury entered the room,
+      bringing in some new toy or game to amuse her little
+      guests, who, with the usual thoughtlessness of children,
+      all rushed off and left Mr. Dodgson. But the little
+      Princess, suddenly appearing to remember that to do so
+      might perhaps hurt his feelings, sat down again by his
+      side. He read the kind thought which prompted her action,
+      and was much pleased by it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As Mr. Dodgson knew several members of the <i>Punch</i>
+      staff, he used to send up any little incidents or remarks
+      that particularly amused him to that paper. He even went so
+      far as to suggest subjects for cartoons, though I do not
+      know if his ideas were ever carried out. One of the
+      anecdotes he sent to <i>Punch</i> was that of a little boy,
+      aged four, who after having listened with much attention to
+      the story of Lot's wife, asked ingenuously, "Where does
+      salt come from that's <i>not</i> made of ladies?" This
+      appeared on January 3, 1874.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following is one of several such little anecdotes
+      jotted down by Lewis Carroll for future use: Dr. Paget was
+      conducting a school examination, and in the course of his
+      questions he happened to ask a small child the meaning of
+      "Average." He was utterly bewildered by the reply, "The
+      thing that hens lay on," until the child explained that he
+      had read in a book that hens lay <i>on an average</i> so
+      many eggs a year.
+    </p>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="495"></a>
+            <img src="Images/495.png" alt="495.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T495"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>JOHN RUSKIN.</b><br>
+              <i>From a photograph<br>
+              by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      Among the notable people whom he photographed was John
+      Ruskin, and, as several friends begged him for copies, he
+      wrote to ask Mr. Ruskin's leave. The reply was, "Buy Number
+      5 of <i>Fors Clavigera</i> for 1871, which will give you
+      your answer." This was not what Mr. Dodgson wanted, so he
+      wrote back, "Can't afford ten-pence!" Finally Mr. Ruskin
+      gave his consent.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      About this time came the anonymous publication of "Notes by
+      an Oxford Chiel," a collection of papers written on various
+      occasions, and all of them dealing with Oxford
+      controversies. Taking them in order, we have first "The New
+      Method of Evaluation as applied to <i>pi</i>," first
+      published by Messrs. Parker in 1865, which had for its
+      subject the controversy about the Regius Professorship of
+      Greek. One extract will be sufficient to show the way in
+      which the affair was treated: "Let U = the University, G =
+      Greek, and P = Professor. Then G P = Greek Professor; let
+      this be reduced to its lowest terms and call the result J
+      [i.e., Jowett]."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The second paper is called "The Dynamics of a Parti-cle,"
+      and is quite the best of the series; it is a geometrical
+      treatment of the contest between Mr. Gathorne Hardy and Mr.
+      Gladstone for the representation of the University. Here
+      are some of the "Definitions" with which the subject was
+      introduced:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>Plain Superficiality</i> is the character of a speech,
+      in which any two points being taken, the speaker is found
+      to lie wholly with regard to those two points.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Plain Anger</i> is the inclination of two voters to one
+      another, who meet together, but whose views are not in the
+      same direction.<br>
+      <br>
+      When two parties, coming together, feel a Right Anger, each
+      is <i>said</i> to be <i>complimentary</i> to the other,
+      though, strictly speaking, this is very seldom the
+      case.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>A surd</i> is a radical whose meaning cannot be exactly
+      ascertained.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      As the "Notes of an Oxford Chiel" has been long out of
+      print, I will give a few more extracts from this paper:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>On Differentiation.</i><br>
+      <br>
+      The effect of Differentiation on a Particle is very
+      remarkable, the first differential being frequently of
+      greater value than the original particle, and the second of
+      less enlightenment.<br>
+      <br>
+      For example, let L = "Leader", S = "Saturday", and then LS =
+      "Leader in the Saturday" (a particle of no assignable
+      value). Differentiating once, we get L.S.D., a function of
+      great value. Similarly it will be found that, by taking the
+      second Differential of an enlightened Particle
+      (<i>i.e.,</i> raising it to the Degree D.D.), the
+      enlightenment becomes rapidly less. The effect is much
+      increased by the addition of a C: in this case the
+      enlightenment often vanishes altogether, and the Particle
+      becomes Conservative.<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      PROPOSITIONS.<br>
+      <br>
+      PROP. I. PR.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>To find the value of a given Examiner</i>.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Example</i>.&mdash;A takes in ten books in the Final
+      Examination and gets a 3rd class; B takes in the Examiners,
+      and gets a 2nd. Find the value of the Examiners in terms of
+      books. Find also their value in terms in which no
+      Examination is held.<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      PROP. II. PR.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>To estimate Profit and Loss</i>.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Example</i>.&mdash;Given a Derby Prophet, who has sent three
+      different winners to three different betting-men, and given
+      that none of the three horses are placed. Find the total
+      loss incurred by the three men (<i>a</i>) in money,
+      (<i>b</i>) in temper. Find also the Prophet. Is this latter
+      usually possible?<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      PROP. IV. TH.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>The end</i> (i.e., "<i>the product of the extremes")
+      justifies</i> (i.e., "<i>is equal to</i>"&mdash;<i>see Latin
+      "aequus") the means</i>.<br>
+      <br>
+      No example is appended to this Proposition, for obvious
+      reasons.<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      PROP. V. PR.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>To continue a given series.</i><br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Example</i>.&mdash;A and B, who are respectively addicted to
+      Fours and Fives, occupy the same set of rooms, which is
+      always at Sixes and Sevens. Find the probable amount of
+      reading done by A and B while the Eights are on.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The third paper was entitled "Facts, Figures, and Fancies."
+      The best thing in it was a parody on "The Deserted
+      Village," from which an extract will be found in a later
+      chapter. There was also a letter to the Senior Censor of
+      Christ Church, in burlesque of a similar letter in which
+      the Professor of Physics met an offer of the Clarendon
+      Trustees by a detailed enumeration of the requirements in
+      his own department of Natural Science. Mr. Dodgson's letter
+      deals with the imaginary requirements of the Mathematical
+      school:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Dear Senior Censor,&mdash;In a desultory conversation on a point
+      connected with the dinner at our high table, you
+      incidentally remarked to me that lobster-sauce, "though a
+      necessary adjunct to turbot, was not entirely
+      wholesome!"<br>
+      <br>
+      It is entirely unwholesome. I never ask for it without
+      reluctance: I never take a second spoonful without a
+      feeling of apprehension on the subject of a possible
+      nightmare. This naturally brings me to the subject of
+      Mathematics, and of the accommodation provided by the
+      University for carrying on the calculations necessary in
+      that important branch of Science.<br>
+      <br>
+      As Members of Convocation are called upon (whether
+      personally, or, as is less exasperating, by letter) to
+      consider the offer of the Clarendon Trustees, as well as
+      every other subject of human, or inhuman, interest, capable
+      of consideration, it has occurred to me to suggest for your
+      consideration how desirable roofed buildings are for
+      carrying on mathematical calculations: in fact, the
+      variable character of the weather in Oxford renders it
+      highly inexpedient to attempt much occupation, of a
+      sedentary nature, in the open air.<br>
+      <br>
+      Again, it is often impossible for students to carry on
+      accurate mathematical calculations in close contiguity to
+      one another, owing to their mutual conversation;
+      consequently these processes require different rooms in
+      which irrepressible conversationalists, who are found to
+      occur in every branch of Society, might be carefully and
+      permanently fixed.<br>
+      <br>
+      It may be sufficient for the present to enumerate the
+      following requisites&mdash;others might be added as funds
+      permit:&mdash;<br>
+      <br>
+      A. A very large room for calculating Greatest Common
+      Measure. To this a small one might be attached for Least
+      Common Multiple: this, however, might be dispensed
+      with.<br>
+      <br>
+      B. A piece of open ground for keeping Roots and practising
+      their extraction: it would be advisable to keep Square
+      Roots by themselves, as their corners are apt to damage
+      others.<br>
+      <br>
+      C. A room for reducing Fractions to their Lowest Terms.
+      This should be provided with a cellar for keeping the
+      Lowest Terms when found, which might also be available to
+      the general body of Undergraduates, for the purpose of
+      "keeping Terms."<br>
+      <br>
+      D. A large room, which might be darkened, and fitted up
+      with a magic lantern, for the purpose of exhibiting
+      circulating Decimals in the act of circulation. This might
+      also contain cupboards, fitted with glass doors, for
+      keeping the various Scales of Notation.<br>
+      <br>
+      E. A narrow strip of ground, railed off and carefully
+      levelled, for investigating the properties of Asymptotes,
+      and testing practically whether Parallel Lines meet or not:
+      for this purpose it should reach, to use the expressive
+      language of Euclid, "ever so far."<br>
+      <br>
+      This last process of "continually producing the lines," may
+      require centuries or more; but such a period, though long
+      in the life of an individual, is as nothing in the life of
+      the University.<br>
+      <br>
+      As Photography is now very much employed in recording human
+      expressions, and might possibly be adapted to Algebraical
+      Expressions, a small photographic room would be desirable,
+      both for general use and for representing the various
+      phenomena of Gravity, Disturbance of Equilibrium,
+      Resolution, &amp;c., which affect the features during
+      severe mathematical operations.<br>
+      <br>
+      May I trust that you will give your immediate attention to
+      this most important subject?<br>
+      <br>
+      Believe me,<br>
+      <br>
+      Sincerely yours,<br>
+      <br>
+      Mathematicus.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Next came "The New Belfry of Christ Church, Oxford; a
+      Monograph by D.C.L." On the title-page was a neatly drawn
+      square&mdash;the figure of Euclid I. 46&mdash;below which was written
+      "East view of the New Belfry, Christ Church, as seen from
+      the meadow." The new belfry is fortunately a thing of the
+      past, and its insolent hideousness no longer defaces Christ
+      Church, but while it lasted it was no doubt an excellent
+      target for Lewis Carroll's sarcasm. His article on it is
+      divided into thirteen chapters. Three of them are perhaps
+      worth quoting:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      &#167;1. <i>On the etymological significance of the new
+      Belfry, Ch. Ch</i>.<br>
+      <br>
+      The word "Belfry" is derived from the French <i>bel</i>,
+      "beautiful, becoming, meet," and from the German
+      <i>frei</i>, "free unfettered, secure, safe." Thus, the
+      word is strictly equivalent to "meat-safe," to which the
+      new Belfry bears a resemblance so perfect as almost to
+      amount to coincidence.<br>
+      <br>
+      &#167;4. <i>On the chief architectural merit of the new
+      Belfry, Ch. Ch</i>.<br>
+      <br>
+      Its chief merit is its simplicity&mdash;a simplicity so pure, so
+      profound, in a word, so <i>simple</i>, that no other word
+      will fitly describe it. The meagre outline, and baldness of
+      detail, of the present Chapter, are adopted in humble
+      imitation of this great feature.<br>
+      <br>
+      &#167;5. <i>On the other architectural merits of the new
+      Belfry, Ch. Ch</i>.<br>
+      <br>
+      The Belfry has no other architectural merits.
+    </blockquote><br>
+    <br>
+    <p>
+      "The Vision of the Three T's" followed. It also was an
+      attack on architectural changes in Christ Church; the
+      general style was a parody of the "Compleat Angler." Last
+      of all came "The Blank Cheque, a Fable," in reference to
+      the building of the New Schools, for the expenses of which
+      it was actually proposed (in 1874), to sign a blank cheque
+      before any estimate had been made, or any plan laid before
+      the University, and even before a committee had been
+      elected to appoint an architect for the work.
+    </p><br>
+    <p>
+      At the end of 1874 Mr. Dodgson was again at Hatfield, where
+      he told the children the story of Prince Uggug, which was
+      afterwards made a part of "Sylvie and Bruno," though at
+      that time it seems to have been a separate tale. But
+      "Sylvie and Bruno," in this respect entirely unlike "Alice
+      in Wonderland," was the result of notes taken during many
+      years; for while he was thinking out the book he never
+      neglected any amusing scraps of childish conversation or
+      funny anecdotes about children which came to his notice. It
+      is this fact which gives such verisimilitude to the prattle
+      of Bruno; childish talk is a thing which a grown-up person
+      cannot possibly <i>invent</i>. He can only listen to the
+      actual things the children say, and then combine what he
+      has heard into a connected narrative.
+    </p><br>
+    <p>
+      During 1875 Mr. Dodgson wrote an article on "Some Popular
+      Fallacies about Vivisection," which was refused by the
+      <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>, the editor saying that he had
+      never heard of most of them; on which Mr. Dodgson
+      plaintively notes in his Diary that seven out of the
+      thirteen fallacies dealt with in his essay had appeared in
+      the columns of the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>. Ultimately it
+      was accepted by the editor of <i>The Fortnightly
+      Review</i>. Mr. Dodgson had a peculiar horror of
+      vivisection. I was once walking in Oxford with him when a
+      certain well-known professor passed us. "I am afraid that
+      man vivisects," he said, in his gravest tone. Every year he
+      used to get a friend to recommend him a list of suitable
+      charities to which he should subscribe. Once the name of
+      some Lost Dogs' Home appeared in this list. Before Mr.
+      Dodgson sent his guinea he wrote to the secretary to ask
+      whether the manager of the Home was in the habit of sending
+      dogs that had to be killed to physiological laboratories
+      for vivisection. The answer was in the negative, so the
+      institution got the cheque. He did not, however, advocate
+      the total abolition of vivisection&mdash;what reasonable man
+      could?&mdash;but he would have liked to see it much more
+      carefully restricted by law. An earlier letter of his to
+      the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i> on the same subject is
+      sufficiently characteristic to deserve a place here. Be it
+      noted that he signed it "Lewis Carroll," in order that
+      whatever influence or power his writings had gained him
+      might tell in the controversy.
+    </p><br>
+    <blockquote>
+      <h4>
+        VIVISECTION AS A SIGN OF THE TIMES.
+      </h4><i>To the Editor of the "Pall Mall Gazette."</i><br>
+      <br>
+      Sir,&mdash;The letter which appeared in last week's
+      <i>Spectator</i>, and which must have saddened the heart of
+      every one who read it, seems to suggest a question which
+      has not yet been asked or answered with sufficient
+      clearness, and that is, How far may vivisection be regarded
+      as a sign of the times, and a fair specimen of that higher
+      civilisation which a purely secular State education is to
+      give us? In that much-vaunted panacea for all human ills we
+      are promised not only increase of knowledge, but also a
+      higher moral character; any momentary doubt on this point
+      which we may feel is set at rest at once by quoting the
+      great crucial instance of Germany. The syllogism, if it
+      deserves the name, is usually stated thus: Germany has a
+      higher scientific education than England; Germany has a
+      lower average of crime than England; <i>ergo</i>, a
+      scientific education tends to improve moral conduct. Some
+      old-fashioned logician might perhaps whisper to himself,
+      "Praemissis particularibus nihil probatur," but such a
+      remark, now that Aldrich is out of date, would only excite
+      a pitying smile. May we, then, regard the practice of
+      vivisection as a legitimate fruit, or as an abnormal
+      development, of this higher moral character? Is the
+      anatomist, who can contemplate unmoved the agonies he is
+      inflicting for no higher purpose than to gratify a
+      scientific curiosity, or to illustrate some
+      well-established truth, a being higher or lower, in the
+      scale of humanity, than the ignorant boor whose very soul
+      would sicken at the horrid sight? For if ever there was an
+      argument in favour of purely scientific education more
+      cogent than another, it is surely this (a few years back it
+      might have been put into the mouth of any advocate of
+      science; now it reads like the merest mockery): "What can
+      teach the noble quality of mercy, of sensitiveness to all
+      forms of suffering, so powerfully as the knowledge of what
+      suffering really is? Can the man who has once realised by
+      minute study what the nerves are, what the brain is, and
+      what waves of agony the one can convey to the other, go
+      forth and wantonly inflict pain on any sentient being?" A
+      little while ago we should have confidently replied, "He
+      cannot do it"; in the light of modern revelations we must
+      sorrowfully confess "He can." And let it never be said that
+      this is done with serious forethought of the balance of
+      pain and gain; that the operator has pleaded with himself,
+      "Pain is indeed an evil, but so much suffering may fitly be
+      endured to purchase so much knowledge." When I hear of one
+      of these ardent searchers after truth giving, not a
+      helpless dumb animal, to whom he says in effect,
+      "<i>You</i> shall suffer that <i>I</i> may know," but his
+      own person to the probe and to the scalpel, I will believe
+      in him as recognising a principle of justice, and I will
+      honour him as acting up to his principles. "But the thing
+      cannot be!" cries some amiable reader, fresh from an
+      interview with that most charming of men, a London
+      physician. "What! Is it possible that one so gentle in
+      manner, so full of noble sentiments, can be hardhearted?
+      The very idea is an outrage to common sense!" And thus we
+      are duped every day of our lives. Is it possible that that
+      bank director, with his broad honest face, can be
+      meditating a fraud? That the chairman of that meeting of
+      shareholders, whose every tone has the ring of truth in it,
+      can hold in his hand a "cooked" schedule of accounts? That
+      my wine merchant, so outspoken, so confiding, can be
+      supplying me with an adulterated article? That the
+      schoolmaster, to whom I have entrusted my little boy, can
+      starve or neglect him? How well I remember his words to the
+      dear child when last we parted. "You are leaving your
+      friends," he said, "but you will have a father in me, my
+      dear, and a mother in Mrs. Squeers!" For all such
+      rose-coloured dreams of the necessary immunity from human
+      vices of educated men the facts in last week's
+      <i>Spectator</i> have a terrible significance. "Trust no
+      man further than you can see him," they seem to say. "Qui
+      vult decipi, decipiatur."<br>
+      <br>
+      Allow me to quote from a modern writer a few sentences
+      bearing on this subject:&mdash;<br>
+      <blockquote>
+        "We are at present, legislature and nation together,
+        eagerly pushing forward schemes which proceed on the
+        postulate that conduct is determined, not by feelings,
+        but by cognitions. For what else is the assumption
+        underlying this anxious urging-on of organisations for
+        teaching? What is the root-notion common to Secularists
+        and Denominationalists but the notion that spread of
+        knowledge is the one thing needful for bettering
+        behaviour? Having both swallowed certain statistical
+        fallacies, there has grown up in them the belief that
+        State education will check ill-doing.... This belief in
+        the moralising effects of intellectual culture, flatly
+        contradicted by facts, is absurd <i>a priori</i>.... This
+        faith in lesson-books and readings is one of the
+        superstitions of the age.... Not by precept, though heard
+        daily; not by example, unless it is followed; but only by
+        action, often caused by the related feeling, can a moral
+        habit be formed. And yet this truth, which mental science
+        clearly teaches, and which is in harmony with familiar
+        sayings, is a truth wholly ignored in current educational
+        fanaticisms."
+      </blockquote><br>
+      There need no praises of mine to commend to the
+      consideration of all thoughtful readers these words of
+      Herbert Spencer. They are to be found in "The Study of
+      Sociology" (pp. 36l&mdash;367).<br>
+      <br>
+      Let us, however, do justice to science. It is not so wholly
+      wanting as Mr. Herbert Spencer would have us believe in
+      principles of action&mdash;principles by which we may regulate
+      our conduct in life. I myself once heard an accomplished
+      man of science declare that his labours had taught him one
+      special personal lesson which, above all others, he had
+      laid to heart. A minute study of the nervous system, and of
+      the various forms of pain produced by wounds had inspired
+      in him one profound resolution; and that was&mdash;what think
+      you?&mdash;never, under any circumstances, to adventure his own
+      person into the field of battle! I have somewhere read in a
+      book&mdash;a rather antiquated book, I fear, and one much
+      discredited by modern lights&mdash;the words, "the whole creation
+      groaneth and travaileth in pain together until now." Truly
+      we read these words with a new meaning in the present day!
+      "Groan and travail" it undoubtedly does still (more than
+      ever, so far as the brute creation is concerned); but to
+      what end? Some higher and more glorious state? So one might
+      have said a few years back. Not so in these days. The
+      <i>telos teleion</i> of secular education, when divorced
+      from religious or moral training, is&mdash;I say it
+      deliberately&mdash;the purest and most unmitigated selfishness.
+      The world has seen and tired of the worship of Nature, of
+      Reason, of Humanity; for this nineteenth century has been
+      reserved the development of the most refined religion of
+      all&mdash;the worship of Self. For that, indeed, is the upshot of
+      it all. The enslavement of his weaker brethren&mdash;"the labour
+      of those who do not enjoy, for the enjoyment of those who
+      do not labour"&mdash;the degradation of woman&mdash;the torture of the
+      animal world&mdash;these are the steps of the ladder by which man
+      is ascending to his higher civilisation. Selfishness is the
+      key-note of all purely secular education; and I take
+      vivisection to be a glaring, a wholly unmistakable case in
+      point. And let it not be thought that this is an evil that
+      we can hope to see produce the good for which we are asked
+      to tolerate it, and then pass away. It is one that tends
+      continually to spread. And if it be tolerated or even
+      ignored now, the age of universal education, when the
+      sciences, and anatomy among them, shall be the heritage of
+      all, will be heralded by a cry of anguish from the brute
+      creation that will ring through the length and breadth of
+      the land! This, then, is the glorious future to which the
+      advocate of secular education may look forward: the dawn
+      that gilds the horizon of his hopes! An age when all forms
+      of religious thought shall be things of the past; when
+      chemistry and biology shall be the ABC of a State education
+      enforced on all; when vivisection shall be practised in
+      every college and school; and when the man of science,
+      looking forth over a world which will then own no other
+      sway than his, shall exult in the thought that he has made
+      of this fair green earth, if not a heaven for man, at least
+      a hell for animals.<br>
+      <br>
+      I am, sir,<br>
+      <br>
+      Your obedient servant,<br>
+      <br>
+      Lewis Carroll.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>February 10th</i>.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      On March 29, 1876, "The Hunting of the Snark" was
+      published. Mr. Dodgson gives some interesting particulars
+      of its evolution. The first idea for the poem was the line
+      "For the Snark <i>was</i> a Boojum, you see," which came
+      into his mind, apparently without any cause, while he was
+      taking a country walk. The first complete verse which he
+      composed was the one which stands last in the poem:&mdash;
+    </p><span class="c6">In the midst of the word he was trying
+    to say,</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">In the midst of his laughter and
+    glee,</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">He had softly and suddenly vanished
+    away&mdash;</span><br>
+    <span class="c8">For the Snark <i>was</i> a Boojum, you
+    see.</span><br>
+    <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="496"></a>
+            <img src="Images/496.png" alt="496.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T496"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>HENRY HOLIDAY IN HIS STUDIO.</b><br>
+              <i>From a photograph<br>
+              by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      The illustrations were the work of Mr. Henry Holiday, and
+      they are thoroughly in keeping with the spirit of the poem.
+      Many people have tried to show that "The Hunting of the
+      Snark" was an allegory; some regarding it as being a
+      burlesque upon the Tichborne case, and others taking the
+      Snark as a personification of popularity. Lewis Carroll
+      always protested that the poem had no meaning at all.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      As to the meaning of the Snark [he wrote to a friend in
+      America], I'm very much afraid I didn't mean anything but
+      nonsense. Still, you know, words mean more than we mean to
+      express when we use them; so a whole book ought to mean a
+      great deal more than the writer means. So, whatever good
+      meanings are in the book, I'm glad to accept as the meaning
+      of the book. The best that I've seen is by a lady (she
+      published it in a letter to a newspaper), that the whole
+      book is an allegory on the search after happiness. I think
+      this fits in beautifully in many ways&mdash;particularly about
+      the bathing-machines: when the people get weary of life,
+      and can't find happiness in towns or in books, then they
+      rush off to the seaside, to see what bathing-machines will
+      do for them.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Mr. H. Holiday, in a very interesting article on "The
+      Snark's Significance" (<i>Academy,</i> January 29, 1898),
+      quoted the inscription which Mr. Dodgson had written in a
+      vellum-bound, presentation-copy of the book. It is so
+      characteristic that I take the liberty of reproducing it
+      here:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Presented to Henry Holiday, most patient of artists, by
+      Charles L. Dodgson, most exacting, but not most ungrateful
+      of authors, March 29, 1876.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      A little girl, to whom Mr. Dodgson had given a copy of the
+      "Snark," managed to get the whole poem off by heart, and
+      insisted on reciting, it from beginning to end during a
+      long carriage-drive. Her friends, who, from the nature of
+      the case, were unable to escape, no doubt wished that she,
+      too, was a Boojum.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During the year, the first public dramatic representation
+      of "Alice in Wonderland" was given at the Polytechnic, the
+      entertainment taking the form of a series of
+      <i>tableaux</i>, interspersed with appropriate readings and
+      songs. Mr. Dodgson exercised a rigid censorship over all
+      the extraneous matter introduced into the performance, and
+      put his veto upon a verse in one of the songs, in which the
+      drowning of kittens was treated from the humorous point of
+      view, lest the children in the audience might learn to
+      think lightly of death in the case of the lower animals.
+    </p><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <h2>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_V_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER
+      V</a>
+    </h2>
+    <h4>
+      (1877&mdash;1883)
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      Dramatic tastes&mdash;Miss Ellen Terry&mdash;"Natural Science at
+      Oxford"&mdash;Mr. Dodgson as an artist&mdash;Miss E. G. Thomson&mdash;The
+      drawing of children&mdash;A curious dream&mdash;"The Deserted
+      Parks"&mdash;"Syzygies"&mdash;Circus children&mdash;Row-loving
+      undergraduates&mdash;A letter to <i>The Observer</i>&mdash;Resignation
+      of the Lectureship&mdash;He is elected Curator of the Common
+      Room&mdash;Dream-music.
+    </blockquote>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="497"></a>
+            <img src="Images/497.png" alt="497.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T497"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>LEWIS CARROLL.</b><br>
+              <i>From a photograph</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Dodgson's love of the drama was not, as I have shown, a
+      taste which he acquired in later years. From early college
+      days he never missed anything which he considered worth
+      seeing at the London theatres. I believe he used to
+      reproach himself&mdash;unfairly, I think&mdash;with spending too much
+      time on such recreations. For a man who worked so hard and
+      so incessantly as he did; for a man to whom vacations meant
+      rather a variation of mental employment than absolute rest
+      of mind, the drama afforded just the sort of relief that
+      was wanted. His vivid imagination, the very earnestness and
+      intensity of his character enabled him to throw himself
+      utterly into the spirit of what he saw upon the stage, and
+      to forget in it all the petty worries and disappointments
+      of life. The old adage says that a man cannot burn the
+      candle at both ends; like most proverbs, it is only
+      partially true, for often the hardest worker is the man who
+      enters with most zest into his recreations, and this was
+      emphatically the case with Mr. Dodgson.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Walter Pater, in his book on the Renaissance, says (I quote
+      from rough notes only), "A counted number of pulses only is
+      given to us of a variegated dramatic life. How may we see
+      in them all that is to be seen in them by the finest
+      senses? How shall we pass most swiftly from point to point,
+      and be present always at the focus where the greatest
+      number of vital forces unite in their purest energy? To
+      burn always with this hard gem-like flame, to maintain this
+      ecstasy, is success in life." Here we have the truer
+      philosophy, here we have the secret of Lewis Carroll's
+      life. He never wasted time on social formalities; he
+      refused to fulfil any of those (so called) duties which
+      involve ineffable boredom, and so his mind was always fresh
+      and ready. He said in one of his letters that he hoped that
+      in the next world all knowledge would not be given to us
+      suddenly, but that we should gradually grow wiser, for the
+      <i>acquiring</i> knowledge was to him the real pleasure.
+      What is this but a paraphrase of another of Pater's
+      thoughts, "Not the fruit of experience, but experience
+      itself is the end."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And so, times without number, he allowed himself to be
+      carried away by emotion as he saw life in the mirror of the
+      stage; but, best of all, he loved to see the acting of
+      children, and he generally gave copies of his books to any
+      of the little performers who specially pleased him. On
+      January 13, 1877, he wrote in his Diary:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Went up to town for the day, and took E&mdash; with me to the
+      afternoon pantomime at the Adelphi, "Goody Two-Shoes,"
+      acted entirely by children. It was a really charming
+      performance. Little Bertie Coote, aged ten, was clown&mdash;a
+      wonderfully clever little fellow; and Carrie Coote, about
+      eight, was Columbine, a very pretty graceful little thing.
+      In a few years' time she will be just <i>the</i> child to
+      act "Alice," if it is ever dramatised. The harlequin was a
+      little girl named Gilchrist, one of the most beautiful
+      children, in face and figure, that I have ever seen. I must
+      get an opportunity of photographing her. Little Bertie
+      Coote, singing "Hot Codlings," was curiously like the
+      pictures of Grimaldi.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      It need hardly be said that the little girl was Miss
+      Constance Gilchrist. Mr. Dodgson sent her a copy of "Alice
+      in Wonderland," with a set of verses on her name.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Many people object altogether to children appearing on the
+      stage; it is said to be bad for their morals as well as for
+      their health. A letter which Mr. Dodgson once wrote in the
+      <i>St. James's Gazette</i> contains a sufficient refutation
+      of the latter fancy:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I spent yesterday afternoon at Brighton, where for five
+      hours I enjoyed the society of three exceedingly happy and
+      healthy little girls, aged twelve, ten, and seven. I think
+      that any one who could have seen the vigour of life in
+      those three children&mdash;the intensity with which they enjoyed
+      everything, great or small, that came in their way&mdash;who
+      could have watched the younger two running races on the
+      Pier, or have heard the fervent exclamation of the eldest
+      at the end of the afternoon, "We <i>have</i> enjoyed
+      ourselves!" would have agreed with me that here, at least,
+      there was no excessive "physical strain," nor any
+      <i>imminent</i> danger of "fatal results"! A drama, written
+      by Mr. Savile Clarke, is now being played at Brighton, and
+      in this (it is called "Alice in Wonderland") all three
+      children have been engaged. They had been acting every
+      night this week, and <i>twice</i> on the day before I met
+      them, the second performance lasting till half-past ten at
+      night, after which they got up at seven next morning to
+      bathe! That such (apparently) severe work should co-exist
+      with blooming health and buoyant spirits seems at first
+      sight a paradox; but I appeal to any one who has ever
+      worked <i>con amore</i> at any subject whatever to support
+      me in the assertion that, when you really love the subject
+      you are working at, the "physical strain" is absolutely
+      <i>nil</i>; it is only when working "against the grain"
+      that any strain is felt, and I believe the apparent paradox
+      is to be explained by the fact that a taste for
+      <i>acting</i> is one of the strongest passions of human
+      nature, that stage-children show it nearly from infancy,
+      and that, instead of being miserable drudges who ought to
+      be celebrated in a new "Cry of the Children," they simply
+      <i>rejoice</i> in their work "even as a giant rejoiceth to
+      run his course."
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Dodgson's general views on the mission of the drama are
+      well shown by an extract from a circular which he sent to
+      many of his friends in 1882:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      The stage (as every playgoer can testify) is an engine of
+      incalculable power for influencing society; and every
+      effort to purify and ennoble its aims seems to me to
+      deserve all the countenance that the great, and all the
+      material help that the wealthy, can give it; while even
+      those who are neither great nor wealthy may yet do their
+      part, and help to&mdash;<br>
+      <blockquote>
+        "Ring out the darkness of the land,<br>
+        Ring in the Christ that is to be."
+      </blockquote>
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      I do not know if Mr. Dodgson's suggested amendment of some
+      lines in the "Merchant of Venice" was ever carried out, but
+      it further illustrates the serious view he took of this
+      subject. The hint occurs in a letter to Miss Ellen Terry,
+      which runs as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="498"></a>
+            <img src="Images/498.png" alt="498.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T498"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>ELLEN TERRY.</b><br>
+              <i>From a photograph<br>
+              by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <blockquote>
+      You gave me a treat on Saturday such as I have very seldom
+      had in my life. You must be weary by this time of hearing
+      your own praises, so I will only say that Portia was all I
+      could have imagined, and more. And Shylock is
+      superb&mdash;especially in the trial-scene.<br>
+      <br>
+      Now I am going to be very bold, and make a suggestion,
+      which I do hope you will think well enough of to lay it
+      before Mr. Irving. I want to see that clause omitted (in
+      the sentence on Shylock)&mdash;
+      <blockquote>
+        <br>
+        That, for this favour,<br>
+        He presently become a Christian;
+      </blockquote>It is a sentiment that is entirely horrible
+      and revolting to the feelings of all who believe in the
+      Gospel of Love. Why should our ears be shocked by such
+      words merely because they are Shakespeare's? In his day,
+      when it was held to be a Christian's duty to force his
+      belief on others by fire and sword&mdash;to burn man's body in
+      order to save his soul&mdash;the words probably conveyed no
+      shock. To all Christians now (except perhaps extreme
+      Calvinists) the idea of forcing a man to abjure his
+      religion, whatever that religion may be, is (as I have
+      said) simply horrible.<br>
+      <br>
+      I have spoken of it as a needless outrage on religious
+      feeling: but surely, being so, it is a great artistic
+      mistake. Its tendency is directly contrary to the spirit of
+      the scene. We have despised Shylock for his avarice, and we
+      rejoice to see him lose his wealth: we have abhorred him
+      for his bloodthirsty cruelty, and we rejoice to see him
+      baffled. And now, in the very fulness of our joy at the
+      triumph of right over wrong, we are suddenly called on to
+      see in him the victim of a cruelty a thousand times worse
+      than his own, and to honour him as a martyr. This, I am
+      sure, Shakespeare never meant. Two touches only of sympathy
+      does he allow us, that we may realise him as a man, and not
+      as a demon incarnate. "I will not pray with you"; "I had it
+      of Leah, when I was a bachelor." But I am sure he never
+      meant our sympathies to be roused in the supreme moment of
+      his downfall, and, if he were alive now, I believe he would
+      cut out those lines about becoming a Christian.<br>
+      <br>
+      No interpolation is needed&mdash;(I should not like to suggest
+      the putting in a single word that is not Shakespeare's)&mdash;I
+      would read the speech thus:&mdash;<br>
+      <blockquote>
+        <br>
+        That lately stole his daughter:<br>
+        Provided that he do record a gift,<br>
+        Here in the court, &amp;c.
+      </blockquote>And I would omit Gratiano's three lines at
+      Shylock's exit, and let the text stand:&mdash;<br>
+      <blockquote>
+        <i>Duke</i>: "Get thee gone, but do it." (<i>Exit
+        Shylock</i>.)
+      </blockquote>The exit, in solemn silence, would be, if
+      possible, even grander than it now is, and would lose
+      nothing by the omission of Gratiano's flippant jest....
+    </blockquote>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="500"></a>
+            <img src="Images/500.png" alt="500.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T500"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>TOM TAYLOR.</b><br>
+              <i>From a photograph<br>
+              by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      On January 16th he saw "New Men and Old Acres" at the Court
+      Theatre. The two authors of the pieces, Dubourg and Tom
+      Taylor, were great friends of his. "It was a real treat,"
+      he writes, "being well acted in every detail. Ellen Terry
+      was wonderful, and I should think unsurpassable in all but
+      the lighter parts." Mr. Dodgson himself had a strong wish
+      to become a dramatic author, but, after one or two
+      unsuccessful attempts to get his plays produced, he wisely
+      gave up the idea, realising that he had not the necessary
+      constructive powers. The above reference to Miss Ellen
+      Terry's acting is only one out of a countless number; the
+      great actress and he were excellent friends, and she did
+      him many a kindness in helping on young friends of his who
+      had taken up the stage as a profession.
+    </p><br>
+    <br>
+    <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="523"></a>
+            <img src="Images/523.png" alt="523.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T523"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>KATE TERRY.</b><br>
+              <i>From a photograph<br>
+              by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      She and her sister, Miss Kate Terry, were among the
+      distinguished people whom he photographed. The first time
+      he saw the latter actress was, I think, in 1858, when she
+      was playing in "The Tempest" at the Princess's. "The gem of
+      the piece," he writes, "was the exquisitely graceful and
+      beautiful Ariel, Miss Kate Terry. Her appearance as a
+      sea-nymph was one of the most beautiful living pictures I
+      ever saw, but this, and every other one in my recollection
+      (except Queen Katherine's dream), were all outdone by the
+      concluding scene, where Ariel is left alone, hovering over
+      the wide ocean, watching the retreating ship. It is an
+      innovation on Shakespeare, but a worthy one, and the
+      conception of a true poet."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Dodgson was a frequent contributor to the daily Press.
+      As a rule his letters appeared in the <i>St. James's
+      Gazette</i>, for the editor, Mr. Greenwood, was a friend of
+      his, but the following sarcastic epistle was an exception:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      NATURAL SCIENCE AT OXFORD.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>To the Editor of the "Pall Mall Gazette."</i><br>
+      <br>
+      Sir,&mdash;There is no one of the many ingenious appliances of
+      mechanical science that is more appreciated or more
+      successfully employed than the wedge; so subtle and
+      imperceptible are the forces needed for the insertion of
+      its "thin end," so astounding the results which its "thick
+      end" may ultimately produce. Of the former process we shall
+      see a beautiful illustration in a Congregation to be holden
+      at Oxford on the 24th inst., when it will be proposed to
+      grant, to those who have taken the degrees of bachelor and
+      master in Natural Science only, the same voting powers as
+      in the case of the "M.A." degree. This means the omission
+      of one of the two classical languages, Latin and Greek,
+      from what has been hitherto understood as the curriculum of
+      an Oxford education. It is to this "thin end" of the wedge
+      that I would call the attention of our non-residents, and
+      of all interested in Oxford education, while the "thick
+      end" is still looming in the distance. But why fear a
+      "thick end" at all? I shall be asked. Has Natural Science
+      shown any such tendency, or given any reason to fear that
+      such a concession would lead to further demands? In answer
+      to that question, let me sketch, in dramatic fashion, the
+      history of her recent career in Oxford. In the dark ages of
+      our University (some five-and-twenty years ago), while we
+      still believed in classics and mathematics as constituting
+      a liberal education, Natural Science sat weeping at our
+      gates. "Ah, let me in!" she moaned; "why cram reluctant
+      youth with your unsatisfying lore? Are they not hungering
+      for bones; yea, panting for sulphuretted hydrogen?" We
+      heard and we pitied. We let her in and housed her royally;
+      we adorned her palace with re-agents and retorts, and made
+      it a very charnel-house of bones, and we cried to our
+      undergraduates, "The feast of Science is spread! Eat,
+      drink, and be happy!" But they would not. They fingered the
+      bones, and thought them dry. They sniffed at the hydrogen,
+      and turned away. Yet for all that Science ceased not to
+      cry, "More gold, more gold!" And her three fair daughters,
+      Chemistry, Biology, and Physics (for the modern horse-leech
+      is more prolific than in the days of Solomon), ceased not
+      to plead, "Give, give!" And we gave; we poured forth our
+      wealth like water (I beg her pardon, like H<sub>2</sub>O),
+      and we could not help thinking there was something weird
+      and uncanny in the ghoul-like facility with which she
+      absorbed it.<br>
+      <br>
+      The curtain rises on the second act of the drama. Science
+      is still weeping, but this time it is for lack of pupils,
+      not of teachers or machinery. "We are unfairly
+      handicapped!" she cries. "You have prizes and scholarships
+      for classics and mathematics, and you bribe your best
+      students to desert us. Buy us some bright, clever boys to
+      teach, and then see what we can do!" Once more we heard and
+      pitied. We had bought her bones; we bought her boys. And
+      now at last her halls were filled&mdash;not only with teachers
+      paid to teach, but also with learners paid to learn. And we
+      have not much to complain of in results, except that
+      perhaps she is a little too ready to return on our hands
+      all but the "honour-men"&mdash;all, in fact, who really need the
+      helping hand of an educator. "Here, take back your stupid
+      ones!" she cries. "Except as subjects for the scalpel (and
+      we have not yet got the Human Vivisection Act through
+      Parliament) we can do nothing with them!"<br>
+      <br>
+      The third act of the drama is yet under rehearsal; the
+      actors are still running in and out of the green-room, and
+      hastily shuffling on their new and ill-fitting dresses; but
+      its general scope is not far to seek. At no distant day our
+      once timid and tearful guest will be turning up her nose at
+      the fare provided for her. "Give me no more youths to
+      teach," she will say; "but pay me handsomely, and let me
+      think. Plato and Aristotle were all very well in their way;
+      Diogenes and his tub for me!" The allusion is not
+      inappropriate. There can be little doubt that some of the
+      researches conducted by that retiring philosopher in the
+      recesses of that humble edifice were strictly scientific,
+      embracing several distinct branches of entomology. I do not
+      mean, of course, that "research" is a new idea in Oxford.
+      From time immemorial we have had our own chosen band of
+      researchers (here called "professors"), who have advanced
+      the boundaries of human knowledge in many directions. True,
+      they are not left so wholly to themselves as some of these
+      modern thinkers would wish to be, but are expected to give
+      some few lectures, as the outcome of their "research" and
+      the evidence of its reality, but even that condition has
+      not always been enforced&mdash;for instance, in the case of the
+      late Professor of Greek, Dr. Gaisford, the University was
+      too conscious of the really valuable work he was doing in
+      philological research to complain that he ignored the usual
+      duties of the chair and delivered no lectures.<br>
+      <br>
+      And, now, what is the "thick end" of the wedge? It is that
+      Latin and Greek may <i>both</i> vanish from our curriculum;
+      that logic, philosophy, and history may follow; and that
+      the destinies of Oxford may some day be in the hands of
+      those who have had no education other than "scientific."
+      And why not? I shall be asked. Is it not as high a form of
+      education as any other? That is a matter to be settled by
+      facts. I can but offer my own little item of evidence, and
+      leave it to others to confirm or to refute. It used once to
+      be thought indispensable for an educated man that he should
+      be able to write his own language correctly, if not
+      elegantly; it seems doubtful how much longer this will be
+      taken as a criterion. Not so many years ago I had the
+      honour of assisting in correcting for the press some pages
+      of the <i>Anthropological Review</i>, or some such
+      periodical. I doubt not that the writers were eminent men
+      in their own line; that each could triumphantly prove, to
+      his own satisfaction, the unsoundness of what the others
+      had advanced; and that all would unite in declaring that
+      the theories of a year ago were entirely exploded by the
+      latest German treatise; but they were not able to set forth
+      these thoughts, however consoling in themselves, in
+      anything resembling the language of educated society. In
+      all my experience, I have never read, even in the "local
+      news" of a country paper, such slipshod, such deplorable
+      English.<br>
+      <br>
+      I shall be told that I am ungenerous in thus picking out a
+      few unfavourable cases, and that some of the greatest minds
+      of the day are to be found in the ranks of science. I
+      freely admit that such may be found, but my contention is
+      that <i>they</i> made the science, not the science them;
+      and that in any line of thought they would have been
+      equally distinguished. As a general principle, I do not
+      think that the exclusive study of any <i>one</i> subject is
+      really education; and my experience as a teacher has shown
+      me that even a considerable proficiency in Natural Science,
+      taken alone, is so far from proving a high degree of
+      cultivation and great natural ability that it is fully
+      compatible with general ignorance and an intellect quite
+      below par. Therefore it is that I seek to rouse an
+      interest, beyond the limits of Oxford, in preserving
+      classics as an essential feature of a University education.
+      Nor is it as a classical tutor (who might be suspected of a
+      bias in favour of his own subject) that I write this. On
+      the contrary, it is as one who has taught science here for
+      more than twenty years (for mathematics, though
+      good-humouredly scorned by the biologists on account of the
+      abnormal certainty of its conclusions, is still reckoned
+      among the sciences) that I beg to sign myself,&mdash;Your
+      obedient servant,<br>
+      <br>
+      Charles L. Dodgson,<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Mathematical Lecturer of Christ Church, Oxford.<br>
+      <br>
+      May 17th.</i>
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      I give the above letter because I think it amusing; it must
+      not be supposed that the writer's views on the subject
+      remained the same all through his life. He was a thorough
+      Conservative, and it took a long time to reconcile him to
+      any new departure. In a political discussion with a friend
+      he once said that he was "first an Englishman, and then a
+      Conservative," but however much a man may try to put
+      patriotism before party, the result will be but partially
+      successful, if patriotism would lead him into opposition to
+      the mental bias which has originally made him either a
+      Conservative or a Radical.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He took, of course, great pleasure in the success of his
+      books, as every author must; but the greatest pleasure of
+      all to him was to know that they had pleased others. Notes
+      like the following are frequent in his Diary: "<i>June</i>
+      25<i>th</i>.&mdash;Spent the afternoon in sending off seventy
+      circulars to Hospitals, offering copies of 'Alice' and the
+      'Looking-Glass' for sick children." He well deserved the
+      name which one of his admirers gave him&mdash;"The man who loved
+      little children."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In April, 1878, he saw a performance of "Olivia" at the
+      Court Theatre. "The gem of the piece is Olivia herself,
+      acted by Ellen Terry with a sweetness and pathos that moved
+      some of the audience (nearly including myself) to tears.
+      Her leave-taking was exquisite; and when, in her exile, she
+      hears that her little brother had cried at the mention of
+      her name, her exclamation 'Pet!' was tenderness itself.
+      Altogether, I have not had a greater dramatic treat for a
+      long time. <i>Dies cret&#226; notandus</i>."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I see that I have marked for quotation the following brief
+      entries in the Diary:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>Aug. 4th</i> (at Eastbourne).&mdash;Went, morning and
+      evening, to the new chapel-of-ease belonging to S.
+      Saviour's. It has the immense advantage of <i>not</i> being
+      crowded; but this scarcely compensates for the vile
+      Gregorian chants, which vex and weary one's ear.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Aug. 17th</i>.&mdash;A very inquisitive person, who had some
+      children with her, found out my name, and then asked me to
+      shake hands with her child, as an admirer of my books: this
+      I did, unwisely perhaps, as I have no intention of
+      continuing the acquaintance of a "Mrs. Leo Hunter."<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Dec. 23rd</i>.&mdash;I have been making a plan for work next
+      term, of this kind: Choose a subject (<i>e.g</i>.,
+      "Circulation," "Journeys of S. Paul," "English Counties")
+      for each week. On Monday write what I know about it; during
+      week get up subject; on Saturday write again; put the two
+      papers away, and six months afterwards write again and
+      compare.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      As an artist, Mr. Dodgson possessed an intense natural
+      appreciation of the beautiful, an abhorrence of all that is
+      coarse and unseemly which might almost be called
+      hyper-refinement, a wonderfully good eye for form, and
+      last, but not least, the most scrupulous conscientiousness
+      about detail. On the other hand his sense of colour was
+      somewhat imperfect, and his hand was almost totally
+      untrained, so that while he had all the enthusiasm of the
+      true artist, his work always had the defects of an amateur.
+    </p>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="501"></a>
+            <img src="Images/501.png" alt="501.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T501"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>MISS E. GERTRUDE THOMSON.</b><br>
+              <i>From a photograph<br>
+              by Lewis Carroll</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      In 1878 some drawings of Miss E. Gertrude Thomson's excited
+      his keen admiration, and he exerted himself to make her
+      acquaintance. Their first meeting is described so well by
+      Miss Thomson herself in <i>The Gentlewoman</i> for January
+      29, 1898, that I cannot do better than quote the
+      description of the scene as given there:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      It was at the end of December, 1878, that a letter, written
+      in a singularly legible and rather boyish-looking hand,
+      came to me from Christ Church, Oxford, signed "C. L.
+      Dodgson." The writer said that he had come across some
+      fairy designs of mine, and he should like to see some more
+      of my work. By the same post came a letter from my London
+      publisher (who had supplied my address) telling me that the
+      "Rev. C. L. Dodgson" was "Lewis Carroll."<br>
+      <br>
+      "Alice in Wonderland" had long been one of my pet books,
+      and as one regards a favourite author as almost a personal
+      friend, I felt less restraint than one usually feels in
+      writing to a stranger, though I carefully concealed my
+      knowledge of his identity, as he had not chosen to reveal
+      it.<br>
+      <br>
+      This was the beginning of a frequent and delightful
+      correspondence, and as I confessed to a great love for
+      fairy lore of every description, he asked me if I would
+      accept a child's fairy-tale book he had written, called
+      "Alice in Wonderland." I replied that I knew it nearly all
+      off by heart, but that I should greatly prize a copy given
+      to me by himself. By return came "Alice," and "Through the
+      Looking-Glass," bound most luxuriously in white calf and
+      gold.<br>
+      <br>
+      And this is the graceful and kindly note that came with
+      them: "I am now sending you 'Alice,' and the
+      'Looking-Glass' as well. There is an incompleteness about
+      giving only one, and besides, the one you bought was
+      probably in red and would not match these. If you are at
+      all in doubt as to what to do with the (now) superfluous
+      copy, let me suggest your giving it to some poor sick
+      child. I have been distributing copies to all the hospitals
+      and convalescent homes I can hear of, where there are sick
+      children capable of reading them, and though, of course,
+      one takes some pleasure in the popularity of the books
+      elsewhere, it is not nearly so pleasant a thought to me as
+      that they may be a comfort and relief to children in hours
+      of pain and weariness. Still, no recipient <i>can</i> be
+      more appropriate than one who seems to have been in
+      fairyland herself, and to have seen, like the 'weary
+      mariners' of old&mdash;<br>
+      <br>
+      <blockquote>
+        'Between the green brink and the running foam<br>
+        White limbs unrobed in a crystal air,<br>
+        Sweet faces, rounded arms, and bosoms prest<br>
+        To little harps of gold.'"
+      </blockquote><br>
+      "Do you ever come to London?" he asked in another letter;
+      "if so, will you allow me to call upon you?"<br>
+      <br>
+      Early in the summer I came up to study, and I sent him word
+      that I was in town. One night, coming into my room, after a
+      long day spent at the British Museum, in the half-light I
+      saw a card lying on the table. "Rev. C. L. Dodgson."
+      Bitter, indeed, was my disappointment at having missed him,
+      but just as I was laying it sadly down I spied a small T.O.
+      in the corner. On the back I read that he couldn't get up
+      to my rooms early or late enough to find me, so would I
+      arrange to meet him at some museum or gallery the day but
+      one following? I fixed on South Kensington Museum, by the
+      "Schliemann" collection, at twelve o'clock.<br>
+      <br>
+      A little before twelve I was at the rendezvous, and then
+      the humour of the situation suddenly struck me, that
+      <i>I</i> had not the ghost of an idea what <i>he</i> was
+      like, nor would <i>he</i> have any better chance of
+      discovering <i>me!</i> The room was fairly full of all
+      sorts and conditions, as usual, and I glanced at each
+      masculine figure in turn, only to reject it as a
+      possibility of the one I sought. Just as the big clock had
+      clanged out twelve, I heard the high vivacious voices and
+      laughter of children sounding down the corridor.<br>
+      <br>
+      At that moment a gentleman entered, two little girls
+      clinging to his hands, and as I caught sight of the tall
+      slim figure, with the clean-shaven, delicate, refined face,
+      I said to myself, "<i>That's</i> Lewis Carroll." He stood
+      for a moment, head erect, glancing swiftly over the room,
+      then, bending down, whispered something to one of the
+      children; she, after a moment's pause, pointed straight at
+      me.<br>
+      <br>
+      Dropping their hands he came forward, and with that winning
+      smile of his that utterly banished the oppressive sense of
+      the Oxford don, said simply, "I am Mr. Dodgson; I was to
+      meet you, I think?" To which I as frankly smiled, and said,
+      "How did you know me so soon?"<br>
+      <br>
+      "My little friend found you. I told her I had come to meet
+      a young lady who knew fairies, and she fixed on you at
+      once. But <i>I</i> knew you before she spoke."
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      This acquaintance ripened into a true, artistic friendship,
+      which lasted till Mr. Dodgson's death. In his first letter
+      to Miss Thomson he speaks of himself as one who for twenty
+      years had found his one amusement in photographing from
+      life&mdash;especially photographing children; he also said that
+      he had made attempts ("most unsuccessfully") at drawing
+      them. When he got to know her more intimately, he asked her
+      to criticise his work, and when she wrote expressing her
+      willingness to do so, he sent her a pile of sketch-books,
+      through which she went most carefully, marking the
+      mistakes, and criticising, wherever criticism seemed to be
+      necessary.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After this he might often have been seen in her studio,
+      lying flat on his face, and drawing some child-model who
+      had been engaged for his especial benefit. "I <i>love</i>
+      the effort to draw," he wrote in one of his letters to her,
+      "but I utterly fail to please even my own eye&mdash;tho' now and
+      then I seem to get somewhere <i>near</i> a right line or
+      two, when I have a live child to draw from. But I have no
+      time left now for such things. In the next life, I do
+      <i>hope</i> we shall not only <i>see</i> lovely forms, such
+      as this world does not contain, but also be able to
+      <i>draw</i> them."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      But while he fully recognised the limits of his powers, he
+      had great faith in his own critical judgment; and with good
+      reason, for his perception of the beautiful in contour and
+      attitude and grouping was almost unerring. All the drawings
+      which Miss Thomson made for his "Three Sunsets" were
+      submitted to his criticism, which descended to the smallest
+      details. He concludes a letter to her, which contained the
+      most elaborate and minute suggestions for the improvement
+      of one of these pictures, with the following words: "I make
+      all these suggestions with diffidence, feeling that I have
+      <i>really no</i> right at all, as an amateur, to criticise
+      the work of a real artist."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following extract from another letter to Miss Thomson
+      shows that seeking after perfection, that discontent with
+      everything short of the best, which was so marked a feature
+      of his character. She had sent him two drawings of the head
+      of some child-friend of his:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Your note is a puzzle&mdash;you say that "No. 2 would have been
+      still more like if the paper had been exactly the same
+      shade&mdash;but I'd no more at hand of the darker colour." Had I
+      given you the impression that I was in a <i>hurry</i>, and
+      was willing to have No. 2 <i>less</i> good than it
+      <i>might</i> be made, so long as I could have it
+      <i>quick?</i> If I did, I'm very sorry: I never
+      <i>meant</i> to say a word like it: and, if you had written
+      "I could make it still more like, on darker paper; but I've
+      no more at hand. How long can you wait for me to get some?"
+      I should have replied, "Six weeks, or six <i>months</i>, if
+      you prefer it!"
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      I have already spoken of his love of nature, as opposed to
+      the admiration for the morbid and abnormal. "I want you,"
+      he writes to Miss Thomson, "to do my fairy drawings from
+      <i>life</i>. They would be very pretty, no doubt, done out
+      of your own head, but they will be ten times as valuable if
+      done from life. Mr. Furniss drew the pictures of 'Sylvie'
+      from life. Mr. Tenniel is the only artist, who has drawn
+      for me, who resolutely refused to use a model, and declared
+      he no more needed one than I should need a
+      multiplication-table to work a mathematical problem!" On
+      another occasion he urges the importance of using models,
+      in order to avoid the similarity of features which would
+      otherwise spoil the pictures: "Cruikshank's splendid
+      illustrations were terribly spoiled by his having only
+      <i>one</i> pretty female face in them all. Leech settled
+      down into <i>two</i> female faces. Du Maurier, I think, has
+      only <i>one</i>, now. All the ladies, and all the little
+      girls in his pictures look like twin sisters."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It is interesting to know that Sir Noel Paton and Mr.
+      Walter Crane were, in Lewis Carroll's opinion, the most
+      successful drawers of children: "There are but few artists
+      who seem to draw the forms of children <i>con amore</i>.
+      Walter Crane is perhaps the best (always excepting Sir Noel
+      Paton): but the thick outlines, which he insists on using,
+      seem to take off a good deal from the beauty of the
+      result."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He held that no artist can hope to effect a higher type of
+      beauty than that which life itself exhibits, as the
+      following words show:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I don't quite understand about fairies losing "grace," if
+      too like human children. Of course I grant that to be like
+      some <i>actual</i> child is to lose grace, because no
+      living child is perfect in form: many causes have lowered
+      the race from what God made it. But the <i>perfect</i>
+      human form, free from these faults, is surely equally
+      applicable to men, and fairies, and angels? Perhaps that is
+      what you mean&mdash;that the Artist can imagine, and design, more
+      perfect forms than we ever find in life?
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      I have already referred several times to Miss Ellen Terry
+      as having been one of Mr. Dodgson's friends, but he was
+      intimate with the whole family, and used often to pay them
+      a visit when he was in town. On May 15, 1879, he records a
+      very curious dream which he had about Miss Marion ("Polly")
+      Terry:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Last night I had a dream which I record as a curiosity, so
+      far as I know, in the literature of dreams. I was staying,
+      with my sisters, in some suburb of London, and had heard
+      that the Terrys were staying near us, so went to call, and
+      found Mrs. Terry at home, who told us that Marion and
+      Florence were at the theatre, "the Walter House," where
+      they had a good engagement. "In that case," I said, "I'll
+      go on there at once, and see the performance&mdash;and may I take
+      Polly with me?" "Certainly," said Mrs. Terry. And there was
+      Polly, the child, seated in the room, and looking about
+      nine or ten years old: and I was distinctly conscious of
+      the fact, yet without any feeling of surprise at its
+      incongruity, that I was going to take the <i>child</i>
+      Polly with me to the theatre, to see the <i>grown-up</i>
+      Polly act! Both pictures&mdash;Polly as a child, and Polly as a
+      woman, are, I suppose, equally clear in my ordinary waking
+      memory: and it seems that in sleep I had contrived to give
+      the two pictures separate individualities.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Of all the mathematical books which Mr. Dodgson wrote, by
+      far the most elaborate, if not the most original, was
+      "Euclid and His Modern Rivals." The first edition was
+      issued in 1879, and a supplement, afterwards incorporated
+      into the second edition, appeared in 1885.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This book, as the author says, has for its object
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      to furnish evidence (1) that it is essential for the
+      purposes of teaching or examining in Elementary Geometry to
+      employ one text&mdash;book only; (2) that there are strong <i>a
+      priori</i> reasons for retaining in all its main features,
+      and especially in its sequence and numbering of
+      Propositions, and in its treatment of Parallels, the Manual
+      of Euclid; and (3) that no sufficient reasons have yet been
+      shown for abandoning it in favour of any one of the modern
+      Manuals which have been offered as substitutes.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The book is written in dramatic form, and relieved
+      throughout by many touches in the author's happiest vein,
+      which make it delightful not only to the scientific reader,
+      but also to any one of average intelligence with the
+      slightest sense of humour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Whether the conclusions are accepted in their entirety or
+      not, it is certain that the arguments are far more
+      effective than if the writer had presented them in the form
+      of an essay. Mr. Dodgson had a wide experience as a teacher
+      and examiner, so that he knew well what he was writing
+      about, and undoubtedly the appearance of this book has done
+      very much to stay the hand of the innovator.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The scene opens in a College study-time, midnight. Minos,
+      an examiner, is discovered seated between two immense piles
+      of manuscripts. He is driven almost to distraction in his
+      efforts to mark fairly the papers sent up, by reason of the
+      confusion caused through the candidates offering various
+      substitutes for Euclid. Rhadamanthus, another equally
+      distracted examiner, comes to his room.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The two men consult together for a time, and then
+      Rhadamanthus retires, and Minos falls asleep. Hereupon the
+      Ghost of Euclid appears, and discusses with Minos the
+      reasons for retaining his Manual as a whole, in its present
+      order and arrangement. As they are mainly concerned with
+      the wants of beginners, their attention is confined to
+      Books I. and II.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      We must be content with one short extract from the
+      dialogue:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>Euclid</i>.&mdash;It is, I think, a friend of yours who has
+      amused himself by tabulating the various Theorems which
+      might be enunciated on the single subject of Pairs of
+      Lines. How many did he make them out to be?<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Minos</i>.&mdash;About two hundred and fifty, I believe.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Euclid</i>.&mdash;At that rate there would probably be within
+      the limit of my First Book&mdash;how many?<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Minos</i>.&mdash;A thousand at least.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Euclid</i>.&mdash;What a popular school-book it will be! How
+      boys will bless the name of the writer who first brings out
+      the complete thousand!
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      With a view to discussing and criticising his various
+      modern rivals, Euclid promises to send to Minos the ghost
+      of a German Professor (Herr Niemand) who "has read all
+      books, and is ready to defend any thesis, true or untrue."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "A charming companion!" as Minos drily remarks.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This brings us to Act II., in which the Manuals which
+      reject Euclid's treatment of Parallels are dealt with one
+      by one. Those Manuals which adopt it are reserved for Act
+      III., Scene i.; while in Scene ii., "The Syllabus of the
+      Association for the Improvement of Geometrical Teaching,"
+      and Wilson's "Syllabus," come under review.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Only one or two extracts need be given, which, it is hoped,
+      will suffice to illustrate the character and style of the
+      book:
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Act II., Scene v.&mdash;Niemand and Minos are arguing for and
+      against Henrici's "Elementary Geometry."
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>Minos</i>.&mdash;I haven't quite done with points yet. I find
+      an assertion that they never jump. Do you think that arises
+      from their having "position," which they feel might be
+      compromised by such conduct?<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Niemand</i>.&mdash;I cannot tell without hearing the passage
+      read.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Minos</i>.&mdash;It is this: "A point, in changing its
+      position on a curve, passes in moving from one position to
+      another through all intermediate positions. It does not
+      move by jumps."<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Niemand</i>.&mdash;That is quite true.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Minos</i>.&mdash;Tell me then&mdash;is every centre of gravity a
+      point?<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Niemand</i>.&mdash;Certainly.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Minos</i>.&mdash;Let us now consider the centre of gravity of
+      a flea. Does it&mdash;<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Niemand (indignantly)</i>.&mdash;Another word, and I shall
+      vanish! I cannot waste a night on such trivialities.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Minos</i>.&mdash;I can't resist giving you just <i>one</i>
+      more tit-bit&mdash;the definition of a square at page 123: "A
+      quadrilateral which is a kite, a symmetrical trapezium, and
+      a parallelogram is a square!" And now, farewell, Henrici:
+      "Euclid, with all thy faults, I love thee still!"
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Again, from Act II., Scene vi.:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>Niemand</i>.&mdash;He (Pierce, another "Modern Rival,") has a
+      definition of direction which will, I think, be new to you.
+      <i>(Reads.)</i><br>
+      <br>
+      "The <i>direction of a line</i> in any part is the
+      direction of a point at that part from the next preceding
+      point of the line!"<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Minos</i>.&mdash;That sounds mysterious. Which way along a
+      line are "preceding" points to be found?<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Niemand</i>.&mdash;<i>Both ways.</i> He adds, directly
+      afterwards, "A line has two different directions,"
+      &amp;c.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Minos</i>.&mdash;So your definition needs a postscript.... But
+      there is yet another difficulty. How far from a point is
+      the "next" point?<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Niemand</i>.&mdash;At an infinitely small distance, of course.
+      You will find the matter fully discussed in my work on the
+      Infinitesimal Calculus.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Minos</i>.&mdash;A most satisfactory answer for a teacher to
+      make to a pupil just beginning Geometry!
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      In Act IV. Euclid reappears to Minos, "followed by the
+      ghosts of Archimedes, Pythagoras, &amp;c., who have come to
+      see fair play." Euclid thus sums up his case:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      "'The cock doth craw, the day doth daw,' and all
+      respectable ghosts ought to be going home. Let me carry
+      with me the hope that I have convinced you of the necessity
+      of retaining my order and numbering, and my method of
+      treating Straight Lines, Angles, Right Angles, and (most
+      especially) Parallels. Leave me these untouched, and I
+      shall look on with great contentment while other changes
+      are made&mdash;while my proofs are abridged and improved&mdash;while
+      alternative proofs are appended to mine&mdash;and while new
+      Problems and Theorems are interpolated. In all these
+      matters my Manual is capable of almost unlimited
+      improvement."
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      In Appendices I. and II. Mr. Dodgson quotes the opinions of
+      two eminent mathematical teachers, Mr. Todhunter and
+      Professor De Morgan, in support of his argument.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Before leaving this subject I should like to refer to a
+      very novel use of Mr. Dodgson's book&mdash;its employment in a
+      school. Mr. G. Hopkins, Mathematical Master in the High
+      School at Manchester, U.S., and himself the author of a
+      "Manual of Plane Geometry," has so employed it in a class
+      of boys aged from fourteen or fifteen upwards. He first
+      called their attention to some of the more prominent
+      difficulties relating to the question of Parallels, put a
+      copy of Euclid in their hands, and let them see his
+      treatment of them, and after some discussion placed before
+      them Mr. Dodgson's "Euclid and His Modern Rivals" and "New
+      Theory of Parallels."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Perhaps it is the fact that American boys are sharper than
+      English, but at any rate the youngsters are reported to
+      have read the two books with an earnestness and a
+      persistency that were as gratifying to their instructor as
+      they were complimentary to Mr. Dodgson.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In June of the same year an entry in the Diary refers to a
+      proposal in Convocation to allow the University Club to
+      have a cricket-ground in the Parks. This had been proposed
+      in 1867, and then rejected. Mr. Dodgson sent round to the
+      Common Rooms copies of a poem on "The Deserted Parks,"
+      which had been published by Messrs. Parker in 1867, and
+      which was afterwards included in "Notes by an Oxford
+      Chiel." I quote the first few lines:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <blockquote>
+        Museum! loveliest building of the plain<br>
+        Where Cherwell winds towards the distant main;<br>
+        How often have I loitered o'er thy green,<br>
+        Where humble happiness endeared the scene!<br>
+        How often have I paused on every charm,&mdash;<br>
+        The rustic couple walking arm in arm,<br>
+        The groups of trees, with seats beneath the shade<br>
+        For prattling babes and whisp'ring lovers made,<br>
+        The never-failing brawl, the busy mill,<br>
+        Where tiny urchins vied in fistic skill.<br>
+        (Two phrases only have that dusky race<br>
+        Caught from the learned influence of the place;<br>
+        Phrases in their simplicity sublime,<br>
+        "Scramble a copper!" "Please, sir, what's the time?")<br>
+        These round thy walks their cheerful influence shed;<br>
+        These were thy charms&mdash;but all these charms are fled,<br>
+        Amidst thy bowers the tyrant's hand is seen,<br>
+        And rude pavilions sadden all thy green;<br>
+        One selfish pastime grasps the whole domain,<br>
+        And half a faction swallows up the plain;<br>
+        Adown thy glades, all sacrificed to cricket,<br>
+        The hollow-sounding bat now guards the wicket;<br>
+        Sunk are thy mounds in shapeless level all,<br>
+        Lest aught impede the swiftly rolling ball;<br>
+        And trembling, shrinking from the fatal blow,<br>
+        Far, far away thy hapless children go.<br>
+        Ill fares the place, to luxury a prey,<br>
+        Where wealth accumulates, and minds decay:<br>
+        Athletic sports may flourish or may fade,<br>
+        Fashion may make them, even as it has made;<br>
+        But the broad Parks, the city's joy and pride,<br>
+        When once destroyed can never be supplied!
+      </blockquote>
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Readers of "Sylvie and Bruno" will remember the way in
+      which the invisible fairy-children save the drunkard from
+      his evil life, and I have always felt that Mr. Dodgson
+      meant Sylvie to be something more than a fairy&mdash;a sort of
+      guardian angel. That such an idea would not have been
+      inconsistent with his way of looking at things is shown by
+      the following letter:
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Ch. Ch., <i>July</i>, 1879.<br>
+      <br>
+      My dear Ethel,&mdash;I have been long intending to answer your
+      letter of April 11th, chiefly as to your question in
+      reference to Mrs. N&mdash;'s letter about the little S&mdash;s [whose
+      mother had recently died]. You say you don't see "how they
+      can be guided aright by their dead mother, or how light can
+      come from her." Many people believe that our friends in the
+      other world can and do influence us in some way, and
+      perhaps even "guide" us and give us light to show us our
+      duty. My own feeling is, it <i>may</i> be so: but nothing
+      has been revealed about it. That the angels do so <i>is</i>
+      revealed, and we may feel sure of <i>that</i>; and there is
+      a beautiful fancy (for I don't think one can call it more)
+      that "a mother who has died leaving a child behind her in
+      this world, is allowed to be a sort of guardian angel to
+      that child." Perhaps Mrs. N&mdash; believes that.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Here are two other entries in the Diary:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>Aug. 26th</i>.&mdash;Worked from about 9.45 to 6.45, and again
+      from 10.15 to 11.45 (making 101/2 hours altogether) at an
+      idea which occurred to me of finding limits for <i>pi</i>
+      by elementary trigonometry, for the benefit of the
+      circle-squarers.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Dec. 12th</i>.&mdash;Invented a new way of working one word
+      into another. I think of calling the puzzle "syzygies."<br>
+      <br>
+      I give the first three specimens:&mdash;
+      <pre>      <tt>
+           MAN }
+    permanent  }
+      entice   } Send MAN on ICE.
+         ICE.  }
+
+         ACRE  }
+        sacred }
+  credentials  } RELY on ACRE.
+      entirely }
+          RELY }
+
+       PRISM   }
+   prismatic   }
+    dramatic   } Prove PRISM to be ODIOUS.
+    melodrama  }
+    melodious  }
+       ODIOUS. }
+</tt>      <br></pre>
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      In February, 1880, Mr. Dodgson proposed to the Christ
+      Church "Staff-salaries Board," that as his tutorial work
+      was lighter he should have &#163;200 instead of &#163;300
+      a year. It is not often that a man proposes to cut down
+      <i>his own</i> salary, but the suggestion in this case was
+      intended to help the College authorities in the policy of
+      retrenchment which they were trying to carry out.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>May 24th</i>.&mdash;Percival, President of Trin. Coll., who
+      has Cardinal Newman as his guest, wrote to say that the
+      Cardinal would sit for a photo, to me, at Trinity. But I
+      could not take my photography there and he couldn't come to
+      me: so nothing came of it.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Aug. 19th</i>. [At Eastbourne].&mdash;Took Ruth and Maud to
+      the Circus (Hutchinson and Tayleure's&mdash;from America). I
+      made friends with Mr. Tayleure, who took me to the tents of
+      horses, and the caravan he lived in. And I added to my
+      theatrical experiences by a chat with a couple of circus
+      children&mdash;Ada Costello, aged 9, and Polly (Evans, I think),
+      aged 13. I found Ada in the outer tent, with the pony on
+      which she was to perform&mdash;practising vaulting on to it,
+      varied with somersaults on the ground. I showed her my wire
+      puzzle, and ultimately gave it her, promising a duplicate
+      to Polly. Both children seemed bright and happy, and they
+      had pleasant manners.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Sept. 2nd</i>.&mdash;Mrs. H&mdash; took me to Dr. Bell's (the old
+      homoeopathic doctor) to hear Lord Radstock speak about
+      "training children." It was a curious affair. First a very
+      long hymn; then two very long extempore prayers (not by
+      Lord R&mdash;), which were strangely self-sufficient and wanting
+      in reverence. Lord R&mdash;'s remarks were commonplace enough,
+      though some of his theories were new, but, I think, not
+      true&mdash;<i>e.g.,</i> that encouraging emulation in schoolboys,
+      or desiring that they should make a good position in life,
+      was un-Christian. I escaped at the first opportunity after
+      his speech, and went down on the beach, where I made
+      acquaintance with a family who were banking up with sand
+      the feet and legs of a pretty little girl perched on a
+      sand-castle. I got her father to make her stand to be
+      drawn. Further along the beach a merry little mite began
+      pelting me with sand; so I drew <i>her</i> too.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Nov. 16th</i>.&mdash;Thought of a plan for simplifying
+      money-orders, by making the sender fill up two duplicate
+      papers, one of which he hands in to be transmitted by the
+      postmaster&mdash;it containing a key&mdash;number which the receiver
+      has to supply in <i>his</i> copy to get the money. I think
+      of suggesting this, and my plan for double postage on
+      Sunday, to the Government.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Dec. 19th</i>.&mdash;The idea occurred to me that a game might
+      be made of letters, to be moved about on a chess-board till
+      they form words.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      A little book, published during this year, "Alice (a
+      dramatic version of Lewis Carroll's 'Alice'), and other
+      Fairy Tales for Children," by Mrs. Freiligrath-Kroeker, was
+      very successful, and, I understand, still has a regular
+      sale. Mr. Dodgson most gladly gave his consent to the
+      dramatisation of his story by so talented an authoress, and
+      shortly afterwards Mrs. Kroeker brought out "Through the
+      Looking-Glass" in a similar form.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>Jan.</i> 17, 1881.&mdash;To the Lyceum to see "The Cup" and
+      "The Corsican Brothers." The first is exquisitely put on,
+      and Ellen Terry as Camma is the perfection of grace, and
+      Irving as the villain, and Mr. Terriss as the husband, were
+      very good. But the piece wants substance.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Jan.</i> 19<i>th</i>.&mdash;Tried to go to Oxford, but the
+      line is blocked near Didcot, so stayed another night in
+      town. The next afternoon the line was reported clear, but
+      the journey took 5 hours! On the day before the Dean of Ch.
+      Ch. and his family were snowed up for 21 hours near
+      Radley.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>March</i> 27<i>th</i>.&mdash;Went to S. Mary's and stayed for
+      Holy Communion, and, as Ffoulkes was alone, I mustered up
+      courage to help him. I read the exhortation, and was
+      pleased to find I did not once hesitate. I think I must try
+      preaching again soon, as he has often begged me to do.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>April</i> 16<i>th</i>.&mdash;Mr. Greenwood approves my theory
+      about general elections, and wants me to write on it in the
+      <i>St. James's Gazette</i>. (The letter appeared on May 5,
+      1881.)<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>May</i> 14<i>th</i>.&mdash;Took the longest walk (I believe) I
+      have ever done&mdash;round by Dorchester, Didcot and Abingdon&mdash;27
+      miles&mdash;took 8 hours&mdash;no blisters, I rejoice to find, and I
+      feel very little tired.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>May</i> 26<i>th</i>.&mdash;The row-loving men in College are
+      beginning to be troublesome again, and last night some 30
+      or 40 of them, aided by out-College men, made a great
+      disturbance, and regularly defied the Censors. I have just
+      been with the other Tutors into Hall, and heard the Dean
+      make an excellent speech to the House. Some two or three
+      will have to go down, and twelve or fifteen others will be
+      punished in various ways. (A later note says): The
+      punishments had to be modified&mdash;it turned out that the
+      disturbers were nearly all out-College men.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Dodgson sent a letter to <i>The Observer</i> on this
+      subject:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Sir,&mdash;Your paper of May 29th contains a leading article on
+      Christ Church, resting on so many mis-statements of fact
+      that I venture to appeal to your sense of justice to allow
+      me, if no abler writer has addressed you on the subject, an
+      opportunity of correcting them. It will, I think, be found
+      that in so doing I shall have removed the whole foundation
+      on which the writer has based his attack on the House,
+      after which I may contentedly leave the superstructure to
+      take care of itself. "Christ Church is always provoking the
+      adverse criticism of the outer world." The writer justifies
+      this rather broad generalisation by quoting three instances
+      of such provocation, which I will take one by one.<br>
+      <br>
+      At one time we are told that "The Dean ... neglects his
+      functions, and spends the bulk of his time in Madeira." The
+      fact is that the Dean's absence from England more than
+      twenty years ago during two successive winters was a sad
+      necessity, caused by the appearance of symptoms of grave
+      disease, from which he has now, under God's blessing,
+      perfectly recovered.<br>
+      <br>
+      The second instance occurred eleven years ago, when some of
+      the undergraduates destroyed some valuable statuary in the
+      Library. Here the writer states that the Dean first
+      announced that criminal proceedings would be taken, and
+      then, on discovering that the offenders were "highly
+      connected," found himself "converted to the opinion that
+      mercy is preferable to stern justice, and charity to the
+      strict letter of the law." The facts are that the
+      punishment awarded to the offenders was deliberated on and
+      determined on by the Governing Body, consisting of the
+      Dean, the Canons, and some twenty Senior Students; that
+      their deliberations were most assuredly in no way affected
+      by any thoughts of the offenders being "highly connected";
+      and that, when all was over, we had the satisfaction of
+      seeing ourselves roundly abused in the papers on both
+      sides, and charged with having been too lenient, and also
+      with having been too severe.<br>
+      <br>
+      The third instance occurred the other night. Some
+      undergraduates were making a disturbance, and the Junior
+      Censor "made his appearance in person upon the scene of
+      riot," and "was contumeliously handled." Here the only
+      statement of any real importance, the alleged assault by
+      Christ Church men on the Junior Censor, is untrue. The fact
+      is that nearly all the disturbers were out-College men,
+      and, though it is true that the Censor was struck by a
+      stone thrown from a window, the unenviable distinction of
+      having thrown it belongs to no member of the House. I doubt
+      if we have one single man here who would be capable of so
+      base and cowardly an act.<br>
+      <br>
+      The writer then gives us a curious account of the present
+      constitution of the House. The Dean, whom he calls "the
+      right reverend gentleman," is, "in a kind of way, master of
+      the College. The Canons, in a vague kind of way, are
+      supposed to control the College." The Senior Students "dare
+      not call their souls their own," and yet somehow dare "to
+      vent their wrath" on the Junior Students. His hazy, mental
+      picture of the position of the Canons may be cleared up by
+      explaining to him that the "control" they exercise is
+      neither more nor less than that of any other six members of
+      the Governing Body. The description of the Students I pass
+      over as not admitting any appeal to actual facts.<br>
+      <br>
+      The truth is that Christ Church stands convicted of two
+      unpardonable crimes&mdash;being great, and having a name. Such a
+      place must always expect to find itself "a wide mark for
+      scorn and jeers"&mdash;a target where the little and the nameless
+      may display their skill. Only the other day an M.P., rising
+      to ask a question about Westminster School, went on to
+      speak of Christ Church, and wound up with a fierce attack
+      on the ancient House. Shall we blame him? Do we blame the
+      wanton schoolboy, with a pebble in his hand, all powerless
+      to resist the alluring vastness of a barndoor?<br>
+      <br>
+      The essence of the article seems to be summed up in the
+      following sentence: "At Christ Church all attempts to
+      preserve order by the usual means have hitherto proved
+      uniformly unsuccessful, and apparently remain equally
+      fruitless." It is hard for one who, like myself, has lived
+      here most of his life, to believe that this is seriously
+      intended as a description of the place. However, as general
+      statements can only be met by general statements, permit
+      me, as one who has lived here for thirty years and has
+      taught for five-and-twenty, to say that in my experience
+      order has been the rule, disorder the rare exception, and
+      that, if the writer of your leading article has had an
+      equal amount of experience in any similar place of
+      education, and has found a set of young men more
+      gentlemanly, more orderly, and more pleasant in every way
+      to deal with, than I have found here, I cannot but think
+      him an exceptionally favoured mortal.&mdash;Yours, &amp;c.<br>
+      <br>
+      Charles l. Dodgson,<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Student and Mathematical Lecturer of Christ Church</i>.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      In July began an amusing correspondence between Mr. Dodgson
+      and a "circle-squarer," which lasted several months. Mr.
+      Dodgson sent the infatuated person, whom we will call Mr.
+      B&mdash;, a proof that the area of a circle is less than 3.15 the
+      square of the radius. Mr. B&mdash;replied, "Your proof is not in
+      accordance with Euclid, it assumes that a circle may be
+      considered as a rectangle, and that two right lines can
+      enclose a space." He returned the proof, saying that he
+      could not accept any of it as elucidating the exact area of
+      a circle, or as Euclidean. As Mr. Dodgson's method involved
+      a slight knowledge of trigonometry, and he had reason to
+      suspect that Mr. B&mdash;was entirely ignorant of that subject,
+      he thought it worth while to put him to the test by asking
+      him a few questions upon it, but the circle-squarer, with
+      commendable prudence, declined to discuss anything not
+      Euclidean. Mr. Dodgson then wrote to him, "taking leave of
+      the subject, until he should be willing to enlarge his
+      field of knowledge to the elements of Algebraical
+      Geometry." Mr. B&mdash;replied, with unmixed contempt,
+      "Algebraical Geometry is all moon-shine." <i>He</i>
+      preferred "weighing cardboard" as a means of ascertaining
+      exact truth in mathematical research. Finally he suggested
+      that Mr. Dodgson might care to join in a prize-competition
+      to be got up among the followers of Euclid, and as he
+      apparently wished him to understand that he (Mr. B&mdash;) did
+      not think much of his chances of getting a prize, Mr.
+      Dodgson considered that the psychological moment for
+      putting an end to the correspondence had arrived.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile he was beginning to feel his regular College
+      duties a terrible clog upon his literary work. The
+      Studentship which he held was not meant to tie him down to
+      lectures and examinations. Such work was very well for a
+      younger man; he could best serve "the House" by his
+      literary fame.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>July</i> 14<i>th.</i>&mdash;Came to a more definite decision
+      than I have ever yet done&mdash;that it is about time to resign
+      the Mathematical Lectureship. My chief motive for holding
+      on has been to provide money for others (for myself, I have
+      been many years able to retire), but even the &#163;300 a
+      year I shall thus lose I may fairly hope to make by the
+      additional time I shall have for book-writing. I think of
+      asking the G.B. (Governing Body) next term to appoint my
+      successor, so that I may retire at the end of the year,
+      when I shall be close on fifty years old, and shall have
+      held the Lectureship for exactly 26 years. (I had the
+      Honourmen for the last two terms of 1855, but was not full
+      Lecturer till Hilary, 1856.)<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Oct</i>. 18<i>th</i>.&mdash;I have just taken an important
+      step in life, by sending to the Dean a proposal to resign
+      the Mathematical Lectureship at the end of this year. I
+      shall now have my whole time at my own disposal, and, if
+      God gives me life and continued health and strength, may
+      hope, before my powers fail, to do some worthy work in
+      writing&mdash;partly in the cause of mathematical education,
+      partly in the cause of innocent recreation for children,
+      and partly, I hope (though so utterly unworthy of being
+      allowed to take up such work) in the cause of religious
+      thought. May God bless the new form of life that lies
+      before me, that I may use it according to His holy
+      will!<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Oct. 21st</i>.&mdash;I had a note in the evening from the
+      Dean, to say that he had seen the Censors on the subject of
+      my proposed resignation at the end of the year, and that
+      arrangements should be made, as far as could be done, to
+      carry out my wishes; and kindly adding an expression of
+      regret at losing my services, but allowing that I had
+      "earned a right to retirement." So my Lectureship seems to
+      be near its end.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Nov. 30th</i>.&mdash;I find by my Journal that I gave my
+      <i>first</i> Euclid Lecture in the Lecture-room on Monday,
+      January 28, 1856. It consisted of twelve men, of whom nine
+      attended. This morning, I have given what is most probably
+      my <i>last</i>: the lecture is now reduced to nine, of whom
+      all attended on Monday: this morning being a Saint's Day,
+      the attendance was voluntary, and only two appeared&mdash;E.H.
+      Morris, and G. Lavie. I was Lecturer when the <i>father</i>
+      of the latter took his degree, viz., in 1858.<br>
+      <br>
+      There is a sadness in coming to the end of anything in
+      life. Man's instincts cling to the Life that will never
+      end.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>May 30, 1882.</i>&mdash;Called on Mrs. R&mdash;. During a good part
+      of the evening I read <i>The Times</i>, while the party
+      played a round game of spelling words&mdash;a thing I will never
+      join in. Rational conversation and <i>good</i> music are
+      the only things which, to me, seem worth the meeting for,
+      for grown-up people.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>June 1st.</i>&mdash;Went out with Charsley, and did four miles
+      on one of his velocimans, very pleasantly.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The velociman was an early and somewhat cumbrous form of
+      tricycle; Mr. Dodgson made many suggestions for its
+      improvement. He never attempted to ride a bicycle, however,
+      but, in accordance with his own dictum, "In youth, try a
+      bicycle, in age, buy a tricycle," confined himself to the
+      three-wheeled variety.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>Nov. 8th</i>.&mdash;Whitehead, of Trinity, told us a charming
+      story in Common Room of a father and son. They came up
+      together: the son got into a College&mdash;the father had to go
+      to New Inn Hall: the son passed Responsions, while his
+      father had to put off: finally, the father failed in Mods
+      and has gone down: the son will probably take his degree,
+      and may then be able to prepare his father for another
+      try.<br>
+      <br>
+      Among the coloured cartoons in Shrimpton's window at Oxford
+      there used to be, when I was up, a picture which I think
+      referred to this story.<br>
+      <br>
+      <table align="Center" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+        <tbody>
+          <tr>
+            <td><a name="503"></a>
+              <img src="Images/503.png" alt="503.png"><br>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <td><div align="center"><a href="#T503"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+              <div class="c1" align="center">
+                <b>OXFORD TYPES.</b><br>
+                <i>From a photograph<br>
+                by A.T. Shrimpton.</i>.
+              </div>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+        </tbody>
+      </table><i>Nov. 23rd.</i>&mdash;Spent two hours "invigilating" in
+      the rooms of W.J. Grant (who has broken his collar-bone,
+      and is allowed to do his Greats papers in this way) while
+      he dictated his answers to another undergraduate, Pakenham,
+      who acted as scribe.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Nov. 24th</i>.&mdash;Dined with Fowler (now President of
+      C.C.C.) in hall, to meet Ranken. Both men are now mostly
+      bald, with quite grey hair: yet how short a time it seems
+      since we were undergraduates together at Whitby! (in
+      1854).<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Dec 8th.</i>&mdash;A Common Room Meeting. Fresh powers were
+      given to the Wine Committee, and then a new Curator
+      elected. I was proposed by Holland, and seconded by
+      Harcourt, and accepted office with no light heart: there
+      will be much trouble and thought needed to work it
+      satisfactorily, but it will take me out of myself a little,
+      and so may be a real good&mdash;my life was tending to become too
+      much that of a selfish recluse.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      During this year he composed the words of a song,
+      "Dreamland." The air was <i>dreamed</i> by his friend, the
+      late Rev. C. E. Hutchinson, of Chichester. The history of
+      the dream is here given in the words of the dreamer:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I found myself seated, with many others, in darkness, in a
+      large amphitheatre. Deep stillness prevailed. A kind of
+      hushed expectancy was upon us. We sat awaiting I know not
+      what. Before us hung a vast and dark curtain, and between
+      it and us was a kind of stage. Suddenly an intense wish
+      seized me to look upon the forms of some of the heroes of
+      past days. I cannot say whom in particular I longed to
+      behold, but, even as I wished, a faint light flickered over
+      the stage, and I was aware of a silent procession of
+      figures moving from right to left across the platform in
+      front of me. As each figure approached the left-hand corner
+      it turned and gazed at me, and I knew (by what means I
+      cannot say) its name. One only I recall&mdash;Saint George; the
+      light shone with a peculiar blueish lustre on his shield
+      and helmet as he turned and slowly faced me. The figures
+      were shadowy, and floated like mist before me; as each one
+      disappeared an invisible choir behind the curtain sang the
+      "Dream music." I awoke with the melody ringing in my ears,
+      and the words of the last line complete&mdash;"I see the shadows
+      falling, and slowly pass away." The rest I could not
+      recall.
+    </blockquote>
+    <table align="Center" cellpadding="0" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="238"></a><div align="center"><a href="#T238"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div align="center"><img src="Images/238.png" alt="238.png" border="1"></div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <blockquote>
+      <blockquote>
+        <b>DREAMLAND</b>.<br>
+        <br>
+        Words by LEWIS CARROLL.<br>
+        <br>
+        Music by C.E. HUTCHINSON.<br>
+        <br>
+        When midnight mists are creeping<br>
+        And all the land is sleeping<br>
+        Around me tread the mighty dead,<br>
+        And slowly pass away.<br>
+        <br>
+        Lo, warriors, saints, and sages,<br>
+        From out the vanished ages,<br>
+        With solemn pace and reverend face<br>
+        Appear and pass away.<br>
+        <br>
+        The blaze of noonday splendour,<br>
+        The twilight soft and tender,<br>
+        May charm the eye: yet they shall die,<br>
+        Shall die and pass away<br>
+        <br>
+        But here, in Dreamland's centre,<br>
+        No spoiler's hand may enter,<br>
+        These visions fair, this radiance rare,<br>
+        Shall never pass away<br>
+        <br>
+        I see the shadows falling,<br>
+        The forms of eld recalling;<br>
+        Around me tread the mighty dead,<br>
+        And slowly pass away
+      </blockquote>
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      One of the best services to education which Mr. Dodgson
+      performed was his edition of "Euclid I. and II.," which was
+      published in 1882. In writing "Euclid and His Modern
+      Rivals," he had criticised somewhat severely the various
+      substitutes proposed for Euclid, so far as they concerned
+      beginners; but at the same time he had admitted that within
+      prescribed limits Euclid's text is capable of amendment and
+      improvement, and this is what he attempted to do in this
+      book. That he was fully justified is shown by the fact that
+      during the years 1882&mdash;1889 the book ran through eight
+      editions. In the Introduction he enumerates, under the
+      three headings of "Additions," "Omissions," and
+      "Alterations," the chief points of difference between his
+      own and the ordinary editions of Euclid, with his reasons
+      for adopting them. They are the outcome of long experience,
+      and the most conservative of teachers would readily accept
+      them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The proof of I. 24, for example, is decidedly better and
+      more satisfactory than the ordinary proof, and the
+      introduction of the definition of "projection" certainly
+      simplifies the cumbrous enunciations of II. 12 and 13.
+      Again, the alternative proof of II. 8, suggested in the
+      Introduction, is valuable, and removes all excuse for
+      omitting this proposition, as is commonly clone.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The figures used are from the blocks prepared for the late
+      Mr. Todhunter's well-known edition of Euclid, to which Mr.
+      Dodgson's manual forms an excellent stepping-stone.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At the beginning of 1883 he went up to town to see the
+      collection of D. G. Rossetti's pictures in the Burlington
+      Gallery. He was especially struck with "Found," which he
+      thus describes&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      A picture of a man finding, in the streets of London, a
+      girl he had loved years before in the days of her
+      innocence. She is huddled up against the wall, dressed in
+      gaudy colours, and trying to turn away her agonised face,
+      while he, holding her wrists, is looking down with an
+      expression of pain and pity, condemnation and love, which
+      is one of the most marvellous things I have ever seen done
+      in painting.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Jan</i>. 27, 1883 [His birthday].&mdash;I cannot say I feel
+      much older at 51 than at 21! Had my first
+      "tasting-luncheon"; it seemed to give great satisfaction.
+      [The object of the Curator's "tasting-luncheon" was, of
+      course, to give members of Common Room an opportunity of
+      deciding what wines should be bought.]<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>March</i> 15<i>th.</i>&mdash;Went up to town to fulfil my
+      promise to Lucy A.&mdash;: to take her for her <i>first</i> visit
+      to the theatre. We got to the Lyceum in good time, and the
+      play was capitally acted. I had hinted to Beatrice (Miss
+      Ellen Terry) how much she could add to Lucy's pleasure by
+      sending round a "carte" of herself; she sent a cabinet. She
+      is certainly an adept in giving gifts that gratify.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>April</i> 23<i>d</i>.&mdash;Tried another long walk&mdash;22 miles,
+      to Besilsleigh, Fyfield, Kingston, Bagpuize, Frilford,
+      Marcham, and Abingdon. The last half of the way was in the
+      face of wind, rain, snow, and hail. Was too lame to go into
+      Hall.
+    </blockquote><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <h2>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_VI_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER
+      VI</a>
+    </h2><br>
+    <h4>
+      (1883&mdash;1887)
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      "The Profits of Authorship"&mdash;"Rhyme? and Reason?"&mdash;The Common
+      Room Cat&mdash;Visit to Jersey&mdash;Purity of elections&mdash;Parliamentary
+      Representation&mdash;Various literary projects&mdash;Letters to Miss E.
+      Rix&mdash;Being happy&mdash;"A Tangled Tale"&mdash;Religious arguments&mdash;The
+      "Alice" Operetta&mdash;"Alice's Adventures Underground"&mdash;"The Game
+      of Logic"&mdash;Mr. Harry Furniss.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      In 1883 Lewis Carroll was advised to make a stand against
+      the heavy discount allowed by publishers to booksellers,
+      and by booksellers to the public. Accordingly the following
+      notice began to appear in all his books: "In selling Mr.
+      Lewis Carroll's books to the Trade, Messrs. Macmillan and
+      Co. will abate 2d. in the shilling (no odd copies), and
+      allow 5 per cent, discount within six months, and 10 per
+      cent, for cash. In selling them to the Public (for cash
+      only) they will allow 10 per cent, discount."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was a bold step to take, and elicited some loud
+      expressions of disapproval. "Rather than buy on the terms
+      Mr. Lewis Carroll offers," "A Firm of London Booksellers"
+      wrote in <i>The Bookseller</i> of August 4th, "the trade
+      will do well to refuse to take copies of his books, new or
+      old, so long as he adheres to the terms he has just
+      announced to the trade for their delectation and delight."
+      On the other hand, an editorial, which appeared in the same
+      number of <i>The Bookseller,</i> expressed warm approval of
+      the innovation.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To avoid all possible misconceptions, the author fully
+      explained his views in a little pamphlet on "The Profits of
+      Authorship." He showed that the bookseller makes as much
+      profit out of every volume he sells (assuming the buyer to
+      pay the full published price, which he did in those days
+      more readily than he does to-day) as author and publisher
+      together, whereas his share in the work is very small. He
+      does not say much about the author's part in the work&mdash;that
+      it is a very heavy one goes without saying&mdash;but in
+      considering the publisher's share he says:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      The publisher contributes about as much as the bookseller
+      in time and bodily labour, but in mental toil and trouble a
+      great deal more. I speak with some personal knowledge of
+      the matter, having myself, for some twenty years, inflicted
+      on that most patient and painstaking firm, Messrs.
+      Macmillan and Co., about as much wear and worry as ever
+      publishers have lived through. The day when they undertake
+      a book for me is a <i>dies nefastus</i> for them. From that
+      day till the book is out&mdash;an interval of some two or three
+      years on an average&mdash;there is no pause in "the pelting of
+      the pitiless storm" of directions and questions on every
+      conceivable detail. To say that every question gets a
+      courteous and thoughtful reply&mdash;that they are still outside
+      a lunatic asylum&mdash;and that they still regard me with some
+      degree of charity&mdash;is to speak volumes in praise of their
+      good temper and of their health, bodily and mental. I think
+      the publisher's claim on the profits is on the whole
+      stronger than the booksellers.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      "Rhyme? and Reason?" appeared at Christmas; the dedicatory
+      verses, inscribed "To a dear child: in memory of golden
+      summer hours and whispers of a summer sea," were addressed
+      to a little friend of the author's, Miss Gertrude Chataway.
+      One of the most popular poems in the book is "Hiawatha's
+      Photographing," a delicious parody of Longfellow's
+      "Hiawatha." "In an age of imitation," says Lewis Carroll,
+      in a note at the head, "I can claim no special merit for
+      this slight attempt at doing what is known to be so easy."
+      It is not every one who has read this note who has observed
+      that it is really in the same metre as the poem below it.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Another excellent parody, "Atalanta in Camden-Town,"
+      exactly hit off the style of that poet who stands alone and
+      unapproached among the poets of the day, and whom Mr.
+      Dodgson used to call "the greatest living master of
+      language."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Fame's Penny Trumpet," affectionately dedicated to all
+      "original researchers" who pant for "endowment," was an
+      attack upon the Vivisectionists,
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Who preach of Justice&mdash;plead with tears<br>
+      That Love and Mercy should abound&mdash;<br>
+      While marking with complacent ears<br>
+      The moaning of some tortured hound.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Lewis Carroll thus addresses them:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Fill all the air with hungry wails&mdash;<br>
+      "Reward us, ere we think or write!<br>
+      Without your gold mere knowledge fails<br>
+      To sate the swinish appetite!"<br>
+      <br>
+      And, where great Plato paced serene,<br>
+      Or Newton paused with wistful eye,<br>
+      Rush to the chase with hoofs unclean<br>
+      And Babel-clamour of the stye!<br>
+      <br>
+      Be yours the pay: be theirs the praise:<br>
+      We will not rob them of their due,<br>
+      Nor vex the ghosts of other days<br>
+      By naming them along with you.<br>
+      <br>
+      They sought and found undying fame:<br>
+      They toiled not for reward nor thanks:<br>
+      Their cheeks are hot with honest shame<br>
+      For you, the modern mountebanks!
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      "For auld lang syne" the author sent a copy of his book to
+      Mrs. Hargreaves (Miss Alice Liddell), accompanied by a
+      short note.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Christ Church, <i>December</i> 21, 1883.<br>
+      <br>
+      Dear Mrs. Hargreaves,&mdash;Perhaps the shortest day in the year
+      is not <i>quite</i> the most appropriate time for recalling
+      the long dreamy summer afternoons of ancient times; but
+      anyhow if this book gives you half as much pleasure to
+      receive as it does me to send, it will be a success
+      indeed.<br>
+      <br>
+      Wishing you all happiness at this happy season, I am,<br>
+      <br>
+      Sincerely yours,<br>
+      <br>
+      C. L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The beginning of 1884 was chiefly occupied in Common Room
+      business. The Curatorship seems to have been anything but a
+      sinecure. Besides weightier responsibilities, it involved
+      the care of the Common Room Cat! In this case the "care"
+      ultimately killed the cat&mdash;but not until it had passed the
+      span of life usually allotted to those animals, and beyond
+      which their further existence is equally a nuisance to
+      themselves and to every one else. As to the best way of
+      "terminating its sublunary existence," Mr. Dodgson
+      consulted two surgeons, one of whom was Sir James Paget. I
+      do not know what method was finally adopted, but I am sure
+      it was one that gave no pain to pussy's nerves, and as
+      little as possible to her feelings.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On March 11th there was a debate in Congregation on the
+      proposed admission of women to some of the Honour Schools
+      at Oxford. This was one of the many subjects on which Mr.
+      Dodgson wrote a pamphlet. During the debate he made one of
+      his few speeches, and argued strongly against the proposal,
+      on the score of the injury to health which it would inflict
+      upon the girl-undergraduates.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Later in the month he and the Rev. E.F. Sampson, Tutor of
+      Christ Church, paid a visit to Jersey, seeing various
+      friends, notably the Rev. F.H. Atkinson, an old College
+      friend of Mr. Dodgson's, who had helped him when he was
+      editor of <i>College Rhymes</i>. I quote a few lines from a
+      letter of his to Mr. Atkinson, as showing his views on
+      matrimony:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      So you have been for twelve years a married man, while I am
+      still a lonely old bachelor! And mean to keep so, for the
+      matter of that. College life is by no means unmixed misery,
+      though married life has no doubt many charms to which I am
+      a stranger.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      A note in his Diary on May 5th shows one of the changes in
+      his way of life which advancing years forced him to make:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Wrote to&mdash;(who had invited me to dine) to beg off, on the
+      ground that, in my old age, I find dinner parties more and
+      more fatiguing. This is quite a new departure. I much
+      grudge giving an evening (even if it were not tiring) to
+      bandying small-talk with dull people.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The next extract I give does not look much like old age!
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I called on Mrs. M&mdash;. She was out; and only one maid in,
+      who, having come to the gate to answer the bell, found the
+      door blown shut on her return. The poor thing seemed really
+      alarmed and distressed. However, I got a man to come from a
+      neighbouring yard with a ladder, and got in at the
+      drawing-room window&mdash;a novel way of entering a friend's
+      house!
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Oddly enough, almost exactly the same thing happened to him
+      in 1888: "The door blew shut, with the maid outside, and no
+      one in the house. I got the cook of the next house to let
+      me go through their premises, and with the help of a pair
+      of steps got over the wall between the two back-yards."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In July there appeared an article in the <i>St. James's
+      Gazette</i> on the subject of "Parliamentary Elections,"
+      written by Mr. Dodgson. It was a subject in which he was
+      much interested, and a few years before he had contributed
+      a long letter on the "Purity of Elections" to the same
+      newspaper. I wish I had space to give both in full; as
+      things are, a summary and a few extracts are all I dare
+      attempt. The writer held that there are a great number of
+      voters, and <i>pari passu</i> a great number of
+      constituencies, that like to be on the winning side, and
+      whose votes are chiefly influenced by that consideration.
+      The ballot-box has made it practically impossible for the
+      individual voter to know which is going to be the winning
+      side, but after the first few days of a general election,
+      one side or the other has generally got a more or less
+      decided advantage, and a weak-kneed constituency is sorely
+      tempted to swell the tide of victory.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      But this is not all. The evil extends further than to the
+      single constituency; nay, it extends further than to a
+      single general election; it constitutes a feature in our
+      national history; it is darkly ominous for the future of
+      England. So long as general elections are conducted as at
+      present we shall be liable to oscillations of political
+      power, like those of 1874 and 1880, but of ever-increasing
+      violence&mdash;one Parliament wholly at the mercy of one
+      political party, the next wholly at the mercy of the
+      other&mdash;while the Government of the hour, joyfully hastening
+      to undo all that its predecessors have done, will wield a
+      majority so immense that the fate of every question will be
+      foredoomed, and debate will be a farce; in one word, we
+      shall be a nation living from hand to mouth, and with no
+      settled principle&mdash;an army, whose only marching orders will
+      be "Right about face!"
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      His remedy was that the result of each single election
+      should be kept secret till the general election is over:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      It surely would involve no practical difficulty to provide
+      that the boxes of voting papers should be sealed up by a
+      Government official and placed in such custody as would
+      make it impossible to tamper with them; and that when the
+      last election had been held they should be opened, the
+      votes counted, and the results announced.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The article on "Parliamentary Elections" proposed much more
+      sweeping alterations. The opening paragraph will show its
+      general purport:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      The question, how to arrange our constituencies and conduct
+      our Parliamentary elections so as to make the House of
+      Commons, as far as possible, a true index of the state of
+      opinion in the nation it professes to represent, is surely
+      equal in importance to any that the present generation has
+      had to settle. And the leap in the dark, which we seem
+      about to take in a sudden and vast extension of the
+      franchise, would be robbed of half its terrors could we
+      feel assured that each political party will be duly
+      represented in the next Parliament, so that every side of a
+      question will get a fair hearing.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The axioms on which his scheme was based were as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      (1) That each Member of Parliament should represent
+      approximately the same number of electors.<br>
+      <br>
+      (2) That the minority of the two parties into which,
+      broadly speaking, each district may be divided, should be
+      adequately represented.<br>
+      <br>
+      (3) That the waste of votes, caused by accidentally giving
+      one candidate more than he needs and leaving another of the
+      same party with less than he needs, should be, if possible,
+      avoided.<br>
+      <br>
+      (4) That the process of marking a ballot-paper should be
+      reduced to the utmost possible simplicity, to meet the case
+      of voters of the very narrowest mental calibre.<br>
+      <br>
+      (5) That the process of counting votes should be as simple
+      as possible.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Then came a precise proposal. I do not pause to compare it
+      in detail with the suggestions of Mr. Hare, Mr. Courtney,
+      and others:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I proceed to give a summary of rules for the method I
+      propose. Form districts which shall return three, four, or
+      more Members, in proportion to their size. Let each elector
+      vote for one candidate only. When the poll is closed,
+      divide the total number of votes by the number of Members
+      to be returned <i>plus</i> one, and take the next greater
+      integer as "quota." Let the returning officer publish the
+      list of candidates, with the votes given for each, and
+      declare as "returned" each that has obtained the quota. If
+      there are still Members to return, let him name a time when
+      all the candidates shall appear before him; and each
+      returned Member may then formally assign his surplus votes
+      to whomsoever of the other candidates he will, while the
+      other candidates may in like manner assign their votes to
+      one another.<br>
+      <br>
+      This method would enable each of the two parties in a
+      district to return as many Members as it could muster
+      "quotas," no matter how the votes were distributed. If, for
+      example, 10,000 were the quota, and the "reds" mustered
+      30,000 votes, they could return three Members; for, suppose
+      they had four candidates, and that A had 22,000 votes, B
+      4,000, C 3,000, D 1,000, A would simply have to assign
+      6,000 votes to B and 6,000 to C; while D, being hopeless of
+      success, would naturally let C have his 1,000 also. There
+      would be no risk of a seat being left vacant through two
+      candidates of the same party sharing a quota between
+      them&mdash;an unwritten law would soon come to be recognised&mdash;that
+      the one with fewest votes should give place to the other.
+      And, with candidates of two opposite parties, this
+      difficulty could not arise at all; one or the other could
+      always be returned by the surplus votes of his party.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Some notes from the Diary for March, 1885, are worth
+      reproducing here:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>March</i> 1<i>st</i>.&mdash;Sent off two letters of literary
+      importance, one to Mrs. Hargreaves, to ask her consent to
+      my publishing the original MS. of "Alice" in facsimile (the
+      idea occurred to me the other day); the other to Mr. H.
+      Furniss, a very clever illustrator in <i>Punch</i>, asking
+      if he is open to proposals to draw pictures for me.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The letter to Mrs. Hargreaves, which, it will be noticed,
+      was earlier in date than the short note already quoted in
+      this chapter, ran as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      My Dear Mrs. Hargreaves,&mdash;I fancy this will come to you
+      almost like a voice from the dead, after so many years of
+      silence, and yet those years have made no difference that I
+      can perceive in <i>my</i> clearness of memory of the days
+      when we <i>did</i> correspond. I am getting to feel what an
+      old man's failing memory is as to recent events and new
+      friends, (for instance, I made friends, only a few weeks
+      ago, with a very nice little maid of about twelve, and had
+      a walk with her&mdash;and now I can't recall either of her
+      names!), but my mental picture is as vivid as ever of one
+      who was, through so many years, my ideal child-friend. I
+      have had scores of child-friends since your time, but they
+      have been quite a different thing.<br>
+      <br>
+      However, I did not begin this letter to say all
+      <i>that</i>. What I want to ask is, Would you have any
+      objection to the original MS. book of "Alice's Adventures"
+      (which I suppose you still possess) being published in
+      facsimile? The idea of doing so occurred to me only the
+      other day. If, on consideration, you come to the conclusion
+      that you would rather <i>not</i> have it done, there is an
+      end of the matter. If, however, you give a favourable
+      reply, I would be much obliged if you would lend it me
+      (registered post, I should think, would be safest) that I
+      may consider the possibilities. I have not seen it for
+      about twenty years, so am by no means sure that the
+      illustrations may not prove to be so awfully bad that to
+      reproduce them would be absurd.<br>
+      <br>
+      There can be no doubt that I should incur the charge of
+      gross egoism in publishing it. But I don't care for that in
+      the least, knowing that I have no such motive; only I
+      think, considering the extraordinary popularity the books
+      have had (we have sold more than 120,000 of the two), there
+      must be many who would like to see the original form.<br>
+      <br>
+      Always your friend,<br>
+      <br>
+      C.L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="504"></a>
+            <img src="Images/504.png" alt="504.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T504"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>H. FURNISS.</b><br>
+              <i>From a photograph</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      The letter to Harry Furniss elicited a most satisfactory
+      reply. Mr. Furniss said that he had long wished to
+      illustrate one of Lewis Carroll's books, and that he was
+      quite prepared to undertake the work ("Sylvie and Bruno").
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Two more notes from the Diary, referring to the same month
+      follow:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>March 10th</i>.&mdash;A great Convocation assembled in the
+      theatre, about a proposed grant for Physiology, opposed by
+      many (I was one) who wish restrictions to be enacted as to
+      the practice of vivisection for research. Liddon made an
+      excellent speech against the grant, but it was carried by
+      412 to 244.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>March 29th</i>.&mdash;Never before have I had so many literary
+      projects on hand at once. For curiosity, I will here make a
+      list of them.<br>
+      <br>
+      (1) Supplement to "Euclid and Modern Rivals."<br>
+      <br>
+      (2) 2nd Edition of "Euc. and Mod. Rivals."<br>
+      <br>
+      (3) A book of Math. curiosities, which I think of calling
+      "Pillow Problems, and other Math. Trifles." This will
+      contain Problems worked out in the dark, Logarithms without
+      Tables, Sines and angles do., a paper I am now writing on
+      "Infinities and Infinitesimals," condensed Long
+      Multiplication, and perhaps others.<br>
+      <br>
+      (4) Euclid V.<br>
+      <br>
+      (5) "Plain Facts for Circle-Squarers," which is nearly
+      complete, and gives actual proof of limits 3.14158,
+      3.14160.<br>
+      <br>
+      (6) A symbolical Logic, treated by my algebraic method.<br>
+      <br>
+      (7) "A Tangled Tale."<br>
+      <br>
+      (8) A collection of Games and Puzzles of my devising, with
+      fairy pictures by Miss E.G. Thomson. This might also
+      contain my "Mem. Tech." for dates; my "Cipher-writing"
+      scheme for Letter-registration, &amp;c., &amp;c.<br>
+      <br>
+      (9) Nursery Alice.<br>
+      <br>
+      (10) Serious poems in "Phantasmagoria."<br>
+      <br>
+      (11) "Alice's Adventures Underground."<br>
+      <br>
+      (12) "Girl's Own Shakespeare." I have begun on
+      "Tempest."<br>
+      <br>
+      (13) New edition of "Parliamentary Representation."<br>
+      <br>
+      (14) New edition of Euc. I., II.<br>
+      <br>
+      (15) The new child's book, which Mr. Furniss is to
+      illustrate. I have settled on no name as yet, but it will
+      perhaps be "Sylvie and Bruno."<br>
+      <br>
+      I have other shadowy ideas, <i>e.g.</i>, a Geometry for
+      Boys, a vol. of Essays on theological points freely and
+      plainly treated, and a drama on "Alice" (for which Mr.
+      Mackenzie would write music): but the above is a fair
+      example of "too many irons in the fire!"
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      A letter written about this time to his friend, Miss Edith
+      Rix, gives some very good hints about how to work, all the
+      more valuable because he had himself successfully carried
+      them out. The first hint was as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      When you have made a thorough and reasonably long effort,
+      to understand a thing, and still feel puzzled by it,
+      <i>stop</i>, you will only hurt yourself by going on. Put
+      it aside till the next morning; and if <i>then</i> you
+      can't make it out, and have no one to explain it to you,
+      put it aside entirely, and go back to that part of the
+      subject which you <i>do</i> understand. When I was reading
+      Mathematics for University honours, I would sometimes,
+      after working a week or two at some new book, and mastering
+      ten or twenty pages, get into a hopeless muddle, and find
+      it just as bad the next morning. My rule was <i>to begin
+      the book again</i>. And perhaps in another fortnight I had
+      come to the old difficulty with impetus enough to get over
+      it. Or perhaps not. I have several books that I have begun
+      over and over again.<br>
+      <br>
+      My second hint shall be&mdash;Never leave an unsolved difficulty
+      <i>behind</i>. I mean, don't go any further in that book
+      till the difficulty is conquered. In this point,
+      Mathematics differs entirely from most other subjects.
+      Suppose you are reading an Italian book, and come to a
+      hopelessly obscure sentence&mdash;don't waste too much time on
+      it, skip it, and go on; you will do very well without it.
+      But if you skip a <i>mathematical</i> difficulty, it is
+      sure to crop up again: you will find some other proof
+      depending on it, and you will only get deeper and deeper
+      into the mud.<br>
+      <br>
+      My third hint is, only go on working so long as the brain
+      is <i>quite</i> clear. The moment you feel the ideas
+      getting confused leave off and rest, or your penalty will
+      be that you will never learn Mathematics <i>at all</i>!
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Two more letters to the same friend are, I think, deserving
+      of a place here:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Eastbourne, <i>Sept</i>. 25, 1885.<br>
+      <br>
+      My dear Edith,&mdash;One subject you touch on&mdash;"the Resurrection
+      of the Body"&mdash;is very interesting to me, and I have given it
+      much thought (I mean long ago). <i>My</i> conclusion was to
+      give up the <i>literal</i> meaning of the <i>material</i>
+      body altogether. <i>Identity</i>, in some mysterious way,
+      there evidently is; but there is no resisting the
+      scientific fact that the actual <i>material</i> usable for
+      <i>physical</i> bodies has been used over and over again&mdash;so
+      that each atom would have several owners. The mere solitary
+      fact of the existence of <i>cannibalism</i> is to my mind a
+      sufficient <i>reductio ad absurdum</i> of the theory that
+      the particular set of atoms I shall happen to own at death
+      (changed every seven years, they say) will be mine in the
+      next life&mdash;and all the other insuperable difficulties (such
+      as people born with bodily defects) are swept away at once
+      if we accept S. Paul's "spiritual body," and his simile of
+      the grain of corn. I have read very little of "Sartor
+      Resartus," and don't know the passage you quote: but I
+      accept the idea of the material body being the "dress" of
+      the spiritual&mdash;a dress needed for material life.<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      Ch. Ch., <i>Dec</i>. 13, 1885.<br>
+      <br>
+      Dear Edith,&mdash;I have been a severe sufferer from
+      <i>Logical</i> puzzles of late. I got into a regular tangle
+      about the "import of propositions," as the ordinary logical
+      books declare that "all <i>x</i> is <i>z</i>" doesn't even
+      <i>hint</i> that any <i>x</i>'s exist, but merely that the
+      qualities are so inseparable that, if ever <i>x</i> occurs,
+      <i>z</i> must occur also. As to "some <i>x</i> is <i>z</i>"
+      they are discreetly silent; and the living authorities I
+      have appealed to, including our Professor of Logic, take
+      opposite sides! Some say it means that the qualities are so
+      connected that, if any <i>x</i>'s <i>did</i> exist, some
+      <i>must</i> be <i>z</i>&mdash;others that it only means
+      compatibility, <i>i.e.,</i> that some <i>might</i> be
+      <i>z</i>, and they would go on asserting, with perfect
+      belief in their truthfulness, "some boots are made of
+      brass," even if they had all the boots in the world before
+      them, and knew that <i>none</i> were so made, merely
+      because there is no inherent impossibility in making boots
+      of brass! Isn't it bewildering? I shall have to mention all
+      this in my great work on Logic&mdash;but <i>I</i> shall take the
+      line "any writer may mean exactly what he pleases by a
+      phrase so long as he explains it beforehand." But I shall
+      not venture to assert "some boots are made of brass" till I
+      have found a pair! The Professor of Logic came over one day
+      to talk about it, and we had a long and exciting argument,
+      the result of which was "<i>x &mdash;x</i>"&mdash;a magnitude which you
+      will be able to evaluate for yourself.<br>
+      <br>
+      C. L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      As an example of the good advice Mr. Dodgson used to give
+      his young friends, the following letter to Miss Isabel
+      Standen will serve excellently:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Eastbourne, <i>Aug</i>. 4, 1885.<br>
+      <br>
+      I can quite understand, and much sympathise with, what you
+      say of your feeling lonely, and not what you can honestly
+      call "happy." Now I am going to give you a bit of
+      philosophy about that&mdash;my own experience is, that
+      <i>every</i> new form of life we try is, just at first,
+      irksome rather than pleasant. My first day or two at the
+      sea is a little depressing; I miss the Christ Church
+      interests, and haven't taken up the threads of interest
+      here; and, just in the same way, my first day or two, when
+      I get back to Christ Church, I miss the seaside pleasures,
+      and feel with unusual clearness the bothers of
+      business-routine. In all such cases, the true philosophy, I
+      believe, is "<i>wait</i> a bit." Our mental nerves seem to
+      be so adjusted that we feel <i>first</i> and most keenly,
+      the <i>dis</i>&mdash;comforts of any new form of life; but, after
+      a bit, we get used to them, and cease to notice them; and
+      <i>then</i> we have time to realise the enjoyable features,
+      which at first we were too much worried to be conscious
+      of.<br>
+      <br>
+      Suppose you hurt your arm, and had to wear it in a sling
+      for a month. For the first two or three days the discomfort
+      of the bandage, the pressure of the sling on the neck and
+      shoulder, the being unable to use the arm, would be a
+      constant worry. You would feel as if all comfort in life
+      were gone; after a couple of days you would be used to the
+      new sensations, after a week you perhaps wouldn't notice
+      them at all; and life would seem just as comfortable as
+      ever.<br>
+      <br>
+      So my advice is, don't think about loneliness, or
+      happiness, or unhappiness, for a week or two. Then "take
+      stock" again, and compare your feelings with what they were
+      two weeks previously. If they have changed, even a little,
+      for the better you are on the right track; if not, we may
+      begin to suspect the life does not suit you. But what I
+      want <i>specially</i> to urge is that there's no use in
+      comparing one's feelings between one day and the next; you
+      must allow a reasonable interval, for the <i>direction
+      of</i> change to show itself.<br>
+      <br>
+      Sit on the beach, and watch the waves for a few seconds;
+      you say "the tide is coming in "; watch half a dozen
+      successive waves, and you may say "the last is the lowest;
+      it is going out." Wait a quarter of an hour, and compare
+      its <i>average</i> place with what it was at first, and you
+      will say "No, it is coming in after all." ...<br>
+      <br>
+      With love, I am always affectionately yours,<br>
+      <br>
+      C. L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The next event to chronicle in Lewis Carroll's Life is the
+      publication, by Messrs. Macmillan, of "A Tangled Tale," a
+      series of mathematical problems which had originally
+      appeared in the <i>Monthly Packet</i>. In addition to the
+      problems themselves, the author added their correct
+      solutions, with criticisms on the solutions, correct or
+      otherwise, which the readers of the <i>Monthly Packet</i>
+      had sent in to him. With some people this is the most
+      popular of all his books; it is certainly the most
+      successful attempt he ever made to combine mathematics and
+      humour. The book was illustrated by Mr. A.B. Frost, who
+      entered most thoroughly into the spirit of the thing. One
+      of his pictures, "Balbus was assisting his mother-in-law to
+      convince the dragon," is irresistibly comic. A short
+      quotation will better enable the reader to understand the
+      point of the joke:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Balbus was waiting for them at the hotel; the journey down
+      had tried him, he said; so his two pupils had been the
+      round of the place, in search of lodgings, without the old
+      tutor who had been their inseparable companion from their
+      childhood. They had named him after the hero of their Latin
+      exercise-book, which overflowed with anecdotes about that
+      versatile genius&mdash;anecdotes whose vagueness in detail was
+      more than compensated by their sensational brilliance.
+      "Balbus has overcome all his enemies" had been marked by
+      their tutor, in the margin of the book, "Successful
+      Bravery." In this way he had tried to extract a moral from
+      every anecdote about Balbus&mdash;sometimes one of warning, as in
+      "Balbus had borrowed a healthy dragon," against which he
+      had written, "Rashness in Speculation "&mdash;sometimes of
+      encouragement, as in the words, "Influence of Sympathy in
+      United Action," which stood opposite to the anecdote
+      "Balbus was assisting his mother-in-law to convince the
+      dragon"&mdash;and sometimes it dwindled down to a single word,
+      such as "Prudence," which was all he could extract from the
+      touching record that "Balbus, having scorched the tail of
+      the dragon, went away." His pupils liked the short morals
+      best, as it left them more room for marginal illustrations,
+      and in this instance they required all the space they could
+      get to exhibit the rapidity of the hero's departure.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Balbus and his pupils go in search of lodgings, which are
+      only to be found in a certain square; at No. 52, one of the
+      pupils supplements the usual questions by asking the
+      landlady if the cat scratches:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      The landlady looked round suspiciously, as if to make sure
+      the cat was not listening. "I will not deceive you,
+      gentlemen," she said. "It <i>do</i> scratch, but not
+      without you pulls its whiskers! It'll never do it," she
+      repeated slowly, with a visible effort to recall the exact
+      words of some written agreement between herself and the
+      cat, "without you pulls its whiskers!"<br>
+      <br>
+      "Much may be excused in a cat so treated," said Balbus as
+      they left the house and crossed to No. 70, leaving the
+      landlady curtesying on the doorstep, and still murmuring to
+      herself her parting words, as if they were a form of
+      blessing&mdash;"Not without you pulls its whiskers!"
+    </blockquote>
+    <table align="Center" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="505"></a>
+            <img src="Images/505.png" alt="505.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T505"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>Balbus having scorched<br>
+              the Dragon's Tail&mdash;Went Away!</b><br>
+              <i>From a crayon drawing<br>
+              by the Rev. H.C. Gaye.</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      They secure one room at each of the following numbers&mdash;the
+      square contains 20 doors on each side&mdash;Nine, Twenty-five,
+      Fifty-two, and Seventy-three. They require three bedrooms
+      and one day-room, and decide to take as day&mdash;room the one
+      that gives them the least walking to do to get to it. The
+      problem, of course, is to discover which room they adopted
+      as the day-room. There are ten such "knots" in the book,
+      and few, if any of them, can be untied without a good deal
+      of thought.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Owing, probably, to the strain of incessant work, Mr.
+      Dodgson about this period began to be subject to a very
+      peculiar, yet not very uncommon, optical delusion, which
+      takes the form of seeing moving fortifications. Considering
+      the fact that he spent a good twelve hours out of every
+      twenty-four in reading and writing, and that he was now
+      well over fifty years old, it was not surprising that
+      nature should begin to rebel at last, and warn him of the
+      necessity of occasional rest.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some verses on "Wonderland" by "One who loves Alice,"
+      appeared in the Christmas number of <i>Sylvia's Home
+      Journal</i>, 1885. They were written by Miss M.E. Manners,
+      and, as Lewis Carroll himself admired them, they will, I
+      think, be read with interest:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      WONDERLAND.<br>
+      <br>
+      How sweet those happy days gone by,<br>
+      Those days of sunny weather,<br>
+      When Alice fair, with golden hair,<br>
+      And we&mdash;were young together;&mdash;<br>
+      When first with eager gaze we scann'd<br>
+      The page which told of Wonderland.<br>
+      <br>
+      On hearthrug in the winter-time<br>
+      We lay and read it over;<br>
+      We read it in the summer's prime,<br>
+      Amidst the hay and clover.<br>
+      The trees, by evening breezes fann'd,<br>
+      Murmured sweet tales of Wonderland.<br>
+      <br>
+      We climbed the mantelpiece, and broke<br>
+      The jars of Dresden china;<br>
+      In Jabberwocky tongue we spoke,<br>
+      We called the kitten "Dinah!"<br>
+      And, oh! how earnestly we planned<br>
+      To go ourselves to Wonderland.<br>
+      <br>
+      The path was fringed with flowers rare,<br>
+      With rainbow colours tinted;<br>
+      The way was "up a winding stair,"<br>
+      Our elders wisely hinted.<br>
+      We did not wish to understand<br>
+      <i>Bed</i> was the road to Wonderland.<br>
+      <br>
+      We thought we'd wait till we should grow<br>
+      Stronger as well as bolder,<br>
+      But now, alas! full well we know<br>
+      We're only growing older.<br>
+      The key held by a childish hand,<br>
+      Fits best the door of Wonderland.<br>
+      <br>
+      Yet still the Hatter drinks his tea,<br>
+      The Duchess finds a moral,<br>
+      And Tweedledum and Tweedledee<br>
+      Forget in fright their quarrel.<br>
+      The Walrus still weeps on the sand,<br>
+      That strews the shores of Wonderland.<br>
+      <br>
+      And other children feel the spell<br>
+      Which once we felt before them,<br>
+      And while the well-known tale we tell,<br>
+      We watch it stealing o'er them:<br>
+      Before their dazzled eyes expand<br>
+      The glorious realms of Wonderland.<br>
+      <br>
+      Yes, "time is fleet," and we have gained<br>
+      Years more than twice eleven;<br>
+      Alice, dear child, hast thou remained<br>
+      "Exactually" seven?<br>
+      With "proper aid," "two" could command<br>
+      Time to go back in Wonderland.<br>
+      <br>
+      Or have the years (untouched by charms),<br>
+      With joy and sorrow laden,<br>
+      Rolled by, and brought unto thy arms<br>
+      A dainty little maiden?<br>
+      Another Alice, who shall stand<br>
+      By thee to hear of Wonderland.<br>
+      <br>
+      Carroll! accept the heartfelt thanks<br>
+      Of children of all ages,<br>
+      Of those who long have left their ranks,<br>
+      Yet still must love the pages<br>
+      Written by him whose magic wand<br>
+      Called up the scenes of Wonderland.<br>
+      <br>
+      Long mayst thou live, the sound to hear<br>
+      Which most thy heart rejoices,<br>
+      Of children's laughter ringing clear,<br>
+      And children's merry voices,<br>
+      Until for thee an angel-hand<br>
+      Draws back the veil of Wonderland.<br>
+      <br>
+      One Who Loves "Alice."
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Three letters, written at the beginning of 1886 to Miss
+      Edith Rix, to whom he had dedicated "A Tangled Tale," are
+      interesting as showing the deeper side of his character:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Guildford, <i>Jan</i>. 15, 1886.<br>
+      <br>
+      My dear Edith,&mdash;I have been meaning for some time to write
+      to you about agnosticism, and other matters in your letter
+      which I have left unnoticed. And yet I do not know, much as
+      what you say interests me, and much as I should like to be
+      of use to any wandering seeker after truth, that I am at
+      all likely to say anything that will be new to you and of
+      any practical use.<br>
+      <br>
+      The Moral Science student you describe must be a beautiful
+      character, and if, as you say, she lives a noble life,
+      then, even though she does not, as yet, see any God, for
+      whose sake she can do things, I don't think you need be
+      unhappy about her. "When thou wast under the fig tree, I
+      saw thee," is often supposed to mean that Nathanael had
+      been <i>praying</i>, praying no doubt ignorantly and
+      imperfectly, but yet using the light he had: and it seems
+      to have been accepted as faith in the Messiah. More and
+      more it seems to me (I hope you won't be <i>very</i> much
+      shocked at me as an ultra "Broad" Churchman) that what a
+      person <i>is</i> is of more importance in God's sight than
+      merely what propositions he affirms or denies. <i>You</i>,
+      at any rate, can do more good among those new friends of
+      yours by showing them what a Christian <i>is</i>, than by
+      telling them what a Christian <i>believes</i>....<br>
+      <br>
+      I have a deep dread of argument on religious topics: it has
+      many risks, and little chance of doing good. You and I will
+      never <i>argue</i>, I hope, on any controverted religious
+      question: though I do hope we may see the day when we may
+      freely <i>speak</i> of such things, even where we happen to
+      hold different views. But even then I should have no
+      inclination, if we did differ, to conclude that my view was
+      the right one, and to try to convert you to it....<br>
+      <br>
+      Now I come to your letter dated Dec. 22nd, and must scold
+      you for saying that my solution of the problem was "quite
+      different <i>to</i> all common ways of doing it": if
+      <i>you</i> think that's good English, well and good; but
+      <i>I</i> must beg to differ to you, and to hope you will
+      <i>never</i> write me a sentence similar from this again.
+      However, "worse remains behind"; and if you deliberately
+      intend in future, when writing to me about one of England's
+      greatest poets, to call him "Shelly," then all I can say
+      is, that you and I will have to quarrel! Be warned in
+      time.<br>
+      <br>
+      C. L. Dodgson.<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      Ch. Ch., <i>Jan</i>. 26, 1886.<br>
+      <br>
+      My Dear Edith,&mdash;I am interested by what you say of Miss&mdash;.
+      You will know, without my saying it, that if she, or any
+      other friend of yours with any troubles, were to like to
+      write to me, I would <i>very</i> gladly try to help: with
+      all my ignorance and weakness, God has, I think, blessed my
+      efforts in that way: but then His strength is made perfect
+      in weakness....<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      Ch. Ch., <i>Feb</i>. 14, 1886.<br>
+      <br>
+      My Dear Edith,... I think I've already noticed, in a way,
+      most of the rest of that letter&mdash;except what you say about
+      learning more things "after we are dead." <i>I</i>
+      certainly like to think that may be so. But I have heard
+      the other view strongly urged, a good deal based on "then
+      shall we know even as we are known." But I can't believe
+      that that means we shall have <i>all</i> knowledge given us
+      in a moment&mdash;nor can I fancy it would make me any happier:
+      it is the <i>learning</i> that is the chief joy, here, at
+      any rate....<br>
+      <br>
+      I find another remark anent "pupils"&mdash;a bold speculation
+      that my 1,000 pupils may really "go on" in the future life,
+      till they <i>have</i> really outstripped Euclid. And,
+      please, what is <i>Euclid</i> to be doing all that time?
+      ...<br>
+      <br>
+      One of the most dreadful things you have ever told me is
+      your students' theory of going and speaking to any one they
+      are interested in, without any introductions. This, joined
+      with what you say of some of them being interested in
+      "Alice," suggests the horrid idea of their some day walking
+      into this room and beginning a conversation. It is enough
+      to make one shiver, even to think of it!<br>
+      <br>
+      Never mind if people do say "Good gracious!" when you help
+      old women: it <i>is</i> being, in some degree, both "good"
+      <i>and</i> "gracious," one may hope. So the remark wasn't
+      so inappropriate.<br>
+      <br>
+      I fear I agree with your friend in not liking all sermons.
+      Some of them, one has to confess, are rubbish: but then I
+      release my attention from the preacher, and go ahead in any
+      line of thought he may have started: and his
+      after-eloquence acts as a kind of accompaniment&mdash;like music
+      while one is reading poetry, which often, to me, adds to
+      the effect.<br>
+      <br>
+      C. L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The "Alice" operetta, which Mr. Dodgson had despaired of,
+      was at last to become a reality. Mr. Savile Clarke wrote on
+      August 28th to ask his leave to dramatise the two books,
+      and he gladly assented. He only made one condition, which
+      was very characteristic of him, that there should be "no
+      <i>suggestion</i> even of coarseness in libretto or in
+      stage business." The hint was hardly necessary, for Mr.
+      Savile Clarke was not the sort of man to spoil his work, or
+      to allow others to spoil it, by vulgarity. Several
+      alterations were made in the books before they were
+      suitable for a dramatic performance; Mr. Dodgson had to
+      write a song for the ghosts of the oysters, which the
+      Walrus and the Carpenter had devoured. He also completed
+      "Tis the voice of the lobster," so as to make it into a
+      song. It ran as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Tis the voice of the lobster; I heard him declare<br>
+      "You have baked me too brown: I must sugar my hair."<br>
+      As a duck with its eyelids, so he with his nose<br>
+      Trims his belt and his buttons, and turns out his toes.<br>
+      When the sands are all dry, he is gay as a lark,<br>
+      And talks with the utmost contempt of the shark;<br>
+      But when the tide rises, and sharks are around,<br>
+      His words have a timid and tremulous sound.<br>
+      <br>
+      I passed by his garden, and marked, with one eye,<br>
+      How the owl and the panther were sharing a pie:<br>
+      The panther took pie-crust, and gravy, and meat,<br>
+      And the owl had the dish for his share of the treat.<br>
+      When the plate was divided, the owl, as a boon,<br>
+      Was kindly permitted to pocket the spoon:<br>
+      But the panther obtained both the fork and the knife,<br>
+      So, when <i>he</i> lost his temper, the owl lost its life.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The play, for the first few weeks at least, was a great
+      success. Some notes in Mr. Dodgson's Diary which relate to
+      it, show how he appreciated Mr. Savile Clarke's venture:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>Dec. 30th.</i>&mdash;To London with M&mdash;, and took her to "Alice
+      in Wonderland," Mr. Savile Clarke's play at the Prince of
+      Wales's Theatre. The first act (Wonderland) goes well,
+      specially the Mad Tea Party. Mr. Sydney Harcourt is a
+      capital Hatter, and little Dorothy d'Alcourt (&amp;aelig;t.
+      6 1/2) a delicious Dormouse. Phoebe Carlo is a splendid
+      Alice. Her song and dance with the Cheshire Cat (Master C.
+      Adeson, who played the Pirate King in "Pirates of
+      Penzance") was a gem. As a whole the play seems a
+      success.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Feb</i>. 11, 1887.&mdash;Went to the "Alice" play, where we
+      sat next a chatty old gentleman, who told me that the
+      author of "Alice" had sent Phoebe Carlo a book, and that
+      she had written to him to say that she would do her very
+      best, and further, that he is "an Oxford man"&mdash;all which I
+      hope I received with a sufficient expression of pleased
+      interest.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Shortly before the production of the play, a Miss Whitehead
+      had drawn a very clever medley-picture, in which nearly all
+      Tenniel's wonderful creations&mdash;the Dormouse, the White
+      Knight, the Mad Hatter, &amp;c.&mdash;appeared. This design was
+      most useful as a "poster" to advertise the play. After the
+      London run was over, the company made a tour of the
+      provinces, where it met with a fair amount of success.
+    </p>
+    <table align="Center" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="506"></a><div align="center"><a href="#T506"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <img src="Images/506.png" alt="506.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              MEDLEY OF TENNIEL'S ILLUSTRATIONS IN "ALICE."<br>
+              <i>From an etching by Miss Whitehead</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      At the end of 1886, "Alice's Adventures Underground," a
+      facsimile of the original MS. book, afterwards developed
+      into "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland," with thirty-seven
+      illustrations by the author, was published by Macmillan
+      &amp; Co. A postscript to the Preface stated that any
+      profits that might arise from the book would be given to
+      Children's Hospitals and Convalescent Homes for Sick
+      Children. Shortly before the book came out, Lewis Carroll
+      wrote to Mrs. Hargreaves, giving a description of the
+      difficulties that he had encountered in producing it:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Christ Church, Oxford,<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>November</i> 11, 1886.<br>
+      <br>
+      My Dear Mrs. Hargreaves,&mdash;Many thanks for your permission to
+      insert "Hospitals" in the Preface to your book. I have had
+      almost as many adventures in getting that unfortunate
+      facsimile finished, <i>Above</i> ground, as your namesake
+      had <i>Under</i> it!<br>
+      <br>
+      First, the zincographer in London, recommended to me for
+      photographing the book, page by page, and preparing the
+      zinc-blocks, declined to undertake it unless I would
+      entrust the book to <i>him</i>, which I entirely refused to
+      do. I felt that it was only due to you, in return for your
+      great kindness in lending so unique a book, to be
+      scrupulous in not letting it be even <i>touched</i> by the
+      workmen's hands. In vain I offered to come and reside in
+      London with the book, and to attend daily in the studio, to
+      place it in position to be photographed, and turn over the
+      pages as required. He said that could not be done because
+      "other authors' works were being photographed there, which
+      must on no account be seen by the public." I undertook not
+      to look at <i>anything</i> but my own book; but it was no
+      use: we could not come to terms.<br>
+      <br>
+      Then &mdash; recommended me a certain Mr. X&mdash;, an excellent
+      photographer, but in so small a way of business that I
+      should have to <i>prepay</i> him, bit by bit, for the
+      zinc-blocks: and <i>he</i> was willing to come to Oxford,
+      and do it here. So it was all done in my studio, I
+      remaining in waiting all the time, to turn over the
+      pages.<br>
+      <br>
+      But I daresay I have told you so much of the story
+      already.<br>
+      <br>
+      Mr. X&mdash; did a first-rate set of negatives, and took them
+      away with him to get the zinc-blocks made. These he
+      delivered pretty regularly at first, and there seemed to be
+      every prospect of getting the book out by Christmas,
+      1885.<br>
+      <br>
+      On October 18, 1885, I sent your book to Mrs. Liddell, who
+      had told me your sisters were going to visit you and would
+      take it with them. I trust it reached you safely?<br>
+      <br>
+      Soon after this&mdash;I having prepaid for the whole of the
+      zinc-blocks&mdash;the supply suddenly ceased, while twenty-two
+      pages were still due, and Mr. X&mdash; disappeared!<br>
+      <br>
+      My belief is that he was in hiding from his creditors. We
+      sought him in vain. So things went on for months. At one
+      time I thought of employing a detective to find him, but
+      was assured that "all detectives are scoundrels." The
+      alternative seemed to be to ask you to lend the book again,
+      and get the missing pages re-photographed. But I was most
+      unwilling to rob you of it again, and also afraid of the
+      risk of loss of the book, if sent by post&mdash;for even
+      "registered post" does not seem <i>absolutely</i> safe.<br>
+      <br>
+      In April he called at Macmillan's and left <i>eight</i>
+      blocks, and again vanished into obscurity.<br>
+      <br>
+      This left us with fourteen pages (dotted up and down the
+      book) still missing. I waited awhile longer, and then put
+      the thing into the hands of a solicitor, who soon found the
+      man, but could get nothing but promises from him. "You will
+      never get the blocks," said the solicitor, "unless you
+      frighten him by a summons before a magistrate." To this at
+      last I unwillingly consented: the summons had to be taken
+      out at &mdash; (that is where this aggravating man is living),
+      and this entailed two journeys from Eastbourne&mdash;one to get
+      the summons (my <i>personal</i> presence being necessary),
+      and the other to attend in court with the solicitor on the
+      day fixed for hearing the case. The defendant didn't
+      appear; so the magistrate said he would take the case in
+      his absence. Then I had the new and exciting experience of
+      being put into the witness-box, and sworn, and
+      cross-examined by a rather savage magistrate's clerk, who
+      seemed to think that, if he only bullied me enough, he
+      would soon catch me out in a falsehood! I had to give the
+      magistrate a little lecture on photo-zincography, and the
+      poor man declared the case was so complicated he must
+      adjourn it for another week. But this time, in order to
+      secure the presence of our slippery defendant, he issued a
+      warrant for his apprehension, and the constable had orders
+      to take him into custody and lodge him in prison, the night
+      before the day when the case was to come on. The news of
+      <i>this</i> effectually frightened him, and he delivered up
+      the fourteen negatives (he hadn't done the blocks) before
+      the fatal day arrived. I was rejoiced to get them, even
+      though it entailed the paying a second time for getting the
+      fourteen blocks done, and withdrew the action.<br>
+      <br>
+      The fourteen blocks were quickly done and put into the
+      printer's hands; and all is going on smoothly at last: and
+      I quite hope to have the book completed, and to be able to
+      send you a very special copy (bound in white vellum, unless
+      you would prefer some other style of binding) by the end of
+      the month.<br>
+      <br>
+      Believe me always,<br>
+      <br>
+      Sincerely yours,<br>
+      <br>
+      C. L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      "The Game of Logic" was Lewis Carroll's next book; it
+      appeared about the end of February, 1887. As a method of
+      teaching the first principles of Logic to children it has
+      proved most useful; the subject, usually considered very
+      difficult to a beginner, is made extremely easy by
+      simplification of method, and both interesting and amusing
+      by the quaint syllogisms that the author devised, such as&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      No bald person needs a hair-brush;<br>
+      No lizards have hair;<br>
+      Therefore[1] No lizard needs a hair brush.<br>
+      <br>
+      Caterpillars are not eloquent;<br>
+      Jones is eloquent;<br>
+      Jones is not a caterpillar.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Meanwhile, with much interchange of correspondence between
+      author and artist, the pictures for the new fairy tale,
+      "Sylvie and Bruno," were being gradually evolved. Each of
+      them was subjected by Lewis Carroll to the most minute
+      criticism&mdash;hyper-criticism, perhaps, occasionally. A few
+      instances of the sort of criticisms he used to make upon
+      Mr. Furniss's work may be interesting; I have extracted
+      them from a letter dated September 1, 1887. It will be seen
+      that when he really admired a sketch he did not stint his
+      praise:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      (1) "Sylvie helping beetle" [p. 193]. A quite charming
+      composition.<br>
+      <br>
+      (3) "The Doctor" and "Eric." (Mr. Furniss's idea of their
+      appearance). No! The Doctor won't do <i>at all!</i> He is a
+      smug London man, a great "ladies' man," who would hardly
+      talk anything but medical "shop." He is forty at least, and
+      can have had no love-affair for the last fifteen years. I
+      want him to be about twenty-five, powerful in frame,
+      poetical in face: capable of intelligent interest in any
+      subject, and of being a passionate lover. How would you
+      draw King Arthur when he first met Guinevere? Try
+      <i>that</i> type.<br>
+      <br>
+      Eric's attitude is capital: but his face is a little too
+      near to the ordinary "masher." Please avoid <i>that</i>
+      inane creature; and please don't cut his hair short. That
+      fashion will be "out" directly.<br>
+      <br>
+      (4) "Lady Muriel" (head); ditto (full length); "Earl."<br>
+      <br>
+      I don't like <i>either</i> face of Lady Muriel. I don't
+      think I could talk to her; and I'm quite sure I couldn't
+      fall in love with her. Her dress ("evening," of course) is
+      very pretty, I think.<br>
+      <br>
+      I don't like the Earl's face either. He is proud of his
+      title, very formal, and one who would keep one "at arm's
+      length" always. And he is too prodigiously tall. I want a
+      gentle, genial old man; with whom one would feel at one's
+      ease in a moment.<br>
+      <br>
+      (8) "Uggug becoming Porcupine" ("Sylvie and Bruno,
+      Concluded," page 388), is exactly my conception of it. I
+      expect this will be one of the most effective pictures in
+      the book. The faces of the people should express intense
+      <i>terror</i>.<br>
+      <br>
+      (9) "The Professor" is altogether <i>delightful</i>. When
+      you get the text, you will see that you have hit the very
+      centre of the bull's-eye.<br>
+      <br>
+      [A sketch of "Bruno"]. No, no! Please don't give us the (to
+      my mind) very ugly, quite modern costume, which shows with
+      such cruel distinctness a podgy, pot-bellied (excuse the
+      vulgarism) boy, who couldn't run a mile to save his life. I
+      want Bruno to be <i>strong</i>, but at the same time light
+      and active&mdash;with the figure of one of the little acrobats
+      one sees at the circus&mdash;not "Master Tommy," who habitually
+      gorges himself with pudding. Also that dress I dislike very
+      much. Please give him a short tunic, and <i>real</i>
+      knickerbockers&mdash;not the tight knee-breeches they are rapidly
+      shrinking to.<br>
+      <br>
+      Very truly yours,<br>
+      <br>
+      C. L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      By Mr. Furniss's kind permission I am enabled to give an
+      example of the other side of the correspondence, one of his
+      letters to Mr. Dodgson, all the more interesting for the
+      charming little sketch which it contains.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      With respect to the spider, Mr. Dodgson had written: "Some
+      writer says that the full face of a spider, as seen under a
+      magnifying-glass, is very striking."
+    </p>
+    <table align="Center" cellpadding="0" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="278"></a><div align="center"><a href="#T278"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <img src="Images/278.png" alt="278.png">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <img src="Images/279.png" alt="279.png">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <div class="c1" align="center"><b><i>Facsimile of a letter<br>
+            from H. Furniss to Lewis Carroll,<br>
+            August 23, 1886</i>.</b></div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <table align="Center" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="508"></a><div align="center"><a href="#T508"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <img src="Images/508.png" alt="508.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              SYLVIE AND BRUNO.<br>
+              <i>From a drawing<br>
+              by Henry Holiday</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <h2>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_VII_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER
+      VII</a>
+    </h2>
+    <h4>
+      (1888&mdash;1891)
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      A systematic life&mdash;"Memoria Technica"&mdash;Mr. Dodgson's
+      shyness&mdash;"A Lesson in Latin"&mdash;The "Wonderland"
+      Stamp-Case&mdash;"Wise Words about Letter-Writing"&mdash;Princess
+      Alice&mdash;"Sylvie and Bruno"&mdash;"The night cometh"&mdash;"The Nursery
+      'Alice'"&mdash;Coventry Patmore&mdash;Telepathy&mdash;Resignation of Dr.
+      Liddell&mdash;A letter about Logic.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      An old bachelor is generally very precise and exact in his
+      habits. He has no one but himself to look after, nothing to
+      distract his attention from his own affairs; and Mr.
+      Dodgson was the most precise and exact of old bachelors. He
+      made a pr&#233;cis of every letter he wrote or received
+      from the 1st of January, 1861, to the 8th of the same
+      month, 1898. These pr&#233;cis were all numbered and
+      entered in reference-books, and by an ingenious system of
+      cross-numbering he was able to trace a whole
+      correspondence, which might extend through several volumes.
+      The last number entered in his book is 98,721.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He had scores of green cardboard boxes, all neatly
+      labelled, in which he kept his various papers. These boxes
+      formed quite a feature of his study at Oxford, a large
+      number of them being arranged upon a revolving bookstand.
+      The lists, of various sorts, which he kept were
+      innumerable; one of them, that of unanswered
+      correspondents, generally held seventy or eighty names at a
+      time, exclusive of autograph-hunters, whom he did not
+      answer on principle. He seemed to delight in being
+      arithmetically accurate about every detail of life.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He always rose at the same early hour, and, if he was in
+      residence at Christ Church, attended College Service. He
+      spent the day according to a prescribed routine, which
+      usually included a long walk into the country, very often
+      alone, but sometimes with another Don, or perhaps, if the
+      walk was not to be as long as usual, with some little
+      girl-friend at his side. When he had a companion with him,
+      he would talk the whole time, telling delightful stories,
+      or explaining some new logical problem; if he was alone, he
+      used to think out his books, as probably many another
+      author has done and will do, in the course of a lonely
+      walk. The only irregularity noticeable in his mode of life
+      was the hour of retiring, which varied from 11 p.m. to four
+      o'clock in the morning, according to the amount of work
+      which he felt himself in the mood for.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He had a wonderfully good memory, except for faces and
+      dates. The former were always a stumbling-block to him, and
+      people used to say (most unjustly) that he was
+      intentionally short-sighted. One night he went up to London
+      to dine with a friend, whom he had only recently met. The
+      next morning a gentleman greeted him as he was walking. "I
+      beg your pardon," said Mr. Dodgson, "but you have the
+      advantage of me. I have no remembrance of having ever seen
+      you before this moment." "That is very strange," the other
+      replied, "for I was your host last night!" Such little
+      incidents as this happened more than once. To help himself
+      to remember dates, he devised a system of mnemonics, which
+      he circulated among his friends. As it has never been
+      published, and as some of my readers may find it useful, I
+      reproduce it here.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      My "Memoria Technica" is a modification of Gray's; but,
+      whereas he used both consonants and vowels to represent
+      digits, and had to content himself with a syllable of
+      gibberish to represent the date or whatever other number
+      was required, I use only consonants, and fill in with
+      vowels <i>ad libitum,</i> and thus can always manage to
+      make a real word of whatever has to be represented.<br>
+      <br>
+      The principles on which the necessary 20 consonants have
+      been chosen are as follows:&mdash;<br>
+      <br>
+      <blockquote>
+        1. "b" and "c," the first two consonants in the
+        alphabet.<br>
+        <br>
+        2. "d" from "duo," "w" from "two."<br>
+        <br>
+        3. "t" from "tres," the other may wait awhile.<br>
+        <br>
+        4. "f" from "four," "q" from "quattuor."<br>
+        <br>
+        5. "l" and "v," because "l" and "v" are the Roman symbols
+        for "fifty" and "five."<br>
+        <br>
+        6. "s" and "x" from "six."<br>
+        <br>
+        7. "p" and "m" from "septem."<br>
+        <br>
+        8. "h" from "huit," and "k" from the Greek "okto."<br>
+        <br>
+        9. "n" from "nine"; and "g" because it is so like a
+        "9."<br>
+        <br>
+        0. "z" and "r" from "zero."
+      </blockquote><br>
+      There is now one consonant still waiting for its digit,
+      viz., "j," and one digit waiting for its consonant, viz.,
+      "3," the conclusion is obvious.<br>
+      <br>
+      The result may be tabulated thus:&mdash;<br>
+      <br>
+      <table summary="example" width="80%">
+        <tbody>
+          <tr>
+            <td>
+              <b>1</b>
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              <b>2</b>
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              <b>3</b>
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              <b>4</b>
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              <b>5</b>
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              <b>6</b>
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              <b>7</b>
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              <b>8</b>
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              <b>9</b>
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              <b>0</b>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <td>
+              b
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              d
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              t
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              f
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              l
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              s
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              p
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              h
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              n
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              z
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <td>
+              c
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              w
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              j
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              q
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              v
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              x
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              m
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              k
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              g
+            </td>
+            <td>
+              r
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+        </tbody>
+      </table><br>
+      When a word has been found, whose last consonants represent
+      the number required, the best plan is to put it as the last
+      word of a rhymed couplet, so that, whatever other words in
+      it are forgotten, the rhyme will secure the only really
+      important word.<br>
+      <br>
+      Now suppose you wish to remember the date of the discovery
+
+      of America, which is 1492; the "1" may be left out as
+      obvious; all we need is "492."<br>
+      <br>
+      Write it thus:&mdash;<br>
+      <br>
+      <pre>     <tt>
+    4 9 2<br>
+    f n d<br>
+    q g w<br></tt>      <br></pre><br>
+      <br>
+      and try to find a word that contains "f" or "q," "n" or
+      "g," "d" or "w." A word soon suggests itself&mdash;"found."<br>
+      <br>
+      The poetic faculty must now be brought into play, and the
+      following couplet will soon be evolved:&mdash;<br>
+      <br>
+      <blockquote>
+        "Columbus sailed the world around,<br>
+        Until America was F O U N D."
+      </blockquote><br>
+      <br>
+      If possible, invent the couplets for yourself; you will
+      remember them better than any others.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>June</i>, 1888.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The inventor found this "Memoria Technica" very useful in
+      helping him to remember the dates of the different
+      Colleges. He often, of course, had to show his friends the
+      sights of Oxford, and the easy way in which, asked or
+      unasked, he could embellish his descriptions with dates
+      used to surprise those who did not know how the thing was
+      done. The couplet for St. John's College ran as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      "They must have a bevel<br>
+      To keep them so LEVEL."
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The allusion is to the beautiful lawns, for which St.
+      John's is famous.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In his power of remembering anecdotes, and bringing them
+      out just at the right moment, Mr. Dodgson was unsurpassed.
+      A guest brought into Christ Church Common Room was usually
+      handed over to him to be amused. He was not a good man to
+      tell a story to&mdash;he had always heard it before; but as a
+      <i>raconteur</i> I never met his equal. And the best of it
+      was that his stories never grew&mdash;except in number.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      One would have expected that a mind so clear and logical
+      and definite would have fought shy of the feminine
+      intellect, which is generally supposed to be deficient in
+      those qualities; and so it is somewhat surprising to find
+      that by far the greater number of his friends were ladies.
+      He was quite prepared to correct them, however, when they
+      were guilty of what seemed to him unreasoning conduct, as
+      is shown by the following extract from a letter of his to a
+      young lady who had asked him to try and find a place for a
+      governess, without giving the latter's address:&mdash;
+    </p><br>
+    <blockquote>
+      Some of my friends are business-men, and it is pleasant to
+      see how methodical and careful they are in transacting any
+      business-matter. If, for instance, one of them were to
+      write to me, asking me to look out for a place for a French
+      governess in whom he was interested, I should be sure to
+      admire the care with which he would give me <i>her name in
+      full</i>&mdash;(in extra-legible writing if it were an unusual
+      name)&mdash;as well as her address. Some of my friends are not
+      men of business.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      So many such requests were addressed to him that at one
+      time he had a circular letter printed, with a list of
+      people requiring various appointments or assistants, which
+      he sent round to his friends.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In one respect Lewis Carroll resembled the stoic
+      philosophers, for no outward circumstance could upset the
+      tranquillity of his mind. He lived, in fact, the life which
+      Marcus Aurelius commends so highly, the life of calm
+      contentment, based on the assurance that so long as we are
+      faithful to ourselves, no seeming evils can really harm us.
+      But in him there was one exception to this rule. During an
+      argument he was often excited. The war of words, the keen
+      and subtle conflict between trained minds&mdash;in this his soul
+      took delight, in this he sought and found the joy of battle
+      and of victory. Yet he would not allow his serenity to be
+      ruffled by any foe whom he considered unworthy of his
+      steel; he refused to argue with people whom he knew to be
+      hopelessly illogical&mdash;definitely refused, though with such
+      tact that no wound was given, even to the most sensitive.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He was modest in the true sense of the term, neither
+      overestimating nor underrating his own mental powers, and
+      preferring to follow his own course without regarding
+      outside criticism. "I never read anything about myself or
+      my books," he writes in a letter to a friend; and the
+      reason he used to give was that if the critics praised him
+      he might become conceited, while, if they found fault, he
+      would only feel hurt and angry. On October 25, 1888, he
+      wrote in his Diary: "I see there is a leader in to-day's
+      <i>Standard</i> on myself as a writer; but I do not mean to
+      read it. It is not healthy reading, I think."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He hated publicity, and tried to avoid it in every way. "Do
+      not tell any one, if you see me in the theatre," he wrote
+      once to Miss Marion Terry. On another occasion, when he was
+      dining out at Oxford, and some one, who did not know that
+      it was a forbidden subject, turned the conversation on
+      "Alice in Wonderland," he rose suddenly and fled from the
+      house. I could multiply instances of this sort, but it
+      would be unjust to his memory to insist upon the morbid way
+      in which he regarded personal popularity. As compared with
+      self-advertisement, it is certainly the lesser evil; but
+      that it <i>is</i> an evil, and a very painful one to its
+      possessor, Mr. Dodgson fully saw. Of course it had its
+      humorous side, as, for instance, when he was brought into
+      contact with lion-hunters, autograph-collectors, <i>et hoc
+      genus omne</i>. He was very suspicious of unknown
+      correspondents who addressed questions to him; in later
+      years he either did not answer them at all, or used a
+      typewriter. Before he bought his typewriter, he would get
+      some friend to write for him, and even to sign "Lewis
+      Carroll" at the end of the letter. It used to give him
+      great amusement to picture the astonishment of the
+      recipients of these letters, if by any chance they ever
+      came to compare his "autographs."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On one occasion the secretary of a "Young Ladies' Academy"
+      in the United States asked him to present some of his works
+      to the School Library. The envelope was addressed to "Lewis
+      Carroll, Christ Church," an incongruity which always
+      annoyed him intensely. He replied to the Secretary, "As Mr.
+      Dodgson's books are all on Mathematical subjects, he fears
+      that they would not be very acceptable in a school
+      library."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some fourteen or fifteen years ago, the Fourth-class of the
+      Girl's Latin School at Boston, U.S., started a magazine,
+      and asked him if they might call it <i>The Jabberwock.</i>
+      He wrote in reply:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Mr. Lewis Carroll has much pleasure in giving to the
+      editors of the proposed magazine permission to use the
+      title they wish for. He finds that the Anglo-Saxon word
+      "wocer" or "wocor" signifies "offspring" or "fruit." Taking
+      "jabber" in its ordinary acceptation of "excited and
+      voluble discussion," this would give the meaning of "the
+      result of much excited discussion." Whether this phrase
+      will have any application to the projected periodical, it
+      will be for the future historian of American literature to
+      determine. Mr. Carroll wishes all success to the
+      forthcoming magazine.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      From that time forward he took a great interest in the
+      magazine, and thought very well of it. It used, I believe,
+      to be regularly supplied to him. Only once did he express
+      disapproval of anything it contained, and that was in 1888,
+      when he felt it necessary to administer a rebuke for what
+      he thought to be an irreverent joke. The sequel is given in
+      the following extract from <i>The Jabberwock</i> for June,
+      1888:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      A FRIEND WORTH HAVING.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>The Jabberwock</i> has many friends, and perhaps a few
+      (very few, let us hope) enemies. But, of the former, the
+      friend who has helped us most on the road to success is Mr.
+      Lewis Carroll, the author of "Alice in Wonderland," &amp;c.
+      Our readers will remember his kind letter granting us
+      permission to use the name "Jabberwock," and also giving
+      the meaning of that word. Since then we have received
+      another letter from him, in which he expresses both
+      surprise and regret at an anecdote which we published in an
+      early number of our little paper. We would assure Mr.
+      Carroll, as well as our other friends, that we had no
+      intention of making light of a serious matter, but merely
+      quoted the anecdote to show what sort of a book
+      Washington's diary was.<br>
+      <br>
+      But now a third letter from our kind friend has come,
+      enclosing, to our delight, a poem, "A Lesson in Latin," the
+      pleasantest Latin lesson we have had this year.<br>
+      <br>
+      The first two letters from Mr. Carroll were in a beautiful
+      literary hand, whereas the third is written with a
+      typewriter. It is to this fact that he refers in his
+      letter, which is as follows:&mdash;<br>
+      <br>
+      <blockquote>
+        "29, Bedford Street,<br>
+        Covent Garden, LONDON,<br>
+        <br>
+        <i>May</i> 16, 1888.<br>
+        <br>
+        Dear Young Friends,&mdash;After the Black Draught of serious
+        remonstrance which I ventured to send to you the other
+        day, surely a Lump of Sugar will not be unacceptable? The
+        enclosed I wrote this afternoon on purpose for you.<br>
+        <br>
+        I hope you will grant it admission to the columns of
+        <i>The Jabberwock</i>, and not scorn it as a mere play
+        upon words.<br>
+        <br>
+        This mode of writing, is, of course, an American
+        invention. We never invent new machinery here; we do but
+        use, to the best of our ability, the machines you send
+        us. For the one I am now using, I beg you to accept my
+        best thanks, and to believe me<br>
+        <br>
+        Your sincere friend,<br>
+        <br>
+        Lewis Carroll."
+      </blockquote><br>
+      <br>
+      Surely we can patiently swallow many Black Draughts, if we
+      are to be rewarded with so sweet a Lump of Sugar!<br>
+      <br>
+      The enclosed poem, which has since been republished in
+      "Three Sunsets," runs as follows:<br>
+      <br>
+      <blockquote>
+        A LESSON IN LATIN.<br>
+        <br>
+        Our Latin books, in motley row,<br>
+        Invite us to the task&mdash;<br>
+        Gay Horace, stately Cicero;<br>
+        Yet there's one verb, when once we know,<br>
+        No higher skill we ask:<br>
+        This ranks all other lore above&mdash;<br>
+        We've learned "amare" means "to love"!<br>
+        <br>
+        So hour by hour, from flower to flower,<br>
+        We sip the sweets of life:<br>
+        Till ah! too soon the clouds arise,<br>
+        And knitted brows and angry eyes<br>
+        Proclaim the dawn of strife.<br>
+        With half a smile and half a sigh,<br>
+        "Amare! Bitter One!" we cry.<br>
+        <br>
+        <br>
+        Last night we owned, with looks forlorn,<br>
+        "Too well the scholar knows<br>
+        There is no rose without a thorn "&mdash;<br>
+        But peace is made! we sing, this morn,<br>
+        "No thorn without a rose!"<br>
+        Our Latin lesson is complete:<br>
+        We've learned that Love is "Bitter-sweet"<br>
+        <br>
+        Lewis Carroll.
+      </blockquote>
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      In October Mr. Dodgson invented a very ingenious little
+      stamp-case, decorated with two "Pictorial Surprises,"
+      representing the "Cheshire Cat" vanishing till nothing but
+      the grin was left, and the baby turning into a pig in
+      "Alice's" arms. The invention was entered at Stationers'
+      Hall, and published by Messrs. Emberlin and Son, of Oxford.
+      As an appropriate accompaniment, he wrote "Eight or Nine
+      Wise Words on Letter-Writing," a little booklet which is
+      still sold along with the case. The "Wise Words," as the
+      following extracts show, have the true "Carrollian" ring
+      about them:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Some American writer has said "the snakes in this district
+      may be divided into one species&mdash;the venomous." The same
+      principle applies here. Postage-stamp-cases may be divided
+      into one species&mdash;the "Wonderland."<br>
+      <br>
+      Since I have possessed a "Wonderland-Stamp-Case," Life has
+      been bright and peaceful, and I have used no other. I
+      believe the Queen's Laundress uses no other.<br>
+      <br>
+      My fifth Rule is, if your friend makes a severe remark,
+      either leave it unnoticed or make your reply distinctly
+      less severe: and, if he makes a friendly remark, tending
+      towards "making up" the little difference that has arisen
+      between you, let your reply be distinctly <i>more</i>
+      friendly. If, in picking a quarrel, each party declined to
+      go more than <i>three-eighths</i> of the way, and if, in
+      making friends, each was ready to go <i>five-eighths</i> of
+      the way&mdash;why, there would be more reconciliations than
+      quarrels! Which is like the Irishman's remonstrance to his
+      gad-about daughter: "Shure, you're <i>always</i> goin' out!
+      You go out <i>three</i> times for wanst that you come
+      in!"<br>
+      <br>
+      My sixth Rule is, <i>don't try to have the last word!</i>
+      How many a controversy would be nipped in the bud, if each
+      was anxious to let the <i>other</i> have the last word!
+      Never mind how telling a rejoinder you leave unuttered:
+      never mind your friend's supposing that you are silent from
+      lack of anything to say: let the thing drop, as soon as it
+      is possible without discourtesy: remember "Speech is
+      silvern, but silence is golden"! (N.B. If you are a
+      gentleman, and your friend a lady, this Rule is
+      superfluous: <i>you won't get the last word!</i>)<br>
+      <br>
+      Remember the old proverb, "Cross-writing makes
+      cross-reading." "The <i>old</i> proverb?" you say
+      inquiringly. "<i>How</i> old?" Well, not so <i>very</i>
+      ancient, I must confess. In fact, I invented it while
+      writing this paragraph. Still, you know, "old" is a
+      <i>comparative</i> term. I think you would be <i>quite</i>
+      justified in addressing a chicken, just out of the shell,
+      as "old boy!" <i>when compared</i> with another chicken
+      that was only half-out!
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The pamphlet ends with an explanation of Lewis Carroll's
+      method of using a correspondence-book, illustrated by a few
+      imaginary pages from such a compilation, which are very
+      humorous.
+    </p>
+    <table align="Center" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="295"></a><div align="center"><a href="#T295"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <img src="Images/295.png" alt="295.png">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+<div class="c1" align="center">
+            <b><i>Facsimile of programme<br>
+            of "Alice in Wonderland</i>."</b></div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      At the end of the year the "Alice" operetta was again
+      produced at the Globe Theatre, with Miss Isa Bowman as the
+      heroine. "Isa makes a delightful Alice," Mr. Dodgson
+      writes, "and Emsie [a younger sister] is wonderfully good
+      as Dormouse and as Second Ghost [of an oyster!], when she
+      sings a verse, and dances the Sailor's Hornpipe."
+    </p>
+    <table align="Center" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="509"></a>
+            <img src="Images/509.png" alt="509.png">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T509"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center"><b>"THE MAD TEA-PARTY."<br>
+            <i>From a photograph by Elliott &amp; Fry</i>.</b></div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      The first of an incomplete series, "Curiosa Mathematica,"
+      was published for Mr. Dodgson by Messrs. Macmillan during
+      the year. It was entitled "A New Theory of Parallels," and
+      any one taking it up for the first time might be tempted to
+      ask, Is the author serious, or is he simply giving us some
+      <i>jeu d'esprit?</i> A closer inspection, however, soon
+      settles the question, and the reader, if mathematics be his
+      hobby, is carried irresistibly along till he reaches the
+      last page.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The object which Mr. Dodgson set himself to accomplish was
+      to prove Euclid I. 32 without assuming the celebrated 12th
+      Axiom, a feat which calls up visions of the
+      "Circle-Squarers."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The work is divided into two parts: Book I. contains
+      certain Propositions which require no disputable Axiom for
+      their proof, and when once the few Definitions of "amount,"
+      &amp;c., have become familiar it is easy reading. In Book
+      II. the author introduces a new Axiom, or rather
+      "Quasi-Axiom"&mdash;for it's <i>self-evident</i> character is
+      open to dispute. This Axiom is as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      In any Circle the inscribed equilateral Tetragon (Hexagon
+      in editions 1st and 2nd) is greater than any one of the
+      Segments which lie outside it.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Assuming the truth of this Axiom, Mr. Dodgson proves a
+      series of Propositions, which lead up to and enable him to
+      accomplish the feat referred to above.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At the end of Book II. he places a proof (so far as finite
+      magnitudes are concerned) of Euclid's Axiom, preceded by
+      and dependent on the Axiom that "If two homogeneous
+      magnitudes be both of them finite, the lesser may be so
+      multiplied by a finite number as to exceed the greater."
+      This Axiom, he says, he believes to be assumed by every
+      writer who has attempted to prove Euclid's 12th Axiom. The
+      proof itself is borrowed, with slight alterations, from
+      Cuthbertson's "Euclidean Geometry."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In Appendix I. there is an alternative Axiom which may be
+      substituted for that which introduces Book II., and which
+      will probably commend itself to many minds as being more
+      truly axiomatic. To substitute this, however, involves some
+      additions and alterations, which the author appends.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Appendix II. is headed by the somewhat startling question,
+      "Is Euclid's Axiom true?" and though true for finite
+      magnitudes&mdash;the sense in which, no doubt, Euclid meant it to
+      be taken&mdash;it is shown to be not universally true. In
+      Appendix III. he propounds the question, "How should
+      Parallels be defined?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Appendix IV., which deals with the theory of Parallels as
+      it stands to-day, concludes with the following words:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I am inclined to believe that if ever Euclid I. 32 is
+      proved without a new Axiom, it will be by some new and
+      ampler definition of the <i>Right Line</i>&mdash;some definition
+      which shall connote that mysterious property, which it must
+      somehow possess, which causes Euclid I. 32 to be true. Try
+      <i>that</i> track, my gentle reader! It is not much trodden
+      as yet. And may success attend your search!
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      In the Introduction, which, as is frequently the case,
+      ought to be read <i>last</i> in order to be appreciated
+      properly, he relates his experiences with two of those
+      "misguided visionaries," the circle-squarers. One of them
+      had selected 3.2 as the value for "<i>pi</i>," and the
+      other proved, to his own satisfaction at least, that it is
+      correctly represented by 3! The Rev. Watson Hagger, to
+      whose kindness, as I have already stated in my Preface, my
+      readers are indebted for the several accounts of Mr.
+      Dodgson's books on mathematics which appear in this Memoir,
+      had a similar experience with one of these "cranks." This
+      circle-squarer selected 3.125 as the value for "<i>pi</i>,"
+      and Mr. Hagger, who was fired with Mr. Dodgson's ambition
+      to convince his correspondent of his error, failed as
+      signally as Mr. Dodgson did.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following letter is interesting as showing that, strict
+      Conservative though he was, he was not in religious matters
+      narrow-minded; he held his own opinions strongly, but he
+      would never condemn those of other people. He saw "good in
+      everything," and there was but little exaggeration, be it
+      said in all reverence, in the phrase which an old friend of
+      his used in speaking of him to me: "Mr. Dodgson was as
+      broad&mdash;as broad as <i>Christ</i>."
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Christ Church, Oxford, <i>May</i> 4, 1889.<br>
+      <br>
+      Dear Miss Manners,&mdash;I hope to have a new book out very soon,
+      and had entered your name on the list of friends to whom
+      copies are to go; but, on second thoughts, perhaps you
+      might prefer that I should send it to your little sister
+      (?) (niece) Rachel, whom you mentioned in one of your
+      letters. It is to be called "The Nursery Alice," and is
+      meant for very young children, consisting of coloured
+      enlargements of twenty of the pictures in "Alice," with
+      explanations such as one would give in showing them to a
+      little child.<br>
+      <br>
+      I was much interested by your letter, telling me you belong
+      to the Society of Friends. Please do not think of <i>me</i>
+      as one to whom a "difference of creed" is a bar to
+      friendship. My sense of brother&mdash; and sisterhood is at least
+      broad enough to include <i>Christians</i> of all
+      denominations; in fact, I have one valued friend (a lady
+      who seems to live to do good kind things) who is a
+      Unitarian.<br>
+      <br>
+      Shall I put "Rachel Manners" in the book?<br>
+      <br>
+      Believe me, very sincerely yours,<br>
+      <br>
+      C. L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      From June 7th to June 10th he stayed at Hatfield.
+    </p>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="510"></a>
+            <img src="Images/510.png" alt="510.png">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T510"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+<div class="c1" align="center">
+            <b>THE LATE DUKE OF ALBANY."<br>
+            <i>From a photograph<br>
+            by Lewis Carroll</i>, 1875.</b></div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <blockquote>
+      Once at luncheon [he writes] I had the Duchess (of Albany)
+      as neighbour and once at breakfast, and had several other
+      chats with her, and found her very pleasant indeed.
+      Princess Alice is a sweet little girl. Her little brother
+      (the Duke of Albany) was entirely fascinating, a perfect
+      little prince, and the picture of good-humour. On Sunday
+      afternoon I had a pleasant half-hour with the children
+      [Princess Alice, the Duke of Albany, Honorable Mabel
+      Palmer, Lady Victoria Manners, and Lord Haddon], telling
+      them "Bruno's Picnic" and folding a fishing-boat for them.
+      I got the Duchess's leave to send the little Alice a copy
+      of the "Nursery Alice," and mean to send it with "Alice
+      Underground" for herself.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Towards the end of the year Lewis Carroll had tremendously
+      hard work, completing "Sylvie and Bruno." For several days
+      on end he worked from breakfast until nearly ten in the
+      evening without a rest. At last it was off his hands, and
+      for a month or so he was (comparatively) an idle man. Some
+      notes from his Diary, written during this period, follow:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>Nov. 17th.</i>&mdash;Met, for first time, an actual believer
+      in the "craze" that buying and selling are wrong (!) (he is
+      rather 'out of his mind'). The most curious thing was his
+      declaration that he himself <i>lives</i> on that theory,
+      and never buys anything, and has no money! I thought of
+      railway travelling, and ventured to ask how he got from
+      London to Oxford? "On a bicycle!" And how he got the
+      bicycle? "It was given him!" So I was floored, and there
+      was no time to think of any other instances. The whole
+      thing was so new to me that, when he declared it to be
+      <i>un-Christian</i>, I quite forgot the text, "He that hath
+      no sword, let him sell his garment, and buy one."<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Dec. 19th.</i>&mdash;Went over to Birmingham to see a
+      performance of "Alice" (Mrs. Freiligrath Kroeker's version)
+      at the High School. I rashly offered to tell "Bruno's
+      Picnic" afterwards to the little children, thinking I
+      should have an audience of 40 or 50, mostly children,
+      instead of which I had to tell it from the stage to an
+      audience of about 280, mostly older girls and grown-up
+      people! However, I got some of the children to come on the
+      stage with me, and the little Alice (Muriel Howard-Smith,
+      &#230;t. 11) stood by me, which made it less awful. The
+      evening began with some of "Julius Caesar" in German. This
+      and "Alice" were really capitally acted, the White Queen
+      being quite the best I have seen (Miss B. Lloyd Owen). I
+      was introduced to Alice and a few more, and was quite sorry
+      to hear afterwards that the other performers wanted to
+      shake hands.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The publication of "Sylvie and Bruno" marks an epoch in its
+      author's life, for it was the publication of all the ideals
+      and sentiments which he held most dear. It was a book with
+      a definite purpose; it would be more true to say with
+      several definite purposes. For this very reason it is not
+      an artistic triumph as the two "Alice" books undoubtedly
+      are; it is on a lower literary level, there is no unity in
+      the story. But from a higher standpoint, that of the
+      Christian and the philanthropist, the book is the best
+      thing he ever wrote. It is a noble effort to uphold the
+      right, or what he thought to be the right, without fear of
+      contempt or unpopularity. The influence which his earlier
+      books had given him he was determined to use in asserting
+      neglected truths.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Of course the story has other features, delightful nonsense
+      not surpassed by anything in "Wonderland," childish prattle
+      with all the charm of reality about it, and pictures which
+      may fairly be said to rival those of Sir John Tenniel. Had
+      these been all, the book would have been a great success.
+      As things are, there are probably hundreds of readers who
+      have been scared by the religious arguments and political
+      discussions which make up a large part of it, and who have
+      never discovered that Sylvie is just as entrancing a
+      personage as Alice when you get to know her.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Perhaps the sentiment of the following poem, sent to Lewis
+      Carroll by an anonymous correspondent, may also explain why
+      some of "Alice's" lovers have given "Sylvie" a less warm
+      welcome:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      TO SYLVIE.<br>
+      <br>
+      Ah! Sylvie, winsome, wise and good!<br>
+      Fain would I love thee as I should.<br>
+      But, to tell the truth, my dear,&mdash;<br>
+      And Sylvie loves the truth to hear,&mdash;<br>
+      Though fair and pure and sweet thou art,<br>
+      Thine elder sister has my heart!<br>
+      I gave it her long, long ago<br>
+      To have and hold; and well I know,<br>
+      Brave Lady Sylvie, thou wouldst scorn<br>
+      To accept a heart foresworn.<br>
+      <br>
+      Lovers thou wilt have enow<br>
+      Under many a greening bough&mdash;<br>
+      Lovers yet unborn galore,<br>
+      Like Alice all the wide world o'er;<br>
+      But, darling, I am now too old<br>
+      To change. And though I still shall hold<br>
+      Thee, and that puckling sprite, thy brother,<br>
+      Dear, I cannot <i>love</i> another:<br>
+      In this heart of mine I own<br>
+      <i>She</i> must ever reign alone!<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>March</i>, 1890.<br>
+      <br>
+      N.P.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      I do not know N.P.'s name and address, or I should have
+      asked leave before giving publicity to the above verses. If
+      these words meet his eye, I hope he will accept my most
+      humble apologies for the liberty I have taken.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At the beginning of 1894 a Baptist minister, preaching on
+      the text, "No man liveth to himself," made use of "Sylvie
+      and Bruno" to enforce his argument. After saying that he
+      had been reading that book, he proceeded as follows:
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      A child was asked to define charity. He said it was "givin'
+      away what yer didn't want yerself." This was some people's
+      idea of self-sacrifice; but it was not Christ's. Then as to
+      serving others in view of reward: Mr. Lewis Carroll put
+      this view of the subject very forcibly in his "Sylvie and
+      Bruno"&mdash;an excellent book for youth; indeed, for men and
+      women too. He first criticised Archdeacon Paley's
+      definition of virtue (which was said to be "the doing good
+      to mankind, in obedience to the will of God, and for the
+      sake of everlasting happiness,") and then turned to such
+      hymns as the following:&mdash;<br>
+      <br>
+      <blockquote>
+        Whatever, Lord, we lend to Thee,<br>
+        <i>Repaid a thousandfold shall be</i>,<br>
+        Then gladly will we give to Thee,<br>
+        Giver of all!
+      </blockquote>Mr. Carroll's comment was brief and to the
+      point. He said: "Talk of Original <i>Sin</i>! Can you have
+      a stronger proof of the Original Goodness there must be in
+      this nation than the fact that Religion has been preached
+      to us, as a commercial speculation, for a century, and that
+      we still believe in a God?" ["Sylvie and Bruno," Part i.,
+      pp. 276, 277.] Of course it was quite true, as Mr. Carroll
+      pointed out, that our good deeds would be rewarded; but we
+      ought to do them because they were <i>good</i>, and not
+      because the reward was great.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      In the Preface to "Sylvie and Bruno," Lewis Carroll alluded
+      to certain editions of Shakespeare which seemed to him
+      unsuitable for children; it never seemed to strike him that
+      his words might be read by children, and that thus his
+      object very probably would be defeated, until this fact was
+      pointed out to him in a letter from an unknown
+      correspondent, Mr. J.C. Cropper, of Hampstead. Mr. Dodgson
+      replied as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Dear Sir,&mdash;Accept my best thanks for your thoughtful and
+      valuable suggestion about the Preface to "Sylvie and
+      Bruno." The danger you point out had not occurred to me (I
+      suppose I had not thought of <i>children</i> reading the
+      Preface): but it is a very real one, and I am very glad to
+      have had my attention called to it.<br>
+      <br>
+      Believe me, truly yours,<br>
+      <br>
+      Lewis Carroll.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Mathematical controversy carried on by correspondence was a
+      favourite recreation of Mr. Dodgson's, and on February 20,
+      1890, he wrote:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I've just concluded a correspondence with a Cambridge man,
+      who is writing a Geometry on the "Direction" theory
+      (Wilson's plan), and thinks he has avoided Wilson's (what
+      <i>I</i> think) fallacies. He <i>hasn't</i>, but I can't
+      convince him! My view of life is, that it's next to
+      impossible to convince <i>anybody</i> of <i>anything</i>.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The following letter is very characteristic. "Whatsoever
+      thy hand findeth to do, do it with all thy might," was Mr.
+      Dodgson's rule of life, and, as the end drew near, he only
+      worked the harder:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Christ Church, Oxford, <i>April</i> 10, 1890.<br>
+      <br>
+      My dear Atkinson,&mdash;Many and sincere thanks for your most
+      hospitable invitation, and for the very interesting photo
+      of the family group. The former I fear I must ask you to
+      let me defer <i>sine die</i>, and regard it as a pleasant
+      dream, not <i>quite</i> hopeless of being some day
+      realised. I keep a list of such pleasant possibilities, and
+      yours is now one of ten similar kind offers of hospitality.
+      But as life shortens in, and the evening shadows loom in
+      sight, one gets to <i>grudge any</i> time given to mere
+      pleasure, which might entail the leaving work half finished
+      that one is longing to do before the end comes.<br>
+      <br>
+      There are several books I <i>greatly</i> desire to get
+      finished for children. I am glad to find my working powers
+      are as good as they ever were. Even with the mathematical
+      book (a third edition) which I am now getting through the
+      press, I think nothing of working six hours at a
+      stretch.<br>
+      <br>
+      There is one text that often occurs to me, "The night
+      cometh, when no man can work." Kindest regards to Mrs.
+      Atkinson, and love to Gertrude.<br>
+      <br>
+      Always sincerely yours,<br>
+      <br>
+      C. L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      For the benefit of children aged "from nought to five," as
+      he himself phrased it, Lewis Carroll prepared a nursery
+      edition of "Alice." He shortened the text considerably, and
+      altered it so much that only the plot of the story remained
+      unchanged. It was illustrated by the old pictures, coloured
+      by Tenniel, and the cover was adorned by a picture designed
+      by Miss E. Gertrude Thomson. As usual, the Dedication takes
+      the form of an anagram, the solution of which is the name
+      of one of his later child-friends. "<i>The Nursery
+      'Alice,</i>'" was published by Macmillan and Co., in March,
+      1890.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On August 18th the following letter on the "Eight Hours
+      Movement" appeared in <i>The Standard:</i>&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Sir,&mdash;Supposing it were the custom, in a certain town, to
+      sell eggs in paper bags at so much per bag, and that a
+      fierce dispute had arisen between the egg vendors and the
+      public as to how many eggs each bag should be understood to
+      contain, the vendors wishing to be allowed to make up
+      smaller bags; and supposing the public were to say, "In
+      future we will pay you so much per egg, and you can make up
+      bags as you please," would any ground remain for further
+      dispute?<br>
+      <br>
+      Supposing that employers of labour, when threatened with a
+      "strike" in case they should decline to reduce the number
+      of hours in a working day, were to reply, "In future we
+      will pay you so much per hour, and you can make up days as
+      you please," it does appear to me&mdash;being, as I confess, an
+      ignorant outsider&mdash;that the dispute would die out for want
+      of a <i>raison d'&#234;tre</i>, and that these disastrous
+      strikes, inflicting such heavy loss on employers and
+      employed alike, would become things of the past.<br>
+      <br>
+      I am, Sir, your obedient servant,<br>
+      <br>
+      Lewis Carroll.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The remainder of the year was uneventful; a few notes from
+      his Diary must represent it here:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>Oct. 4th.</i>&mdash;Called on Mr. Coventry Patmore (at
+      Hastings), and was very kindly received by him, and stayed
+      for afternoon tea and dinner. He showed me some interesting
+      pictures, including a charming little drawing, by Holman
+      Hunt, of one of his daughters when three years old. He gave
+      me an interesting account of his going, by Tennyson's
+      request, to his lodging to look for the MS. of "In
+      Memoriam," which he had left behind, and only finding it by
+      insisting on going upstairs, in spite of the landlady's
+      opposition, to search for it. Also he told me the story (I
+      think I have heard it before) of what Wordsworth told his
+      friends as the "one joke" of his life, in answer to a
+      passing carter who asked if he had seen his wife. "My good
+      friend, I didn't even know you had a wife!" He seems a very
+      hale and vigorous old man for nearly seventy, which I think
+      he gave as his age in writing to me.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Oct. 31st.</i>&mdash;This morning, thinking over the problem
+      of finding two squares whose sum is a square, I chanced on
+      a theorem (which seems <i>true</i>, though I cannot prove
+      it), that if x&#178; + y&#178; be even, its half is the sum
+      of two squares. A kindred theorem, that 2(x&#178; +
+      y&#178;) is always the sum of two squares, also seems true
+      and unprovable.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Nov. 5th.&mdash;</i>I have now proved the above two theorems.
+      Another pretty deduction from the theory of square numbers
+      is, that any number whose square is the sum of two squares,
+      is itself the sum of two squares.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      I have already mentioned Mr. Dodgson's habit of thinking
+      out problems at night. Often new ideas would occur to him
+      during hours of sleeplessness, and he had long wanted to
+      hear of or invent some easy method of taking notes in the
+      dark. At first he tried writing within oblongs cut out of
+      cardboard, but the result was apt to be illegible. In 1891
+      he conceived the device of having a series of squares cut
+      out in card, and inventing an alphabet, of which each
+      letter was made of lines, which could be written along the
+      edges of the squares, and dots, which could be marked at
+      the corners. The thing worked well, and he named it the
+      "Typhlograph," but, at the suggestion of one of his
+      brother-students, this was subsequently changed into
+      "Nyctograph."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He spent the Long Vacation at Eastbourne, attending service
+      every Sunday at Christ Church, according to his usual rule.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>Sept.</i> 6, 1891.&mdash;At the evening service at Christ
+      Church a curious thing happened, suggestive of telepathy.
+      Before giving out the second hymn the curate read out some
+      notices. Meanwhile I took my hymn-book, and said to myself
+      (I have no idea <i>why</i>), "It will be hymn 416," and I
+      turned to it. It was not one I recognised as having ever
+      heard; and, on looking at it, I said, "It is very prosaic;
+      it is a very unlikely one"&mdash;and it was really startling,
+      the next minute, to hear the curate announce "Hymn 416."
+    </blockquote>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="502"></a>
+            <img src="Images/502.png" alt="502.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T502"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>DR. LIDDELL.</b><br>
+              <i>From a photograph<br>
+              by Hill &amp; Saunders.</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      In October it became generally known that Dean Liddell was
+      going to resign at Christmas. This was a great blow to Mr.
+      Dodgson, but little mitigated by the fact that the very man
+      whom he himself would have chosen, Dr. Paget, was appointed
+      to fill the vacant place. The old Dean was very popular in
+      College; even the undergraduates, with whom he was seldom
+      brought into contact, felt the magic of his commanding
+      personality and the charm of his gracious, old-world
+      manner. He was a man whom, once seen, it was almost
+      impossible to forget.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Shortly before the resignation of Dr. Liddell, the Duchess
+      of Albany spent a few days at the Deanery. Mr. Dodgson was
+      asked to meet her Royal Highness at luncheon, but was
+      unable to go. Princess Alice and the little Duke of Albany,
+      however, paid him a visit, and were initiated in the art of
+      making paper pistols. He promised to send the Princess a
+      copy of a book called "The Fairies," and the children,
+      having spent a happy half-hour in his rooms, returned to
+      the Deanery. This was one of the days which he "marked with
+      a white stone." He sent a copy of "The Nursery 'Alice'" to
+      the little Princess Alice, and received a note of thanks
+      from her, and also a letter from her mother, in which she
+      said that the book had taught the Princess to like reading,
+      and to do it out of lesson-time. To the Duke he gave a copy
+      of a book entitled "The Merry Elves." In his little note of
+      thanks for this gift, the boy said, "Alice and I want you
+      to love us both." Mr. Dodgson sent Princess Alice a puzzle,
+      promising that if she found it out, he would give her a
+      "golden chair from Wonderland."
+    </p>
+    <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="511"></a>
+            <img src="Images/511.png" alt="511.png"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T511"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>THE DEAN OF CHRIST CHURCH.</b><br>
+              <i>From a photograph<br>
+              by Hill &amp; Saunders.</i>.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      At the close of the year he wrote me a long letter, which I
+      think worthy of reproducing here, for he spent a long time
+      over it, and it contains excellent examples of his clear
+      way of putting things.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>To S.D. Collingwood.</i><br>
+      <br>
+      Ch. Ch., Oxford, <i>Dec</i>. 29, 1891.<br>
+      <br>
+      My Dear Stuart,&mdash;(Rather a large note&mdash;sheet, isn't it? But
+      they do differ in size, you know.) I fancy this book of
+      science (which I have had a good while, without making any
+      use of it), may prove of some use to you, with your boys.
+      [I was a schoolmaster at that time.] Also this cycling-book
+      (or whatever it is to be called) may be useful in putting
+      down engagements, &amp;c., besides telling you a lot about
+      cycles. There was no use in sending it to <i>me; my</i>
+      cycling days are over.<br>
+      <br>
+      You ask me if your last piece of "Meritt" printing is dark
+      enough. I think not. I should say the rollers want fresh
+      inking. As to the <i>matter</i> of your specimen&mdash;[it was a
+      poor little essay on killing animals for the purpose of
+      scientific recreations, <i>e.g</i>., collecting
+      butterflies]&mdash;I think you <i>cannot</i> spend your time
+      better than in trying to set down clearly, in that
+      essay-form, your ideas on any subject that chances to
+      interest you; and <i>specially</i> any theological subject
+      that strikes you in the course of your reading for Holy
+      Orders.<br>
+      <br>
+      It will be most <i>excellent</i> practice for you, against
+      the time when you try to compose sermons, to try thus to
+      realise exactly what it is you mean, and to express it
+      clearly, and (a much harder matter) to get into proper
+      shape the <i>reasons</i> of your opinions, and to see
+      whether they do, or do not, tend to prove the conclusions
+      you come to. You have never studied technical Logic, at
+      all, I fancy. [I <i>had</i>, but I freely admit that the
+      essay in question proved that I had not then learnt to
+      apply my principles to practice.] It would have been a
+      great help: but still it is not indispensable: after all,
+      it is only the putting into rules of the way in which
+      <i>every</i> mind proceeds, when it draws valid
+      conclusions; and, by practice in careful thinking, you may
+      get to know "fallacies" when you meet with them, without
+      knowing the formal <i>rules</i>.<br>
+      <br>
+      At present, when you try to give <i>reasons</i>, you are in
+      considerable danger of propounding fallacies. Instances
+      occur in this little essay of yours; and I hope it won't
+      offend your <i>amour propre</i> very much, if an old uncle,
+      who has studied Logic for forty years, makes a few remarks
+      on it.<br>
+      <br>
+      I am not going to enter <i>at all</i> on the subject-matter
+      itself, or to say whether I agree, or not, with your
+      <i>conclusions</i> : but merely to examine, from a
+      logic-lecturer's point of view, your <i>premisses</i> as
+      relating to them.<br>
+      <br>
+      (1) "As the lower animals do not appear to have personality
+      or individual existence, I cannot see that any particular
+      one's life can be very important," &amp;c. The word
+      "personality" is very vague: I don't know what you mean by
+      it. If you were to ask yourself, "What test should I use in
+      distinguishing what <i>has</i>, from what has <i>not</i>,
+      personality?" you might perhaps be able to express your
+      meaning more clearly. The phrase "individual existence" is
+      clear enough, and is in direct logical contradiction to the
+      phrase "particular one." To say, of anything, that it has
+      <i>not</i> "individual existence," and yet that it
+      <i>is</i> a "particular one," involves the logical fallacy
+      called a "contradiction in terms."<br>
+      <br>
+      (2) "In both cases" (animal and plant) "death is only the
+      conversion of matter from one form to another." The word
+      "form" is very vague&mdash;I fancy you use it in a sort of
+      <i>chemical</i> sense (like saying "sugar is starch in
+      another form," where the change in nature is generally
+      believed to be a rearrangement of the very same atoms). If
+      you mean to assert that the difference between a live
+      animal and a dead animal, <i>i.e.,</i> between animate and
+      sensitive matter, and the same matter when it becomes
+      inanimate and insensitive, is a mere rearrangement of the
+      same atoms, your premiss is intelligible. (It is a bolder
+      one than any biologists have yet advanced. The most
+      sceptical of them admits, I believe, that "vitality" is a
+      thing <i>per se.</i> However, that is beside my present
+      scope.) But this premiss is advanced to prove that it is of
+      no "consequence" to kill an animal. But, granting that the
+      conversion of sensitive into insensitive matter (and of
+      course <i>vice versa</i>) is a mere change of "form," and
+      <i>therefore</i> of no "consequence"; granting this, we
+      cannot escape the including under this rule all similar
+      cases. If the <i>power</i> of feeling pain, and the
+      <i>absence</i> of that power, are only a difference of
+      "form," the conclusion is inevitable that the
+      <i>feeling</i> pain, and the <i>not</i> feeling it, are
+      <i>also</i> only a difference in form, <i>i.e.,</i> to
+      convert matter, which is <i>not</i> feeling pain, into
+      matter <i>feeling</i> pain, is only to change its "form,"
+      and, if the process of "changing form" is of no
+      "consequence" in the case of sensitive and insensitive
+      matter, we must admit that it is <i>also</i> of no
+      "consequence" in the case of pain-feeling and <i>not</i>
+      pain-feeling matter. This conclusion, I imagine, you
+      neither intended nor foresaw. The premiss, which you use,
+      involves the fallacy called "proving too much."<br>
+      <br>
+      The best advice that could be given to you, when you begin
+      to compose sermons, would be what an old friend once gave
+      to a young man who was going out to be an Indian judge (in
+      India, it seems, the judge decides things, without a jury,
+      like our County Court judges). "Give <i>your decisions</i>
+      boldly and clearly; they will probably be <i>right</i>. But
+      do <i>not</i> give your <i>reasons: they</i> will probably
+      be <i>wrong"</i> If your lot in life is to be in a
+      <i>country</i> parish, it will perhaps not matter
+      <i>much</i> whether the reasons given in your sermons do or
+      do not prove your conclusions. But even there you
+      <i>might</i> meet, and in a town congregation you would be
+      <i>sure</i> to meet, clever sceptics, who know well how to
+      argue, who will detect your fallacies and point them out to
+      those who are <i>not</i> yet troubled with doubts, and thus
+      undermine <i>all</i> their confidence in your teaching.<br>
+      <br>
+      At Eastbourne, last summer, I heard a preacher advance the
+      astounding argument, "We believe that the Bible is true,
+      because our holy Mother, the Church, tells us it is." I
+      pity that unfortunate clergyman if ever he is bold enough
+      to enter any Young Men's Debating Club where there is some
+      clear-headed sceptic who has heard, or heard of, that
+      sermon. I can fancy how the young man would rub his hands,
+      in delight, and would say to himself, "Just see me get him
+      into a corner, and convict him of arguing in a circle!"<br>
+      <br>
+      The bad logic that occurs in many and many a well-meant
+      sermon, is a real danger to modern Christianity. When
+      detected, it may seriously injure many believers, and fill
+      them with miserable doubts. So my advice to you, as a young
+      theological student, is "Sift your reasons <i>well</i> ,
+      and, before you offer them to others, make sure that they
+      prove your conclusions."<br>
+      <br>
+      I hope you won't give this letter of mine (which it has
+      cost me some time and thought to write) just a single
+      reading and then burn it; but that you will lay it aside.
+      Perhaps, even years hence, it may be of some use to you to
+      read it again.<br>
+      <br>
+      Believe me always<br>
+      <br>
+      Your affectionate Uncle,<br>
+      <br>
+      C. L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <h2>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_VIII_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII</a>
+    </h2>
+    <h4>
+      (1892&mdash;1896)
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      Mr. Dodgson resigns the Curatorship&mdash;Bazaars&mdash;He lectures to
+      children&mdash;A mechanical "Humpty Dumpty"&mdash;A logical
+      controversy&mdash;Albert Chevalier&mdash;"Sylvie and Bruno
+      Concluded"&mdash;"Pillow Problems"&mdash;Mr. Dodgson's
+      generosity&mdash;College services&mdash;Religious difficulties&mdash;A
+      village sermon&mdash;Plans for the future&mdash;Reverence&mdash;"Symbolic
+      Logic."
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      At Christ Church, as at other Colleges, the Common Room is
+      an important feature. Open from eight in the morning until
+      ten at night, it takes the place of a club, where the
+      "dons" may see the newspapers, talk, write letters, or
+      enjoy a cup of tea. After dinner, members of High Table,
+      with their guests if any are present, usually adjourn to
+      the Common Room for wine and dessert, while there is a
+      smoking-room hard by for those who do not despise the
+      harmless but unnecessary weed, and below are cellars, with
+      a goodly store of choice old wines.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Curator's duties were therefore sufficiently onerous.
+      They were doubly so in Mr. Dodgson's case, for his love of
+      minute accuracy greatly increased the amount of work he had
+      to do. It was his office to select and purchase wines, to
+      keep accounts, to adjust selling price to cost price, to
+      see that the two Common Room servants performed their
+      duties, and generally to look after the comfort and
+      convenience of the members.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Having heard," he wrote near the end of the year 1892,
+      "that Strong was willing to be elected (as Curator), and
+      Common Room willing to elect him, I most gladly resigned.
+      The sense of relief at being free from the burdensome
+      office, which has cost me a large amount of time and
+      trouble, is very delightful. I was made Curator, December
+      8, 1882, so that I have held the office more than nine
+      years."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The literary results of his Curatorship were three very
+      interesting little pamphlets, "Twelve Months in a
+      Curatorship, by One who has tried it"; "Three years in a
+      Curatorship, by One whom it has tried"; and "Curiosissima
+      Curatoria, by 'Rude Donatus,'" all printed for private
+      circulation, and couched in the same serio-comic vein. As a
+      logician he naturally liked to see his thoughts in print,
+      for, just as the mathematical mind craves for a black-board
+      and a piece of chalk, so the logical mind must have its
+      paper and printing-press wherewith to set forth its
+      deductions effectively.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A few extracts must suffice to show the style of these
+      pamphlets, and the opportunity offered for the display of
+      humour.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In the arrangement of the prices at which wines were to be
+      sold to members of Common Room, he found a fine scope for
+      the exercise of his mathematical talents and his sense of
+      proportion. In one of the pamphlets he takes old Port and
+      Chablis as illustrations.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      The original cost of each is about 3s. a bottle; but the
+      present value of the old Port is about 11s. a bottle. Let
+      us suppose, then, that we have to sell to Common Room one
+      bottle of old Port and three of Chablis, the original cost
+      of the whole being 12s., and the present value 20s. These
+      are our data. We have now two questions to answer. First,
+      what sum shall we ask for the whole? Secondly, how shall we
+      apportion that sum between the two kinds of wine?
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The sum to be asked for the whole he decides, following
+      precedent, is to be the present market-value of the wine;
+      as to the second question, he goes on to say&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      We have, as so often happens in the lives of distinguished
+      premiers, three courses before us: (1) to charge the
+      <i>present</i> value for each kind of wine; (2) to put on a
+      certain percentage to the <i>original</i> value of each
+      kind; (3) to make a compromise between these two
+      courses.<br>
+      <br>
+      Course 1 seems to me perfectly reasonable; but a very
+      plausible objection has been made to it&mdash;that it puts a
+      prohibitory price on the valuable wines, and that they
+      would remain unconsumed. This would not, however, involve
+      any loss to our finances; we could obviously realise the
+      enhanced values of the old wines by selling them to
+      outsiders, if the members of Common Room would not buy
+      them. But I do not advocate this course.<br>
+      <br>
+      Course 2 would lead to charging 5s. a bottle for Port and
+      Chablis alike. The Port-drinker would be "in clover," while
+      the Chablis-drinker would probably begin getting his wine
+      direct from the merchant instead of from the Common Room
+      cellar, which would be a <i>reductio ad absurdum</i> of the
+      tariff. Yet I have heard this course advocated, repeatedly,
+      as an abstract principle. "You ought to consider the
+      <i>original</i> value only," I have been told. "You ought
+      to regard the Port-drinker as a private individual, who has
+      laid the wine in for himself, and who ought to have all the
+      advantages of its enhanced value. You cannot fairly ask him
+      for more than what you need to refill the bins with Port,
+      <i>plus</i> the percentage thereon needed to meet the
+      contingent expenses." I have listened to such arguments,
+      but have never been convinced that the course is just. It
+      seems to me that the 8s. additional value which the bottle
+      of Port has acquired, is the property of <i>Common
+      Room</i>, and that Common Room has the power to give it to
+      whom it chooses; and it does not seem to me fair to give it
+      all to the Port-drinker. What merit is there in preferring
+      Port to Chablis, that could justify our selling the
+      Port-drinker his wine at less than half what he would have
+      to give outside, and charging the Chablis-drinker
+      five-thirds of what he would have to give outside? At all
+      events, I, as a Port-drinker, do not wish to absorb the
+      whole advantage, and would gladly share it with the
+      Chablis-drinker. The course I recommend is<br>
+      <br>
+      Course 3, which is a compromise between 1 and 2, its
+      essential principle being to sell the new wines
+      <i>above</i> their value, in order to be able to sell the
+      old <i>below</i> their value. And it is clearly desirable,
+      as far as possible, to make the reductions <i>where they
+      will be felt</i>, and the additions <i>where they will not
+      be felt.</i> Moreover it seems to me that reduction is most
+      felt where it <i>goes down to the next round sum,</i> and
+      an addition in the reverse case, <i>i.e.,</i> when it
+      <i>starts from a round sum.</i> Thus, if we were to take
+      2d. off a 5s. 8d. wine, and add it to a 4s. 4d.&mdash;thus
+      selling them at 5s. 6d. and 4s. 6d. the reduction would be
+      welcomed, and the addition unnoticed; and the change would
+      be a popular one.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The next extract shows with what light-hearted frivolity he
+      could approach this tremendous subject of wine:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      The consumption of Madeira (B) has been during the past
+      year, zero. After careful calculation I estimate that, if
+      this rate of consumption be steadily maintained, our
+      present stock will last us an infinite number of years. And
+      although there may be something monotonous and dreary in
+      the prospect of such vast cycles spent in drinking
+      second-class Madeira, we may yet cheer ourselves with the
+      thought of how economically it can be done.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      To assist the Curator in the discharge of his duties, there
+      was a Wine Committee, and for its guidance a series of
+      rules was drawn up. The first runs as follows: "There shall
+      be a Wine Committee, consisting of five persons, including
+      the Curator, whose duty it shall be to assist the Curator
+      in the management of the cellar." "Hence," wrote Mr.
+      Dodgson, "logically it is the bounden duty of the Curator
+      'to assist himself.' I decline to say whether this clause
+      has ever brightened existence for me&mdash;or whether, in the
+      shades of evening, I may ever have been observed leaving
+      the Common Room cellars with a small but suspicious-looking
+      bundle, and murmuring, 'Assist thyself, assist thyself!'"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Every Christmas at Christ Church the children of the
+      College servants have a party in the Hall. This year he was
+      asked to entertain them, and gladly consented to do so. He
+      hired a magic lantern and a large number of slides, and
+      with their help told the children the three following
+      stories: (1) "The Epiphany"; (2) "The Children Lost in the
+      Bush"; (3) "Bruno's Picnic."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have already referred to the services held in Christ
+      Church for the College servants, at which Mr. Dodgson used
+      frequently to preach. The way in which he regarded this
+      work is very characteristic of the man. "Once more," he
+      writes, "I have to thank my Heavenly Father for the great
+      blessing and privilege of being allowed to speak for Him!
+      May He bless my words to help some soul on its heavenward
+      way." After one of these addresses he received a note from
+      a member of the congregation, thanking him for what he had
+      said. "It is very sweet," he said, "to get such words now
+      and then; but there is danger in them if more such come, I
+      must beg for silence."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      During the year Mr. Dodgson wrote the following letter to
+      the Rev. C.A. Goodhart, Rector of Lambourne, Essex:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Dear Sir,&mdash;Your kind, sympathising and most encouraging
+      letter about "Sylvie and Bruno" has deserved a better
+      treatment from me than to have been thus kept waiting more
+      than two years for an answer. But life is short; and one
+      has many other things to do; and I have been for years
+      almost hopelessly in arrears in correspondence. I keep a
+      register, so that letters which I intend to answer do
+      somehow come to the front at last.<br>
+      <br>
+      In "Sylvie and Bruno" I took courage to introduce what I
+      had entirely avoided in the two "Alice" books&mdash;some
+      reference to subjects which are, after all, the <i>only</i>
+      subjects of real interest in life, subjects which are so
+      intimately bound up with every topic of human interest that
+      it needs more effort to avoid them than to touch on them;
+      and I felt that such a book was more suitable to a clerical
+      writer than one of mere fun.<br>
+      <br>
+      I hope I have not offended many (evidently I have not
+      offended <i>you</i>) by putting scenes of mere fun, and
+      talk about God, into the same book.<br>
+      <br>
+      Only one of all my correspondents ever guessed there was
+      more to come of the book. She was a child, personally
+      unknown to me, who wrote to "Lewis Carroll" a sweet letter
+      about the book, in which she said, "I'm so glad it hasn't
+      got a regular wind-up, as it shows there is more to
+      come!"<br>
+      <br>
+      There is indeed "more to come." When I came to piece
+      together the mass of accumulated material I found it was
+      quite <i>double</i> what could be put into one volume. So I
+      divided it in the middle; and I hope to bring out "Sylvie
+      and Bruno Concluded" next Christmas&mdash;if, that is, my
+      Heavenly Master gives me the time and the strength for the
+      task; but I am nearly 60, and have no right to count on
+      years to come.<br>
+      <br>
+      In signing my real name, let me beg you not to let the
+      information go further&mdash;I have an <i>intense</i> dislike to
+      personal publicity; and, the more people there are who know
+      nothing of "Lewis Carroll" save his books, the happier I
+      am.<br>
+      <br>
+      Believe me, sincerely yours,<br>
+      <br>
+      Charles L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      I have made no attempt to chronicle all the games and
+      puzzles which Lewis Carroll invented. A list of such as
+      have been published will be found in the Bibliographical
+      chapter. He intended to bring out a book of "Original Games
+      and Puzzles," with illustrations by Miss E. Gertrude
+      Thomson. The MS. was, I believe, almost complete before his
+      death, and one, at least, of the pictures had been drawn.
+      On June 30th he wrote in his Diary, "Invented what I think
+      is a new kind of riddle. A Russian had three sons. The
+      first, named Rab, became a lawyer; the second, Ymra, became
+      a soldier; the third became a sailor. What was his name?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The following letter written to a child-friend, Miss E.
+      Drury, illustrates Lewis Carroll's hatred of bazaars:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Ch. Ch., Oxford, <i>Nov</i>. 10, 1892.<br>
+      <br>
+      My dear Emmie,&mdash;I object to <i>all</i> bazaars on the
+      general principle that they are very undesirable schools
+      for young ladies, in which they learn to be "too fast" and
+      forward, and are more exposed to undesirable acquaintances
+      than in ordinary society. And I have, besides that, special
+      objections to bazaars connected with charitable or
+      religious purposes. It seems to me that they desecrate the
+      religious object by their undesirable features, and that
+      they take the reality out of all charity by getting people
+      to think that they are doing a good action, when their true
+      motive is amusement for themselves. Ruskin has put all this
+      far better than I can possibly do, and, if I can find the
+      passage, and find the time to copy it, I will send it you.
+      But <i>time</i> is a very scarce luxury for me!<br>
+      <br>
+      Always yours affectionately,<br>
+      <br>
+      C.L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      In his later years he used often to give lectures on
+      various subjects to children. He gave a series on "Logic"
+      at the Oxford Girls' High School, but he sometimes went
+      further afield, as in the following instance:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Went, as arranged with Miss A. Ottley, to the High School
+      at Worcester, on a visit. At half-past three I had an
+      audience of about a hundred little girls, aged, I should
+      think, from about six to fourteen. I showed them two
+      arithmetic puzzles on the black-board, and told them
+      "Bruno's Picnic." At half-past seven I addressed some
+      serious words to a second audience of about a hundred elder
+      girls, probably from fifteen to twenty&mdash;an experience of the
+      deepest interest to me.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The illustration on the next page will be best explained by
+      the following letter which I have received from Mr. Walter
+      Lindsay, of Philadelphia, U.S.:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Phila., <i>September</i> 12, 1898.<br>
+      <br>
+      Dear Sir,&mdash;I shall be very glad to furnish what information
+      I can with respect to the "Mechanical Humpty Dumpty" which
+      I constructed a few years ago, but I must begin by
+      acknowledging that, in one sense at least, I did not
+      "invent" the figure. The idea was first put into my head by
+      an article in the <i>Cosmopolitan</i>, somewhere about
+      1891, I suppose, describing a similar contrivance. As a
+      devoted admirer of the "Alice" books, I determined to build
+      a Humpty Dumpty of my own; but I left the model set by the
+      author of the article mentioned, and constructed the figure
+      on entirely different lines. In the first place, the figure
+      as described in the magazine had very few movements, and
+      not very satisfactory ones at that; and in the second
+      place, no attempt whatever was made to reproduce, even in a
+      general way, the well-known appearance of Tenniel's
+      drawing. Humpty, when completed, was about two feet and a
+      half high. His face, of course, was white; the lower half
+      of the egg was dressed in brilliant blue. His stockings
+      were grey, and the famous cravat orange, with a zigzag
+      pattern in blue. I am sorry to say that the photograph
+      hardly does him justice; but he had travelled to so many
+      different places during his career, that he began to be
+      decidedly out of shape before he sat for his portrait.<br>
+      <br>
+      <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+        <tbody>
+          <tr>
+            <td><a name="512"></a>
+              <img src="Images/512.png" alt="512.png">
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <td><div align="center"><a href="#T512"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+<div class="c1" align="center">
+              <b>THE MECHANICAL "HUMPTY DUMPTY."<br>
+              <i>From a photograph</i>.</b></div>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+        </tbody>
+      </table><br>
+      When Humpty was about to perform, a short "talk" was
+      usually given before the curtain rose, explaining the way
+      in which the Sheep put the egg on the shelf at the back of
+      the little shop, and how Alice went groping along to it.
+      And then, just as the explanation had reached the opening
+      of the chapter on Humpty Dumpty, the curtain rose, and
+      Humpty was discovered, sitting on the wall, and gazing into
+      vacancy. As soon as the audience had had time to recover,
+      Alice entered, and the conversation was carried on just as
+      it is in the book. Humpty Dumpty gesticulated with his
+      arms, rolled his eyes, raised his eyebrows, frowned, turned
+      up his nose in scorn at Alice's ignorance, and smiled from
+      ear to ear when he shook hands with her. Besides this, his
+      mouth kept time with his words all through the dialogue,
+      which added very greatly to his life-like appearance.<br>
+      <br>
+      The effect of his huge face, as it changed from one
+      expression to another, was ludicrous in the extreme, and we
+      were often obliged to repeat sentences in the conversation
+      (to "go back to the last remark but one") because the
+      audience laughed so loudly over Humpty Dumpty's expression
+      of face that they drowned what he was trying to say. The
+      funniest effect was the change from the look of
+      self-satisfied complacency with which he accompanied the
+      words: "The king has promised me&mdash;" to that of towering rage
+      when Alice innocently betrays her knowledge of the secret.
+      At the close of the scene, when Alice has vainly
+      endeavoured to draw him into further conversation, and at
+      last walks away in disgust, Humpty loses his balance on the
+      wall, recovers himself, totters again, and then falls off
+      backwards; at the same time a box full of broken glass is
+      dropped on the floor behind the scenes, to represent the
+      "heavy crash," which "shook the forest from end to
+      end";&mdash;and the curtain falls.<br>
+      <br>
+      Now, as to how it was all done. Humpty was made of barrel
+      hoops, and covered with stiff paper and muslin. His eyes
+      were round balls of rags, covered with muslin, drawn
+      smoothly, and with the pupil and iris marked on the front.
+      These eyes were pivoted to a board, fastened just behind
+      the eye-openings in the face. To the eyeballs were sewed
+      strong pieces of tape, which passed through screw-eyes on
+      the edges of the board, and so down to a row of levers
+      which were hinged in the lower part of the figure. One
+      lever raised both eyes upward, another moved them both to
+      the left, and so on. The eyebrows were of worsted and
+      indiarubber knitted together. They were fastened at the
+      ends, and raised and lowered by fine white threads passing
+      through small holes in the face, and also operated by
+      levers. The arms projected into the interior of the
+      machine, and the gestures were made by moving the short
+      ends inside. The right hand contained a spring clothe-pin,
+      by which he was enabled to hold the note&mdash; book in which
+      Alice set down the celebrated problem&mdash;
+      <pre>      <tt>
+
+365<br>
+  1<br>
+___<br>
+364<br></tt>      <br></pre><br>
+      The movement of the mouth, in talking, was produced by a
+      long tape, running down to a pedal, which was controlled by
+      the foot of the performer. And the smile consisted of long
+      strips of red tape, which were drawn out through slits at
+      the corners of the mouth by means of threads which passed
+      through holes in the sides of the head. The performer&mdash;who
+      was always your humble servant&mdash;stood on a box behind the
+      wall, his head just reaching the top of the egg, which was
+      open all the way up the back. At the lower end of the
+      figure, convenient to the hands of the performer, was the
+      row of levers, like a little keyboard; and by striking
+      different chords on the keys, any desired expression could
+      be produced on the face.<br>
+      <br>
+      Of course, a performance of this kind without a good Alice
+      would be unutterably flat; but the little girl who played
+      opposite to Humpty, Miss Nellie K&mdash;, was so exactly the
+      counterpart of Alice, both in appearance and disposition,
+      that most children thought she was the original, right out
+      of the book.<br>
+      <br>
+      Humpty still exists, but he has not seen active life for
+      some years. His own popularity was the cause of his
+      retirement; for having given a number of performances (for
+      Charity, of course), and delighted many thousands of
+      children of all ages, the demands upon his time, from
+      Sunday-schools and other institutions, became so numerous
+      that the performers were obliged to withdraw him in
+      self-defence. He was a great deal of trouble to build, but
+      the success he met with and the pleasure he gave more than
+      repaid me for the bother; and I am sure that any one else
+      who tries it will reach the same conclusion.<br>
+      <br>
+      Yours sincerely,<br>
+      <br>
+      Walter Lindsay.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      At the beginning of 1893 a fierce logical battle was being
+      waged between Lewis Carroll and Mr. Cook Wilson, Professor
+      of Logic at Oxford. The Professor, in spite of the
+      countless arguments that Mr. Dodgson hurled at his head,
+      would not confess that he had committed a fallacy.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On February 5th the Professor appears to have conceded a
+      point, for Mr. Dodgson writes: "Heard from Cook Wilson, who
+      has long declined to read a paper which I sent January
+      12th, and which seems to me to prove the fallacy of a view
+      of his about Hypotheticals. He now offers to read it, if
+      <i>I</i> will study a proof he sent, that another problem
+      of mine had contradictory <i>data</i>. I have accepted his
+      offer, and studied and answered his paper. So I now look
+      forward hopefully to the result of his reading mine."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The hopes which he entertained were doomed to be
+      disappointed; the controversy bore no fruits save a few
+      pamphlets and an enormous amount of correspondence, and
+      finally the two antagonists had to agree to differ.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As a rule Mr. Dodgson was a stern opponent of music-halls
+      and music-hall singers; but he made one or two exceptions
+      with regard to the latter. For Chevalier he had nothing but
+      praise; he heard him at one of his recitals, for he never
+      in his life entered a "Variety Theatre." I give the passage
+      from his Diary:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Went to hear Mr. Albert Chevalier's Recital. I only knew of
+      him as being now recognised as <i>facile princeps</i> among
+      music-hall singers, and did not remember that I had seen
+      him twice or oftener on the stage&mdash;first as "Mr. Hobbs" in
+      "Little Lord Fauntleroy," and afterwards as a "horsy" young
+      man in a <i>matin&#233;e</i> in which Violet Vanbrugh
+      appeared. He was decidedly <i>good</i> as an actor; but as
+      a comic singer (with considerable powers of pathos as well)
+      he is quite first-rate. His chief merit seems to be the
+      earnestness with which he throws himself into the work. The
+      songs (mostly his own writing) were quite inoffensive, and
+      very funny. I am very glad to be able to think that his
+      influence on public taste is towards refinement and purity.
+      I liked best "The Future Mrs. 'Awkins," with its taking
+      tune, and "My Old Dutch," which revealed powers that, I
+      should think, would come out grandly in Robsonian parts,
+      such as "The Porter's Knot." "The Little Nipper" was also
+      well worth hearing.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Dodgson's views on Sunday Observance were
+      old-fashioned, but he lived up to them, and did not try to
+      force them upon people with whose actions he had no
+      concern. They were purely matters of "private opinion" with
+      him. On October 2nd he wrote to Miss E.G. Thomson, who was
+      illustrating his "Three Sunsets":&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Would you kindly do <i>no</i> sketches, or photos, for
+      <i>me</i>, on a Sunday? It is, in <i>my</i> view (of
+      <i>course</i> I don't condemn any one who differs from me)
+      inconsistent with keeping the day holy. I do <i>not</i>
+      hold it to be the Jewish "Sabbath," but I <i>do</i> hold it
+      to be "the Lord's Day," and so to be made very distinct
+      from the other days.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      In December, the Logical controversy being over for a time,
+      Mr. Dodgson invented a new problem to puzzle his
+      mathematical friends with, which was called "The Monkey and
+      Weight Problem." A rope is supposed to be hung over a wheel
+      fixed to the roof of a building; at one end of the rope a
+      weight is fixed, which exactly counterbalances a monkey
+      which is hanging on to the other end. Suppose that the
+      monkey begins to climb the rope, what will be the result?
+      The following extract from the Diary illustrates the
+      several possible answers which may be given:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Got Professor Clifton's answer to the "Monkey and Weight
+      Problem." It is very curious, the different views taken by
+      good mathematicians. Price says the weight goes <i>up</i>,
+      with increasing velocity; Clifton (and Harcourt) that it
+      goes <i>up</i>, at the same rate as the monkey; while
+      Sampson says that it goes <i>down</i>.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      On December 24th Mr. Dodgson received the first twelve
+      copies of "Sylvie and Bruno Concluded," just about four
+      years after the appearance of the first part of the story.
+      In this second volume the two fairy children are as
+      delightful as ever; it also contains what I think most
+      people will agree to be the most beautiful poem Lewis
+      Carroll ever wrote, "Say, what is the spell, when her
+      fledglings are cheeping?" (p. 305). In the preface he pays
+      a well-deserved compliment to Mr. Harry Furniss for his
+      wonderfully clever pictures; he also explains how the book
+      was written, showing that many of the amusing remarks of
+      Bruno had been uttered by real children. He makes allusion
+      to two books, which only his death prevented him from
+      finishing&mdash;"Original Games and Puzzles," and a paper on
+      "Sport," viewed from the standpoint of the humanitarian.
+      From a literary point of view the second volume of "Sylvie
+      and Bruno" lacks unity; a fairy tale is all very well, and
+      a novel also is all very well, but the combination of the
+      two is surely a mistake. However, the reader who cares more
+      for the spirit than the letter will not notice this
+      blemish; to him "Sylvie and Bruno Concluded" will be
+      interesting and helpful, as the revelation of a very
+      beautiful personality.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      You have made everything turn out just as I should have
+      chosen [writes a friend to whom he had sent a copy], and
+      made right all that disappointed me in the first part. I
+      have not only to thank you for writing an interesting book,
+      but for writing a helpful one too. I am sure that "Sylvie
+      and Bruno" has given me many thoughts that will help me all
+      life through. One cannot know "Sylvie" without being the
+      better for it. You may say that "Mister Sir" is not
+      consciously meant to be yourself, but I cannot help feeling
+      that he is. As "Mister Sir" talks, I hear your voice in
+      every word. I think, perhaps, that is why I like the book
+      so much.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      I have received an interesting letter from Mr. Furniss,
+      bearing upon the subject of "Sylvie and Bruno," and Lewis
+      Carroll's methods of work. The letter runs as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I have illustrated stories of most of our leading authors,
+      and I can safely say that Lewis Carroll was the only one
+      who cared to understand the illustrations to his own book.
+      He was the W. S. Gilbert for children, and, like Gilbert
+      producing one of his operas, Lewis Carroll took infinite
+      pains to study every detail in producing his extraordinary
+      and delightful books. Mr. Gilbert, as every one knows, has
+      a model of the stage; he puts up the scenery, draws every
+      figure, moves them about just as he wishes the real actors
+      to move about. Lewis Carroll was precisely the same. This,
+      of course, led to a great deal of work and trouble, and
+      made the illustrating of his books more a matter of
+      artistic interest than of professional profit. I was
+      <i>seven years</i> illustrating his last work, and during
+      that time I had the pleasure of many an interesting meeting
+      with the fascinating author, and I was quite repaid for the
+      trouble I took, not only by his generous appreciation of my
+      efforts, but by the liberal remuneration he gave for the
+      work, and also by the charm of having intercourse with the
+      interesting, if somewhat erratic genius.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      A book very different in character from "Sylvie and Bruno,"
+      but under the same well-known pseudonym, appeared about the
+      same time. I refer to "Pillow Problems," the second part of
+      the series entitled "Curiosa Mathematica."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Pillow Problems thought out during wakeful hours" is a
+      collection of mathematical problems, which Mr. Dodgson
+      solved while lying awake at night. A few there are to which
+      the title is not strictly applicable, but all alike were
+      worked out mentally before any diagram or word of the
+      solution was committed to paper.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The author says that his usual practice was to write down
+      the <i>answer</i> first of all, and afterwards the question
+      and its solution. His motive, he says, for publishing these
+      problems was not from any desire to display his powers of
+      mental calculation. Those who knew him will readily believe
+      this, though they will hardly be inclined to accept his own
+      modest estimate of those powers.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Still the book was intended, not for the select few who can
+      scale the mountain heights of advanced mathematics, but for
+      the much larger class of ordinary mathematicians, and they
+      at least will be able to appreciate the gifted author, and
+      to wonder how he could follow so clearly in his head the
+      mental diagrams and intricate calculations involved in some
+      of these "Pillow Problems."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      His chief motive in publishing the book was to show how, by
+      a little determination, the mind "can be made to
+      concentrate itself on some intellectual subject (not
+      necessarily mathematics), and thus banish those petty
+      troubles and vexations which most people experience, and
+      which&mdash;unless the mind be otherwise occupied&mdash;<i>will</i>
+      persist in invading the hours of night." And this remedy,
+      as he shows, serves a higher purpose still. In a paragraph
+      which deserves quoting at length, as it gives us a
+      momentary glimpse of his refined and beautiful character,
+      he says:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Perhaps I may venture for a moment to use a more serious
+      tone, and to point out that there are mental troubles, much
+      worse than mere worry, for which an absorbing object of
+      thought may serve as a remedy. There are sceptical
+      thoughts, which seem for the moment to uproot the firmest
+      faith: there are blasphemous thoughts, which dart unbidden
+      into the most reverent souls: there are unholy thoughts,
+      which torture with their hateful presence the fancy that
+      would fain be pure. Against all these some real mental work
+      is a most helpful ally. That "unclean spirit" of the
+      parable, who brought back with him seven others more wicked
+      than himself, only did so because he found the chamber
+      "swept and garnished," and its owner sitting with folded
+      hands. Had he found it all alive with the "busy hum" of
+      active <i>work</i>, there would have been scant welcome for
+      him and his seven!
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      It would have robbed the book of its true character if
+      Lewis Carroll had attempted to improve on the work done in
+      his head, and consequently we have the solutions exactly as
+      he worked them out before setting them down on paper. Of
+      the Problems themselves there is not much to be said here;
+      they are original, and some of them (e.g., No. 52)
+      expressed in a style peculiarly the author's own. The
+      subjects included in their range are Arithmetic, Algebra,
+      Pure Geometry (Plane), Trigonometry, Algebraic Geometry,
+      and Differential Calculus; and there is one Problem to
+      which Mr. Dodgson says he "can proudly point," in
+      "Transcendental Probabilities," which is here given: "A bag
+      contains two counters, as to which nothing is known except
+      that each is either black or white. Ascertain their colour
+      without taking them out of the bag." The answer is, "One is
+      black and the other white." For the solution the reader is
+      referred to the book itself, a study of which will well
+      repay him, apart from the chance he may have of discovering
+      some mistake, and the consequent joy thereat!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A few extracts from the Diary follow, written during the
+      early part of 1894:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>Feb.</i> 1<i>st.&mdash;Dies notandus.</i> As Ragg was reading
+      Prayers, and Bayne and I were the only M.A.'s in the
+      stalls, I tried the experiment of going to the lectern and
+      reading the lesson. I did not hesitate much, but feel it
+      too great a strain on the nerves to be tried often. Then I
+      went to the Latin Chapel for Holy Communion. Only Paget
+      (Dean) and Dr. Huntley came: so, for the first time in my
+      recollection, it had to be given up. Then I returned to my
+      rooms, and found in <i>The Standard</i> the very important
+      communication from Gladstone denying the rumour that he has
+      decided upon resigning the Premiership, but admitting that,
+      owing to failing powers, it may come at any moment. It will
+      make a complete change in the position of politics! Then I
+      got, from Cook Wilson, what I have been so long trying
+      for&mdash;an accepted transcript of the fallacious argument over
+      which we have had an (apparently) endless fight. I think
+      the end is near, <i>now</i>.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Feb.</i> 4<i>th.</i>&mdash;The idea occurred to me that it
+      might be a pleasant variation in Backgammon to throw
+      <i>three</i> dice, and choose any two of the three numbers.
+      The average quality of the throws would be much raised. I
+      reckon that the chance of "6, 6" would be about two and a
+      half what it now is. It would also furnish a means, similar
+      to giving points in billiards, for equalising players: the
+      weaker might use three dice, the other using two. I think
+      of calling it "Thirdie Backgammon."<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>March</i> 31<i>st.</i>&mdash;Have just got printed, as a
+      leaflet, "A Disputed Point in Logic"&mdash;the point Professor
+      Wilson and I have been arguing so long. This paper is
+      wholly in his own words, and puts the point very clearly. I
+      think of submitting it to all my logical friends.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      "A Disputed Point in Logic" appeared also, I believe, in
+      <i>Mind</i>, July, 1894.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      This seems a fitting place in which to speak of a side of
+      Mr. Dodgson's character of which he himself was naturally
+      very reticent&mdash;his wonderful generosity. My own experience
+      of him was of a man who was always ready to do one a
+      kindness, even though it put him to great expense and
+      inconvenience; but of course I did not know, during his
+      lifetime, that my experience of him was the same as that of
+      all his other friends. The income from his books and other
+      sources, which might have been spent in a life of luxury
+      and selfishness, he distributed lavishly where he saw it
+      was needed, and in order to do this he always lived in the
+      most simple way. To make others happy was the Golden Rule
+      of his life. On August 31st he wrote, in a letter to a
+      friend, Miss Mary Brown: "And now what am I to tell you
+      about myself? To say I am quite well 'goes without saying'
+      with me. In fact, my life is so strangely free from all
+      trial and trouble that I cannot doubt my own happiness is
+      one of the talents entrusted to me to 'occupy' with, till
+      the Master shall return, by doing something to make other
+      lives happy."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In several instances, where friends in needy circumstances
+      have written to him for loans of money, he has answered
+      them, "I will not <i>lend</i>, but I will <i>give</i> you
+      the &#163;100 you ask for." To help child-friends who
+      wanted to go on the stage, or to take up music as a
+      profession, he has introduced them to leading actors and
+      actresses, paid for them having lessons in singing from the
+      best masters, sent round circulars to his numerous
+      acquaintances begging them to patronise the first concert
+      or recital.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In writing his books he never attempted to win popularity
+      by acceding to the prejudices and frailties of the age&mdash;his
+      one object was to make his books useful and helpful and
+      ennobling. Like the great Master, in whose steps he so
+      earnestly strove to follow, he "went about doing good." And
+      one is glad to think that even his memory is being made to
+      serve the same purpose. The "Alice" cots are a worthy
+      sequel to his generous life.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Even Mr. Dodgson, with all his boasted health, was not
+      absolutely proof against disease, for on February 12, 1895,
+      he writes:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Tenth day of a rather bad attack of influenza of the ague
+      type. Last night the fever rose to a great height, partly
+      caused by a succession of <i>five</i> visitors. One,
+      however, was of my own seeking&mdash;Dean Paget, to whom I was
+      thankful to be able to tell all I have had in my mind for a
+      year or more, as to our Chapel services <i>not</i> being as
+      helpful as they could be made. The chief fault is extreme
+      <i>rapidity</i>. I long ago gave up the attempt to say the
+      Confession at that pace; and now I say it, and the Lord's
+      Prayer, close together, and never hear a word of the
+      Absolution. Also many of the Lessons are quite unedifying.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      On July 11th he wrote to my brother on the subject of a
+      paper about Eternal Punishment, which was to form the first
+      of a series of essays on Religious Difficulties:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I am sending you the article on "Eternal Punishment" as it
+      is. There is plenty of matter for consideration, as to
+      which I shall be glad to know your views.<br>
+      <br>
+      Also if there are other points, connected with religion,
+      where you feel that perplexing difficulties exist, I should
+      be glad to know of them in order to see whether I can see
+      my way to saying anything helpful.<br>
+      <br>
+      But I had better add that I do not want to deal with any
+      such difficulties, <i>unless</i> they tend to affect
+      <i>life. Speculative</i> difficulties which do not affect
+      conduct, and which come into collision with any of the
+      principles which I intend to state as axioms, lie outside
+      the scope of my book. These axioms are:&mdash;
+      <blockquote>
+        (1) Human conduct is capable of being <i>right</i>, and
+        of being <i>wrong</i>.<br>
+        <br>
+        (2) I possess Free-Will, and am able to choose between
+        right and wrong.<br>
+        <br>
+        (3) I have in some cases chosen wrong.<br>
+        <br>
+        (4) I am responsible for choosing wrong.<br>
+        <br>
+        (5) I am responsible to a person.<br>
+        <br>
+        (6) This person is perfectly good.
+      </blockquote>I call them axioms, because I have no
+      <i>proofs</i> to offer for them. There will probably be
+      others, but these are all I can think of just now.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The Rev. H. Hopley, Vicar of Westham, has sent me the
+      following interesting account of a sermon Mr. Dodgson
+      preached at his church:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      In the autumn of 1895 the Vicar of Eastbourne was to have
+      preached my Harvest Sermon at Westham, a village five miles
+      away; but something or other intervened, and in the middle
+      of the week I learned he could not come. A mutual friend
+      suggested my asking Mr. Dodgson, who was then in
+      Eastbourne, to help me, and I went with him to his rooms. I
+      was quite a stranger to Mr. Dodgson; but knowing from
+      hearsay how reluctant he usually was to preach, I
+      apologised and explained my position&mdash;with Sunday so near at
+      hand. After a moment's hesitation he consented, and in a
+      most genial manner made me feel quite at ease as to the
+      abruptness of my petition. On the morrow he came over to my
+      vicarage, and made friends with my daughters, teaching them
+      some new manner of playing croquet [probably Castle
+      Croquet], and writing out for them puzzles and anagrams
+      that he had composed.<br>
+      <br>
+      The following letter was forwarded on the Saturday:&mdash;
+      <blockquote>
+        "7, Lushington Road, Eastbourne,<br>
+        <br>
+        <i>September</i> 26, 1895.<br>
+        <br>
+        Dear Mr. Hopley,&mdash;I think you will excuse the liberty I am
+        taking in asking you to give me some food after the
+        service on Sunday, so that I may have no need to catch
+        the train, but can walk back at leisure. This will save
+        me from the worry of trying to conclude at an exact
+        minute, and you, perhaps, from the trouble of finding
+        short hymns, to save time. It will not, I hope, cause
+        your cook any trouble, as my regular rule here is
+        <i>cold</i> dinner on Sundays. This not from any
+        "Sabbatarian" theory, but from the wish to let our
+        <i>employ&#233;s</i> have the day <i>wholly</i> at
+        their own disposal.<br>
+        <br>
+        I beg Miss Hopley's acceptance of the enclosed papers&mdash;
+        (puzzles and diagrams.)<br>
+        <br>
+        Believe me, very truly yours,<br>
+        <br>
+        C.L. Dodgson."
+      </blockquote><br>
+      On Sunday our grand old church was crowded, and, although
+      our villagers are mostly agricultural labourers, yet they
+      breathlessly listened to a sermon forty minutes long, and
+      apparently took in every word of it. It was quite
+      extempore, in very simple words, and illustrated by some
+      delightful and most touching stories of children. I only
+      wish there had been a shorthand-writer there.<br>
+      <br>
+      In the vestry after service, while he was signing his name
+      in the Preachers' Book, a church officer handed him a bit
+      of paper. "Mr. Dodgson, would you very kindly write your
+      name on that?" "Sir!" drawing himself up sternly&mdash;"Sir, I
+      never do that for any one"&mdash;and then, more kindly, "You see,
+      if I did it for one, I must do it for all."
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      An amusing incident in Mr. Dodgson's life is connected with
+      the well-known drama, "Two Little Vagabonds." I give the
+      story as he wrote it in his Diary:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>Nov.</i> 28<i>th.&mdash;Matin&#233;e</i> at the Princess's
+      of "Two Little Vagabonds," a very sensational melodrama,
+      capitally acted. "Dick" and "Wally" were played by Kate
+      Tyndall and Sydney Fairbrother, whom I guess to be about
+      fifteen and twelve. Both were excellent, and the latter
+      remarkable for the perfect realism of her acting. There was
+      some beautiful religious dialogue between "Wally" and a
+      hospital nurse&mdash; most reverently spoken, and reverently
+      received by the audience.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Dec.</i> 17<i>th.</i>&mdash;I have given books to Kate Tyndall
+      and Sydney Fairbrother, and have heard from them, and find
+      I was entirely mistaken in taking them for children. Both
+      are married women!
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The following is an extract from a letter written in 1896
+      to one of his sisters, in allusion to a death which had
+      recently occurred in the family:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      It is getting increasingly difficult now to remember
+      <i>which</i> of one's friends remain alive, and
+      <i>which</i> have gone "into the land of the great
+      departed, into the silent land." Also, such news comes less
+      and less as a shock, and more and more one realises that it
+      is an experience each of <i>us</i> has to face before long.
+      That fact is getting <i>less</i> dreamlike to me now, and I
+      sometimes think what a grand thing it will be to be able to
+      say to oneself, "Death is <i>over</i> now; there is not
+      <i>that</i> experience to be faced again."<br>
+      <br>
+      I am beginning to think that, if the <i>books I</i> am
+      still hoping to write are to be done <i>at all,</i> they
+      must be done <i>now</i>, and that I am <i>meant</i> thus to
+      utilise the splendid health I have had, unbroken, for the
+      last year and a half, and the working powers that are fully
+      as great as, if not greater, than I have ever had. I
+      brought with me here (this letter was written from
+      Eastbourne) the MS., such as it is (very fragmentary and
+      unarranged) for the book about religious difficulties, and
+      I meant, when I came here, to devote myself to that, but I
+      have changed my plan. It seems to me that <i>that</i>
+      subject is one that hundreds of living men could do, if
+      they would only try, <i>much</i> better than I could,
+      whereas there is no living man who could (or at any rate
+      who would take the trouble to) arrange and finish and
+      publish the second part of the "Logic." Also, I <i>have</i>
+      the Logic book in my head; it will only need three or four
+      months to write out, and I have <i>not</i> got the other
+      book in my head, and it might take years to think out. So I
+      have decided to get Part ii. finished <i>first</i>, and I
+      am working at it day and night. I have taken to early
+      rising, and sometimes sit down to my work before seven, and
+      have one and a half hours at it before breakfast. The book
+      will be a great novelty, and will help, I fully believe, to
+      make the study of Logic <i>far</i> easier than it now is.
+      And it will, I also believe, be a help to religious thought
+      by giving <i>clearness</i> of conception and of expression,
+      which may enable many people to face, and conquer, many
+      religious difficulties for themselves. So I do really
+      regard it as work for <i>God</i>.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Another letter, written a few months later to Miss Dora
+      Abdy, deals with the subject of "Reverence," which Mr.
+      Dodgson considered a virtue not held in sufficient esteem
+      nowadays:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      My Dear Dora,&mdash;In correcting the proofs of "Through the
+      Looking-Glass" (which is to have "An Easter Greeting"
+      inserted at the end), I am reminded that in that letter (I
+      enclose a copy), I had tried to express my thoughts on the
+      very subject we talked about last night&mdash;the relation of
+      <i>laughter</i> to religious thought. One of the hardest
+      things in the world is to convey a meaning accurately from
+      one mind to another, but the <i>sort</i> of meaning I want
+      to convey to other minds is that while the laughter of
+      <i>joy</i> is in full harmony with our deeper life, the
+      laughter of amusement should be kept apart from it. The
+      danger is too great of thus learning to look at solemn
+      things in a spirit of <i>mockery</i>, and to seek in them
+      opportunities for exercising <i>wit</i>. That is the spirit
+      which has spoiled, for me, the beauty of some of the Bible.
+      Surely there is a deep meaning in our prayer, "Give us an
+      heart to love and <i>dread</i> Thee." We do not mean
+      <i>terror</i>: but a dread that will harmonise with love;
+      "respect" we should call it as towards a human being,
+      "reverence" as towards God and all religious things.<br>
+      <br>
+      Yours affectionately,<br>
+      <br>
+      C.L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      In his "Game of Logic" Lewis Carroll introduced an original
+      method of working logical problems by means of diagrams;
+      this method he superseded in after years for a much simpler
+      one, the method of "Subscripts."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In "Symbolic Logic, Part i." (London: Macmillan, 1896) he
+      employed both methods. The Introduction is specially
+      addressed "to Learners," whom Lewis Carroll advises to read
+      the book straight through, without <i>dipping</i>.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      This Rule [he says] is very desirable with other kinds of
+      books&mdash;such as novels, for instance, where you may easily
+      spoil much of the enjoyment you would otherwise get from
+      the story by dipping into it further on, so that what the
+      author meant to be a pleasant surprise comes to you as a
+      matter of course. Some people, I know, make a practice of
+      looking into vol. iii. first, just to see how the story
+      ends; and perhaps it <i>is</i> as well just to know that
+      all ends <i>happily</i>&mdash;that the much persecuted lovers
+      <i>do</i> marry after all, that he is proved to be quite
+      innocent of the murder, that the wicked cousin is
+      completely foiled in his plot, and gets the punishment he
+      deserves, and that the rich uncle in India (<i>Qu.</i> Why
+      in <i>India ? Ans.</i> Because, somehow, uncles never
+      <i>can</i> get rich anywhere else) dies at exactly the
+      right moment&mdash;before taking the trouble to read vol i. This,
+      I say, is <i>just</i> permissible with a <i>novel</i>,
+      where vol. iii. has a <i>meaning</i>, even for those who
+      have not read the earlier part of the story; but with a
+      <i>scientific</i> book, it is sheer insanity. You will find
+      the latter part <i>hopelessly</i> unintelligible, if you
+      read it before reaching it in regular course.
+    </blockquote><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <h2>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_IX_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER
+      IX</a>
+    </h2><br>
+    <h4>
+      (1897&mdash;1898)
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      Logic-lectures&mdash;Irreverent anecdotes&mdash;Tolerance of his
+      religious views&mdash;A mathematical discovery&mdash;"The Little
+      Minister" Sir George Baden-Powell&mdash;Last illness&mdash;"Thy will be
+      done"&mdash;"Wonderland" at last!&mdash;Letters from friends "Three
+      Sunsets"&mdash;"Of such is the kingdom of Heaven."
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The year 1897, the last complete year which he was destined
+      to spend, began for Mr. Dodgson at Guildford. On January
+      3rd he preached in the morning at the beautiful old church
+      of S. Mary's, the church which he always attended when he
+      was staying with his sisters at the Chestnuts.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the 5th he began a course of Logic Lectures at Abbot's
+      Hospital. The Rev. A. Kingston, late curate of Holy Trinity
+      and S. Mary's Parishes, Guildford, had requested him to do
+      this, and he had given his promise if as many as six people
+      could be got together to hear him. Mr. Kingston canvassed
+      the town so well that an audience of about thirty attended
+      the first lecture.
+    </p>
+    <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="513"></a>
+            <img src="Images/513.png" alt="513.png">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T513"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+<div class="c1" align="center">
+            <b>LEWIS CARROLL.<br>
+            <i>From a photograph</i>.</b></div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      A long Sunday walk was always a feature of Mr. Dodgson's
+      life in the vacations. In earlier years the late Mr. W.
+      Watson was his usual companion at Guildford. The two men
+      were in some respects very much alike; a peculiar
+      gentleness of character, a winning charm of manner which no
+      one could resist, distinguished them both. After Mr.
+      Watson's death his companion was usually one of the
+      following Guildford clergymen: the Rev. J.H. Robson, LL.D.,
+      the Rev. H.R. Ware, and the Rev. A. Kingston.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On the 26th Mr. Dodgson paid a visit to the Girls' High
+      School, to show the pupils some mathematical puzzles, and
+      to teach the elder ones his "Memoria Technica." On the 28th
+      he returned to Oxford, so as to be up in time for term.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I have said that he always refused invitations to dinner;
+      accordingly his friends who knew of this peculiarity, and
+      wished to secure him for a special evening, dared not
+      actually invite him, but wrote him little notes stating
+      that on such and such days they would be dining at home.
+      Thus there is an entry in his Journal for February 10th:
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      "Dined with Mrs. G&mdash;(She had not sent an 'invitation'&mdash;only
+      'information')."
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      His system of symbolic logic enabled him to work out the
+      most complex problems with absolute certainty in a
+      surprisingly short time. Thus he wrote on the 15th: "Made a
+      splendid logic-problem, about "great-grandsons" (modelled
+      on one by De Morgan). My method of solution is quite new,
+      and I greatly doubt if any one will solve the Problem. I
+      have sent it to Cook Wilson."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On March 7th he preached in the University Church, the
+      first occasion on which he had done so:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      There is now [he writes] a system established of a course
+      of six sermons at S. Mary's each year, for University men
+      <i>only</i>, and specially meant for undergraduates. They
+      are preached, preceded by a few prayers and a hymn, at
+      half-past eight. This evening ended the course for this
+      term: and it was my great privilege to preach. It has been
+      the most formidable sermon I have ever had to preach, and
+      it is a <i>great</i> relief to have it over. I took, as
+      text, Job xxviii. 28, "And unto man he said, The fear of
+      the Lord, that is wisdom"&mdash;and the prayer in the Litany
+      "Give us an heart to love and dread thee." It lasted
+      three-quarters of an hour.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      One can imagine how he would have treated the subject. The
+      views which he held on the subject of reverence were, so at
+      least it appears to me, somewhat exaggerated; they are well
+      expressed in a letter which he wrote to a friend of his,
+      during the year, and which runs as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Dear&mdash;, After changing my mind several times, I have at last
+      decided to venture to ask a favour of you, and to trust
+      that you will not misinterpret my motives in doing so.<br>
+      <br>
+      The favour I would ask is, that you will not tell me any
+      more stories, such as you did on Friday, of remarks which
+      children are said to have made on very sacred
+      subjects&mdash;remarks which most people would recognise as
+      irreverent, if made by <i>grown-up people</i>, but which
+      are assumed to be innocent when made by children who are
+      unconscious of any irreverence, the strange conclusion
+      being drawn that they are therefore innocent when
+      <i>repeated</i> by a grown-up person.<br>
+      <br>
+      The misinterpretation I would guard against is, your
+      supposing that I regard such repetition as always
+      <i>wrong</i> in any grown-up person. Let me assure you that
+      I do <i>not</i> so regard it. I am always willing to
+      believe that those who repeat such stories differ wholly
+      from myself in their views of what is, and what is not,
+      fitting treatment of sacred things, and I fully recognise
+      that what would certainly be wrong in <i>me</i>, is not
+      necessarily so in <i>them</i>.<br>
+      <br>
+      So I simply ask it as a personal favour to myself. The
+      hearing of that anecdote gave me so much pain, and spoiled
+      so much the pleasure of my tiny dinner-party, that I feel
+      sure you will kindly spare me such in future.<br>
+      <br>
+      One further remark. There are quantities of such anecdotes
+      going about. I don't in the least believe that 5 per cent.
+      of them were ever said by <i>children</i>. I feel sure that
+      most of them are concocted by people who <i>wish</i> to
+      bring sacred subjects into ridicule&mdash;sometimes by people who
+      <i>wish</i> to undermine the belief that others have in
+      religious truths: for there is no surer way of making one's
+      beliefs <i>unreal</i> than by learning to associate them
+      with ludicrous ideas.<br>
+      <br>
+      Forgive the freedom with which I have said all this.<br>
+      <br>
+      Sincerely yours,<br>
+      <br>
+      C.L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The entry in the Diary for April 11th (Sunday) is
+      interesting:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Went my eighteen-mile round by Besilsleigh. From my rooms
+      back to them again, took me five hours and twenty-seven
+      minutes. Had "high tea" at twenty minutes past seven. This
+      entails only leaving a plate of cold meat, and gives much
+      less trouble than hot dinner at six.<br>
+      <br>
+      Dinner at six has been my rule since January 31st, when it
+      began&mdash;I then abandoned the seven o'clock Sunday dinner, of
+      which I entirely disapprove. It has prevented, for two
+      terms, the College Servants' Service.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      On May 12th he wrote:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      As the Prince of Wales comes this afternoon to open the
+      Town Hall, I went round to the Deanery to invite them to
+      come through my rooms upon the roof, to see the procession
+      arrive.... A party of about twenty were on my roof in the
+      afternoon, including Mrs. Moberly, Mrs. Driver, and Mrs.
+      Baynes, and most, if not all, of the children in Christ
+      Church. Dinner in Hall at eight. The Dean had the Prince on
+      his right, and Lord Salisbury on his left. My place was
+      almost <i>vis&mdash;&#224;&mdash;vis</i> with the Prince. He and the
+      Dean were the only speakers. We did not get out of Hall
+      till nearly ten.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      In June he bought a "Whiteley Exerciser," and fixed it up
+      in his rooms. One would have thought that he would have
+      found his long walks sufficient exercise (an eighteen-mile
+      round was, as we have seen, no unusual thing for him to
+      undertake), but apparently it was not so. He was so pleased
+      with the "Exerciser," that he bought several more of them,
+      and made presents of them to his friends.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      As an instance of his broad-mindedness, the following
+      extract from his Diary for June 20th is interesting. It
+      must be premised that E&mdash;was a young friend of his who had
+      recently become a member of the Roman Catholic Church, and
+      that their place of worship in Oxford is dedicated to S.
+      Aloysius.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I went with E&mdash; to S. Aloysius. There was much beauty in the
+      service, part of which consisted in a procession, with
+      banner, all round the church, carrying the Host, preceded
+      by a number of girls in white, with veils (who had all had
+      their first communion that morning), strewing flowers. Many
+      of them were quite little things of about seven. The sermon
+      (by Father Richardson) was good and interesting, and in a
+      very loyal tone about the Queen.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      A letter he wrote some years before to a friend who had
+      asked him about his religious opinions reveals the same
+      catholicity of mind:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I am a member of the English Church, and have taken
+      Deacon's Orders, but did not think fit (for reasons I need
+      not go into) to take Priest's Orders. My dear father was
+      what is called a "High Churchman," and I naturally adopted
+      those views, but have always felt repelled by the yet
+      higher development called "Ritualism."<br>
+      <br>
+      But I doubt if I am fully a "High Churchman" now. I find
+      that as life slips away (I am over fifty now), and the life
+      on the other side of the great river becomes more and more
+      the reality, of which <i>this</i> is only a shadow, that
+      the petty distinctions of the many creeds of Christendom
+      tend to slip away as well&mdash;leaving only the great truths
+      which all Christians believe alike. More and more, as I
+      read of the Christian religion, as Christ preached it, I
+      stand amazed at the forms men have given to it, and the
+      fictitious barriers they have built up between themselves
+      and their brethren. I believe that when you and I come to
+      lie down for the last time, if only we can keep firm hold
+      of the great truths Christ taught us&mdash;our own utter
+      worthlessness and His infinite worth; and that He has
+      brought us back to our one Father, and made us His
+      brethren, and so brethren to one another&mdash;we shall have all
+      we need to guide us through the shadows.<br>
+      <br>
+      Most assuredly I accept to the full the doctrines you refer
+      to&mdash;that Christ died to save us, that we have no other way
+      of salvation open to us but through His death, and that it
+      is by faith in Him, and through no merit of ours, that we
+      are reconciled to God; and most assuredly I can cordially
+      say, "I owe all to Him who loved me, and died on the Cross
+      of Calvary."
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      He spent the Long Vacation at Eastbourne as usual,
+      frequently walking over to Hastings, which is about twenty
+      miles off. A good many of his mornings were spent in giving
+      lectures and telling stories at schools.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A letter to the widow of an old college friend reveals the
+      extraordinary sensitiveness of his nature:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      2, Bedford Well Road, Eastbourne,<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>August</i> 2, 1897.<br>
+      <br>
+      My Dear Mrs. Woodhouse,&mdash;Your letter, with its mournful
+      news, followed me down here, and I only got it on Saturday
+      night; so I was not able to be with you in thought when the
+      mortal remains of my dear old friend were being committed
+      to the ground; to await the time when our Heavenly Father
+      shall have accomplished the number of His elect, and when
+      you and I shall once more meet the loved ones from whom we
+      are, for a little while only&mdash;what a little while even a
+      long human life lasts!&mdash;parted in sorrow, yet <i>not</i>
+      sorrowing as those without hope.<br>
+      <br>
+      You will be sure without words of mine, that you have my
+      true and deep sympathy. Of all the friends I made at Ch.
+      Ch., your husband was the very <i>first</i> who spoke to
+      me&mdash;across the dinner-table in Hall. That is forty-six years
+      ago, but I remember, as if it were only yesterday, the
+      kindly smile with which he spoke....
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      September 27th and 28th are marked in his Diary "with a
+      white stone":&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>Sept. 27th.&mdash;Dies notandus.</i> Discovered rule for
+      dividing a number by 9, by mere addition and subtraction. I
+      felt sure there must be an analogous one for 11, and found
+      it, and proved first rule by algebra, after working about
+      nine hours!<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Sept. 28th.&mdash;Dies cret&#226; notandus.</i> I have
+      actually <i>superseded</i> the rules discovered yesterday!
+      My new rules require to ascertain the 9&mdash;remainder, and the
+      11&mdash;remainder, which the others did <i>not</i> require; but
+      the new ones are much the quickest. I shall send them to
+      <i>The Educational Times</i> , with date of discovery.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      On November 4th he wrote:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Completed a rule for dividing a given number by any divisor
+      that is within 10 of a power of 10, either way. The
+      <i>principle</i> of it is not my discovery, but was sent me
+      by Bertram Collingwood&mdash;a rule for dividing by a divisor
+      which is within 10 of a power of 10, <i>below</i> it.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      My readers will not be surprised to learn that only eight
+      days after this he had superseded his rule:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      An inventive morning! After waking, and before I had
+      finished dressing, I had devised a new and much neater form
+      in which to work my Rules for Long Division, and also
+      decided to bring out my "Games and Puzzles," and Part iii.
+      of "Curiosa Mathematica," in <i>Numbers</i> , in paper
+      covers, paged consecutively, to be ultimately issued in
+      boards.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      On November 20th he spent the day in London, with the
+      object of seeing "The Little Minister" at the Haymarket. "A
+      beautiful play, beautifully acted," he calls it, and says
+      that he should like to see it "again and again." He
+      especially admired the acting of Mrs. Cyril Maude (Miss
+      Winifred Emery) as Lady Babbie. This was the last
+      theatrical performance he ever witnessed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He apparently kept rough notes for his Diary, and only
+      wrote it up every few weeks, as there are no entries at all
+      for 1898, nor even for the last week of 1897. The
+      concluding page runs as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>Dec. (W.) 10 a.m.</i>&mdash;I am in my large room, with no
+      fire, and open window&mdash;temperature 54&#176;.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Dec. 17 (F.).</i>&mdash;Maggie [one of his sisters], and our
+      nieces Nella and Violet, came to dinner.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Dec. 19 (Sun.).</i>&mdash;Sat up last night till 4 a.m., over
+      a tempting problem, sent me from New York, "to find 3 equal
+      rational-sided rt.-angled <i>triangles</i> ." I found
+      <i>two</i>, whose sides are 20, 21, 29; 12, 35, 37; but
+      could not find <i>three</i>.<br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Dec. 23(Th.).</i>&mdash;I start for Guildford by the 2.7
+      today.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      As my story of Lewis Carroll's life draws near its end, I
+      have received some "Stray Reminiscences" from Sir George
+      Baden-Powell, M.P., which, as they refer to several
+      different periods of time, are as appropriate here as in
+      any other part of the book. The Rev. E.H. Dodgson, referred
+      to in these reminiscences, is a younger brother of Lewis
+      Carroll's; he spent several years of his life upon the
+      remote island of Tristan d'Acunha, where there were only
+      about seventy or eighty inhabitants besides himself. About
+      once a year a ship used to call, when the island-folk would
+      exchange their cattle for cloth, corn, tea, &amp;c., which
+      they could not produce themselves. The island is volcanic
+      in origin, and is exposed to the most terrific gales; the
+      building used as a church stood at some distance from Mr.
+      Dodgson's dwelling, and on one occasion the wind was so
+      strong that he had to crawl on his hands and knees for the
+      whole distance that separated the two buildings.
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      My first introduction (writes Sir George Baden-Powell) to
+      the author of "Through the Looking-Glass" was about the
+      year 1870 or 1871, and under appropriate conditions! I was
+      then coaching at Oxford with the well-known Rev. E. Hatch,
+      and was on friendly terms with his bright and pretty
+      children. Entering his house one day, and facing the
+      dining-room, I heard mysterious noises under the table, and
+      saw the cloth move as if some one were hiding. Children's
+      legs revealed it as no burglar, and there was nothing for
+      it but to crawl upon them, roaring as a lion. Bursting in
+      upon them in their strong-hold under the table, I was met
+      by the staid but amused gaze of a reverend gentleman.
+      Frequently afterwards did I see and hear "Lewis Carroll"
+      entertaining the youngsters in his inimitable way.<br>
+      <br>
+      We became friends, and greatly did I enjoy intercourse with
+      him over various minor Oxford matters. In later years, at
+      one time I saw much of him, in quite another
+      <i>r&#244;le</i>&mdash;namely that of ardent sympathy with the,
+      as he thought, ill-treated and deserted islanders of
+      Tristan d'Acunha. His brother, it will be remembered, had
+      voluntarily been left at that island with a view to
+      ministering to the spiritual and educational needs of the
+      few settlers, and sent home such graphic accounts and
+      urgent demands for aid, that "Lewis Carroll" spared no
+      pains to organise assistance and relief. At his instance I
+      brought the matter before Government and the House of
+      Commons, and from that day to this frequent communication
+      has been held with the islanders, and material assistance
+      has been rendered them&mdash;thanks to the warm heart of "Lewis
+      Carroll."
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      On December 23, 1897, as the note in his Diary states, he
+      went down, in accordance with his usual custom, to
+      Guildford, to spend Christmas with his sisters at the
+      Chestnuts. He seemed to be in his ordinary health, and in
+      the best of spirits, and there was nothing to show that the
+      end was so near.
+    </p>
+    <table align="Center" cellpadding="2" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="514"></a>
+            <img src="Images/514.png" alt="514.png">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T514"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+<div class="c1" align="center">
+            <b>THE CHESTNUTS, GUILDFORD.<br>
+            <i>From a photograph</i>.</b></div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      At Guildford he was hard at work upon the second part of
+      his "Symbolic Logic," spending most of the day over this
+      task. This book, alas! he was not destined to finish, which
+      is the more to be regretted as it will be exceedingly
+      difficult for any one else to take up the thread of the
+      argument, even if any one could be found willing to give
+      the great amount of time and trouble which would be needed.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      On January 5th my father, the Rev. C.S. Collingwood, Rector
+      of Southwick, near Sunderland, died after a very short
+      illness. The telegram which brought Mr. Dodgson the news of
+      this contained the request that he would come at once. He
+      determined to travel north the next day&mdash;but it was not to
+      be so. An attack of influenza, which began only with slight
+      hoarseness, yet enough to prevent him from following his
+      usual habit of reading family prayers, was pronounced next
+      morning to be sufficiently serious to forbid his
+      undertaking a journey. At first his illness seemed a
+      trifle, but before a week had passed bronchial symptoms had
+      developed, and Dr. Gabb, the family physician, ordered him
+      to keep his bed. His breathing rapidly became hard and
+      laborious, and he had to be propped up with pillows. A few
+      days before his death he asked one of his sisters to read
+      him that well-known hymn, every verse of which ends with
+      'Thy Will be done.' To another he said that his illness was
+      a great trial of his patience. How great a trial it must
+      have been it is hard for us to understand. With the work he
+      had set himself still uncompleted, with a sense of youth
+      and joyousness, which sixty years of the battle of life had
+      in no way dulled, Lewis Carroll had to face death. He
+      seemed to know that the struggle was over. "Take away those
+      pillows," he said on the 13th, "I shall need them no more."
+      The end came about half-past two on the afternoon of the
+      14th. One of his sisters was in the room at the time, and
+      she only noticed that the hard breathing suddenly ceased.
+      The nurse, whom she summoned, at first hoped that this was
+      a sign that he had taken a turn for the better. And so,
+      indeed, he had&mdash;he had passed from a world of incompleteness
+      and disappointment, to another where God is putting his
+      beautiful soul to nobler and grander work than was possible
+      for him here, where he is learning to comprehend those
+      difficulties which used to puzzle him so much, and where
+      that infinite Love, which he mirrored so wonderfully in his
+      own life, is being revealed to him "face to face."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      In accordance with his expressed wish, the funeral was
+      simple in the extreme&mdash;flowers, and flowers only, adorned
+      the plain coffin. There was no hearse to drag it up the
+      steep incline that leads to the beautiful cemetery where he
+      lies. The service was taken by Dean Paget and Canon Grant,
+      Rector of Holy Trinity and S. Mary's, Guildford. The
+      mourners who followed him in the quiet procession were
+      few&mdash;but the mourners who were not there, and many of whom
+      had never seen him&mdash;who shall tell <i>their</i> number?
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      After the grave had been filled up, the wreaths which had
+      covered the coffin were placed upon it. Many were from
+      "child-friends" and bore such inscriptions as "From two of
+      his child-friends"&mdash;"To the sweetest soul that ever looked
+      with human eyes," &amp;c. Then the mourners left him alone
+      there&mdash;up on the pleasant downs where he had so often
+      walked.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      A marble cross, under the shadow of a pine, marks the spot,
+      and beneath his own name they have engraved the name of
+      "Lewis Carroll," that the children who pass by may remember
+      their friend, who is now&mdash;himself a child in all that makes
+      childhood most attractive&mdash;in that "Wonderland" which
+      outstrips all our dreams and hopes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I cannot forbear quoting from Professor Sanday's sermon at
+      Christ Church on the Sunday after his death:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      The world will think of Lewis Carroll as one who opened out
+      a new vein in literature, a new and a delightful vein,
+      which added at once mirth and refinement to life.... May we
+      not say that from our courts at Christ Church there has
+      flowed into the literature of our time a rill, bright and
+      sparkling, health-giving and purifying, wherever its waters
+      extend?
+    </blockquote>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="515"></a>
+            <img src="Images/515.png" alt="515.png">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T515"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+<div class="c1" align="center">
+            <b>LEWIS CARROLL'S GRAVE.<br>
+            <i>From a photograph</i>.</b></div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      On the following Sunday Dean Paget, in the course of a
+      sermon on the "Virtue of Simplicity," said:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      We may differ, according to our difference of taste or
+      temperament, in appraising Charles Dodgson's genius; but
+      that that great gift was his, that his best work ranks with
+      the very best of its kind, this has been owned with a
+      recognition too wide and spontaneous to leave room for
+      doubt. The brilliant, venturesome imagination, defying
+      forecast with ever-fresh surprise; the sense of humour in
+      its finest and most na&#239;ve form; the power to touch
+      with lightest hand the undercurrent of pathos in the midst
+      of fun; the audacity of creative fancy, and the delicacy of
+      insight&mdash;these are rare gifts; and surely they were his.
+      Yes, but it was his simplicity of mind and heart that
+      raised them all, not only in his work but in his life, in
+      all his ways, in the man as we knew him, to something
+      higher than any mere enumeration of them tells: that almost
+      curious simplicity, at times, that real and touching
+      child-likeness that marked him in all fields of thought,
+      appearing in his love of children and in their love of him,
+      in his dread of giving pain to any living creature, in a
+      certain disproportion, now and then, of the view he took of
+      things&mdash;yes, and also in that deepest life, where the pure
+      in heart and those who become as little children see the
+      very truth and walk in the fear and love of God.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Some extracts from the numerous sympathetic letters
+      received by Mr. Dodgson's brothers and sisters will show
+      how greatly his loss was felt. Thus Canon Jelf writes:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      It was quite a shock to me to see in the paper to-day the
+      death of your dear, good brother, to whom we owe so much of
+      the brightening of our lives with pure, innocent fun.
+      Personally I feel his loss very much indeed. We were
+      together in old Ch. Ch. days from 1852 onwards; and he was
+      always such a loyal, faithful friend to me. I rejoice to
+      think of the <i>serious</i> talks we had together&mdash;of the
+      grand, brave way in which he used the opportunities he had
+      as a man of humour, to reach the consciences of a host of
+      readers&mdash;of his love for children&mdash;his simplicity of heart&mdash;of
+      his care for servants&mdash;his spiritual care for them. Who can
+      doubt that he was fully prepared for a change however
+      sudden&mdash;for the one clear call which took him away from us?
+      Yet the world seems darker for his going; we can only get
+      back our brightness by realising Who gave him all his
+      talent, all his mirth of heart&mdash;the One who never leaves us.
+      In deep sympathy,<br>
+      <br>
+      Yours very sincerely,<br>
+      <br>
+      George E. Jelf.<br>
+      <br>
+      P.S.&mdash;When you have time tell me a little about him; he was
+      so dear to me.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Mr. Frederic Harrison writes as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      The occasional visits that I received from your late
+      brother showed me a side of his nature which to my mind was
+      more interesting and more worthy of remembrance even than
+      his wonderful and delightful humour&mdash;I mean his intense
+      sympathy with all who suffer and are in need.<br>
+      <br>
+      He came to see me several times on sundry errands of mercy,
+      and it has been a lesson to me through life to remember his
+      zeal to help others in difficulty, his boundless
+      generosity, and his inexhaustible patience with folly and
+      error.<br>
+      <br>
+      My young daughter, like all young people in civilised
+      countries, was brought up on his beautiful fancies and
+      humours. But for my part I remember him mainly as a sort of
+      missionary to all in need. We all alike grieve, and offer
+      you our heartfelt sympathy.<br>
+      <br>
+      I am, faithfully yours,<br>
+      <br>
+      Frederic Harrison.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      His old friend and tutor. Dr. Price, writes:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      ... I feel his removal from among us as the loss of an old
+      and dear friend and pupil, to whom I have been most warmly
+      attached ever since he was with me at Whitby, reading
+      mathematics, in, I think, 1853&mdash;44 years ago! And 44 years
+      of uninterrupted friendship .... I was pleased to read
+      yesterday in <i>The Times</i> newspaper the kindly obituary
+      notice: perfectly just and true; appreciative, as it should
+      be, as to the unusual combination of deep mathematical
+      ability and taste with the genius that led to the writing
+      of "Alice's Adventures."<br>
+      <br>
+      Only the other day [writes a lady friend] he wrote to me
+      about his admiration for my dear husband, and he ended his
+      letter thus: "I trust that when <i>my</i> time comes, I may
+      be found, like him, working to the last, and ready for the
+      Master's call"&mdash;and truly so he was.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      A friend at Oxford writes:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Mr. Dodgson was ever the kindest and gentlest of friends,
+      bringing sunshine into the house with him. We shall mourn
+      his loss deeply, and my two girls are quite overcome with
+      grief. All day memories of countless acts of kindness shown
+      to me, and to people I have known, have crowded my mind,
+      and I feel it almost impossible to realise that he has
+      passed beyond the reach of our gratitude and affection.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The following are extracts from letters written by some of
+      his "child-friends," now grown up:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      How beautiful to think of the track of light and love he
+      has left behind him, and the amount of happiness he brought
+      into the lives of all those he came in contact with! I
+      shall never forget all his kindness to us, from the time he
+      first met us as little mites in the railway train, and one
+      feels glad to have had the privilege of knowing him.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      One of Mr. Dodgson's oldest "child-friends" writes:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      He was to me a dear and true friend, and it has been my
+      great privilege to see a good deal of him ever since I was
+      a tiny child, and especially during the last two years. I
+      cannot tell you how much we shall miss him here. Ch. Ch.
+      without Mr. Dodgson will be a strange place, and it is
+      difficult to realise it even while we listen to the special
+      solemn anthems and hymns to his memory in our cathedral.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      One who had visited him at Guildford, writes:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      It must be quite sixteen years now since he first made
+      friends with my sister and myself as children on the beach
+      at Eastbourne, and since then his friendship has been and
+      must always be one of my most valued possessions. It
+      culminated, I think, in the summer of 1892&mdash;the year when he
+      brought me to spend a very happy Sunday at Guildford. I had
+      not seen him before, that year, for some time; and it was
+      then, I think, that the childish delight in his kindness,
+      and pride in his friendship, changed into higher love and
+      reverence, when in our long walks over the downs I saw more
+      and more into the great tenderness and gentleness of his
+      nature.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Shortly after Mr. Dodgson's death, his "Three Sunsets" was
+      published by Messrs. Macmillan. The twelve "Fairy Fancies,"
+      which illustrate it, were drawn by Miss E. G. Thomson.
+      Though they are entirely unconnected with the text, they
+      are so thoroughly in accordance with the author's delicate
+      refinement, and so beautiful in themselves, that they do
+      not strike one as inappropriate.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some of the verses are strangely in keeping with the time
+      at which they are published.
+    </p><span class="c6">I could not see, for blinding
+    tears,</span><br>
+    <span class="c11">The glories of the west:</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">A heavenly music filled my ears,</span><br>
+    <span class="c11">A heavenly peace my breast.</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">"Come unto me, come unto me&mdash;</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">All ye that labour, unto me&mdash;</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Ye heavy-laden, come to me&mdash;</span><br>
+    <span class="c11">And I will give you rest."</span><br>
+    <p>
+      One cannot read this little volume without feeling that the
+      shadow of some disappointment lay over Lewis Carroll's
+      life. Such I believe to have been the case, and it was this
+      that gave him his wonderful sympathy with all who suffered.
+      But those who loved him would not wish to lift the veil
+      from these dead sanctities, nor would any purpose be served
+      by so doing. The proper use of sympathy is not to weep over
+      sorrows that are over, and whose very memory is perhaps
+      obliterated for him in the first joy of possessing new and
+      higher faculties.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Before leaving the subject of this book, I should like to
+      draw attention to a few lines on "woman's mission," lines
+      full of the noblest chivalry, reminding one of Tennyson's
+      "Idylls of the King":&mdash;
+    </p><span class="c11">In the darkest path of man's
+    despair,</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Where War and Terror shake the troubled
+    earth,</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Lies woman's mission; with unblenching
+    brow</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">To pass through scenes of horror and
+    affright</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Where men grow sick and tremble: unto
+    her</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">All things are sanctified, for all are
+    good.</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Nothing so mean, but shall deserve her
+    care:</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Nothing so great, but she may bear her
+    part.</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">No life is vain: each hath his place
+    assigned:</span><br>
+    <span class="c6">Do thou thy task, and leave the rest to
+    God.</span><br>
+    <p>
+      Of the unpublished works which Mr. Dodgson left behind him,
+      I may mention "Original Games and Puzzles"; "Symbolic
+      Logic, Part ii.," and a portion of a mathematical book, the
+      proofs of which are now in the hands of the Controller of
+      the Oxford University Press.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      I will conclude this chapter with a poem which appeared in
+      <i>Punch</i> for January 29th, a fortnight after Lewis
+      Carroll's death. It expresses, with all the grace and
+      insight of the true poet, what I have tried, so feebly and
+      ineffectually, to say:&mdash;<br>
+      <span class="c12">LEWIS CARROLL.</span><br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Born</i> 1832. <i>Died January</i> 14, 1898.<br>
+      <br>
+      <span class="c6">Lover of children! Fellow-heir with
+      those</span><br>
+      <span class="c11">Of whom the imperishable kingdom
+      is!</span><br>
+      <span class="c6">Beyond all dreaming now your spirit
+      knows</span><br>
+      <span class="c11">The unimagined mysteries.</span><br>
+      <br>
+      <span class="c6">Darkly as in a glass our faces
+      look</span><br>
+      <span class="c11">To read ourselves, if so we may,
+      aright;</span><br>
+      <span class="c6">You, like the maiden in your fa&#235;rie
+      book&mdash;</span><br>
+      <span class="c11">You step behind and see the
+      light!</span><br>
+      <br>
+      <span class="c6">The heart you wore beneath your pedant's
+      cloak</span><br>
+      <span class="c11">Only to children's hearts you gave
+      away;</span><br>
+      <span class="c6">Yet unaware in half the world you
+      woke</span><br>
+      <span class="c11">The slumbering charm of childhood's
+      day.</span><br>
+      <br>
+      <span class="c6">We older children, too, our loss
+      lament,</span><br>
+      <span class="c11">We of the "Table Round," remembering
+      well</span><br>
+      <span class="c6">How he, our comrade, with his pencil
+      lent</span><br>
+      <span class="c11">Your fancy's speech a firmer
+      spell.</span><br>
+      <br>
+      <span class="c6">Master of rare woodcraft, by
+      sympathy's</span><br>
+      <span class="c11">Sure touch he caught your visionary
+      gleams,</span><br>
+      <span class="c6">And made your fame, the dreamer's, one
+      with his.</span><br>
+      <span class="c11">The wise interpreter of
+      dreams.</span><br>
+      <br>
+      <span class="c6">Farewell!&nbsp; But near our hearts we
+      have you yet,</span><br>
+      <span class="c11">Holding our heritage with loving
+      hand,</span><br>
+      <span class="c6">Who may not follow where your feet are
+      set</span><br>
+      <span class="c11">Upon the ways of Wonderland.<a name="FNanchor025"></a><a href="#Footnote_025"><sup>[025]</sup></a></span>
+    </p>
+    <table align="Center" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="516"></a>
+            <img src="Images/516.png" alt="516.png">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T516"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+<div class="c1" align="center">
+            <b>LORINA AND ALICE LIDDELL.<br>
+            <i>From a photograph</i><br>
+            by Lewis Carroll.</b></div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <h2>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_X_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER
+      X</a>
+    </h2><br>
+    <h4>
+      CHILD FRIENDS
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      Mr. Dodgson's fondness for children&mdash;Miss Isabel
+      Standen&mdash;Puzzles&mdash;"Me and Myself"&mdash;A double acrostic&mdash;"Father
+      William"&mdash;Of drinking healths&mdash;Kisses by post&mdash;Tired in the
+      face&mdash;The unripe plum&mdash;Eccentricities&mdash;"Sylvie and Bruno"&mdash;"Mr.
+      Dodgson is going on <i>well</i>."
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      This chapter, and the next will deal with Mr. Dodgson's
+      friendships with children. It would have been impossible to
+      arrange them in chronological sequence in the earlier part
+      of this book, and the fact that they exhibit a very
+      important and distinct side of his nature seems to justify
+      me in assigning them a special and individual position.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      For the contents of these two chapters, both my readers and
+      myself owe a debt of gratitude to those child-friends of
+      his, without whose ever-ready help this book could never
+      have been written.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      From very early college days began to emerge that beautiful
+      side of Lewis Carroll's character which afterwards was to
+      be, next to his fame as an author, the one for which he was
+      best known&mdash;his attitude towards children, and the strong
+      attraction they had for him. I shall attempt to point out
+      the various influences which led him in this direction; but
+      if I were asked for one comprehensive word wide enough to
+      explain this tendency of his nature, I would answer
+      unhesitatingly&mdash;Love. My readers will remember a beautiful
+      verse in "Sylvie and Bruno"; trite though it is, I cannot
+      forbear to quote it&mdash;
+    </p><span class="c1">Say, whose is the skill that paints
+    valley and hill,</span><br>
+    <span class="c2">Like a picture so fair to the
+    sight?</span><br>
+    <span class="c1">That flecks the green meadow with sunshine
+    and shadow,</span><br>
+    <span class="c2">Till the little lambs leap with
+    delight?</span><br>
+    <span class="c1">'Tis a secret untold to hearts cruel and
+    cold,</span><br>
+    <span class="c2">Though 'tis sung by the angels
+    above,</span><br>
+    <span class="c1">In notes that ring clear for the ears that
+    can hear,</span><br>
+    <span class="c2">And the name of the secret is
+    Love!</span><br>
+    <p>
+      That "secret"&mdash;an open secret for him&mdash;explains this side of
+      his character. As <i>he</i> read everything in its light,
+      so it is only in its light that <i>we</i> can properly
+      understand <i>him</i>. I think that the following quotation
+      from a letter to the Rev. F. H. Atkinson, accompanying a
+      copy of "Alice" for his little daughter Gertrude,
+      sufficiently proves the truth of what I have just stated:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Many thanks to Mrs. Atkinson and to you for the sight of
+      the tinted photograph of your Gertrude. As you say, the
+      picture speaks for itself, and I can see exactly what sort
+      of a child she is, in proof of which I send her my love and
+      a kiss herewith. It is possible I may be the first (unseen)
+      gentleman from whom she has had so ridiculous a message;
+      but I can't say she is the first unseen child to whom I
+      have sent one! I think the most precious message of the
+      kind I ever got from a child I never saw (and never shall
+      see in this world) was to the effect that she liked me when
+      she read about Alice, "but please tell him, whenever I read
+      that Easter letter he sent me I <i>do</i> love him!" She
+      was in a hospital, and a lady friend who visited there had
+      asked me to send the letter to her and some other sick
+      children.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      And now as to the secondary causes which attracted him to
+      children. First, I think children appealed to him because
+      he was pre-eminently a teacher, and he saw in their
+      unspoiled minds the best material for him to work upon. In
+      later years one of his favourite recreations was to lecture
+      at schools on logic; he used to give personal attention to
+      each of his pupils, and one can well imagine with what
+      eager anticipation the children would have looked forward
+      to the visits of a schoolmaster who knew how to make even
+      the dullest subjects interesting and amusing.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Again, children appealed to his &#230;sthetic faculties,
+      for he was a keen admirer of the beautiful in every form.
+      Poetry, music, the drama, all delighted him, but pictures
+      more than all put together. I remember his once showing me
+      "The Lady with the Lilacs," which Arthur Hughes had painted
+      for him, and how he dwelt with intense pleasure on the
+      exquisite contrasts of colour which it contained&mdash;the gold
+      hair of a girl standing out against the purple of
+      lilac-blossom. But with those who find in such things as
+      these a complete satisfaction of their desire for the
+      beautiful he had no sympathy; for no imperfect
+      representations of life could, for him, take the place of
+      life itself, life as God has made it&mdash;the babbling of the
+      brook, the singing of the birds, the laughter and sweet
+      faces of the children. And yet, recognising, as he did,
+      what Mr. Pater aptly terms "the curious perfection of the
+      human form," in man, as in nature, it was the soul that
+      attracted him more than the body. His intense admiration,
+      one might almost call it adoration, for the white innocence
+      and uncontaminated spirituality of childhood emerges most
+      clearly in "Sylvie and Bruno." He says very little of the
+      personal beauty of his heroine; he might have asked, with
+      Mr. Francis Thompson&mdash;
+    </p><span class="c1">How can I tell what beauty is her
+    dole,</span><br>
+    <span class="c1">Who cannot see her countenance for her
+    soul?</span><br>
+    <p>
+      So entirely occupied is he with her gentleness, her pity,
+      her sincerity, and her love.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Again, the reality of children appealed strongly to the
+      simplicity and genuineness of his own nature. I believe
+      that he understood children even better than he understood
+      men and women; civilisation has made adult humanity very
+      incomprehensible, for convention is as a veil which hides
+      the divine spark that is in each of us, and so this strange
+      thing has come to be, that the imperfect mirrors perfection
+      more completely than the perfected, that we see more of God
+      in the child than in the man.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      And in those moments of depression of which he had his full
+      share, when old age seemed to mock him with all its
+      futility and feebleness, it was the thought that the
+      children still loved him which nerved him again to continue
+      his life-work, which renewed his youth, so that to his
+      friends he never seemed an old man. Even the hand of death
+      itself only made his face look more boyish&mdash;the word is not
+      too strong. "How wonderfully young your brother looks!"
+      were the first words the doctor said, as he returned from
+      the room where Lewis Carroll's body lay, to speak to the
+      mourners below. And so he loved children because their
+      friendship was the true source of his perennial youth and
+      unflagging vigour. This idea is expressed in the following
+      poem&mdash;an acrostic, which he wrote for a friend some twenty
+      years ago:&mdash;
+    </p><span class="c1">Around my lonely hearth,
+    to-night,</span><br>
+    <span class="c2">Ghostlike the shadows wander:</span><br>
+    <span class="c1">Now here, now there, a childish
+    sprite,</span><br>
+    <span class="c1">Earthborn and yet as angel
+    bright,</span><br>
+    <span class="c2">Seems near me as I ponder.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c1">Gaily she shouts: the laughing
+    air</span><br>
+    <span class="c2">Echoes her note of gladness&mdash;</span><br>
+    <span class="c1">Or bends herself with earnest
+    care</span><br>
+    <span class="c1">Round fairy-fortress to prepare</span><br>
+    <span class="c1">Grim battlement or turret-stair&mdash;</span><br>
+    <span class="c2">In childhood's merry madness!</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c1">New raptures still hath youth in
+    store:</span><br>
+    <span class="c2">Age may but fondly cherish</span><br>
+    <span class="c1">Half-faded memories of yore&mdash;</span><br>
+    <span class="c1">Up, craven heart! repine no more!</span><br>
+    <span class="c1">Love stretches hands from shore to
+    shore:</span><br>
+    <span class="c2">Love is, and shall not perish!</span><br>
+    <p>
+      His first child-friend, so far as I know, was Miss Alice
+      Liddell, the little companion whose innocent talk was one
+      of the chief pleasures of his early life at Oxford, and to
+      whom he told the tale that was to make him famous. In
+      December, 1885, Miss M.E. Manners presented him with a
+      little volume, of which she was the authoress, "Aunt Agatha
+      Ann and Other Verses," and which contained a poem (which I
+      quoted in Chapter VI.), about "Alice." Writing to
+      acknowledge this gift, Lewis Carroll said:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Permit me to offer you my sincere thanks for the very sweet
+      verses you have written about my dream-child (named after a
+      real Alice, but none the less a dream-child) and her
+      Wonderland. That children love the book is a very precious
+      thought to me, and, next to their love, I value the
+      sympathy of those who come with a child's heart to what I
+      have tried to write about a child's thoughts. Next to what
+      conversing with an angel <i>might</i> be&mdash;for it is hard to
+      imagine it&mdash;comes, I think, the privilege of having a real
+      child's thoughts uttered to one. I have known some few
+      <i>real</i> children (you have too, I am sure), and their
+      friendship is a blessing and a help in life.
+    </blockquote>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="517"></a>
+            <img src="Images/517.png" alt="517.png">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T517"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+<div class="c1" align="center">
+            <b>ALICE LIDDELL.<br>
+            <i>From a photograph</i><br>
+            by Lewis Carroll.</b></div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      It is interesting to note how in "Sylvie and Bruno" his
+      idea of the thoughts of a child has become deeper and more
+      spiritual. Yet in the earlier tale, told "all in a golden
+      afternoon," to the plash of oars and the swish of a boat
+      through the waters of Cherwell or Thames, the ideal child
+      is strangely beautiful; she has all Sylvie's genuineness
+      and honesty, all her keen appreciation of the interest of
+      life; only there lacks that mysterious charm of deep
+      insight into the hidden forces of nature, the gentle power
+      that makes the sky "such a darling blue," which almost
+      links Sylvie with the angels.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Another of Lewis Carroll's early favourites was Miss
+      Alexandra (Xie) Kitchin, daughter of the Dean of Durham.
+      Her father was for fifteen years the Censor of the
+      unattached members of the University of Oxford, so that Mr.
+      Dodgson had plenty of opportunities of photographing his
+      little friend, and it is only fair to him to say that he
+      did not neglect them.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It would be futile to attempt even a bare list of the
+      children whom he loved, and who loved him; during forty
+      years of his life he was constantly adding to their number.
+      Some remained friends for life, but in a large proportion
+      of cases the friendship ended with the end of childhood. To
+      one of those few, whose affection for him had not waned
+      with increasing years, he wrote:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I always feel specially grateful to friends who, like you,
+      have given me a child-friendship and a woman&mdash;friendship.
+      About nine out of ten, I think, of my child-friendships get
+      ship-wrecked at the critical point, "where the stream and
+      river meet," and the child-friends, once so affectionate,
+      become uninteresting acquaintances, whom I have no wish to
+      set eyes on again.
+    </blockquote>
+    <table align="Left" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="518"></a>
+            <img src="Images/518.png" alt="518.png">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T518"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+<div class="c1" align="center">
+            <b>XIE KITCHIN.<br>
+            <i>From a photograph</i><br>
+            by Lewis Carroll.</b></div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      These friendships usually began all very much in the same
+      way. A chance meeting on the sea-shore, in the street, at
+      some friend's house, led to conversation; then followed a
+      call on the parents, and after that all sorts of kindnesses
+      on Lewis Carroll's part, presents of books, invitations to
+      stay with him at Oxford, or at Eastbourne, visits with him
+      to the theatre. For the amusement of his little guests he
+      kept a large assortment of musical-boxes, and an organette
+      which had to be fed with paper tunes. On one occasion he
+      ordered about twelve dozen of these tunes "on approval,"
+      and asked one of the other dons, who was considered a judge
+      of music, to come in and hear them played over. In addition
+      to these attractions there were clock-work bears, mice, and
+      frogs, and games and puzzles in infinite variety.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      One of his little friends, Miss Isabel Standen, has sent me
+      the following account of her first meeting with him:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      We met for the first time in the Forbury Gardens, Reading.
+      He was, I believe, waiting for a train. I was playing with
+      my brothers and sisters in the Gardens. I remember his
+      taking me on his knee and showing me puzzles, one of which
+      he refers to in the letter (given below. This puzzle was,
+      by the way, a great favourite of his; the problem is to
+      draw three interlaced squares without going over the same
+      lines twice, or taking the pen off the paper), which is so
+      thoroughly characteristic of him in its quaint humour:&mdash;
+      <blockquote>
+        "The Chestnuts, Guildford,<br>
+        <i>August</i> 22, 1869.<br>
+        <br>
+        My Dear Isabel,&mdash;Though I have only been acquainted with
+        you for fifteen minutes, yet, as there is no one else in
+        Reading I have known so long, I hope you will not mind my
+        troubling you. Before I met you in the Gardens yesterday
+        I bought some old books at a shop in Reading, which I
+        left to be called for, and had not time to go back for
+        them. I didn't even remark the name of the shop, but I
+        can tell <i>where</i> it was, and if you know the name of
+        the woman who keeps the shop, and would put it into the
+        blank I have left in this note, and direct it to her I
+        should be much obliged ... A friend of mine, called Mr.
+        Lewis Carroll, tells me he means to send you a book. He
+        is a <i>very</i> dear friend of mine. I have known him
+        all my life (we are the same age) and have <i>never</i>
+        left him. Of course he was with me in the Gardens, not a
+        yard off&mdash;even while I was drawing those puzzles for you.
+        I wonder if you saw him?<br>
+        <br>
+        Your fifteen-minute friend,<br>
+        <br>
+        C.L. Dodgson.<br>
+        <br>
+        Have you succeeded in drawing the three squares?"
+      </blockquote>
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Another favourite puzzle was the following&mdash;I give it in his
+      own words:&mdash;
+    </p><span class="c1">A is to draw a fictitious map divided
+    into counties.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c1">B is to colour it (or rather mark the
+    counties with <i>names</i> of</span><br>
+    <span class="c1">colours) using as few colours as
+    possible.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c1">Two adjacent counties must have
+    <i>different</i> colours.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c1">A's object is to force B to use as
+    <i>many</i> colours as possible.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c1">How many can he force B to use?</span><br>
+    <p>
+      One of his most amusing letters was to a little girl called
+      Magdalen, to whom he had given a copy of his "Hunting of
+      the Snark":&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Christ Church,<br>
+      <i>December</i> 15, 1875.<br>
+      <br>
+      My dear Magdalen,&mdash;I want to explain to you why I did not
+      call yesterday. I was sorry to miss you, but you see I had
+      so many conversations on the way. I tried to explain to the
+      people in the street that I was going to see you, but they
+      wouldn't listen; they said they were in a hurry, which was
+      rude. At last I met a wheelbarrow that I thought would
+      attend to me, but I couldn't make out what was in it. I saw
+      some features at first, then I looked through a telescope,
+      and found it was a countenance; then I looked through a
+      microscope, and found it was a face! I thought it was
+      father like me, so I fetched a large looking-glass to make
+      sure, and then to my great joy I found it was me. We shook
+      hands, and were just beginning to talk, when myself came up
+      and joined us, and we had quite a pleasant conversation. I
+      said, "Do you remember when we all met at Sandown?" and
+      myself said, "It was very jolly there; there was a child
+      called Magdalen," and me said, "I used to like her a
+      little; not much, you know&mdash;only a little." Then it was time
+      for us to go to the train, and who do you think came to the
+      station to see us off? You would never guess, so I must
+      tell you. They were two very dear friends of mine, who
+      happen to be here just now, and beg to be allowed to sign
+      this letter as your affectionate friends,<br>
+      <br>
+      Lewis Carroll and C.L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Another child-friend, Miss F. Bremer, writes as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Our acquaintance began in a somewhat singular manner. We
+      were playing on the Fort at Margate, and a gentleman on a
+      seat near asked us if we could make a paper boat, with a
+      seat at each end, and a basket in the middle for fish! We
+      were, of course, enchanted with the idea, and our new
+      friend&mdash;after achieving the feat&mdash;gave us his card, which we
+      at once carried to our mother. He asked if he might call
+      where we were staying, and then presented my elder sister
+      with a copy of "Alice in Wonderland," inscribed "From the
+      Author." He kindly organised many little excursions for
+      us&mdash;chiefly in the pursuit of knowledge. One memorable visit
+      to a light house is still fresh in our memories.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      It was while calling one day upon Mrs. Bremer that he
+      scribbled off the following double acrostic on the names of
+      her two daughters&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <pre>      <tt>
+        DOUBLE ACROSTIC&mdash;FIVE LETTERS.
+
+        Two little girls near London dwell,
+        More naughty than I like to tell.
+
+                         1.
+        Upon the lawn the hoops are seen:
+        The balls are rolling on the green.       T  ur  F
+
+                         2.
+        The Thames is running deep and wide:
+        And boats are rowing on the tide.         R ive  R
+
+                         3.
+        In winter-time, all in a row,
+        The happy skaters come and go.            I  c   E
+
+                         4.
+        "Papa!" they cry, "Do let us stay!"
+        He does not speak, but says they may.     N   o  D
+
+                         5.
+        "There is a land," he says, "my dear,
+        Which is too hot to skate, I fear."       A fric A
+</tt>      <br></pre>
+    <p>
+      At Margate also he met Miss Adelaide Paine, who afterwards
+      became one of his greatest favourites. He could not bear to
+      see the healthy pleasures of childhood spoiled by
+      conventional restraint. "One piece of advice given to my
+      parents," writes Miss Paine, "gave me very great glee, and
+      that was not to make little girls wear gloves at the
+      seaside; they took the advice, and I enjoyed the result."
+      <i>Apropos</i> of this I may mention that, when staying at
+      Eastbourne, he never went down to the beach without
+      providing himself with a supply of safety-pins. Then if he
+      saw any little girl who wanted to wade in the sea, but was
+      afraid of spoiling her frock, he would gravely go up to her
+      and present her with a safety-pin, so that she might fasten
+      up her skirts out of harm's way.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Tight boots were a great aversion of his, especially for
+      children. One little girl who was staying with him at
+      Eastbourne had occasion to buy a new pair of boots. Lewis
+      Carroll gave instructions to the bootmaker as to how they
+      were to be made, so as to be thoroughly comfortable, with
+      the result that when they came home they were more useful
+      than ornamental, being very nearly as broad as they were
+      long! Which shows that even hygienic principles may be
+      pushed too far.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The first meeting with Miss Paine took place in 1876. When
+      Lewis Carroll returned to Christ Church he sent her a copy
+      of "The Hunting of the Snark," with the following acrostic
+      written in the fly-leaf:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <pre>      <tt>
+'A re you deaf, Father William?' the young man said,
+'D id you hear what I told you just now?
+ E xcuse me for shouting! Don't waggle your head
+ L ike a blundering, sleepy old cow!
+ A little maid dwelling in Wallington Town,
+ I s my friend, so I beg to remark:
+ D o you think she'd be pleased if a book were sent down
+ E ntitled "The Hunt of the Snark?"'
+
+'P ack it up in brown paper!' the old man cried,
+'A nd seal it with olive-and-dove.
+ I command you to do it!' he added with pride,
+'N or forget, my good fellow, to send her beside
+ E aster Greetings, and give her my love.'
+</tt>      <br></pre>
+    <p>
+      This was followed by a letter, dated June 7, 1876:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      My dear Adelaide,&mdash;Did you try if the letters at the
+      beginnings of the lines about Father William would spell
+      anything? Sometimes it happens that you can spell out words
+      that way, which is very curious.<br>
+      <br>
+      I wish you could have heard him when he shouted out "Pack
+      it up in brown paper!" It quite shook the house. And he
+      threw one of his shoes at his son's head (just to make him
+      attend, you know), but it missed him.<br>
+      <br>
+      He was glad to hear you had got the book safe, but his eyes
+      filled with tears as he said, "I sent <i>her</i> my love,
+      but she never&mdash;" he couldn't say any more, his mouth was so
+      full of bones (he was just finishing a roast goose).
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Another letter to Miss Paine is very characteristic of his
+      quaint humour:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Christ Church, Oxford,<br>
+      <i>March</i> 8, 1880.<br>
+      <br>
+      My dear Ada,&mdash;(Isn't that your short name? "Adelaide" is all
+      very well, but you see when one's <i>dreadfully</i> busy
+      one hasn't time to write such long words&mdash;particularly when
+      it takes one half an hour to remember how to spell it&mdash;and
+      even then one has to go and get a dictionary to see if one
+      has spelt it right, and of course the dictionary is in
+      another room, at the top of a high bookcase&mdash;where it has
+      been for months and months, and has got all covered with
+      dust&mdash;so one has to get a duster first of all, and nearly
+      choke oneself in dusting it&mdash;and when one <i>has</i> made
+      out at last which is dictionary and which is dust, even
+      <i>then</i> there's the job of remembering which end of the
+      alphabet "A" comes&mdash;for one feels pretty certain it isn't in
+      the <i>middle</i>&mdash;then one has to go and wash one's hands
+      before turning over the leaves&mdash;for they've got so thick
+      with dust one hardly knows them by sight&mdash;and, as likely as
+      not, the soap is lost, and the jug is empty, and there's no
+      towel, and one has to spend hours and hours in finding
+      things&mdash;and perhaps after all one has to go off to the shop
+      to buy a new cake of soap&mdash;so, with all this bother, I hope
+      you won't mind my writing it short and saying, "My dear
+      Ada"). You said in your last letter you would like a
+      likeness of me: so here it is, and I hope you will like
+      it&mdash;I won't forget to call the next time but one I'm in
+      Wallington.<br>
+      <br>
+      Your very affectionate friend,<br>
+      <br>
+      Lewis Carroll.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      It was quite against Mr. Dodgson's usual rule to give away
+      photographs of himself; he hated publicity, and the above
+      letter was accompanied by another to Mrs. Paine, which ran
+      as follows:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I am very unwilling, usually, to give my photograph, for I
+      don't want people, who have heard of Lewis Carroll, to be
+      able to recognise him in the street&mdash;but I can't refuse Ada.
+      Will you kindly take care, if any of your ordinary
+      acquaintances (I don't speak of intimate friends) see it,
+      that they are <i>not</i> told anything about the name of
+      "Lewis Carroll"?
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      He even objected to having his books discussed in his
+      presence; thus he writes to a friend:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Your friend, Miss&mdash;was very kind and complimentary about my
+      books, but may I confess that I would rather have them
+      ignored? Perhaps I am too fanciful, but I have somehow
+      taken a dislike to being talked to about them; and
+      consequently have some trials to bear in society, which
+      otherwise would be no trials at all.... I don't think any
+      of my many little stage-friends have any shyness at all
+      about being talked to of their performances. <i>They</i>
+      thoroughly enjoy the publicity that I shrink from.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The child to whom the three following letters were
+      addressed, Miss Gaynor Simpson, was one of Lewis Carroll's
+      Guildford friends. The correct answer to the riddle
+      propounded in the second letter is "Copal":&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>December</i> 27, 1873.<br>
+      <br>
+      My dear Gaynor,&mdash;My name is spelt with a "G," that is to say
+      "<i>Dodgson</i> ." Any one who spells it the same as that
+      wretch (I mean of course the Chairman of Committees in the
+      House of Commons) offends me <i>deeply</i> , and <i>for
+      ever!</i> It is a thing I <i>can</i> forget, but <i>never
+      can forgive!</i> If you do it again, I shall call you
+      "'aynor." Could you live happy with such a name?<br>
+      <br>
+      As to dancing, my dear, I <i>never</i> dance, unless I am
+      allowed to do it <i>in my own peculiar way.</i> There is no
+      use trying to describe it: it has to be seen to be
+      believed. The last house I tried it in, the floor broke
+      through. But then it was a poor sort of floor&mdash;the beams
+      were only six inches thick, hardly worth calling beams at
+      all: stone arches are much more sensible, when any dancing,
+      <i>of my peculiar kind</i>, is to be done. Did you ever see
+      the Rhinoceros, and the Hippopotamus, at the
+      Zo&#246;logical Gardens, trying to dance a minuet together?
+      It is a touching sight.<br>
+      <br>
+      Give any message from me to Amy that you think will be most
+      likely to surprise her, and, believe me,<br>
+      <br>
+      Your affectionate friend,<br>
+      <br>
+      Lewis Carroll.<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      My dear Gaynor,&mdash;So you would like to know the answer to
+      that riddle? Don't be in a hurry to tell it to Amy and
+      Frances: triumph over them for a while!<br>
+      <br>
+      <span class="c3">My first lends its aid when you plunge
+      into trade.</span><br>
+      <span class="c1"><i>Gain</i>. Who would go into trade if
+      there were no gain in it?</span><br>
+      <br>
+      <span class="c3">My second in jollifications&mdash;</span><br>
+      <span class="c1"><i>Or</i> [The French for "gold"&mdash;] Your
+      jollifications would</span><br>
+      <span class="c1">be <i>very</i> limited if you had no
+      money.</span><br>
+      <br>
+      <span class="c3">My whole, laid on thinnish, imparts a neat
+      finish</span><br>
+      <span class="c1">To pictorial representations.</span><br>
+      <br>
+      <i>Gaynor</i>. Because she will be an ornament to the
+      Shakespeare Charades&mdash;only she must be "laid on thinnish,"
+      that is, <i>there musn't be too much of her.</i><br>
+      <br>
+      Yours affectionately,<br>
+      <br>
+      C. L. Dodgson.<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      My dear Gaynor,&mdash;Forgive me for having sent you a sham
+      answer to begin with.<br>
+      <br>
+      My first&mdash;<i>Sea</i>. It carries the ships of the
+      merchants.<br>
+      <br>
+      My second&mdash;<i>Weed</i>. That is, a cigar, an article much
+      used in jollifications.<br>
+      <br>
+      My whole&mdash;<i>Seaweed</i>. Take a newly painted oil&mdash;picture;
+      lay it on its back on the floor, and spread over it,
+      "thinnish," some wet seaweed. You will find you have
+      "finished" that picture.<br>
+      <br>
+      Yours affectionately,<br>
+      <br>
+      C.L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Lewis Carroll during the last fifteen years of his life
+      always spent the Long Vacation at Eastbourne; in earlier
+      times, Sandown, a pleasant little seaside resort in the
+      Isle of Wight, was his summer abode. He loved the sea both
+      for its own sake and because of the number of children whom
+      he met at seaside places. Here is another "first meeting";
+      this time it is at Sandown, and Miss Gertrude Chataway is
+      the narrator:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I first met Mr. Lewis Carroll on the sea-shore at Sandown
+      in the Isle of Wight, in the summer of 1875, when I was
+      quite a little child.<br>
+      <br>
+      We had all been taken there for change of air, and next
+      door there was an old gentlemen&mdash;to me at any rate he seemed
+      old&mdash;who interested me immensely. He would come on to his
+      balcony, which joined ours, sniffing the sea-air with his
+      head thrown back, and would walk right down the steps on to
+      the beach with his chin in air, drinking in the fresh
+      breezes as if he could never have enough. I do not know why
+      this excited such keen curiosity on my part, but I remember
+      well that whenever I heard his footstep I flew out to see
+      him coming, and when one day he spoke to me my joy was
+      complete.<br>
+      <br>
+      Thus we made friends, and in a very little while I was as
+      familiar with the interior of his lodgings as with our
+      own.<br>
+      <br>
+      I had the usual child's love for fairy-tales and marvels,
+      and his power of telling stories naturally fascinated me.
+      We used to sit for hours on the wooden steps which led from
+      our garden on to the beach, whilst he told the most lovely
+      tales that could possibly be imagined, often illustrating
+      the exciting situations with a pencil as he went along.<br>
+      <br>
+      One thing that made his stories particularly charming to a
+      child was that he often took his cue from her remarks&mdash;a
+      question would set him off on quite a new trail of ideas,
+      so that one felt that one had somehow helped to make the
+      story, and it seemed a personal possession It was the most
+      lovely nonsense conceivable, and I naturally revelled in
+      it. His vivid imagination would fly from one subject to
+      another, and was never tied down in any way by the
+      probabilities of life.<br>
+      <br>
+      To <i>me</i> it was of course all perfect, but it is
+      astonishing that <i>he</i> never seemed either tired or to
+      want other society. I spoke to him once of this since I
+      have been grown up, and he told me it was the greatest
+      pleasure he could have to converse freely with a child, and
+      feel the depths of her mind.<br>
+      <br>
+      He used to write to me and I to him after that summer, and
+      the friendship, thus begun, lasted. His letters were one of
+      the greatest joys of my childhood.<br>
+      <br>
+      I don't think that he ever really understood that we, whom
+      he had known as children, could not always remain such. I
+      stayed with him only a few years ago, at Eastbourne, and
+      felt for the time that I was once more a child. He never
+      appeared to realise that I had grown up, except when I
+      reminded him of the fact, and then he only said, "Never
+      mind: you will always be a child to me, even when your hair
+      is grey."
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Some of the letters, to which Miss Chataway refers in these
+      reminiscences, I am enabled, through her kindness, to give
+      below:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Christ Church, Oxford,<br>
+      <i>October</i> 13, 1875.<br>
+      <br>
+      My dear Gertrude,&mdash;I never give birthday <i>presents</i>,
+      but you see I <i>do</i> sometimes write a birthday
+      <i>letter</i> : so, as I've just arrived here, I am writing
+      this to wish you many and many a happy return of your
+      birthday to-morrow. I will drink your health, if only I can
+      remember, and if you don't mind&mdash;but perhaps you object? You
+      see, if I were to sit by you at breakfast, and to drink
+      your tea, you wouldn't like <i>that</i>, would you? You
+      would say "Boo! hoo! Here's Mr. Dodgson's drunk all my tea,
+      and I haven't got any left!" So I am very much afraid, next
+      time Sybil looks for you, she'll find you sitting by the
+      sad sea-wave, and crying "Boo! hoo! Here's Mr. Dodgson has
+      drunk my health, and I haven't got any left!" And how it
+      will puzzle Dr. Maund, when he is sent for to see you! "My
+      dear Madam, I'm very sorry to say your little girl has got
+      <i>no health at all</i>! I never saw such a thing in my
+      life!" "Oh, I can easily explain it!" your mother will say.
+      "You see she would go and make friends with a strange
+      gentleman, and yesterday he drank her health!" "Well, Mrs.
+      Chataway," he will say, "the only way to cure her is to
+      wait till his next birthday, and then for <i>her</i> to
+      drink <i>his</i> health."<br>
+      <br>
+      And then we shall have changed healths. I wonder how you'll
+      like mine! Oh, Gertrude, I wish you wouldn't talk such
+      nonsense!...<br>
+      <br>
+      Your loving friend,<br>
+      <br>
+      Lewis Carroll.<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      Christ Church, Oxford,<br>
+      <i>Dec</i>. 9, 1875.<br>
+      <br>
+      My dear Gertrude,&mdash;This really will <i>not</i> do, you know,
+      sending one more kiss every time by post: the parcel gets
+      so heavy it is quite expensive. When the postman brought in
+      the last letter, he looked quite grave. "Two pounds to pay,
+      sir!" he said. "<i>Extra weight</i>, sir!" (I think he
+      cheats a little, by the way. He often makes me pay two
+      <i>pounds</i> , when I think it should be <i>pence</i>).
+      "Oh, if you please, Mr. Postman!" I said, going down
+      gracefully on one knee (I wish you could see me go down on
+      one knee to a postman&mdash;it's a very pretty sight), "do excuse
+      me just this once! It's only from a little girl!"<br>
+      <br>
+      "Only from a little girl!" he growled. "What are little
+      girls made of?" "Sugar and spice," I began to say, "and all
+      that's ni&mdash;" but he interrupted me. "No! I don't mean
+      <i>that</i>. I mean, what's the good of little girls, when
+      they send such heavy letters?" "Well, they're not
+      <i>much</i> good, certainly," I said, rather sadly.<br>
+      <br>
+      "Mind you don't get any more such letters," he said, "at
+      least, not from that particular little girl. <i>I know her
+      well, and she's a regular bad one</i>!" That's not true,
+      is it? I don't believe he ever saw you, and you're not a
+      bad one, are you? However, I promised him we would send
+      each other <i>very</i> few more letters&mdash;"Only two thousand
+      four hundred and seventy, or so," I said. "Oh!" he said, "a
+      little number like <i>that</i> doesn't signify. What I
+      meant is, you mustn't send <i>many</i> ."<br>
+      <br>
+      So you see we must keep count now, and when we get to two
+      thousand four hundred and seventy, we mustn't write any
+      more, unless the postman gives us leave.<br>
+      <br>
+      I sometimes wish I was back on the shore at Sandown; don't
+      you?<br>
+      <br>
+      Your loving friend,<br>
+      <br>
+      Lewis Carroll.<br>
+      <br>
+      Why is a pig that has lost its tail like a little girl on
+      the sea-shore?<br>
+      <br>
+      Because it says, "I should like another tale, please!"<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      Christ Church, Oxford,<br>
+      <i>July</i> 21, 1876.<br>
+      <br>
+      My dear Gertrude,&mdash;Explain to me how I am to enjoy Sandown
+      without <i>you</i> . How can I walk on the beach alone? How
+      can I sit all alone on those wooden steps? So you see, as I
+      shan't be able to do without you, you will have to come. If
+      Violet comes, I shall tell her to invite you to stay with
+      her, and then I shall come over in the Heather-Bell and
+      fetch you.<br>
+      <br>
+      If I ever <i>do</i> come over, I see I couldn't go back the
+      same day, so you will have to engage me a bed somewhere in
+      Swanage; and if you can't find one, I shall expect
+      <i>you</i> to spend the night on the beach, and give up
+      your room to <i>me</i>. Guests of course must be thought of
+      before children; and I'm sure in these warm nights the
+      beach will be quite good enough for <i>you</i>. If you
+      <i>did</i> feel a little chilly, of course you could go
+      into a bathing-machine, which everybody knows is
+      <i>very</i> comfortable to sleep in&mdash;you know they make the
+      floor of soft wood on purpose. I send you seven kisses (to
+      last a week) and remain<br>
+      <br>
+      Your loving friend,<br>
+      <br>
+      Lewis Carroll.<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      Christ Church, Oxford,<br>
+      <i>October</i> 28, 1876.<br>
+      <br>
+      My dearest Gertrude,&mdash;You will be sorry, and surprised, and
+      puzzled, to hear what a queer illness I have had ever since
+      you went. I sent for the doctor, and said, "Give me some
+      medicine, for I'm tired." He said, "Nonsense and stuff! You
+      don't want medicine: go to bed!" I said, "No; it isn't the
+      sort of tiredness that wants bed. I'm tired in the
+      <i>face</i>." He looked a little grave, and said, "Oh, it's
+      your <i>nose</i> that's tired: a person often talks too
+      much when he thinks he nose a great deal." I said, "No; it
+      isn't the nose. Perhaps it's the <i>hair</i>." Then he
+      looked rather grave, and said, "<i>Now</i> I understand:
+      you've been playing too many hairs on the piano-forte."
+      "No, indeed I haven't!" I said, "and it isn't exactly the
+      <i>hair</i>: it's more about the nose and chin." Then he
+      looked a good deal graver, and said, "Have you been walking
+      much on your chin lately?" I said, "No." "Well!" he said,
+      "it puzzles me very much. Do you think that it's in the
+      lips?" "Of course!" I said. "That's exactly what it is!"
+      Then he looked very grave indeed, and said, "I think you
+      must have been giving too many kisses." "Well," I said, "I
+      did give <i>one</i> kiss to a baby child, a little friend
+      of mine." "Think again," he said; "are you sure it was only
+      <i>one</i>?" I thought again, and said, "Perhaps it was
+      eleven times." Then the doctor said, "You must not give her
+      <i>any</i> more till your lips are quite rested again."
+      "But what am I to do?" I said, "because you see, I owe her
+      a hundred and eighty-two more." Then he looked so grave
+      that the tears ran down his cheeks, and he said, "You may
+      send them to her in a box." Then I remembered a little box
+      that I once bought at Dover, and thought I would some day
+      give it to <i>some</i> little girl or other. So I have
+      packed them all in it very carefully. Tell me if they come
+      safe, or if any are lost on the way.<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      Reading Station,<br>
+      <i>April</i> 13, 1878.<br>
+      <br>
+      My dear Gertrude,&mdash;As I have to wait here for half an hour,
+      I have been studying Bradshaw (most things, you know, ought
+      to be studied: even a trunk is studded with nails), and the
+      result is that it seems I could come, any day next week, to
+      Winckfield, so as to arrive there about one; and that, by
+      leaving Winckfield again about half-past six, I could reach
+      Guildford again for dinner. The next question is, <i>How
+      far is it from Winckfield to Rotherwick</i>? Now do not
+      deceive me, you wretched child! If it is more than a
+      hundred miles, I can't come to see you, and there is no use
+      to talk about it. If it is less, the next question is,
+      <i>How much less?</i> These are serious questions, and you
+      must be as serious as a judge in answering them. There
+      mustn't be a smile in your pen, or a wink in your ink
+      (perhaps you'll say, "There can't be a <i>wink</i> in
+      <i>ink</i>: but there <i>may</i> be <i>ink</i> in a
+      <i>wink</i>"&mdash;but this is trifling; you mustn't make jokes
+      like that when I tell you to be serious) while you write to
+      Guildford and answer these two questions. You might as well
+      tell me at the same time whether you are still living at
+      Rotherwick&mdash;and whether you are at home&mdash;and whether you get
+      my letter&mdash;and whether you're still a child, or a grown-up
+      person&mdash;and whether you're going to the seaside next
+      summer&mdash;and anything else (except the alphabet and the
+      multiplication table) that you happen to know. I send you
+      10,000,000 kisses, and remain.<br>
+      <br>
+      Your loving friend,<br>
+      <br>
+      C. L. Dodgson.<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      The Chestnuts, Guildford,<br>
+      <i>April</i> 19, 1878.<br>
+      <br>
+      My dear Gertrude,&mdash;I'm afraid it's "no go"&mdash;I've had such a
+      bad cold all the week that I've hardly been out for some
+      days, and I don't think it would be wise to try the
+      expedition this time, and I leave here on Tuesday. But
+      after all, what does it signify? Perhaps there are ten or
+      twenty gentlemen, all living within a few miles of
+      Rotherwick, and any one of them would do just as well! When
+      a little girl is hoping to take a plum off a dish, and
+      finds that she can't have that one, because it's bad or
+      unripe, what does she do? Is she sorry, or disappointed?
+      Not a bit! She just takes another instead, and grins from
+      one little ear to the other as she puts it to her lips!
+      This is a little fable to do you good; the little girl
+      means <i>you</i>&mdash;the bad plum means <i>me</i>&mdash;the other
+      plum means some other friend&mdash;and all that about the little
+      girl putting plums to her lips means&mdash;well, it means&mdash;but you
+      know you can't expect <i>every bit</i> of a fable to mean
+      something! And the little girl grinning means that dear
+      little smile of yours, that just reaches from the tip of
+      one ear to the tip of the other!<br>
+      <br>
+      Your loving friend,<br>
+      <br>
+      C.L. Dodgson.<br>
+      <br>
+      I send you 4&mdash;3/4 kisses.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The next letter is a good example of the dainty little
+      notes Lewis Carroll used to scribble off on any scrap of
+      paper that lay to his hand:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Chestnuts, Guildford,<br>
+      <i>January</i> 15, 1886.<br>
+      <br>
+      Yes, my child, if all be well, I shall hope, and you may
+      fear, that the train reaching Hook at two eleven, will
+      contain<br>
+      <br>
+      Your loving friend,<br>
+      <br>
+      C.L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Only a few years ago, illness prevented him from fulfilling
+      his usual custom of spending Christmas with his sisters at
+      Guildford. This is the allusion in the following letter:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      My dear old Friend,&mdash;(The friendship is old, though the
+      child is young.) I wish a very happy New Year, and many of
+      them, to you and yours; but specially to you, because I
+      know you best and love you most. And I pray God to bless
+      you, dear child, in this bright New Year, and many a year
+      to come. ... I write all this from my sofa, where I have
+      been confined a prisoner for six weeks, and as I dreaded
+      the railway journey, my doctor and I agreed that I had
+      better not go to spend Christmas with my sisters at
+      Guildford. So I had my Christmas dinner all alone, in my
+      room here, and (pity me, Gertrude!) it wasn't a Christmas
+      dinner at all&mdash;I suppose the cook thought I should not care
+      for roast beef or plum pudding, so he sent me (he has
+      general orders to send either fish and meat, or meat and
+      pudding) some fried sole and some roast mutton! Never,
+      never have I dined before, on Christmas Day, without
+      <i>plum pudding</i>. Wasn't it sad? Now I think you must be
+      content; this is a longer letter than most will get. Love
+      to Olive. My clearest memory of her is of a little girl
+      calling out "Good-night" from her room, and of your mother
+      taking me in to see her in her bed, and wish her
+      good-night. I have a yet clearer memory (like a dream of
+      fifty years ago) of a little bare-legged girl in a sailor's
+      jersey, who used to run up into my lodgings by the sea. But
+      why should I trouble you with foolish reminiscences of
+      <i>mine</i> that <i>cannot</i> interest you?<br>
+      <br>
+      Yours always lovingly,<br>
+      <br>
+      C. L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      It was a writer in <i>The National Review</i> who, after
+      eulogising the talents of Lewis Carroll, and stating that
+      <i>he</i> would never be forgotten, added the harsh
+      prophecy that "future generations will not waste a single
+      thought upon the Rev. C.L. Dodgson."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      If this prediction is destined to be fulfilled, I think my
+      readers will agree with me that it will be solely on
+      account of his extraordinary diffidence about asserting
+      himself. But such an unnatural division of Lewis Carroll,
+      the author, from the Rev. C.L. Dodgson, the man, is forced
+      in the extreme. His books are simply the expression of his
+      normal habit of mind, as these letters show. In literature,
+      as in everything else, he was absolutely natural.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      To refer to such criticisms as this (I am thankful to say
+      they have been very few) is not agreeable; but I feel that
+      it is owing to Mr. Dodgson to do what I can to vindicate
+      the real unity which underlay both his life and all his
+      writings.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Of many anecdotes which might be adduced to show the
+      lovable character of the man, the following little story
+      has reached me through one of his child-friends:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      My sister and I [she writes] were spending a day of
+      delightful sightseeing in town with him, on our way to his
+      home at Guildford, where we were going to pass a day or two
+      with him. We were both children, and were much interested
+      when he took us into an American shop where the cakes for
+      sale were cooked by a very rapid process before your eyes,
+      and handed to you straight from the cook's hands. As the
+      preparation of them could easily be seen from outside the
+      window, a small crowd of little ragamuffins naturally
+      assembled there, and I well remember his piling up seven of
+      the cakes on one arm, and himself taking them out and
+      doling them round to the seven hungry little youngsters.
+      The simple kindness of his act impressed its charm on his
+      child-friends inside the shop as much as on his little
+      stranger friends outside.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      It was only to those who had but few personal dealings with
+      him that he seemed stiff and "donnish"; to his more
+      intimate acquaintances, who really understood him, each
+      little eccentricity of manner or of habits was a delightful
+      addition to his charming and interesting personality. That
+      he was, in some respects, eccentric cannot be denied; for
+      instance he hardly ever wore an overcoat, and always wore a
+      tall hat, whatever might be the climatic conditions. At
+      dinner in his rooms small pieces of cardboard took the
+      place of table-mats; they answered the purpose perfectly
+      well, he said, and to buy anything else would be a mere
+      waste of money. On the other hand, when purchasing books
+      for himself, or giving treats to the children he loved, he
+      never seemed to consider expense at all.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He very seldom sat down to write, preferring to stand while
+      thus engaged. When making tea for his friends, he used, in
+      order, I suppose, to expedite the process, to walk up and
+      down the room waving the teapot about, and telling
+      meanwhile those delightful anecdotes of which he had an
+      inexhaustible supply.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Great were his preparations before going a journey; each
+      separate article used to be carefully wrapped up in a piece
+      of paper all to itself, so that his trunks contained nearly
+      as much paper as of the more useful things. The bulk of the
+      luggage was sent on a day or two before by goods train,
+      while he himself followed on the appointed day, laden only
+      with his well-known little black bag, which he always
+      insisted on carrying himself.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He had a strong objection to staring colours in dress, his
+      favourite combination being pink and grey. One little girl
+      who came to stay with him was absolutely forbidden to wear
+      a red frock, of a somewhat pronounced hue, while out in his
+      company.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      At meals he was very abstemious always, while he took
+      nothing in the middle of the day except a glass of wine and
+      a biscuit. Under these circumstances it is not very
+      surprising that the healthy appetites of his little friends
+      filled him with wonder, and even with alarm. When he took a
+      certain one of them out with him to a friend's house to
+      dinner, he used to give the host or hostess a gentle
+      warning, to the mixed amazement and indignation of the
+      child, "Please be careful, because she eats a good deal too
+      much."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Another peculiarity, which I have already referred to, was
+      his objection to being invited to dinners or any other
+      social gatherings; he made a rule of never accepting
+      invitations. "Because you have invited me, therefore I
+      cannot come," was the usual form of his refusal. I suppose
+      the reason of this was his hatred of the interference with
+      work which engagements of this sort occasion.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      He had an extreme horror of infection, as will appear from
+      the following illustration. Miss Isa Bowman and her sister,
+      Nellie, were at one time staying with him at Eastbourne,
+      when news came from home that their youngest sister had
+      caught the scarlet fever. From that day every letter which
+      came from Mrs. Bowman to the children was held up by Mr.
+      Dodgson, while the two little girls, standing at the
+      opposite end of the room, had to read it as best they
+      could. Mr. Dodgson, who was the soul of honour, used always
+      to turn his head to one side during these readings, lest he
+      might inadvertently see some words that were not meant for
+      his eyes.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Some extracts from letters of his to a child-friend, who
+      prefers to remain anonymous, follow:
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>November</i> 30, 1879.<br>
+      <br>
+      I have been awfully busy, and I've had to write
+      <i>heaps</i> of letters&mdash;wheelbarrows full, almost. And it
+      tires me so that generally I go to bed again the next
+      minute after I get up: and sometimes I go to bed again a
+      minute <i>before</i> I get up! Did you ever hear of any one
+      being so tired as <i>that?</i> ...<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      <i>November</i> 7, 1882.<br>
+      <br>
+      My dear E&mdash;, How often you must find yourself in want of a
+      pin! For instance, you go into a shop, and you say to the
+      man, "I want the largest penny bun you can let me have for
+      a halfpenny." And perhaps the man looks stupid, and doesn't
+      quite understand what you mean. Then how convenient it is
+      to have a pin ready to stick into the back of his hand,
+      while you say, "Now then! Look sharp, stupid!"... and even
+      when you don't happen to want a pin, how often you think to
+      yourself, "They say Interlacken is a very pretty place. I
+      wonder what it looks like!" (That is the place that is
+      painted on this pincushion.)<br>
+      <br>
+      When you don't happen to want either a pin or pictures, it
+      may just remind you of a friend who sometimes thinks of his
+      dear little friend E&mdash;, and who is just now thinking of the
+      day he met her on the parade, the first time she had been
+      allowed to come out alone to look for him....<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      <i>December</i> 26, 1886.<br>
+      <br>
+      My dear E&mdash;, Though rushing, rapid rivers roar between us
+      (if you refer to the map of England, I think you'll find
+      that to be correct), we still remember each other, and feel
+      a sort of shivery affection for each other....<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      <i>March</i> 31, 1890.<br>
+      <br>
+      I <i>do</i> sympathise so heartily with you in what you say
+      about feeling shy with children when you have to entertain
+      them! Sometimes they are a real <i>terror</i> to
+      me&mdash;especially boys: little girls I can now and then get on
+      with, when they're few enough. They easily become "de
+      trop." But with little <i>boys</i> I'm out of my element
+      altogether. I sent "Sylvie and Bruno" to an Oxford friend,
+      and, in writing his thanks, he added, "I think I must bring
+      my little boy to see you." So I wrote to say
+      "<i>don't</i>," or words to that effect: and he wrote again
+      that he could hardly believe his eyes when he got my note.
+      He thought I doted on <i>all</i> children. But I'm
+      <i>not</i> omnivorous!&mdash;like a pig. I pick and
+      choose....<br>
+      <br>
+      You are a lucky girl, and I am rather inclined to envy you,
+      in having the leisure to read Dante&mdash;<i>I</i> have never
+      read a page of him; yet I am sure the "Divina Commedia" is
+      one of the grandest books in the world&mdash;though I am
+      <i>not</i> sure whether the reading of it would
+      <i>raise</i> one's life and give it a nobler purpose, or
+      simply be a grand poetical treat. That is a question you
+      are beginning to be able to answer: I doubt if <i>I</i>
+      shall ever (at least in this life) have the opportunity of
+      reading it; my life seems to be all torn into little bits
+      among the host of things I want to do! It seems hard to
+      settle what to do <i>first. One</i> piece of work, at any
+      rate, I am clear ought to be done this year, and it will
+      take months of hard work: I mean the second volume of
+      "Sylvie and Bruno." I fully <i>mean</i> , if I have life
+      and health till Xmas next, to bring it out then. When one
+      is close on sixty years old, it seems presumptuous to count
+      on years and years of work yet to be done....<br>
+      <br>
+      She is rather the exception among the hundred or so of
+      child-friends who have brightened my life. Usually the
+      child becomes so entirely a different being as she grows
+      into a woman, that our friendship has to change too: and
+      <i>that</i> it usually does by gliding down from a loving
+      intimacy into an acquaintance that merely consists of a
+      smile and a bow when we meet!...<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      <i>January</i> 1, 1895.<br>
+      <br>
+      ... You are quite correct in saying it is a long time since
+      you have heard from me: in fact, I find that I have not
+      written to you since the 13th of last November. But what of
+      that? You have access to the daily papers. Surely you can
+      find out negatively, that I am all right! Go carefully
+      through the list of bankruptcies; then run your eye down
+      the police cases; and, if you fail to find my name
+      anywhere, you can say to your mother in a tone of calm
+      satisfaction, "Mr. Dodgson is going on <i>well</i>."
+    </blockquote><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <h2>
+      <a name="CHAPTER_XI_T"></a> <a href="#CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER
+      XI</a>
+    </h2>
+    <h4>
+      (THE SAME&mdash;<i>continued</i>.)
+    </h4>
+    <blockquote>
+      Books for children&mdash;"The Lost Plum-Cake"&mdash;"An Unexpected
+      Guest"&mdash;Miss Isa Bowman&mdash;Interviews&mdash;"Matilda Jane"&mdash;Miss Edith
+      Rix&mdash;Miss Kathleen Eschwege.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Lewis Carroll's own position as an author did not prevent
+      him from taking a great interest in children's books and
+      their writers. He had very strong ideas on what was or was
+      not suitable in such books, but, when once his somewhat
+      exacting taste was satisfied, he was never tired of
+      recommending a story to his friends. His cousin, Mrs.
+      Egerton Allen, who has herself written several charming
+      tales for young readers, has sent me the following letter
+      which she received from him some years ago:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Dear Georgie,&mdash;<i>Many</i> thanks. The book was at Ch. Ch.
+      I've done an unusual thing, in thanking for a book, namely,
+      <i>waited to read it</i>. I've read it <i>right
+      through</i>! In fact, I found it very refreshing, when
+      jaded with my own work at "Sylvie and Bruno" (coming out at
+      Xmas, I hope) to lie down on the sofa and read a chapter of
+      "Evie." I like it very much: and am so glad to have helped
+      to bring it out. It would have been a real loss to the
+      children of England, if you had burned the MS., as you once
+      thought of doing....
+    </blockquote>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="519"></a>
+            <img src="Images/519.png" alt="519.png">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T519"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+<div class="c1" align="center">
+            <b>XIE KITCHIN AS A CHINAMAN.<br>
+            <i>From a photograph</i><br>
+            by Lewis Carroll.</b></div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <p>
+      The very last words of his that appeared in print took the
+      form of a preface to one of Mrs. Allen's tales, "The Lost
+      Plum-Cake," (Macmillan &amp; Co., 1898). So far as I know,
+      this was the only occasion on which he wrote a preface for
+      another author's book, and his remarks are doubly
+      interesting as being his last service to the children whom
+      he loved. No apology, then, is needed for quoting from them
+      here:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Let me seize this opportunity of saying one earnest word to
+      the mothers in whose hands this little book may chance to
+      come, who are in the habit of taking their children to
+      church with them. However well and reverently those dear
+      little ones have been taught to behave, there is no doubt
+      that so long a period of enforced quietude is a severe tax
+      on their patience. The hymns, perhaps, tax it least: and
+      what a pathetic beauty there is in the sweet fresh voices
+      of the children, and how earnestly they sing! I took a
+      little girl of six to church with me one day: they had told
+      me she could hardly read at all&mdash;but she made me find all
+      the places for her! And afterwards I said to her elder
+      sister "What made you say Barbara couldn't read? Why, I
+      heard her joining in, all through the hymn!" And the little
+      sister gravely replied, "She knows the <i>tunes</i>, but
+      not the <i>words</i>." Well, to return to my
+      subject&mdash;children in church. The lessons, and the prayers,
+      are not wholly beyond them: often they can catch little
+      bits that come within the range of their small minds. But
+      the sermons! It goes to one's heart to see, as I so often
+      do, little darlings of five or six years old, forced to sit
+      still through a weary half-hour, with nothing to do, and
+      not one word of the sermon that they can understand. Most
+      heartily can I sympathise with the little charity-girl who
+      is said to have written to some friend, "I think, when I
+      grows up, I'll never go to church no more. I think I'se
+      getting sermons enough to last me all my life!" But need it
+      be so? Would it be so <i>very</i> irreverent to let your
+      child have a story&mdash;book to read during the sermon, to while
+      away that tedious half-hour, and to make church&mdash;going a
+      bright and happy memory, instead of rousing the thought,
+      "I'll never go to church no more"? I think not. For my
+      part, I should love to see the experiment tried. I am quite
+      sure it would be a success. My advice would be to
+      <i>keep</i> some books for that special purpose. I would
+      call such books "Sunday-treats"&mdash;and your little boy or girl
+      would soon learn to look forward with eager hope to that
+      half-hour, once so tedious. If I were the preacher, dealing
+      with some subject too hard for the little ones, I should
+      love to see them all enjoying their picture-books. And if
+      <i>this</i> little book should ever come to be used as a
+      "Sunday-treat" for some sweet baby reader, I don't think it
+      could serve a better purpose.<br>
+      <br>
+      Lewis Carroll.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Miss M.E. Manners was another writer for children whose
+      books pleased him. She gives an amusing account of two
+      visits which he paid to her house in 1889:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      <i>An Unexpected Guest.</i><br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      "Mr. Dobson wants to see you, miss."<br>
+      <br>
+      I was in the kitchen looking after the dinner, and did not
+      feel that I particularly wished to see anybody.<br>
+      <br>
+      "He wants a vote, or he is an agent for a special kind of
+      tea," thought I. "I don't know him; ask him to send a
+      message."<br>
+      <br>
+      Presently the maid returned&mdash;<br>
+      <br>
+      "He says he is Mr. Dodgson, of Oxford."<br>
+      <br>
+      "Lewis Carroll!" I exclaimed; and somebody else had to
+      superintend the cooking that day.<br>
+      <br>
+      My apologies were soon made and cheerfully accepted. I
+      believe I was unconventional enough to tell the exact truth
+      concerning my occupation, and matters were soon on a
+      friendly footing. Indeed I may say at once that the stately
+      college don we have heard so much about never made his
+      appearance during our intercourse with him.<br>
+      <br>
+      He did not talk "Alice," of course; authors don't generally
+      <i>talk</i> their books, I imagine; but it was undoubtedly
+      Lewis Carroll who was present with us.<br>
+      <br>
+      A portrait of Ellen Terry on the wall had attracted his
+      attention, and one of the first questions he asked was, "Do
+      you ever go to the theatre?" I explained that such things
+      were done, occasionally, even among Quakers, but they were
+      not considered quite orthodox.<br>
+      <br>
+      "Oh, well, then you will not be shocked, and I may venture
+      to produce my photographs." And out into the hall he went,
+      and soon returned with a little black bag containing
+      character portraits of his child-friends, Isa and Nellie
+      Bowman.<br>
+      <br>
+      "Isa used to be Alice until she grew too big," he said.
+      "Nellie was one of the oyster&mdash;fairies, and Emsie, the tiny
+      one of all, was the Dormouse."<br>
+      <br>
+      "When 'Alice' was first dramatised," he said, "the poem of
+      the 'Walrus and the Carpenter' fell rather flat, for people
+      did not know when it was finished, and did not clap in the
+      right place; so I had to write a song for the ghosts of the
+      oysters to sing, which made it all right."
+    </blockquote>
+    <table align="Center" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="520"></a>
+            <img src="Images/520.png" alt="520.png">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T520"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+<div class="c1" align="center">
+            <b>ALICE AND THE DORMOUSE.<br>
+            <i>From a photograph</i><br>
+            Elliott &amp; Fry.</b></div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <blockquote>
+      He was then on his way to London, to fetch Isa to stay with
+      him at Eastbourne. She was evidently a great favourite, and
+      had visited him before. Of that earlier time he said:&mdash;<br>
+      <br>
+      "When people ask me why I have never married, I tell them I
+      have never met the young lady whom I could endure for a
+      fortnight&mdash;but Isa and I got on so well together that I said
+      I should keep her a month, the length of the honeymoon, and
+      we didn't get tired of each other."<br>
+      <br>
+      Nellie afterwards joined her sister "for a few days," but
+      the days spread to some weeks, for the poor little dormouse
+      developed scarlet fever, and the elder children had to be
+      kept out of harm's way until fear of infection was
+      over.<br>
+      <br>
+      Of Emsie he had a funny little story to tell. He had taken
+      her to the Aquarium, and they had been watching the seals
+      coming up dripping out of the water. With a very pitiful
+      look she turned to him and said, "Don't they give them any
+      towels?" [The same little girl commiserated the bear,
+      because it had got no tail.]<br>
+      <br>
+      Asked to stay to dinner, he assured us that he never took
+      anything in the middle of the day but a glass of wine and a
+      biscuit; but he would be happy to sit down with us, which
+      he accordingly did and kindly volunteered to carve for us.
+      His offer was gladly accepted, but the appearance of a
+      rather diminutive piece of neck of mutton was somewhat of a
+      puzzle to him. He had evidently never seen such a joint in
+      his life before, and had frankly to confess that he did not
+      know how to set about carving it. Directions only made
+      things worse, and he bravely cut it to pieces in entirely
+      the wrong fashion, relating meanwhile the story of a shy
+      young man who had been asked to carve a fowl, the joints of
+      which had been carefully wired together beforehand by his
+      too attentive friends.<br>
+      <br>
+      The task and the story being both finished, our visitor
+      gazed on the mangled remains, and remarked quaintly: "I
+      think it is just as well I don't want anything, for I don't
+      know where I should find it."<br>
+      <br>
+      At least one member of the party felt she could have
+      managed matters better; but that was a point of very little
+      consequence.<br>
+      <br>
+      A day or two after the first call came a note saying that
+      he would be taking Isa home before long, and if we would
+      like to see her he would stop on the way again.<br>
+      <br>
+      Of course we were only too delighted to have the
+      opportunity, and, though the visit was postponed more than
+      once, it did take place early in August, when he brought
+      both Isa and Nellie up to town to see a performance of
+      "Sweet Lavender." It is needless to remark that we took
+      care, this time, to be provided with something at once
+      substantial and carvable.<br>
+      <br>
+      The children were bright, healthy, happy and childlike
+      little maidens, quite devoted to their good friend, whom
+      they called "Uncle"; and very interesting it was to see
+      them together.<br>
+      <br>
+      But he did not allow any undue liberties either, as a
+      little incident showed.<br>
+      <br>
+      He had been describing a particular kind of collapsible
+      tumbler, which you put in your pocket and carried with you
+      for use on a railway journey.<br>
+      <br>
+      "There now," he continued, turning to the children, "I
+      forgot to bring it with me after all."<br>
+      "Oh Goosie," broke in Isa; "you've been talking about that
+      tumbler for days, and now you have forgotten it."<br>
+      He pulled himself up, and looked at her steadily with an
+      air of grave reproof.<br>
+      <br>
+      Much abashed, she hastily substituted a very subdued
+      "Uncle" for the objectionable "Goosie," and the matter
+      dropped.<br>
+      The principal anecdote on this occasion was about a dog
+      which had been sent into the sea after sticks. He brought
+      them back very properly for some time, and then there
+      appeared to be a little difficulty, and he returned
+      swimming in a very curious manner. On closer inspection it
+      appeared that he had caught hold of his own tail by
+      mistake, and was bringing it to land in triumph.<br>
+      <br>
+      This was told with the utmost gravity, and though we had
+      been requested beforehand not to mention "Lewis Carroll's"
+      books, the temptation was too strong. I could not help
+      saying to the child next me&mdash;<br>
+      <br>
+      "That was like the Whiting, wasn't it?"<br>
+      <br>
+      Our visitor, however, took up the remark, and seemed quite
+      willing to talk about it.<br>
+      <br>
+      "When I wrote that," he said, "I believed that whiting
+      really did have their tails in their mouths, but I have
+      since been told that fishmongers put the tail through the
+      eye, not in the mouth at all."
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      He was not a very good carver, for Miss Bremer also
+      describes a little difficulty he had&mdash;this time with the
+      pastry: "An amusing incident occurred when he was at lunch
+      with us. He was requested to serve some pastry, and, using
+      a knife, as it was evidently rather hard, the knife
+      penetrated the d'oyley beneath&mdash;and his consternation was
+      extreme when he saw the slice of linen and lace he served
+      as an addition to the tart!"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      It was, I think, through her connection with the "Alice"
+      play that Mr. Dodgson first came to know Miss Isa Bowman.
+      Her childish friendship for him was one of the joys of his
+      later years, and one of the last letters he wrote was
+      addressed to her. The poem at the beginning of "Sylvie and
+      Bruno" is an acrostic on her name&mdash;
+    </p><span class="c4">Is all our Life, then, but a
+    dream,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">Seen faintly in the golden gleam</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">Athwart Times's dark, resistless
+    stream?</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c4">Bowed to the earth with bitter
+    woe,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">Or laughing at some raree-show,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">We flutter idly to and fro.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c4">Man's little Day in haste we
+    spend,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">And, from the merry noontide,
+    send</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">No glance to meet the silent end.</span><br>
+    <p>
+      Every one has heard of Lewis Carroll's hatred of
+      interviewers; the following letter to Miss Manners makes
+      one feel that in some cases, at least, his feeling was
+      justifiable:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      If your Manchester relatives ever go to the play, tell them
+      they ought to see Isa as "Cinderella"&mdash;she is evidently a
+      success. And she has actually been "interviewed" by one of
+      those dreadful newspapers reporters, and the "interview" is
+      published with her picture! And such rubbish he makes her
+      talk! She tells him that something or other was "tacitly
+      conceded": and that "I love to see a great actress give
+      expression to the wonderful ideas of the immortal
+      master!"<br>
+      <br>
+      (N.B.&mdash;I never let her talk like that when she is with
+      <i>me</i>!)<br>
+      <br>
+      Emsie recovered in time to go to America, with her mother
+      and Isa and Nellie: and they all enjoyed the trip much; and
+      Emsie has a London engagement.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      Only once was an interviewer bold enough to enter Lewis
+      Carroll's <i>sanctum</i>. The story has been told in <i>The
+      Guardian</i> (January 19, 1898), but will bear repetition:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Not long ago Mr. Dodgson happened to get into
+      correspondence with a man whom he had never seen, on some
+      question of religious difficulty, and he invited him to
+      come to his rooms and have a talk on the subject. When,
+      therefore, a Mr. X&mdash; was announced to him one morning, he
+      advanced to meet him with outstretched hand and smiles of
+      welcome. "Come in Mr. X&mdash;, I have been expecting you." The
+      delighted visitor thought this a promising beginning, and
+      immediately pulled out a note-book and pencil, and
+      proceeded to ask "the usual questions." Great was Mr.
+      Dodgson's disgust! Instead of his expected friend, here was
+      another man of the same name, and one of the much-dreaded
+      interviewers, actually sitting in his chair! The mistake
+      was soon explained, and the representative of the Press was
+      bowed out as quickly as he had come in.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      It was while Isa and one of her sisters were staying at
+      Eastbourne that the visit to America was mooted. Mr.
+      Dodgson suggested that it would be well for them to grow
+      gradually accustomed to seafaring, and therefore proposed
+      to take them by steamer to Hastings. This plan was carried
+      out, and the weather was unspeakably bad&mdash;far worse than
+      anything they experienced in their subsequent trip across
+      the Atlantic. The two children, who were neither of them
+      very good sailors, experienced sensations that were the
+      reverse of pleasant. Mr. Dodgson did his best to console
+      them, while he continually repeated, "Crossing the Atlantic
+      will be much worse than this."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      However, even this terrible lesson on the horrors of the
+      sea did not act as a deterrent; it was as unsuccessful as
+      the effort of the old lady in one of his stories: "An old
+      lady I once knew tried to check the military ardour of a
+      little boy by showing him a picture of a battlefield, and
+      describing some of its horrors. But the only answer she got
+      was, 'I'll be a soldier. Tell it again!'"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      The Bowman children sometimes came over to visit him at
+      Oxford, and he used to delight in showing them over the
+      colleges, and pointing out the famous people whom they
+      encountered. On one of these occasions he was walking with
+      Maggie, then a mere child, when they met the Bishop of
+      Oxford, to whom Mr. Dodgson introduced his little guest.
+      His lordship asked her what she thought of Oxford. "I
+      think," said the little actress, with quite a professional
+      <i>aplomb,</i> "it's the best place in the Provinces!" At
+      which the Bishop was much amused. After the child had
+      returned to town, the Bishop sent her a copy of a little
+      book called "Golden Dust," inscribed "From W. Oxon," which
+      considerably mystified her, as she knew nobody of that
+      name!
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Another little stage-friend of Lewis Carroll's was Miss
+      Vera Beringer, the "Little Lord Fauntleroy," whose acting
+      delighted all theatre-goers eight or nine years ago. Once,
+      when she was spending a holiday in the Isle of Man, he sent
+      her the following lines:&mdash;
+    </p><span class="c4">There was a young lady of
+    station,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">"I love man" was her sole
+    exclamation;</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">But when men cried, "You
+    flatter,"</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">She replied, "Oh! no matter,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">Isle of Man is the true
+    explanation."</span><br>
+    <p>
+      Many of his friendships with children began in a railway
+      carriage, for he always took about with him a stock of
+      puzzles when he travelled, to amuse any little companions
+      whom chance might send him. Once he was in a carriage with
+      a lady and her little daughter, both complete strangers to
+      him. The child was reading "Alice in Wonderland," and when
+      she put her book down, he began talking to her about it.
+      The mother soon joined in the conversation, of course
+      without the least idea who the stranger was with whom she
+      was talking. "Isn't it sad," she said, "about poor Mr.
+      Lewis Carroll? He's gone mad, you know." "Indeed," replied
+      Mr. Dodgson, "I had never heard that." "Oh, I assure you it
+      is quite true," the lady answered. "I have it on the best
+      authority." Before Mr. Dodgson parted with her, he obtained
+      her leave to send a present to the little girl, and a few
+      days afterwards she received a copy of "Through the
+      Looking-Glass," inscribed with her name, and "From the
+      Author, in memory of a pleasant journey."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      When he gave books to children, he very often wrote
+      acrostics on their names on the fly-leaf. One of the
+      prettiest was inscribed in a copy of Miss Yonge's "Little
+      Lucy's Wonderful Globe," which he gave to Miss Ruth Dymes:&mdash;
+    </p><span class="c4">R ound the wondrous globe I wander
+    wild,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">U p and down-hill&mdash;Age succeeds to
+    youth&mdash;</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">T oiling all in vain to find a
+    child</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">H alf so loving, half so dear as
+    Ruth.</span><br>
+    <p>
+      In another book, given to her sister Margaret, he wrote:&mdash;
+    </p><span class="c4">M aidens, if a maid you meet</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">A lways free from pout and pet,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">R eady smile and temper sweet,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">G reet my little Margaret.</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">A nd if loved by all she be</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">R ightly, not a pampered pet,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">E asily you then may see</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">'Tis my little Margaret.</span><br>
+    <p>
+      Here are two letters to children, the one interesting as a
+      specimen of pure nonsense of the sort which children always
+      like, the other as showing his dislike of being praised.
+      The first was written to Miss Gertrude Atkinson, daughter
+      of an old College friend, but otherwise unknown to Lewis
+      Carroll except by her photograph:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      My dear Gertrude,&mdash;So many things have happened since we met
+      last, really I don't know <i>which</i> to begin talking
+      about! For instance, England has been conquered by William
+      the Conqueror. We haven't met since <i>that</i> happened,
+      you know. How did you like it? Were you frightened?<br>
+      <br>
+      And one more thing has happened: I have got your
+      photograph. Thank you very much for it. I like it
+      "awfully." Do they let you say "awfully"? or do they say,
+      "No, my dear; little girls mustn't say 'awfully'; they
+      should say 'very much indeed'"?<br>
+      <br>
+      I wonder if you will ever get as far as Jersey? If not, how
+      <i>are</i> we to meet?<br>
+      <br>
+      Your affectionate friend,<br>
+      <br>
+      C.L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      From the second letter, to Miss Florence Jackson, I take
+      the following extract:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      I have two reasons for sending you this fable; one is, that
+      in a letter you wrote me you said something about my being
+      "clever"; and the other is that, when you wrote again you
+      said it again! And <i>each</i> time I thought, "Really, I
+      <i>must</i> write and ask her <i>not</i> to say such
+      things; it is not wholesome reading for me."<br>
+      <br>
+      The fable is this. The cold, frosty, bracing air is the
+      treatment one gets from the world generally&mdash;such as
+      contempt, or blame, or neglect; all those are very
+      wholesome. And the hot dry air, that you breathe when you
+      rush to the fire, is the praise that one gets from one's
+      young, happy, rosy, I may even say <i>florid</i> friends!
+      And that's very bad for me, and gives pride-fever, and
+      conceit-cough, and such-like diseases. Now I'm sure you
+      don't want me to be laid up with all these diseases; so
+      please don't praise me <i>any</i> more!
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The verses to "Matilda Jane" certainly deserve a place in
+      this chapter. To make their meaning clear, I must state
+      that Lewis Carroll wrote them for a little cousin of his,
+      and that Matilda Jane was the somewhat prosaic name of her
+      doll. The poem expresses finely the blind, unreasoning
+      devotion which the infant mind professes for inanimate
+      objects:&mdash;
+    </p><span class="c4">Matilda Jane, you never look</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">At any toy or picture-book;</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">I show you pretty things in vain,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">You must be blind, Matilda Jane!</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c4">I ask you riddles, tell you
+    tales,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">But all our conversation fails;</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">You never answer me again,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">I fear you're dumb, Matilda Jane!</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c4">Matilda, darling, when I call</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">You never seem to hear at all;</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">I shout with all my might and
+    main,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">But you're <i>so</i> deaf, Matilda
+    Jane!</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c4">Matilda Jane, you needn't mind,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">For though you're deaf, and dumb, and
+    blind,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">There's some one loves you, it is
+    plain,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">And that is <i>me</i>, Matilda
+    Jane!</span><br>
+    <p>
+      In an earlier chapter I gave some of Mr. Dodgson's letters
+      to Miss Edith Rix; the two which follow, being largely
+      about children, seem more appropriate here:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      My dear Edith,&mdash;Would you tell your mother I was aghast at
+      seeing the address of her letter to me: and I would much
+      prefer "Rev. C.L. Dodgson, Ch. Ch., Oxford." When a letter
+      comes addressed "Lewis Carroll, Ch. Ch.," it either goes to
+      the Dead Letter Office, or it impresses on the minds of all
+      letter-carriers, &amp;c., through whose hands it goes, the
+      very fact I least want them to know.<br>
+      <br>
+      Please offer to your sister all the necessary apologies for
+      the liberty I have taken with her name. My only excuse is,
+      that I know no other; and how <i>am</i> I to guess what the
+      full name is? It <i>may</i> be Carlotta, or Zealot, or
+      Ballot, or Lotus-blossom (a very pretty name), or even
+      Charlotte. Never have I sent anything to a young lady of
+      whom I have a more shadowy idea. Name, an enigma; age,
+      somewhere between 1 and 19 (you've no idea how bewildering
+      it is, alternately picturing her as a little toddling thing
+      of 5, and a tall girl of 15!); disposition&mdash;well, I
+      <i>have</i> a fragment of information on <i>that</i>
+      question&mdash;your mother says, as to my coming, "It must be
+      when Lottie is at home, or she would never forgive us."
+      Still, I <i>cannot</i> consider the mere fact that she is
+      of an unforgiving disposition as a complete view of her
+      character. I feel sure she has some other qualities
+      besides.<br>
+      <br>
+      Believe me,<br>
+      <br>
+      Yrs affectionately,<br>
+      <br>
+      C.L. Dodgson.<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      My dear child,&mdash;It seems quite within the bounds of
+      possibility, if we go on long in this style, that our
+      correspondence may at last assume a really friendly tone. I
+      don't of course say it will actually do so&mdash;that would be
+      too bold a prophecy, but only that it may tend to shape
+      itself in that direction.<br>
+      <br>
+      Your remark, that slippers for elephants <i>could</i> be
+      made, only they would not be slippers, but boots, convinces
+      me that there is a branch of your family in <i>Ireland</i>.
+      Who are (oh dear, oh dear, I am going distracted! There's a
+      lady in the opposite house who simply sings <i>all</i> day.
+      All her songs are wails, and their tunes, such as they
+      have, are much the same. She has one strong note in her
+      voice, and she knows it! I <i>think</i> it's "A natural,"
+      but I haven't much ear. And when she gets to that note, she
+      howls!) they? The O'Rixes, I suppose?<br>
+      <br>
+      About your uninteresting neighbours, I sympathise with you
+      much; but oh, I wish I had you here, that I might teach you
+      <i>not</i> to say "It is difficult to visit one's district
+      regularly, like every one else does!"<br>
+      <br>
+      And now I come to the most interesting part of your
+      letter&mdash;May you treat me as a perfect friend, and write
+      anything you like to me, and ask my advice? Why, <i>of
+      course</i> you may, my child! What else am I good for? But
+      oh, my dear child-friend, you cannot guess how such words
+      sound to <i>me</i>! That any one should look up to
+      <i>me</i>, or think of asking <i>my</i> advice&mdash;well, it
+      makes one feel humble, I think, rather than proud&mdash;humble to
+      remember, while others think so well of me, what I really
+      <i>am</i>, in myself. "Thou, that teachest another,
+      teachest thou not thyself?" Well, I won't talk about
+      myself, it is not a healthy topic. Perhaps it may be true
+      of <i>any</i> two people, that, if one could see the other
+      through and through, love would perish. I don't know.
+      Anyhow, I like to <i>have</i> the love of my child-friends,
+      tho' I know I don't deserve it. Please write as freely as
+      <i>ever</i> you like.<br>
+      <br>
+      I went up to town and fetched Phoebe down here on Friday in
+      last week; and we spent <i>most</i> of Saturday upon the
+      beach&mdash;Phoebe wading and digging, and "as happy as a bird
+      upon the wing" (to quote the song she sang when first I saw
+      her). Tuesday evening brought a telegram to say she was
+      wanted at the theatre next morning. So, instead of going to
+      bed, Phoebe packed her things, and we left by the last
+      train, reaching her home by a quarter to 1 a.m. However,
+      even four days of sea-air, and a new kind of happiness, did
+      her good, I think. I am rather lonely now she is gone. She
+      is a very sweet child, and a thoughtful child, too. It was
+      very touching to see (we had a little Bible-reading every
+      day: I tried to remember that my little friend had a soul
+      to be cared for, as well as a body) the far-away look in
+      her eyes, when we talked of God and of heaven&mdash;as if her
+      angel, who beholds His face continually, were whispering to
+      her.<br>
+      <br>
+      Of course, there isn't <i>much</i> companionship possible,
+      after all, between an old man's mind and a little child's,
+      but what there is is sweet&mdash;and wholesome, I think.
+    </blockquote>
+    <table align="Center" cellpadding="0" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="430"></a><div align="center"><a href="#T430"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+            <img src="Images/430.png" alt="430.png" border="1"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <img src="Images/431.png" alt="431.png" border="1"><br>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td>
+            <div class="c1" align="center">
+              Facsimile of a "Looking-Glass Letter"<br>
+              from Lewis Carroll to Miss Edith Ball.
+            </div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table><br>
+    <p>
+      Three letters of his to a child-friend, Miss Kathleen
+      Eschwege, now Mrs. Round, illustrate one of those
+      friendships which endure: the sort of friendship that he
+      always longed for, and so often failed to secure:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Ch. Ch., Oxford,<br>
+      <i>October</i> 24, 1879.<br>
+      <br>
+      My dear Kathleen,&mdash;I was really pleased to get your letter,
+      as I had quite supposed I should never see or hear of you
+      again. You see I knew only your Christian name&mdash;not the
+      ghost of a surname, or the shadow of an address&mdash;and I was
+      not prepared to spend my little all in advertisements&mdash;"If
+      the young lady, who was travelling on the G.W. Railway,
+      &amp;c." &mdash;or to devote the remainder of my life to going
+      about repeating "Kathleen," like that young woman who came
+      from some foreign land to look for her lover, but only knew
+      that he was called "Edward" (or "Richard" was it? I dare
+      say you know History better than I do) and that he lived in
+      England; so that naturally it took her some time to find
+      him. All I knew was that <i>you</i> could, if you chose,
+      write to me through Macmillan: but it is three months since
+      we met, so I was <i>not</i> expecting it, and it was a
+      pleasant surprise.<br>
+      <br>
+      Well, so I hope I may now count you as one of my
+      child-friends. I am fond of children (except boys), and
+      have more child-friends than I could possibly count on my
+      fingers, even if I were a centipede (by the way,
+      <i>have</i> they fingers? I'm afraid they're only feet,
+      but, of course, they use them for the same purpose, and
+      that is why no other insects, <i>except centipedes</i>,
+      ever succeed in doing <i>Long Multiplication</i>), and I
+      have several not so very far from you&mdash;one at Beckenham, two
+      at Balham, two at Herne Hill, one at Peckham&mdash;so there is
+      every chance of my being somewhere near you <i>before the
+      year</i> 1979. If so, may I call? I am <i>very</i> sorry
+      your neck is no better, and I wish they would take you to
+      Margate: Margate air will make <i>any</i> body well of
+      <i>any</i> thing.<br>
+      <br>
+      It seems you have already got my two books about "Alice."
+      Have you also got "The Hunting of the Snark"? If not, I
+      should be very glad to send you one. The pictures (by Mr.
+      Holiday) are pretty: and you needn't read the verses unless
+      you like.<br>
+      <br>
+      How do you pronounce your surname? "esk-weej"? or how? Is
+      it a German name?<br>
+      <br>
+      If you can do "Doublets," with how many links do you turn
+      KATH into LEEN?<br>
+      <br>
+      With kind remembrances to your mother, I am<br>
+      <br>
+      Your affectionate friend,<br>
+      <br>
+      Charles L. Dodgson<br>
+      <br>
+      (<i>alias</i> "Lewis Carroll").<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      Ch. Ch., Oxford,<br>
+      <i>January</i> 20, 1892.<br>
+      <br>
+      My dear Kathleen,&mdash;Some months ago I heard, from my cousin,
+      May Wilcox, that you were engaged to be married. And, ever
+      since, I have cherished the intention of writing to offer
+      my congratulations. Some might say, "Why not write <i>at
+      once?"</i> To such unreasoning creatures, the obvious reply
+      is, "When you have bottled some peculiarly fine Port, do
+      you usually begin to drink it <i>at once?"</i> Is not that
+      a beautiful simile? Of course, I need not remark that my
+      congratulations are like fine old Port&mdash;only finer, and
+      <i>older!</i><br>
+      <br>
+      Accept, my dear old friend, my <i>heartiest</i> wishes for
+      happiness, of all sorts and sizes, for yourself, and for
+      him whom you have chosen as your other self. And may you
+      love one another with a love second only to your love for
+      God&mdash;a love that will last through bright days and dark
+      days, in sickness and in health, through life and through
+      death.<br>
+      <br>
+      A few years ago I went, in the course of about three
+      months, to the weddings of three of my old child-friends.
+      But weddings are not very exhilarating scenes for a
+      miserable old bachelor; and I think you'll have to excuse
+      me from attending <i>yours</i>.<br>
+      <br>
+      However, I have so far concerned myself in it that I
+      actually <i>dreamed</i> about it a few nights ago! I
+      dreamed that you had had a photograph done of the
+      wedding&mdash;party, and had sent me a copy of it. At one side
+      stood a group of ladies, among whom I made out the faces of
+      Dolly and Ninty; and in the foreground, seated in a boat,
+      were two people, a gentleman and a lady I <i>think</i>
+      (could they have been the bridegroom and the bride?)
+      engaged in the natural and usual occupation for a riverside
+      picnic&mdash;pulling a Christmas cracker! I have no idea what put
+      such an idea into my head. <i>I</i> never saw crackers used
+      in such a scene!<br>
+      <br>
+      I hope your mother goes on well. With kindest regards to
+      her and your father, and love to your sisters&mdash;and to
+      yourself too, if HE doesn't object!&mdash;I am,<br>
+      <br>
+      Yours affectionately,<br>
+      <br>
+      C.L. Dodgson.<br>
+      <br>
+      P.S.&mdash;I never give wedding-presents; so please regard the
+      enclosed as an <i>unwedding</i> present.<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      Ch. Ch., Oxford,<br>
+      <i>December</i> 8, 1897.<br>
+      <br>
+      My dear Kathleen,&mdash;Many thanks for the photo of yourself and
+      your <i>fianc&#233;</i>, which duly reached me January
+      23, 1892. Also for a wedding-card, which reached me August
+      28, 1892. Neither of these favours, I fear, was ever
+      acknowledged. Our only communication since, has been, that
+      on December 13, 1892, I sent you a biscuit&mdash;box adorned with
+      "Looking-Glass" pictures. This <i>you</i> never
+      acknowledged; so I was properly served for my negligence. I
+      hope your little daughter, of whose arrival Mrs. Eschwege
+      told me in December, 1893, has been behaving well? How
+      quickly the years slip by! It seems only yesterday that I
+      met, on the railway, a little girl who was taking a sketch
+      of Oxford!<br>
+      <br>
+      Your affectionate old friend,<br>
+      <br>
+      C.L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The following verses were inscribed in a copy of "Alice's
+      Adventures," presented to the three Miss Drurys in August,
+      1869:&mdash;
+    </p><span class="c4"><i>To three puzzled little girls, from
+    the Author.</i></span><br>
+    <span class="c4">Three little maidens weary of the
+    rail,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">Three pairs of little ears listening to a
+    tale,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">Three little hands held out in
+    readiness,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">For three little puzzles very hard to
+    guess.</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">Three pairs of little eyes, open
+    wonder-wide,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">At three little scissors lying side by
+    side.</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">Three little mouths that thanked an unknown
+    Friend,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">For one little book, he undertook to
+    send.</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">Though whether they'll remember a friend, or
+    book, or day&mdash;</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">In three little weeks is very hard to
+    say.</span><br>
+    <p>
+      He took the same three children to German Reed's
+      entertainment, where the triple bill consisted of "Happy
+      Arcadia," "All Abroad," and "Very Catching." A few days
+      afterwards he sent them "Phantasmagoria," with a little
+      poem on the fly-leaf to remind them of their treat:&mdash;
+    </p><span class="c4">Three little maids, one winter
+    day,</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">While others went to feed,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">To sing, to laugh, to dance, to
+    play,</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">More wisely went to&mdash;Reed.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c4">Others, when lesson-time's begun,</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">Go, half inclined to cry,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">Some in a walk, some in a run;</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">But <i>these</i> went in a&mdash;Fly.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c4">I give to other little maids</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">A smile, a kiss, a look,</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">Presents whose memory quickly
+    fades,</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">I give to these&mdash;a Book.</span><br>
+    <br>
+    <span class="c4"><i>Happy Arcadia</i> may blind,</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">While <i>all abroad,</i> their
+    eyes;</span><br>
+    <span class="c4">At home, this book (I trust) they'll
+    find</span><br>
+    <span class="c5">A <i>very catching</i> prize.</span><br>
+    <p>
+      The next three letters were addressed to two of Mr. Arthur
+      Hughes' children. They are good examples of the wild and
+      delightful nonsense with which Lewis Carroll used to amuse
+      his little friends:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      My dear Agnes,&mdash;You lazy thing! What? I'm to divide the
+      kisses myself, am I? Indeed I won't take the trouble to do
+      anything of the sort! But I'll tell <i>you</i> how to do
+      it. First, you must take <i>four</i> of the kisses, and&mdash;and
+      that reminds me of a very curious thing that happened to me
+      at half-past four yesterday. Three visitors came knocking
+      at my door, begging me to let them in. And when I opened
+      the door, who do you think they were? You'll never guess.
+      Why, they were three cats! Wasn't it curious? However, they
+      all looked so cross and disagreeable that I took up the
+      first thing I could lay my hand on (which happened to be
+      the rolling-pin) and knocked them all down as flat as
+      pan-cakes! "If <i>you</i> come knocking at <i>my</i> door,"
+      I said, "<i>I</i> shall come knocking at <i>your</i>
+      heads." "That was fair, wasn't it?"<br>
+      <br>
+      Yours affectionately,<br>
+      <br>
+      Lewis Carroll.<br>
+      <br>
+      <br>
+      My dear Agnes,&mdash;About the cats, you know. Of course I didn't
+      leave them lying flat on the ground like dried flowers: no,
+      I picked them up, and I was as kind as I could be to them.
+      I lent them the portfolio for a bed&mdash;they wouldn't have been
+      comfortable in a real bed, you know: they were too thin&mdash;but
+      they were <i>quite</i> happy between the sheets of
+      blotting-paper&mdash;and each of them had a pen-wiper for a
+      pillow. Well, then I went to bed: but first I lent them the
+      three dinner-bells, to ring if they wanted anything in the
+      night.<br>
+      <br>
+      You know I have <i>three</i> dinner-bells&mdash;the first (which
+      is the largest) is rung when dinner is <i>nearly</i> ready;
+      the second (which is rather larger) is rung when it is
+      quite ready; and the third (which is as large as the other
+      two put together) is rung all the time I am at dinner.
+      Well, I told them they might ring if they happened to want
+      anything&mdash;and, as they rang <i>all</i> the bells <i>all</i>
+      night, I suppose they did want something or other, only I
+      was too sleepy to attend to them.<br>
+      <br>
+      In the morning I gave them some rat-tail jelly and buttered
+      mice for breakfast, and they were as discontented as they
+      could be. They wanted some boiled pelican, but of course I
+      knew it wouldn't be good <i>for</i> them. So all I said was
+      "Go to Number Two, Finborough Road, and ask for Agnes
+      Hughes, and if it's <i>really</i> good for you, she'll give
+      you some." Then I shook hands with them all, and wished
+      them all goodbye, and drove them up the chimney. They
+      seemed very sorry to go, and they took the bells and the
+      portfolio with them. I didn't find this out till after they
+      had gone, and then I was sorry too, and wished for them
+      back again. What do I mean by "them"? Never mind.<br>
+      <br>
+      How are Arthur, and Amy, and Emily? Do they still go up and
+      down Finborough Road, and teach the cats to be kind to
+      mice? I'm <i>very</i> fond of all the cats in Finborough
+      Road.<br>
+      <br>
+      Give them my love.<br>
+      Who do I mean by "them"?<br>
+      Never mind.<br>
+      <br>
+      Your affectionate friend,<br>
+      <br>
+      Lewis Carroll.
+    </blockquote>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="521"></a>
+            <img src="Images/521.png" alt="521.png">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T521"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+<div class="c1" align="center">
+            <b>ARTHUR HUGHES<br>
+            AND HIS DAUGHTER AGNES.<br>
+            <i>From a photograph</i><br>
+            by Lewis Carroll.</b></div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <blockquote>
+      My dear Amy,&mdash;How are you getting on, I wonder, with
+      guessing those puzzles from "Wonderland"? If you think
+      you've found out any of the answers, you may send them to
+      me; and if they're wrong, I won't tell you they're
+      right!<br>
+      <br>
+      You asked me after those three cats. Ah! The dear
+      creatures! Do you know, ever since that night they first
+      came, they have <i>never left me?</i> Isn't it kind of
+      them? Tell Agnes this. She will be interested to hear it.
+      And they <i>are</i> so kind and thoughtful! Do you know,
+      when I had gone out for a walk the other day, they got
+      <i>all</i> my books out of the bookcase, and opened them on
+      the floor, to be ready for me to read. They opened them all
+      at page 50, because they thought that would be a nice
+      useful page to begin at. It was rather unfortunate, though:
+      because they took my bottle of gum, and tried to gum
+      pictures upon the ceiling (which they thought would please
+      me), and by accident they spilt a quantity of it all over
+      the books. So when they were shut up and put by, the leaves
+      all stuck together, and I can never read page 50 again in
+      any of them!<br>
+      <br>
+      However, they meant it very kindly, so I wasn't angry. I
+      gave them each a spoonful of ink as a treat; but they were
+      ungrateful for that, and made dreadful faces. But, of
+      course, as it was given them as a treat, they had to drink
+      it. One of them has turned black since: it was a white cat
+      to begin with.<br>
+      <br>
+      Give my love to any children you happen to meet. Also I
+      send two kisses and a half, for you to divide with Agnes,
+      Emily, and Godfrey. Mind you divide them fairly.<br>
+      <br>
+      Yours affectionately,<br>
+      <br>
+      C.L. Dodgson.
+    </blockquote>
+    <p>
+      The intelligent reader will make a discovery about the
+      first of the two following letters, which Miss Maggie
+      Cunningham, the "child-friend" to whom both were addressed,
+      perhaps did not hit upon at once. Mr. Dodgson wrote these
+      two letters in 1868:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      Dear Maggie,&mdash;I found that <i>the friend,</i> that the
+      little girl asked me to write to, lived at Ripon, and not
+      at Land's End&mdash;a nice sort of place to invite to! It looked
+      rather suspicious to me&mdash;and soon after, by dint of
+      incessant inquiries, I found out that <i>she</i> was called
+      Maggie, and lived in a Crescent! Of course I declared,
+      "After that" (the language I used doesn't matter), "I will
+      <i>not</i> address her, that's flat! So do not expect me to
+      flatter."<br>
+      <br>
+      Well, I hope you will soon see your beloved Pa come
+      back&mdash;for consider, should you be quite content with only
+      Jack? Just suppose they made a blunder! (Such things happen
+      now and then.) Really, now, I shouldn't wonder if your
+      "John" came home again, and your father stayed at school! A
+      most awkward thing, no doubt. How would you receive him?
+      You'll say, perhaps, "you'd turn him out." That would
+      answer well, so far as concerns the boy, you know&mdash;but
+      consider your Papa, learning lessons in a row of great inky
+      schoolboys! This (though unlikely) might occur: "Haly"
+      would be grieved to miss him (don't mention it to
+      <i>her</i>).<br>
+      <br>
+      No <i>carte</i> has yet been done of me, that does real
+      justice to my <i>smile</i>; and so I hardly like, you see,
+      to send you one. However, I'll consider if I will or
+      not&mdash;meanwhile, I send a little thing to give you an idea of
+      what I look like when I'm lecturing. The merest sketch, you
+      will allow&mdash;yet still I think there's something grand in the
+      expression of the brow and in the action of the hand.<br>
+      <br>
+      Have you read my fairy tale in <i>Aunt Judy's Magazine?</i>
+      If you have you will not fail to discover what I mean when
+      I say "Bruno yesterday came to remind me that <i>he</i> was
+      my god-son!"&mdash;on the ground that I "gave him a name"!<br>
+      <br>
+      Your affectionate friend,<br>
+      <br>
+      C.L. Dodgson.<br>
+      <br>
+      P.S.&mdash;I would send, if I were not too shy, the same message
+      to "Haly" that she (though I do not deserve it, not I!) has
+      sent through her sister to me. My best love to yourself&mdash;to
+      your Mother my kindest regards&mdash;to your small, fat,
+      impertinent, ignorant brother my hatred. I think that is
+      all.
+    </blockquote><br>
+    <br>
+    <table align="Right" cellpadding="10" summary="">
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <td><a name="441"></a>
+            <img src="Images/441.png" alt="441.png">
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <td><div align="center"><a href="#T441"><img src="Images/001.gif" alt="" border="3"></a></div>
+<div class="c1" align="center">
+            <b>WHAT I LOOK LIKE<br>
+            WHEN I'M LECTURING.<br>
+            <i>From a drawing</i><br>
+            by Lewis Carroll.</b></div>
+          </td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+    <blockquote>
+      My dear Maggie,&mdash;I am a very bad correspondent, I fear, but
+      I hope you won't leave off writing to me on that account. I
+      got the little book safe, and will do my best about putting
+      my name in, if I can only manage to remember what day my
+      birthday is&mdash;but one forgets these things so easily.<br>
+      <br>
+      Somebody told me (a little bird, I suppose) that you had
+      been having better photographs done of yourselves. If so, I
+      hope you will let me buy copies. Fanny will pay you for
+      them. But, oh Maggie, how <i>can</i> you ask for a better
+      one of me than the one I sent! It is one of the best ever
+      done! Such grace, such dignity, such benevolence, such&mdash;as a
+      great secret (please don't repeat it) the <i>Queen</i> sent
+      to ask for a copy of it, but as it is against my rule to
+      give in such a case, I was obliged to answer&mdash;<br>
+      <br>
+      "Mr. Dodgson presents his compliments to her Majesty, and
+      regrets to say that his rule is never to give his
+      photograph except to <i>young</i> ladies." I am told she
+      was annoyed about it, and said, "I'm not so old as all that
+      comes to!" and one doesn't like to annoy Queens; but really
+      I couldn't help it, you know.
+    </blockquote><br>
+    <br>
+    <p>
+      I will conclude this chapter with some reminiscences of
+      Lewis Carroll, which have been kindly sent me by an old
+      child-friend of his, Mrs. Maitland, daughter of the late
+      Rev. E.A. Litton, Rector of Naunton, and formerly Fellow of
+      Oriel College and Vice&mdash;Principal of Saint Edmund's Hall:&mdash;
+    </p>
+    <blockquote>
+      To my mind Oxford will be never quite the same again now
+      that so many of the dear old friends of one's childhood
+      have "gone over to the great majority."<br>
+      <br>
+      Often, in the twilight, when the flickering firelight
+      danced on the old wainscotted wall, have we&mdash;father and
+      I&mdash;chatted over the old Oxford days and friends, and the
+      merry times we all had together in Long Wall Street. I was
+      a nervous, thin, remarkably ugly child then, and for some
+      years I was left almost entirely to the care of Mary
+      Pearson, my own particular attendant. I first remember Mr.
+      Dodgson when I was about seven years old, and from that
+      time until we went to live in Gloucestershire he was one of
+      my most delightful friends.<br>
+      <br>
+      I shall never forget how Mr. Dodgson and I sat once under a
+      dear old tree in the Botanical Gardens, and how he told me,
+      for the first time, Hans Andersen's story of the "Ugly
+      Duckling." I cannot explain the charm of Mr. Dodgson's way
+      of telling stories; as he spoke, the characters seemed to
+      be real flesh and blood. This particular story made a great
+      impression upon me, and interested me greatly, as I was
+      very sensitive about my ugly little self. I remember his
+      impressing upon me that it was better to be good and
+      truthful and to try not to think of oneself than to be a
+      pretty, selfish child, spoiled and disagreeable; and, after
+      telling me this story, he gave me the name of "Ducky."
+      "Never mind, little Ducky," he used often to say, "perhaps
+      some day you will turn out a swan."<br>
+      <br>
+      I always attribute my love for animals to the teaching of
+      Mr. Dodgson: his stories about them, his knowledge of their
+      lives and histories, his enthusiasm about birds and
+      butterflies enlivened many a dull hour. The monkeys in the
+      Botanical Gardens were our special pets, and when we fed
+      them with nuts and biscuits he seemed to enjoy the fun as
+      much as I did.<br>
+      <br>
+      Every day my nurse and I used to take a walk in Christ
+      Church Meadows, and often we would sit down on the soft
+      grass, with the dear old Broad Walk quite close, and, when
+      we raised our eyes, Merton College, with its walls covered
+      with Virginian creeper. And how delighted we used to be to
+      see the well-known figure in cap and gown coming, so
+      swiftly, with his kind smile ready to welcome the "Ugly
+      Duckling." I knew, as he sat beside me, that a book of
+      fairy tales was hidden in his pocket, or that he would have
+      some new game or puzzle to show me&mdash;and he would gravely
+      accept a tiny daisy-bouquet for his coat with as much
+      courtesy as if it had been the finest hot-house
+      <i>boutonni&#232;re</i>.<br>
+      <br>
+      Two or three times I went fishing with him from the bank
+      near the Old Mill, opposite Addison's Walk, and he quite
+      entered into my happiness when a small fish came wriggling
+      up at the end of my bent pin, just ready for the dinner of
+      the little white kitten "Lily," which he had given me.<br>
+      <br>
+      My hair was a great trouble to me, as a child, for it would
+      tangle, and Mary was not too patient with me, as I twisted
+      about while she was trying to dress it. One day I received
+      a long blue envelope addressed to myself, which contained a
+      story-letter, full of drawings, from Mr. Dodgson. The first
+      picture was of a little girl&mdash;with her hat off and her
+      tumbled hair very much in evidence&mdash;asleep on a rustic bench
+      under a big tree by the riverside, and two birds, holding
+      what was evidently a very important conversation, above in
+      the branches, their heads on one side, eyeing the sleeping
+      child. Then there was a picture of the birds flying up to
+      the child with twigs and straw in their beaks, preparing to
+      build their nest in her hair. Next came the awakening, with
+      the nest completed, and the mother-bird sitting on it;
+      while the father-bird flew round the frightened child. And
+      then, lastly, hundreds of birds&mdash;the air thick with them&mdash;the
+      child fleeing, small boys with tin trumpets raised to their
+      lips to add to the confusion, and Mary, armed with a basket
+      of brushes and combs, bringing up the rear! After this,
+      whenever I was restive while my hair was being arranged,
+      Mary would show me the picture of the child with the nest
+      on her head, and I at once became "as quiet as a lamb."<br>
+      <br>
+      I had a daily governess, a dear old soul, who used to come
+      every morning to teach me. I disliked particularly the
+      large&mdash;lettered copies which she used to set me; and as I
+      confided this to Mr. Dodgson, he came and gave me some
+      copies himself. The only ones which I can remember were
+      "Patience and water-gruel cure gout" (I always wondered
+      what "gout" might be) and "Little girls should be seen and
+      not heard" (which I thought unkind). These were written
+      many times over, and I had to present the pages to him,
+      without one blot or smudge, at the end of the week.<br>
+      <br>
+      One of the Fellows of Magdalen College at that time was a
+      Mr. Saul, a friend of my father's and of Mr. Dodgson, and a
+      great lover of music&mdash;his rooms were full of musical
+      instruments of every sort. Mr. Dodgson and father and I all
+      went one afternoon to pay him a visit. At that time he was
+      much interested in the big drum, and we found him when we
+      arrived in full practice, with his music-book open before
+      him. He made us all join in the concert. Father undertook
+      the 'cello, and Mr. Dodgson hunted up a comb and some
+      paper, and, amidst much fun and laughter, the walls echoed
+      with the finished roll, or shake, of the big drum&mdash;a roll
+      that was Mr. Saul's delight.<br>
+      <br>
+      My father died on August 27, 1897, and Mr. Dodgson on
+      January 14, 1898. And we, who are left behind in this cold,
+      weary world can only hope we may some day meet them again.
+      Till then, oh! Father, and my dear old childhood's friend,
+      <i>requiescalis in pace!</i>
+    </blockquote><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <h2>
+      <a name="BIBLIOGRAPHY_T"></a> <a href="#BIBLIOGRAPHY">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a>
+    </h2><br>
+    <pre>      <tt>
+<br>
+"NOTES ON THE FIRST TWO BOOKS OF EUCLID."                     1860
+  Oxford: Parker. 8vo. 6d
+
+
+"PHOTOGRAPHS."                                             (?)1860
+  (Printed for private circulation; a
+  list of negatives taken by the Rev. C. L.
+  Dodgson.) Pp. 4, 4to
+
+
+"A SYLLABUS OF PLANE ALGEBRAICAL GEOMETRY,"                   1860
+  systematically arranged, with formal definitions,
+  postulates, and axioms. By Charles Lutwidge
+  Dodgson. Part I. Containing Points, Right Lines,
+  Rectilinear Figures, Pencils and Circles.
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. xvi + 164, 8vo. Cloth, paper label. 5s
+
+
+"RULES FOR COURT CIRCULAR."                                   1860
+  (A new game, invented by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson.)
+  Pp. 4. (Reprinted in 1862).
+
+
+"THE FORMUL&#198; OF PLANE TRIGONOMETRY,"                          1861
+  printed with symbols (instead of words) to express the
+  "goniometrical ratios." By Charles Lutwidge Dodgson.
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. 19, 4to. Stitched, 1s.
+
+
+"NOTES ON THE FIRST PART OF ALGEBRA."                         1861
+  Oxford: Parker. 8vo. 6d
+
+
+"INDEX TO 'IN MEMORIAM.'"                                     1862
+  [Suggested and edited by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson;
+  much of the actual work of compilation was
+  done by his sisters]
+  London: Moxon.
+
+
+"THE ENUNCIATIONS OF EUCLID, Books I. and II."                1863
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"GENERAL LIST OF (MATHEMATICAL) SUBJECTS, AND                 1863
+  CYCLE FOR WORKING EXAMPLES."
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"CROQU&#202;T CASTLES."                                            1863
+  (A new game invented by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson).
+  London(?) Pp. 4. (Reprinted, with additions
+  and alterations, in 1866 at Oxford.)
+
+
+"THE NEW EXAMINATION STATUTE."                                1864
+  (A letter to the Vice-Chancellor.)
+  Pp. 2, 4 to. Oxford.
+
+
+"A GUIDE TO THE MATHEMATICAL STUDENT IN READING,              1864
+  REVIEWING, AND WORKING EXAMPLES." By Charles
+  Lutwidge Dodgson. Part I. Pure Mathematics.
+  Oxford: Parker. Two leaves and pp. 27, 8vo.
+  Stitched, 1s.
+
+
+"THE DYNAMICS OF A PARTI-CLE, with an Excursus on             1865
+  the New Method of Evaluation as applied to pi."
+  Oxford: Vincent. Pp. 28, 8vo. (Three editions).
+
+
+"ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND." By Lewis                  1865
+  Carroll, with forty-two illustrations by John
+  Tenniel. London: Macmillan. Pp. 192, cr. 8vo.
+  Cloth, gilt edges. 6s.
+ The 1st edition (recalled) was printed in Oxford,
+   and is very rare; all subsequent editions (1865
+   onwards) by Richard Clay in London. Now in its
+   86th thousand. [People's Edition, price 2s. 6d.;
+   first published in 1887. Now in its 70th
+   thousand.]
+
+
+"CONDENSATION OF DETERMINANTS," being a new and               1866
+  brief method for computing their arithmetical
+  values. By the Rev. C.L. Dodgson. From "The
+  Proceedings of the Royal Society, No. 84, 1866."
+  London: Taylor and Francis. Pp. 8, 8vo.
+
+
+"AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON DETERMINANTS."                     1867
+  London: Macmillan. (Printed in Oxford.)
+  Pp. viii + 143, 4to. Cloth. 10s. 6d.
+
+
+"THE FIFTH BOOK OF EUCLID TREATED ALGEBRAICALLY,              1868
+  SO FAR AS IT RELATES TO COMMENSURABLE MAGNITUDES."
+  With notes. By Charles L. Dodgson. Oxford and
+  London: Parker. Two leaves and pp. 37, 8vo. In
+  wrapper, 1s. 6d.
+
+
+"ALGEBRAICAL FORMUL&#198; FOR RESPONSIONS."                        1868
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"THE TELEGRAPH CIPHER."                                    (?)1868
+  (Invented, in 1868, by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson.)
+
+
+"PHANTASMAGORIA AND OTHER POEMS."                             1869
+  By Lewis Carroll.
+  London: Macmillan. (Printed in Oxford.)
+  Pp. viii + 202, small 8vo. Cloth, gilt edges.
+
+
+"AVENTURES D'ALICE AU PAYS DE MERVEILLES."                    1869
+  Par Lewis Carroll, ouvrage illustr&#233; de 42 vignettes
+  par John Tenniel. Traduit de l'anglais, par H. Bu&#233;.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 196, cr. 8vo. Cloth, gilt
+  edges. 6s. (Now in its 2nd thousand.)
+
+
+"ALICE'S ABENTEUER IM WUNDERLAND." Von Lewis                  1869
+  Carroll, mit zweiundvierzig Illustrationen von<br>
+  John Tenniel. Uebersetzt von Antonie Zimmermann.<br>
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 178, cr. 8vo. Cloth, gilt<br>
+  edges. 6s.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY."                                      1870<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"ALGEBRAICAL FORMUL&#198; AND RULES."                              1870<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"ARITHMETICAL FORMUL&#198; AND RULES."                             1870<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"TO ALL CHILD READERS OF 'ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN               1871<br>
+  WONDERLAND.'" Pp. 4<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS AND WHAT ALICE FOUND               1871<br>
+  THERE." By Lewis Carroll. With fifty illustrations<br>
+  by John Tenniel.<br>
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 224., cr. 8vo. Cloth,<br>
+  gilt edges. 6s. Now in its 61st thousand<br>
+  [People's edition. Price 2s. 6d. First<br>
+  published in 1887. Now in its 46th thousand.]<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"LE AVVENTURE D'ALICE NEL PAESE DELLA MERAVIGLIE."            1872<br>
+  Per Lewis Carroll. Tradotte dall'inglese da T.<br>
+  Pietroc&#242;la-Rossetti. Con 42 vignette di Giovanni<br>
+  Tenniel.<br>
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 189, cr. 8vo.<br>
+  Cloth, gilt edges. 6s.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+CIRCULAR TO HOSPITALS OFFERING COPIES OF THE TWO              1872<br>
+  "ALICE" BOOKS.<br>
+  London: Macmillan.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"SYMBOLS, &amp;c., TO BE USED IN EUCLID,                          1872<br>
+  Books I. and II."<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"NUMBER OF PROPOSITIONS IN EUCLID." Oxford:                   1872<br>
+  Printed at the University Press.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"THE NEW BELFRY OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD." A                  1872<br>
+  Monograph. By D.C.L.<br>
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. 2 + 31, cr. 8vo.<br>
+  In wrapper. 6d. (Five editions.)<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"ENUNCIATIONS, EUCLID, I.&mdash;VI."                                1873<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"OBJECTIONS, SUBMITTED TO THE GOVERNING BODY of               1873<br>
+  Christ Church, Oxford, against certain proposed<br>
+  alterations in the Great Quadrangle."<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press. Pp. 4, 4to.<br>
+  [Printed for Private Circulation.]<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"THE VISION OF THE THREE T's." A Threnody. By the             1873<br>
+  Author of "The New Belfry."<br>
+  Oxford. Parker. Pp. 37 + 3, 8vo. In wrapper, 9d.<br>
+  (Three editions.)<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"A DISCUSSION OF THE VARIOUS MODES OF PROCEDURE IN            1873<br>
+  CONDUCTING ELECTIONS."<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"EUCLID, BOOK V. PROVED ALGEBRAICALLY," so far as             1874<br>
+  it relates to Commensurable Magnitudes. To which<br>
+  is prefixed a summary of all the necessary<br>
+  algebraical operations, arranged in order of<br>
+  difficulty. By Charles L. Dodgson.<br>
+  Oxford: Parker.<br>
+  Pp. viii + 62, 8vo. Cloth. 3s. 6d.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"SUGGESTIONS AS TO THE BEST METHOD OF TAKING VOTES,           1874<br>
+  where more than two Issues are to be voted on."<br>
+  Oxford: Hall and Stacy. Pp. 8, 8vo.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"THE BLANK CHEQUE." A Fable. By the Author of "The            1874<br>
+  New Belfry," and "The Vision of The Three T's"<br>
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. 14 + 2, cr. 8vo. In wrapper. 4d.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"PRELIMINARY ALGEBRA, AND EUCLID Book V."                     1874<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"THE DYNAMICS OF A PARTI-CLE."                                1874<br>
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. 24, cr. 8vo. In wrapper. 6d.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"THE NEW METHOD OF EVALUATION AS APPLIED TO pi."              1874<br>
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. 16, cr. 8vo. In wrapper. 4d.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"FACTS, FIGURES, AND FANCIES," relating to the                1874<br>
+  Elections to the Hebdomadal Council, the Offer of<br>
+  the Clarendon Trustees, and the Proposal to<br>
+  convert the Parks into Cricke-Grounds.<br>
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. 29 + 3, cr. 8vo. In wrapper. 8d.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"NOTES BY AN OXFORD CHIEL."                                   1874<br>
+  Oxford: Parker. Cr. 8vo. Cloth, gilt edges.<br>
+  [This book consists of the following six pamphlets<br>
+  bound together&mdash;"The New Method of Evaluation,"<br>
+  "The Dynamics of a Particle," "Facts, Figures, and<br>
+  Fancies," "The New Belfry," "The Vision of the<br>
+  Three T's," and "The Blank Cheque."]<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"EXAMPLES IN ARITHMETIC."                                     1874<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"EUCLID, BOOKS I. and II." Edited by Charles L.               1875<br>
+  Dodgson.<br>
+  Oxford: Parker. Diagram, Title, Preface,<br>
+  and pp. 102, cr. 8vo. Cloth.<br>
+  [The book was circulated privately among<br>
+  Mathematical friends for hints. "Not yet<br>
+  published" was printed above title.]<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"THE PROFESSORSHIP OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY."                 1876<br>
+  (Three leaflets.)<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"A METHOD OF TAKING VOTES OF MORE THAN TWO                    1876<br>
+  ISSUES."<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br>
+  Pp. 20, cr. 8vo.<br>
+  [A note on the title-page runs as follows: "As I<br>
+  hope to investigate this subject further, and to<br>
+  publish a more complete pamphlet on the subject, I<br>
+  shall feel greatly obliged if you will enter in<br>
+  this copy any remarks that occur to you, and<br>
+  return it to me any time before&mdash;."]<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+LETTER AND QUESTIONS TO HOSPITALS. Oxford:                    1876<br>
+  Printed at the University Press.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"AN EASTER GREETING." [Reprinted in London, by                1876<br>
+  Macmillan &amp; Co., in 1880.]<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"FAME'S PENNY TRUMPET." Not published.                        1876<br>
+  Oxford: Baxter. Pp. 4, 4to.<br>
+  [Afterwards published in "Rhyme? and Reason?"]<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"THE HUNTING OF THE SNARK." An Agony, in Eight                1876<br>
+  Fits. By Lewis Carroll. With nine illustrations by<br>
+  Henry Holiday.<br>
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. xi + 83, 8vo. Cloth,<br>
+  gilt edges. 4s.. 6d.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"THE RESPONSIONS OF HILARY TERM, 1877."                       1877<br>
+  (A letter to the Vice-Chancellor.)<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"A CHARADE." (Written with a cyclostyle.) Pp. 4.              1878<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"WORD-LINKS." (A game, afterwards called                      1878<br>
+  "DOUBLETS," invented by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson.)<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press. Pp. 4,<br>
+  8vo.[There is also a form written with a<br>
+  cyclostyle.]<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"DOUBLETS." A Word-Puzzle. By Lewis Carroll.                  1879<br>
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 73, 8vo. Cloth. 2s. (2nd<br>
+  edition, 1880.)<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"EUCLID AND HIS MODERN RIVALS."                               1879<br>
+  London: Macmillan. 8vo. Cloth. 6s.<br>
+  (2nd edition, 1885. Pp. xxxi + 275.)<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"DOUBLETS." A Word-Puzzle. By Lewis Carroll.                  1880<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press. Pp. 8.<br>
+  8vo. [This Puzzle appeared in Vanity Fair, April<br>
+  19, 1879.]<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"LETTER FROM MABEL TO EMILY." To illustrate common            1880<br>
+  errors in letter-writing. (Written with a<br>
+  cyclostyle.)<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"LIZE'S AVONTUREN IN HET WONDERLAND."                      (?)1881<br>
+  Naar het Engelsch. [A Dutch version of "Alice<br>
+  in Wonderland."]<br>
+  Nijmegen. 4to.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"ON CATCHING COLD." (A pamphlet, consisting of                1881<br>
+  extracts from two books by Dr. Inman.)<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"JABBERWOCKY." (Lewis Carroll's Poem, with A.A.               1881<br>
+  Vansittart's Latin rendering.)<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+NOTICE RE CONCORDANCE TO "IN MEMORIAM."                       1881<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"LANRICK." A Game for Two Players.                            1881<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+A CIRCULAR ABOUT THE "SCHOOL OF DRAMATIC ART."                1882<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"AN ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONSIONS-LISTS FROM                    1882<br>
+  MICHAELMAS, 1873, to Michaelmas, 1881."<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+CIRCULAR ASKING FOR SUGGESTIONS FOR A GIRLS'                  1882<br>
+  EDITION OF SHAKESPEARE.<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br>
+  [Two different forms, one pp. 2, the other pp. 4.]<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"EUCLID, BOOKS I. and II."                                    1882<br>
+  London: Macmillan. Printed in Oxford.<br>
+  Pp. xi + 108. 8vo. Cloth. 2s.<br>
+  [Seven editions were subsequently published.]<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"DREAMLAND." A Song. Words by Lewis Carroll; music            1882<br>
+  by Rev. C. E. Hutchinson.<br>
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"MISCHMASCH." (A game invented by the Rev. C. L.              1882<br>
+  Dodgson.) Oxford: Printed at the University Press.<br>
+  Two editions.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"RHYME? AND REASON?" By Lewis Carroll. With                   1883<br>
+  sixty-five illustrations by Arthur B. Frost, and<br>
+  nine by Henry Holiday.<br>
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. xii + 214, cr. 8vo.<br>
+  Cloth, 7s. (Now in its 6th thousand.)<br>
+  [This book is a reprint, with a few additions, of<br>
+  "The Hunting of the Snark," and of the comic<br>
+  portions of "Phantasmagoria and Other Poems."]<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"LAWN TENNIS TOURNAMENTS: THE TRUE METHOD OF                  1883<br>
+  ASSIGNING PRIZES, with a Proof of the Fallacy of<br>
+  the Present Method."<br>
+  London: Macmillan. Printed in Oxford. 8vo.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"RULES FOR RECKONING POSTAGE."                                1883<br>
+  Oxford: Baxter.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"TWELVE MONTHS IN A CURATORSHIP."                             1884<br>
+  By One who has tried it.<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter.<br>
+  Pp. 52, 8vo<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+SUPPLEMENT TO DITTO.                                          1884<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 8, 8vo<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+POSTSCRIPT TO DITTO.                                          1884<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 2, 8vo.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"CHRISTMAS GREETINGS."                                        1884<br>
+  London: Macmillan.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"THE PROFITS OF AUTHORSHIP." By Lewis Carroll.                1884<br>
+  London: Macmillan. 8vo. 6d.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"THE PRINCIPLES OF PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION."             1884<br>
+  London: Harrison. Pp. 56, 8vo. (Reprinted in<br>
+  1885.)<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+SUPPLEMENT TO DITTO.                                          1885<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 8, 8vo.<br>
+  Two editions.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+POSTSCRIPT TO SUPPLEMENT TO DITTO.                            1885<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 8vo.<br>
+  Two editions.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+SUPPLEMENT TO FIRST EDITION OF "EUCLID AND HIS                1885<br>
+  MODERN RIVALS." London: Macmillan. 8vo. 1s<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"A TANGLED TALE." By Lewis Carroll. With six                  1885<br>
+  illustrations by Arthur B. Frost. London:<br>
+  Macmillan. Printed in Oxford. Pp. 152, cr. 8vo.<br>
+  Cloth, gilt edges. 4s. 6d. (Now in its 4th<br>
+  thousand.)<br>
+  [First appeared in Monthly Packet, April,<br>
+  1882&mdash;November, 1884. There are also separate<br>
+  reprints of each "Knot," and of the Answers to<br>
+  "Knots" I. and II.]<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"PROPOSED PROCURATORIAL CYCLE."                               1885<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 4to.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"THE PROCURATORIAL CYCLE. FURTHER REMARKS."                   1885<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 3, 4to.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"SUGGESTIONS AS TO THE ELECTION OF PROCTORS."                 1885<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 4to.<br>
+  (Reprinted, with additions, in 1886)<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"ALICE'S ADVENTURES UNDER GROUND." By Lewis                   1886<br>
+  Carroll. With thirty-seven illustrations by the<br>
+  author.<br>
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. viii + 95, cr. 8vo. Cloth,<br>
+   gilt edges. 4s. (Now in its 4th thousand.)<br>
+  [This book is a facsimile of the original<br>
+  Manuscript story, afterwards developed into "Alice<br>
+  in Wonderland."]<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"THREE YEARS IN A CURATORSHIP."                               1886<br>
+  By one whom it has tried.<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 32, cr. 8vo.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"REMARKS ON THE REPORT OF THE FINANCE COMMITTEE."             1886<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 8, cr. 8vo.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"REMARKS ON MR. SAMPSON'S PROPOSAL."                          1886<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, cr. 8vo.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"OBSERVATIONS ON MR. SAMPSON'S PROPOSAL."                     1889<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 12, 8vo.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"FIRST PAPER ON LOGIC."                                       1886<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 2, 8vo.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"FOURTH PAPER ON LOGIC."                                      1886<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 3, 8vo.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"FIFTH PAPER ON LOGIC."                                       1887<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 8vo.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"SIXTH PAPER ON LOGIC."                                       1887<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 8vo.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"QUESTIONS IN LOGIC."                                         1887<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, fcap. fol.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND; AND THROUGH THE            1887<br>
+  LOOKING-GLASS." People's editions, 1 vol.<br>
+  London: Macmillan. Cr. 8vo. Cloth. 4s. 6d.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"THE GAME OF LOGIC." By Lewis Carroll.                        1887<br>
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 96, cr. 8vo. Cloth. 3s.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"CURIOSA MATHEMATICA, Part I. A New Theory of                 1888<br>
+  Parallels." By C. L. Dodgson.<br>
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 75. 8vo. Cloth. 2s.<br>
+  (Reprinted in 1889, 1890, and 1895.)<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"MEMORIA TECHNICA." [Written with a cyclostyle.]              1888<br>
+  Pp. 4<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"CIRCULAR BILLIARDS FOR TWO PLAYERS." Invented, in         (?)1889<br>
+  1889, by Lewis Carroll. Two editions<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"SYLVIE AND BRUNO." By Lewis Carroll. With                    1889<br>
+  forty-six illustrations by Harry Furniss.<br>
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. xxiii + 400, cr. 8vo.<br>
+  Cloth, gilt edges. (Now in its 13th thousand.) <br>
+  [The picture on p. 77 was drawn by Miss Alice Havers.]<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"THE NURSERY 'ALICE.'" Containing twenty coloured             1890<br>
+  enlargements from Tenniel's illustrations to<br>
+  "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland." With text<br>
+  adapted to nursery readers by Lewis Carroll. The<br>
+  cover designed and coloured by E. Gertrude<br>
+  Thomson. London: Macmillan. Pp. 56, 4to. Boards.<br>
+  4s. (Now in its 11th thousand.)<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"EIGHT OR NINE WISE WORDS ABOUT LETTER-WRITING."              1890<br>
+  By Lewis Carroll. Oxford: Emberlin and Son. (Now<br>
+  in its 5th edition.) [This pamphlet is sold with<br>
+  the "Wonderland" Postage-Stamp Case, published by<br>
+  Messrs. Emberlin and Son.]<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"THE STRANGER CIRCULAR." (A leaflet sent by Mr.               1890<br>
+  Dodgson to people who wrote to him about his<br>
+  "Lewis Carroll" books, addressing the envelope to<br>
+  Rev. C. L. Dodgson.)<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+CIRCULAR, asking friends to send addresses of                 1890<br>
+  stationers likely to sell the<br>
+  "Wonderland" Postage-Stamp Case.<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+CIRCULAR SENT TO VARIOUS HOSPITALS, offering free             1890<br>
+  copies of Lewis Carroll's books.<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+LIST OF INSTITUTIONS to which above was to be sent.           1890<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+CIRCULAR, ADDRESSED TO THE GOVERNING BODY OF                  1891<br>
+  CHRIST CHURCH, Oxford, about the proposal to<br>
+  invite M.A.'s to dine at High Table.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"A POSTAL PROBLEM." June, 1891.                               1891<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+DITTO, Supplement.                                            1891<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+A CIRCULAR ABOUT RESIGNATION OF CURATORSHIP.                  1892<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+A CIRCULAR ABOUT "UNPARLIAMENTARY" WORDS                      1892<br>
+  used by some competitors in the "Syzygies"<br>
+  competition in The Lady.<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"CURIOSISSIMA CURATORIA." By 'Rude Donatus.'                  1892<br>
+  (A Pamphlet sent to all resident members of Christ<br>
+  Church Common Room.)<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"EIGHTH PAPER ON LOGIC."                                      1892<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br>
+  [A revised version of one page was<br>
+  printed in same year.]<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"NINTH PAPER ON LOGIC."                                       1892<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"NOTES TO LOGIC PAPERS EIGHT AND NINE."                       1892<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"CURIOSA MATHEMATICA, Part III. PILLOW PROBLEMS,"             1893<br>
+  thought out during wakeful hours, by C. L.<br>
+  Dodgson.<br>
+  London, Macmillan: Printed in Oxford. Pp.<br>
+  xvii + 109, 8vo. Cloth, 1st and 2nd editions.<br>
+  (Reprinted in 1894, 1895.)<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"SYZYGIES AND LANRICK." By Lewis Carroll.                     1893<br>
+  London: The Lady office. Pp. 26. 6d.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"SYLVIE AND BRUNO CONCLUDED." By Lewis Carroll.               1893<br>
+  With forty-six illustrations by Harry Furniss.<br>
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. xxi + 423, cr. 8vo. Cloth,<br>
+  gilt edges. 7s.6d. (Now in its 3rd thousand.) [The<br>
+  picture on p. 409 was drawn by Miss Alice Havers.]<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"A DISPUTED POINT IN LOGIC."                                  1894<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"WHAT THE TORTOISE SAID TO ACHILLES." (Reprinted              1894<br>
+  from Mind, December, 1894.) Pp. 4.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"A FASCINATING MENTAL RECREATION FOR THE YOUNG."           (?)1895<br>
+  (A circular about Symbolic Logic, signed "Lewis<br>
+  Carroll.")<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"RESIDENT WOMEN-STUDENTS."                                    1896<br>
+  (A circular, signed "Charles L Dodgson.")<br>
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"SYMBOLIC LOGIC. Part I. Elementary." By Lewis                1896<br>
+  Carroll.<br>
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. xxxi + 192, cr.<br>
+  8vo. Cloth. 2s. (Now in its 4th edition.)<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"THREE SUNSETS AND OTHER POEMS." By Lewis Carroll.            1898<br>
+  With twelve Fairy-Fancies by E. Gertrude Thomson.<br>
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 68, fcap. 4to. Cloth, gilt<br>
+  edges. 4s. [This book is a reprint, with<br>
+  additions, of the serious portions of<br>
+  "Phantasmagoria and Other Poems."]<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"TO MY CHILD-FRIEND." (A poem, reprinted in "The           No date<br>
+  Game of Logic.") Pp. 2<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+"THE ALPHABET-CIPHER."                                     No date<br>
+<br></tt>       <br></pre><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <h2>
+      <a name="INDEX_T"></a> <a href="#INDEX">INDEX</a>
+    </h2><br>
+    <h4>
+      A
+    </h4><br>
+    <p>
+      Abdy, Miss Dora,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Albany, The Duchess of,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Alice's Adventures Underground,"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Alice" Operetta, The,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Alice, Princess,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Alice, The Nursery,"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Allen, Mrs. Egerton,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Anderson, Mrs.,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Atkinson, Miss G.,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Atkinson, Rev. F. H.,
+    </p><br>
+    <h4>
+      B
+    </h4><br>
+    <p>
+      Baden-Powell, Sir George,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Bayne, Rev. T. Vere,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Bennie, Mrs.,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Blank Cheque, The,"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Bowman, Miss Isa,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Bremer, Miss,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Bruno's Revenge,"
+    </p><br>
+    <h4>
+      C
+    </h4><br>
+    <p>
+      Calverley, C. S.,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Chataway, Miss G.,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Chevalier, Albert,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Circle-squarers,
+    </p>
+    <p class="c13">
+      College Rhymes,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      College Servants,
+    </p>
+    <p class="c13">
+      Comic Times, The,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Cook Wilson, Professor,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Croft,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Cunningham, Miss M.,
+    </p><br>
+    <h4>
+      D
+    </h4><br>
+    <p>
+      Daresbury,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Deserted Parks, The,"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Determinants, An Elementary Treatise On,"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dodgson, Archdeacon,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dodgson, Captain,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dodgson, Mrs.,
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Dotheboys Hall,"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Dreamland,"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Drury, Miss
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Dymes, Miss
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Dynamics of a Parti-cle, The"
+    </p><br>
+    <h4>
+      E
+    </h4><br>
+    <p>
+      Egerton, Lord Francis
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Elphin, The Bishop of
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Elsdon
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Eschwege, Miss K.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Eternal Punishment
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Euclid and His Modern Rivals"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Euclid, Books I. and II."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Euclid, Book V."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Exhibition, The Great
+    </p><br>
+    <h4>
+      F
+    </h4><br>
+    <p>
+      "Facts, Figures, and Fancies"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Freiligrath Kroeker, Mrs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Frost, A.B.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Furniss, Harry
+    </p><br>
+    <h4>
+      G
+    </h4><br>
+    <p>
+      "Game of Logic, The"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Gatty, Mrs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      General Elections
+    </p><br>
+    <h4>
+      H
+    </h4><br>
+    <p>
+      Harrison, Frederic
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Holiday, Henry
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Hopley, Rev. H.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Hughes, Arthur
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Hughes, Miss Agnes
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Hunting of the Snark, The"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Hutchinson, Rev. C.E.
+    </p><br>
+    <h4>
+      J
+    </h4><br>
+    <p class="c13">
+      Jabberwock, The
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Jackson, Miss F.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Jelf, Canon
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Jowett, Dr.
+    </p><br>
+    <h4>
+      K
+    </h4><br>
+    <p>
+      Kean, Mrs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Kingsley, Henry
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Kitchin, Miss Alexandra (Xie)
+    </p><br>
+    <h4>
+      L
+    </h4><br>
+    <p>
+      "Lays of Sorrow"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Liddell, Dr.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Liddell, Miss Alice
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Liddon, Canon
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Little Minister, The"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Longley, Archbishop
+    </p><br>
+    <h4>
+      M
+    </h4><br>
+    <p>
+      Macdonald, George
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Maitland, Mrs.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Manners, Miss M.E.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Maurier, George du
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Mechanical "Humpty Dumpty," The
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Memoria Technica"
+    </p>
+    <p class="c13">
+      Misch-Masch
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Moscow
+    </p><br>
+    <h4>
+      N
+    </h4><br>
+    <p>
+      Natural Science
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "New Belfry, The"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "New Method of Evaluation, The"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "New Theory of Parallels, The"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Nijni Novgorod
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Notes by an Oxford Chiel"
+    </p><br>
+    <h4>
+      P
+    </h4><br>
+    <p>
+      Paget, Dean
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Paget, Sir James
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Paine, Miss Adelaide
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Patmore, Coventry
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Paton, Sir Noel
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Phantasmagoria"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Pillow Problems"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Potsdam
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Price, Professor
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Profits of Authorship, The"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Pusey, Dr.
+    </p><br>
+    <h4>
+      R
+    </h4><br>
+    <p class="c13">
+      Rectory Umbrella, The
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Rhyme? and Reason?"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Richmond
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Rix, Miss Edith
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Rugby
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Ruskin, John
+    </p><br>
+    <h4>
+      S
+    </h4><br>
+    <p>
+      Salisbury, The Marquis of
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      St. Petersburg
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Sanday, Professor
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Simpson, Miss Gaynor
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Smedley, Frank
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Standen, Miss Isabel
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Sylvie and Bruno"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Sylvie and Bruno Concluded"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Symbolic Logic, Part I."
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Syzygies"
+    </p><br>
+    <h4>
+      T
+    </h4><br>
+    <p>
+      Tait, Archbishop
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Tangled Tale, A"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Taylor, Tom
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Tenniel, Sir John
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Tennyson, Alfred
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Terry, Miss Ellen
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Terry, Miss Kate
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thackeray, W.M.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Thomson, Miss E.G.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Three Sunsets"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Through the Looking-Glass"
+    </p>
+    <p class="c13">
+      Train, The
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Twelve Months in a Curatorship"
+    </p><br>
+    <h4>
+      V
+    </h4><br>
+    <p>
+      Vansittart, A.A.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Vision of The Three T's, The"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Vivisection
+    </p><br>
+    <h4>
+      W
+    </h4><br>
+    <p>
+      Wilberforce, Bishop
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Wise Words on Letter-Writing"
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      "Wonderland" Stamp-Case, The
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Woodhouse, Rev. G.C.
+    </p><br>
+    <h4>
+      Y
+    </h4><br>
+    <p>
+      Yates, Edmund
+    </p>
+    <p>
+      Yonge, Miss Charlotte M.
+    </p><br>
+    <br>
+    <hr>
+    <br>
+    <br>
+    <h2>
+      <a name="FOOTNOTES._T"></a> <a href="#FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES.</a>
+    </h2><br>
+    <p>
+      <a name="Footnote_001"></a><a href="#FNanchor001">[001]</a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="note">
+      Perhaps an incorrect expression, as it was only the second
+      attempt.
+    </div><br>
+    <p>
+      <a name="Footnote_002"></a><a href="#FNanchor002">[002]</a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="note">
+      The science of taking medicine in infinitely small doses.
+    </div><br>
+    <p>
+      <a name="Footnote_003"></a><a href="#FNanchor003">[003]</a>
+    </p>
+    <div class="note">
+      <pre>       <tt>
+             1<br>
+_________________________<br>
+1000000000000000000000000<br></tt>       <br></pre><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_004"></a><a href="#FNanchor004">[004]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        A Man's history of his own life.
+      </div><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_005"></a><a href="#FNanchor005">[005]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        The author of "The Bandy-legged Butterfly."
+      </div><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_006"></a><a href="#FNanchor006">[006]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        Afterwards President of the Society for the Prevention of
+        Cruelty to Animals.
+      </div>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_007"></a><a href="#FNanchor007">[007]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        Or a pulling by the ear.
+      </div><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_008"></a><a href="#FNanchor008">[008]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        This Rectory has been supposed to have been built in the
+        time of Edward VI., but recent discoveries clearly assign
+        its origin to a much earlier period. A stone has been
+        found in an island formed by the river Tees on which is
+        inscribed the letter "A," which is justly conjectured to
+        stand for the name of the great King Alfred, in whose
+        reign this house was probably built.
+      </div><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_009"></a><a href="#FNanchor009">[009]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        The poet entreats pardon for having represented a donkey
+        under this dignified name.
+      </div><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_010"></a><a href="#FNanchor010">[010]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        With reference to these remarkable animals see "Moans
+        from the Miserable," page 12.
+      </div><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_011"></a><a href="#FNanchor011">[011]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        A full account of the history and misfortunes of these
+        interesting creatures may be found in the first "Lay of
+        Sorrow," page 36.
+      </div><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_012"></a><a href="#FNanchor012">[012]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        It is a singular fact that a donkey makes a point of
+        returning any kicks offered to it.
+      </div><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_013"></a><a href="#FNanchor013">[013]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        This valiant knight, besides having a heart of steel and
+        nerves of iron, has been lately in the habit of carrying
+        a brick in his eye.
+      </div><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_014"></a><a href="#FNanchor014">[014]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        She was sister to both.
+      </div><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_015"></a><a href="#FNanchor015">[015]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        The reader will probably be at a loss to discover the
+        nature of this triumph, as no object was gained, and the
+        donkey was obviously the victor; on this point, however,
+        we are sorry to say, we can offer no good explanation.
+      </div><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_016"></a><a href="#FNanchor016">[016]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        Much more acceptable to a true knight than "corn-land"
+        which the Roman people were so foolish as to give to
+        their daring champion, Horatius.
+      </div><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_017"></a><a href="#FNanchor017">[017]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        Lewis Carroll composed this poem while staying with his
+        cousins, the Misses Wilcox, at Whitburn, near Sunderland.
+        To while away an evening the whole party sat down to a
+        game of verse-making, and "Jabberwocky" was his
+        contribution.
+      </div><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_018"></a><a href="#FNanchor018">[018]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        <i>Coesper</i> from <i>coena</i> and <i>vesper</i>.
+      </div><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_019"></a><a href="#FNanchor019">[019]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        <i>Lubriciles</i>, from <i>lubricus</i> and
+        <i>graciles</i>. See the commentary in "Humpty Dumpty's
+        square," which will also explain <i>ultravia</i>, and, if
+        it requires explanation, <i>moestenui</i>.
+      </div><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_020"></a><a href="#FNanchor020">[020]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        <i>Sanguis meus</i>: Verg. Aen. vi. 836&mdash;<span class="c14">"Projice tela manu, sanguis meus!"</span>
+      </div><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_021"></a><a href="#FNanchor021">[021]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        <i>Egnia</i>: "muffish"&mdash;<i>segnis</i>; therefore "uffish"
+        = <i>egnis</i>. This is a conjectural analogy, but I can
+        suggest no better solution.
+      </div><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_022"></a><a href="#FNanchor022">[022]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        <i>Susuffrus</i>: "whiffling," <i>susurrus</i>:
+        "whistling."
+      </div><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_023"></a><a href="#FNanchor023">[023]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        <i>Spicula</i>: see the picture.
+      </div><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_024"></a><a href="#FNanchor024">[024]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        <i>Burbur</i>: apparently a labial variation of
+        <i>murmur</i>, stronger but more dissonant.
+      </div><br>
+      <p>
+        <a name="Footnote_025"></a><a href="#FNanchor025">[025]</a>
+      </p>
+      <div class="note">
+        This poem is reproduced here by the kind permission of
+        the proprietors of <i>Punch</i>.
+      </div><br>
+      <br>
+      <hr>
+    </div><br>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll
+by Stuart Dodgson Collingwood
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,13105 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll
+by Stuart Dodgson Collingwood
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll
+
+Author: Stuart Dodgson Collingwood
+
+Release Date: March 6, 2004 [EBook #11483]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE OF LEWIS CARROLL ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Gundry and PG Distributed
+Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+LIFE AND LETTERS
+
+OF
+
+LEWIS CARROLL
+
+(REV. C. L. DODGSON)
+
+
+
+BY
+
+STUART DODGSON COLLINGWOOD
+
+B.A. CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD
+
+
+
+1898
+
+
+
+TO THE
+
+CHILD FRIENDS
+
+OF
+
+LEWIS CARROLL
+
+AND TO ALL WHO LOVE HIS WRITINGS
+
+THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+It is with no undue confidence that I have accepted the
+invitation of the brothers and sisters of Lewis Carroll to write
+this Memoir. I am well aware that the path of the biographer is
+beset with pitfalls, and that, for him, _suppressio veri_ is
+almost necessarily _suggestio falsi_--the least omission may
+distort the whole picture.
+
+To write the life of Lewis Carroll as it should be written
+would tax the powers of a man of far greater experience and
+insight than I have any pretension to possess, and even he would
+probably fail to represent adequately such a complex personality.
+At least I have done my best to justify their choice, and if in
+any way I have wronged my uncle's memory, unintentionally, I
+trust that my readers will pardon me.
+
+My task has been a delightful one. Intimately as I thought I
+knew Mr. Dodgson during his life, I seem since his death to have
+become still better acquainted with him. If this Memoir helps
+others of his admirers to a fuller knowledge of a man whom to
+know was to love, I shall not have written in vain.
+
+I take this opportunity of thanking those who have so kindly
+assisted me in my work, and first I must mention my old
+schoolmaster, the Rev. Watson Hagger, M.A., to whom my readers
+are indebted for the portions of this book dealing with Mr.
+Dodgson's mathematical works. I am greatly indebted to Mr.
+Dodgson's relatives, and to all those kind friends of his and
+others who have aided me, in so many ways, in my difficult task.
+In particular, I may mention the names of H.R.H. the Duchess of
+Albany; Miss Dora Abdy; Mrs. Egerton Allen; Rev. F. H. Atkinson;
+Sir G. Baden-Powell, M.P.; Mr. A. Ball; Rev. T. Vere Bayne; Mrs.
+Bennie; Miss Blakemore; the Misses Bowman; Mrs. Boyes; Mrs.
+Bremer; Mrs. Brine; Miss Mary Brown; Mrs. Calverley; Miss
+Gertrude Chataway; Mrs. Chester; Mr. J. C. Cropper; Mr. Robert
+Davies; Miss Decima Dodgson; the Misses Dymes; Mrs. Eschwege;
+Mrs. Fuller; Mr. Harry Furniss; Rev. C. A. Goodhart; Mrs.
+Hargreaves; Miss Rose Harrison; Mr. Henry Holiday; Rev. H.
+Hopley; Miss Florence Jackson; Rev. A. Kingston; Mrs. Kitchin;
+Mrs. Freiligrath Kroeker; Mr. F. Madan; Mrs. Maitland; Miss M. E.
+Manners; Miss Adelaide Paine; Mrs. Porter; Miss Edith Rix; Rev.
+C. J. Robinson, D.D.; Mr. S. Rogers; Mrs. Round; Miss Isabel
+Standen; Mr. L. Sergeant; Miss Gaynor Simpson; Mrs. Southwall;
+Sir John Tenniel; Miss E. Gertrude Thomson; Mrs. Woodhouse; and
+Mrs. Wyper.
+
+For their help in the work of compiling the Bibliographical
+chapter and some other parts of the book, my thanks are due to
+Mr. E. Baxter, Oxford; the Controller of the University Press,
+Oxford; Mr. A. J. Lawrence, Rugby; Messrs. Macmillan and Co.,
+London; Mr. James Parker, Oxford; and Messrs. Ward, Lock and Co.,
+London.
+
+In the extracts which I have given from Mr. Dodgson's Journal
+and Correspondence it will be noticed that Italics have been
+somewhat freely employed to represent the words which he
+underlined. The use of Italics was so marked a feature of his
+literary style, as any one who has read his books must have
+observed, that without their aid the rhetorical effect, which he
+always strove to produce, would have been seriously marred.
+
+S. DODGSON COLLINGWOOD
+
+GUILDFORD, _September_, 1898.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+(1832-1850)
+
+    Lewis Carroll's forebears--The Bishop of Elphin--Murder of
+    Captain Dodgson--Daresbury--Living in
+    "Wonderland"--Croft--Boyish amusements--His first
+    school--Latin verses--A good report--He goes to Rugby--_The
+    Rectory Umbrella_--"A Lay of Sorrow"
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+(1850-1860)
+
+    Matriculation at Christ Church--Death of Mrs. Dodgson--The
+    Great Exhibition--University and College Honours--A
+    wonderful year--A theatrical
+    treat--_Misch-Masch_--_The Train_--_College
+    Rhymes_--His _nom de plume_--"Dotheboys
+    Hall"--Alfred Tennyson--Ordination--Sermons--A visit to
+    Farringford--"Where does the day begin?"--The Queen visits
+    Oxford
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+(1861-1867)
+
+    Jowett--Index to "In Memoriam"--The Tennysons--The beginning
+    of "Alice"--Tenniel--Artistic friends--"Alice's Adventures
+    in Wonderland"--"Bruno's Revenge"--Tour with Dr.
+    Liddon--Cologne--Berlin architecture--The "Majesty of
+    Justice"--Peterhof--Moscow--A Russian wedding--Nijni--The
+    Troitska Monastery--"Hieroglyphic" writing--Giessen
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+(1868-1876)
+
+    Death of Archdeacon Dodgson--Lewis Carroll's rooms at Christ
+    Church--"Phantasmagoria"--Translations of "Alice"--"Through
+    the Looking-Glass"--"Jabberwocky" in Latin--C.S.
+    Calverley--"Notes by an Oxford
+    Chiel"--Hatfield--Vivisection--"The Hunting of the Snark"
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+(1877-1883)
+
+    Dramatic tastes--Miss Ellen Terry--"Natural Science at
+    Oxford"--Mr. Dodgson as an artist--Miss E.G. Thomson--The
+    drawing of children--A curious dream--"The Deserted
+    Parks"--"Syzygies"--Circus children--Row-loving
+    undergraduates--A letter to _The Observer_--Resignation
+    of the Lectureship--He is elected Curator of the Common
+    Room--Dream-music.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+(1883-1887)
+
+    "The Profits of Authorship"--"Rhyme? and Reason?"--The
+    Common Room Cat--Visit to Jersey--Purity of
+    elections--Parliamentary Representation--Various literary
+    projects--Letters to Miss E. Rix--Being happy--"A Tangled
+    Tale"--Religious arguments--The "Alice" Operetta--"Alice's
+    Adventures Underground"--"The Game of Logic"--Mr. Harry
+    Furniss.
+
+CHAPTER VII
+(1888-1891)
+
+    A systematic life--"Memoria Technica"--Mr. Dodgson's
+    shyness--"A Lesson in Latin"--The "Wonderland"
+    Stamp-Case--"Wise Words about Letter-Writing"--Princess
+    Alice--"Sylvie and Bruno"--"The night cometh"--"The Nursery
+    'Alice'"--Coventry Patmore--Telepathy--Resignation of Dr.
+    Liddell--A letter about Logic.
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+(1892-1896)
+
+    Mr. Dodgson resigns the Curatorship--Bazaars--He lectures to
+    children--A mechanical "Humpty Dumpty"--A logical
+    controversy--Albert Chevalier--"Sylvie and Bruno
+    Concluded"--"Pillow Problems"--Mr. Dodgson's
+    generosity--College services--Religious difficulties--A
+    village sermon--Plans for the future--Reverence--"Symbolic
+    Logic"
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+(1897-1898)
+
+    Logic-lectures--Irreverent anecdotes--Tolerance of his
+    religious views--A mathematical discovery--"The Little
+    Minister"--Sir George Baden-Powell--Last illness--"Thy will
+    be done"--"Wonderland" at last!--Letters from
+    friends--"Three Sunsets"--"Of such is the kingdom of Heaven"
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+CHILD FRIENDS
+
+    Mr. Dodgson's fondness for children--Miss Isabel
+    Standen--Puzzles--"Me and Myself"--A double
+    acrostic--"Father William"--Of drinking healths--Kisses by
+    post--Tired in the face--The unripe
+    plum--Eccentricities--"Sylvie and Bruno"--"Mr. Dodgson is
+    going on _well_"
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+THE SAME--_continued._
+
+    Books for children--"The Lost Plum-Cake"--"An Unexpected
+    Guest"--Miss Isa Bowman--Interviews--"Matilda Jane"--Miss
+    Edith Rix--Miss Kathleen Eschwege
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+LEWIS CARROLL--Frontispiece
+_From a photograph_.
+
+ARCHDEACON DODGSON AS A YOUNG MAN
+_From a miniature, painted about_ 1826.
+
+DARESBURY PARSONAGE, LEWIS CARROLL'S BIRTHPLACE
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+LEWIS CARROLL, AGED 8
+_From a silhouette_.
+
+MRS. DODGSON, LEWIS CARROLL'S MOTHER
+_From a silhouette_.
+
+CROFT RECTORY; ARCHDEACON DODGSON AND FAMILY IN FOREGROUND
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1856.
+
+
+TOY STATION IN GARDEN AT CROFT
+_From a photograph_.
+
+ARCHBISHOP TAIT
+_From a photograph by Elliott and Fry_.
+
+"THE ONLY SISTER WHO _WOULD_ WRITE TO HER BROTHER"
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+"THE AGE OF INNOCENCE".
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+"THE SCANTY MEAL"
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+"THE FIRST EARRING"
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS TO "LAYS OF SORROW," NO. 2
+_From drawings by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+EXTERIOR OF CHRIST CHURCH
+_From a photograph_.
+
+GRAVE OF ARCHDEACON AND MRS. DODGSON IN CROFT CHURCHYARD
+_From a photograph_.
+
+LEWIS CARROLL, AGED 23
+_From a photograph_.
+
+ARCHDEACON DODGSON
+_From a photograph_.
+
+ARCHBISHOP LONGLEY
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+"ALAS! WHAT BOOTS--"
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+ALFRED TENNYSON
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1857.
+
+THE BISHOP OF LINCOLN
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1875.
+
+BISHOP WILBERFORCE
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1860.
+
+ALICE LIDDELL AS "THE BEGGAR-CHILD"
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1858.
+
+SKETCH FROM ST. LEONARD'S CONCERT-ROOM
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+GEORGE MACDONALD AND HIS DAUGHTER LILY
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1863.
+
+MRS. ROSSETTI AND HER CHILDREN, DANTE GABRIEL, CHRISTINA,
+AND WILLIAM
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1863.
+
+LORINA, ALICE, AND EDITH LIDDELL
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+GEORGE MACDONALD
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1870.
+
+J. SANT, R.A.
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1866.
+
+HOLMAN HUNT
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1860.
+
+SIR JOHN MILLAIS
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1865.
+
+CHARLOTTE M. YONGE
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1866.
+
+CANON LIDDON
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1867.
+
+"INSTANCE OF HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING OF THE DATE 1867"
+_From a sketch by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+SIR JOHN TENNIEL
+_From a photograph by Bassano_.
+
+LEWIS CARROLL'S STUDY AT CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD
+_From a photograph_.
+
+PROFESSOR FARADAY
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1860.
+
+JUSTICE DENMAN
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1873.
+
+LORD SALISBURY AND HIS TWO SONS
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1870.
+
+FACSIMILE OF A LETTER FROM SIR JOHN TENNIEL TO LEWIS
+CARROLL, DATED JUNE 1, 1870
+
+JOHN RUSKIN
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1875.
+
+HENRY HOLIDAY IN HIS STUDIO
+_From a photograph_.
+
+LEWIS CARROLL
+_From a photograph_.
+
+ELLEN TERRY
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+TOM TAYLOR
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1863.
+
+KATE TERRY
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1865.
+
+MISS E. GERTRUDE THOMSON
+_From a photograph_.
+
+DR. LIDDELL
+_From a photograph by Hill & Saunders_.
+
+"RESPONSIONS"
+_From a photograph by A.T. Shrimpton_.
+
+H. FURNISS
+_From a photograph_.
+
+"BALBUS AND THE DRAGON"
+_From a crayon drawing by the Rev. H.C. Gaye_.
+
+MEDLEY OF TENNIEL'S ILLUSTRATIONS IN "ALICE"
+_From an etching by Miss Whitehead_.
+
+FACSIMILE OF A LETTER FROM H. FURNISS TO LEWIS CARROLL,
+
+DATED AUGUST 23, 1886
+
+SYLVIE AND BRUNO
+_From a drawing by Henry Holiday_.
+
+FACSIMILE OF PROGRAMME OF "ALICE IN WONDERLAND" PRODUCED
+AT THE ROYAL GLOBE THEATRE, DECEMBER 26, 1888.
+
+"THE MAD TEA PARTY"
+_From a photograph by Elliott and Fry_.
+
+THE LATE DUKE OF ALBANY
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1875.
+
+THE DEAN OF CHRIST CHURCH
+_From a photograph by Hill & Saunders_.
+
+THE MECHANICAL "HUMPTY DUMPTY"
+_From a photograph_.
+
+LEWIS CARROLL
+_From a photograph_.
+
+THE CHESTNUTS, GUILDFORD
+_From a photograph_.
+
+LEWIS CARROLL'S GRAVE
+_From a photograph_.
+
+LORINA AND ALICE LIDDELL
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+ALICE LIDDELL
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+XIE KITCHIN
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+XIE KITCHIN AS A CHINAMAN
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+ALICE AND THE DORMOUSE
+_From a photograph by Elliott and Fry_.
+
+FACSIMILE OF A "LOOKING-GLASS" LETTER FROM LEWIS CARROLL
+TO MISS EDITH BALL
+
+ARTHUR HUGHES AND HIS DAUGHTER AGNES
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1863.
+
+"WHAT I LOOK LIKE WHEN I'M LECTURING"
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+(1832-1850.)
+
+
+    Lewis Carroll's forebears--The Bishop of Elphin--Murder of
+    Captain Dodgson--Daresbury--Living in
+    "Wonderland"--Croft--Boyish amusements--His first
+    school--Latin verses--A good report--He goes to
+    Rugby--_The Rectory Umbrella_--"A Lay of Sorrow."
+
+
+The Dodgsons appear to have been for a long time connected with the
+north of England, and until quite recently a branch of the family
+resided at Stubb Hall, near Barnard Castle.
+
+In the early part of the last century a certain Rev. Christopher
+Dodgson held a living in Yorkshire. His son, Charles, also took Holy
+Orders, and was for some time tutor to a son of the then Duke of
+Northumberland. In 1762 his patron presented him to the living of
+Elsdon, in Northumberland, by no means a desirable cure, as Mr.
+Dodgson discovered. The following extracts from his letters to various
+members of the Percy family are interesting as giving some idea of the
+life of a rural clergyman a hundred years ago:
+
+    I am obliged to you for promising to write to me, but don't
+    give yourself the trouble of writing to this place, for 'tis
+    almost impossible to receive 'em, without sending a
+    messenger 16 miles to fetch 'em.
+
+    'Tis impossible to describe the oddity of my situation at
+    present, which, however, is not void of some pleasant
+    circumstances.
+
+    A clogmaker combs out my wig upon my curate's head, by way
+    of a block, and his wife powders it with a dredging-box.
+
+    The vestibule of the castle (used as a temporary parsonage)
+    is a low stable; above it the kitchen, in which are two
+    little beds joining to each other. The curate and his wife
+    lay in one, and Margery the maid in the other. I lay in the
+    parlour between two beds to keep me from being frozen to
+    death, for as we keep open house the winds enter from every
+    quarter, and are apt to sweep into bed to me.
+
+    Elsdon was once a market town as some say, and a city
+    according to others; but as the annals of the parish were
+    lost several centuries ago, it is impossible to determine
+    what age it was either the one or the other.
+
+    There are not the least traces of the former grandeur to be
+    found, whence some antiquaries are apt to believe that it
+    lost both its trade and charter at the Deluge.
+
+     ... There is a very good understanding between the parties
+    [he is speaking of the Churchmen and Presbyterians who lived
+    in the parish], for they not only intermarry with one
+    another, but frequently do penance together in a white
+    sheet, with a white wand, barefoot, and in the coldest
+    season of the year. I have not finished the description for
+    fear of bringing on a fit of the ague. Indeed, the ideas of
+    sensation are sufficient to starve a man to death, without
+    having recourse to those of reflection.
+
+    If I was not assured by the best authority on earth that the
+    world is to be destroyed by fire, I should conclude that the
+    day of destruction is at hand, but brought on by means of an
+    agent very opposite to that of heat.
+
+    I have lost the use of everything but my reason, though my
+    head is entrenched in three night-caps, and my throat, which
+    is very bad, is fortified by a pair of stockings twisted in
+    the form of a cravat.
+
+    As washing is very cheap, I wear _two_ shirts at a
+    time, and, for want of a wardrobe, I hang my great coat upon
+    my own back, and generally keep on my boots in imitation of
+    my namesake of Sweden. Indeed, since the snow became two
+    feet deep (as I wanted a 'chaappin of Yale' from the
+    public-house), I made an offer of them to Margery the maid,
+    but her legs are too thick to make use of them, and I am
+    told that the greater part of my parishioners are not less
+    substantial, and notwithstanding this they are remarkable
+    for agility.
+
+ In course of time this Mr. Dodgson became Bishop of Ossory and Ferns,
+and he was subsequently translated to the see of Elphin. He was warmly
+congratulated on this change in his fortunes by George III., who said
+that he ought indeed to be thankful to have got away from a palace
+where the stabling was so bad.
+
+The Bishop had four children, the eldest of whom, Elizabeth Anne,
+married Charles Lutwidge, of Holmrook, in Cumberland. Two of the
+others died almost before they had attained manhood. Charles, the
+eldest son, entered the army, and rose to the rank of captain in the
+4th Dragoon Guards. He met with a sad fate while serving his king and
+country in Ireland. One of the Irish rebels who were supposed to have
+been concerned in the murder of Lord Kilwarden offered to give himself
+up to justice if Captain Dodgson would come alone and at night to take
+him. Though he fully realised the risk, the brave captain decided to
+trust himself to the honour of this outlaw, as he felt that no chance
+should be missed of effecting so important a capture. Having first
+written a letter of farewell to his wife, he set out on the night of
+December 16, 1803, accompanied by a few troopers, for the
+meeting-place--an old hut that stood a mile or so from Phillipstown,
+in King's County. In accordance with the terms of the agreement, he
+left his men a few hundred yards from the hut to await his return, and
+advanced alone through the night. A cowardly shot from one of the
+windows of the cottage ended his noble life, and alarmed the troopers,
+who, coming up in haste, were confronted with the dead body of their
+leader. The story is told that on the same night his wife heard two
+shots fired, and made inquiry about it, but could find out nothing.
+Shortly afterwards the news came that her husband had been killed just
+at that time.
+
+Captain Dodgson left two sons behind him--Hassard, who, after a
+brilliant career as a special pleader, became a Master of the Court of
+Common Pleas, and Charles, the father of the subject of this Memoir.
+
+Charles, who was the elder of the two, was born in the year 1800, at
+Hamilton, in Lanarkshire. He adopted the clerical profession, in which
+he rose to high honours. He was a distinguished scholar, and took a
+double first at Christ Church, Oxford. Although in after life
+mathematics were his favourite pursuit, yet the fact that he
+translated Tertullian for the "Library of the Fathers" is sufficient
+evidence that he made good use of his classical education. In the
+controversy about Baptismal Regeneration he took a prominent part,
+siding on the question with the Tractarians, though his views on some
+other points of Church doctrine were less advanced than those of the
+leaders of the Oxford movement. He was a man of deep piety and of a
+somewhat reserved and grave disposition, which, however, was tempered
+by the most generous charity, so that he was universally loved by the
+poor. In moments of relaxation his wit and humour were the delight of
+his clerical friends, for he had the rare power of telling anecdotes
+effectively. His reverence for sacred things was so great that he was
+never known to relate a story which included a jest upon words from
+the Bible.
+
+In 1830 he married his cousin, Frances Jane Lutwidge, by whom he had
+eleven children, all of whom, except Lewis Carroll, survive. His wife,
+in the words of one who had the best possible opportunities for
+observing her character, was "one of the sweetest and gentlest women
+that ever lived, whom to know was to love. The earnestness of her
+simple faith and love shone forth in all she did and said; she seemed
+to live always in the conscious presence of God. It has been said by
+her children that they never in all their lives remember to have heard
+an impatient or harsh word from her lips." It is easy to trace in
+Lewis Carroll's character the influence of that most gentle of
+mothers; though dead she still speaks to us in some of the most
+beautiful and touching passages of his works. Not so long ago I had a
+conversation with an old friend of his; one of the first things she
+said to me was, "Tell me about his mother." I complied with her
+request as well as I was able, and, when I had finished my account of
+Mrs. Dodgson's beautiful character, she said, "Ah, I knew it must have
+been so; I felt sure he must have had a good mother."
+
+On January 27, 1832, Charles Lutwidge Dodgson was born at Daresbury,
+of which parish his father was then incumbent. The village of
+Daresbury is about seven miles from Warrington; its name is supposed
+to be derived from a word meaning oak, and certainly oaks are very
+plentiful in the neighbourhood. A canal passes through an outlying
+part of the parish. The bargemen who frequented this canal were a
+special object of Mr. Dodgson's pastoral care. Once, when walking with
+Lord Francis Egerton, who was a large landowner in the district, he
+spoke of his desire to provide some sort of religious privileges for
+them. "If I only had L100," he said, "I would turn one of those barges
+into a chapel," and, at his companion's request, he described exactly
+how he would have the chapel constructed and furnished. A few weeks
+later he received a letter from Lord Francis to tell him that his wish
+was fulfilled, and that the chapel was ready. In this strange church,
+which is believed to have been the first of its kind, Mr. Dodgson
+conducted service and preached every Sunday evening!
+
+
+[Illustration: Daresbury Parsonage]
+
+
+The parsonage is situated a mile and a half from the village, on the
+glebe-farm, having been erected by a former incumbent, who, it was
+said, cared more for the glebe than the parish. Here it was that
+Charles spent the first eleven years of his life--years of complete
+seclusion from the world, for even the passing of a cart was a matter
+of great interest to the children.
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Carroll, aged 8.]
+
+In this quiet home the boy invented the strangest diversions for
+himself; he made pets of the most odd and unlikely animals, and
+numbered certain snails and toads among his intimate friends. He tried
+also to encourage civilised warfare among earthworms, by supplying
+them with small pieces of pipe, with which they might fight if so
+disposed. His notions of charity at this early age were somewhat
+rudimentary; he used to peel rushes with the idea that the pith would
+afterwards "be given to the poor," though what possible use they could
+put it to he never attempted to explain. Indeed he seems at this time
+to have actually lived in that charming "Wonderland" which he
+afterwards described so vividly; but for all that he was a thorough
+boy, and loved to climb the trees and to scramble about in the old
+marl-pits.
+
+One of the few breaks in this very uneventful life was a holiday spent
+with the other members of his family in Beaumaris. The journey took
+three days each way, for railroads were then almost unknown; and
+whatever advantages coaching may have had over travelling in trains,
+speed was certainly not one of them.
+
+Mr. Dodgson from the first used to take an active part in his son's
+education, and the following anecdote will show that he had at least a
+pupil who was anxious to learn. One day, when Charles was a very small
+boy, he came up to his father and showed him a book of logarithms,
+with the request, "Please explain." Mr. Dodgson told him that he was
+much too young to understand anything about such a difficult subject.
+The child listened to what his father said, and appeared to think it
+irrelevant, for he still insisted, "_But_, please, explain!"
+
+[Illustration: Mrs. Dodgson]
+
+On one occasion Mr. and Mrs. Dodgson went to Hull, to pay a visit to
+the latter's father, who had been seriously ill. From Hull Mrs.
+Dodgson wrote to Charles, and he set much store by this letter, which
+was probably one of the first he had received. He was afraid that some
+of his little sisters would mess it, or tear it up, so he wrote upon
+the back, "No one is to touch this note, for it belongs to C. L. D.";
+but, this warning appearing insufficient, he added, "Covered with
+slimy pitch, so that they will wet their fingers." The precious letter
+ran as follows:--
+
+    My dearest Charlie, I have used you rather ill in not having
+    written to you sooner, but I know you will forgive me, as
+    your Grandpapa has liked to have me with him so much, and I
+    could not write and talk to him comfortably. All your notes
+    have delighted me, my precious children, and show me that
+    you have not quite forgotten me. I am always thinking of
+    you, and longing to have you all round me again more than
+    words can tell. God grant that we may find you all well and
+    happy on Friday evening. I am happy to say your dearest Papa
+    is quite well--his cough is rather _tickling_, but is
+    of no consequence. It delights me, my darling Charlie, to
+    hear that you are getting on so well with your Latin, and
+    that you make so few mistakes in your Exercises. You will be
+    happy to hear that your dearest Grandpapa is going on
+    nicely--indeed I hope he will soon be quite well again. He
+    talks a great deal and most kindly about you all. I hope my
+    sweetest Will says "Mama" sometimes, and that precious Tish
+    has not forgotten. Give them and all my other treasures,
+    including yourself, 1,000,000,000 kisses from me, with my
+    most affectionate love. I am sending you a shabby note, but
+    I cannot help it. Give my kindest love to Aunt Dar, and
+    believe me, my own dearest Charlie, to be your sincerely
+    affectionate
+
+    Mama.
+
+Among the few visitors who disturbed the repose of Daresbury Parsonage
+was Mr. Durnford, afterwards Bishop of Chichester, with whom Mr.
+Dodgson had formed a close friendship. Another was Mr. Bayne, at that
+time head-master of Warrington Grammar School, who used occasionally
+to assist in the services at Daresbury. His son, Vere, was Charles's
+playfellow; he is now a student of Christ Church, and the friendship
+between him and Lewis Carroll lasted without interruption till the
+death of the latter.
+
+The memory of his birthplace did not soon fade from Charles's mind;
+long afterwards he retained pleasant recollections of its rustic
+beauty. For instance, his poem of "The Three Sunsets," which first
+appeared in 1860 in _All the Year Round,_ begins with the
+following stanzas, which have been slightly altered in later
+editions:--
+
+
+        I watch the drowsy night expire,
+        And Fancy paints at my desire
+        Her magic pictures in the fire.
+
+        An island farm, 'mid seas of corn,
+        Swayed by the wandering breath of morn,
+        The happy spot where I was born.
+
+
+Though nearly all Mr. Dodgson's parishioners at Daresbury have passed
+away, yet there are still some few left who speak with loving
+reverence of him whose lips, now long silenced, used to speak so
+kindly to them; whose hands, long folded in sleep, were once so ready
+to alleviate their wants and sorrows.
+
+In 1843 Sir Robert Peel presented him to the Crown living of Croft, a
+Yorkshire village about three miles south of Darlington. This
+preferment made a great change in the life of the family; it opened
+for them many more social opportunities, and put an end to that life
+of seclusion which, however beneficial it may be for a short time, is
+apt, if continued too long, to have a cramping and narrowing
+influence.
+
+The river Tees is at Croft the dividing line between Yorkshire and
+Durham, and on the middle of the bridge which there crosses it is a
+stone which shows where the one county ends and the other begins.
+"Certain lands are held in this place," says Lewis in his
+"Topographical Dictionary," "by the owner presenting on the bridge, at
+the coming of every new Bishop of Durham, an old sword, pronouncing a
+legendary address, and delivering the sword to the Bishop, who returns
+it immediately." The Tees is subject to extraordinary floods, and
+though Croft Church stands many feet above the ordinary level of the
+river, and is separated from it by the churchyard and a field, yet on
+one occasion the church itself was flooded, as was attested by
+water-marks on the old woodwork several feet from the floor, still to
+be seen when Mr. Dodgson was incumbent.
+
+This church, which is dedicated to St. Peter, is a quaint old building
+with a Norman porch, the rest of it being of more modern construction.
+It contains a raised pew, which is approached by a winding flight of
+stairs, and is covered in, so that it resembles nothing so much as a
+four-post bedstead. This pew used to belong to the Milbanke family,
+with which Lord Byron was connected. Mr. Dodgson found the
+chancel-roof in so bad a state of repair that he was obliged to take
+it down, and replace it by an entirely new one. The only village
+school that existed when he came to the place was a sort of barn,
+which stood in a corner of the churchyard. During his incumbency a
+fine school-house was erected. Several members of his family used
+regularly to help in teaching the children, and excellent reports were
+obtained.
+
+The Rectory is close to the church, and stands in the middle of a
+beautiful garden. The former incumbent had been an enthusiastic
+horticulturist, and the walls of the kitchen garden were covered with
+luxuriant fruit-trees, while the greenhouses were well stocked with
+rare and beautiful exotics. Among these was a specimen of that
+fantastic cactus, the night-blowing Cereus, whose flowers, after an
+existence of but a few hours, fade with the waning sun. On the day
+when this occurred large numbers of people used to obtain Mr.
+Dodgson's leave to see the curiosity.
+
+[Illustration: Croft Rectory]
+
+Near the Rectory is a fine hotel, built when Croft was an important
+posting-station for the coaches between London and Edinburgh, but in
+Mr. Dodgson's time chiefly used by gentlemen who stayed there during
+the hunting season. The village is renowned for its baths and
+medicinal waters. The parish of Croft includes the outlying hamlets of
+Halnaby, Dalton, and Stapleton, so that the Rector's position is by no
+means a sinecure. Within the village is Croft Hall, the old seat of
+the Chaytors; but during Mr. Dodgson's incumbency the then Sir William
+Chaytor built and lived at Clervaux Castle, calling it by an old
+family name.
+
+Shortly after accepting the living of Croft, Mr. Dodgson was appointed
+examining chaplain to the Bishop of Ripon; subsequently he was made
+Archdeacon of Richmond and one of the Canons of Ripon Cathedral.
+
+Charles was at this time very fond of inventing games for the
+amusement of his brothers and sisters; he constructed a rude train out
+of a wheelbarrow, a barrel and a small truck, which used to convey
+passengers from one "station" in the Rectory garden to another. At
+each of these stations there was a refreshment-room, and the
+passengers had to purchase tickets from him before they could enjoy
+their ride. The boy was also a clever conjuror, and, arrayed in a
+brown wig and a long white robe, used to cause no little wonder to his
+audience by his sleight-of-hand. With the assistance of various
+members of the family and the village carpenter, he made a troupe of
+marionettes and a small theatre for them to act in. He wrote all the
+plays himself the most popular being "The Tragedy of King John"--and
+he was very clever at manipulating the innumerable strings by which
+the movements of his puppets were regulated. One winter, when the snow
+lay thick upon the lawn, he traced upon it a maze of such hopeless
+intricacy as almost to put its famous rival at Hampton Court in the
+shade.
+
+[Illustration: Toy Station in garden at Croft.]
+
+When he was twelve years old his father sent him to school at
+Richmond, under Mr. Tate, a worthy son of that well-known Dr. Tate who
+had made Richmond School so famous.
+
+I am able to give his earliest impressions of school-life in his own
+words, for one of his first letters home has been fortunately
+preserved. It is dated August 5th, and is addressed to his two eldest
+sisters. A boy who has _ten_ brothers and sisters can scarcely be
+expected to write separate letters to each of them.
+
+
+    My dear Fanny and Memy,--I hope you are all getting on well,
+    as also the sweet twins, the boys I think that I like the
+    best, are Harry Austin, and all the Tates of which there are
+    7 besides a little girl who came down to dinner the first
+    day, but not since, and I also like Edmund Tremlet, and
+    William and Edward Swire, Tremlet is a sharp little fellow
+    about 7 years old, the youngest in the school, I also like
+    Kemp and Mawley. The rest of the boys that I know are
+    Bertram, Harry and Dick Wilson, and two Robinsons, I will
+    tell you all about them when I return. The boys have played
+    two tricks upon me which were these--they first proposed to
+    play at "King of the Cobblers" and asked if I would be king,
+    to which I agreed. Then they made me sit down and sat (on
+    the ground) in a circle round me, and told me to say "Go to
+    work" which I said, and they immediately began kicking me
+    and knocking me on all sides. The next game they proposed
+    was "Peter, the red lion," and they made a mark on a
+    tombstone (for we were playing in the churchyard) and one of
+    the boys walked with his eyes shut, holding out his finger,
+    trying to touch the mark; then a little boy came forward to
+    lead the rest and led a good many very near the mark; at
+    last it was my turn; they told me to shut my eyes well, and
+    the next minute I had my finger in the mouth of one of the
+    boys, who had stood (I believe) before the tombstone with
+    his mouth open. For 2 nights I slept alone, and for the rest
+    of the time with Ned Swire. The boys play me no tricks now.
+    The only fault (tell Mama) that there has been was coming in
+    one day to dinner just after grace. On Sunday we went to
+    church in the morning, and sat in a large pew with Mr.
+    Fielding, the church we went to is close by Mr. Tate's
+    house, we did not go in the afternoon but Mr. Tate read a
+    discourse to the boys on the 5th commandment. We went to
+    church again in the evening. Papa wished me to tell him all
+    the texts I had heard preached upon, please to tell him that
+    I could not hear it in the morning nor hardly one sentence
+    of the sermon, but the one in the evening was I Cor. i. 23.
+    I believe it was a farewell sermon, but I am not sure. Mrs.
+    Tate has looked through my clothes and left in the trunk a
+    great many that will not be wanted. I have had 3 misfortunes
+    in my clothes etc. 1st, I cannot find my tooth-brush, so
+    that I have not brushed my teeth for 3 or 4 days, 2nd, I
+    cannot find my blotting paper, and 3rd, I have no shoe-horn.
+    The chief games are, football, wrestling, leap frog, and
+    fighting. Excuse bad writing.
+
+    Yr affec' brother Charles.
+
+
+
+    _To_ SKEFF [_a younger brother, aged six_].
+
+    My dear Skeff,--Roar not lest thou be abolished. Yours,
+    etc.,--.
+
+The discomforts which he, as a "new boy," had to put up with from his
+school-mates affected him as they do not, unfortunately, affect most
+boys, for in later school days he was famous as a champion of the weak
+and small, while every bully had good reason to fear him. Though it is
+hard for those who have only known him as the gentle and retiring don
+to believe it, it is nevertheless true that long after he left school
+his name was remembered as that of a boy who knew well how to use his
+fists in defence of a righteous cause.
+
+As was the custom at that time, Charles began to compose Latin verses
+at a very early age, his first copy being dated November 25, 1844. The
+subject was evening, and this is how he treated it:--
+
+
+        Phoebus aqua splendet descendens, aequora tingens
+           Splendore aurato. Pervenit umbra solo.
+        Mortales lectos quaerunt, et membra relaxant
+           Fessa labore dies; cuncta per orbe silet.
+        Imperium placidum nunc sumit Phoebe corusca.
+           Antris procedunt sanguine ore ferae.
+
+These lines the boy solemnly copied into his Diary, apparently in the
+most blissful ignorance of the numerous mistakes they contained.
+
+The next year he wrote a story which appeared in the school magazine.
+It was called "The Unknown One," so it was probably of the sensational
+type in which small boys usually revel.
+
+Though Richmond School, as it was in 1844, may not compare favourably
+in every respect with a modern preparatory school, where supervision
+has been so far "reduced to the absurd" that the unfortunate masters
+hardly get a minute to themselves from sunrise till long after sunset,
+yet no better or wiser men than those of the school of Mr. Tate are
+now to be found. Nor, I venture to think, are the results of the
+modern system more successful than those of the old one. Charles loved
+his "kind old schoolmaster," as he affectionately calls him, and
+surely to gain the love of the boys is the main battle in
+school-management.
+
+The impression he made upon his instructors may be gathered from the
+following extracts from Mr. Tate's first report upon him:
+
+    Sufficient opportunities having been allowed me to draw from
+    actual observation an estimate of your son's character and
+    abilities, I do not hesitate to express my opinion that he
+    possesses, along with other and excellent natural
+    endowments, a very uncommon share of genius. Gentle and
+    cheerful in his intercourse with others, playful and ready
+    in conversation, he is capable of acquirements and knowledge
+    far beyond his years, while his reason is so clear and so
+    jealous of error, that he will not rest satisfied without a
+    most exact solution of whatever appears to him obscure. He
+    has passed an excellent examination just now in mathematics,
+    exhibiting at times an illustration of that love of precise
+    argument, which seems to him natural.
+
+    I must not omit to set off against these great advantages
+    one or two faults, of which the removal as soon as possible
+    is desirable, tho' I am prepared to find it a work of time.
+    As you are well aware, our young friend, while jealous of
+    error, as I said above, where important faith or principles
+    are concerned, is exceedingly lenient towards lesser
+    frailties--and, whether in reading aloud or metrical
+    composition, frequently sets at nought the notions of Virgil
+    or Ovid as to syllabic quantity. He is moreover marvellously
+    ingenious in replacing the ordinary inflexions of nouns and
+    verbs, as detailed in our grammars, by more exact analogies,
+    or convenient forms of his own devising. This source of
+    fault will in due time exhaust itself, though flowing freely
+    at present.... You may fairly anticipate for him a bright
+    career. Allow me, before I close, one suggestion which
+    assumes for itself the wisdom of experience and the
+    sincerity of the best intention. You must not entrust your
+    son with a full knowledge of his superiority over other
+    boys. Let him discover this as he proceeds. The love of
+    excellence is far beyond the love of excelling; and if he
+    should once be bewitched into a mere ambition to surpass
+    others I need not urge that the very quality of his
+    knowledge would be materially injured, and that his
+    character would receive a stain of a more serious
+    description still....
+
+And again, when Charles was leaving Richmond, he wrote:
+
+    "Be assured that I shall always feel a peculiar interest in
+    the gentle, intelligent, and well-conducted boy who is now
+    leaving us."
+
+Although his father had been a Westminster boy, Charles was, for some
+reason or other, sent to Rugby. The great Arnold, who had, one might
+almost say, created Rugby School, and who certainly had done more for
+it than all his predecessors put together, had gone to his rest, and
+for four years the reins of government had been in the firm hands of
+Dr. Tait, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury. He was Headmaster
+during the whole of the time Charles was at Rugby, except the last
+year, during which Dr. Goulburn held that office. Charles went up in
+February, 1846, and he must have found his new life a great change
+from his quiet experiences at Richmond. Football was in full swing,
+and one can imagine that to a new boy "Big-side" was not an unalloyed
+delight. Whether he distinguished himself as a "dropper," or ever beat
+the record time in the "Crick" run, I do not know. Probably not; his
+abilities did not lie much in the field of athletics. But he got on
+capitally with his work, and seldom returned home without one or more
+prizes. Moreover, he conducted himself so well that he never had to
+enter that dreaded chamber, well known to _some_ Rugbeians, which
+is approached by a staircase that winds up a little turret, and
+wherein are enacted scenes better imagined than described.
+
+[Illustration: Archbishop Tait. _From a photograph by
+Messrs. Elliott and Fry_]
+
+A schoolboy's letter home is not, usually, remarkable for the
+intelligence displayed in it; as a rule it merely leads up with more
+or less ingenuity to the inevitable request for money contained in the
+postscript. Some of Charles's letters were of a different sort, as the
+following example shows:
+
+    Yesterday evening I was walking out with a friend of mine
+    who attends as mathematical pupil Mr. Smythies the second
+    mathematical master; we went up to Mr. Smythies' house, as
+    he wanted to speak to him, and he asked us to stop and have
+    a glass of wine and some figs. He seems as devoted to his
+    duty as Mr. Mayor, and asked me with a smile of delight,
+    "Well Dodgson I suppose you're getting well on with your
+    mathematics?" He is very clever at them, though not equal to
+    Mr. Mayor, as indeed few men are, Papa excepted.... I have
+    read the first number of Dickens' new tale, "Davy
+    Copperfield." It purports to be his life, and begins with
+    his birth and childhood; it seems a poor plot, but some of
+    the characters and scenes are good. One of the persons that
+    amused me was a Mrs. Gummidge, a wretched melancholy person,
+    who is always crying, happen what will, and whenever the
+    fire smokes, or other trifling accident occurs, makes the
+    remark with great bitterness, and many tears, that she is a
+    "lone lorn creetur, and everything goes contrairy with her."
+    I have not yet been able to get the second volume Macaulay's
+    "England" to read. I have seen it however and one passage
+    struck me when seven bishops had signed the invitation to
+    the pretender, and King James sent for Bishop Compton (who
+    was one of the seven) and asked him "whether he or any of
+    his ecclesiastical brethren had anything to do with it?" He
+    replied, after a moment's thought "I am fully persuaded your
+    majesty, that there is not one of my brethren who is not as
+    innocent in the matter as myself." This was certainly no
+    actual lie, but certainly, as Macaulay says, it was very
+    little different from one.
+
+The Mr. Mayor who is mentioned in this letter formed a very high
+opinion of his pupil's ability, for in 1848 he wrote to Archdeacon
+Dodgson: "I have not had a more promising boy at his age since I came
+to Rugby."
+
+Dr. Tait speaks no less warmly:--
+
+     My dear Sir,--I must not allow your son to leave school
+    without expressing to you the very high opinion I entertain
+    of him. I fully coincide in Mr. Cotton's estimate both of
+    his abilities and upright conduct. His mathematical
+    knowledge is great for his age, and I doubt not he will do
+    himself credit in classics. As I believe I mentioned to you
+    before, his examination for the Divinity prize was one of
+    the most creditable exhibitions I have ever seen.
+
+    During the whole time of his being in my house, his conduct
+    has been excellent.
+
+    Believe me to be, My dear Sir,
+
+    Yours very faithfully,
+
+    A.C. TAIT.
+
+Public school life then was not what it is now; the atrocious system
+then in vogue of setting hundreds of lines for the most trifling
+offences made every day a weariness and a hopeless waste of time,
+while the bad discipline which was maintained in the dormitories made
+even the nights intolerable--especially for the small boys, whose beds
+in winter were denuded of blankets that the bigger ones might not feel
+cold.
+
+Charles kept no diary during his time at Rugby; but, looking back upon
+it, he writes in 1855:--
+
+    During my stay I made I suppose some progress in learning of
+    various kinds, but none of it was done _con amore_, and
+    I spent an incalculable time in writing out
+    impositions--this last I consider one of the chief faults of
+    Rugby School. I made some friends there, the most intimate
+    being Henry Leigh Bennett (as college acquaintances we find
+    fewer common sympathies, and are consequently less
+    intimate)--but I cannot say that I look back upon my life at
+    a Public School with any sensations of pleasure, or that any
+    earthly considerations would induce me to go through my
+    three years again.
+
+When, some years afterwards, he visited Radley School, he was much
+struck by the cubicle system which prevails in the dormitories there,
+and wrote in his Diary, "I can say that if I had been thus secure from
+annoyance at night, the hardships of the daily life would have been
+comparative trifles to bear."
+
+The picture on page 32 was, I believe, drawn by Charles rile he was
+at Rugby in illustration of a letter received from one of his sisters.
+Halnaby, as I have said before, was an outlying district of Croft
+parish.
+
+During his holidays he used to amuse himself by editing local
+magazines. Indeed, they might be called _very local_ magazines,
+as their circulation was confined to the inmates of Croft Rectory. The
+first of these, _Useful and Instructive Poetry_, was written
+about 1845. It came to an untimely end after a six months' run, and
+was followed at varying intervals by several other periodicals,
+equally short-lived.
+
+In 1849 or 1850, _The Rectory Umbrella_ began to appear. As the
+editor was by this time seventeen or eighteen years old, it was
+naturally of a more ambitious character than any of its precursors. It
+contained a serial story of the most thrilling interest, entitled,
+"The Walking-Stick of Destiny," some meritorious poetry, a few
+humorous essays, and several caricatures of pictures in the Vernon
+Gallery. Three reproductions of these pictures follow, with extracts
+from the _Umbrella_ descriptive of them.
+
+[Illustration: The only sister who _would_ write to her
+brother, though the table had just "folded down"! The other sisters
+are depicted "sternly resolved to set off to Halnaby & the Castle,"
+tho' it is yet "early, early morning"--Rembrondt.]
+
+
+    THE VERNON GALLERY.
+
+    As our readers will have seen by the preceding page, we
+    have commenced engraving the above series of pictures. "The
+    Age of Innocence," by Sir J. Reynolds, representing a young
+    Hippopotamus seated under a shady tree, presents to the
+    contemplative mind a charming union of youth and innocence.
+
+    EDITOR.
+
+    [Illustration: _"The Scanty Meal."_]
+
+
+    We have been unusually[001] successful in our second
+    engraving from the Vernon Gallery. The picture is
+    intended, as our readers will perceive, to illustrate the
+    evils of homoeopathy.[002] This idea is well carried out
+    through the whole picture. The thin old lady at the head of
+    the table is in the painter's best style; we almost fancy we
+    can trace in the eye of the other lady a lurking suspicion
+    that her glasses are not really in fault, and that the old
+    gentleman has helped her to _nothing_ instead of a
+    nonillionth.[003] Her companion has evidently got an empty
+    glass in his hand; the two children in front are admirably
+    managed, and there is a sly smile on the footman's face, as
+    if he thoroughly enjoyed either the bad news he is bringing
+    or the wrath of his mistress. The carpet is executed with
+    that elaborate care for which Mr. Herring is so famed, and
+    the picture on the whole is one of his best.
+
+
+    "_The First Ear-ring_"
+
+    The scene from which this excellent picture is painted
+    is taken from a passage in the autobiography[004] of the
+    celebrated Sir William Smith[005] of his life when a
+    schoolboy: we transcribe the passage: "One day Bill
+    Tomkins[006] and I were left alone in the house, the old
+    doctor being out; after playing a number of pranks Bill laid
+    me a bet of sixpence that I wouldn't pour a bottle of ink
+    over the doctor's cat. _I did it_, but at that moment
+    old Muggles came home, and caught me by the ear as I
+    attempted to run away. My sensations at the moment I shall
+    never forget; _on that occasion I received my first
+    ear-ring_.[007] The only remark Bill made to me, as he
+    paid me the money afterwards was, 'I say, didn't you just
+    howl jolly!'" The engraving is an excellent copy of the
+    picture.
+
+[Illustration: Sir D. Wilkie Painter    The First Earring.
+W. Greatbach Engraver. _from the picture in the Vernon Gallery_]
+
+The best thing in the _Rectory Umbrella_ was a parody on Lord
+Macaulay's style in the "Lays of Ancient Rome"; Charles had a special
+aptitude for parody, as is evidenced by several of the best-known
+verses in his later books.
+
+
+        LAYS OF SORROW.
+
+        No. 2.
+
+
+        Fair stands the ancient[008] Rectory,
+        The Rectory of Croft,
+        The sun shines bright upon it,
+        The breezes whisper soft.
+        From all the house and garden
+        Its inhabitants come forth,
+        And muster in the road without,
+        And pace in twos and threes about,
+        The children of the North.
+
+        Some are waiting in the garden,
+        Some are waiting at the door,
+        And some are following behind,
+        And some have gone before.
+        But wherefore all this mustering?
+        Wherefore this vast array?
+        A gallant feat of horsemanship
+        Will be performed to-day.
+
+        To eastward and to westward,
+        The crowd divides amain,
+        Two youths are leading on the steed,
+        Both tugging at the rein;
+        And sorely do they labour,
+          For the steed[009] is very strong,
+        And backward moves its stubborn feet,
+        And backward ever doth retreat,
+          And drags its guides along.
+
+
+        And now the knight hath mounted,
+          Before the admiring band,
+        Hath got the stirrups on his feet.
+          The bridle in his hand.
+        Yet, oh! beware, sir horseman!
+          And tempt thy fate no more,
+        For such a steed as thou hast got,
+          Was never rid before!
+
+        The rabbits[010] bow before thee.
+          And cower in the straw;
+        The chickens[011] are submissive,
+          And own thy will for law;
+        Bullfinches and canary
+          Thy bidding do obey;
+        And e'en the tortoise in its shell
+          Doth never say thee nay.
+
+        But thy steed will hear no master,
+          Thy steed will bear no stick,
+        And woe to those that beat her,
+          And woe to those that kick![012]
+        For though her rider smite her,
+          As hard as he can hit,
+        And strive to turn her from the yard,
+        She stands in silence, pulling hard
+          Against the pulling bit.
+
+        And now the road to Dalton
+          Hath felt their coming tread,
+        The crowd are speeding on before,
+        And all have gone ahead.
+        Yet often look they backward,
+        And cheer him on, and bawl,
+        For slower still, and still more slow,
+        That horseman and that charger go,
+        And scarce advance at all.
+
+        And now two roads to choose from
+          Are in that rider's sight:
+        In front the road to Dalton,
+          And New Croft upon the right.
+        "I can't get by!" he bellows,
+          "I really am not able!
+        Though I pull my shoulder out of joint,
+        I cannot get him past this point,
+          For it leads unto his stable!"
+
+        Then out spake Ulfrid Longbow,[013]
+          A valiant youth was he,
+        "Lo! I will stand on thy right hand
+          And guard the pass for thee!"
+        And out spake fair Flureeza,[014]
+          His sister eke was she,
+        "I will abide on thy other side,
+          And turn thy steed for thee!"
+
+        And now commenced a struggle
+          Between that steed and rider,
+        For all the strength that he hath left
+          Doth not suffice to guide her.
+        Though Ulfrid and his sister
+          Have kindly stopped the way,
+        And all the crowd have cried aloud,
+        "We can't wait here all day!"
+
+        Round turned he as not deigning
+          Their words to understand,
+        But he slipped the stirrups from his feet
+          The bridle from his hand,
+        And grasped the mane full lightly,
+          And vaulted from his seat,
+        And gained the road in triumph,[015]
+          And stood upon his feet.
+
+        All firmly till that moment
+          Had Ulfrid Longbow stood,
+        And faced the foe right valiantly,
+          As every warrior should.
+        But when safe on terra firma
+          His brother he did spy,
+        "What _did_ you do that for?" he cried,
+        Then unconcerned he stepped aside
+          And let it canter by.
+
+        They gave him bread and butter,[016]
+        That was of public right,
+        As much as four strong rabbits,
+          Could munch from morn to night,
+        For he'd done a deed of daring,
+          And faced that savage steed,
+        And therefore cups of coffee sweet,
+        And everything that was a treat,
+          Were but his right and meed.
+
+        And often in the evenings,
+          When the fire is blazing bright,
+        When books bestrew the table
+          And moths obscure the light,
+        When crying children go to bed,
+          A struggling, kicking load;
+        We'll talk of Ulfrid Longbow's deed,
+        How, in his brother's utmost need,
+        Back to his aid he flew with speed,
+        And how he faced the fiery steed,
+          And kept the New Croft Road.
+
+
+[Illustration: Exterior of Christ Church]
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+(1850-1860.)
+
+    Matriculation at Christ Church--Death of Mrs. Dodgson--The
+    Great Exhibition--University and College Honours--A
+    wonderful year--A theatrical treat--_Misch-Masch--The
+    Train--College Rhymes_--His _nom de
+    plume_--"Dotheboys Hall"--Alfred
+    Tennyson--Ordination--Sermons--A visit to
+    Farringford--"Where does the day begin?"--The Queen visits
+    Oxford.
+
+
+We have traced in the boyhood of Lewis Carroll the beginnings of those
+characteristic traits which afterwards, more fully developed, gave him
+so distinguished a position among his contemporaries. We now come to a
+period of his life which is in some respects necessarily less
+interesting. We all have to pass through that painful era of
+self-consciousness which prefaces manhood, that time when we feel so
+deeply, and are so utterly unable to express to others, or even to
+define clearly to ourselves, what it is we do feel. The natural
+freedom of childhood is dead within us; the conventional freedom of
+riper years is struggling to birth, and its efforts are sometimes
+ludicrous to an unsympathetic observer. In Lewis Carroll's mental
+attitude during this critical period there was always a calm dignity
+which saved him from these absurdities, an undercurrent of
+consciousness that what seemed so great to him was really very little.
+
+On May 23, 1850, he matriculated at Christ Church, the venerable
+college which had numbered his father's among other illustrious names.
+A letter from Dr. Jelf, one of the canons of Christ Church, to
+Archdeacon Dodgson, written when the former heard that his old
+friend's son was coming up to "the House," contains the following
+words: "I am sure I express the common feeling of all who remember you
+at Christ Church when I say that we shall rejoice to see a son of
+yours worthy to tread in your footsteps."
+
+Lewis Carroll came into residence on January 24, 1851. From that day
+to the hour of his death--a period of forty-seven years--he belonged
+to "the House," never leaving it for any length of time, becoming
+almost a part of it. I, for one, can hardly imagine it without him.
+
+Though technically "in residence," he had not rooms of his own in
+College during his first term. The "House" was very full; and had it
+not been for one of the tutors, the Rev. J. Lew, kindly lending him
+one of his own rooms, he would have had to take lodgings in the town.
+The first set of rooms he occupied was in Peckwater Quadrangle, which
+is annually the scene of a great bonfire on Guy Fawkes' Day, and,
+generally speaking, is not the best place for a reading man to live
+in.
+
+In those days the undergraduates dining in hall were divided into
+"messes." Each mess consisted of about half a dozen men, who had a
+table to themselves. Dinner was served at five, and very indifferently
+served, too; the dishes and plates were of pewter, and the joint was
+passed round, each man cutting off what he wanted for himself. In Mr.
+Dodgson's mess were Philip Pusey, the late Rev. G. C. Woodhouse, and,
+among others, one who still lives in "Alice in Wonderland" as the
+"Hatter."
+
+Only a few days after term began, Mrs. Dodgson died suddenly at Croft.
+The shock was a terrible one to the whole family, and especially to
+her devoted husband. I have come across a delightful and most
+characteristic letter from Dr. Pusey--a letter full of the kindest and
+truest sympathy with the Archdeacon in his bereavement. The part of it
+which bears upon Mrs. Dodgson's death I give in full:--
+
+[Illustration: Grave of Archdeacon and Mrs. Dodgson in Croft
+Churchyard.]
+
+
+    My dear Friend, I hear and see so little and so few persons,
+    that I had not heard of your sorrow until your to-day's
+    letter; and now I but guess what it was: only your language
+    is that of the very deepest. I have often thought, since I
+    had to think of this, how, in all adversity, what God takes
+    away He may give us back with increase. One cannot think
+    that any holy earthly love will cease, when we shall "be
+    like the Angels of God in Heaven." Love here must shadow our
+    love there, deeper because spiritual, without any alloy from
+    our sinful nature, and in the fulness of the love of God.
+    But as we grow here by God's grace will be our capacity for
+    endless love. So, then, if by our very sufferings we are
+    purified, and our hearts enlarged, we shall, in that endless
+    bliss, love more those whom we loved here, than if we had
+    never had that sorrow, never been parted....
+
+Lewis Carroll was summoned home to attend the funeral--a sad interlude
+amidst the novel experiences of a first term at College. The Oxford of
+1851 was in many ways quite unlike the Oxford of 1898. The position of
+the undergraduates was much more similar to that of schoolboys than is
+now the case; they were subject to the same penalties--corporal
+punishment, even, had only just gone out of vogue!--and were expected
+to work, and to work hard.
+
+Early rising then was strictly enforced, as the following extract from
+one of his letters will show:--
+
+    I am not so anxious as usual to begin my personal history,
+    as the first thing I have to record is a very sad incident,
+    namely, my missing morning chapel; before, however, you
+    condemn me, you must hear how accidental it was. For some
+    days now I have been in the habit of, I will not say getting
+    up, but of being called at a quarter past six, and generally
+    managing to be down soon after seven. In the present
+    instance I had been up the night before till about half-past
+    twelve, and consequently when I was called I fell asleep
+    again, and was thunderstruck to find on waking that it was
+    ten minutes past eight. I have had no imposition, nor heard
+    anything about it. It is rather vexatious to have happened
+    so soon, as I had intended never to be late.
+
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Carroll, aged 23.]
+
+It was therefore obviously his custom to have his breakfast
+_before_ going to chapel. I wonder how many undergraduates of the
+present generation follow the same hardy rule! But then no
+"impositions" threaten the modern sluggard, even if he neglects chapel
+altogether.
+
+During the Long Vacation he visited the Great Exhibition, and wrote
+his sister Elizabeth a long account of what he had seen:--
+
+
+    I think the first impression produced on you when you get
+    inside is one of bewilderment. It looks like a sort of
+    fairyland. As far as you can look in any direction, you see
+    nothing but pillars hung about with shawls, carpets, &c.,
+    with long avenues of statues, fountains, canopies, etc.,
+    etc., etc. The first thing to be seen on entering is the
+    Crystal Fountain, a most elegant one about thirty feet high
+    at a rough guess, composed entirely of glass and pouring
+    down jets of water from basin to basin; this is in the
+    middle of the centre nave, and from it you can look down to
+    either end, and up both transepts. The centre of the nave
+    mostly consists of a long line of colossal statues, some
+    most magnificent. The one considered the finest, I believe,
+    is the Amazon and Tiger. She is sitting on horseback, and a
+    tiger has fastened on the neck of the horse in front. You
+    have to go to one side to see her face, and the other to see
+    the horse's. The horse's face is really wonderful,
+    expressing terror and pain so exactly, that you almost
+    expect to hear it scream.... There are some very ingenious
+    pieces of mechanism. A tree (in the French Compartment) with
+    birds chirping and hopping from branch to branch exactly
+    like life. The bird jumps across, turns round on the other
+    branch, so as to face back again, settles its head and neck,
+    and then in a few moments jumps back again. A bird standing
+    at the foot of the tree trying to eat a beetle is rather a
+    failure; it never succeeds in getting its head more than a
+    quarter of an inch down, and that in uncomfortable little
+    jerks, as if it was choking. I have to go to the Royal
+    Academy, so must stop: as the subject is quite inexhaustible,
+    there is no hope of ever coming to a regular finish.
+
+On November 1st he won a Boulter scholarship, and at the end of the
+following year obtained First Class Honours in Mathematics and a
+Second in Classical Moderations. On Christmas Eve he was made a
+Student on Dr. Pusey's nomination, for at that time the Dean and
+Canons nominated to Studentships by turn. The only conditions on which
+these old Studentships were held were that the Student should remain
+unmarried, and should proceed to Holy Orders. No statute precisely
+defined what work was expected of them, that question being largely
+left to their own discretion.
+
+The eight Students at the bottom of the list that is to say, the eight
+who had been nominated last--had to mark, by pricking on weekly papers
+called "the Bills," the attendance at morning and evening chapel. They
+were allowed to arrange this duty among themselves, and, if it was
+neglected, they were all punished. This long-defunct custom explains
+an entry in Lewis Carroll's Diary for October 15, 1853, "Found I had
+got the prickbills two hundred lines apiece, by not pricking in in the
+morning," which, I must confess, mystified me exceedingly at first.
+Another reference to College impositions occurs further on in his
+Diary, at a time when he was a Lecturer: "Spoke to the Dean about
+F--, who has brought an imposition which his tutor declares is not
+his own writing, after being expressly told to write it himself."
+
+The following is an extract from his father's letter of
+congratulation, on his being nominated for the Studentship:--
+
+
+    My dearest Charles,--The feelings of thankfulness and
+    delight with which I have read your letter just received, I
+    must leave to _your conception_; for they are, I assure
+    you, beyond _my expression_; and your affectionate
+    heart will derive no small addition of joy from thinking of
+    the joy which you have occasioned to me, and to all the
+    circle of your home. I say "_you_ have occasioned,"
+    because, grateful as I am to my old friend Dr. Pusey for
+    what he has done, I cannot desire stronger evidence than his
+    own words of the fact that you have _won_, and well
+    won, this honour for _yourself_, and that it is
+    bestowed as a matter of _justice_ to _you_, and
+    not of _kindness_ to _me_. You will be interested
+    in reading extracts from his two letters to me--the first
+    written three years ago in answer to one from me, in which I
+    distinctly told him that I neither asked nor expected that
+    he should serve me in this matter, unless my son should
+    fairly reach the standard of merit by which these
+    appointments were regulated. In reply he says--
+
+    "I thank you for the way in which you put the application to
+    me. I have now, for nearly twenty years, not given a
+    Studentship to any friend of my own, unless there was no
+    very eligible person in the College. I have passed by or
+    declined the sons of those to whom I was personally indebted
+    for kindness. I can only say that I shall have _very
+    great_ pleasure, if circumstances permit me to nominate
+    your son."
+
+    In his letter received this morning he says--
+
+      "I have great pleasure in telling you that I have been
+      enabled to recommend your son for a Studentship this
+      Christmas. It must be so much more satisfactory to you that
+      he should be nominated thus, in consequence of the
+      recommendation of the College. One of the Censors brought me
+      to-day five names; but in their minds it was plain that they
+      thought your son on the whole the most eligible for the
+      College. It has been very satisfactory to hear of your son's
+      uniform steady and good conduct."
+
+    The last clause is a parallel to your own report, and I am
+    glad that you should have had so soon an evidence so
+    substantial of the truth of what I have so often inculcated,
+    that it is the "steady, painstaking, likely-to-do-good" man,
+    who in the long run wins the race against those who now and
+    then give a brilliant flash and, as Shakespeare says,
+    "straight are cold again."
+
+[Illustration: Archdeacon Dodgson.]
+
+In 1853 Archdeacon Dodgson was collated and installed as one of the
+Canons of Ripon Cathedral. This appointment necessitated a residence
+of three months in every year at Ripon, where Dr. Erskine was then
+Dean. A certain Miss Anderson, who used to stay at the Deanery, had
+very remarkable "clairvoyant" powers; she was able--it was averred--by
+merely holding in her hand a folded paper containing some words
+written by a person unknown to her, to describe his or her character.
+In this way, at what precise date is uncertain, she dictated the
+following description of Lewis Carroll: "Very clever head; a great
+deal of number; a great deal of imitation; he would make a good actor;
+diffident; rather shy in general society; comes out in the home
+circle; rather obstinate; very clever; a great deal of concentration;
+very affectionate; a great deal of wit and humour; not much
+eventuality (or memory of events); fond of deep reading; imaginative,
+fond, of reading poetry; _may_ compose." Those who knew him well
+will agree that this was, at any rate, a remarkable coincidence.
+
+Longley, afterwards Primate, was then Bishop of Ripon. His charming
+character endeared him to the Archdeacon and his family, as to every
+one else who saw much of him. He was one of the few men whose faces
+can truly be called _beautiful_; it was a veil through which a
+soul, all gentleness and truth, shone brightly.
+
+In the early part of 1854 Mr. Dodgson was reading hard for "Greats."
+For the last three weeks before the examination he worked thirteen
+hours a day, spending the whole night before the _viva voce_ over
+his books. But philosophy and history were not very congenial subjects
+to him, and when the list was published his name was only in the third
+class.
+
+[Illustration: Archbishop Longley.]
+
+He spent the Long Vacation at Whitby, reading Mathematics with
+Professor Price. His work bore good fruit, for in October he obtained
+First Class Honours in the Final Mathematical School. "I am getting
+quite tired of being congratulated on various subjects," he writes;
+"there seems to be no end of it. If I had shot the Dean I could hardly
+have had more said about it."
+
+In another letter dated December 13th, he says:
+
+
+    Enclosed you will find a list which I expect you to rejoice
+    over considerably; it will take me more than a day to
+    believe it, I expect--I feel at present very like a child
+    with a new toy, but I daresay I shall be tired of it soon,
+    and wish to be Pope of Rome next.... I have just been to Mr.
+    Price to see how I did in the papers, and the result will I
+    hope be gratifying to you. The following were the sums total
+    for each in the First Class, as nearly as I can remember:--
+
+    Dodgson   ...   ...   ... 279
+    Bosanquet ...   ...   ... 261
+    Cookson  ...   ...   ...  254
+    Fowler   ...   ...   ...  225
+    Ranken   ...   ...   ...  213
+
+    He also said he never remembered so good a set of men in.
+    All this is very satisfactory. I must also add (this is a
+    very boastful letter) that I ought to get the senior
+    scholarship next term.... One thing more I will add, to
+    crown all, and that is, I find I am the next First Class
+    Mathematical Student to Faussett (with the exception of
+    Kitchin who has given up Mathematics), so that I stand next
+    (as Bosanquet is going to leave) for the Lectureship.
+
+On December 18th he took the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and on
+October 15, 1855, he was made a "Master of the House," in honour of
+the appointment of the new Dean (Dr. Liddell) who succeeded Dean
+Gaisford. To be made Master of the House means that a man has all the
+privileges of a Master of Arts within the walls of Christ Church. But
+he must be of a certain number of terms' standing, and be admitted in
+due form by the Vice-Chancellor, before he is a Master of Arts of the
+University. In this wider sense Mr. Dodgson did not take his Master's
+degree until 1857.
+
+This is anticipating events, and there is much to tell of the year
+1855, which was a very eventful one for him. On February 15th he was
+made Sub-Librarian. "This will add L35 to my income," he writes, "not
+much towards independence." For he was most anxious to have a
+sufficient income to make him his own master, that he might enter on
+the literary and artistic career of which he was already dreaming. On
+May 14th he wrote in his Diary: "The Dean and Canons have been pleased
+to give me one of the Bostock scholarships, said to be worth L20 a
+year--this very nearly raises my income this year to independence.
+Courage!"
+
+His college work, during 1855, was chiefly taking private pupils, but
+he had, in addition, about three and a half hours a day of lecturing
+during the last term of the year. He did not, however, work as one of
+the regular staff of lecturers until the next year. From that date his
+work rapidly increased, and he soon had to devote regularly as much as
+seven hours a day to delivering lectures, to say nothing of the time
+required for preparing them.
+
+The following extract from his Journal, June 22, 1855, will serve to
+show his early love for the drama. The scene is laid at the Princess'
+Theatre, then at the height of its glory:--
+
+    The evening began with a capital farce, "Away with
+    Melancholy," and then came the great play, "Henry VIII.,"
+    the greatest theatrical treat I ever had or ever expect to
+    have. I had no idea that anything so superb as the scenery
+    and dresses was ever to be seen on the stage. Kean was
+    magnificent as Cardinal Wolsey, Mrs. Kean a worthy successor
+    to Mrs. Siddons as Queen Catherine, and all the accessories
+    without exception were good--but oh, that exquisite vision
+    of Queen Catherine's! I almost held my breath to watch: the
+    illusion is perfect, and I felt as if in a dream all the
+    time it lasted. It was like a delicious reverie, or the most
+    beautiful poetry. This is the true end and object of
+    acting--to raise the mind above itself, and out of its petty
+    cares. Never shall I forget that wonderful evening, that
+    exquisite vision--sunbeams broke in through the roof, and
+    gradually revealed two angel forms, floating in front of the
+    carved work on the ceiling: the column of sunbeams shone
+    down upon the sleeping queen, and gradually down it floated,
+    a troop of angelic forms, transparent, and carrying palm
+    branches in their hands: they waved these over the sleeping
+    queen, with oh! such a sad and solemn grace. So could I
+    fancy (if the thought be not profane) would real angels seem
+    to our mortal vision, though doubtless our conception is
+    poor and mean to the reality. She in an ecstasy raises her
+    arms towards them, and to sweet slow music, they vanish as
+    marvellously as they came. Then the profound silence of the
+    audience burst at once into a rapture of applause; but even
+    that scarcely marred the effect of the beautiful sad waking
+    words of the Queen, "Spirits of peace, where are ye?" I
+    never enjoyed anything so much in my life before; and never
+    felt so inclined to shed tears at anything fictitious, save
+    perhaps at that poetical gem of Dickens, the death of little
+    Paul.
+
+On August 21st he received a long letter from his father, full of
+excellent advice on the importance to a young man of saving money:--
+
+    I will just sketch for you [writes the Archdeacon] a
+    supposed case, applicable to your own circumstances, of a
+    young man of twenty-three, making up his mind to work for
+    ten years, and living to do it, on an Income enabling him to
+    save L150 a year--supposing him to appropriate it thus:--
+
+                                      L     s.    d.
+
+    Invested at 4 per cent. ...  ... 100    0     0
+
+    Life Insurance of L1,500     ...  29   15     0
+    Books, besides those bought in
+    ordinary course ...     ...  ...  20    5     0
+                                      _____________
+                                    L150    0     0
+
+    Suppose him at the end of the ten years to get a Living
+    enabling him to settle, what will be the result of his
+    savings:--
+
+      1. A nest egg of L1,220 ready money, for furnishing and
+    other expenses.
+
+      2. A sum of L1,500 secured at his death on payment of a
+    _very much_ smaller annual Premium than if he had then
+    begun to insure it.
+
+      3. A useful Library, worth more than L200, besides the
+    books bought out of his current Income during the period....
+
+The picture on the opposite page is one of Mr. Dodgson's illustrations
+in _Misch-Masch,_ a periodical of the nature of _The Rectory
+Umbrella_, except that it contained printed stories and poems by
+the editor, cut out of the various newspapers to which he had
+contributed them. Of the comic papers of that day _Punch,_ of
+course, held the foremost place, but it was not without rivals; there
+was a certain paper called _Diogenes_, then very near its end,
+which imitated _Punch's_ style, and in 1853 the proprietor of
+_The Illustrated News_, at that time one of the most opulent
+publishers in London, started _The Comic Times._ A capable editor
+was found in Edmund Yates; "Phiz" and other well-known artists and
+writers joined the staff, and 100,000 copies of the first number were
+printed.
+
+[Illustration: Studies from English Poets II "Alas! What
+Boots--" Milton's Lucidas.]
+
+Among the contributors was Frank Smedley, author of "Frank Fairleigh."
+Though a confirmed invalid, and condemned to spend most of his days on
+a sofa, Mr. Smedley managed to write several fine novels, full of the
+joy of life, and free from the least taint of discontent or morbid
+feeling. He was one of those men--one meets them here and there--whose
+minds rise high above their bodily infirmities; at moments of
+depression, which come to them as frequently, if not more frequently,
+than to other men, they no doubt feel their weakness, and think
+themselves despised, little knowing that we, the stronger ones in
+body, feel nothing but admiration as we watch the splendid victory of
+the soul over its earthly companion which their lives display.
+
+It was through Frank Smedley that Mr. Dodgson became one of the
+contributors to _The Comic Times_. Several of his poems appeared
+in it, and Mr. Yates wrote to him in the kindest manner, expressing
+warm approval of them. When _The Comic Times_ changed hands in
+1856, and was reduced to half its size, the whole staff left it and
+started a new venture, _The Train_. They were joined by Sala,
+whose stories in _Household Words_ were at that time usually
+ascribed by the uninitiated to Charles Dickens. Mr. Dodgson's
+contributions to _The Train_ included the following: "Solitude"
+(March, 1856); "Novelty and Romancement" (October, 1856); "The Three
+Voices" (November, 1856); "The Sailor's Wife" (May, 1857); and last,
+but by no means least, "Hiawatha's Photographing" (December, 1857).
+All of these, except "Novelty and Romancement," have since been
+republished in "Rhyme? and Reason?" and "Three Sunsets."
+
+The last entry in Mr. Dodgson's Diary for this year reads as
+follows:--
+
+    I am sitting alone in my bedroom this last night of the old
+    year, waiting for midnight. It has been the most eventful
+    year of my life: I began it a poor bachelor student, with no
+    definite plans or expectations; I end it a master and tutor
+    in Ch. Ch., with an income of more than L300 a year, and the
+    course of mathematical tuition marked out by God's
+    providence for at least some years to come. Great mercies,
+    great failings, time lost, talents misapplied--such has been
+    the past year.
+
+His Diary is full of such modest depreciations of himself and his
+work, interspersed with earnest prayers (too sacred and private to be
+reproduced here) that God would forgive him the past, and help him to
+perform His holy will in the future. And all the time that he was thus
+speaking of himself as a sinner, and a man who was utterly falling
+short of his aim, he was living a life full of good deeds and
+innumerable charities, a life of incessant labour and unremitting
+fulfilment of duty. So, I suppose, it is always with those who have a
+really high ideal; the harder they try to approach it the more it
+seems to recede from them, or rather, perhaps, it is impossible to be
+both "the subject and spectator" of goodness. As Coventry Patmore
+wrote:--
+
+    Become whatever good you see;
+      Nor sigh if, forthwith, fades from view
+    The grace of which you may not be
+      The Subject and spectator too.
+
+The reading of "Alton Locke" turned his mind towards social subjects.
+"If the book were but a little more definite," he writes, "it might
+stir up many fellow-workers in the same good field of social
+improvement. Oh that God, in His good providence, may make me
+hereafter such a worker! But alas, what are the means? Each one has
+his own _nostrum_ to propound, and in the Babel of voices nothing
+is done. I would thankfully spend and be spent so long as I were sure
+of really effecting something by the sacrifice, and not merely lying
+down under the wheels of some irresistible Juggernaut."
+
+He was for some time the editor of _College Rhymes_, a Christ
+Church paper, in which his poem, "A Sea Dirge" (afterwards republished
+in "Phantasmagoria," and again in "Rhyme? and Reason?"), first
+appeared. The following verses were among his contributions to the
+same magazine:--
+
+    I painted her a gushing thing,
+      With years perhaps a score
+    I little thought to find they were
+      At least a dozen more;
+    My fancy gave her eyes of blue,
+      A curly auburn head:
+    I came to find the blue a green,
+      The auburn turned to red.
+
+    She boxed my ears this morning,
+      They tingled very much;
+    I own that I could wish her
+      A somewhat lighter touch;
+    And if you were to ask me how
+      Her charms might be improved,
+    I would not have them _added to_,
+      But just a few _removed_!
+
+    She has the bear's ethereal grace,
+      The bland hyena's laugh,
+    The footstep of the elephant,
+      The neck of the giraffe;
+    I love her still, believe me,
+      Though my heart its passion hides;
+    "She is all my fancy painted her,"
+      But oh! _how much besides_!
+
+It was when writing for _The Train_ that he first felt the need
+of a pseudonym. He suggested "Dares" (the first syllable of his
+birthplace) to Edmund Yates, but, as this did not meet with his
+editor's approval, he wrote again, giving a choice of four names, (1)
+Edgar Cuthwellis, (2) Edgar U. C. Westhall, (3) Louis Carroll, and (4)
+Lewis Carroll. The first two were formed from the letters of his two
+Christian names, Charles Lutwidge; the others are merely variant forms
+of those names--Lewis = Ludovicus = Lutwidge; Carroll = Carolus =
+Charles. Mr. Yates chose the last, and thenceforward it became Mr.
+Dodgson's ordinary _nom de plume_. The first occasion on which he
+used it was, I believe, when he wrote "The Path of Roses," a poem
+which appeared in _The Train_ in May, 1856.
+
+On June 16th he again visited the Princess's Theatre. This time the
+play was "A Winter's Tale," and he "especially admired the acting of
+the little Mamillius, Ellen Terry, a beautiful little creature, who
+played with remarkable ease and spirit."
+
+During the Long Vacation he spent a few weeks in the English Lake
+District. In spite of the rain, of which he had his full share, he
+managed to see a good deal of the best scenery, and made the ascent of
+Gable in the face of an icy gale, which laid him up with neuralgia for
+some days. He and his companions returned to Croft by way of Barnard
+Castle, as he narrates in his Diary:--
+
+     We set out by coach for Barnard Castle at about seven, and
+    passed over about forty miles of the dreariest hill-country
+    I ever saw; the climax of wretchedness was reached in Bowes,
+    where yet stands the original of "Dotheboys Hall"; it has
+    long ceased to be used as a school, and is falling into
+    ruin, in which the whole place seems to be following its
+    example--the roofs are falling in, and the windows broken or
+    barricaded--the whole town looks plague-stricken. The
+    courtyard of the inn we stopped at was grown over with
+    weeds, and a mouthing idiot lolled against the corner of the
+    house, like the evil genius of the spot. Next to a prison or
+    a lunatic asylum, preserve me from living at Bowes!
+
+Although he was anything but a sportsman, he was interested in the
+subject of betting, from a mathematical standpoint solely, and in 1857
+he sent a letter to _Bell's Life_, explaining a method by which a
+betting man might ensure winning over any race. The system was either
+to back _every_ horse, or to lay against _every_ horse,
+according to the way the odds added up. He showed his scheme to a
+sporting friend, who remarked, "An excellent system, and you're bound
+to win--_if only you can get people to take your bets_."
+
+In the same year he made the acquaintance of Tennyson, whose writings
+he had long intensely admired. He thus describes the poet's
+appearance:--
+
+    A strange shaggy-looking man; his hair, moustache, and beard
+    looked wild and neglected; these very much hid the character
+    of the face. He was dressed in a loosely fitting morning
+    coat, common grey flannel waistcoat and trousers, and a
+    carelessly tied black silk neckerchief. His hair is black; I
+    think the eyes too; they are keen and restless--nose
+    aquiline--forehead high and broad--both face and head are
+    fine and manly. His manner was kind and friendly from the
+    first; there is a dry lurking humour in his style of
+    talking.
+
+    I took the opportunity [he goes on to say] of asking the
+    meaning of two passages in his poems, which have always
+    puzzled me: one in "Maud"--
+
+      Strange that I hear two men
+        Somewhere talking of me;
+      Well, if it prove a girl, my boy
+        Will have plenty; so let it be.
+
+    He said it referred to Maud, and to the two fathers
+    arranging a match between himself and her.
+
+    The other was of the poet--
+
+      Dowered with the hate of hate, the scorn of scorn,
+        The love of love.
+
+
+    He said that he was quite willing it should bear any meaning
+    the words would fairly bear; to the best of his recollection
+    his meaning when he wrote it was "the hate of the quality
+    hate, &c.," but he thought the meaning of "the quintessence
+    of hatred" finer. He said there had never been a poem so
+    misunderstood by the "ninnies of critics" as "Maud."
+
+[Illustration: Alfred Tennyson. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll._]
+
+During an evening spent at Tent Lodge Tennyson remarked, on the
+similarity of the monkey's skull to the human, that a young monkey's
+skull is quite human in shape, and gradually alters--the analogy being
+borne out by the human skull being at first more like the statues of
+the gods, and gradually degenerating into human; and then, turning to
+Mrs. Tennyson, "There, that's the second original remark I've made
+this evening!" Mr. Dodgson saw a great deal of the Tennysons after
+this, and photographed the poet himself and various members of his
+family.
+
+In October he made the acquaintance of John Ruskin, who in after years
+was always willing to assist him with his valuable advice on any point
+of artistic criticism. Mr. Dodgson was singularly fortunate in his
+friends; whenever he was in difficulties on any technical matters,
+whether of religion, law, medicine, art, or whatever it might be, he
+always had some one especially distinguished in that branch of study
+whose aid he could seek as a friend. In particular, the names of Canon
+King (now Bishop of Lincoln), and Sir James Paget occur to me; to the
+latter Mr. Dodgson addressed many letters on questions of medicine and
+surgery--some of them intricate enough, but never too intricate to
+weary the unfailing patience of the great surgeon.
+
+A note in Mr. Dodgson's Journal, May 9, 1857, describes his
+introduction to Thackeray:--
+
+    I breakfasted this morning with Fowler of Lincoln to meet
+    Thackeray (the author), who delivered his lecture on George
+    III. in Oxford last night. I was much pleased with what I
+    saw of him; his manner is simple and unaffected; he shows no
+    anxiety to shine in conversation, though full of fun and
+    anecdote when drawn out. He seemed delighted with the
+    reception he had met with last night: the undergraduates
+    seem to have behaved with most unusual moderation.
+
+The next few years of his life passed quietly, and without any unusual
+events to break the monotony of college routine. He spent his mornings
+in the lecture-rooms, his afternoons in the country or on the
+river--he was very fond of boating--and his evenings in his room,
+reading and preparing for the next day's work. But in spite of all
+this outward calm of life, his mind was very much exercised on the
+subject of taking Holy Orders. Not only was this step necessary if he
+wished to retain his Studentship, but also he felt that it would give
+him much more influence among the undergraduates, and thus increase
+his power of doing good. On the other hand, he was not prepared to
+live the life of almost puritanical strictness which was then
+considered essential for a clergyman, and he saw that the impediment
+of speech from which he suffered would greatly interfere with the
+proper performance of his clerical duties.
+
+[Illustration: The Bishop of Lincoln. _From a photograph by
+Lewis Carroll_]
+
+The Bishop of Oxford, Dr. Wilberforce, had expressed the opinion that
+the "resolution to attend theatres or operas was an absolute
+disqualification for Holy Orders," which discouraged him very much,
+until it transpired that this statement was only meant to refer to the
+parochial clergy. He discussed the matter with Dr. Pusey, and with Dr.
+Liddon. The latter said that "he thought a deacon might lawfully, if
+he found himself unfit for the work, abstain from direct ministerial
+duty." And so, with many qualms about his own unworthiness, he at last
+decided to prepare definitely for ordination.
+
+On December 22, 1861, he was ordained deacon by the Bishop of Oxford.
+He never proceeded to priest's orders, partly, I think, because he
+felt that if he were to do so it would be his duty to undertake
+regular parochial work, and partly on account of his stammering. He
+used, however, to preach not unfrequently, and his sermons were always
+delightful to listen to, his extreme earnestness being evident in
+every word.
+
+[Illustration: Bishop Wilberforce. _From a photograph by
+Lewis Carroll_.]
+
+"He knew exactly what he wished to say" (I am quoting from an article
+in _The Guardian_), "and completely forgot his audience in his
+anxiety to explain his point clearly. He thought of the subject only,
+and the words came of themselves. Looking straight in front of him he
+saw, as it were, his argument mapped out in the form of a diagram, and
+he set to work to prove it point by point, under its separate heads,
+and then summed up the whole."
+
+One sermon which he preached in the University Church, on Eternal
+Punishment, is not likely to be soon forgotten by those who heard it.
+I, unfortunately, was not of that number, but I can well imagine how
+his clear-cut features would light up as he dwelt lovingly upon the
+mercy of that Being whose charity far exceeds "the measure of man's
+mind." It is hardly necessary to say that he himself did not believe
+in eternal punishment, or any other scholastic doctrine that
+contravenes the love of God.
+
+He disliked being complimented on his sermons, but he liked to be told
+of any good effects that his words had had upon any member of the
+congregation. "Thank you for telling me that fact about my sermon," he
+wrote to one of his sisters, who told him of some such good fruit that
+one of his addresses had borne. "I have once or twice had such
+information volunteered; and it is a _great_ comfort--and a kind
+of thing that is _really_ good for one to know. It is _not_
+good to be told (and I never wish to be told), 'Your sermon was so
+_beautiful_.' We shall not be concerned to know, in the Great
+Day, whether we have preached beautiful sermons, but whether they were
+preached with the one object of serving God."
+
+He was always ready and willing to preach at the special service for
+College servants, which used to be held at Christ Church every Sunday
+evening; but best of all he loved to preach to children. Some of his
+last sermons were delivered at Christ Church, Eastbourne (the church
+he regularly attended during the Long Vacation), to a congregation of
+children. On those occasions he told them an allegory--_Victor and
+Arnion,_ which he intended to publish in course of time--putting
+all his heart into the work, and speaking with such deep feeling that
+at times he was almost unable to control his emotion as he told them
+of the love and compassion of the Good Shepherd.
+
+I have dwelt at some length on this side of his life, for it is, I am
+sure, almost ignored in the popular estimate of him. He was
+essentially a religious man in the best sense of the term, and without
+any of that morbid sentimentality which is too often associated with
+the word; and while his religion consecrated his talents, and raised
+him to a height which without it he could never have reached, the
+example of such a man as he was, so brilliant, so witty, so
+successful, and yet so full of faith, consecrates the very conception
+of religion, and makes it yet more beautiful.
+
+On April 13, 1859, he paid another visit to Tennyson, this time at
+Farringford.
+
+    After dinner we retired for about an hour to the
+    smoking-room, where I saw the proof-sheets of the "King's
+    Idylls," but he would not let me read them. He walked
+    through the garden with me when I left, and made me remark
+    an effect produced on the thin white clouds by the moon
+    shining through, which I had not noticed--a ring of golden
+    light at some distance off the moon, with an interval of
+    white between--this, he says, he has alluded to in one of
+    his early poems ("Margaret," vol. i.), "the tender amber." I
+    asked his opinion of Sydney Dobell--he agrees with me in
+    liking "Grass from the Battlefield," and thinks him a writer
+    of genius and imagination, but extravagant.
+
+On another occasion he showed the poet a photograph which he had taken
+of Miss Alice Liddell as a beggar-child, and which Tennyson said was
+the most beautiful photograph he had ever seen.
+
+[Illustration: Alice Liddell as Beggar-child. _From a
+photograph by Lewis Carroll_.]
+
+    Tennyson told us he had often dreamed long passages of
+    poetry, and believed them to be good at the time, though he
+    could never remember them after waking, except four lines
+    which he dreamed at ten years old:--
+
+      May a cock sparrow
+      Write to a barrow?
+      I hope you'll excuse
+      My infantile muse;
+
+    --which, as an unpublished fragment of the Poet Laureate,
+    may be thought interesting, but not affording much promise
+    of his after powers.
+
+    He also told us he once dreamed an enormously long poem
+    about fairies, which began with very long lines that
+    gradually got shorter, and ended with fifty or sixty lines
+    of two syllables each!
+
+On October 17, 1859, the Prince of Wales came into residence at Christ
+Church. The Dean met him at the station, and all the dons assembled in
+Tom Quadrangle to welcome him. Mr. Dodgson, as usual, had an eye to a
+photograph, in which hope, however, he was doomed to disappointment.
+His Royal Highness was tired of having his picture taken.
+
+During his early college life he used often to spend a few days at
+Hastings, with his mother's sisters, the Misses Lutwidge. In a letter
+written from their house to his sister Mary, and dated April 11, 1860,
+he gives an account of a lecture he had just heard:--
+
+    I am just returned from a series of dissolving views on the
+    Arctic regions, and, while the information there received is
+    still fresh in my mind, I will try to give you some of it.
+    In the first place, you may not know that one of the objects
+    of the Arctic expeditions was to discover "the intensity of
+    the magnetic needle." He [the lecturer] did not tell us,
+    however, whether they had succeeded in discovering it, or
+    whether that rather obscure question is still doubtful. One
+    of the explorers, Baffin, "_though_ he did not suffer
+    all the hardships the others did, _yet_ he came to an
+    untimely end (of course one would think in the Arctic
+    regions), _for instance_ (what follows being, I
+    suppose, one of the untimely ends he came to), being engaged
+    in a war of the Portuguese against the Prussians, while
+    measuring the ground in front of a fortification, a
+    cannon-ball came against him, with the force with which
+    cannon-balls in that day _did_ come, and killed him
+    dead on the spot." How many instances of this kind would you
+    demand to prove that he did come to an untimely end? One of
+    the ships was laid up three years in the ice, during which
+    time, he told us, "Summer came and went frequently." This, I
+    think, was the most remarkable phenomenon he mentioned in
+    the whole lecture, and gave _me_ quite a new idea of
+    those regions.
+
+    On Tuesday I went to a concert at St. Leonard's. On the
+    front seat sat a youth about twelve years of age, of whom
+    the enclosed is a tolerably accurate sketch. He really was,
+    I think, the ugliest boy I ever saw. I wish I could get an
+    opportunity of photographing him.
+
+[Illustration: Sketch from St. Leonard's Concert-Room.]
+
+The following note occurs in his Journal for May 6th:--
+
+    A Christ Church man, named Wilmot, who is just returned from
+    the West Indies, dined in Hall. He told us some curious
+    things about the insects in South America--one that he had
+    himself seen was a spider charming a cockroach with flashes
+    of light; they were both on the wall, the spider about a
+    yard the highest, and the light was like a glow-worm, only
+    that it came by flashes and did not shine continuously; the
+    cockroach gradually crawled up to it, and allowed itself to
+    be taken and killed.
+
+    A few months afterwards, when in town and visiting Mr.
+    Munroe's studio, he found there two of the children of Mr.
+    George Macdonald, whose acquaintance he had already made:
+    "They were a girl and boy, about seven and six years old--I
+    claimed their acquaintance, and began at once proving to the
+    boy, Greville, that he had better take the opportunity of
+    having his head changed for a marble one. The effect was
+    that in about two minutes they had entirely forgotten that I
+    was a total stranger, and were earnestly arguing the
+    question as if we were old acquaintances." Mr. Dodgson urged
+    that a marble head would not have to be brushed and combed.
+    At this the boy turned to his sister with an air of great
+    relief, saying, "Do you hear _that_, Mary? It needn't
+    be combed!" And the narrator adds, "I have no doubt combing,
+    with his great head of long hair, like Hallam Tennyson's,
+    was _the_ misery of his life. His final argument was
+    that a marble head couldn't speak, and as I couldn't
+    convince either that he would be all the better for that, I
+    gave in."
+
+[Illustration: George Macdonald and his daughter Lily.
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll._]
+
+In November he gave a lecture at a meeting of the Ashmolean Society on
+"Where does the Day begin?" The problem, which was one he was very
+fond of propounding, may be thus stated: If a man could travel round
+the world so fast that the sun would be always directly above his
+head, and if he were to start travelling at midday on Tuesday, then in
+twenty-four hours he would return to his original point of departure,
+and would find that the day was now called Wednesday--at what point of
+his journey would the day change its name? The difficulty of answering
+this apparently simple question has cast a gloom over many a pleasant
+party.
+
+On December 12th he wrote in his Diary:--
+
+    Visit of the Queen to Oxford, to the great surprise of
+    everybody, as it had been kept a secret up to the time. She
+    arrived in Christ Church about twelve, and came into Hall
+    with the Dean, where the Collections were still going on,
+    about a dozen men being in Hall. The party consisted of the
+    Queen, Prince Albert, Princess Alice and her intended
+    husband, the Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt, the Prince of Wales,
+    Prince Alfred, and suite. They remained a minute or two
+    looking at the pictures, and the Sub-Dean was presented:
+    they then visited the Cathedral and Library. Evening
+    entertainment at the Deanery, _tableaux vivants_. I
+    went a little after half-past eight, and found a great party
+    assembled--the Prince had not yet come. He arrived before
+    nine, and I found an opportunity of reminding General Bruce
+    of his promise to introduce me to the Prince, which he did
+    at the next break in the conversation H.R.H. was holding
+    with Mrs. Fellowes. He shook hands very graciously, and I
+    began with a sort of apology for having been so importunate
+    about the photograph. He said something of the weather being
+    against it, and I asked if the Americans had victimised him
+    much as a sitter; he said they had, but he did not think
+    they had succeeded well, and I told him of the new American
+    process of taking twelve thousand photographs in an hour.
+    Edith Liddell coming by at the moment, I remarked on the
+    beautiful _tableau_ which the children might make: he
+    assented, and also said, in answer to my question, that he
+    had seen and admired my photographs of them. I then said
+    that I hoped, as I had missed the photograph, he would at
+    least give me his autograph in my album, which he promised
+    to do. Thinking I had better bring the talk to an end, I
+    concluded by saying that, if he would like copies of any of
+    my photographs, I should feel honoured by his accepting
+    them; he thanked me for this, and I then drew back, as he
+    did not seem inclined to pursue the conversation.
+
+A few days afterwards the Prince gave him his autograph, and also
+chose a dozen or so of his photograph (sic).
+
+
+[Illustration:  Mrs. Rossetti and her children Dante Gabriel,
+Christina, and William. _From a photograph by Lewis Carroll._]
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+(1861-1867)
+
+    Jowett--Index to "In Memoriam"--The Tennysons--The beginning
+    of "Alice"--Tenniel--Artistic friends--"Alice's Adventures
+    in Wonderland"--"Bruno's Revenge"--Tour with Dr.
+    Liddon--Cologne--Berlin architecture--The "Majesty of
+    Justice"--Peterhof--Moscow--A Russian wedding--Nijni--The
+    Troitska Monastery--"Hieroglyphic" writing--Giessen.
+
+It is my aim in this Memoir to let Mr. Dodgson tell his own story as
+much as possible. In order to effect this object I have drawn largely
+upon his Diary and correspondence. Very few men have left behind them
+such copious information about their lives as he has; unfortunately it
+is not equally copious throughout, and this fact must be my apology
+for the somewhat haphazard and disconnected way in which parts of this
+book are written. That it is the best which, under the circumstances,
+I have been able to do needs, I hope, no saying, but the circumstances
+have at times been too strong for me.
+
+Though in later years Mr. Dodgson almost gave up the habit of dining
+out, at this time of his life he used to do it pretty frequently, and
+several of the notes in his Diary refer to after-dinner and Common
+Room stories. The two following extracts will show the sort of facts
+he recorded:--
+
+    _January 2, 1861._--Mr. Grey (Canon) came to dine and
+    stay the night. He told me a curious old custom of millers,
+    that they place the sails of the mill as a Saint Andrew's
+    Cross when work is entirely suspended, thus x, but in an
+    upright cross, thus +, if they are just going to resume
+    work. He also mentioned that he was at school with Dr.
+    Tennyson (father of the poet), and was a great favourite of
+    his. He remembers that Tennyson used to do his
+    school-translations in rhyme.
+
+    _May 9th._--Met in Common Room Rev. C.F. Knight, and
+    the Hon'ble. F.J. Parker, both of Boston, U.S. The former
+    gave an amusing account of having seen Oliver Wendell Holmes
+    in a fishmonger's, lecturing _extempore_ on the head of
+    a freshly killed turtle, whose eyes and jaws still showed
+    muscular action: the lecture of course being all "cram," but
+    accepted as sober earnest by the mob outside.
+
+Old Oxford men will remember the controversies that raged from about
+1860 onwards over the opinions of the late Dr. Jowett. In my time the
+name "Jowett" only represented the brilliant translator of Plato, and
+the deservedly loved master of Balliol, whose sermons in the little
+College Chapel were often attended by other than Balliol men, and
+whose reputation for learning was expressed in the well-known verse of
+"The Masque of Balliol":--
+
+      First come I, my name is Jowett.
+      There's no knowledge but I know it;
+      I am Master of this College;
+      What I don't know isn't knowledge.
+
+But in 1861 he was anything but universally popular, and I am afraid
+that Mr. Dodgson, nothing if not a staunch Conservative, sided with
+the majority against him. Thus he wrote in his Diary:--
+
+    _November 20th._--Promulgation, in Congregation, of the
+    new statute to endow Jowett. The speaking took up the whole
+    afternoon, and the two points at issue, the endowing a
+    _Regius_ Professorship, and the countenancing Jowett's
+    theological opinions, got so inextricably mixed up that I
+    rose to beg that they might be kept separate. Once on my
+    feet, I said more than I at first meant, and defied them
+    ever to tire out the opposition by perpetually bringing the
+    question on (_Mem_.: if I ever speak again I will try
+    to say no more than I had resolved before rising). This was
+    my first speech in Congregation.
+
+At the beginning of 1862 an "Index to In Memoriam," compiled by Mr.
+Dodgson and his sisters, was published by Moxon. Tennyson had given
+his consent, and the little book proved to be very useful to his
+admirers.
+
+On January 27th Morning Prayer was for the first time read in English
+at the Christ Church College Service. On the same day Mr. Dodgson
+moved over into new rooms, as the part of the College where he had
+formerly lived (Chaplain's Quadrangle) was to be pulled down.
+
+During the Easter Vacation he paid another visit to the Tennysons,
+which he describes as follows:--
+
+    After luncheon I went to the Tennysons, and got Hallam and
+    Lionel to sign their names in my album. Also I made a
+    bargain with Lionel, that he was to give me some MS. of his
+    verses, and I was to send him some of mine. It was a very
+    difficult bargain to make; I almost despaired of it at
+    first, he put in so many conditions--first, I was to play a
+    game of chess with him; this, with much difficulty, was
+    reduced to twelve moves on each side; but this made little
+    difference, as I check-mated him at the sixth move. Second,
+    he was to be allowed to give me one blow on the head with a
+    mallet (this he at last consented to give up). I forget if
+    there were others, but it ended in my getting the verses,
+    for which I have written out "The Lonely Moor" for him.
+
+Mr. Dodgson took a great interest in occult phenomena, and was for
+some time an enthusiastic member of the "Psychical Society." It was
+his interest in ghosts that led to his meeting with the artist Mr.
+Heaphy, who had painted a picture of a ghost which he himself had
+seen. I quote the following from a letter to his sister Mary:--
+
+    During my last visit to town, I paid a very interesting
+    visit to a new artist, Mr. Heaphy. Do you remember that
+    curious story of a ghost lady (in _Household Words_ or
+    _All the Year Round_), who sat to an artist for her
+    picture; it was called "Mr. H.'s Story," and he was the
+    writer.... He received me most kindly, and we had a very
+    interesting talk about the ghost, which certainly is one of
+    the most curious and inexplicable stories I ever heard. He
+    showed me her picture (life size), and she must have been
+    very lovely, if it is like her (or like it, which ever is
+    the correct pronoun).... Mr. Heaphy showed me a most
+    interesting collection of drawings he has made abroad; he
+    has been about, hunting up the earliest and most authentic
+    pictures of our Saviour, some merely outlines, some coloured
+    pictures. They agree wonderfully in the character of the
+    face, and one, he says, there is no doubt was done before
+    the year 150.... I feel sure from his tone that he is doing
+    this in a religious spirit, and not merely as an artist.
+
+On July 4, 1862, there is a very important entry: "I made an
+expedition _up_ the river to Godstow with the three Liddells; we
+had tea on the bank there, and did not reach Christ Church till
+half-past eight."
+
+[Illustration: Lorina, Alice, and Edith Liddell. _From a
+photograph by Lewis Carroll_.]
+
+On the opposite page he added, somewhat later, "On which occasion I
+told them the fairy-tale of 'Alice's Adventures Underground,' which I
+undertook to write out for Alice."
+
+These words need to be supplemented by the verses with which he
+prefaced the "Wonderland":--
+
+        All in the golden afternoon
+          Full leisurely we glide;
+        For both our oars, with little skill,
+          By little arms are plied,
+        While little hands make vain pretence
+          Our wanderings to guide.
+
+        Ah, cruel Three! In such an hour,
+          Beneath such dreamy weather,
+        To beg a tale of breath too weak
+          To stir the tiniest feather!
+        Yet what can one poor voice avail
+          Against three tongues together?
+
+        Imperious Prima flashes forth
+          Her edict "to begin it"--
+        In gentler tones Secunda hopes
+          "There will be nonsense in it!"
+        While Tertia interrupts the tale
+          Not _more_ than once a minute.
+
+        Anon, to sudden silence won,
+          In fancy they pursue
+        The dream-child moving through a land
+          Of wonders wild and new,
+        In friendly chat with bird or beast--
+          And half believe it true.
+
+        And ever, as the story drained
+          The wells of fancy dry,
+        And faintly strove that weary one
+          To put the subject by,
+        "The rest next time"--"It _is_ next time!"
+          The happy voices cry.
+
+        Thus grew the tale of Wonderland:
+          Thus slowly, one by one,
+        Its quaint events were hammered out--
+          And now the tale is done,
+        And home we steer, a merry crew,
+          Beneath the setting sun.
+
+
+"Alice" herself (Mrs. Reginald Hargreaves) has given an account of the
+scene, from which what follows is quoted:--
+
+    Most of Mr. Dodgson's stories were told to us on river
+    expeditions to Nuneham or Godstow, near Oxford. My eldest
+    sister, now Mrs. Skene, was "Prima," I was "Secunda," and
+    "Tertia" was my sister Edith. I believe the beginning of
+    "Alice" was told one summer afternoon when the sun was so
+    burning that we had landed in the meadows down the river,
+    deserting the boat to take refuge in the only bit of shade
+    to be found, which was under a new-made hayrick. Here from
+    all three came the old petition of "Tell us a story," and so
+    began the ever-delightful tale. Sometimes to tease us--and
+    perhaps being really tired--Mr. Dodgson would stop suddenly
+    and say, "And that's all till next time." "Ah, but it is
+    next time," would be the exclamation from all three; and
+    after some persuasion the story would start afresh. Another
+    day, perhaps, the story would begin in the boat, and Mr.
+    Dodgson, in the middle of telling a thrilling adventure,
+    would pretend to go fast asleep, to our great dismay.
+
+"Alice's Adventures Underground" was the original name of the story;
+later on it became "Alice's Hour in Elfland." It was not until June
+18, 1864, that he finally decided upon "Alice's Adventures in
+Wonderland." The illustrating of the manuscript book gave him some
+trouble. He had to borrow a "Natural History" from the Deanery to
+learn the correct shapes of some of the strange animals with which
+Alice conversed; the Mock Turtle he must have evolved out of his inner
+consciousness, for it is, I think, a species unknown to naturalists.
+
+He was lucky enough during the course of the year to see a ceremony
+which is denied to most Oxford men. When degrees are given, any
+tradesman who has been unable to get his due from an undergraduate
+about to be made a Bachelor of Arts is allowed, by custom, to pluck
+the Proctor's gown as he passes, and then to make his complaint. This
+law is more honoured in the breach than in the observance; but, on the
+occasion of this visit of Mr. Dodgson's to Convocation, the Proctor's
+gown was actually plucked--on account of an unfortunate man who had
+gone through the Bankruptcy Court.
+
+When he promised to write out "Alice" for Miss Liddell he had no idea
+of publication; but his friend, Mr. George Macdonald, to whom he had
+shown the story, persuaded him to submit it to a publisher. Messrs.
+Macmillan agreed to produce it, and as Mr. Dodgson had not sufficient
+faith in his own artistic powers to venture to allow his illustrations
+to appear, it was necessary to find some artist who would undertake
+the work. By the advice of Tom Taylor he approached Mr. Tenniel, who
+was fortunately well disposed, and on April 5, 1864, the final
+arrangements were made.
+
+[Illustration: George MacDonald. _From a photograph by
+Lewis Carroll_.]
+
+The following interesting account of a meeting with Mr. Dodgson is
+from the pen of Mrs. Bennie, wife of the Rector of Glenfield, near
+Leicester:--
+
+    Some little time after the publication of "Alice's
+    Adventures" we went for our summer holiday to Whitby. We
+    were visiting friends, and my brother and sister went to the
+    hotel. They soon after asked us to dine with them there at
+    the _table d'hote._ I had on one side of me a gentleman
+    whom I did not know, but as I had spent a good deal of time
+    travelling in foreign countries, I always, at once, speak to
+    any one I am placed next. I found on this occasion I had a
+    very agreeable neighbour, and we seemed to be much
+    interested in the same books, and politics also were touched
+    on. After dinner my sister and brother rather took me to
+    task for talking so much to a complete stranger. I said.
+    "But it was quite a treat to talk to him and to hear him
+    talk. Of one thing I am quite sure, he is a genius." My
+    brother and sister, who had not heard him speak, again
+    laughed at me, and said, "You are far too easily pleased."
+    I, however, maintained my point, and said what great delight
+    his conversation had given me, and how remarkably clever it
+    had been. Next morning nurse took out our two little twin
+    daughters in front of the sea. I went out a short time
+    afterwards, looked for them, and found them seated with my
+    friend of the _table d'hote_ between them, and they
+    were listening to him, open-mouthed, and in the greatest
+    state of enjoyment, with his knee covered with minute toys.
+    I, seeing their great delight, motioned to him to go on;
+    this he did for some time. A most charming story he told
+    them about sea-urchins and Ammonites. When it was over, I
+    said, "You must be the author of 'Alice's Adventures.'" He
+    laughed, but looked astonished, and said, "My dear Madam, my
+    name is Dodgson, and 'Alice's Adventures' was written by
+    Lewis Carroll." I replied, "Then you must have borrowed the
+    name, for only he could have told a story as you have just
+    done." After a little sparring he admitted the fact, and I
+    went home and proudly told my sister and brother how my
+    genius had turned out a greater one than I expected. They
+    assured me I must be mistaken, and that, as I had suggested
+    it to him, he had taken advantage of the idea, and said he
+    was what I wanted him to be. A few days after some friends
+    came to Whitby who knew his aunts, and confirmed the truth
+    of his statement, and thus I made the acquaintance of one
+    whose friendship has been the source of great pleasure for
+    nearly thirty years. He has most generously sent us all his
+    books, with kind inscriptions, to "Minnie and Doe," whom he
+    photographed, but would not take Canon Bennie or me; he said
+    he never took portraits of people of more than seventeen
+    years of age until they were seventy. He visited us, and we
+    often met him at Eastbourne, and his death was indeed a
+    great loss after so many happy years of friendship with one
+    we so greatly admired and loved.
+
+He spent a part of the Long Vacation at Freshwater, taking great
+interest in the children who, for him, were the chief attraction of
+the seaside.
+
+    Every morning four little children dressed in yellow go by
+    from the front down to the beach: they go by in a state of
+    great excitement, brandishing wooden spades, and making
+    strange noises; from that moment they disappear
+    entirely--they are never to be seen _on_ the beach. The
+    only theory I can form is, that they all tumble into a hole
+    somewhere, and continue excavating therein during the day:
+    however that may be, I have once or twice come across them
+    returning at night, in exactly the same state of excitement,
+    and seemingly in quite as great a hurry to get home as they
+    were before to get out. The evening noises they make sound
+    to me very much like the morning noises, but I suppose they
+    are different to them, and contain an account of the day's
+    achievements.
+
+His enthusiasm for photography, and his keen appreciation of the
+beautiful, made him prefer the society of artists to that of any other
+class of people. He knew the Rossettis intimately, and his Diary shows
+him to have been acquainted with Millais, Holman Hunt, Sant,
+Westmacott, Val Prinsep, Watts, and a host of others. Arthur Hughes
+painted a charming picture to his order ("The Lady with the Lilacs")
+which used to hang in his rooms at Christ Church. The Andersons were
+great friends of his, Mrs. Anderson being one of his favourite
+child-painters. Those who have visited him at Oxford will remember a
+beautiful girl's head, painted by her from a rough sketch she had once
+made in a railway carriage of a child who happened to be sitting
+opposite her.
+
+[Illustration: J. Sant. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+His own drawings were in no way remarkable. Ruskin, whose advice he
+took on his artistic capabilities, told him that he had not enough
+talent to make it worth his while to devote much time to sketching,
+but every one who saw his photographs admired them. Considering the
+difficulties of the "wet process," and the fact that he had a
+conscientious horror of "touching up" his negatives, the pictures he
+produced are quite wonderful. Some of them were shown to the Queen,
+who said that she admired them very much, and that they were "such as
+the Prince would have appreciated very highly, and taken much pleasure
+in."
+
+[Illustration: Holman Hunt. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+On July 4, 1865, exactly three years after the memorable row up the
+river, Miss Alice Liddell received the first presentation copy of
+"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland": the second was sent to Princess
+Beatrice.
+
+The first edition, which consisted of two thousand copies, was
+condemned by both author and illustrator, for the pictures did not
+come out well. All purchasers were accordingly asked to return their
+copies, and to send their names and addresses; a new edition was
+prepared, and distributed to those who had sent back their old copies,
+which the author gave away to various homes and hospitals. The
+substituted edition was a complete success, "a perfect piece of
+artistic printing," as Mr. Dodgson called it. He hardly dared to hope
+that more than two thousand copies would be sold, and anticipated a
+considerable loss over the book. His surprise was great when edition
+after edition was demanded, and when he found that "Alice," far from
+being a monetary failure, was bringing him in a very considerable
+income every year.
+
+[Illustration: Sir John Millais. _From a photograph by
+Lewis Carroll_]
+
+A rough comparison between "Alice's Adventures Underground" and the
+book in its completed form, shows how slight were the alterations that
+Lewis Carroll thought it necessary to make.
+
+The "Wonderland" is somewhat longer, but the general plan of the book,
+and the simplicity of diction, which is one of its principal charms,
+are unchanged. His memory was so good that I believe the story as he
+wrote it down was almost word for word the same that he had told in
+the boat. The whole idea came like an inspiration into his mind, and
+that sort of inspiration does not often come more than once in a
+lifetime. Nothing which he wrote afterwards had anything like the same
+amount of freshness, of wit, of real genius. The "Looking-Glass" most
+closely approached it in these qualities, but then it was only the
+following out of the same idea. The most ingenuous comparison of the
+two books I have seen was the answer of a little girl whom Lewis
+Carroll had asked if she had read them: "Oh yes, I've read both of
+them, and I think," (this more slowly and thoughtfully) "I think
+'Through the Looking-Glass' is more stupid than 'Alice's Adventures.'
+Don't you think so?"
+
+The critics were loud in their praises of "Alice"; there was hardly a
+dissentient voice among them, and the reception which the public gave
+the book justified their opinion. So recently as July, 1898, the
+_Pall Mall Gazette_ conducted an inquiry into the popularity of
+children's books. "The verdict is so natural that it will surprise no
+normal person. The winner is 'Alice in Wonderland'; 'Through the
+Looking-Glass' is in the twenty, but much lower down."
+
+"Alice" has been translated into French, German, Italian, and Dutch,
+while one poem, "Father William," has even been turned into Arabic.
+Several plays have been based upon it; lectures have been given,
+illustrated by magic-lantern slides of Tenniel's pictures, which have
+also adorned wall-papers and biscuit-boxes. Mr. Dodgson himself
+designed a very ingenious "Wonderland" stamp-case; there has been an
+"Alice" birthday-book; at schools, children have been taught to read
+out of "Alice," while the German edition, shortened and simplified for
+the purpose, has also been used as a lesson-book. With the exception
+of Shakespeare's plays, very few, if any, books are so frequently
+quoted in the daily Press as the two "Alices."
+
+In 1866 Mr. Dodgson was introduced to Miss Charlotte M. Yonge, whose
+novels had long delighted him. "It was a pleasure I had long hoped
+for," he says, "and I was very much pleased with her cheerful and easy
+manners--the sort of person one knows in a few minutes as well as many
+in many years."
+
+[Illustration: C. M. Yonge. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+In 1867 he contributed a story to _Aunt Judy's Magazine_ called
+"Bruno's Revenge," the charming little idyll out of which "Sylvie and
+Bruno" grew. The creation of Bruno was the only act of homage Lewis
+Carroll ever paid to boy-nature, for which, as a rule, he professed an
+aversion almost amounting to terror. Nevertheless, on the few
+occasions on which I have seen him in the company of boys, he seemed
+to be thoroughly at his ease, telling them stories and showing them
+puzzles.
+
+I give an extract from Mrs. Gatty's letter, acknowledging the receipt
+of "Bruno's Revenge" for her magazine:--
+
+    I need hardly tell you that the story is _delicious_.
+    It is beautiful and fantastic and childlike, and I cannot
+    sufficiently thank you. I am so _proud_ for _Aunt
+    Judy_ that you have honoured _her_ by sending it
+    here, rather than to the _Cornhill_, or one of the
+    grander Magazines.
+
+    To-morrow I shall send the Manuscript to London probably;
+    to-day I keep it to enjoy a little further, and that the
+    young ladies may do so too. One word more. Make this one of
+    a series. You may have great mathematical abilities, but so
+    have hundreds of others. This talent is peculiarly your own,
+    and as an Englishman you are almost unique in possessing it.
+    If you covet fame, therefore, it will be (I think) gained by
+    this. Some of the touches are so exquisite, one would have
+    thought nothing short of intercourse with fairies could have
+    put them into your head.
+
+Somewhere about this time he was invited to witness a rehearsal of a
+children's play at a London theatre. As he sat in the wings, chatting
+to the manager, a little four-year-old girl, one of the performers,
+climbed up on his knee, and began talking to him. She was very anxious
+to be allowed to play the principal part (Mrs. Mite), which had been
+assigned to some other child. "I wish I might act Mrs. Mite," she
+said; "I know all her part, and I'd get an _encore_ for every
+word."
+
+During the year he published his book on "Determinants." To those
+accustomed to regard mathematics as the driest of dry subjects, and
+mathematicians as necessarily devoid of humour, it seems scarcely
+credible that "An Elementary Treatise on Determinants," and "Alice in
+Wonderland" were written by the same author, and it came quite as a
+revelation to the undergraduate who heard for the first time that Mr.
+Dodgson of Christ Church and Lewis Carroll were identical.
+
+The book in question, admirable as it is in many ways, has not
+commanded a large sale. The nature of the subject would be against it,
+as most students whose aim is to get as good a place as possible in
+the class lists cannot afford the luxury of a separate work, and have
+to be content with the few chapters devoted to "Determinants" in works
+on Higher Algebra or the Theory of Equations, supplemented by
+references to Mr. Dodgson's work which can be found in the College
+libraries.
+
+The general acceptance of the book would be rather restricted by the
+employment of new words and symbols, which, as the author himself
+felt, "are always a most unwelcome addition to a science already
+burdened with an enormous vocabulary." But the work itself is largely
+original, and its arrangement and style are, perhaps, as attractive as
+the nature of the subject will allow. Such a book as this has little
+interest for the general reader, yet, amongst the leisured few who are
+able to read mathematics for their own sake, the treatise has found
+warm admirers.
+
+In the Summer Vacation of 1867 he went for a tour on the Continent,
+accompanied by Dr. Liddon, whom I have already mentioned as having
+been one of his most intimate friends at this time. During the whole
+of this tour Mr. Dodgson kept a diary, more with the idea that it
+would help him afterwards to remember what he had seen than with any
+notion of publication. However, in later years it did occur to him
+that others might be interested in his impressions and experiences,
+though he never actually took any steps towards putting them before
+the public. Perhaps he was wise, for a traveller's diary always
+contains much information that can be obtained just as well from any
+guide-book. In the extracts which I reproduce here, I hope that I have
+not retained anything which comes under that category.
+
+[Illustration: Dr. Liddon. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+    _July 12th_.--The Sultan and I arrived in London almost
+    at the same time, but in different quarters--_my_ point
+    of entry being Paddington, and _his_ Charing Cross. I
+    must admit that the crowd was greatest at the latter place.
+
+Mr. Dodgson and Dr. Liddon met at Dover, and passed the night at one
+of the hotels there:--
+
+    _July 13th_.--We breakfasted, as agreed, at eight, or
+    at least we then sat down and nibbled bread and butter till
+    such time as the chops should be done, which great event
+    took place about half past. We tried pathetic appeals to the
+    wandering waiters, who told us, "They are coming, sir," in a
+    soothing tone, and we tried stern remonstrance, and they
+    then said, "They are coming, sir," in a more injured tone;
+    and after all such appeals they retired into their dens, and
+    hid themselves behind side-boards and dish-covers, and still
+    the chops came not. We agreed that of all virtues a waiter
+    can display, that of a retiring disposition is quite the
+    least desirable....
+
+    The pen refuses to describe the sufferings of some of the
+    passengers during our smooth trip of ninety minutes: my own
+    sensations were those of extreme surprise, and a little
+    indignation, at there being no other sensations--it was not
+    for _that_ I paid my money....
+
+    We landed at Calais in the usual swarm of friendly natives,
+    offering services and advice of all kinds; to all such
+    remarks I returned one simple answer, _Non!_ It was
+    probably not strictly applicable in all cases, but it
+    answered the purpose of getting rid of them; one by one they
+    left me, echoing the _Non_! in various tones, but all
+    expressive of disgust.
+
+At Cologne began that feast of beautiful things which his artistic
+temperament fitted him so well to enjoy. Though the churches he
+visited and the ceremonies he witnessed belonged to a religious system
+widely different from his own, the largeness and generosity of his
+mind always led him to insist upon that substratum of true
+devotion--to use a favourite word of his--which underlies all forms of
+Christianity.
+
+    We spent an hour in the cathedral, which I will not attempt
+    to describe further than by saying it was the most beautiful
+    of all churches I have ever seen or can imagine. If one
+    could imagine the spirit of devotion embodied in any
+    material form, it would be in such a building.
+
+In spite of all the wealth of words that has been expended upon German
+art, he found something new to say on this most fertile subject:--
+
+    The amount of art lavished on the whole region of Potsdam is
+    marvellous; some of the tops of the palaces were like
+    forests of statues, and they were all over the gardens, set
+    on pedestals. In fact, the two principles of Berlin
+    architecture appear to me to be these. On the house-tops,
+    wherever there is a convenient place, put up the figure of a
+    man; he is best placed standing on one leg. Wherever there
+    is room on the ground, put either a circular group of busts
+    on pedestals, in consultation, all looking inwards--or else
+    the colossal figure of a man killing, about to kill, or
+    having killed (the present tense is preferred) a beast; the
+    more pricks the beast has, the better--in fact a dragon is
+    the correct thing, but if that is beyond the artist, he may
+    content himself with a lion or a pig. The beast-killing
+    principle has been carried out everywhere with a relentless
+    monotony, which makes some parts of Berlin look like a
+    fossil slaughter-house.
+
+He never missed an opportunity of studying the foreign drama, which
+was most praiseworthy, as he knew very little German and not a word of
+Russ:--
+
+    At the hotel [at Danzig] was a green parrot on a stand; we
+    addressed it as "Pretty Poll," and it put its head on one
+    side and thought about it, but wouldn't commit itself to any
+    statement. The waiter came up to inform us of the reason of
+    its silence: "Er spricht nicht Englisch; er spricht nicht
+    Deutsch." It appeared that the unfortunate bird could speak
+    nothing but Mexican! Not knowing a word of that language, we
+    could only pity it.
+
+    _July 23rd._--We strolled about and bought a few
+    photographs, and at 11.39 left for Koenigsberg. On our way to
+    the station we came across the grandest instance of the
+    "Majesty of Justice" that I have ever witnessed. A little
+    boy was being taken to the magistrate, or to prison
+    (probably for picking a pocket). The achievement of this
+    feat had been entrusted to two soldiers in full uniform, who
+    were solemnly marching, one in front of the poor little
+    urchin and one behind, with bayonets fixed, of course, to be
+    ready to charge in case he should attempt an escape.
+
+    _July 25th._--In the evening I visited the theatre at
+    Koenigsberg, which was fairly good in every way, and very
+    good in the singing and some of the acting. The play was
+    "Anno 66," but I could only catch a few words here and
+    there, so have very little idea of the plot. One of the
+    characters was a correspondent of an English newspaper. This
+    singular being came on in the midst of a soldiers' bivouac
+    before Sadowa, dressed very nearly in white--a very long
+    frock-coat, and a tall hat on the back of his head, both
+    nearly white. He said "Morning" as a general remark, when he
+    first came on, but afterwards talked what I suppose was
+    broken German. He appeared to be regarded as a butt by the
+    soldiers, and ended his career by falling into a drum.
+
+From Koenigsberg the travellers went on to St. Petersburg, where they
+stayed several days, exploring the wonderful city and its environs:--
+
+    There is a fine equestrian statue of Peter the Great near
+    the Admiralty. The lower part is not a pedestal, but left
+    shapeless and rough like a real rock. The horse is rearing,
+    and has a serpent coiled about its hind feet, on which, I
+    think, it is treading. If this had been put up in Berlin,
+    Peter would no doubt have been actively engaged in killing
+    the monster, but here he takes no notice of it; in fact, the
+    killing theory is not recognised. We found two colossal
+    figures of lions, which are so painfully mild that each of
+    them is rolling a great ball about like a kitten.
+
+    _Aug. 1st_.--About half-past ten Mr. Merrilies called
+    for us, and with really remarkable kindness gave up his day
+    to taking us down to Peterhof, a distance of about twenty
+    miles, and showing us over the place. We went by steamer
+    down the tideless, saltless Gulf of Finland; the first
+    peculiarity extends through the Baltic, and the second
+    through a great part of it. The piece we crossed, some
+    fifteen miles from shore to shore, is very shallow, in many
+    parts only six or eight feet deep, and every winter it is
+    entirely frozen over with ice two feet thick, and when this
+    is covered with snow it forms a secure plain, which is
+    regularly used for travelling on, though the immense
+    distance, without means of food or shelter, is dangerous for
+    poorly clad foot passengers. Mr. Merrilies told us of a
+    friend of his who, in crossing last winter, passed the
+    bodies of eight people who had been frozen. We had a good
+    view, on our way, of the coast of Finland, and of Kronstadt.
+    When we landed at Peterhof, we found Mr. Muir's carriage
+    waiting for us, and with its assistance, getting out every
+    now and then to walk through portions where it could not go,
+    we went over the grounds of two imperial palaces, including
+    many little summer-houses, each of which would make a very
+    good residence in itself, as, though small, they were fitted
+    up and adorned in every way that taste could suggest or
+    wealth achieve. For varied beauty and perfect combination of
+    nature and art, I think the gardens eclipse those of Sans
+    Souci. At every corner, or end of an avenue or path, where a
+    piece of statuary could be introduced with effect, there one
+    was sure to find one, in bronze or in white marble; many of
+    the latter had a sort of circular niche built behind, with a
+    blue background to throw the figure into relief. Here we
+    found a series of shelving ledges made of stone, with a
+    sheet of water gliding down over them; here a long path,
+    stretching down slopes and flights of steps, and arched over
+    all the way with trellises and creepers; here a huge
+    boulder, hewn, just as it lay, into the shape of a gigantic
+    head and face, with mild, sphinx-like eyes, as if some
+    buried Titan were struggling to free himself; here a
+    fountain, so artfully formed of pipes set in circles, each
+    set shooting the water higher than those outside, as to form
+    a solid pyramid of glittering spray; here a lawn, seen
+    through a break in the woods below us, with threads of
+    scarlet geraniums running over it, and looking in the
+    distance like a huge branch of coral; and here and there
+    long avenues of trees, lying in all directions, sometimes
+    three or four together side by side, and sometimes radiating
+    like a star, and stretching away into the distance till the
+    eye was almost weary of following them. All this will rather
+    serve to remind me, than to convey any idea, of what we saw.
+
+But the beauties of Peterhof were quite eclipsed by the Oriental
+splendours of Moscow, which naturally made a great impression upon a
+mind accustomed to the cold sublimity of Gothic architecture at
+Oxford.
+
+    We gave five or six hours to a stroll through this wonderful
+    city, a city of white houses and green roofs, of conical
+    towers that rise one out of another like a foreshortened
+    telescope; of bulging gilded domes, in which you see, as in
+    a looking-glass, distorted pictures of the city; of churches
+    which look, outside, like bunches of variegated cactus (some
+    branches crowned with green prickly buds, others with blue,
+    and others with red and white) and which, inside, are hung
+    all round with _eikons_ and lamps, and lined with
+    illuminated pictures up to the very roof; and, finally, of
+    pavement that goes up and down like a ploughed field, and
+    _drojky_-drivers who insist on being paid thirty per
+    cent. extra to-day, "because it is the Empress's birthday."...
+
+    _Aug. 5th._--After dinner we went by arrangement to Mr.
+    Penny, and accompanied him to see a Russian wedding. It was
+    a most interesting ceremony. There was a large choir, from
+    the cathedral, who sang a long and beautiful anthem before
+    the service began; and the deacon (from the Church of the
+    Assumption) delivered several recitative portions of the
+    service in the most magnificent bass voice I ever heard,
+    rising gradually (I should say by less than half a note at a
+    time if that is possible), and increasing in volume of sound
+    as he rose in the scale, until his final note rang through
+    the building like a chorus of many voices. I could not have
+    conceived that one voice could have produced such an effect.
+    One part of the ceremony, the crowning the married couple,
+    was very nearly grotesque. Two gorgeous golden crowns were
+    brought in, which the officiating priest first waved before
+    them, and then placed on their heads--or rather the unhappy
+    bridegroom had to wear _his_, but the bride, having
+    prudently arranged her hair in a rather complicated manner
+    with a lace veil, could not have hers put on, but had it
+    held above her by a friend. The bridegroom, in plain evening
+    dress, crowned like a king, holding a candle, and with a
+    face of resigned misery, would have been pitiable if he had
+    not been so ludicrous. When the people had gone, we were
+    invited by the priests to see the east end of the church,
+    behind the golden gates, and were finally dismissed with a
+    hearty shake of the hand and the "kiss of peace," of which
+    even I, though in lay costume, came in for a share.
+
+One of the objects of the tour was to see the fair at Nijni Novgorod,
+and here the travellers arrived on August 6th, after a miserable
+railway journey. Owing to the breaking down of a bridge, the
+unfortunate passengers had been compelled to walk a mile through
+drenching rain.
+
+     We went to the Smernovaya (or some such name) Hotel, a
+    truly villainous place, though no doubt the best in the
+    town. The feeding was very good, and everything else very
+    bad. It was some consolation to find that as we sat at
+    dinner we furnished a subject of the liveliest interest to
+    six or seven waiters, all dressed in white tunics, belted at
+    the waist, and white trousers, who ranged themselves in a
+    row and gazed in a quite absorbed way at the collection of
+    strange animals that were feeding before them. Now and then
+    a twinge of conscience would seize them that they were,
+    after all, not fulfilling the great object of life as
+    waiters, and on these occasions they would all hurry to the
+    end of the room, and refer to a great drawer which seemed to
+    contain nothing but spoons and corks. When we asked for
+    anything, they first looked at each other in an alarmed way;
+    then, when they had ascertained which understood the order
+    best, they all followed his example, which always was to
+    refer to the big drawer. We spent most of the afternoon
+    wandering through the fair, and buying _eikons_, &c. It
+    was a wonderful place. Besides there being distinct quarters
+    for the Persians, the Chinese, and others, we were
+    constantly meeting strange beings with unwholesome
+    complexions and unheard-of costumes. The Persians, with
+    their gentle, intelligent faces, the long eyes set wide
+    apart, the black hair, and yellow-brown skin, crowned with a
+    black woollen fez something like a grenadier, were about the
+    most picturesque we met. But all the novelties of the day
+    were thrown into the shade by our adventure at sunset, when
+    we came upon the Tartar mosque (the only one in Nijni)
+    exactly as one of the officials came out on the roof to
+    utter the muezzin cry, or call to prayers. Even if it had
+    been in no way singular in itself, it would have been deeply
+    interesting from its novelty and uniqueness, but the cry
+    itself was quite unlike anything I have ever heard before.
+    The beginning of each sentence was uttered in a rapid
+    monotone, and towards the end it rose gradually till it
+    ended in a prolonged, shrill wail, which floated overhead
+    through the still air with an indescribably sad and
+    ghostlike effect; heard at night, it would have thrilled one
+    like the cry of the Banshee.
+
+This reminds one of the wonderful description in Mr. Kipling's "City
+of Dreadful Night." It is not generally known that Mr. Dodgson was a
+fervent admirer of Mr. Kipling's works; indeed during the last few
+years of his life I think he took more pleasure in his tales than in
+those of any other modern author.
+
+Dr. Liddon's fame as a preacher had reached the Russian clergy, with
+the result that he and Mr. Dodgson found many doors open to them which
+are usually closed to travellers in Russia. After their visit to Nijni
+Novgorod they returned to Moscow, whence, escorted by Bishop Leonide,
+Suffragan Bishop of Moscow, they made an expedition to the Troitska
+Monastery.
+
+    _August 12th_.--A most interesting day. We breakfasted
+    at half-past five, and soon after seven left by railway, in
+    company with Bishop Leonide and Mr. Penny, for Troitska
+    Monastery. We found the Bishop, in spite of his limited
+    knowledge of English, a very conversational and entertaining
+    fellow-traveller. The service at the cathedral had already
+    begun when we reached it, and the Bishop took us in with
+    him, through a great crowd which thronged the building, into
+    a side room which opened into the chancel, where we remained
+    during the service, and enjoyed the unusual privilege of
+    seeing the clergy communicate--a ceremony for which the
+    doors of the chancel are always shut, and the curtains
+    drawn, so that the congregation never witness it. It was a
+    most elaborate ceremony, full of crossings, and waving of
+    incense before everything that was going to be used, but
+    also clearly full of much deep devotion.... In the afternoon
+    we went down to the Archbishop's palace, and were presented
+    to him by Bishop Leonide. The Archbishop could only talk
+    Russian, so that the conversation between him and Liddon (a
+    most interesting one, which lasted more than an hour) was
+    conducted in a very original fashion--the Archbishop making
+    a remark in Russian, which was put into English by the
+    Bishop; Liddon then answered the remark in French, and the
+    Bishop repeated his answer in Russian to the Archbishop. So
+    that a conversation, entirely carried on between two people,
+    required the use of three languages!
+
+    The Bishop had kindly got one of the theological students,
+    who could talk French, to conduct us about, which he did
+    most zealously, taking us, among other things, to see the
+    subterranean cells of the hermits, in which some of them
+    live for many years. We were shown the doors of two of the
+    inhabited ones; it was a strange and not quite comfortable
+    feeling, in a dark narrow passage where each had to carry a
+    candle, to be shown the low narrow door of a little cellar,
+    and to know that a human being was living within, with only
+    a small lamp to give him light, in solitude and silence day
+    and night.
+
+His experiences with an exorbitant _drojky_-driver at St.
+Petersburg are worthy of record. They remind one of a story which he
+himself used to tell as having happened to a friend of his at Oxford.
+The latter had driven up in a cab to Tom Gate, and offered the cabman
+the proper fare, which was, however, refused with scorn. After a long
+altercation he left the irate cabman to be brought to reason by the
+porter, a one-armed giant of prodigious strength. When he was leaving
+college, he stopped at the gate to ask the porter how he had managed
+to dispose of the cabman. "Well, sir," replied that doughty champion,
+"I could not persuade him to go until I floored him."
+
+     After a hearty breakfast I left Liddon to rest and write
+    letters, and went off shopping, &c., beginning with a call
+    on Mr. Muir at No. 61, Galerne Ulitsa. I took a
+    _drojky_ to the house, having first bargained with the
+    driver for thirty _kopecks_; he wanted forty to begin
+    with. When we got there we had a little scene, rather a
+    novelty in my experience of _drojky_-driving. The
+    driver began by saying "_Sorok_" (forty) as I got out;
+    this was a warning of the coming storm, but I took no notice
+    of it, but quietly handed over the thirty. He received them
+    with scorn and indignation, and holding them out in his open
+    hand, delivered an eloquent discourse in Russian, of which
+    _sorok_ was the leading idea. A woman, who stood by
+    with a look of amusement and curiosity, perhaps understood
+    him. _I_ didn't, but simply held out my hand for the
+    thirty, returned them to the purse and counted out
+    twenty-five instead. In doing this I felt something like a
+    man pulling the string of a shower-bath--and the effect was
+    like it--his fury boiled over directly, and quite eclipsed
+    all the former row. I told him in very bad Russian that I
+    had offered thirty once, but wouldn't again; but this, oddly
+    enough, did not pacify him. Mr. Muir's servant told him the
+    same thing at length, and finally Mr. Muir himself came out
+    and gave him the substance of it sharply and shortly--but he
+    failed to see it in a proper light. Some people are very
+    hard to please.
+
+When staying at a friend's house at Kronstadt he wrote:--
+
+    Liddon had surrendered his overcoat early in the day, and
+    when going we found it must be recovered from the
+    waiting-maid, who only talked Russian, and as I had left the
+    dictionary behind, and the little vocabulary did not contain
+    _coat_, we were in some difficulty. Liddon began by
+    exhibiting his coat, with much gesticulation, including the
+    taking it half-off. To our delight, she appeared to
+    understand at once--left the room, and returned in a minute
+    with--a large clothes-brush. On this Liddon tried a further
+    and more energetic demonstration; he took off his coat, and
+    laid it at her feet, pointed downwards (to intimate that in
+    the lower regions was the object of his desire), smiled with
+    an expression of the joy and gratitude with which he would
+    receive it, and put the coat on again. Once more a gleam of
+    intelligence lighted up the plain but expressive features of
+    the young person; she was absent much longer this time, and
+    when she returned, she brought, to our dismay, a large
+    cushion and a pillow, and began to prepare the sofa for the
+    nap that she now saw clearly was the thing the dumb
+    gentleman wanted. A happy thought occurred to me, and I
+    hastily drew a sketch representing Liddon, with one coat on,
+    receiving a second and larger one from the hands of a
+    benignant Russian peasant. The language of hieroglyphics
+    succeeded where all other means had failed, and we returned
+    to St. Petersburg with the humiliating knowledge that our
+    standard of civilisation was now reduced to the level of
+    ancient Nineveh.
+
+[Illustration: Instance of hieroglyphic writing of the date
+MDCCCLXVII--Interpretation. "There is a coat here, left in the care of
+a Russian peasant, which I should be glad to receive from him."]
+
+At Warsaw they made a short stay, putting up at the Hotel
+d'Angleterre:--
+
+    Our passage is inhabited by a tall and very friendly
+    grey-hound, who walks in whenever the door is opened for a
+    second or two, and who for some time threatened to make the
+    labour of the servant, who was bringing water for a bath, of
+    no effect, by drinking up the water as fast as it was
+    brought.
+
+From Warsaw they went on to Leipzig, and thence to Giessen, where they
+arrived on September 4th.
+
+    We moved on to Giessen, and put up at the "Rappe Hotel" for
+    the night, and ordered an early breakfast of an obliging
+    waiter who talked English. "Coffee!" he exclaimed
+    delightedly, catching at the word as if it were a really
+    original idea, "Ah, coffee--very nice--and eggs? Ham with
+    your eggs? Very nice--" "If we can have it broiled," I said.
+    "Boiled?" the waiter repeated, with an incredulous smile.
+    "No, not _boiled_," I explained--"_broiled_." The
+    waiter put aside this distinction as trivial, "Yes, yes,
+    ham," he repeated, reverting to his favourite idea. "Yes,
+    ham," I said, "but how cooked?" "Yes, yes, how cooked," the
+    waiter replied, with the careless air of one who assents to
+    a proposition more from good nature than from a real
+    conviction of its truth.
+
+    _Sept. 5th_.--At midday we reached Ems, after a journey
+    eventless, but through a very interesting country--valleys
+    winding away in all directions among hills clothed with
+    trees to the very top, and white villages nestling away
+    wherever there was a comfortable corner to hide in. The
+    trees were so small, so uniform in colour, and so
+    continuous, that they gave to the more distant hills
+    something of the effect of banks covered with moss. The
+    really unique feature of the scenery was the way in which
+    the old castles seemed to grow, rather than to have been
+    built, on the tops of the rocky promontories that showed
+    their heads here and there among the trees. I have never
+    seen architecture that seemed so entirely in harmony with
+    the spirit of the place. By some subtle instinct the old
+    architects seem to have chosen both form and colour, the
+    grouping of the towers with their pointed spires, and the
+    two neutral tints, light grey and brown, on the walls and
+    roof, so as to produce buildings which look as naturally
+    fitted to the spot as the heath or the harebells. And, like
+    the flowers and the rocks, they seemed instinct with no
+    other meaning than rest and silence.
+
+And with these beautiful words my extracts from the Diary may well
+conclude. Lewis Carroll's mind was completely at one with Nature, and
+in her pleasant places of calm and infinite repose he sought his
+rest--and has found it.
+
+[Illustration: Sir John Tenniel. _From a photograph by
+Bassano_.]
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+(1868-1876)
+
+    Death of Archdeacon Dodgson--Lewis Carroll's rooms at Christ
+    Church--"Phantasmagoria"--Translations of "Alice"--"Through
+    the Looking-Glass"--"Jabberwocky" in Latin--C.S.
+    Calverley--"Notes by an Oxford
+    Chiel"--Hatfield--Vivisection--"The Hunting of the Snark."
+
+
+The success of "Alice in Wonderland" tempted Mr. Dodgson to make
+another essay in the same field of literature. His idea had not yet
+been plagiarised, as it was afterwards, though the book had of course
+been parodied, a notable instance being "Alice in Blunderland," which
+appeared in _Punch_. It was very different when he came to write
+"Sylvie and Bruno"; the countless imitations of the two "Alice" books
+which had been foisted upon the public forced him to strike out in a
+new line. Long before the publication of his second tale, people had
+heard that Lewis Carroll was writing again, and the editor of a
+well-known magazine had offered him two guineas a page, which was a
+high rate of pay in those days, for the story, if he would allow it to
+appear in serial form.
+
+The central idea was, as every one knows, the adventures of a little
+girl who had somehow or other got through a looking-glass. The first
+difficulty, however, was to get her through, and this question
+exercised his ingenuity for some time, before it was satisfactorily
+solved. The next thing was to secure Tenniel's services again. At
+first it seemed that he was to be disappointed in this matter; Tenniel
+was so fully occupied with other work that there seemed little hope of
+his being able to undertake any more. He then applied to Sir Noel
+Paton, with whose fairy-pictures he had fallen in love; but the artist
+was ill, and wrote in reply, "Tenniel is _the_ man." In the end
+Tenniel consented to undertake the work, and once more author and
+artist settled down to work together. Mr. Dodgson was no easy man to
+work with; no detail was too small for his exact criticism. "Don't
+give Alice so much crinoline," he would write, or "The White Knight
+must not have whiskers; he must not be made to look old"--such were
+the directions he was constantly giving.
+
+On June 21st Archdeacon Dodgson died, after an illness of only a few
+days' duration. Lewis Carroll was not summoned until too late, for the
+illness took a sudden turn for the worse, and he was unable to reach
+his father's bedside before the end had come. This was a terrible
+shock to him; his father had been his ideal of what a Christian
+gentleman should be, and it seemed to him at first as if a cloud had
+settled on his life which could never be dispelled. Two letters of
+his, both of them written long after the sad event, give one some idea
+of the grief which his father's death, and all that it entailed,
+caused him. The first was written long afterwards, to one who had
+suffered a similar bereavement. In this letter he said:--
+
+    We are sufficiently old friends, I feel sure, for me to have
+    no fear that I shall seem intrusive in writing about your
+    great sorrow. The greatest blow that has ever fallen on
+    _my_ life was the death, nearly thirty years ago, of my
+    own dear father; so, in offering you my sincere sympathy, I
+    write as a fellow-sufferer. And I rejoice to know that we
+    are not only fellow-sufferers, but also fellow-believers in
+    the blessed hope of the resurrection from the dead, which
+    makes such a parting holy and beautiful, instead of being
+    merely a blank despair.
+
+The second was written to a young friend, Miss Edith Rix, who had sent
+him an illuminated text:
+
+    My dear Edith,--I can now tell you (what I wanted to do when
+    you sent me that text-card, but felt I could not say it to
+    _two_ listeners, as it were) _why_ that special
+    card is one I like to have. That text is consecrated for me
+    by the memory of one of the greatest sorrows I have
+    known--the death of my dear father. In those solemn days,
+    when we used to steal, one by one, into the darkened room,
+    to take yet another look at the dear calm face, and to pray
+    for strength, the one feature in the room that I remember
+    was a framed text, illuminated by one of my sisters, "Then
+    are they glad, because they are at rest; and so he bringeth
+    them into the haven where they would be!" That text will
+    always have, for me, a sadness and a sweetness of its own.
+    Thank you again for sending it me. Please don't mention this
+    when we meet. I can't _talk_ about it.
+
+    Always affectionately yours,
+
+    C. L. DODGSON.
+
+The object of his edition of Euclid Book V., published during the
+course of the year, was to meet the requirements of the ordinary Pass
+Examination, and to present the subject in as short and simple a form
+as possible. Hence the Theory of Incommensurable Magnitudes was
+omitted, though, as the author himself said in the Preface, to do so
+rendered the work incomplete, and, from a logical point of view,
+valueless. He hinted pretty plainly his own preference for an
+equivalent amount of Algebra, which would be complete in itself. It is
+easy to understand this preference in a mind so strictly logical as
+his.
+
+So far as the object of the book itself is concerned, he succeeded
+admirably; the propositions are clearly and beautifully worked out,
+and the hints on proving Propositions in Euclid Book V., are most
+useful.
+
+In November he again moved into new rooms at Christ Church; the suite
+which he occupied from this date to the end of his life was one of the
+best in the College. Situated at the north-west corner of Tom Quad, on
+the first floor of the staircase from the entrance to which the Junior
+Common Room is now approached, they consist of four sitting-rooms and
+about an equal number of bedrooms, besides rooms for lumber, &c. From
+the upper floor one can easily reach the flat college roof. Mr.
+Dodgson saw at once that here was the very place for a photographic
+studio, and he lost no time in obtaining the consent of the
+authorities to erect one. Here he took innumerable photographs of his
+friends and their children, as indeed he had been doing for some time
+under less favourable conditions. One of his earliest pictures is an
+excellent likeness of Professor Faraday.
+
+[Illustration: Prof. Faraday. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+His study was characteristic of the man; oil paintings by A. Hughes,
+Mrs. Anderson, and Heaphy proclaimed his artistic tastes; nests of
+pigeon-holes, each neatly labelled, showed his love of order; shelves,
+filled with the best books on every subject that interested him, were
+evidence of his wide reading. His library has now been broken up and,
+except for a few books retained by his nearest relatives, scattered to
+the winds; such dispersions are inevitable, but they are none the less
+regrettable. It always seems to me that one of the saddest things
+about the death of a literary man is the fact that the breaking-up of
+his collection of books almost invariably follows; the building up of
+a good library, the work of a lifetime, has been so much labour lost,
+so far as future generations are concerned. Talent, yes, and genius
+too, are displayed not only in writing books but also in buying them,
+and it is a pity that the ruthless hammer of the auctioneer should
+render so much energy and skill fruitless.
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Carroll's Study at Christ Church,
+Oxford.]
+
+Lewis Carroll's dining-room has been the scene of many a pleasant
+little party, for he was very fond of entertaining. In his Diary, each
+of the dinners and luncheons that he gave is recorded by a small
+diagram, which shows who his guests were, and their several positions
+at the table. He kept a _menu_ book as well, that the same people
+might not have the same dishes too frequently. He sometimes gave large
+parties, but his favourite form of social relaxation was a _diner a
+deux_.
+
+At the beginning of 1869 his "Phantasmagoria," a collection of poems
+grave and gay, was published by Macmillan. Upon the whole he was more
+successful in humorous poetry, but there is an undeniable dignity and
+pathos in his more serious verses. He gave a copy to Mr. Justice
+Denman, with whom he afterwards came to be very well acquainted, and
+who appreciated the gift highly. "I did not lay down the book," he
+wrote, "until I had read them [the poems] through; and enjoyed many a
+hearty laugh, and something like a cry or two. Moreover, I hope to
+read them through (as the _old man_ said) 'again and again.'"
+
+[Illustration: Justice Denman. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+It had been Lewis Carroll's intention to have "Phantasmagoria"
+illustrated, and he had asked George du Maurier to undertake the work;
+but the plan fell through. In his letter to du Maurier, Mr. Dodgson
+had made some inquiries about Miss Florence Montgomery, the authoress
+of "Misunderstood." In reply du Maurier said, "Miss Florence
+Montgomery is a very charming and sympathetic young lady, the daughter
+of the admiral of that ilk. I am, like you, a very great admirer of
+"Misunderstood," and cried pints over it. When I was doing the last
+picture I had to put a long white pipe in the little boy's mouth until
+it was finished, so as to get rid of the horrible pathos of the
+situation while I was executing the work. In reading the book a second
+time (knowing the sad end of the dear little boy), the funny parts
+made me cry almost as much as the pathetic ones."
+
+A few days after the publication of "Phantasmagoria," Lewis Carroll
+sent the first chapter of his new story to the press. "Behind the
+Looking-Glass and what Alice saw there" was his original idea for its
+title; it was Dr. Liddon who suggested the name finally adopted.
+
+During this year German and French translations of "Alice in
+Wonderland" were published by Macmillan; the Italian edition appeared
+in 1872. Henri Bue, who was responsible for the French version, had no
+easy task to perform. In many cases the puns proved quite
+untranslatable; while the poems, being parodies on well-known English
+pieces, would have been pointless on the other side of the Channel.
+For instance, the lines beginning, "How doth the little crocodile" are
+a parody on "How doth the little busy bee," a song which a French
+child has, of course, never heard of. In this case Bue gave up the
+idea of translation altogether, and, instead, parodied La Fontaine's
+"Maitre Corbeau" as follows:--
+
+        Maitre Corbeau sur un arbre perche
+        Faisait son nid entre des branches;
+        Il avait releve ses manches,
+        Car il etait tres affaire.
+        Maitre Renard par la passant,
+        Lui dit: "Descendez donc, compere;
+        Venez embrasser votre frere!"
+        Le Corbeau, le reconnaissant,
+        Lui repondit en son ramage!--
+              "Fromage."
+
+The dialogue in which the joke occurs about "tortoise" and "taught us"
+("Wonderland," p. 142) is thus rendered:--
+
+    "La maitresse etait une vieille tortue; nous l'appelions
+    chelonee." "Et pourquoi l'appeliez-vous chelonee, si ce
+    n'etait pas son nom?" "Parcequ'on ne pouvait s'empecher de
+    s'ecrier en la voyant: Quel long nez!" dit la Fausse-Tortue
+    d'un ton fache; "vous etes vraiment bien bornee!"
+
+At two points, however, both M. Bue and Miss Antonie Zimmermann, who
+translated the tale into German, were fairly beaten: the reason for
+the whiting being so called, from its doing the boots and shoes, and
+for no wise fish going anywhere without a porpoise, were given up as
+untranslatable.
+
+At the beginning of 1870 Lord Salisbury came up to Oxford to be
+installed as Chancellor of the University. Dr. Liddon introduced Mr.
+Dodgson to him, and thus began a very pleasant acquaintance. Of course
+he photographed the Chancellor and his two sons, for he never missed
+an opportunity of getting distinguished people into his studio.
+
+[Illustration: Lord Salisbury and his two sons. _From a
+photograph by Lewis Carroll_.]
+
+In December, seven "Puzzles from Wonderland" appeared in Mrs. Gatty's
+paper, _Aunt Judy's Magazine_. They had originally been written
+for the Cecil children, with whom Lewis Carroll was already on the
+best terms. Meanwhile "Through the Looking-Glass" was steadily
+progressing--not, however, without many little hitches. One question
+which exercised Mr. Dodgson very much was whether the picture of the
+Jabberwock would do as a frontispiece, or whether it would be too
+frightening for little children. On this point he sought the advice of
+about thirty of his married lady friends, whose experiences with their
+own children would make them trustworthy advisers; and in the end he
+chose the picture of the White Knight on horseback. In 1871 the book
+appeared, and was an instantaneous success. Eight thousand of the
+first edition had been taken up by the booksellers before Mr. Dodgson
+had even received his own presentation copies. The compliments he
+received upon the "Looking-Glass" would have been enough to turn a
+lesser man's head, but he was, I think, proof against either praise or
+blame.
+
+    I can say with a clear head and conscience [wrote Henry
+    Kingsley] that your new book is the finest thing we have had
+    since "Martin Chuzzlewit." ... I can only say, in comparing
+    the new "Alice" with the old, "this is a more excellent song
+    than the other." It is perfectly splendid, but you have,
+    doubtless, heard that from other quarters. I lunch with
+    Macmillan habitually, and he was in a terrible pickle about
+    not having printed enough copies the other day.
+
+Jabberwocky[017] was at once recognised as the best and most original
+thing in the book, though one fair correspondent of _The Queen_
+declared that it was a translation from the German! The late Dean of
+Rochester, Dr. Scott, writes about it to Mr. Dodgson as follows:--
+
+    Are we to suppose, after all, that the Saga of Jabberwocky
+    is one of the universal heirlooms which the Aryan race at
+    its dispersion carried with it from the great cradle of the
+    family? You must really consult Max Mueller about this. It
+    begins to be probable that the _origo originalissima_
+    may be discovered in Sanscrit, and that we shall by and by
+    have a _Iabrivokaveda_. The hero will turn out to be
+    the Sun-god in one of his _Avatars_; and the Tumtum
+    tree the great Ash _Ygdrasil_ of the Scandinavian
+    mythology.
+
+In March, 1872, the late Mr. A.A. Vansittart, of Trinity College,
+Cambridge, translated the poem into Latin elegiacs. His rendering was
+printed, for private circulation only, I believe, several years later,
+but will probably be new to most of my readers. A careful comparison
+with the original shows the wonderful fidelity of this translation:--
+
+
+        "MORS IABROCHII"
+
+        Coesper[018] erat: tunc lubriciles[019] ultravia circum
+          Urgebant gyros gimbiculosque tophi;
+        Moestenui visae borogovides ire meatu;
+          Et profugi gemitus exgrabuere rathae.
+
+        O fuge Iabrochium, sanguis meus![020] Ille recurvis
+          Unguibus, estque avidis dentibus ille minax.
+        Ububae fuge cautus avis vim, gnate! Neque unquam
+          Faedarpax contra te frumiosus eat!
+
+        Vorpali gladio juvenis succingitur: hostis
+          Manxumus ad medium quaeritur usque diem:
+        Jamque via fesso, sed plurima mente prementi,
+          Tumtumiae frondis suaserat umbra moram.
+
+        Consilia interdum stetit egnia[021] mente revolvens:
+          At gravis in densa fronde susuffrus[022] erat,
+        Spiculaque[023] ex oculis jacientis flammea, tulscam
+          Per silvam venit burbur?[024] Iabrochii!
+
+        Vorpali, semel atque iterum collectus in ictum,
+          Persnicuit gladio persnacuitque puer:
+        Deinde galumphatus, spernens informe cadaver,
+          Horrendum monstri rettulit ipse caput.
+
+        Victor Iabrochii, spoliis insignis opimis,
+          Rursus in amplexus, o radiose, meos!
+        O frabiose dies! CALLO clamateque CALLA!
+         Vix potuit laetus chorticulare pater.
+
+        Coesper erat: tunc lubriciles ultravia circum
+          Urgebant gyros gimbiculosque tophi;
+        Moestenui visae borogovides ire meatu;
+          Et profugi gemitus exgrabuere rathae.
+
+        A.A.V.
+
+
+JABBERWOCKY.
+
+        'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
+          Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
+        All mimsy were the borogroves,
+          And the mome raths outgrabe.
+
+        "Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
+          The jaws that bite, the claws that scratch!
+        Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun
+          The frumious Bandersnatch!"
+
+        He took his vorpal sword in hand:
+          Long time the manxome foe he sought--
+        So rested he by the Tumtum tree,
+          And stood awhile in thought.
+
+        And as in uffish thought he stood,
+          The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,
+        Came whiffling through the tulgey wood
+          And burbled as it came!
+
+        One, two! One, two! And through and through
+          The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!
+        He left it dead, and with its head
+          He went galumphing back.
+
+        "And hast thou slain the Jabberwock?
+          Come to my arms, my beamish boy!
+        O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!"
+          He chortled in his joy.
+
+        'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
+          Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
+        All mimsy were the borogroves,
+          And the mome raths outgrabe.
+
+The story, as originally written, contained thirteen chapters, but the
+published book consisted of twelve only. The omitted chapter
+introduced a wasp, in the character of a judge or barrister, I
+suppose, since Mr. Tenniel wrote that "a _wasp_ in a _wig_
+is altogether beyond the appliances of art." Apart from difficulties
+of illustration, the "wasp" chapter was not considered to be up to the
+level of the rest of the book, and this was probably the principal
+reason of its being left out.
+
+"It is a curious fact," wrote Mr. Tenniel some years later, when
+replying to a request of Lewis Carroll's that he would illustrate
+another of his books, "that with 'Through the Looking-Glass' the
+faculty of making drawings for book illustration departed from me,
+and, notwithstanding all sorts of tempting inducements, I have done
+nothing in that direction since."
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile of a letter from Sir John Tenniel
+to Lewis Carroll, June_ 1, 1870.]
+
+"Through the Looking Glass" has recently appeared in a solemn judgment
+of the House of Lords. In _Eastman Photographic Materials Company v.
+Comptroller General of Patents, Designs, and Trademarks_ (1898),
+the question for decision was, What constitutes an invented word? A
+trademark that consists of or contains an invented word or words is
+capable of registration. "Solio" was the word in issue in the case.
+Lord Macnaghten in his judgment said, when alluding to the
+distinguishing characteristics of an invented word:
+
+    I do not think that it is necessary that it should be wholly
+    meaningless. To give an illustration: your lordships may
+    remember that in a book of striking humour and fancy, which
+    was in everybody's hands when it was first published, there
+    is a collection of strange words where "there are" (to use
+    the language of the author) "two meanings packed up into one
+    word." No one would say that those were not invented words.
+    Still they contain a meaning--a meaning is wrapped up in
+    them if you can only find it out.
+
+Before I leave the subject of the "Looking-Glass," I should like to
+mention one or two circumstances in connection with it which
+illustrate his reverence for sacred things. In his original manuscript
+the bad-tempered flower (pp. 28-33) was the passion-flower; the sacred
+origin of the name never struck him, until it was pointed out to him
+by a friend, when he at once changed it into the tiger-lily. Another
+friend asked him if the final scene was based upon the triumphal
+conclusion of "Pilgrim's Progress." He repudiated the idea, saying
+that he would consider such trespassing on holy ground as highly
+irreverent.
+
+He seemed never to be satisfied with the amount of work he had on
+hand, and in 1872 he determined to add to his other labours by
+studying anatomy and physiology. Professor Barclay Thompson supplied
+him with a set of bones, and, having purchased the needful books, he
+set to work in good earnest. His mind was first turned to acquiring
+medical knowledge by his happening to be at hand when a man was seized
+with an epileptic fit. He had prevented the poor creature from
+falling, but was utterly at a loss what to do next. To be better
+prepared on any future occasion, he bought a little manual called
+"What to do in Emergencies." In later years he was constantly buying
+medical and surgical works, and by the end of his life he had a
+library of which no doctor need have been ashamed. There were only two
+special bequests in his will, one of some small keepsakes to his
+landlady at Eastbourne, Mrs. Dyer, and the other of his medical books
+to my brother.
+
+Whenever a new idea presented itself to his mind he used to make a
+note of it; he even invented a system by which he could take notes in
+the dark, if some happy thought or ingenious problem suggested itself
+to him during a sleepless night. Like most men who systematically
+overtax their brains, he was a poor sleeper. He would sometimes go
+through a whole book of Euclid in bed; he was so familiar with the
+bookwork that he could actually see the figures before him in the
+dark, and did not confuse the letters, which is perhaps even more
+remarkable.
+
+Most of his ideas were ingenious, though many were entirely useless
+from a practical point of view. For instance, he has an entry in his
+Diary on November 8, 1872: "I wrote to Calverley, suggesting an idea
+(which I think occurred to me yesterday) of guessing well-known poems
+as acrostics, and making a collection of them to hoax the public."
+Calverley's reply to this letter was as follows:--
+
+    My dear Sir,--I have been laid up (or laid down) for the
+    last few days by acute lumbago, or I would have written
+    before. It is rather absurd that I was on the point of
+    propounding to you this identical idea. I realised, and I
+    regret to add revealed to two girls, a fortnight ago, the
+    truth that all existing poems were in fact acrostics; and I
+    offered a small pecuniary reward to whichever would find out
+    Gray's "Elegy" within half an hour! But it never occurred to
+    me to utilise the discovery, as it did to you. I see that it
+    might be utilised, now you mention it--and I shall instruct
+    these two young women not to publish the notion among their
+    friends.
+
+This is the way Mr. Calverley treated Kirke White's poem "To an early
+Primrose." "The title," writes C.S.C. "might either be ignored or
+omitted. Possibly carpers might say that a primrose was not a rose."
+
+    Mild offspring of a dark and sullen sire!
+    Whose modest form, so delicately fine,                      Wild
+        Was nursed in whistling storms                          Rose
+        And cradled in the winds!
+
+    Thee, when young Spring first questioned Winter's sway,
+    And dared the sturdy blusterer to the fight,               W     a    R
+        Thee on this bank he threw
+        To mark his victory.
+
+    In this low vale, the promise of the year,
+    Serene thou openest to the nipping gale,
+        Unnoticed and alone                                    I  ncognit O
+        Thy tender elegance.
+
+    So Virtue blooms, brought forth amid the storms
+    Of chill adversity, in some lone walk
+        Of life she rears her head                             L owlines  S
+        Obscure and unobserved.
+
+    While every bleaching breeze that on her blows
+    Chastens her spotless purity of breast,
+        And hardens her to bear                                D isciplin E
+        Serene the ills of life.
+
+In the course of their correspondence Mr. Calverley wrote a
+Shakespearian sonnet, the initial letters of which form the name of
+William Herbert; and a parody entitled "The New Hat." I reproduce them
+both.
+
+        When o'er the world Night spreads her mantle dun,
+          In dreams, my love, I see those stars, thine eyes,
+        Lighting the dark: but when the royal sun
+          Looks o'er the pines and fires the orient skies,
+        I bask no longer in thy beauty's ray,
+          And lo! my world is bankrupt of delight.
+        Murk night seemed lately fair-complexioned day;
+          Hope-bringing day now seems most doleful night.
+        End, weary day, that art no day to me!
+          Return, fair night, to me the best of days!
+        But O my rose, whom in my dreams I see,
+          Enkindle with like bliss my waking gaze!
+        Replete with thee, e'en hideous night grows fair:
+        Then what would sweet morn be, if thou wert there?
+
+
+                    THE NEW HAT.
+
+
+        My boots had been wash'd, well wash'd, by a shower;
+          But little I car'd about that:
+        What I felt was the havoc a single half-hour
+          Had made with my beautiful Hat.
+
+        For the Boot, tho' its lustre be dimm'd, shall assume
+          New comeliness after a while;
+        But no art may restore its original bloom,
+          When once it hath fled, to the Tile.
+
+        I clomb to my perch, and the horses (a bay
+          And a brown) trotted off with a clatter;
+        The driver look'd round in his humorous way,
+          And said huskily, "Who is your hatter?"
+
+        I was pleased that he'd noticed its shape and its shine;
+          And, as soon as we reached the "Old Druid,"
+        I begged him to drink to its welfare and mine
+          In a glass of my favourite fluid.
+
+        A gratified smile sat, I own, on my lips
+          When the barmaid exclaimed to the master,
+        (He was standing inside with his hands on his hips),
+          "Just look at that gentleman's castor."
+
+        I laughed, when an organman paus'd in mid-air--
+          ('Twas an air that I happened to know,
+        By a great foreign _maestro_)--expressly to stare
+          At ze gent wiz _ze joli chapeau_.
+
+        Yet how swift is the transit from laughter to tears!
+          How rife with results is a day!
+        That Hat might, with care, have adorned me for years;
+          But one show'r wash'd its beauty away.
+
+        How I lov'd thee, my Bright One! I pluck in remorse
+          My hands from my pockets and wring 'em:
+        Oh, why did not I, dear, as a matter of course,
+          Ere I purchas'd thee purchase a gingham?
+
+        C.S. CALVERLEY.
+
+Mr. Dodgson spent the last night of the old year (1872) at Hatfield,
+where he was the guest of Lord Salisbury. There was a large party of
+children in the house, one of them being Princess Alice, to whom he
+told as much of the story of "Sylvie and Bruno" as he had then
+composed. While the tale was in progress Lady Salisbury entered the
+room, bringing in some new toy or game to amuse her little guests,
+who, with the usual thoughtlessness of children, all rushed off and
+left Mr. Dodgson. But the little Princess, suddenly appearing to
+remember that to do so might perhaps hurt his feelings, sat down again
+by his side. He read the kind thought which prompted her action, and
+was much pleased by it.
+
+As Mr. Dodgson knew several members of the _Punch_ staff, he used
+to send up any little incidents or remarks that particularly amused
+him to that paper. He even went so far as to suggest subjects for
+cartoons, though I do not know if his ideas were ever carried out. One
+of the anecdotes he sent to _Punch_ was that of a little boy,
+aged four, who after having listened with much attention to the story
+of Lot's wife, asked ingenuously, "Where does salt come from that's
+_not_ made of ladies?" This appeared on January 3, 1874.
+
+The following is one of several such little anecdotes jotted down by
+Lewis Carroll for future use: Dr. Paget was conducting a school
+examination, and in the course of his questions he happened to ask a
+small child the meaning of "Average." He was utterly bewildered by the
+reply, "The thing that hens lay on," until the child explained that he
+had read in a book that hens lay _on an average_ so many eggs a
+year.
+
+Among the notable people whom he photographed was John Ruskin, and, as
+several friends begged him for copies, he wrote to ask Mr. Ruskin's
+leave. The reply was, "Buy Number 5 of _Fors Clavigera_ for 1871,
+which will give you your answer." This was not what Mr. Dodgson
+wanted, so he wrote back, "Can't afford ten-pence!" Finally Mr. Ruskin
+gave his consent.
+
+[Illustration: John Ruskin. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+About this time came the anonymous publication of "Notes by an Oxford
+Chiel," a collection of papers written on various occasions, and all
+of them dealing with Oxford controversies. Taking them in order, we
+have first "The New Method of Evaluation as applied to [_pi_],"
+first published by Messrs. Parker in 1865, which had for its subject
+the controversy about the Regius Professorship of Greek. One extract
+will be sufficient to show the way in which the affair was treated:
+"Let U = the University, G = Greek, and P = Professor. Then G P =
+Greek Professor; let this be reduced to its lowest terms and call the
+result J [i.e., Jowett]."
+
+The second paper is called "The Dynamics of a Parti-cle," and is quite
+the best of the series; it is a geometrical treatment of the contest
+between Mr. Gathorne Hardy and Mr. Gladstone for the representation of
+the University. Here are some of the "Definitions" with which the
+subject was introduced:--
+
+    _Plain Superficiality_ is the character of a speech, in
+    which any two points being taken, the speaker is found to
+    lie wholly with regard to those two points.
+
+    _Plain Anger_ is the inclination of two voters to one
+    another, who meet together, but whose views are not in the
+    same direction.
+
+    When two parties, coming together, feel a Right Anger, each
+    is _said_ to be _complimentary_ to the other,
+    though, strictly speaking, this is very seldom the case.
+
+    _A surd_ is a radical whose meaning cannot be exactly
+    ascertained.
+
+As the "Notes of an Oxford Chiel" has been long out of print, I will
+give a few more extracts from this paper:--
+
+    _On Differentiation._
+
+    The effect of Differentiation on a Particle is very
+    remarkable, the first differential being frequently of
+    greater value than the original particle, and the second of
+    less enlightenment.
+
+    For example, let L = "Leader", S = "Saturday", and then LS =
+    "Leader in the Saturday" (a particle of no assignable
+    value). Differentiating once, we get L.S.D., a function of
+    great value. Similarly it will be found that, by taking the
+    second Differential of an enlightened Particle (_i.e.,_
+    raising it to the Degree D.D.), the enlightenment becomes
+    rapidly less. The effect is much increased by the addition
+    of a C: in this case the enlightenment often vanishes
+    altogether, and the Particle becomes Conservative.
+
+
+    PROPOSITIONS.
+
+    PROP. I. PR.
+
+    _To find the value of a given Examiner_.
+
+    _Example_.--A takes in ten books in the Final
+    Examination and gets a 3rd class; B takes in the Examiners,
+    and gets a 2nd. Find the value of the Examiners in terms of
+    books. Find also their value in terms in which no
+    Examination is held.
+
+
+    PROP. II. PR.
+
+    _To estimate Profit and Loss_.
+
+    _Example_.--Given a Derby Prophet, who has sent three
+    different winners to three different betting-men, and given
+    that none of the three horses are placed. Find the total
+    loss incurred by the three men (_a_) in money,
+    (_b_) in temper. Find also the Prophet. Is this latter
+    usually possible?
+
+
+    PROP. IV. TH.
+
+    _The end_ (i.e., "_the product of the extremes")
+    justifies_ (i.e., "_is equal to_"--_see Latin
+    "aequus") the means_.
+
+    No example is appended to this Proposition, for obvious
+    reasons.
+
+
+    PROP. V. PR.
+
+    _To continue a given series._
+
+    _Example_.--A and B, who are respectively addicted to
+    Fours and Fives, occupy the same set of rooms, which is
+    always at Sixes and Sevens. Find the probable amount of
+    reading done by A and B while the Eights are on.
+
+The third paper was entitled "Facts, Figures, and Fancies." The best
+thing in it was a parody on "The Deserted Village," from which an
+extract will be found in a later chapter. There was also a letter to
+the Senior Censor of Christ Church, in burlesque of a similar letter
+in which the Professor of Physics met an offer of the Clarendon
+Trustees by a detailed enumeration of the requirements in his own
+department of Natural Science. Mr. Dodgson's letter deals with the
+imaginary requirements of the Mathematical school:--
+
+    Dear Senior Censor,--In a desultory conversation on a point
+    connected with the dinner at our high table, you
+    incidentally remarked to me that lobster-sauce, "though a
+    necessary adjunct to turbot, was not entirely wholesome!"
+
+    It is entirely unwholesome. I never ask for it without
+    reluctance: I never take a second spoonful without a feeling
+    of apprehension on the subject of a possible nightmare. This
+    naturally brings me to the subject of Mathematics, and of
+    the accommodation provided by the University for carrying on
+    the calculations necessary in that important branch of
+    Science.
+
+    As Members of Convocation are called upon (whether
+    personally, or, as is less exasperating, by letter) to
+    consider the offer of the Clarendon Trustees, as well as
+    every other subject of human, or inhuman, interest, capable
+    of consideration, it has occurred to me to suggest for your
+    consideration how desirable roofed buildings are for
+    carrying on mathematical calculations: in fact, the variable
+    character of the weather in Oxford renders it highly
+    inexpedient to attempt much occupation, of a sedentary
+    nature, in the open air.
+
+    Again, it is often impossible for students to carry on
+    accurate mathematical calculations in close contiguity to
+    one another, owing to their mutual conversation;
+    consequently these processes require different rooms in
+    which irrepressible conversationalists, who are found to
+    occur in every branch of Society, might be carefully and
+    permanently fixed.
+
+    It may be sufficient for the present to enumerate the
+    following requisites--others might be added as funds
+    permit:--
+
+    A. A very large room for calculating Greatest Common
+    Measure. To this a small one might be attached for Least
+    Common Multiple: this, however, might be dispensed with.
+
+    B. A piece of open ground for keeping Roots and practising
+    their extraction: it would be advisable to keep Square Roots
+    by themselves, as their corners are apt to damage others.
+
+    C. A room for reducing Fractions to their Lowest Terms. This
+    should be provided with a cellar for keeping the Lowest
+    Terms when found, which might also be available to the
+    general body of Undergraduates, for the purpose of "keeping
+    Terms."
+
+    D. A large room, which might be darkened, and fitted up with
+    a magic lantern, for the purpose of exhibiting circulating
+    Decimals in the act of circulation. This might also contain
+    cupboards, fitted with glass doors, for keeping the various
+    Scales of Notation.
+
+    E. A narrow strip of ground, railed off and carefully
+    levelled, for investigating the properties of Asymptotes,
+    and testing practically whether Parallel Lines meet or not:
+    for this purpose it should reach, to use the expressive
+    language of Euclid, "ever so far."
+
+    This last process of "continually producing the lines," may
+    require centuries or more; but such a period, though long in
+    the life of an individual, is as nothing in the life of the
+    University.
+
+    As Photography is now very much employed in recording human
+    expressions, and might possibly be adapted to Algebraical
+    Expressions, a small photographic room would be desirable,
+    both for general use and for representing the various
+    phenomena of Gravity, Disturbance of Equilibrium,
+    Resolution, &c., which affect the features during severe
+    mathematical operations.
+
+    May I trust that you will give your immediate attention to
+    this most important subject?
+
+    Believe me,
+
+    Sincerely yours,
+
+    Mathematicus.
+
+Next came "The New Belfry of Christ Church, Oxford; a Monograph by
+D.C.L." On the title-page was a neatly drawn square--the figure of
+Euclid I. 46--below which was written "East view of the New Belfry,
+Christ Church, as seen from the meadow." The new belfry is fortunately a
+thing of the past, and its insolent hideousness no longer defaces Christ
+Church, but while it lasted it was no doubt an excellent target for
+Lewis Carroll's sarcasm. His article on it is divided into thirteen
+chapters. Three of them are perhaps worth quoting:--
+
+    Sec.1. _On the etymological significance of the new Belfry, Ch. Ch_.
+
+    The word "Belfry" is derived from the French _bel_, "beautiful,
+    becoming, meet," and from the German _frei_, "free unfettered,
+    secure, safe." Thus, the word is strictly equivalent to "meat-safe,"
+    to which the new Belfry bears a resemblance so perfect as almost to
+    amount to coincidence.
+
+    Sec.4. _On the chief architectural merit of the new Belfry, Ch. Ch_.
+
+    Its chief merit is its simplicity--a simplicity so pure, so
+    profound, in a word, so _simple_, that no other word will fitly
+    describe it. The meagre outline, and baldness of detail, of the
+    present Chapter, are adopted in humble imitation of this great
+    feature.
+
+    Sec.5. _On the other architectural merits of the new Belfry, Ch. Ch_.
+
+    The Belfry has no other architectural merits.
+
+"The Vision of the Three T's" followed. It also was an attack on
+architectural changes in Christ Church; the general style was a parody
+of the "Compleat Angler." Last of all came "The Blank Cheque, a
+Fable," in reference to the building of the New Schools, for the
+expenses of which it was actually proposed (in 1874), to sign a blank
+cheque before any estimate had been made, or any plan laid before the
+University, and even before a committee had been elected to appoint an
+architect for the work.
+
+At the end of 1874 Mr. Dodgson was again at Hatfield, where he told
+the children the story of Prince Uggug, which was afterwards made a
+part of "Sylvie and Bruno," though at that time it seems to have been
+a separate tale. But "Sylvie and Bruno," in this respect entirely
+unlike "Alice in Wonderland," was the result of notes taken during
+many years; for while he was thinking out the book he never neglected
+any amusing scraps of childish conversation or funny anecdotes about
+children which came to his notice. It is this fact which gives such
+verisimilitude to the prattle of Bruno; childish talk is a thing which
+a grown-up person cannot possibly _invent_. He can only listen to
+the actual things the children say, and then combine what he has heard
+into a connected narrative.
+
+During 1875 Mr. Dodgson wrote an article on "Some Popular Fallacies
+about Vivisection," which was refused by the _Pall Mall Gazette_,
+the editor saying that he had never heard of most of them; on which
+Mr. Dodgson plaintively notes in his Diary that seven out of the
+thirteen fallacies dealt with in his essay had appeared in the columns
+of the _Pall Mall Gazette_. Ultimately it was accepted by the
+editor of _The Fortnightly Review_. Mr. Dodgson had a peculiar
+horror of vivisection. I was once walking in Oxford with him when a
+certain well-known professor passed us. "I am afraid that man
+vivisects," he said, in his gravest tone. Every year he used to get a
+friend to recommend him a list of suitable charities to which he
+should subscribe. Once the name of some Lost Dogs' Home appeared in
+this list. Before Mr. Dodgson sent his guinea he wrote to the
+secretary to ask whether the manager of the Home was in the habit of
+sending dogs that had to be killed to physiological laboratories for
+vivisection. The answer was in the negative, so the institution got
+the cheque. He did not, however, advocate the total abolition of
+vivisection--what reasonable man could?--but he would have liked to
+see it much more carefully restricted by law. An earlier letter of his
+to the _Pall Mall Gazette_ on the same subject is sufficiently
+characteristic to deserve a place here. Be it noted that he signed it
+"Lewis Carroll," in order that whatever influence or power his
+writings had gained him might tell in the controversy.
+
+
+    VIVISECTION AS A SIGN OF THE TIMES.
+
+    _To the Editor of the "Pall Mall Gazette."_
+
+    Sir,--The letter which appeared in last week's
+    _Spectator_, and which must have saddened the heart of
+    every one who read it, seems to suggest a question which has
+    not yet been asked or answered with sufficient clearness,
+    and that is, How far may vivisection be regarded as a sign
+    of the times, and a fair specimen of that higher
+    civilisation which a purely secular State education is to
+    give us? In that much-vaunted panacea for all human ills we
+    are promised not only increase of knowledge, but also a
+    higher moral character; any momentary doubt on this point
+    which we may feel is set at rest at once by quoting the
+    great crucial instance of Germany. The syllogism, if it
+    deserves the name, is usually stated thus: Germany has a
+    higher scientific education than England; Germany has a
+    lower average of crime than England; _ergo_, a
+    scientific education tends to improve moral conduct. Some
+    old-fashioned logician might perhaps whisper to himself,
+    "Praemissis particularibus nihil probatur," but such a
+    remark, now that Aldrich is out of date, would only excite a
+    pitying smile. May we, then, regard the practice of
+    vivisection as a legitimate fruit, or as an abnormal
+    development, of this higher moral character? Is the
+    anatomist, who can contemplate unmoved the agonies he is
+    inflicting for no higher purpose than to gratify a
+    scientific curiosity, or to illustrate some well-established
+    truth, a being higher or lower, in the scale of humanity,
+    than the ignorant boor whose very soul would sicken at the
+    horrid sight? For if ever there was an argument in favour of
+    purely scientific education more cogent than another, it is
+    surely this (a few years back it might have been put into
+    the mouth of any advocate of science; now it reads like the
+    merest mockery): "What can teach the noble quality of mercy,
+    of sensitiveness to all forms of suffering, so powerfully as
+    the knowledge of what suffering really is? Can the man who
+    has once realised by minute study what the nerves are, what
+    the brain is, and what waves of agony the one can convey to
+    the other, go forth and wantonly inflict pain on any
+    sentient being?" A little while ago we should have
+    confidently replied, "He cannot do it"; in the light of
+    modern revelations we must sorrowfully confess "He can." And
+    let it never be said that this is done with serious
+    forethought of the balance of pain and gain; that the
+    operator has pleaded with himself, "Pain is indeed an evil,
+    but so much suffering may fitly be endured to purchase so
+    much knowledge." When I hear of one of these ardent
+    searchers after truth giving, not a helpless dumb animal, to
+    whom he says in effect, "_You_ shall suffer that
+    _I_ may know," but his own person to the probe and to
+    the scalpel, I will believe in him as recognising a
+    principle of justice, and I will honour him as acting up to
+    his principles. "But the thing cannot be!" cries some
+    amiable reader, fresh from an interview with that most
+    charming of men, a London physician. "What! Is it possible
+    that one so gentle in manner, so full of noble sentiments,
+    can be hardhearted? The very idea is an outrage to common
+    sense!" And thus we are duped every day of our lives. Is it
+    possible that that bank director, with his broad honest
+    face, can be meditating a fraud? That the chairman of that
+    meeting of shareholders, whose every tone has the ring of
+    truth in it, can hold in his hand a "cooked" schedule of
+    accounts? That my wine merchant, so outspoken, so confiding,
+    can be supplying me with an adulterated article? That the
+    schoolmaster, to whom I have entrusted my little boy, can
+    starve or neglect him? How well I remember his words to the
+    dear child when last we parted. "You are leaving your
+    friends," he said, "but you will have a father in me, my
+    dear, and a mother in Mrs. Squeers!" For all such
+    rose-coloured dreams of the necessary immunity from human
+    vices of educated men the facts in last week's
+    _Spectator_ have a terrible significance. "Trust no man
+    further than you can see him," they seem to say. "Qui vult
+    decipi, decipiatur."
+
+    Allow me to quote from a modern writer a few sentences
+    bearing on this subject:--
+
+      "We are at present, legislature and nation together,
+      eagerly pushing forward schemes which proceed on the
+      postulate that conduct is determined, not by feelings, but
+      by cognitions. For what else is the assumption underlying
+      this anxious urging-on of organisations for teaching? What
+      is the root-notion common to Secularists and
+      Denominationalists but the notion that spread of knowledge
+      is the one thing needful for bettering behaviour? Having
+      both swallowed certain statistical fallacies, there has
+      grown up in them the belief that State education will
+      check ill-doing.... This belief in the moralising effects
+      of intellectual culture, flatly contradicted by facts, is
+      absurd _a priori_.... This faith in lesson-books and
+      readings is one of the superstitions of the age.... Not by
+      precept, though heard daily; not by example, unless it is
+      followed; but only by action, often caused by the related
+      feeling, can a moral habit be formed. And yet this truth,
+      which mental science clearly teaches, and which is in
+      harmony with familiar sayings, is a truth wholly ignored
+      in current educational fanaticisms."
+
+    There need no praises of mine to commend to the
+    consideration of all thoughtful readers these words of
+    Herbert Spencer. They are to be found in "The Study of
+    Sociology" (pp. 36l-367).
+
+    Let us, however, do justice to science. It is not so wholly
+    wanting as Mr. Herbert Spencer would have us believe in
+    principles of action--principles by which we may regulate
+    our conduct in life. I myself once heard an accomplished man
+    of science declare that his labours had taught him one
+    special personal lesson which, above all others, he had laid
+    to heart. A minute study of the nervous system, and of the
+    various forms of pain produced by wounds had inspired in him
+    one profound resolution; and that was--what think
+    you?--never, under any circumstances, to adventure his own
+    person into the field of battle! I have somewhere read in a
+    book--a rather antiquated book, I fear, and one much
+    discredited by modern lights--the words, "the whole creation
+    groaneth and travaileth in pain together until now." Truly
+    we read these words with a new meaning in the present day!
+    "Groan and travail" it undoubtedly does still (more than
+    ever, so far as the brute creation is concerned); but to
+    what end? Some higher and more glorious state? So one might
+    have said a few years back. Not so in these days. The
+    _telos teleion_ of secular education, when divorced
+    from religious or moral training, is--I say it
+    deliberately--the purest and most unmitigated selfishness.
+    The world has seen and tired of the worship of Nature, of
+    Reason, of Humanity; for this nineteenth century has been
+    reserved the development of the most refined religion of
+    all--the worship of Self. For that, indeed, is the upshot of
+    it all. The enslavement of his weaker brethren--"the labour
+    of those who do not enjoy, for the enjoyment of those who do
+    not labour"--the degradation of woman--the torture of the
+    animal world--these are the steps of the ladder by which man
+    is ascending to his higher civilisation. Selfishness is the
+    key-note of all purely secular education; and I take
+    vivisection to be a glaring, a wholly unmistakable case in
+    point. And let it not be thought that this is an evil that
+    we can hope to see produce the good for which we are asked
+    to tolerate it, and then pass away. It is one that tends
+    continually to spread. And if it be tolerated or even
+    ignored now, the age of universal education, when the
+    sciences, and anatomy among them, shall be the heritage of
+    all, will be heralded by a cry of anguish from the brute
+    creation that will ring through the length and breadth of
+    the land! This, then, is the glorious future to which the
+    advocate of secular education may look forward: the dawn
+    that gilds the horizon of his hopes! An age when all forms
+    of religious thought shall be things of the past; when
+    chemistry and biology shall be the ABC of a State education
+    enforced on all; when vivisection shall be practised in
+    every college and school; and when the man of science,
+    looking forth over a world which will then own no other sway
+    than his, shall exult in the thought that he has made of
+    this fair green earth, if not a heaven for man, at least a
+    hell for animals.
+
+    I am, sir,
+
+    Your obedient servant,
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+    _February 10th_.
+
+On March 29, 1876, "The Hunting of the Snark" was published. Mr.
+Dodgson gives some interesting particulars of its evolution. The first
+idea for the poem was the line "For the Snark _was_ a Boojum, you
+see," which came into his mind, apparently without any cause, while he
+was taking a country walk. The first complete verse which he composed
+was the one which stands last in the poem:--
+
+        In the midst of the word he was trying to say,
+          In the midst of his laughter and glee,
+        He had softly and suddenly vanished away--
+          For the Snark _was_ a Boojum, you see.
+
+The illustrations were the work of Mr. Henry Holiday, and they are
+thoroughly in keeping with the spirit of the poem. Many people have
+tried to show that "The Hunting of the Snark" was an allegory; some
+regarding it as being a burlesque upon the Tichborne case, and others
+taking the Snark as a personification of popularity. Lewis Carroll
+always protested that the poem had no meaning at all.
+
+    As to the meaning of the Snark [he wrote to a friend in
+    America], I'm very much afraid I didn't mean anything but
+    nonsense. Still, you know, words mean more than we mean to
+    express when we use them; so a whole book ought to mean a
+    great deal more than the writer means. So, whatever good
+    meanings are in the book, I'm glad to accept as the meaning
+    of the book. The best that I've seen is by a lady (she
+    published it in a letter to a newspaper), that the whole
+    book is an allegory on the search after happiness. I think
+    this fits in beautifully in many ways--particularly about
+    the bathing-machines: when the people get weary of life, and
+    can't find happiness in towns or in books, then they rush
+    off to the seaside, to see what bathing-machines will do for
+    them.
+
+[Illustration: Henry Holiday in his Studio. _From a
+photograph_.]
+
+Mr. H. Holiday, in a very interesting article on "The Snark's
+Significance" (_Academy,_ January 29, 1898), quoted the
+inscription which Mr. Dodgson had written in a vellum-bound,
+presentation-copy of the book. It is so characteristic that I take the
+liberty of reproducing it here:--
+
+    Presented to Henry Holiday, most patient of artists, by
+    Charles L. Dodgson, most exacting, but not most ungrateful
+    of authors, March 29, 1876.
+
+A little girl, to whom Mr. Dodgson had given a copy of the "Snark,"
+managed to get the whole poem off by heart, and insisted on reciting,
+it from beginning to end during a long carriage-drive. Her friends,
+who, from the nature of the case, were unable to escape, no doubt
+wished that she, too, was a Boojum.
+
+During the year, the first public dramatic representation of "Alice in
+Wonderland" was given at the Polytechnic, the entertainment taking the
+form of a series of _tableaux_, interspersed with appropriate
+readings and songs. Mr. Dodgson exercised a rigid censorship over all
+the extraneous matter introduced into the performance, and put his
+veto upon a verse in one of the songs, in which the drowning of
+kittens was treated from the humorous point of view, lest the children
+in the audience might learn to think lightly of death in the case of
+the lower animals.
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Carroll. _From a photograph_.]
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+(1877-1883)
+
+    Dramatic tastes--Miss Ellen Terry--"Natural Science at
+    Oxford"--Mr. Dodgson as an artist--Miss E. G. Thomson--The
+    drawing of children--A curious dream--"The Deserted
+    Parks"--"Syzygies"--Circus children--Row-loving
+    undergraduates--A letter to _The Observer_--Resignation
+    of the Lectureship--He is elected Curator of the Common
+    Room--Dream-music.
+
+Mr. Dodgson's love of the drama was not, as I have shown, a taste
+which he acquired in later years. From early college days he never
+missed anything which he considered worth seeing at the London
+theatres. I believe he used to reproach himself--unfairly, I
+think--with spending too much time on such recreations. For a man who
+worked so hard and so incessantly as he did; for a man to whom
+vacations meant rather a variation of mental employment than absolute
+rest of mind, the drama afforded just the sort of relief that was
+wanted. His vivid imagination, the very earnestness and intensity of
+his character enabled him to throw himself utterly into the spirit of
+what he saw upon the stage, and to forget in it all the petty worries
+and disappointments of life. The old adage says that a man cannot burn
+the candle at both ends; like most proverbs, it is only partially
+true, for often the hardest worker is the man who enters with most
+zest into his recreations, and this was emphatically the case with Mr.
+Dodgson.
+
+Walter Pater, in his book on the Renaissance, says (I quote from rough
+notes only), "A counted number of pulses only is given to us of a
+variegated dramatic life. How may we see in them all that is to be
+seen in them by the finest senses? How shall we pass most swiftly from
+point to point, and be present always at the focus where the greatest
+number of vital forces unite in their purest energy? To burn always
+with this hard gem-like flame, to maintain this ecstasy, is success in
+life." Here we have the truer philosophy, here we have the secret of
+Lewis Carroll's life. He never wasted time on social formalities; he
+refused to fulfil any of those (so called) duties which involve
+ineffable boredom, and so his mind was always fresh and ready. He said
+in one of his letters that he hoped that in the next world all
+knowledge would not be given to us suddenly, but that we should
+gradually grow wiser, for the _acquiring_ knowledge was to him
+the real pleasure. What is this but a paraphrase of another of Pater's
+thoughts, "Not the fruit of experience, but experience itself is the
+end."
+
+And so, times without number, he allowed himself to be carried away by
+emotion as he saw life in the mirror of the stage; but, best of all,
+he loved to see the acting of children, and he generally gave copies
+of his books to any of the little performers who specially pleased
+him. On January 13, 1877, he wrote in his Diary:--
+
+    Went up to town for the day, and took E-- with me to the
+    afternoon pantomime at the Adelphi, "Goody Two-Shoes," acted
+    entirely by children. It was a really charming performance.
+    Little Bertie Coote, aged ten, was clown--a wonderfully
+    clever little fellow; and Carrie Coote, about eight, was
+    Columbine, a very pretty graceful little thing. In a few
+    years' time she will be just _the_ child to act
+    "Alice," if it is ever dramatised. The harlequin was a
+    little girl named Gilchrist, one of the most beautiful
+    children, in face and figure, that I have ever seen. I must
+    get an opportunity of photographing her. Little Bertie
+    Coote, singing "Hot Codlings," was curiously like the
+    pictures of Grimaldi.
+
+It need hardly be said that the little girl was Miss Constance
+Gilchrist. Mr. Dodgson sent her a copy of "Alice in Wonderland," with
+a set of verses on her name.
+
+Many people object altogether to children appearing on the stage; it
+is said to be bad for their morals as well as for their health. A
+letter which Mr. Dodgson once wrote in the _St. James's Gazette_
+contains a sufficient refutation of the latter fancy:--
+
+    I spent yesterday afternoon at Brighton, where for five
+    hours I enjoyed the society of three exceedingly happy and
+    healthy little girls, aged twelve, ten, and seven. I think
+    that any one who could have seen the vigour of life in those
+    three children--the intensity with which they enjoyed
+    everything, great or small, that came in their way--who
+    could have watched the younger two running races on the
+    Pier, or have heard the fervent exclamation of the eldest at
+    the end of the afternoon, "We _have_ enjoyed
+    ourselves!" would have agreed with me that here, at least,
+    there was no excessive "physical strain," nor any
+    _imminent_ danger of "fatal results"! A drama, written
+    by Mr. Savile Clarke, is now being played at Brighton, and
+    in this (it is called "Alice in Wonderland") all three
+    children have been engaged. They had been acting every night
+    this week, and _twice_ on the day before I met them,
+    the second performance lasting till half-past ten at night,
+    after which they got up at seven next morning to bathe! That
+    such (apparently) severe work should co-exist with blooming
+    health and buoyant spirits seems at first sight a paradox;
+    but I appeal to any one who has ever worked _con amore_
+    at any subject whatever to support me in the assertion that,
+    when you really love the subject you are working at, the
+    "physical strain" is absolutely _nil_; it is only when
+    working "against the grain" that any strain is felt, and I
+    believe the apparent paradox is to be explained by the fact
+    that a taste for _acting_ is one of the strongest
+    passions of human nature, that stage-children show it nearly
+    from infancy, and that, instead of being miserable drudges
+    who ought to be celebrated in a new "Cry of the Children,"
+    they simply _rejoice_ in their work "even as a giant
+    rejoiceth to run his course."
+
+Mr. Dodgson's general views on the mission of the drama are well shown
+by an extract from a circular which he sent to many of his friends in
+1882:--
+
+    The stage (as every playgoer can testify) is an engine of
+    incalculable power for influencing society; and every effort
+    to purify and ennoble its aims seems to me to deserve all
+    the countenance that the great, and all the material help
+    that the wealthy, can give it; while even those who are
+    neither great nor wealthy may yet do their part, and help
+    to--
+      "Ring out the darkness of the land,
+       Ring in the Christ that is to be."
+
+
+[Illustration: Ellen Terry. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+I do not know if Mr. Dodgson's suggested amendment of some lines in
+the "Merchant of Venice" was ever carried out, but it further
+illustrates the serious view he took of this subject. The hint occurs
+in a letter to Miss Ellen Terry, which runs as follows:--
+
+    You gave me a treat on Saturday such as I have very seldom
+    had in my life. You must be weary by this time of hearing
+    your own praises, so I will only say that Portia was all I
+    could have imagined, and more. And Shylock is
+    superb--especially in the trial-scene.
+
+    Now I am going to be very bold, and make a suggestion, which
+    I do hope you will think well enough of to lay it before Mr.
+    Irving. I want to see that clause omitted (in the sentence
+    on Shylock)--
+
+                     That, for this favour,
+        He presently become a Christian;
+
+    It is a sentiment that is entirely horrible and revolting to
+    the feelings of all who believe in the Gospel of Love. Why
+    should our ears be shocked by such words merely because they
+    are Shakespeare's? In his day, when it was held to be a
+    Christian's duty to force his belief on others by fire and
+    sword--to burn man's body in order to save his soul--the
+    words probably conveyed no shock. To all Christians now
+    (except perhaps extreme Calvinists) the idea of forcing a
+    man to abjure his religion, whatever that religion may be,
+    is (as I have said) simply horrible.
+
+    I have spoken of it as a needless outrage on religious
+    feeling: but surely, being so, it is a great artistic
+    mistake. Its tendency is directly contrary to the spirit of
+    the scene. We have despised Shylock for his avarice, and we
+    rejoice to see him lose his wealth: we have abhorred him for
+    his bloodthirsty cruelty, and we rejoice to see him baffled.
+    And now, in the very fulness of our joy at the triumph of
+    right over wrong, we are suddenly called on to see in him
+    the victim of a cruelty a thousand times worse than his own,
+    and to honour him as a martyr. This, I am sure, Shakespeare
+    never meant. Two touches only of sympathy does he allow us,
+    that we may realise him as a man, and not as a demon
+    incarnate. "I will not pray with you"; "I had it of Leah,
+    when I was a bachelor." But I am sure he never meant our
+    sympathies to be roused in the supreme moment of his
+    downfall, and, if he were alive now, I believe he would cut
+    out those lines about becoming a Christian.
+
+    No interpolation is needed--(I should not like to suggest
+    the putting in a single word that is not Shakespeare's)--I
+    would read the speech thus:--
+
+             That lately stole his daughter:
+        Provided that he do record a gift,
+        Here in the court, &c.
+
+    And I would omit Gratiano's three lines at Shylock's exit,
+    and let the text stand:--
+
+        _Duke_: "Get thee gone, but do it." (_Exit
+        Shylock_.)
+
+    The exit, in solemn silence, would be, if possible, even
+    grander than it now is, and would lose nothing by the
+    omission of Gratiano's flippant jest....
+
+On January 16th he saw "New Men and Old Acres" at the Court Theatre.
+The two authors of the pieces, Dubourg and Tom Taylor, were great
+friends of his. "It was a real treat," he writes, "being well acted in
+every detail. Ellen Terry was wonderful, and I should think
+unsurpassable in all but the lighter parts." Mr. Dodgson himself had a
+strong wish to become a dramatic author, but, after one or two
+unsuccessful attempts to get his plays produced, he wisely gave up the
+idea, realising that he had not the necessary constructive powers. The
+above reference to Miss Ellen Terry's acting is only one out of a
+countless number; the great actress and he were excellent friends, and
+she did him many a kindness in helping on young friends of his who had
+taken up the stage as a profession.
+
+[Illustration: Tom Taylor. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+She and her sister, Miss Kate Terry, were among the distinguished
+people whom he photographed. The first time he saw the latter actress
+was, I think, in 1858, when she was playing in "The Tempest" at the
+Princess's. "The gem of the piece," he writes, "was the exquisitely
+graceful and beautiful Ariel, Miss Kate Terry. Her appearance as a
+sea-nymph was one of the most beautiful living pictures I ever saw,
+but this, and every other one in my recollection (except Queen
+Katherine's dream), were all outdone by the concluding scene, where
+Ariel is left alone, hovering over the wide ocean, watching the
+retreating ship. It is an innovation on Shakespeare, but a worthy one,
+and the conception of a true poet."
+
+[Illustration: Kate Terry. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+Mr. Dodgson was a frequent contributor to the daily Press. As a rule
+his letters appeared in the _St. James's Gazette_, for the
+editor, Mr. Greenwood, was a friend of his, but the following
+sarcastic epistle was an exception:--
+
+
+    NATURAL SCIENCE AT OXFORD.
+
+    _To the Editor of the "Pall Mall Gazette."_
+
+    Sir,--There is no one of the many ingenious appliances of
+    mechanical science that is more appreciated or more
+    successfully employed than the wedge; so subtle and
+    imperceptible are the forces needed for the insertion of its
+    "thin end," so astounding the results which its "thick end"
+    may ultimately produce. Of the former process we shall see a
+    beautiful illustration in a Congregation to be holden at
+    Oxford on the 24th inst., when it will be proposed to grant,
+    to those who have taken the degrees of bachelor and master
+    in Natural Science only, the same voting powers as in the
+    case of the "M.A." degree. This means the omission of one of
+    the two classical languages, Latin and Greek, from what has
+    been hitherto understood as the curriculum of an Oxford
+    education. It is to this "thin end" of the wedge that I
+    would call the attention of our non-residents, and of all
+    interested in Oxford education, while the "thick end" is
+    still looming in the distance. But why fear a "thick end" at
+    all? I shall be asked. Has Natural Science shown any such
+    tendency, or given any reason to fear that such a concession
+    would lead to further demands? In answer to that question,
+    let me sketch, in dramatic fashion, the history of her
+    recent career in Oxford. In the dark ages of our University
+    (some five-and-twenty years ago), while we still believed in
+    classics and mathematics as constituting a liberal
+    education, Natural Science sat weeping at our gates. "Ah,
+    let me in!" she moaned; "why cram reluctant youth with your
+    unsatisfying lore? Are they not hungering for bones; yea,
+    panting for sulphuretted hydrogen?" We heard and we pitied.
+    We let her in and housed her royally; we adorned her palace
+    with re-agents and retorts, and made it a very charnel-house
+    of bones, and we cried to our undergraduates, "The feast of
+    Science is spread! Eat, drink, and be happy!" But they would
+    not. They fingered the bones, and thought them dry. They
+    sniffed at the hydrogen, and turned away. Yet for all that
+    Science ceased not to cry, "More gold, more gold!" And her
+    three fair daughters, Chemistry, Biology, and Physics (for
+    the modern horse-leech is more prolific than in the days of
+    Solomon), ceased not to plead, "Give, give!" And we gave; we
+    poured forth our wealth like water (I beg her pardon, like
+    H{_2}O), and we could not help thinking there was something
+    weird and uncanny in the ghoul-like facility with which she
+    absorbed it.
+
+    The curtain rises on the second act of the drama. Science is
+    still weeping, but this time it is for lack of pupils, not
+    of teachers or machinery. "We are unfairly handicapped!" she
+    cries. "You have prizes and scholarships for classics and
+    mathematics, and you bribe your best students to desert us.
+    Buy us some bright, clever boys to teach, and then see what
+    we can do!" Once more we heard and pitied. We had bought her
+    bones; we bought her boys. And now at last her halls were
+    filled--not only with teachers paid to teach, but also with
+    learners paid to learn. And we have not much to complain of
+    in results, except that perhaps she is a little too ready to
+    return on our hands all but the "honour-men"--all, in fact,
+    who really need the helping hand of an educator. "Here, take
+    back your stupid ones!" she cries. "Except as subjects for
+    the scalpel (and we have not yet got the Human Vivisection
+    Act through Parliament) we can do nothing with them!"
+
+    The third act of the drama is yet under rehearsal; the
+    actors are still running in and out of the green-room, and
+    hastily shuffling on their new and ill-fitting dresses; but
+    its general scope is not far to seek. At no distant day our
+    once timid and tearful guest will be turning up her nose at
+    the fare provided for her. "Give me no more youths to
+    teach," she will say; "but pay me handsomely, and let me
+    think. Plato and Aristotle were all very well in their way;
+    Diogenes and his tub for me!" The allusion is not
+    inappropriate. There can be little doubt that some of the
+    researches conducted by that retiring philosopher in the
+    recesses of that humble edifice were strictly scientific,
+    embracing several distinct branches of entomology. I do not
+    mean, of course, that "research" is a new idea in Oxford.
+    From time immemorial we have had our own chosen band of
+    researchers (here called "professors"), who have advanced
+    the boundaries of human knowledge in many directions. True,
+    they are not left so wholly to themselves as some of these
+    modern thinkers would wish to be, but are expected to give
+    some few lectures, as the outcome of their "research" and
+    the evidence of its reality, but even that condition has not
+    always been enforced--for instance, in the case of the late
+    Professor of Greek, Dr. Gaisford, the University was too
+    conscious of the really valuable work he was doing in
+    philological research to complain that he ignored the usual
+    duties of the chair and delivered no lectures.
+
+    And, now, what is the "thick end" of the wedge? It is that
+    Latin and Greek may _both_ vanish from our curriculum;
+    that logic, philosophy, and history may follow; and that the
+    destinies of Oxford may some day be in the hands of those
+    who have had no education other than "scientific." And why
+    not? I shall be asked. Is it not as high a form of education
+    as any other? That is a matter to be settled by facts. I can
+    but offer my own little item of evidence, and leave it to
+    others to confirm or to refute. It used once to be thought
+    indispensable for an educated man that he should be able to
+    write his own language correctly, if not elegantly; it seems
+    doubtful how much longer this will be taken as a criterion.
+    Not so many years ago I had the honour of assisting in
+    correcting for the press some pages of the
+    _Anthropological Review_, or some such periodical. I
+    doubt not that the writers were eminent men in their own
+    line; that each could triumphantly prove, to his own
+    satisfaction, the unsoundness of what the others had
+    advanced; and that all would unite in declaring that the
+    theories of a year ago were entirely exploded by the latest
+    German treatise; but they were not able to set forth these
+    thoughts, however consoling in themselves, in anything
+    resembling the language of educated society. In all my
+    experience, I have never read, even in the "local news" of
+    a country paper, such slipshod, such deplorable English.
+
+    I shall be told that I am ungenerous in thus picking out a
+    few unfavourable cases, and that some of the greatest minds
+    of the day are to be found in the ranks of science. I freely
+    admit that such may be found, but my contention is that
+    _they_ made the science, not the science them; and that
+    in any line of thought they would have been equally
+    distinguished. As a general principle, I do not think that
+    the exclusive study of any _one_ subject is really
+    education; and my experience as a teacher has shown me that
+    even a considerable proficiency in Natural Science, taken
+    alone, is so far from proving a high degree of cultivation
+    and great natural ability that it is fully compatible with
+    general ignorance and an intellect quite below par.
+    Therefore it is that I seek to rouse an interest, beyond the
+    limits of Oxford, in preserving classics as an essential
+    feature of a University education. Nor is it as a classical
+    tutor (who might be suspected of a bias in favour of his own
+    subject) that I write this. On the contrary, it is as one
+    who has taught science here for more than twenty years (for
+    mathematics, though good-humouredly scorned by the
+    biologists on account of the abnormal certainty of its
+    conclusions, is still reckoned among the sciences) that I
+    beg to sign myself,--Your obedient servant,
+
+    Charles L. Dodgson,
+
+    _Mathematical Lecturer of Christ Church, Oxford.
+
+    May 17th._
+
+I give the above letter because I think it amusing; it must not be
+supposed that the writer's views on the subject remained the same all
+through his life. He was a thorough Conservative, and it took a long
+time to reconcile him to any new departure. In a political discussion
+with a friend he once said that he was "first an Englishman, and then
+a Conservative," but however much a man may try to put patriotism
+before party, the result will be but partially successful, if
+patriotism would lead him into opposition to the mental bias which has
+originally made him either a Conservative or a Radical.
+
+He took, of course, great pleasure in the success of his books, as
+every author must; but the greatest pleasure of all to him was to know
+that they had pleased others. Notes like the following are frequent in
+his Diary: "_June_ 25_th_.--Spent the afternoon in sending
+off seventy circulars to Hospitals, offering copies of 'Alice' and the
+'Looking-Glass' for sick children." He well deserved the name which
+one of his admirers gave him--"The man who loved little children."
+
+In April, 1878, he saw a performance of "Olivia" at the Court Theatre.
+"The gem of the piece is Olivia herself, acted by Ellen Terry with a
+sweetness and pathos that moved some of the audience (nearly including
+myself) to tears. Her leave-taking was exquisite; and when, in her
+exile, she hears that her little brother had cried at the mention of
+her name, her exclamation 'Pet!' was tenderness itself. Altogether, I
+have not had a greater dramatic treat for a long time. _Dies creta
+notandus_."
+
+I see that I have marked for quotation the following brief entries in
+the Diary:--
+
+    _Aug. 4th_ (at Eastbourne).--Went, morning and
+    evening, to the new chapel-of-ease belonging to S.
+    Saviour's. It has the immense advantage of _not_ being
+    crowded; but this scarcely compensates for the vile
+    Gregorian chants, which vex and weary one's ear.
+
+    _Aug. 17th_.--A very inquisitive person, who had some
+    children with her, found out my name, and then asked me to
+    shake hands with her child, as an admirer of my books: this
+    I did, unwisely perhaps, as I have no intention of
+    continuing the acquaintance of a "Mrs. Leo Hunter."
+
+    _Dec. 23rd_.--I have been making a plan for work next
+    term, of this kind: Choose a subject (_e.g._,
+    "Circulation," "Journeys of S. Paul," "English Counties")
+    for each week. On Monday write what I know about it; during
+    week get up subject; on Saturday write again; put the two
+    papers away, and six months afterwards write again and
+    compare.
+
+As an artist, Mr. Dodgson possessed an intense natural appreciation of
+the beautiful, an abhorrence of all that is coarse and unseemly which
+might almost be called hyper-refinement, a wonderfully good eye for
+form, and last, but not least, the most scrupulous conscientiousness
+about detail. On the other hand his sense of colour was somewhat
+imperfect, and his hand was almost totally untrained, so that while he
+had all the enthusiasm of the true artist, his work always had the
+defects of an amateur.
+
+[Illustration: Miss E. Gertrude Thomson.]
+
+In 1878 some drawings of Miss E. Gertrude Thomson's excited his keen
+admiration, and he exerted himself to make her acquaintance. Their
+first meeting is described so well by Miss Thomson herself in _The
+Gentlewoman_ for January 29, 1898, that I cannot do better than
+quote the description of the scene as given there:--
+
+    It was at the end of December, 1878, that a letter, written
+    in a singularly legible and rather boyish-looking hand, came
+    to me from Christ Church, Oxford, signed "C. L. Dodgson."
+    The writer said that he had come across some fairy designs
+    of mine, and he should like to see some more of my work. By
+    the same post came a letter from my London publisher (who
+    had supplied my address) telling me that the "Rev. C. L.
+    Dodgson" was "Lewis Carroll."
+
+    "Alice in Wonderland" had long been one of my pet books, and
+    as one regards a favourite author as almost a personal
+    friend, I felt less restraint than one usually feels in
+    writing to a stranger, though I carefully concealed my
+    knowledge of his identity, as he had not chosen to reveal
+    it.
+
+    This was the beginning of a frequent and delightful
+    correspondence, and as I confessed to a great love for fairy
+    lore of every description, he asked me if I would accept a
+    child's fairy-tale book he had written, called "Alice in
+    Wonderland." I replied that I knew it nearly all off by
+    heart, but that I should greatly prize a copy given to me by
+    himself. By return came "Alice," and "Through the
+    Looking-Glass," bound most luxuriously in white calf and
+    gold.
+
+    And this is the graceful and kindly note that came with
+    them: "I am now sending you 'Alice,' and the 'Looking-Glass'
+    as well. There is an incompleteness about giving only one,
+    and besides, the one you bought was probably in red and
+    would not match these. If you are at all in doubt as to what
+    to do with the (now) superfluous copy, let me suggest your
+    giving it to some poor sick child. I have been distributing
+    copies to all the hospitals and convalescent homes I can
+    hear of, where there are sick children capable of reading
+    them, and though, of course, one takes some pleasure in the
+    popularity of the books elsewhere, it is not nearly so
+    pleasant a thought to me as that they may be a comfort and
+    relief to children in hours of pain and weariness. Still, no
+    recipient _can_ be more appropriate than one who seems
+    to have been in fairyland herself, and to have seen, like
+    the 'weary mariners' of old--
+
+        'Between the green brink and the running foam
+        White limbs unrobed in a crystal air,
+        Sweet faces, rounded arms, and bosoms prest
+        To little harps of gold.'"
+
+    "Do you ever come to London?" he asked in another letter;
+    "if so, will you allow me to call upon you?"
+
+    Early in the summer I came up to study, and I sent him word
+    that I was in town. One night, coming into my room, after a
+    long day spent at the British Museum, in the half-light I
+    saw a card lying on the table. "Rev. C. L. Dodgson." Bitter,
+    indeed, was my disappointment at having missed him, but just
+    as I was laying it sadly down I spied a small T.O. in the
+    corner. On the back I read that he couldn't get up to my
+    rooms early or late enough to find me, so would I arrange to
+    meet him at some museum or gallery the day but one
+    following? I fixed on South Kensington Museum, by the
+    "Schliemann" collection, at twelve o'clock.
+
+    A little before twelve I was at the rendezvous, and then the
+    humour of the situation suddenly struck me, that _I_
+    had not the ghost of an idea what _he_ was like, nor
+    would _he_ have any better chance of discovering
+    _me!_ The room was fairly full of all sorts and
+    conditions, as usual, and I glanced at each masculine figure
+    in turn, only to reject it as a possibility of the one I
+    sought. Just as the big clock had clanged out twelve, I
+    heard the high vivacious voices and laughter of children
+    sounding down the corridor.
+
+    At that moment a gentleman entered, two little girls
+    clinging to his hands, and as I caught sight of the tall
+    slim figure, with the clean-shaven, delicate, refined face,
+    I said to myself, "_That's_ Lewis Carroll." He stood
+    for a moment, head erect, glancing swiftly over the room,
+    then, bending down, whispered something to one of the
+    children; she, after a moment's pause, pointed straight at
+    me.
+
+    Dropping their hands he came forward, and with that winning
+    smile of his that utterly banished the oppressive sense of
+    the Oxford don, said simply, "I am Mr. Dodgson; I was to
+    meet you, I think?" To which I as frankly smiled, and said,
+    "How did you know me so soon?"
+
+    "My little friend found you. I told her I had come to meet a
+    young lady who knew fairies, and she fixed on you at once.
+    But _I_ knew you before she spoke."
+
+This acquaintance ripened into a true, artistic friendship, which
+lasted till Mr. Dodgson's death. In his first letter to Miss Thomson
+he speaks of himself as one who for twenty years had found his one
+amusement in photographing from life--especially photographing
+children; he also said that he had made attempts ("most
+unsuccessfully") at drawing them. When he got to know her more
+intimately, he asked her to criticise his work, and when she wrote
+expressing her willingness to do so, he sent her a pile of
+sketch-books, through which she went most carefully, marking the
+mistakes, and criticising, wherever criticism seemed to be necessary.
+
+After this he might often have been seen in her studio, lying flat on
+his face, and drawing some child-model who had been engaged for his
+especial benefit. "I _love_ the effort to draw," he wrote in one
+of his letters to her, "but I utterly fail to please even my own
+eye--tho' now and then I seem to get somewhere _near_ a right
+line or two, when I have a live child to draw from. But I have no time
+left now for such things. In the next life, I do _hope_ we shall
+not only _see_ lovely forms, such as this world does not contain,
+but also be able to _draw_ them."
+
+But while he fully recognised the limits of his powers, he had great
+faith in his own critical judgment; and with good reason, for his
+perception of the beautiful in contour and attitude and grouping was
+almost unerring. All the drawings which Miss Thomson made for his
+"Three Sunsets" were submitted to his criticism, which descended to
+the smallest details. He concludes a letter to her, which contained
+the most elaborate and minute suggestions for the improvement of one
+of these pictures, with the following words: "I make all these
+suggestions with diffidence, feeling that I have _really no_
+right at all, as an amateur, to criticise the work of a real artist."
+
+The following extract from another letter to Miss Thomson shows that
+seeking after perfection, that discontent with everything short of the
+best, which was so marked a feature of his character. She had sent him
+two drawings of the head of some child-friend of his:--
+
+    Your note is a puzzle--you say that "No. 2 would have been
+    still more like if the paper had been exactly the same
+    shade--but I'd no more at hand of the darker colour." Had I
+    given you the impression that I was in a _hurry_, and
+    was willing to have No. 2 _less_ good than it
+    _might_ be made, so long as I could have it
+    _quick?_ If I did, I'm very sorry: I never _meant_
+    to say a word like it: and, if you had written "I could make
+    it still more like, on darker paper; but I've no more at
+    hand. How long can you wait for me to get some?" I should
+    have replied, "Six weeks, or six _months_, if you
+    prefer it!"
+
+I have already spoken of his love of nature, as opposed to the
+admiration for the morbid and abnormal. "I want you," he writes to
+Miss Thomson, "to do my fairy drawings from _life_. They would be
+very pretty, no doubt, done out of your own head, but they will be ten
+times as valuable if done from life. Mr. Furniss drew the pictures of
+'Sylvie' from life. Mr. Tenniel is the only artist, who has drawn for
+me, who resolutely refused to use a model, and declared he no more
+needed one than I should need a multiplication-table to work a
+mathematical problem!" On another occasion he urges the importance of
+using models, in order to avoid the similarity of features which would
+otherwise spoil the pictures: "Cruikshank's splendid illustrations
+were terribly spoiled by his having only _one_ pretty female face
+in them all. Leech settled down into _two_ female faces. Du
+Maurier, I think, has only _one_, now. All the ladies, and all
+the little girls in his pictures look like twin sisters."
+
+It is interesting to know that Sir Noel Paton and Mr. Walter Crane
+were, in Lewis Carroll's opinion, the most successful drawers of
+children: "There are but few artists who seem to draw the forms of
+children _con amore_. Walter Crane is perhaps the best (always
+excepting Sir Noel Paton): but the thick outlines, which he insists on
+using, seem to take off a good deal from the beauty of the result."
+
+He held that no artist can hope to effect a higher type of beauty than
+that which life itself exhibits, as the following words show:--
+
+    I don't quite understand about fairies losing "grace," if
+    too like human children. Of course I grant that to be like
+    some _actual_ child is to lose grace, because no living
+    child is perfect in form: many causes have lowered the race
+    from what God made it. But the _perfect_ human form,
+    free from these faults, is surely equally applicable to men,
+    and fairies, and angels? Perhaps that is what you mean--that
+    the Artist can imagine, and design, more perfect forms than
+    we ever find in life?
+
+I have already referred several times to Miss Ellen Terry as having
+been one of Mr. Dodgson's friends, but he was intimate with the whole
+family, and used often to pay them a visit when he was in town. On May
+15, 1879, he records a very curious dream which he had about Miss
+Marion ("Polly") Terry:--
+
+    Last night I had a dream which I record as a curiosity, so
+    far as I know, in the literature of dreams. I was staying,
+    with my sisters, in some suburb of London, and had heard
+    that the Terrys were staying near us, so went to call, and
+    found Mrs. Terry at home, who told us that Marion and
+    Florence were at the theatre, "the Walter House," where they
+    had a good engagement. "In that case," I said, "I'll go on
+    there at once, and see the performance--and may I take Polly
+    with me?" "Certainly," said Mrs. Terry. And there was Polly,
+    the child, seated in the room, and looking about nine or ten
+    years old: and I was distinctly conscious of the fact, yet
+    without any feeling of surprise at its incongruity, that I
+    was going to take the _child_ Polly with me to the
+    theatre, to see the _grown-up_ Polly act! Both
+    pictures--Polly as a child, and Polly as a woman, are, I
+    suppose, equally clear in my ordinary waking memory: and it
+    seems that in sleep I had contrived to give the two pictures
+    separate individualities.
+
+Of all the mathematical books which Mr. Dodgson wrote, by far the most
+elaborate, if not the most original, was "Euclid and His Modern
+Rivals." The first edition was issued in 1879, and a supplement,
+afterwards incorporated into the second edition, appeared in 1885.
+
+This book, as the author says, has for its object
+
+    to furnish evidence (1) that it is essential for the
+    purposes of teaching or examining in Elementary Geometry to
+    employ one text-book only; (2) that there are strong _a
+    priori_ reasons for retaining in all its main features,
+    and especially in its sequence and numbering of
+    Propositions, and in its treatment of Parallels, the Manual
+    of Euclid; and (3) that no sufficient reasons have yet been
+    shown for abandoning it in favour of any one of the modern
+    Manuals which have been offered as substitutes.
+
+The book is written in dramatic form, and relieved throughout by many
+touches in the author's happiest vein, which make it delightful not
+only to the scientific reader, but also to any one of average
+intelligence with the slightest sense of humour.
+
+Whether the conclusions are accepted in their entirety or not, it is
+certain that the arguments are far more effective than if the writer
+had presented them in the form of an essay. Mr. Dodgson had a wide
+experience as a teacher and examiner, so that he knew well what he was
+writing about, and undoubtedly the appearance of this book has done
+very much to stay the hand of the innovator.
+
+The scene opens in a College study--time, midnight. Minos, an
+examiner, is discovered seated between two immense piles of
+manuscripts. He is driven almost to distraction in his efforts to mark
+fairly the papers sent up, by reason of the confusion caused through
+the candidates offering various substitutes for Euclid. Rhadamanthus,
+another equally distracted examiner, comes to his room.
+
+The two men consult together for a time, and then Rhadamanthus
+retires, and Minos falls asleep. Hereupon the Ghost of Euclid appears,
+and discusses with Minos the reasons for retaining his Manual as a
+whole, in its present order and arrangement. As they are mainly
+concerned with the wants of beginners, their attention is confined to
+Books I. and II.
+
+We must be content with one short extract from the dialogue:--
+
+    _Euclid_.--It is, I think, a friend of yours who has
+    amused himself by tabulating the various Theorems which
+    might be enunciated on the single subject of Pairs of Lines.
+    How many did he make them out to be?
+
+    _Minos_.--About two hundred and fifty, I believe.
+
+    _Euclid_.--At that rate there would probably be within
+    the limit of my First Book--how many?
+
+    _Minos_.--A thousand at least.
+
+    _Euclid_.--What a popular school-book it will be! How
+    boys will bless the name of the writer who first brings out
+    the complete thousand!
+
+With a view to discussing and criticising his various modern rivals,
+Euclid promises to send to Minos the ghost of a German Professor (Herr
+Niemand) who "has read all books, and is ready to defend any thesis,
+true or untrue."
+
+"A charming companion!" as Minos drily remarks.
+
+This brings us to Act II., in which the Manuals which reject Euclid's
+treatment of Parallels are dealt with one by one. Those Manuals which
+adopt it are reserved for Act III., Scene i.; while in Scene ii., "The
+Syllabus of the Association for the Improvement of Geometrical
+Teaching," and Wilson's "Syllabus," come under review.
+
+Only one or two extracts need be given, which, it is hoped, will
+suffice to illustrate the character and style of the book:
+
+Act II., Scene v.--Niemand and Minos are arguing for and against
+Henrici's "Elementary Geometry."
+
+    _Minos_.--I haven't quite done with points yet. I find
+    an assertion that they never jump. Do you think that arises
+    from their having "position," which they feel might be
+    compromised by such conduct?
+
+    _Niemand_.--I cannot tell without hearing the passage
+    read.
+
+    _Minos_.--It is this: "A point, in changing its
+    position on a curve, passes in moving from one position to
+    another through all intermediate positions. It does not move
+    by jumps."
+
+    _Niemand_.--That is quite true.
+
+    _Minos_.--Tell me then--is every centre of gravity a
+    point?
+
+    _Niemand_.--Certainly.
+
+    _Minos_.--Let us now consider the centre of gravity of
+    a flea. Does it--
+
+    _Niemand (indignantly)_.--Another word, and I shall
+    vanish! I cannot waste a night on such trivialities.
+
+    _Minos_.--I can't resist giving you just _one_
+    more tit-bit--the definition of a square at page 123: "A
+    quadrilateral which is a kite, a symmetrical trapezium, and
+    a parallelogram is a square!" And now, farewell, Henrici:
+    "Euclid, with all thy faults, I love thee still!"
+
+Again, from Act II., Scene vi.:--
+
+    _Niemand_.--He (Pierce, another "Modern Rival,") has a
+    definition of direction which will, I think, be new to you.
+    _(Reads.)_
+
+    "The _direction of a line_ in any part is the direction
+    of a point at that part from the next preceding point of the
+    line!"
+
+    _Minos_.--That sounds mysterious. Which way along a
+    line are "preceding" points to be found?
+
+    _Niemand_.--_Both ways._ He adds, directly
+    afterwards, "A line has two different directions," &c.
+
+    _Minos_.--So your definition needs a postscript.... But
+    there is yet another difficulty. How far from a point is the
+    "next" point?
+
+    _Niemand_.--At an infinitely small distance, of course.
+    You will find the matter fully discussed in my work on the
+    Infinitesimal Calculus.
+
+    _Minos_.--A most satisfactory answer for a teacher to
+    make to a pupil just beginning Geometry!
+
+In Act IV. Euclid reappears to Minos, "followed by the ghosts of
+Archimedes, Pythagoras, &c., who have come to see fair play." Euclid
+thus sums up his case:--
+
+    "'The cock doth craw, the day doth daw,' and all respectable
+    ghosts ought to be going home. Let me carry with me the hope
+    that I have convinced you of the necessity of retaining my
+    order and numbering, and my method of treating Straight
+    Lines, Angles, Right Angles, and (most especially)
+    Parallels. Leave me these untouched, and I shall look on
+    with great contentment while other changes are made--while
+    my proofs are abridged and improved--while alternative
+    proofs are appended to mine--and while new Problems and
+    Theorems are interpolated. In all these matters my Manual is
+    capable of almost unlimited improvement."
+
+In Appendices I. and II. Mr. Dodgson quotes the opinions of two
+eminent mathematical teachers, Mr. Todhunter and Professor De Morgan,
+in support of his argument.
+
+Before leaving this subject I should like to refer to a very novel use
+of Mr. Dodgson's book--its employment in a school. Mr. G. Hopkins,
+Mathematical Master in the High School at Manchester, U.S., and
+himself the author of a "Manual of Plane Geometry," has so employed it
+in a class of boys aged from fourteen or fifteen upwards. He first
+called their attention to some of the more prominent difficulties
+relating to the question of Parallels, put a copy of Euclid in their
+hands, and let them see his treatment of them, and after some
+discussion placed before them Mr. Dodgson's "Euclid and His Modern
+Rivals" and "New Theory of Parallels."
+
+Perhaps it is the fact that American boys are sharper than English,
+but at any rate the youngsters are reported to have read the two books
+with an earnestness and a persistency that were as gratifying to their
+instructor as they were complimentary to Mr. Dodgson.
+
+In June of the same year an entry in the Diary refers to a proposal in
+Convocation to allow the University Club to have a cricket-ground in
+the Parks. This had been proposed in 1867, and then rejected. Mr.
+Dodgson sent round to the Common Rooms copies of a poem on "The
+Deserted Parks," which had been published by Messrs. Parker in 1867,
+and which was afterwards included in "Notes by an Oxford Chiel." I
+quote the first few lines:--
+
+        Museum! loveliest building of the plain
+        Where Cherwell winds towards the distant main;
+        How often have I loitered o'er thy green,
+        Where humble happiness endeared the scene!
+        How often have I paused on every charm,--
+        The rustic couple walking arm in arm,
+        The groups of trees, with seats beneath the shade
+        For prattling babes and whisp'ring lovers made,
+        The never-failing brawl, the busy mill,
+        Where tiny urchins vied in fistic skill.
+        (Two phrases only have that dusky race
+        Caught from the learned influence of the place;
+        Phrases in their simplicity sublime,
+        "Scramble a copper!" "Please, sir, what's the time?")
+        These round thy walks their cheerful influence shed;
+        These were thy charms--but all these charms are fled,
+          Amidst thy bowers the tyrant's hand is seen,
+        And rude pavilions sadden all thy green;
+        One selfish pastime grasps the whole domain,
+        And half a faction swallows up the plain;
+        Adown thy glades, all sacrificed to cricket,
+        The hollow-sounding bat now guards the wicket;
+        Sunk are thy mounds in shapeless level all,
+        Lest aught impede the swiftly rolling ball;
+        And trembling, shrinking from the fatal blow,
+        Far, far away thy hapless children go.
+        Ill fares the place, to luxury a prey,
+        Where wealth accumulates, and minds decay:
+        Athletic sports may flourish or may fade,
+        Fashion may make them, even as it has made;
+        But the broad Parks, the city's joy and pride,
+        When once destroyed can never be supplied!
+
+Readers of "Sylvie and Bruno" will remember the way in which the
+invisible fairy-children save the drunkard from his evil life, and I
+have always felt that Mr. Dodgson meant Sylvie to be something more
+than a fairy--a sort of guardian angel. That such an idea would not
+have been inconsistent with his way of looking at things is shown by
+the following letter:
+
+    Ch. Ch., _July_, 1879.
+
+    My dear Ethel,--I have been long intending to answer your
+    letter of April 11th, chiefly as to your question in
+    reference to Mrs. N--'s letter about the little S--s [whose
+    mother had recently died]. You say you don't see "how they
+    can be guided aright by their dead mother, or how light can
+    come from her." Many people believe that our friends in the
+    other world can and do influence us in some way, and perhaps
+    even "guide" us and give us light to show us our duty. My
+    own feeling is, it _may_ be so: but nothing has been
+    revealed about it. That the angels do so _is_ revealed,
+    and we may feel sure of _that_; and there is a
+    beautiful fancy (for I don't think one can call it more)
+    that "a mother who has died leaving a child behind her in
+    this world, is allowed to be a sort of guardian angel to
+    that child." Perhaps Mrs. N-- believes that.
+
+Here are two other entries in the Diary:--
+
+    _Aug. 26th_.--Worked from about 9.45 to 6.45, and again
+    from 10.15 to 11.45 (making 101/2 hours altogether) at an
+    idea which occurred to me of finding limits for _pi_ by
+    elementary trigonometry, for the benefit of the
+    circle-squarers.
+
+    _Dec. 12th_.--Invented a new way of working one word
+    into another. I think of calling the puzzle "syzygies."
+
+        I give the first three specimens:--
+
+           MAN                 }
+        permanent              }
+              entice           } Send MAN on ICE.
+                 ICE.          }
+
+         ACRE                  }
+        sacred                 }
+          credentials          } RELY on ACRE.
+              entirely         }
+                  RELY         }
+
+           PRISM               }
+           prismatic           }
+            dramatic           } Prove PRISM to be ODIOUS.
+        melodrama              }
+        melodious              }
+           ODIOUS.             }
+
+In February, 1880, Mr. Dodgson proposed to the Christ Church
+"Staff-salaries Board," that as his tutorial work was lighter he
+should have L200 instead of L300 a year. It is not often that a man
+proposes to cut down _his own_ salary, but the suggestion in this
+case was intended to help the College authorities in the policy of
+retrenchment which they were trying to carry out.
+
+    _May 24th_.--Percival, President of Trin. Coll., who
+    has Cardinal Newman as his guest, wrote to say that the
+    Cardinal would sit for a photo, to me, at Trinity. But I
+    could not take my photography there and he couldn't come to
+    me: so nothing came of it.
+
+    _Aug. 19th_. [At Eastbourne].--Took Ruth and Maud to
+    the Circus (Hutchinson and Tayleure's--from America). I
+    made friends with Mr. Tayleure, who took me to the tents of
+    horses, and the caravan he lived in. And I added to my
+    theatrical experiences by a chat with a couple of circus
+    children--Ada Costello, aged 9, and Polly (Evans, I think),
+    aged 13. I found Ada in the outer tent, with the pony on
+    which she was to perform--practising vaulting on to it,
+    varied with somersaults on the ground. I showed her my wire
+    puzzle, and ultimately gave it her, promising a duplicate to
+    Polly. Both children seemed bright and happy, and they had
+    pleasant manners.
+
+    _Sept. 2nd_.--Mrs. H-- took me to Dr. Bell's (the old
+    homoeopathic doctor) to hear Lord Radstock speak about
+    "training children." It was a curious affair. First a very
+    long hymn; then two very long extempore prayers (not by Lord
+    R--), which were strangely self-sufficient and wanting in
+    reverence. Lord R--'s remarks were commonplace enough,
+    though some of his theories were new, but, I think, not
+    true--_e.g.,_ that encouraging emulation in
+    schoolboys, or desiring that they should make a good
+    position in life, was un-Christian. I escaped at the first
+    opportunity after his speech, and went down on the beach,
+    where I made acquaintance with a family who were banking up
+    with sand the feet and legs of a pretty little girl perched
+    on a sand-castle. I got her father to make her stand to be
+    drawn. Further along the beach a merry little mite began
+    pelting me with sand; so I drew _her_ too.
+
+    _Nov. 16th_.--Thought of a plan for simplifying
+    money-orders, by making the sender fill up two duplicate
+    papers, one of which he hands in to be transmitted by the
+    postmaster--it containing a key-number which the receiver
+    has to supply in _his_ copy to get the money. I think
+    of suggesting this, and my plan for double postage on
+    Sunday, to the Government.
+
+    _Dec. 19th_.--The idea occurred to me that a game might
+    be made of letters, to be moved about on a chess-board till
+    they form words.
+
+A little book, published during this year, "Alice (a dramatic version
+of Lewis Carroll's 'Alice'), and other Fairy Tales for Children," by
+Mrs. Freiligrath-Kroeker, was very successful, and, I understand,
+still has a regular sale. Mr. Dodgson most gladly gave his consent to
+the dramatisation of his story by so talented an authoress, and
+shortly afterwards Mrs. Kroeker brought out "Through the
+Looking-Glass" in a similar form.
+
+    _Jan._ 17, 1881.--To the Lyceum to see "The Cup" and
+    "The Corsican Brothers." The first is exquisitely put on,
+    and Ellen Terry as Camma is the perfection of grace, and
+    Irving as the villain, and Mr. Terriss as the husband, were
+    very good. But the piece wants substance.
+
+    _Jan._ 19_th_.--Tried to go to Oxford, but the
+    line is blocked near Didcot, so stayed another night in
+    town. The next afternoon the line was reported clear, but
+    the journey took 5 hours! On the day before the Dean of Ch.
+    Ch. and his family were snowed up for 21 hours near Radley.
+
+    _March_ 27_th_.--Went to S. Mary's and stayed for
+    Holy Communion, and, as Ffoulkes was alone, I mustered up
+    courage to help him. I read the exhortation, and was pleased
+    to find I did not once hesitate. I think I must try
+    preaching again soon, as he has often begged me to do.
+
+    _April_ 16_th_.--Mr. Greenwood approves my theory
+    about general elections, and wants me to write on it in the
+    _St. James's Gazette_. (The letter appeared on May 5,
+    1881.)
+
+    _May_ 14_th_.--Took the longest walk (I believe) I
+    have ever done--round by Dorchester, Didcot and Abingdon--27
+    miles--took 8 hours--no blisters, I rejoice to find, and I
+    feel very little tired.
+
+    _May_ 26_th_.--The row-loving men in College are
+    beginning to be troublesome again, and last night some 30 or
+    40 of them, aided by out-College men, made a great
+    disturbance, and regularly defied the Censors. I have just
+    been with the other Tutors into Hall, and heard the Dean
+    make an excellent speech to the House. Some two or three
+    will have to go down, and twelve or fifteen others will be
+    punished in various ways. (A later note says): The
+    punishments had to be modified--it turned out that the
+    disturbers were nearly all out-College men.
+
+[Illustration 229: DR. Liddell. _From a photograph by Hill &
+Saunders._]
+
+Mr. Dodgson sent a letter to _The Observer_ on this subject:--
+
+    Sir,--Your paper of May 29th contains a leading article on
+    Christ Church, resting on so many mis-statements of fact
+    that I venture to appeal to your sense of justice to allow
+    me, if no abler writer has addressed you on the subject, an
+    opportunity of correcting them. It will, I think, be found
+    that in so doing I shall have removed the whole foundation
+    on which the writer has based his attack on the House, after
+    which I may contentedly leave the superstructure to take
+    care of itself. "Christ Church is always provoking the
+    adverse criticism of the outer world." The writer justifies
+    this rather broad generalisation by quoting three instances
+    of such provocation, which I will take one by one.
+
+    At one time we are told that "The Dean ... neglects his
+    functions, and spends the bulk of his time in Madeira." The
+    fact is that the Dean's absence from England more than
+    twenty years ago during two successive winters was a sad
+    necessity, caused by the appearance of symptoms of grave
+    disease, from which he has now, under God's blessing,
+    perfectly recovered.
+
+    The second instance occurred eleven years ago, when some of
+    the undergraduates destroyed some valuable statuary in the
+    Library. Here the writer states that the Dean first
+    announced that criminal proceedings would be taken, and
+    then, on discovering that the offenders were "highly
+    connected," found himself "converted to the opinion that
+    mercy is preferable to stern justice, and charity to the
+    strict letter of the law." The facts are that the punishment
+    awarded to the offenders was deliberated on and determined
+    on by the Governing Body, consisting of the Dean, the
+    Canons, and some twenty Senior Students; that their
+    deliberations were most assuredly in no way affected by any
+    thoughts of the offenders being "highly connected"; and
+    that, when all was over, we had the satisfaction of seeing
+    ourselves roundly abused in the papers on both sides, and
+    charged with having been too lenient, and also with having
+    been too severe.
+
+    The third instance occurred the other night. Some
+    undergraduates were making a disturbance, and the Junior
+    Censor "made his appearance in person upon the scene of
+    riot," and "was contumeliously handled." Here the only
+    statement of any real importance, the alleged assault by
+    Christ Church men on the Junior Censor, is untrue. The fact
+    is that nearly all the disturbers were out-College men, and,
+    though it is true that the Censor was struck by a stone
+    thrown from a window, the unenviable distinction of having
+    thrown it belongs to no member of the House. I doubt if we
+    have one single man here who would be capable of so base and
+    cowardly an act.
+
+    The writer then gives us a curious account of the present
+    constitution of the House. The Dean, whom he calls "the
+    right reverend gentleman," is, "in a kind of way, master of
+    the College. The Canons, in a vague kind of way, are
+    supposed to control the College." The Senior Students "dare
+    not call their souls their own," and yet somehow dare "to
+    vent their wrath" on the Junior Students. His hazy, mental
+    picture of the position of the Canons may be cleared up by
+    explaining to him that the "control" they exercise is
+    neither more nor less than that of any other six members of
+    the Governing Body. The description of the Students I pass
+    over as not admitting any appeal to actual facts.
+
+    The truth is that Christ Church stands convicted of two
+    unpardonable crimes--being great, and having a name. Such a
+    place must always expect to find itself "a wide mark for
+    scorn and jeers"--a target where the little and the nameless
+    may display their skill. Only the other day an M.P., rising
+    to ask a question about Westminster School, went on to speak
+    of Christ Church, and wound up with a fierce attack on the
+    ancient House. Shall we blame him? Do we blame the wanton
+    schoolboy, with a pebble in his hand, all powerless to
+    resist the alluring vastness of a barndoor?
+
+    The essence of the article seems to be summed up in the
+    following sentence: "At Christ Church all attempts to
+    preserve order by the usual means have hitherto proved
+    uniformly unsuccessful, and apparently remain equally
+    fruitless." It is hard for one who, like myself, has lived
+    here most of his life, to believe that this is seriously
+    intended as a description of the place. However, as general
+    statements can only be met by general statements, permit me,
+    as one who has lived here for thirty years and has taught
+    for five-and-twenty, to say that in my experience order has
+    been the rule, disorder the rare exception, and that, if the
+    writer of your leading article has had an equal amount of
+    experience in any similar place of education, and has found
+    a set of young men more gentlemanly, more orderly, and more
+    pleasant in every way to deal with, than I have found here,
+    I cannot but think him an exceptionally favoured
+    mortal.--Yours, &c.
+
+    Charles L. Dodgson,
+
+    _Student and Mathematical Lecturer of Christ Church_.
+
+In July began an amusing correspondence between Mr. Dodgson and a
+"circle-squarer," which lasted several months. Mr. Dodgson sent the
+infatuated person, whom we will call Mr. B--, a proof that the area of
+a circle is less than 3.15 the square of the radius. Mr. B--replied,
+"Your proof is not in accordance with Euclid, it assumes that a circle
+may be considered as a rectangle, and that two right lines can enclose
+a space." He returned the proof, saying that he could not accept any
+of it as elucidating the exact area of a circle, or as Euclidean. As
+Mr. Dodgson's method involved a slight knowledge of trigonometry, and
+he had reason to suspect that Mr. B--was entirely ignorant of that
+subject, he thought it worth while to put him to the test by asking
+him a few questions upon it, but the circle-squarer, with commendable
+prudence, declined to discuss anything not Euclidean. Mr. Dodgson then
+wrote to him, "taking leave of the subject, until he should be willing
+to enlarge his field of knowledge to the elements of Algebraical
+Geometry." Mr. B--replied, with unmixed contempt, "Algebraical
+Geometry is all moon-shine." _He_ preferred "weighing cardboard"
+as a means of ascertaining exact truth in mathematical research.
+Finally he suggested that Mr. Dodgson might care to join in a
+prize-competition to be got up among the followers of Euclid, and as
+he apparently wished him to understand that he (Mr. B--) did not think
+much of his chances of getting a prize, Mr. Dodgson considered that
+the psychological moment for putting an end to the correspondence had
+arrived.
+
+Meanwhile he was beginning to feel his regular College duties a
+terrible clog upon his literary work. The Studentship which he held
+was not meant to tie him down to lectures and examinations. Such work
+was very well for a younger man; he could best serve "the House" by
+his literary fame.
+
+    _July_ 14_th._--Came to a more definite decision
+    than I have ever yet done--that it is about time to resign
+    the Mathematical Lectureship. My chief motive for holding on
+    has been to provide money for others (for myself, I have
+    been many years able to retire), but even the L300 a year I
+    shall thus lose I may fairly hope to make by the additional
+    time I shall have for book-writing. I think of asking the
+    G.B. (Governing Body) next term to appoint my successor, so
+    that I may retire at the end of the year, when I shall be
+    close on fifty years old, and shall have held the
+    Lectureship for exactly 26 years. (I had the Honourmen for
+    the last two terms of 1855, but was not full Lecturer till
+    Hilary, 1856.)
+
+    _Oct_. 18_th_.--I have just taken an important
+    step in life, by sending to the Dean a proposal to resign
+    the Mathematical Lectureship at the end of this year. I
+    shall now have my whole time at my own disposal, and, if God
+    gives me life and continued health and strength, may hope,
+    before my powers fail, to do some worthy work in
+    writing--partly in the cause of mathematical education,
+    partly in the cause of innocent recreation for children, and
+    partly, I hope (though so utterly unworthy of being allowed
+    to take up such work) in the cause of religious thought. May
+    God bless the new form of life that lies before me, that I
+    may use it according to His holy will!
+
+    _Oct. 21st_.--I had a note in the evening from the
+    Dean, to say that he had seen the Censors on the subject of
+    my proposed resignation at the end of the year, and that
+    arrangements should be made, as far as could be done, to
+    carry out my wishes; and kindly adding an expression of
+    regret at losing my services, but allowing that I had
+    "earned a right to retirement." So my Lectureship seems to
+    be near its end.
+
+    _Nov. 30th_.--I find by my Journal that I gave my
+    _first_  Euclid Lecture in the Lecture-room on Monday,
+    January 28, 1856. It consisted of twelve men, of whom nine
+    attended. This morning, I have given what is most probably
+    my _last_: the lecture is now reduced to nine, of whom
+    all attended on Monday: this morning being a Saint's Day,
+    the attendance was voluntary, and only two appeared--E.H.
+    Morris, and G. Lavie. I was Lecturer when the _father_
+    of the latter took his degree, viz., in 1858.
+
+    There is a sadness in coming to the end of anything in life.
+    Man's instincts cling to the Life that will never end.
+
+    _May 30, 1882._--Called on Mrs. R--. During a good part
+    of the evening I read _The Times_, while the party
+    played a round game of spelling words--a thing I will never
+    join in. Rational conversation and _good_ music are the
+    only things which, to me, seem worth the meeting for, for
+    grown-up people.
+
+    _June 1st._--Went out with Charsley, and did four miles
+    on one of his velocimans, very pleasantly.
+
+The velociman was an early and somewhat cumbrous form of tricycle; Mr.
+Dodgson made many suggestions for its improvement. He never attempted
+to ride a bicycle, however, but, in accordance with his own dictum,
+"In youth, try a bicycle, in age, buy a tricycle," confined himself to
+the three-wheeled variety.
+
+[Illustration: XI Oxford types From a photograph by A.T.
+Shrimpton]
+
+    _Nov. 8th_.--Whitehead, of Trinity, told us a charming
+    story in Common Room of a father and son. They came up
+    together: the son got into a College--the father had to go
+    to New Inn Hall: the son passed Responsions, while his
+    father had to put off: finally, the father failed in Mods
+    and has gone down: the son will probably take his degree,
+    and may then be able to prepare his father for another try.
+
+        Among the coloured cartoons in Shrimpton's
+        window at Oxford there used to be, when I was
+        up, a picture which I think referred to this story.
+
+    _Nov. 23rd._--Spent two hours "invigilating" in the
+    rooms of W.J. Grant (who has broken his collar-bone, and is
+    allowed to do his Greats papers in this way) while he
+    dictated his answers to another undergraduate, Pakenham, who
+    acted as scribe.
+
+    _Nov. 24th_.--Dined with Fowler (now President of
+    C.C.C.) in hall, to meet Ranken. Both men are now mostly
+    bald, with quite grey hair: yet how short a time it seems
+    since we were undergraduates together at Whitby! (in 1854).
+
+    _Dec 8th._--A Common Room Meeting. Fresh powers were
+    given to the Wine Committee, and then a new Curator elected.
+    I was proposed by Holland, and seconded by Harcourt, and
+    accepted office with no light heart: there will be much
+    trouble and thought needed to work it satisfactorily, but it
+    will take me out of myself a little, and so may be a real
+    good--my life was tending to become too much that of a
+    selfish recluse.
+
+During this year he composed the words of a song, "Dreamland." The air
+was _dreamed_ by his friend, the late Rev. C. E. Hutchinson, of
+Chichester. The history of the dream is here given in the words of the
+dreamer:--
+
+    I found myself seated, with many others, in darkness, in a
+    large amphitheatre. Deep stillness prevailed. A kind of
+    hushed expectancy was upon us. We sat awaiting I know not
+    what. Before us hung a vast and dark curtain, and between it
+    and us was a kind of stage. Suddenly an intense wish seized
+    me to look upon the forms of some of the heroes of past
+    days. I cannot say whom in particular I longed to behold,
+    but, even as I wished, a faint light flickered over the
+    stage, and I was aware of a silent procession of figures
+    moving from right to left across the platform in front of
+    me. As each figure approached the left-hand corner it turned
+    and gazed at me, and I knew (by what means I cannot say) its
+    name. One only I recall--Saint George; the light shone with
+    a peculiar blueish lustre on his shield and helmet as he
+    turned and slowly faced me. The figures were shadowy, and
+    floated like mist before me; as each one disappeared an
+    invisible choir behind the curtain sang the "Dream music." I
+    awoke with the melody ringing in my ears, and the words of
+    the last line complete--"I see the shadows falling, and
+    slowly pass away." The rest I could not recall.
+
+[Illustration: Dreamland--Facsimile of Words and Music.]
+
+        DREAMLAND.
+
+        Words by LEWIS CARROLL.
+
+        Music by C.E. HUTCHINSON.
+
+        When midnight mists are creeping
+         And all the land is sleeping
+        Around me tread the mighty dead,
+         And slowly pass away.
+
+        Lo, warriors, saints, and sages,
+         From out the vanished ages,
+        With solemn pace and reverend face
+         Appear and pass away.
+
+        The blaze of noonday splendour,
+         The twilight soft and tender,
+        May charm the eye: yet they shall die,
+         Shall die and pass away
+
+        But here, in Dreamland's centre,
+         No spoiler's hand may enter,
+        These visions fair, this radiance rare,
+         Shall never pass away
+
+        I see the shadows falling,
+         The forms of eld recalling;
+        Around me tread the mighty dead,
+         And slowly pass away
+
+One of the best services to education which Mr. Dodgson performed was
+his edition of "Euclid I. and II.," which was published in 1882. In
+writing "Euclid and His Modern Rivals," he had criticised somewhat
+severely the various substitutes proposed for Euclid, so far as they
+concerned beginners; but at the same time he had admitted that within
+prescribed limits Euclid's text is capable of amendment and
+improvement, and this is what he attempted to do in this book. That he
+was fully justified is shown by the fact that during the years
+1882-1889 the book ran through eight editions. In the Introduction he
+enumerates, under the three headings of "Additions," "Omissions," and
+"Alterations," the chief points of difference between his own and the
+ordinary editions of Euclid, with his reasons for adopting them. They
+are the outcome of long experience, and the most conservative of
+teachers would readily accept them.
+
+The proof of I. 24, for example, is decidedly better and more
+satisfactory than the ordinary proof, and the introduction of the
+definition of "projection" certainly simplifies the cumbrous
+enunciations of II. 12 and 13. Again, the alternative proof of II. 8,
+suggested in the Introduction, is valuable, and removes all excuse for
+omitting this proposition, as is commonly clone.
+
+The figures used are from the blocks prepared for the late Mr.
+Todhunter's well-known edition of Euclid, to which Mr. Dodgson's
+manual forms an excellent stepping-stone.
+
+At the beginning of 1883 he went up to town to see the collection of
+D. G. Rossetti's pictures in the Burlington Gallery. He was especially
+struck with "Found," which he thus describes--
+
+    A picture of a man finding, in the streets of London, a girl
+    he had loved years before in the days of her innocence. She
+    is huddled up against the wall, dressed in gaudy colours,
+    and trying to turn away her agonised face, while he, holding
+    her wrists, is looking down with an expression of pain and
+    pity, condemnation and love, which is one of the most
+    marvellous things I have ever seen done in painting.
+
+    _Jan_. 27, 1883 [His birthday].--I cannot say I feel
+    much older at 51 than at 21! Had my first
+    "tasting-luncheon"; it seemed to give great satisfaction.
+    [The object of the Curator's "tasting-luncheon" was, of
+    course, to give members of Common Room an opportunity of
+    deciding what wines should be bought.]
+
+    _March_ 15_th._--Went up to town to fulfil my
+    promise to Lucy A.--: to take her for her _first_ visit
+    to the theatre. We got to the Lyceum in good time, and the
+    play was capitally acted. I had hinted to Beatrice (Miss
+    Ellen Terry) how much she could add to Lucy's pleasure by
+    sending round a "carte" of herself; she sent a cabinet. She
+    is certainly an adept in giving gifts that gratify.
+
+    _April_ 23_d_.--Tried another long walk--22 miles,
+    to Besilsleigh, Fyfield, Kingston, Bagpuize, Frilford,
+    Marcham, and Abingdon. The last half of the way was in the
+    face of wind, rain, snow, and hail. Was too lame to go into
+    Hall.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+(1883-1887)
+
+    "The Profits of Authorship"--"Rhyme? and Reason?"--The
+    Common Room Cat--Visit to Jersey--Purity of
+    elections--Parliamentary Representation--Various literary
+    projects--Letters to Miss E. Rix--Being happy--"A Tangled
+    Tale"--Religious arguments--The "Alice" Operetta--"Alice's
+    Adventures Underground"--"The Game of Logic"--Mr. Harry
+    Furniss.
+
+In 1883 Lewis Carroll was advised to make a stand against the heavy
+discount allowed by publishers to booksellers, and by booksellers to
+the public. Accordingly the following notice began to appear in all
+his books: "In selling Mr. Lewis Carroll's books to the Trade, Messrs.
+Macmillan and Co. will abate 2d. in the shilling (no odd copies), and
+allow 5 per cent, discount within six months, and 10 per cent, for
+cash. In selling them to the Public (for cash only) they will allow 10
+per cent, discount."
+
+It was a bold step to take, and elicited some loud expressions of
+disapproval. "Rather than buy on the terms Mr. Lewis Carroll offers,"
+"A Firm of London Booksellers" wrote in _The Bookseller_ of August
+4th, "the trade will do well to refuse to take copies of his books,
+new or old, so long as he adheres to the terms he has just announced
+to the trade for their delectation and delight." On the other hand, an
+editorial, which appeared in the same number of _The Bookseller,_
+expressed warm approval of the innovation.
+
+To avoid all possible misconceptions, the author fully explained his
+views in a little pamphlet on "The Profits of Authorship." He showed
+that the bookseller makes as much profit out of every volume he sells
+(assuming the buyer to pay the full published price, which he did in
+those days more readily than he does to-day) as author and publisher
+together, whereas his share in the work is very small. He does not say
+much about the author's part in the work--that it is a very heavy one
+goes without saying--but in considering the publisher's share he
+says:--
+
+    The publisher contributes about as much as the bookseller in
+    time and bodily labour, but in mental toil and trouble a
+    great deal more. I speak with some personal knowledge of the
+    matter, having myself, for some twenty years, inflicted on
+    that most patient and painstaking firm, Messrs. Macmillan
+    and Co., about as much wear and worry as ever publishers
+    have lived through. The day when they undertake a book for
+    me is a _dies nefastus_ for them. From that day till
+    the book is out--an interval of some two or three years on
+    an average--there is no pause in "the pelting of the
+    pitiless storm" of directions and questions on every
+    conceivable detail. To say that every question gets a
+    courteous and thoughtful reply--that they are still outside
+    a lunatic asylum--and that they still regard me with some
+    degree of charity--is to speak volumes in praise of their
+    good temper and of their health, bodily and mental. I think
+    the publisher's claim on the profits is on the whole
+    stronger than the booksellers.
+
+"Rhyme? and Reason?" appeared at Christmas; the dedicatory verses,
+inscribed "To a dear child: in memory of golden summer hours and
+whispers of a summer sea," were addressed to a little friend of the
+author's, Miss Gertrude Chataway. One of the most popular poems in the
+book is "Hiawatha's Photographing," a delicious parody of Longfellow's
+"Hiawatha." "In an age of imitation," says Lewis Carroll, in a note at
+the head, "I can claim no special merit for this slight attempt at
+doing what is known to be so easy." It is not every one who has read
+this note who has observed that it is really in the same metre as the
+poem below it.
+
+Another excellent parody, "Atalanta in Camden-Town," exactly hit off
+the style of that poet who stands alone and unapproached among the
+poets of the day, and whom Mr. Dodgson used to call "the greatest
+living master of language."
+
+"Fame's Penny Trumpet," affectionately dedicated to all "original
+researchers" who pant for "endowment," was an attack upon the
+Vivisectionists,
+
+      Who preach of Justice--plead with tears
+        That Love and Mercy should abound--
+      While marking with complacent ears
+        The moaning of some tortured hound.
+
+
+Lewis Carroll thus addresses them:--
+
+      Fill all the air with hungry wails--
+        "Reward us, ere we think or write!
+      Without your gold mere knowledge fails
+        To sate the swinish appetite!"
+
+      And, where great Plato paced serene,
+        Or Newton paused with wistful eye,
+      Rush to the chase with hoofs unclean
+        And Babel-clamour of the stye!
+
+      Be yours the pay: be theirs the praise:
+        We will not rob them of their due,
+      Nor vex the ghosts of other days
+        By naming them along with you.
+
+      They sought and found undying fame:
+        They toiled not for reward nor thanks:
+      Their cheeks are hot with honest shame
+        For you, the modern mountebanks!
+
+"For auld lang syne" the author sent a copy of his book to Mrs.
+Hargreaves (Miss Alice Liddell), accompanied by a short note.
+
+    Christ Church, _December_ 21, 1883.
+
+    Dear Mrs. Hargreaves,--Perhaps the shortest day in the year
+    is not _quite_ the most appropriate time for recalling the
+    long dreamy summer afternoons of ancient times; but anyhow
+    if this book gives you half as much pleasure to receive as
+    it does me to send, it will be a success indeed.
+
+    Wishing you all happiness at this happy season, I am,
+
+    Sincerely yours,
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+The beginning of 1884 was chiefly occupied in Common Room business.
+The Curatorship seems to have been anything but a sinecure. Besides
+weightier responsibilities, it involved the care of the Common Room
+Cat! In this case the "care" ultimately killed the cat--but not until
+it had passed the span of life usually allotted to those animals, and
+beyond which their further existence is equally a nuisance to
+themselves and to every one else. As to the best way of "terminating
+its sublunary existence," Mr. Dodgson consulted two surgeons, one of
+whom was Sir James Paget. I do not know what method was finally
+adopted, but I am sure it was one that gave no pain to pussy's nerves,
+and as little as possible to her feelings.
+
+On March 11th there was a debate in Congregation on the proposed
+admission of women to some of the Honour Schools at Oxford. This was
+one of the many subjects on which Mr. Dodgson wrote a pamphlet. During
+the debate he made one of his few speeches, and argued strongly
+against the proposal, on the score of the injury to health which it
+would inflict upon the girl-undergraduates.
+
+Later in the month he and the Rev. E.F. Sampson, Tutor of Christ
+Church, paid a visit to Jersey, seeing various friends, notably the
+Rev. F.H. Atkinson, an old College friend of Mr. Dodgson's, who had
+helped him when he was editor of _College Rhymes_. I quote a few
+lines from a letter of his to Mr. Atkinson, as showing his views on
+matrimony:--
+
+    So you have been for twelve years a married man, while I am
+    still a lonely old bachelor! And mean to keep so, for the
+    matter of that. College life is by no means unmixed misery,
+    though married life has no doubt many charms to which I am a
+    stranger.
+
+A note in his Diary on May 5th shows one of the changes in his way of
+life which advancing years forced him to make:--
+
+    Wrote to -- (who had invited me to dine) to beg off, on the
+    ground that, in my old age, I find dinner parties more and
+    more fatiguing. This is quite a new departure. I much grudge
+    giving an evening (even if it were not tiring) to bandying
+    small-talk with dull people.
+
+The next extract I give does not look much like old age!
+
+    I called on Mrs. M--. She was out; and only one maid in,
+    who, having come to the gate to answer the bell, found the
+    door blown shut on her return. The poor thing seemed really
+    alarmed and distressed. However, I got a man to come from a
+    neighbouring yard with a ladder, and got in at the
+    drawing-room window--a novel way of entering a friend's
+    house!
+
+Oddly enough, almost exactly the same thing happened to him in 1888:
+"The door blew shut, with the maid outside, and no one in the house. I
+got the cook of the next house to let me go through their premises,
+and with the help of a pair of steps got over the wall between the two
+back-yards."
+
+In July there appeared an article in the _St. James's Gazette_ on
+the subject of "Parliamentary Elections," written by Mr. Dodgson. It
+was a subject in which he was much interested, and a few years before
+he had contributed a long letter on the "Purity of Elections" to the
+same newspaper. I wish I had space to give both in full; as things
+are, a summary and a few extracts are all I dare attempt. The writer
+held that there are a great number of voters, and _pari passu_ a
+great number of constituencies, that like to be on the winning side,
+and whose votes are chiefly influenced by that consideration. The
+ballot-box has made it practically impossible for the individual voter
+to know which is going to be the winning side, but after the first few
+days of a general election, one side or the other has generally got a
+more or less decided advantage, and a weak-kneed constituency is
+sorely tempted to swell the tide of victory.
+
+    But this is not all. The evil extends further than to the
+    single constituency; nay, it extends further than to a
+    single general election; it constitutes a feature in our
+    national history; it is darkly ominous for the future of
+    England. So long as general elections are conducted as at
+    present we shall be liable to oscillations of political
+    power, like those of 1874 and 1880, but of ever-increasing
+    violence--one Parliament wholly at the mercy of one
+    political party, the next wholly at the mercy of the
+    other--while the Government of the hour, joyfully hastening
+    to undo all that its predecessors have done, will wield a
+    majority so immense that the fate of every question will be
+    foredoomed, and debate will be a farce; in one word, we
+    shall be a nation living from hand to mouth, and with no
+    settled principle--an army, whose only marching orders will
+    be "Right about face!"
+
+His remedy was that the result of each single election should be kept
+secret till the general election is over:--
+
+    It surely would involve no practical difficulty to provide
+    that the boxes of voting papers should be sealed up by a
+    Government official and placed in such custody as would make
+    it impossible to tamper with them; and that when the last
+    election had been held they should be opened, the votes
+    counted, and the results announced.
+
+The article on "Parliamentary Elections" proposed much more sweeping
+alterations. The opening paragraph will show its general purport:--
+
+    The question, how to arrange our constituencies and conduct
+    our Parliamentary elections so as to make the House of
+    Commons, as far as possible, a true index of the state of
+    opinion in the nation it professes to represent, is surely
+    equal in importance to any that the present generation has
+    had to settle. And the leap in the dark, which we seem about
+    to take in a sudden and vast extension of the franchise,
+    would be robbed of half its terrors could we feel assured
+    that each political party will be duly represented in the
+    next Parliament, so that every side of a question will get a
+    fair hearing.
+
+The axioms on which his scheme was based were as follows:--
+
+    (1) That each Member of Parliament should represent
+    approximately the same number of electors.
+
+    (2) That the minority of the two parties into which, broadly
+    speaking, each district may be divided, should be adequately
+    represented.
+
+    (3) That the waste of votes, caused by accidentally giving
+    one candidate more than he needs and leaving another of the
+    same party with less than he needs, should be, if possible,
+    avoided.
+
+    (4) That the process of marking a ballot-paper should be
+    reduced to the utmost possible simplicity, to meet the case
+    of voters of the very narrowest mental calibre.
+
+    (5) That the process of counting votes should be as simple
+    as possible.
+
+Then came a precise proposal. I do not pause to compare it in detail
+with the suggestions of Mr. Hare, Mr. Courtney, and others:--
+
+    I proceed to give a summary of rules for the method I
+    propose. Form districts which shall return three, four, or
+    more Members, in proportion to their size. Let each elector
+    vote for one candidate only. When the poll is closed, divide
+    the total number of votes by the number of Members to be
+    returned _plus_ one, and take the next greater integer as
+    "quota." Let the returning officer publish the list of
+    candidates, with the votes given for each, and declare as
+    "returned" each that has obtained the quota. If there are
+    still Members to return, let him name a time when all the
+    candidates shall appear before him; and each returned Member
+    may then formally assign his surplus votes to whomsoever of
+    the other candidates he will, while the other candidates may
+    in like manner assign their votes to one another.
+
+    This method would enable each of the two parties in a
+    district to return as many Members as it could muster
+    "quotas," no matter how the votes were distributed. If, for
+    example, 10,000 were the quota, and the "reds" mustered
+    30,000 votes, they could return three Members; for, suppose
+    they had four candidates, and that A had 22,000 votes, B
+    4,000, C 3,000, D 1,000, A would simply have to assign 6,000
+    votes to B and 6,000 to C; while D, being hopeless of
+    success, would naturally let C have his 1,000 also. There
+    would be no risk of a seat being left vacant through two
+    candidates of the same party sharing a quota between
+    them--an unwritten law would soon come to be
+    recognised--that the one with fewest votes should give place
+    to the other. And, with candidates of two opposite parties,
+    this difficulty could not arise at all; one or the other
+    could always be returned by the surplus votes of his party.
+
+Some notes from the Diary for March, 1885, are worth reproducing
+here:--
+
+    _March_ 1_st_.--Sent off two letters of literary
+    importance, one to Mrs. Hargreaves, to ask her consent to my
+    publishing the original MS. of "Alice" in facsimile (the
+    idea occurred to me the other day); the other to Mr. H.
+    Furniss, a very clever illustrator in _Punch_, asking
+    if he is open to proposals to draw pictures for me.
+
+The letter to Mrs. Hargreaves, which, it will be noticed, was earlier
+in date than the short note already quoted in this chapter, ran as
+follows:--
+
+    My Dear Mrs. Hargreaves,--I fancy this will come to you
+    almost like a voice from the dead, after so many years of
+    silence, and yet those years have made no difference that I
+    can perceive in _my_ clearness of memory of the days when we
+    _did_ correspond. I am getting to feel what an old man's
+    failing memory is as to recent events and new friends, (for
+    instance, I made friends, only a few weeks ago, with a very
+    nice little maid of about twelve, and had a walk with
+    her--and now I can't recall either of her names!), but my
+    mental picture is as vivid as ever of one who was, through
+    so many years, my ideal child-friend. I have had scores of
+    child-friends since your time, but they have been quite a
+    different thing.
+
+    However, I did not begin this letter to say all _that_. What
+    I want to ask is, Would you have any objection to the
+    original MS. book of "Alice's Adventures" (which I suppose
+    you still possess) being published in facsimile? The idea of
+    doing so occurred to me only the other day. If, on
+    consideration, you come to the conclusion that you would
+    rather _not_ have it done, there is an end of the matter.
+    If, however, you give a favourable reply, I would be much
+    obliged if you would lend it me (registered post, I should
+    think, would be safest) that I may consider the
+    possibilities. I have not seen it for about twenty years, so
+    am by no means sure that the illustrations may not prove to
+    be so awfully bad that to reproduce them would be absurd.
+
+    There can be no doubt that I should incur the charge of
+    gross egoism in publishing it. But I don't care for that in
+    the least, knowing that I have no such motive; only I think,
+    considering the extraordinary popularity the books have had
+    (we have sold more than 120,000 of the two), there must be
+    many who would like to see the original form.
+
+    Always your friend,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+The letter to Harry Furniss elicited a most satisfactory reply. Mr.
+Furniss said that he had long wished to illustrate one of Lewis
+Carroll's books, and that he was quite prepared to undertake the work
+("Sylvie and Bruno").
+
+[Illustration: H. Furniss. _From a photograph_.]
+
+Two more notes from the Diary, referring to the same month follow:--
+
+    _March 10th_.--A great Convocation assembled in the
+    theatre, about a proposed grant for Physiology, opposed by
+    many (I was one) who wish restrictions to be enacted as to
+    the practice of vivisection for research. Liddon made an
+    excellent speech against the grant, but it was carried by
+    412 to 244.
+
+    _March 29th_.--Never before have I had so many literary
+    projects on hand at once. For curiosity, I will here make a
+    list of them.
+
+    (1) Supplement to "Euclid and Modern Rivals."
+
+    (2) 2nd Edition of "Euc. and Mod. Rivals."
+
+    (3) A book of Math. curiosities, which I think of calling
+    "Pillow Problems, and other Math. Trifles." This will
+    contain Problems worked out in the dark, Logarithms without
+    Tables, Sines and angles do., a paper I am now writing on
+    "Infinities and Infinitesimals," condensed Long
+    Multiplication, and perhaps others.
+
+    (4) Euclid V.
+
+    (5) "Plain Facts for Circle-Squarers," which is nearly
+    complete, and gives actual proof of limits 3.14158, 3.14160.
+
+    (6) A symbolical Logic, treated by my algebraic method.
+
+    (7) "A Tangled Tale."
+
+    (8) A collection of Games and Puzzles of my devising, with
+    fairy pictures by Miss E.G. Thomson. This might also contain
+    my "Mem. Tech." for dates; my "Cipher-writing" scheme for
+    Letter-registration, &c., &c.
+
+    (9) Nursery Alice.
+
+    (10) Serious poems in "Phantasmagoria."
+
+    (11) "Alice's Adventures Underground."
+
+    (12) "Girl's Own Shakespeare." I have begun on "Tempest."
+
+    (13) New edition of "Parliamentary Representation."
+
+    (14) New edition of Euc. I., II.
+
+    (15) The new child's book, which Mr. Furniss is to
+    illustrate. I have settled on no name as yet, but it will
+    perhaps be "Sylvie and Bruno."
+
+    I have other shadowy ideas, _e.g._, a Geometry for
+    Boys, a vol. of Essays on theological points freely and
+    plainly treated, and a drama on "Alice" (for which Mr.
+    Mackenzie would write music): but the above is a fair
+    example of "too many irons in the fire!"
+
+A letter written about this time to his friend, Miss Edith Rix, gives
+some very good hints about how to work, all the more valuable because
+he had himself successfully carried them out. The first hint was as
+follows:--
+
+    When you have made a thorough and reasonably long effort, to
+    understand a thing, and still feel puzzled by it,
+    _stop_, you will only hurt yourself by going on. Put it
+    aside till the next morning; and if _then_ you can't
+    make it out, and have no one to explain it to you, put it
+    aside entirely, and go back to that part of the subject
+    which you _do_ understand. When I was reading
+    Mathematics for University honours, I would sometimes, after
+    working a week or two at some new book, and mastering ten or
+    twenty pages, get into a hopeless muddle, and find it just
+    as bad the next morning. My rule was _to begin the book
+    again_. And perhaps in another fortnight I had come to
+    the old difficulty with impetus enough to get over it. Or
+    perhaps not. I have several books that I have begun over and
+    over again.
+
+    My second hint shall be--Never leave an unsolved difficulty
+    _behind_. I mean, don't go any further in that book
+    till the difficulty is conquered. In this point, Mathematics
+    differs entirely from most other subjects. Suppose you are
+    reading an Italian book, and come to a hopelessly obscure
+    sentence--don't waste too much time on it, skip it, and go
+    on; you will do very well without it. But if you skip a
+    _mathematical_ difficulty, it is sure to crop up again:
+    you will find some other proof depending on it, and you will
+    only get deeper and deeper into the mud.
+
+    My third hint is, only go on working so long as the brain is
+    _quite_ clear. The moment you feel the ideas getting
+    confused leave off and rest, or your penalty will be that
+    you will never learn Mathematics _at all_!
+
+Two more letters to the same friend are, I think, deserving of a place
+here:--
+
+    Eastbourne, _Sept_. 25, 1885.
+
+    My dear Edith,--One subject you touch on--"the Resurrection
+    of the Body"--is very interesting to me, and I have given it
+    much thought (I mean long ago). _My_ conclusion was to
+    give up the _literal_ meaning of the _material_
+    body altogether. _Identity_, in some mysterious way,
+    there evidently is; but there is no resisting the scientific
+    fact that the actual _material_ usable for
+    _physical_ bodies has been used over and over again--so
+    that each atom would have several owners. The mere solitary
+    fact of the existence of _cannibalism_ is to my mind a
+    sufficient _reductio ad absurdum_ of the theory that
+    the particular set of atoms I shall happen to own at death
+    (changed every seven years, they say) will be mine in the
+    next life--and all the other insuperable difficulties (such
+    as people born with bodily defects) are swept away at once
+    if we accept S. Paul's "spiritual body," and his simile of
+    the grain of corn. I have read very little of "Sartor
+    Resartus," and don't know the passage you quote: but I
+    accept the idea of the material body being the "dress" of
+    the spiritual--a dress needed for material life.
+
+
+    Ch. Ch., _Dec_. 13, 1885.
+
+    Dear Edith,--I have been a severe sufferer from
+    _Logical_ puzzles of late. I got into a regular tangle
+    about the "import of propositions," as the ordinary logical
+    books declare that "all _x_ is _z_" doesn't even
+    _hint_ that any _x_'s exist, but merely that the
+    qualities are so inseparable that, if ever _x_ occurs,
+    _z_ must occur also. As to "some _x_ is _z_"
+    they are discreetly silent; and the living authorities I
+    have appealed to, including our Professor of Logic, take
+    opposite sides! Some say it means that the qualities are so
+    connected that, if any _x_'s _did_ exist, some
+    _must_ be _z_--others that it only means
+    compatibility, _i.e.,_ that some _might_ be
+    _z_, and they would go on asserting, with perfect
+    belief in their truthfulness, "some boots are made of
+    brass," even if they had all the boots in the world before
+    them, and knew that _none_ were so made, merely because
+    there is no inherent impossibility in making boots of brass!
+    Isn't it bewildering? I shall have to mention all this in my
+    great work on Logic--but _I_ shall take the line "any
+    writer may mean exactly what he pleases by a phrase so long
+    as he explains it beforehand." But I shall not venture to
+    assert "some boots are made of brass" till I have found a
+    pair! The Professor of Logic came over one day to talk about
+    it, and we had a long and exciting argument, the result of
+    which was "_x -x_"--a magnitude which you will be able
+    to evaluate for yourself.
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+As an example of the good advice Mr. Dodgson used to give his young
+friends, the following letter to Miss Isabel Standen will serve
+excellently:--
+
+    Eastbourne, _Aug_. 4, 1885.
+
+    I can quite understand, and much sympathise with, what you
+    say of your feeling lonely, and not what you can honestly
+    call "happy." Now I am going to give you a bit of philosophy
+    about that--my own experience is, that _every_ new form
+    of life we try is, just at first, irksome rather than
+    pleasant. My first day or two at the sea is a little
+    depressing; I miss the Christ Church interests, and haven't
+    taken up the threads of interest here; and, just in the same
+    way, my first day or two, when I get back to Christ Church,
+    I miss the seaside pleasures, and feel with unusual
+    clearness the bothers of business-routine. In all such
+    cases, the true philosophy, I believe, is "_wait_ a
+    bit." Our mental nerves seem to be so adjusted that we feel
+    _first_ and most keenly, the _dis_-comforts of any
+    new form of life; but, after a bit, we get used to them, and
+    cease to notice them; and _then_ we have time to
+    realise the enjoyable features, which at first we were too
+    much worried to be conscious of.
+
+    Suppose you hurt your arm, and had to wear it in a sling for
+    a month. For the first two or three days the discomfort of
+    the bandage, the pressure of the sling on the neck and
+    shoulder, the being unable to use the arm, would be a
+    constant worry. You would feel as if all comfort in life
+    were gone; after a couple of days you would be used to the
+    new sensations, after a week you perhaps wouldn't notice
+    them at all; and life would seem just as comfortable as
+    ever.
+
+    So my advice is, don't think about loneliness, or happiness,
+    or unhappiness, for a week or two. Then "take stock" again,
+    and compare your feelings with what they were two weeks
+    previously. If they have changed, even a little, for the
+    better you are on the right track; if not, we may begin to
+    suspect the life does not suit you. But what I want
+    _specially_ to urge is that there's no use in comparing
+    one's feelings between one day and the next; you must allow
+    a reasonable interval, for the _direction of_ change to
+    show itself.
+
+    Sit on the beach, and watch the waves for a few seconds; you
+    say "the tide is coming in "; watch half a dozen successive
+    waves, and you may say "the last is the lowest; it is going
+    out." Wait a quarter of an hour, and compare its
+    _average_ place with what it was at first, and you will
+    say "No, it is coming in after all." ...
+
+    With love, I am always affectionately yours,
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+The next event to chronicle in Lewis Carroll's Life is the
+publication, by Messrs. Macmillan, of "A Tangled Tale," a series of
+mathematical problems which had originally appeared in the _Monthly
+Packet_. In addition to the problems themselves, the author added
+their correct solutions, with criticisms on the solutions, correct or
+otherwise, which the readers of the _Monthly Packet_ had sent in
+to him. With some people this is the most popular of all his books; it
+is certainly the most successful attempt he ever made to combine
+mathematics and humour. The book was illustrated by Mr. A.B. Frost,
+who entered most thoroughly into the spirit of the thing. One of his
+pictures, "Balbus was assisting his mother-in-law to convince the
+dragon," is irresistibly comic. A short quotation will better enable
+the reader to understand the point of the joke:--
+
+    Balbus was waiting for them at the hotel; the journey down
+    had tried him, he said; so his two pupils had been the round
+    of the place, in search of lodgings, without the old tutor
+    who had been their inseparable companion from their
+    childhood. They had named him after the hero of their Latin
+    exercise-book, which overflowed with anecdotes about that
+    versatile genius--anecdotes whose vagueness in detail was
+    more than compensated by their sensational brilliance.
+    "Balbus has overcome all his enemies" had been marked by
+    their tutor, in the margin of the book, "Successful
+    Bravery." In this way he had tried to extract a moral from
+    every anecdote about Balbus--sometimes one of warning, as in
+    "Balbus had borrowed a healthy dragon," against which he had
+    written, "Rashness in Speculation "--sometimes of
+    encouragement, as in the words, "Influence of Sympathy in
+    United Action," which stood opposite to the anecdote "Balbus
+    was assisting his mother-in-law to convince the dragon"--and
+    sometimes it dwindled down to a single word, such as
+    "Prudence," which was all he could extract from the touching
+    record that "Balbus, having scorched the tail of the dragon,
+    went away." His pupils liked the short morals best, as it
+    left them more room for marginal illustrations, and in this
+    instance they required all the space they could get to
+    exhibit the rapidity of the hero's departure.
+
+Balbus and his pupils go in search of lodgings, which are only to be
+found in a certain square; at No. 52, one of the pupils supplements
+the usual questions by asking the landlady if the cat scratches:--
+
+    The landlady looked round suspiciously, as if to make sure
+    the cat was not listening. "I will not deceive you,
+    gentlemen," she said. "It _do_ scratch, but not without
+    you pulls its whiskers! It'll never do it," she repeated
+    slowly, with a visible effort to recall the exact words of
+    some written agreement between herself and the cat, "without
+    you pulls its whiskers!"
+
+    "Much may be excused in a cat so treated," said Balbus as
+    they left the house and crossed to No. 70, leaving the
+    landlady curtesying on the doorstep, and still murmuring to
+    herself her parting words, as if they were a form of
+    blessing--"Not without you pulls its whiskers!"
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a crayon drawing by the Rev. H.C.
+Gaye_.]
+
+They secure one room at each of the following numbers--the square
+contains 20 doors on each side--Nine, Twenty-five, Fifty-two, and
+Seventy-three. They require three bedrooms and one day-room, and
+decide to take as day-room the one that gives them the least walking
+to do to get to it. The problem, of course, is to discover which room
+they adopted as the day-room. There are ten such "knots" in the book,
+and few, if any of them, can be untied without a good deal of thought.
+
+Owing, probably, to the strain of incessant work, Mr. Dodgson about
+this period began to be subject to a very peculiar, yet not very
+uncommon, optical delusion, which takes the form of seeing moving
+fortifications. Considering the fact that he spent a good twelve hours
+out of every twenty-four in reading and writing, and that he was now
+well over fifty years old, it was not surprising that nature should
+begin to rebel at last, and warn him of the necessity of occasional
+rest.
+
+Some verses on "Wonderland" by "One who loves Alice," appeared in the
+Christmas number of _Sylvia's Home Journal_, 1885. They were
+written by Miss M.E. Manners, and, as Lewis Carroll himself admired
+them, they will, I think, be read with interest:--
+
+      WONDERLAND.
+
+      How sweet those happy days gone by,
+          Those days of sunny weather,
+      When Alice fair, with golden hair,
+          And we--were young together;--
+      When first with eager gaze we scann'd
+      The page which told of Wonderland.
+
+      On hearthrug in the winter-time
+          We lay and read it over;
+      We read it in the summer's prime,
+          Amidst the hay and clover.
+      The trees, by evening breezes fann'd,
+      Murmured sweet tales of Wonderland.
+
+      We climbed the mantelpiece, and broke
+          The jars of Dresden china;
+      In Jabberwocky tongue we spoke,
+          We called the kitten "Dinah!"
+      And, oh! how earnestly we planned
+      To go ourselves to Wonderland.
+
+      The path was fringed with flowers rare,
+          With rainbow colours tinted;
+      The way was "up a winding stair,"
+          Our elders wisely hinted.
+      We did not wish to understand
+      _Bed_ was the road to Wonderland.
+
+      We thought we'd wait till we should grow
+          Stronger as well as bolder,
+      But now, alas! full well we know
+          We're only growing older.
+      The key held by a childish hand,
+      Fits best the door of Wonderland.
+
+      Yet still the Hatter drinks his tea,
+          The Duchess finds a moral,
+      And Tweedledum and Tweedledee
+          Forget in fright their quarrel.
+      The Walrus still weeps on the sand,
+      That strews the shores of Wonderland.
+
+      And other children feel the spell
+          Which once we felt before them,
+      And while the well-known tale we tell,
+          We watch it stealing o'er them:
+      Before their dazzled eyes expand
+      The glorious realms of Wonderland.
+
+      Yes, "time is fleet," and we have gained
+          Years more than twice eleven;
+      Alice, dear child, hast thou remained
+          "Exactually" seven?
+      With "proper aid," "two" could command
+      Time to go back in Wonderland.
+
+      Or have the years (untouched by charms),
+          With joy and sorrow laden,
+      Rolled by, and brought unto thy arms
+          A dainty little maiden?
+      Another Alice, who shall stand
+      By thee to hear of Wonderland.
+
+      Carroll! accept the heartfelt thanks
+          Of children of all ages,
+      Of those who long have left their ranks,
+          Yet still must love the pages
+      Written by him whose magic wand
+      Called up the scenes of Wonderland.
+
+      Long mayst thou live, the sound to hear
+          Which most thy heart rejoices,
+      Of children's laughter ringing clear,
+          And children's merry voices,
+      Until for thee an angel-hand
+      Draws back the veil of Wonderland.
+
+                          One Who Loves "Alice."
+
+Three letters, written at the beginning of 1886 to Miss Edith Rix, to
+whom he had dedicated "A Tangled Tale," are interesting as showing the
+deeper side of his character:--
+
+    Guildford, _Jan_. 15, 1886.
+
+    My dear Edith,--I have been meaning for some time to write
+    to you about agnosticism, and other matters in your letter
+    which I have left unnoticed. And yet I do not know, much as
+    what you say interests me, and much as I should like to be
+    of use to any wandering seeker after truth, that I am at all
+    likely to say anything that will be new to you and of any
+    practical use.
+
+    The Moral Science student you describe must be a beautiful
+    character, and if, as you say, she lives a noble life, then,
+    even though she does not, as yet, see any God, for whose
+    sake she can do things, I don't think you need be unhappy
+    about her. "When thou wast under the fig tree, I saw thee,"
+    is often supposed to mean that Nathanael had been
+    _praying_, praying no doubt ignorantly and imperfectly,
+    but yet using the light he had: and it seems to have been
+    accepted as faith in the Messiah. More and more it seems to
+    me (I hope you won't be _very_ much shocked at me as an
+    ultra "Broad" Churchman) that what a person _is_ is of
+    more importance in God's sight than merely what propositions
+    he affirms or denies. _You_, at any rate, can do more
+    good among those new friends of yours by showing them what a
+    Christian _is_, than by telling them what a Christian
+    _believes_....
+
+    I have a deep dread of argument on religious topics: it has
+    many risks, and little chance of doing good. You and I will
+    never _argue_, I hope, on any controverted religious
+    question: though I do hope we may see the day when we may
+    freely _speak_ of such things, even where we happen to
+    hold different views. But even then I should have no
+    inclination, if we did differ, to conclude that my view was
+    the right one, and to try to convert you to it....
+
+    Now I come to your letter dated Dec. 22nd, and must scold
+    you for saying that my solution of the problem was "quite
+    different _to_ all common ways of doing it": if
+    _you_ think that's good English, well and good; but
+    _I_ must beg to differ to you, and to hope you will
+    _never_ write me a sentence similar from this again.
+    However, "worse remains behind"; and if you deliberately
+    intend in future, when writing to me about one of England's
+    greatest poets, to call him "Shelly," then all I can say is,
+    that you and I will have to quarrel! Be warned in time.
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+    CH. Ch., _Jan_. 26, 1886.
+
+    My Dear Edith,--I am interested by what you say of Miss--.
+    You will know, without my saying it, that if she, or any
+    other friend of yours with any troubles, were to like to
+    write to me, I would _very_ gladly try to help: with
+    all my ignorance and weakness, God has, I think, blessed my
+    efforts in that way: but then His strength is made perfect
+    in weakness....
+
+    Ch. Ch., _Feb_. 14, 1886.
+
+    My Dear Edith,... I think I've already noticed, in a way,
+    most of the rest of that letter--except what you say about
+    learning more things "after we are dead." _I_ certainly
+    like to think that may be so. But I have heard the other
+    view strongly urged, a good deal based on "then shall we
+    know even as we are known." But I can't believe that that
+    means we shall have _all_ knowledge given us in a
+    moment--nor can I fancy it would make me any happier: it is
+    the _learning_ that is the chief joy, here, at any
+    rate....
+
+    I find another remark anent "pupils"--a bold speculation
+    that my 1,000 pupils may really "go on" in the future life,
+    till they _have_ really outstripped Euclid. And,
+    please, what is _Euclid_ to be doing all that time? ...
+
+    One of the most dreadful things you have ever told me is
+    your students' theory of going and speaking to any one they
+    are interested in, without any introductions. This, joined
+    with what you say of some of them being interested in
+    "Alice," suggests the horrid idea of their some day walking
+    into this room and beginning a conversation. It is enough to
+    make one shiver, even to think of it!
+
+    Never mind if people do say "Good gracious!" when you help
+    old women: it _is_ being, in some degree, both "good"
+    _and_ "gracious," one may hope. So the remark wasn't so
+    inappropriate.
+
+    I fear I agree with your friend in not liking all sermons.
+    Some of them, one has to confess, are rubbish: but then I
+    release my attention from the preacher, and go ahead in any
+    line of thought he may have started: and his after-eloquence
+    acts as a kind of accompaniment--like music while one is
+    reading poetry, which often, to me, adds to the effect.
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+The "Alice" operetta, which Mr. Dodgson had despaired of, was at last
+to become a reality. Mr. Savile Clarke wrote on August 28th to ask his
+leave to dramatise the two books, and he gladly assented. He only made
+one condition, which was very characteristic of him, that there should
+be "no _suggestion_ even of coarseness in libretto or in stage
+business." The hint was hardly necessary, for Mr. Savile Clarke was
+not the sort of man to spoil his work, or to allow others to spoil it,
+by vulgarity. Several alterations were made in the books before they
+were suitable for a dramatic performance; Mr. Dodgson had to write a
+song for the ghosts of the oysters, which the Walrus and the Carpenter
+had devoured. He also completed "Tis the voice of the lobster," so as
+to make it into a song. It ran as follows:--
+
+      Tis the voice of the lobster; I heard him declare
+      "You have baked me too brown: I must sugar my hair."
+      As a duck with its eyelids, so he with his nose
+      Trims his belt and his buttons, and turns out his toes.
+      When the sands are all dry, he is gay as a lark,
+      And talks with the utmost contempt of the shark;
+      But when the tide rises, and sharks are around,
+      His words have a timid and tremulous sound.
+
+      I passed by his garden, and marked, with one eye,
+      How the owl and the panther were sharing a pie:
+      The panther took pie-crust, and gravy, and meat,
+      And the owl had the dish for his share of the treat.
+      When the plate was divided, the owl, as a boon,
+      Was kindly permitted to pocket the spoon:
+      But the panther obtained both the fork and the knife,
+      So, when _he_ lost his temper, the owl lost its life.
+
+The play, for the first few weeks at least, was a great success. Some
+notes in Mr. Dodgson's Diary which relate to it, show how he
+appreciated Mr. Savile Clarke's venture:--
+
+    _Dec. 30th._--To London with M--, and took her to
+    "Alice in Wonderland," Mr. Savile Clarke's play at the
+    Prince of Wales's Theatre. The first act (Wonderland) goes
+    well, specially the Mad Tea Party. Mr. Sydney Harcourt is a
+    capital Hatter, and little Dorothy d'Alcourt (aet. 61/2) a
+    delicious Dormouse. Phoebe Carlo is a splendid Alice. Her
+    song and dance with the Cheshire Cat (Master C. Adeson, who
+    played the Pirate King in "Pirates of Penzance") was a gem.
+    As a whole the play seems a success.
+
+    _Feb_. 11, 1887.--Went to the "Alice" play, where we
+    sat next a chatty old gentleman, who told me that the author
+    of "Alice" had sent Phoebe Carlo a book, and that she had
+    written to him to say that she would do her very best, and
+    further, that he is "an Oxford man"--all which I hope I
+    received with a sufficient expression of pleased interest.
+
+Shortly before the production of the play, a Miss Whitehead had drawn
+a very clever medley-picture, in which nearly all Tenniel's wonderful
+creations--the Dormouse, the White Knight, the Mad Hatter,
+&c.--appeared. This design was most useful as a "poster" to advertise
+the play. After the London run was over, the company made a tour of
+the provinces, where it met with a fair amount of success.
+
+[Illustration: Medley of Tenniel's Illustrations in "Alice."
+_From an etching by Miss Whitehead; used as a theatrical
+advertisement_.]
+
+At the end of 1886, "Alice's Adventures Underground," a facsimile of
+the original MS. book, afterwards developed into "Alice's Adventures
+in Wonderland," with thirty-seven illustrations by the author, was
+published by Macmillan & Co. A postscript to the Preface stated that
+any profits that might arise from the book would be given to
+Children's Hospitals and Convalescent Homes for Sick Children. Shortly
+before the book came out, Lewis Carroll wrote to Mrs. Hargreaves,
+giving a description of the difficulties that he had encountered in
+producing it:--
+
+    Christ Church, Oxford,
+
+    _November_ 11, 1886.
+
+    My Dear Mrs. Hargreaves,--Many thanks for your permission to
+    insert "Hospitals" in the Preface to your book. I have had
+    almost as many adventures in getting that unfortunate
+    facsimile finished, _Above_ ground, as your namesake
+    had _Under_ it!
+
+    First, the zincographer in London, recommended to me for
+    photographing the book, page by page, and preparing the
+    zinc-blocks, declined to undertake it unless I would entrust
+    the book to _him_, which I entirely refused to do. I
+    felt that it was only due to you, in return for your great
+    kindness in lending so unique a book, to be scrupulous in
+    not letting it be even _touched_ by the workmen's
+    hands. In vain I offered to come and reside in London with
+    the book, and to attend daily in the studio, to place it in
+    position to be photographed, and turn over the pages as
+    required. He said that could not be done because "other
+    authors' works were being photographed there, which must on
+    no account be seen by the public." I undertook not to look
+    at _anything_ but my own book; but it was no use: we
+    could not come to terms.
+
+    Then -- recommended me a certain Mr. X--, an excellent
+    photographer, but in so small a way of business that I
+    should have to _prepay_ him, bit by bit, for the
+    zinc-blocks: and _he_ was willing to come to Oxford,
+    and do it here. So it was all done in my studio, I remaining
+    in waiting all the time, to turn over the pages.
+
+    But I daresay I have told you so much of the story already.
+
+    Mr. X-- did a first-rate set of negatives, and took them
+    away with him to get the zinc-blocks made. These he
+    delivered pretty regularly at first, and there seemed to be
+    every prospect of getting the book out by Christmas, 1885.
+
+    On October 18, 1885, I sent your book to Mrs. Liddell, who
+    had told me your sisters were going to visit you and would
+    take it with them. I trust it reached you safely?
+
+    Soon after this--I having prepaid for the whole of the
+    zinc-blocks--the supply suddenly ceased, while twenty-two
+    pages were still due, and Mr. X-- disappeared!
+
+    My belief is that he was in hiding from his creditors. We
+    sought him in vain. So things went on for months. At one
+    time I thought of employing a detective to find him, but was
+    assured that "all detectives are scoundrels." The
+    alternative seemed to be to ask you to lend the book again,
+    and get the missing pages re-photographed. But I was most
+    unwilling to rob you of it again, and also afraid of the
+    risk of loss of the book, if sent by post--for even
+    "registered post" does not seem _absolutely_ safe.
+
+    In April he called at Macmillan's and left _eight_
+    blocks, and again vanished into obscurity.
+
+    This left us with fourteen pages (dotted up and down the
+    book) still missing. I waited awhile longer, and then put
+    the thing into the hands of a solicitor, who soon found the
+    man, but could get nothing but promises from him. "You will
+    never get the blocks," said the solicitor, "unless you
+    frighten him by a summons before a magistrate." To this at
+    last I unwillingly consented: the summons had to be taken
+    out at--(that is where this aggravating man is living),
+    and this entailed two journeys from Eastbourne--one to get
+    the summons (my _personal_ presence being necessary),
+    and the other to attend in court with the solicitor on the
+    day fixed for hearing the case. The defendant didn't appear;
+    so the magistrate said he would take the case in his
+    absence. Then I had the new and exciting experience of being
+    put into the witness-box, and sworn, and cross-examined by a
+    rather savage magistrate's clerk, who seemed to think that,
+    if he only bullied me enough, he would soon catch me out in
+    a falsehood! I had to give the magistrate a little lecture
+    on photo-zincography, and the poor man declared the case was
+    so complicated he must adjourn it for another week. But this
+    time, in order to secure the presence of our slippery
+    defendant, he issued a warrant for his apprehension, and the
+    constable had orders to take him into custody and lodge him
+    in prison, the night before the day when the case was to
+    come on. The news of _this_ effectually frightened him,
+    and he delivered up the fourteen negatives (he hadn't done
+    the blocks) before the fatal day arrived. I was rejoiced to
+    get them, even though it entailed the paying a second time
+    for getting the fourteen blocks done, and withdrew the
+    action.
+
+    The fourteen blocks were quickly done and put into the
+    printer's hands; and all is going on smoothly at last: and I
+    quite hope to have the book completed, and to be able to
+    send you a very special copy (bound in white vellum, unless
+    you would prefer some other style of binding) by the end of
+    the month.
+
+    Believe me always,
+
+    Sincerely yours,
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+"The Game of Logic" was Lewis Carroll's next book; it appeared about
+the end of February, 1887. As a method of teaching the first
+principles of Logic to children it has proved most useful; the
+subject, usually considered very difficult to a beginner, is made
+extremely easy by simplification of method, and both interesting and
+amusing by the quaint syllogisms that the author devised, such as--
+
+      No bald person needs a hair-brush;
+      No lizards have hair;
+        Therefore[1] No lizard needs a hair brush.
+
+      Caterpillars are not eloquent;
+      Jones is eloquent;
+          Jones is not a caterpillar.
+
+Meanwhile, with much interchange of correspondence between author and
+artist, the pictures for the new fairy tale, "Sylvie and Bruno," were
+being gradually evolved. Each of them was subjected by Lewis Carroll
+to the most minute criticism--hyper-criticism, perhaps, occasionally.
+A few instances of the sort of criticisms he used to make upon Mr.
+Furniss's work may be interesting; I have extracted them from a letter
+dated September 1, 1887. It will be seen that when he really admired a
+sketch he did not stint his praise:--
+
+    (1) "Sylvie helping beetle" [p. 193]. A quite charming
+    composition.
+
+    (3) "The Doctor" and "Eric." (Mr. Furniss's idea of their
+    appearance). No! The Doctor won't do _at all!_ He is a
+    smug London man, a great "ladies' man," who would hardly
+    talk anything but medical "shop." He is forty at least, and
+    can have had no love-affair for the last fifteen years. I
+    want him to be about twenty-five, powerful in frame,
+    poetical in face: capable of intelligent interest in any
+    subject, and of being a passionate lover. How would you draw
+    King Arthur when he first met Guinevere? Try _that_
+    type.
+
+    Eric's attitude is capital: but his face is a little too
+    near to the ordinary "masher." Please avoid _that_
+    inane creature; and please don't cut his hair short. That
+    fashion will be "out" directly.
+
+    (4) "Lady Muriel" (head); ditto (full length); "Earl."
+
+    I don't like _either_ face of Lady Muriel. I don't
+    think I could talk to her; and I'm quite sure I couldn't
+    fall in love with her. Her dress ("evening," of course) is
+    very pretty, I think.
+
+    I don't like the Earl's face either. He is proud of his
+    title, very formal, and one who would keep one "at arm's
+    length" always. And he is too prodigiously tall. I want a
+    gentle, genial old man; with whom one would feel at one's
+    ease in a moment.
+
+    (8) "Uggug becoming Porcupine" ("Sylvie and Bruno,
+    Concluded," page 388), is exactly my conception of it. I
+    expect this will be one of the most effective pictures in
+    the book. The faces of the people should express intense
+    _terror_.
+
+    (9) "The Professor" is altogether _delightful_. When
+    you get the text, you will see that you have hit the very
+    centre of the bull's-eye.
+
+    [A sketch of "Bruno"]. No, no! Please don't give us the (to
+    my mind) very ugly, quite modern costume, which shows with
+    such cruel distinctness a podgy, pot-bellied (excuse the
+    vulgarism) boy, who couldn't run a mile to save his life. I
+    want Bruno to be _strong_, but at the same time light
+    and active--with the figure of one of the little acrobats
+    one sees at the circus--not "Master Tommy," who habitually
+    gorges himself with pudding. Also that dress I dislike very
+    much. Please give him a short tunic, and _real_
+    knickerbockers--not the tight knee-breeches they are rapidly
+    shrinking to.
+
+    Very truly yours,
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+
+By Mr. Furniss's kind permission I am enabled to give an example of
+the other side of the correspondence, one of his letters to Mr.
+Dodgson, all the more interesting for the charming little sketch which
+it contains.
+
+With respect to the spider, Mr. Dodgson had written: "Some writer says
+that the full face of a spider, as seen under a magnifying-glass, is
+very striking."
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile of a letter from H. Furniss to
+Lewis Carroll, August 23, 1886_.]
+
+[Illustration: Sylvie and Bruno. _From a drawing by Henry
+Holiday_.]
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+(1888-1891)
+
+
+    A systematic life--"Memoria Technica"--Mr. Dodgson's
+    shyness--"A Lesson in Latin"--The "Wonderland"
+    Stamp-Case--"Wise Words about Letter-Writing"--Princess
+    Alice--"Sylvie and Bruno"--"The night cometh"--"The Nursery
+    'Alice'"--Coventry Patmore--Telepathy--Resignation of Dr.
+    Liddell--A letter about Logic.
+
+An old bachelor is generally very precise and exact in his habits. He
+has no one but himself to look after, nothing to distract his
+attention from his own affairs; and Mr. Dodgson was the most precise
+and exact of old bachelors. He made a precis of every letter he wrote
+or received from the 1st of January, 1861, to the 8th of the same
+month, 1898. These precis were all numbered and entered in
+reference-books, and by an ingenious system of cross-numbering he was
+able to trace a whole correspondence, which might extend through
+several volumes. The last number entered in his book is 98,721.
+
+He had scores of green cardboard boxes, all neatly labelled, in which
+he kept his various papers. These boxes formed quite a feature of his
+study at Oxford, a large number of them being arranged upon a
+revolving bookstand. The lists, of various sorts, which he kept were
+innumerable; one of them, that of unanswered correspondents,
+generally held seventy or eighty names at a time, exclusive of
+autograph-hunters, whom he did not answer on principle. He seemed to
+delight in being arithmetically accurate about every detail of life.
+
+He always rose at the same early hour, and, if he was in residence at
+Christ Church, attended College Service. He spent the day according to
+a prescribed routine, which usually included a long walk into the
+country, very often alone, but sometimes with another Don, or perhaps,
+if the walk was not to be as long as usual, with some little
+girl-friend at his side. When he had a companion with him, he would
+talk the whole time, telling delightful stories, or explaining some
+new logical problem; if he was alone, he used to think out his books,
+as probably many another author has done and will do, in the course of
+a lonely walk. The only irregularity noticeable in his mode of life
+was the hour of retiring, which varied from 11 p.m. to four o'clock in
+the morning, according to the amount of work which he felt himself in
+the mood for.
+
+He had a wonderfully good memory, except for faces and dates. The
+former were always a stumbling-block to him, and people used to say
+(most unjustly) that he was intentionally short-sighted. One night he
+went up to London to dine with a friend, whom he had only recently
+met. The next morning a gentleman greeted him as he was walking. "I
+beg your pardon," said Mr. Dodgson, "but you have the advantage of me.
+I have no remembrance of having ever seen you before this moment."
+"That is very strange," the other replied, "for I was your host last
+night!" Such little incidents as this happened more than once. To help
+himself to remember dates, he devised a system of mnemonics, which he
+circulated among his friends. As it has never been published, and as
+some of my readers may find it useful, I reproduce it here.
+
+    My "Memoria Technica" is a modification of Gray's; but,
+    whereas he used both consonants and vowels to represent
+    digits, and had to content himself with a syllable of
+    gibberish to represent the date or whatever other number was
+    required, I use only consonants, and fill in with vowels _ad
+    libitum,_ and thus can always manage to make a real word of
+    whatever has to be represented.
+
+    The principles on which the necessary 20 consonants have
+    been chosen are as follows:--
+
+    1. "b" and "c," the first two consonants in the alphabet.
+
+    2. "d" from "duo," "w" from "two."
+
+    3. "t" from "tres," the other may wait awhile.
+
+    4. "f" from "four," "q" from "quattuor."
+
+    5. "l" and "v," because "l" and "v" are the Roman symbols
+       for "fifty" and "five."
+
+    6. "s" and "x" from "six."
+
+    7. "p" and "m" from "septem."
+
+    8. "h" from "huit," and "k" from the Greek "okto."
+
+    9. "n" from "nine"; and "g" because it is so like a "9."
+
+    0. "z" and "r" from "zero."
+
+    There is now one consonant still waiting for its digit,
+    viz., "j," and one digit waiting for its consonant, viz.,
+    "3," the conclusion is obvious.
+
+    The result may be tabulated thus:--
+
+      |1  |2  |3  |4  |5  |6  |7  |8  |9  |0  |
+
+      |b  |d  |t  |f  |l  |s  |p  |h  |n  |z  |
+      |c  |w  |j  |q  |v  |x  |m  |k  |g  |r  |
+
+    When a word has been found, whose last consonants represent
+    the number required, the best plan is to put it as the last
+    word of a rhymed couplet, so that, whatever other words in
+    it are forgotten, the rhyme will secure the only really
+    important word.
+
+    Now suppose you wish to remember the date of the discovery
+    of America, which is 1492; the "1" may be left out as
+    obvious; all we need is "492."
+
+    Write it thus:--
+
+      4 9 2
+      f n d
+      q g w
+
+    and try to find a word that contains "f" or "q," "n" or "g,"
+    "d" or "w." A word soon suggests itself--"found."
+
+    The poetic faculty must now be brought into play, and the
+    following couplet will soon be evolved:--
+
+      "Columbus sailed the world around,
+      Until America was F O U N D."
+
+    If possible, invent the couplets for yourself; you will
+    remember them better than any others.
+
+    _June_, 1888.
+
+The inventor found this "Memoria Technica" very useful in helping him
+to remember the dates of the different Colleges. He often, of course,
+had to show his friends the sights of Oxford, and the easy way in
+which, asked or unasked, he could embellish his descriptions with
+dates used to surprise those who did not know how the thing was done.
+The couplet for St. John's College ran as follows:--
+
+      "They must have a bevel
+      To keep them so LEVEL."
+
+The allusion is to the beautiful lawns, for which St. John's is
+famous.
+
+In his power of remembering anecdotes, and bringing them out just at
+the right moment, Mr. Dodgson was unsurpassed. A guest brought into
+Christ Church Common Room was usually handed over to him to be amused.
+He was not a good man to tell a story to--he had always heard it
+before; but as a _raconteur_ I never met his equal. And the best
+of it was that his stories never grew--except in number.
+
+One would have expected that a mind so clear and logical and definite
+would have fought shy of the feminine intellect, which is generally
+supposed to be deficient in those qualities; and so it is somewhat
+surprising to find that by far the greater number of his friends were
+ladies. He was quite prepared to correct them, however, when they were
+guilty of what seemed to him unreasoning conduct, as is shown by the
+following extract from a letter of his to a young lady who had asked
+him to try and find a place for a governess, without giving the
+latter's address:--
+
+    Some of my friends are business-men, and it is pleasant to
+    see how methodical and careful they are in transacting any
+    business-matter. If, for instance, one of them were to write
+    to me, asking me to look out for a place for a French
+    governess in whom he was interested, I should be sure to
+    admire the care with which he would give me _her name in
+    full_--(in extra-legible writing if it were an unusual
+    name)--as well as her address. Some of my friends are not
+    men of business.
+
+So many such requests were addressed to him that at one time he had a
+circular letter printed, with a list of people requiring various
+appointments or assistants, which he sent round to his friends.
+
+In one respect Lewis Carroll resembled the stoic philosophers, for no
+outward circumstance could upset the tranquillity of his mind. He
+lived, in fact, the life which Marcus Aurelius commends so highly, the
+life of calm contentment, based on the assurance that so long as we
+are faithful to ourselves, no seeming evils can really harm us. But in
+him there was one exception to this rule. During an argument he was
+often excited. The war of words, the keen and subtle conflict between
+trained minds--in this his soul took delight, in this he sought and
+found the joy of battle and of victory. Yet he would not allow his
+serenity to be ruffled by any foe whom he considered unworthy of his
+steel; he refused to argue with people whom he knew to be hopelessly
+illogical--definitely refused, though with such tact that no wound was
+given, even to the most sensitive.
+
+He was modest in the true sense of the term, neither overestimating
+nor underrating his own mental powers, and preferring to follow his
+own course without regarding outside criticism. "I never read anything
+about myself or my books," he writes in a letter to a friend; and the
+reason he used to give was that if the critics praised him he might
+become conceited, while, if they found fault, he would only feel hurt
+and angry. On October 25, 1888, he wrote in his Diary: "I see there is
+a leader in to-day's _Standard_ on myself as a writer; but I do
+not mean to read it. It is not healthy reading, I think."
+
+He hated publicity, and tried to avoid it in every way. "Do not tell
+any one, if you see me in the theatre," he wrote once to Miss Marion
+Terry. On another occasion, when he was dining out at Oxford, and some
+one, who did not know that it was a forbidden subject, turned the
+conversation on "Alice in Wonderland," he rose suddenly and fled from
+the house. I could multiply instances of this sort, but it would be
+unjust to his memory to insist upon the morbid way in which he
+regarded personal popularity. As compared with self-advertisement, it
+is certainly the lesser evil; but that it _is_ an evil, and a
+very painful one to its possessor, Mr. Dodgson fully saw. Of course it
+had its humorous side, as, for instance, when he was brought into
+contact with lion-hunters, autograph-collectors, _et hoc genus
+omne_. He was very suspicious of unknown correspondents who
+addressed questions to him; in later years he either did not answer
+them at all, or used a typewriter. Before he bought his typewriter, he
+would get some friend to write for him, and even to sign "Lewis
+Carroll" at the end of the letter. It used to give him great amusement
+to picture the astonishment of the recipients of these letters, if by
+any chance they ever came to compare his "autographs."
+
+On one occasion the secretary of a "Young Ladies' Academy" in the
+United States asked him to present some of his works to the School
+Library. The envelope was addressed to "Lewis Carroll, Christ Church,"
+an incongruity which always annoyed him intensely. He replied to the
+Secretary, "As Mr. Dodgson's books are all on Mathematical subjects,
+he fears that they would not be very acceptable in a school library."
+
+Some fourteen or fifteen years ago, the Fourth-class of the Girl's
+Latin School at Boston, U.S., started a magazine, and asked him if
+they might call it _The Jabberwock._ He wrote in reply:--
+
+    Mr. Lewis Carroll has much pleasure in giving to the editors
+    of the proposed magazine permission to use the title they
+    wish for. He finds that the Anglo-Saxon word "wocer" or
+    "wocor" signifies "offspring" or "fruit." Taking "jabber" in
+    its ordinary acceptation of "excited and voluble
+    discussion," this would give the meaning of "the result of
+    much excited discussion." Whether this phrase will have any
+    application to the projected periodical, it will be for the
+    future historian of American literature to determine. Mr.
+    Carroll wishes all success to the forthcoming magazine.
+
+From that time forward he took a great interest in the magazine, and
+thought very well of it. It used, I believe, to be regularly supplied
+to him. Only once did he express disapproval of anything it contained,
+and that was in 1888, when he felt it necessary to administer a rebuke
+for what he thought to be an irreverent joke. The sequel is given in
+the following extract from _The Jabberwock_ for June, 1888:--
+
+    A FRIEND WORTH HAVING.
+
+    _The Jabberwock_ has many friends, and perhaps a few
+    (very few, let us hope) enemies. But, of the former, the
+    friend who has helped us most on the road to success is Mr.
+    Lewis Carroll, the author of "Alice in Wonderland," &c. Our
+    readers will remember his kind letter granting us permission
+    to use the name "Jabberwock," and also giving the meaning of
+    that word. Since then we have received another letter from
+    him, in which he expresses both surprise and regret at an
+    anecdote which we published in an early number of our little
+    paper. We would assure Mr. Carroll, as well as our other
+    friends, that we had no intention of making light of a
+    serious matter, but merely quoted the anecdote to show what
+    sort of a book Washington's diary was.
+
+    But now a third letter from our kind friend has come,
+    enclosing, to our delight, a poem, "A Lesson in Latin," the
+    pleasantest Latin lesson we have had this year.
+
+    The first two letters from Mr. Carroll were in a beautiful
+    literary hand, whereas the third is written with a
+    typewriter. It is to this fact that he refers in his letter,
+    which is as follows:--
+
+      "29, Bedford Street,
+      Covent Garden, LONDON,
+
+      _May_ 16, 1888.
+
+      Dear Young Friends,--After the Black Draught of serious
+      remonstrance which I ventured to send to you the other day,
+      surely a Lump of Sugar will not be unacceptable? The
+      enclosed I wrote this afternoon on purpose for you.
+
+      I hope you will grant it admission to the columns of _The
+      Jabberwock_, and not scorn it as a mere play upon words.
+
+      This mode of writing, is, of course, an American invention.
+      We never invent new machinery here; we do but use, to the
+      best of our ability, the machines you send us. For the one I
+      am now using, I beg you to accept my best thanks, and to
+      believe me
+
+      Your sincere friend,
+
+      Lewis Carroll."
+
+    Surely we can patiently swallow many Black Draughts, if we
+    are to be rewarded with so sweet a Lump of Sugar!
+
+    The enclosed poem, which has since been republished in
+    "Three Sunsets," runs as follows:
+
+      A LESSON IN LATIN.
+
+      Our Latin books, in motley row,
+        Invite us to the task--
+      Gay Horace, stately Cicero;
+      Yet there's one verb, when once we know,
+        No higher skill we ask:
+      This ranks all other lore above--
+      We've learned "amare" means "to love"!
+
+      So hour by hour, from flower to flower,
+        We sip the sweets of life:
+      Till ah! too soon the clouds arise,
+      And knitted brows and angry eyes
+        Proclaim the dawn of strife.
+      With half a smile and half a sigh,
+      "Amare! Bitter One!" we cry.
+
+      Last night we owned, with looks forlorn,
+        "Too well the scholar knows
+      There is no rose without a thorn "--
+      But peace is made! we sing, this morn,
+        "No thorn without a rose!"
+      Our Latin lesson is complete:
+      We've learned that Love is "Bitter-sweet"
+
+      Lewis Carroll.
+
+In October Mr. Dodgson invented a very ingenious little stamp-case,
+decorated with two "Pictorial Surprises," representing the "Cheshire
+Cat" vanishing till nothing but the grin was left, and the baby
+turning into a pig in "Alice's" arms. The invention was entered at
+Stationers' Hall, and published by Messrs. Emberlin and Son, of
+Oxford. As an appropriate accompaniment, he wrote "Eight or Nine Wise
+Words on Letter-Writing," a little booklet which is still sold along
+with the case. The "Wise Words," as the following extracts show, have
+the true "Carrollian" ring about them:--
+
+    Some American writer has said "the snakes in this district
+    may be divided into one species--the venomous." The same
+    principle applies here. Postage-stamp-cases may be divided
+    into one species--the "Wonderland."
+
+    Since I have possessed a "Wonderland-Stamp-Case," Life has
+    been bright and peaceful, and I have used no other. I
+    believe the Queen's Laundress uses no other.
+
+    My fifth Rule is, if your friend makes a severe remark,
+    either leave it unnoticed or make your reply distinctly less
+    severe: and, if he makes a friendly remark, tending towards
+    "making up" the little difference that has arisen between
+    you, let your reply be distinctly _more_ friendly. If,
+    in picking a quarrel, each party declined to go more than
+    _three-eighths_ of the way, and if, in making friends,
+    each was ready to go _five-eighths_ of the way--why,
+    there would be more reconciliations than quarrels! Which is
+    like the Irishman's remonstrance to his gad-about daughter:
+    "Shure, you're _always_ goin' out! You go out
+    _three_ times for wanst that you come in!"
+
+    My sixth Rule is, _don't try to have the last word!_
+    How many a controversy would be nipped in the bud, if each
+    was anxious to let the _other_ have the last word!
+    Never mind how telling a rejoinder you leave unuttered:
+    never mind your friend's supposing that you are silent from
+    lack of anything to say: let the thing drop, as soon as it
+    is possible without discourtesy: remember "Speech is
+    silvern, but silence is golden"! (N.B. If you are a
+    gentleman, and your friend a lady, this Rule is superfluous:
+    _you won't get the last word!_)
+
+    Remember the old proverb, "Cross-writing makes
+    cross-reading." "The _old_ proverb?" you say
+    inquiringly. "_How_ old?" Well, not so _very_
+    ancient, I must confess. In fact, I invented it while
+    writing this paragraph. Still, you know, "old" is a
+    _comparative_ term. I think you would be _quite_
+    justified in addressing a chicken, just out of the shell, as
+    "old boy!" _when compared_ with another chicken that
+    was only half-out!
+
+The pamphlet ends with an explanation of Lewis Carroll's method of
+using a correspondence-book, illustrated by a few imaginary pages from
+such a compilation, which are very humorous.
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile of programme of "Alice in
+Wonderland_."]
+
+At the end of the year the "Alice" operetta was again produced at the
+Globe Theatre, with Miss Isa Bowman as the heroine. "Isa makes a
+delightful Alice," Mr. Dodgson writes, "and Emsie [a younger sister]
+is wonderfully good as Dormouse and as Second Ghost [of an oyster!],
+when she sings a verse, and dances the Sailor's Hornpipe."
+
+[Illustration: "The Mad Tea-Party." _From a photograph by
+Elliott & Fry_.]
+
+The first of an incomplete series, "Curiosa Mathematica," was
+published for Mr. Dodgson by Messrs. Macmillan during the year. It was
+entitled "A New Theory of Parallels," and any one taking it up for the
+first time might be tempted to ask, Is the author serious, or is he
+simply giving us some _jeu d'esprit?_ A closer inspection,
+however, soon settles the question, and the reader, if mathematics be
+his hobby, is carried irresistibly along till he reaches the last
+page.
+
+The object which Mr. Dodgson set himself to accomplish was to prove
+Euclid I. 32 without assuming the celebrated 12th Axiom, a feat which
+calls up visions of the "Circle-Squarers."
+
+The work is divided into two parts: Book I. contains certain
+Propositions which require no disputable Axiom for their proof, and
+when once the few Definitions of "amount," &c., have become familiar
+it is easy reading. In Book II. the author introduces a new Axiom, or
+rather "Quasi-Axiom"--for it's _self-evident_ character is open
+to dispute. This Axiom is as follows:--
+
+    In any Circle the inscribed equilateral Tetragon (Hexagon in
+    editions 1st and 2nd) is greater than any one of the
+    Segments which lie outside it.
+
+Assuming the truth of this Axiom, Mr. Dodgson proves a series of
+Propositions, which lead up to and enable him to accomplish the feat
+referred to above.
+
+At the end of Book II. he places a proof (so far as finite magnitudes
+are concerned) of Euclid's Axiom, preceded by and dependent on the
+Axiom that "If two homogeneous magnitudes be both of them finite, the
+lesser may be so multiplied by a finite number as to exceed the
+greater." This Axiom, he says, he believes to be assumed by every
+writer who has attempted to prove Euclid's 12th Axiom. The proof
+itself is borrowed, with slight alterations, from Cuthbertson's
+"Euclidean Geometry."
+
+In Appendix I. there is an alternative Axiom which may be substituted
+for that which introduces Book II., and which will probably commend
+itself to many minds as being more truly axiomatic. To substitute
+this, however, involves some additions and alterations, which the
+author appends.
+
+Appendix II. is headed by the somewhat startling question, "Is
+Euclid's Axiom true?" and though true for finite magnitudes--the sense
+in which, no doubt, Euclid meant it to be taken--it is shown to be not
+universally true. In Appendix III. he propounds the question, "How
+should Parallels be defined?"
+
+Appendix IV., which deals with the theory of Parallels as it stands
+to-day, concludes with the following words:--
+
+    I am inclined to believe that if ever Euclid I. 32 is proved
+    without a new Axiom, it will be by some new and ampler
+    definition of the _Right Line_--some definition which
+    shall connote that mysterious property, which it must
+    somehow possess, which causes Euclid I. 32 to be true. Try
+    _that_ track, my gentle reader! It is not much trodden
+    as yet. And may success attend your search!
+
+In the Introduction, which, as is frequently the case, ought to be
+read _last_ in order to be appreciated properly, he relates his
+experiences with two of those "misguided visionaries," the
+circle-squarers. One of them had selected 3.2 as the value for
+"_pi_," and the other proved, to his own satisfaction at least,
+that it is correctly represented by 3! The Rev. Watson Hagger, to
+whose kindness, as I have already stated in my Preface, my readers are
+indebted for the several accounts of Mr. Dodgson's books on
+mathematics which appear in this Memoir, had a similar experience with
+one of these "cranks." This circle-squarer selected 3.125 as the value
+for "_pi_," and Mr. Hagger, who was fired with Mr. Dodgson's
+ambition to convince his correspondent of his error, failed as
+signally as Mr. Dodgson did.
+
+The following letter is interesting as showing that, strict
+Conservative though he was, he was not in religious matters
+narrow-minded; he held his own opinions strongly, but he would never
+condemn those of other people. He saw "good in everything," and there
+was but little exaggeration, be it said in all reverence, in the
+phrase which an old friend of his used in speaking of him to me: "Mr.
+Dodgson was as broad--as broad as _Christ_."
+
+     Christ Church, Oxford, _May_ 4, 1889.
+
+    Dear Miss Manners,--I hope to have a new book out very soon,
+    and had entered your name on the list of friends to whom
+    copies are to go; but, on second thoughts, perhaps you might
+    prefer that I should send it to your little sister (?)
+    (niece) Rachel, whom you mentioned in one of your letters.
+    It is to be called "The Nursery Alice," and is meant for
+    very young children, consisting of coloured enlargements of
+    twenty of the pictures in "Alice," with explanations such as
+    one would give in showing them to a little child.
+
+    I was much interested by your letter, telling me you belong
+    to the Society of Friends. Please do not think of _me_
+    as one to whom a "difference of creed" is a bar to
+    friendship. My sense of brother- and sisterhood is at least
+    broad enough to include _Christians_ of all
+    denominations; in fact, I have one valued friend (a lady who
+    seems to live to do good kind things) who is a Unitarian.
+
+    Shall I put "Rachel Manners" in the book?
+
+    Believe me, very sincerely yours,
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+From June 7th to June 10th he stayed at Hatfield.
+
+    Once at luncheon [he writes] I had the Duchess (of Albany)
+    as neighbour and once at breakfast, and had several other
+    chats with her, and found her very pleasant indeed. Princess
+    Alice is a sweet little girl. Her little brother (the Duke
+    of Albany) was entirely fascinating, a perfect little
+    prince, and the picture of good-humour. On Sunday afternoon
+    I had a pleasant half-hour with the children [Princess
+    Alice, the Duke of Albany, Honorable Mabel Palmer, Lady
+    Victoria Manners, and Lord Haddon], telling them "Bruno's
+    Picnic" and folding a fishing-boat for them. I got the
+    Duchess's leave to send the little Alice a copy of the
+    "Nursery Alice," and mean to send it with "Alice
+    Underground" for herself.
+
+Towards the end of the year Lewis Carroll had tremendously hard work,
+completing "Sylvie and Bruno." For several days on end he worked from
+breakfast until nearly ten in the evening without a rest. At last it
+was off his hands, and for a month or so he was (comparatively) an
+idle man. Some notes from his Diary, written during this period,
+follow:--
+
+    _Nov. 17th._--Met, for first time, an actual believer
+    in the "craze" that buying and selling are wrong (!) (he is
+    rather 'out of his mind'). The most curious thing was his
+    declaration that he himself _lives_ on that theory, and
+    never buys anything, and has no money! I thought of railway
+    travelling, and ventured to ask how he got from London to
+    Oxford? "On a bicycle!" And how he got the bicycle? "It was
+    given him!" So I was floored, and there was no time to think
+    of any other instances. The whole thing was so new to me
+    that, when he declared it to be _un-Christian_, I quite
+    forgot the text, "He that hath no sword, let him sell his
+    garment, and buy one."
+
+    _Dec. 19th._--Went over to Birmingham to see a
+    performance of "Alice" (Mrs. Freiligrath Kroeker's version)
+    at the High School. I rashly offered to tell "Bruno's
+    Picnic" afterwards to the little children, thinking I should
+    have an audience of 40 or 50, mostly children, instead of
+    which I had to tell it from the stage to an audience of
+    about 280, mostly older girls and grown-up people! However,
+    I got some of the children to come on the stage with me, and
+    the little Alice (Muriel Howard-Smith, aet. 11) stood by me,
+    which made it less awful. The evening began with some of
+    "Julius Caesar" in German. This and "Alice" were really
+    capitally acted, the White Queen being quite the best I have
+    seen (Miss B. Lloyd Owen). I was introduced to Alice and a
+    few more, and was quite sorry to hear afterwards that the
+    other performers wanted to shake hands.
+
+The publication of "Sylvie and Bruno" marks an epoch in its author's
+life, for it was the publication of all the ideals and sentiments
+which he held most dear. It was a book with a definite purpose; it
+would be more true to say with several definite purposes. For this
+very reason it is not an artistic triumph as the two "Alice" books
+undoubtedly are; it is on a lower literary level, there is no unity in
+the story. But from a higher standpoint, that of the Christian and the
+philanthropist, the book is the best thing he ever wrote. It is a
+noble effort to uphold the right, or what he thought to be the right,
+without fear of contempt or unpopularity. The influence which his
+earlier books had given him he was determined to use in asserting
+neglected truths.
+
+[Illustration: The Late Duke of Albany. _From a photograph
+by Lewis Carroll._]
+
+Of course the story has other features, delightful nonsense not
+surpassed by anything in "Wonderland," childish prattle with all the
+charm of reality about it, and pictures which may fairly be said to
+rival those of Sir John Tenniel. Had these been all, the book would
+have been a great success. As things are, there are probably hundreds
+of readers who have been scared by the religious arguments and
+political discussions which make up a large part of it, and who have
+never discovered that Sylvie is just as entrancing a personage as
+Alice when you get to know her.
+
+Perhaps the sentiment of the following poem, sent to Lewis Carroll by
+an anonymous correspondent, may also explain why some of "Alice's"
+lovers have given "Sylvie" a less warm welcome:--
+
+      TO SYLVIE.
+
+      Ah! Sylvie, winsome, wise and good!
+      Fain would I love thee as I should.
+      But, to tell the truth, my dear,--
+      And Sylvie loves the truth to hear,--
+      Though fair and pure and sweet thou art,
+      Thine elder sister has my heart!
+      I gave it her long, long ago
+      To have and hold; and well I know,
+      Brave Lady Sylvie, thou wouldst scorn
+      To accept a heart foresworn.
+
+      Lovers thou wilt have enow
+      Under many a greening bough--
+      Lovers yet unborn galore,
+      Like Alice all the wide world o'er;
+      But, darling, I am now too old
+      To change. And though I still shall hold
+      Thee, and that puckling sprite, thy brother,
+      Dear, I cannot _love_ another:
+      In this heart of mine I own
+      _She_ must ever reign alone!
+
+      _March_, 1890.
+
+      N.P.
+
+I do not know N.P.'s name and address, or I should have asked leave
+before giving publicity to the above verses. If these words meet his
+eye, I hope he will accept my most humble apologies for the liberty I
+have taken.
+
+At the beginning of 1894 a Baptist minister, preaching on the text,
+"No man liveth to himself," made use of "Sylvie and Bruno" to enforce
+his argument. After saying that he had been reading that book, he
+proceeded as follows:
+
+
+    A child was asked to define charity. He said it was "givin'
+    away what yer didn't want yerself." This was some people's
+    idea of self-sacrifice; but it was not Christ's. Then as to
+    serving others in view of reward: Mr. Lewis Carroll put this
+    view of the subject very forcibly in his "Sylvie and
+    Bruno"--an excellent book for youth; indeed, for men and
+    women too. He first criticised Archdeacon Paley's definition
+    of virtue (which was said to be "the doing good to mankind,
+    in obedience to the will of God, and for the sake of
+    everlasting happiness,") and then turned to such hymns as
+    the following:--
+
+      Whatever, Lord, we lend to Thee,
+      _Repaid a thousandfold shall be_,
+      Then gladly will we give to Thee,
+              Giver of all!
+
+    Mr. Carroll's comment was brief and to the point. He said:
+    "Talk of Original _Sin_! Can you have a stronger proof
+    of the Original Goodness there must be in this nation than
+    the fact that Religion has been preached to us, as a
+    commercial speculation, for a century, and that we still
+    believe in a God?" ["Sylvie and Bruno," Part i., pp. 276,
+    277.] Of course it was quite true, as Mr. Carroll pointed
+    out, that our good deeds would be rewarded; but we ought to
+    do them because they were _good_, and not because the
+    reward was great.
+
+In the Preface to "Sylvie and Bruno," Lewis Carroll alluded to certain
+editions of Shakespeare which seemed to him unsuitable for children;
+it never seemed to strike him that his words might be read by
+children, and that thus his object very probably would be defeated,
+until this fact was pointed out to him in a letter from an unknown
+correspondent, Mr. J.C. Cropper, of Hampstead. Mr. Dodgson replied as
+follows:--
+
+    Dear Sir,--Accept my best thanks for your thoughtful and
+    valuable suggestion about the Preface to "Sylvie and Bruno."
+    The danger you point out had not occurred to me (I suppose I
+    had not thought of _children_ reading the Preface): but
+    it is a very real one, and I am very glad to have had my
+    attention called to it.
+
+    Believe me, truly yours,
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+Mathematical controversy carried on by correspondence was a favourite
+recreation of Mr. Dodgson's, and on February 20, 1890, he wrote:--
+
+    I've just concluded a correspondence with a Cambridge man,
+    who is writing a Geometry on the "Direction" theory
+    (Wilson's plan), and thinks he has avoided Wilson's (what
+    _I_ think) fallacies. He _hasn't_, but I can't
+    convince him! My view of life is, that it's next to
+    impossible to convince _anybody_ of _anything_.
+
+The following letter is very characteristic. "Whatsoever thy hand
+findeth to do, do it with all thy might," was Mr. Dodgson's rule of
+life, and, as the end drew near, he only worked the harder:--
+
+    Christ Church, Oxford, _April_ 10, 1890.
+
+    My dear Atkinson,--Many and sincere thanks for your most
+    hospitable invitation, and for the very interesting photo of
+    the family group. The former I fear I must ask you to let me
+    defer _sine die_, and regard it as a pleasant dream,
+    not _quite_ hopeless of being some day realised. I keep
+    a list of such pleasant possibilities, and yours is now one
+    of ten similar kind offers of hospitality. But as life
+    shortens in, and the evening shadows loom in sight, one gets
+    to _grudge any_ time given to mere pleasure, which
+    might entail the leaving work half finished that one is
+    longing to do before the end comes.
+
+    There are several books I _greatly_ desire to get
+    finished for children. I am glad to find my working powers
+    are as good as they ever were. Even with the mathematical
+    book (a third edition) which I am now getting through the
+    press, I think nothing of working six hours at a stretch.
+
+    There is one text that often occurs to me, "The night
+    cometh, when no man can work." Kindest regards to Mrs.
+    Atkinson, and love to Gertrude.
+
+    Always sincerely yours,
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+    For the benefit of children aged "from nought to five," as
+    he himself phrased it, Lewis Carroll prepared a nursery
+    edition of "Alice." He shortened the text considerably, and
+    altered it so much that only the plot of the story remained
+    unchanged. It was illustrated by the old pictures, coloured
+    by Tenniel, and the cover was adorned by a picture designed
+    by Miss E. Gertrude Thomson. As usual, the Dedication takes
+    the form of an anagram, the solution of which is the name of
+    one of his later child-friends. "_The Nursery
+    'Alice,_'" was published by Macmillan and Co., in March,
+    1890.
+
+    On August 18th the following letter on the "Eight Hours
+    Movement" appeared in _The Standard:_--
+
+    Sir,--Supposing it were the custom, in a
+    certain town, to sell eggs in paper bags at so much per bag,
+    and that a fierce dispute had arisen between the egg vendors
+    and the public as to how many eggs each bag should be
+    understood to contain, the vendors wishing to be allowed to
+    make up smaller bags; and supposing the public were to say,
+    "In future we will pay you so much per egg, and you can make
+    up bags as you please," would any ground remain for further
+    dispute?
+
+    Supposing that employers of labour, when threatened with a
+    "strike" in case they should decline to reduce the number of
+    hours in a working day, were to reply, "In future we will
+    pay you so much per hour, and you can make up days as you
+    please," it does appear to me--being, as I confess, an
+    ignorant outsider--that the dispute would die out for want
+    of a _raison d'etre_, and that these disastrous
+    strikes, inflicting such heavy loss on employers and
+    employed alike, would become things of the past.
+
+    I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+The remainder of the year was uneventful; a few notes from his Diary
+must represent it here:--
+
+    _Oct. 4th._--Called on Mr. Coventry Patmore (at
+    Hastings), and was very kindly received by him, and stayed
+    for afternoon tea and dinner. He showed me some interesting
+    pictures, including a charming little drawing, by Holman
+    Hunt, of one of his daughters when three years old. He gave
+    me an interesting account of his going, by Tennyson's
+    request, to his lodging to look for the MS. of "In
+    Memoriam," which he had left behind, and only finding it by
+    insisting on going upstairs, in spite of the landlady's
+    opposition, to search for it. Also he told me the story (I
+    think I have heard it before) of what Wordsworth told his
+    friends as the "one joke" of his life, in answer to a
+    passing carter who asked if he had seen his wife. "My good
+    friend, I didn't even know you had a wife!" He seems a very
+    hale and vigorous old man for nearly seventy, which I think
+    he gave as his age in writing to me.
+
+    _Oct. 31st._--This morning, thinking over the problem
+    of finding two squares whose sum is a square, I chanced on a
+    theorem (which seems _true_, though I cannot prove it),
+    that if x squared + y squared be even, its half is the sum of two squares.
+    A kindred theorem, that 2(x squared + y squared) is always the sum of two
+    squares, also seems true and unprovable.
+
+    _Nov. 5th.--_I have now proved the above two theorems.
+    Another pretty deduction from the theory of square numbers
+    is, that any number whose square is the sum of two squares,
+    is itself the sum of two squares.
+
+I have already mentioned Mr. Dodgson's habit of thinking out problems
+at night. Often new ideas would occur to him during hours of
+sleeplessness, and he had long wanted to hear of or invent some easy
+method of taking notes in the dark. At first he tried writing within
+oblongs cut out of cardboard, but the result was apt to be illegible.
+In 1891 he conceived the device of having a series of squares cut out
+in card, and inventing an alphabet, of which each letter was made of
+lines, which could be written along the edges of the squares, and
+dots, which could be marked at the corners. The thing worked well, and
+he named it the "Typhlograph," but, at the suggestion of one of his
+brother-students, this was subsequently changed into "Nyctograph."
+
+He spent the Long Vacation at Eastbourne, attending service every
+Sunday at Christ Church, according to his usual rule.
+
+    _Sept._ 6, 1891.--At the evening service at Christ
+    Church a curious thing happened, suggestive of telepathy.
+    Before giving out the second hymn the curate read out some
+    notices. Meanwhile I took my hymn-book, and said to myself
+    (I have no idea _why_), "It will be hymn 416," and I
+    turned to it. It was not one I recognised as having ever
+    heard; and, on looking at it, I said, "It is very prosaic;
+    it is a very unlikely one"--and it was really startling,
+    the next minute, to hear the curate announce "Hymn 416."
+
+In October it became generally known that Dean Liddell was going to
+resign at Christmas. This was a great blow to Mr. Dodgson, but little
+mitigated by the fact that the very man whom he himself would have
+chosen, Dr. Paget, was appointed to fill the vacant place. The old
+Dean was very popular in College; even the undergraduates, with whom
+he was seldom brought into contact, felt the magic of his commanding
+personality and the charm of his gracious, old-world manner. He was a
+man whom, once seen, it was almost impossible to forget.
+
+[Illustration: The Dean of Christ Church. _From a
+photograph by Hill & Saunders._]
+
+Shortly before the resignation of Dr. Liddell, the Duchess of Albany
+spent a few days at the Deanery. Mr. Dodgson was asked to meet her
+Royal Highness at luncheon, but was unable to go. Princess Alice and
+the little Duke of Albany, however, paid him a visit, and were
+initiated in the art of making paper pistols. He promised to send the
+Princess a copy of a book called "The Fairies," and the children,
+having spent a happy half-hour in his rooms, returned to the Deanery.
+This was one of the days which he "marked with a white stone." He sent
+a copy of "The Nursery 'Alice'" to the little Princess Alice, and
+received a note of thanks from her, and also a letter from her mother,
+in which she said that the book had taught the Princess to like
+reading, and to do it out of lesson-time. To the Duke he gave a copy
+of a book entitled "The Merry Elves." In his little note of thanks for
+this gift, the boy said, "Alice and I want you to love us both." Mr.
+Dodgson sent Princess Alice a puzzle, promising that if she found it
+out, he would give her a "golden chair from Wonderland."
+
+At the close of the year he wrote me a long letter, which I think
+worthy of reproducing here, for he spent a long time over it, and it
+contains excellent examples of his clear way of putting things.
+
+    _To S.D. Collingwood._
+
+    Ch. Ch., Oxford, _Dec_. 29, 1891.
+
+    My Dear Stuart,--(Rather a large note-sheet, isn't it? But
+    they do differ in size, you know.) I fancy this book of
+    science (which I have had a good while, without making any
+    use of it), may prove of some use to you, with your boys. [I
+    was a schoolmaster at that time.] Also this cycling-book (or
+    whatever it is to be called) may be useful in putting down
+    engagements, &c., besides telling you a lot about cycles.
+    There was no use in sending it to _me; my _cycling days
+    are over.
+
+    You ask me if your last piece of "Meritt" printing is dark
+    enough. I think not. I should say the rollers want fresh
+    inking. As to the _matter_ of your specimen--[it was a
+    poor little essay on killing animals for the purpose of
+    scientific recreations, _e.g._, collecting
+    butterflies]--I think you _cannot_ spend your time
+    better than in trying to set down clearly, in that
+    essay-form, your ideas on any subject that chances to
+    interest you; and _specially_ any theological subject
+    that strikes you in the course of your reading for Holy
+    Orders.
+
+    It will be most _excellent_ practice for you, against
+    the time when you try to compose sermons, to try thus to
+    realise exactly what it is you mean, and to express it
+    clearly, and (a much harder matter) to get into proper shape
+    the _reasons_ of your opinions, and to see whether they
+    do, or do not, tend to prove the conclusions you come to.
+    You have never studied technical Logic, at all, I fancy. [I
+    _had_, but I freely admit that the essay in question
+    proved that I had not then learnt to apply my principles to
+    practice.] It would have been a great help: but still it is
+    not indispensable: after all, it is only the putting into
+    rules of the way in which _every_ mind proceeds, when
+    it draws valid conclusions; and, by practice in careful
+    thinking, you may get to know "fallacies" when you meet with
+    them, without knowing the formal _rules_.
+
+    At present, when you try to give _reasons_, you are in
+    considerable danger of propounding fallacies. Instances
+    occur in this little essay of yours; and I hope it won't
+    offend your _amour propre_ very much, if an old uncle,
+    who has studied Logic for forty years, makes a few remarks
+    on it.
+
+    I am not going to enter _at all_ on the subject-matter
+    itself, or to say whether I agree, or not, with your
+    _conclusions_: but merely to examine, from a
+    logic-lecturer's point of view, your _premisses_ as
+    relating to them.
+
+    (1) "As the lower animals do not appear to have personality
+    or individual existence, I cannot see that any particular
+    one's life can be very important," &c. The word
+    "personality" is very vague: I don't know what you mean by
+    it. If you were to ask yourself, "What test should I use in
+    distinguishing what _has_, from what has _not_,
+    personality?" you might perhaps be able to express your
+    meaning more clearly. The phrase "individual existence" is
+    clear enough, and is in direct logical contradiction to the
+    phrase "particular one." To say, of anything, that it has
+    _not_ "individual existence," and yet that it _is_
+    a "particular one," involves the logical fallacy called a
+    "contradiction in terms."
+
+    (2) "In both cases" (animal and plant) "death is only the
+    conversion of matter from one form to another." The word
+    "form" is very vague--I fancy you use it in a sort of
+    _chemical_ sense (like saying "sugar is starch in
+    another form," where the change in nature is generally
+    believed to be a rearrangement of the very same atoms). If
+    you mean to assert that the difference between a live animal
+    and a dead animal, _i.e.,_ between animate and
+    sensitive matter, and the same matter when it becomes
+    inanimate and insensitive, is a mere rearrangement of the
+    same atoms, your premiss is intelligible. (It is a bolder
+    one than any biologists have yet advanced. The most
+    sceptical of them admits, I believe, that "vitality" is a
+    thing _per se. _However, that is beside my present
+    scope.) But this premiss is advanced to prove that it is of
+    no "consequence" to kill an animal. But, granting that the
+    conversion of sensitive into insensitive matter (and of
+    course _vice versa_) is a mere change of "form," and
+    _therefore_ of no "consequence"; granting this, we
+    cannot escape the including under this rule all similar
+    cases. If the _power_ of feeling pain, and the
+    _absence_ of that power, are only a difference of
+    "form," the conclusion is inevitable that the _feeling_
+    pain, and the _not_ feeling it, are _also_ only a
+    difference in form, _i.e.,_ to convert matter, which is
+    _not_ feeling pain, into matter _feeling_ pain, is
+    only to change its "form," and, if the process of "changing
+    form" is of no "consequence" in the case of sensitive and
+    insensitive matter, we must admit that it is _also_ of
+    no "consequence" in the case of pain-feeling and _not_
+    pain-feeling matter. This conclusion, I imagine, you neither
+    intended nor foresaw. The premiss, which you use, involves
+    the fallacy called "proving too much."
+
+    The best advice that could be given to you, when you begin
+    to compose sermons, would be what an old friend once gave to
+    a young man who was going out to be an Indian judge (in
+    India, it seems, the judge decides things, without a jury,
+    like our County Court judges). "Give _your decisions_
+    boldly and clearly; they will probably be _right_. But
+    do _not_ give your _reasons: they_ will probably
+    be _wrong"_ If your lot in life is to be in a
+    _country_ parish, it will perhaps not matter
+    _much_ whether the reasons given in your sermons do or
+    do not prove your conclusions. But even there you
+    _might_ meet, and in a town congregation you would be
+    _sure_ to meet, clever sceptics, who know well how to
+    argue, who will detect your fallacies and point them out to
+    those who are _not_ yet troubled with doubts, and thus
+    undermine _all_ their confidence in your teaching.
+
+    At Eastbourne, last summer, I heard a preacher advance the
+    astounding argument, "We believe that the Bible is true,
+    because our holy Mother, the Church, tells us it is." I pity
+    that unfortunate clergyman if ever he is bold enough to
+    enter any Young Men's Debating Club where there is some
+    clear-headed sceptic who has heard, or heard of, that
+    sermon. I can fancy how the young man would rub his hands,
+    in delight, and would say to himself, "Just see me get him
+    into a corner, and convict him of arguing in a circle!"
+
+    The bad logic that occurs in many and many a well-meant
+    sermon, is a real danger to modern Christianity. When
+    detected, it may seriously injure many believers, and fill
+    them with miserable doubts. So my advice to you, as a young
+    theological student, is "Sift your reasons _well_, and,
+    before you offer them to others, make sure that they prove
+    your conclusions."
+
+    I hope you won't give this letter of mine (which it has cost
+    me some time and thought to write) just a single reading and
+    then burn it; but that you will lay it aside. Perhaps, even
+    years hence, it may be of some use to you to read it again.
+
+    Believe me always
+
+    Your affectionate Uncle,
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+(1892-1896)
+
+
+    Mr. Dodgson resigns the Curatorship--Bazaars--He lectures to
+    children--A mechanical "Humpty Dumpty"--A logical
+    controversy--Albert Chevalier--"Sylvie and Bruno
+    Concluded"--"Pillow Problems"--Mr. Dodgson's
+    generosity--College services--Religious difficulties--A
+    village sermon--Plans for the future--Reverence--"Symbolic
+    Logic."
+
+
+At Christ Church, as at other Colleges, the Common Room is an
+important feature. Open from eight in the morning until ten at night,
+it takes the place of a club, where the "dons" may see the newspapers,
+talk, write letters, or enjoy a cup of tea. After dinner, members of
+High Table, with their guests if any are present, usually adjourn to
+the Common Room for wine and dessert, while there is a smoking-room
+hard by for those who do not despise the harmless but unnecessary
+weed, and below are cellars, with a goodly store of choice old wines.
+
+The Curator's duties were therefore sufficiently onerous. They were
+doubly so in Mr. Dodgson's case, for his love of minute accuracy
+greatly increased the amount of work he had to do. It was his office
+to select and purchase wines, to keep accounts, to adjust selling
+price to cost price, to see that the two Common Room servants
+performed their duties, and generally to look after the comfort and
+convenience of the members.
+
+"Having heard," he wrote near the end of the year 1892, "that Strong
+was willing to be elected (as Curator), and Common Room willing to
+elect him, I most gladly resigned. The sense of relief at being free
+from the burdensome office, which has cost me a large amount of time
+and trouble, is very delightful. I was made Curator, December 8, 1882,
+so that I have held the office more than nine years."
+
+The literary results of his Curatorship were three very interesting
+little pamphlets, "Twelve Months in a Curatorship, by One who has
+tried it"; "Three years in a Curatorship, by One whom it has tried";
+and "Curiosissima Curatoria, by 'Rude Donatus,'" all printed for
+private circulation, and couched in the same serio-comic vein. As a
+logician he naturally liked to see his thoughts in print, for, just as
+the mathematical mind craves for a black-board and a piece of chalk,
+so the logical mind must have its paper and printing-press wherewith
+to set forth its deductions effectively.
+
+A few extracts must suffice to show the style of these pamphlets, and
+the opportunity offered for the display of humour.
+
+In the arrangement of the prices at which wines were to be sold to
+members of Common Room, he found a fine scope for the exercise of his
+mathematical talents and his sense of proportion. In one of the
+pamphlets he takes old Port and Chablis as illustrations.
+
+    The original cost of each is about 3s. a bottle; but the
+    present value of the old Port is about 11s. a bottle. Let us
+    suppose, then, that we have to sell to Common Room one
+    bottle of old Port and three of Chablis, the original cost
+    of the whole being 12s., and the present value 20s. These
+    are our data. We have now two questions to answer. First,
+    what sum shall we ask for the whole? Secondly, how shall we
+    apportion that sum between the two kinds of wine?
+
+The sum to be asked for the whole he decides, following precedent, is
+to be the present market-value of the wine; as to the second question,
+he goes on to say--
+
+    We have, as so often happens in the lives of distinguished
+    premiers, three courses before us: (1) to charge the
+    _present_ value for each kind of wine; (2) to put on a
+    certain percentage to the _original_ value of each
+    kind; (3) to make a compromise between these two courses.
+
+    Course 1 seems to me perfectly reasonable; but a very
+    plausible objection has been made to it--that it puts a
+    prohibitory price on the valuable wines, and that they would
+    remain unconsumed. This would not, however, involve any loss
+    to our finances; we could obviously realise the enhanced
+    values of the old wines by selling them to outsiders, if the
+    members of Common Room would not buy them. But I do not
+    advocate this course.
+
+    Course 2 would lead to charging 5s. a bottle for Port and
+    Chablis alike. The Port-drinker would be "in clover," while
+    the Chablis-drinker would probably begin getting his wine
+    direct from the merchant instead of from the Common Room
+    cellar, which would be a _reductio ad absurdum_ of the
+    tariff. Yet I have heard this course advocated, repeatedly,
+    as an abstract principle. "You ought to consider the
+    _original_ value only," I have been told. "You ought to
+    regard the Port-drinker as a private individual, who has
+    laid the wine in for himself, and who ought to have all the
+    advantages of its enhanced value. You cannot fairly ask him
+    for more than what you need to refill the bins with Port,
+    _plus_ the percentage thereon needed to meet the
+    contingent expenses." I have listened to such arguments, but
+    have never been convinced that the course is just. It seems
+    to me that the 8s. additional value which the bottle of Port
+    has acquired, is the property of _Common Room_, and
+    that Common Room has the power to give it to whom it
+    chooses; and it does not seem to me fair to give it all to
+    the Port-drinker. What merit is there in preferring Port to
+    Chablis, that could justify our selling the Port-drinker his
+    wine at less than half what he would have to give outside,
+    and charging the Chablis-drinker five-thirds of what he
+    would have to give outside? At all events, I, as a
+    Port-drinker, do not wish to absorb the whole advantage, and
+    would gladly share it with the Chablis-drinker. The course I
+    recommend is
+
+    Course 3, which is a compromise between 1 and 2, its
+    essential principle being to sell the new wines _above_
+    their value, in order to be able to sell the old
+    _below_ their value. And it is clearly desirable, as
+    far as possible, to make the reductions _where they will
+    be felt,_ and the additions _where they will not be
+    felt._ Moreover it seems to me that reduction is most
+    felt where it _goes down to the next round sum,_ and an
+    addition in the reverse case, _i.e.,_ when it _starts
+    from a round sum._ Thus, if we were to take 2d. off a 5s.
+    8d. wine, and add it to a 4s. 4d.--thus selling them at 5s.
+    6d. and 4s. 6d. the reduction would be welcomed, and the
+    addition unnoticed; and the change would be a popular one.
+
+The next extract shows with what light-hearted frivolity he could
+approach this tremendous subject of wine:--
+
+    The consumption of Madeira (B) has been during the past
+    year, zero. After careful calculation I estimate that, if
+    this rate of consumption be steadily maintained, our present
+    stock will last us an infinite number of years. And although
+    there may be something monotonous and dreary in the prospect
+    of such vast cycles spent in drinking second-class Madeira,
+    we may yet cheer ourselves with the thought of how
+    economically it can be done.
+
+To assist the Curator in the discharge of his duties, there was a Wine
+Committee, and for its guidance a series of rules was drawn up. The
+first runs as follows: "There shall be a Wine Committee, consisting of
+five persons, including the Curator, whose duty it shall be to assist
+the Curator in the management of the cellar." "Hence," wrote Mr.
+Dodgson, "logically it is the bounden duty of the Curator 'to assist
+himself.' I decline to say whether this clause has ever brightened
+existence for me--or whether, in the shades of evening, I may ever
+have been observed leaving the Common Room cellars with a small but
+suspicious-looking bundle, and murmuring, 'Assist thyself, assist
+thyself!'"
+
+Every Christmas at Christ Church the children of the College servants
+have a party in the Hall. This year he was asked to entertain them,
+and gladly consented to do so. He hired a magic lantern and a large
+number of slides, and with their help told the children the three
+following stories: (1) "The Epiphany"; (2) "The Children Lost in the
+Bush"; (3) "Bruno's Picnic."
+
+I have already referred to the services held in Christ Church for the
+College servants, at which Mr. Dodgson used frequently to preach. The
+way in which he regarded this work is very characteristic of the man.
+"Once more," he writes, "I have to thank my Heavenly Father for the
+great blessing and privilege of being allowed to speak for Him! May He
+bless my words to help some soul on its heavenward way." After one of
+these addresses he received a note from a member of the congregation,
+thanking him for what he had said. "It is very sweet," he said, "to
+get such words now and then; but there is danger in them if more such
+come, I must beg for silence."
+
+During the year Mr. Dodgson wrote the following letter to the Rev.
+C.A. Goodhart, Rector of Lambourne, Essex:--
+
+
+    Dear Sir,--Your kind, sympathising and most encouraging
+    letter about "Sylvie and Bruno" has deserved a better
+    treatment from me than to have been thus kept waiting more
+    than two years for an answer. But life is short; and one has
+    many other things to do; and I have been for years almost
+    hopelessly in arrears in correspondence. I keep a register,
+    so that letters which I intend to answer do somehow come to
+    the front at last.
+
+    In "Sylvie and Bruno" I took courage to introduce what I had
+    entirely avoided in the two "Alice" books--some reference to
+    subjects which are, after all, the _only_ subjects of real
+    interest in life, subjects which are so intimately bound up
+    with every topic of human interest that it needs more effort
+    to avoid them than to touch on them; and I felt that such a
+    book was more suitable to a clerical writer than one of mere
+    fun.
+
+    I hope I have not offended many (evidently I have not
+    offended _you_) by putting scenes of mere fun, and talk
+    about God, into the same book.
+
+    Only one of all my correspondents ever guessed there was
+    more to come of the book. She was a child, personally
+    unknown to me, who wrote to "Lewis Carroll" a sweet letter
+    about the book, in which she said, "I'm so glad it hasn't
+    got a regular wind-up, as it shows there is more to come!"
+
+    There is indeed "more to come." When I came to piece
+    together the mass of accumulated material I found it was
+    quite _double_ what could be put into one volume. So I
+    divided it in the middle; and I hope to bring out "Sylvie
+    and Bruno Concluded" next Christmas--if, that is, my
+    Heavenly Master gives me the time and the strength for the
+    task; but I am nearly 60, and have no right to count on
+    years to come.
+
+    In signing my real name, let me beg you not to let the
+    information go further--I have an _intense_ dislike to
+    personal publicity; and, the more people there are who know
+    nothing of "Lewis Carroll" save his books, the happier I am.
+
+    Believe me, sincerely yours,
+
+    Charles L. Dodgson.
+
+I have made no attempt to chronicle all the games and puzzles which
+Lewis Carroll invented. A list of such as have been published will be
+found in the Bibliographical chapter. He intended to bring out a book
+of "Original Games and Puzzles," with illustrations by Miss E.
+Gertrude Thomson. The MS. was, I believe, almost complete before his
+death, and one, at least, of the pictures had been drawn. On June 30th
+he wrote in his Diary, "Invented what I think is a new kind of riddle.
+A Russian had three sons. The first, named Rab, became a lawyer; the
+second, Ymra, became a soldier; the third became a sailor. What was
+his name?"
+
+The following letter written to a child-friend, Miss E. Drury,
+illustrates Lewis Carroll's hatred of bazaars:--
+
+    Ch. Ch., Oxford, _Nov_. 10, 1892.
+
+    My dear Emmie,--I object to _all_ bazaars on the general
+    principle that they are very undesirable schools for young
+    ladies, in which they learn to be "too fast" and forward,
+    and are more exposed to undesirable acquaintances than in
+    ordinary society. And I have, besides that, special
+    objections to bazaars connected with charitable or religious
+    purposes. It seems to me that they desecrate the religious
+    object by their undesirable features, and that they take the
+    reality out of all charity by getting people to think that
+    they are doing a good action, when their true motive is
+    amusement for themselves. Ruskin has put all this far better
+    than I can possibly do, and, if I can find the passage, and
+    find the time to copy it, I will send it you. But _time_ is
+    a very scarce luxury for me!
+
+    Always yours affectionately,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+In his later years he used often to give lectures on various subjects
+to children. He gave a series on "Logic" at the Oxford Girls' High
+School, but he sometimes went further afield, as in the following
+instance:--
+
+
+    Went, as arranged with Miss A. Ottley, to the High School at
+    Worcester, on a visit. At half-past three I had an audience
+    of about a hundred little girls, aged, I should think, from
+    about six to fourteen. I showed them two arithmetic puzzles
+    on the black-board, and told them "Bruno's Picnic." At
+    half-past seven I addressed some serious words to a second
+    audience of about a hundred elder girls, probably from
+    fifteen to twenty--an experience of the deepest interest to
+    me.
+
+The illustration on the next page will be best explained by the
+following letter which I have received from Mr. Walter Lindsay, of
+Philadelphia, U.S.:--
+
+    Phila., _September_ 12, 1898.
+
+    Dear Sir,--I shall be very glad to furnish what information
+    I can with respect to the "Mechanical Humpty Dumpty" which I
+    constructed a few years ago, but I must begin by
+    acknowledging that, in one sense at least, I did not
+    "invent" the figure. The idea was first put into my head by
+    an article in the _Cosmopolitan_, somewhere about 1891, I
+    suppose, describing a similar contrivance. As a devoted
+    admirer of the "Alice" books, I determined to build a Humpty
+    Dumpty of my own; but I left the model set by the author of
+    the article mentioned, and constructed the figure on
+    entirely different lines. In the first place, the figure as
+    described in the magazine had very few movements, and not
+    very satisfactory ones at that; and in the second place, no
+    attempt whatever was made to reproduce, even in a general
+    way, the well-known appearance of Tenniel's drawing. Humpty,
+    when completed, was about two feet and a half high. His
+    face, of course, was white; the lower half of the egg was
+    dressed in brilliant blue. His stockings were grey, and the
+    famous cravat orange, with a zigzag pattern in blue. I am
+    sorry to say that the photograph hardly does him justice;
+    but he had travelled to so many different places during his
+    career, that he began to be decidedly out of shape before he
+    sat for his portrait.
+
+    [Illustration: The Mechanical "Humpty Dumpty."
+    _From a photograph._]
+
+    When Humpty was about to perform, a short "talk" was usually
+    given before the curtain rose, explaining the way in which
+    the Sheep put the egg on the shelf at the back of the little
+    shop, and how Alice went groping along to it. And then, just
+    as the explanation had reached the opening of the chapter on
+    Humpty Dumpty, the curtain rose, and Humpty was discovered,
+    sitting on the wall, and gazing into vacancy. As soon as the
+    audience had had time to recover, Alice entered, and the
+    conversation was carried on just as it is in the book.
+    Humpty Dumpty gesticulated with his arms, rolled his eyes,
+    raised his eyebrows, frowned, turned up his nose in scorn at
+    Alice's ignorance, and smiled from ear to ear when he shook
+    hands with her. Besides this, his mouth kept time with his
+    words all through the dialogue, which added very greatly to
+    his life-like appearance.
+
+    The effect of his huge face, as it changed from one
+    expression to another, was ludicrous in the extreme, and we
+    were often obliged to repeat sentences in the conversation
+    (to "go back to the last remark but one") because the
+    audience laughed so loudly over Humpty Dumpty's expression
+    of face that they drowned what he was trying to say. The
+    funniest effect was the change from the look of
+    self-satisfied complacency with which he accompanied the
+    words: "The king has promised me--" to that of towering rage
+    when Alice innocently betrays her knowledge of the secret.
+    At the close of the scene, when Alice has vainly endeavoured
+    to draw him into further conversation, and at last walks
+    away in disgust, Humpty loses his balance on the wall,
+    recovers himself, totters again, and then falls off
+    backwards; at the same time a box full of broken glass is
+    dropped on the floor behind the scenes, to represent the
+    "heavy crash," which "shook the forest from end to
+    end";--and the curtain falls.
+
+    Now, as to how it was all done. Humpty was made of barrel
+    hoops, and covered with stiff paper and muslin. His eyes
+    were round balls of rags, covered with muslin, drawn
+    smoothly, and with the pupil and iris marked on the front.
+    These eyes were pivoted to a board, fastened just behind the
+    eye-openings in the face. To the eyeballs were sewed strong
+    pieces of tape, which passed through screw-eyes on the edges
+    of the board, and so down to a row of levers which were
+    hinged in the lower part of the figure. One lever raised
+    both eyes upward, another moved them both to the left, and
+    so on. The eyebrows were of worsted and indiarubber knitted
+    together. They were fastened at the ends, and raised and
+    lowered by fine white threads passing through small holes in
+    the face, and also operated by levers. The arms projected
+    into the interior of the machine, and the gestures were made
+    by moving the short ends inside. The right hand contained a
+    spring clothes-pin, by which he was enabled to hold the
+    note-book in which Alice set down the celebrated problem--
+
+        365
+          1
+        ___
+        364
+
+    The movement of the mouth, in talking, was produced by a
+    long tape, running down to a pedal, which was controlled by
+    the foot of the performer. And the smile consisted of long
+    strips of red tape, which were drawn out through slits at
+    the corners of the mouth by means of threads which passed
+    through holes in the sides of the head. The performer--who
+    was always your humble servant--stood on a box behind the
+    wall, his head just reaching the top of the egg, which was
+    open all the way up the back. At the lower end of the
+    figure, convenient to the hands of the performer, was the
+    row of levers, like a little keyboard; and by striking
+    different chords on the keys, any desired expression could
+    be produced on the face.
+
+    Of course, a performance of this kind without a good Alice
+    would be unutterably flat; but the little girl who played
+    opposite to Humpty, Miss Nellie K---, was so exactly the
+    counterpart of Alice, both in appearance and disposition,
+    that most children thought she was the original, right out
+    of the book.
+
+    Humpty still exists, but he has not seen active life for
+    some years. His own popularity was the cause of his
+    retirement; for having given a number of performances (for
+    Charity, of course), and delighted many thousands of
+    children of all ages, the demands upon his time, from
+    Sunday-schools and other institutions, became so numerous
+    that the performers were obliged to withdraw him in
+    self-defence. He was a great deal of trouble to build, but
+    the success he met with and the pleasure he gave more than
+    repaid me for the bother; and I am sure that any one else
+    who tries it will reach the same conclusion.
+
+    Yours sincerely,
+
+    Walter Lindsay.
+
+At the beginning of 1893 a fierce logical battle was being waged
+between Lewis Carroll and Mr. Cook Wilson, Professor of Logic at
+Oxford. The Professor, in spite of the countless arguments that Mr.
+Dodgson hurled at his head, would not confess that he had committed a
+fallacy.
+
+On February 5th the Professor appears to have conceded a point, for
+Mr. Dodgson writes: "Heard from Cook Wilson, who has long declined to
+read a paper which I sent January 12th, and which seems to me to prove
+the fallacy of a view of his about Hypotheticals. He now offers to
+read it, if _I_ will study a proof he sent, that another problem
+of mine had contradictory _data_. I have accepted his offer, and
+studied and answered his paper. So I now look forward hopefully to the
+result of his reading mine."
+
+The hopes which he entertained were doomed to be disappointed; the
+controversy bore no fruits save a few pamphlets and an enormous amount
+of correspondence, and finally the two antagonists had to agree to
+differ.
+
+As a rule Mr. Dodgson was a stern opponent of music-halls and
+music-hall singers; but he made one or two exceptions with regard to
+the latter. For Chevalier he had nothing but praise; he heard him at
+one of his recitals, for he never in his life entered a "Variety
+Theatre." I give the passage from his Diary:--
+
+    Went to hear Mr. Albert Chevalier's Recital. I only knew of
+    him as being now recognised as _facile princeps_ among
+    music-hall singers, and did not remember that I had seen him
+    twice or oftener on the stage--first as "Mr. Hobbs" in
+    "Little Lord Fauntleroy," and afterwards as a "horsy" young
+    man in a _matinee_ in which Violet Vanbrugh appeared. He was
+    decidedly _good_ as an actor; but as a comic singer (with
+    considerable powers of pathos as well) he is quite
+    first-rate. His chief merit seems to be the earnestness with
+    which he throws himself into the work. The songs (mostly his
+    own writing) were quite inoffensive, and very funny. I am
+    very glad to be able to think that his influence on public
+    taste is towards refinement and purity. I liked best "The
+    Future Mrs. 'Awkins," with its taking tune, and "My Old
+    Dutch," which revealed powers that, I should think, would
+    come out grandly in Robsonian parts, such as "The Porter's
+    Knot." "The Little Nipper" was also well worth hearing.
+
+Mr. Dodgson's views on Sunday Observance were old-fashioned, but he
+lived up to them, and did not try to force them upon people with whose
+actions he had no concern. They were purely matters of "private
+opinion" with him. On October 2nd he wrote to Miss E.G. Thomson, who
+was illustrating his "Three Sunsets":--
+
+    Would you kindly do _no_ sketches, or photos, for
+    _me_, on a Sunday? It is, in _my_ view (of
+    _course_ I don't condemn any one who differs from me)
+    inconsistent with keeping the day holy. I do _not_ hold
+    it to be the Jewish "Sabbath," but I _do_ hold it to be
+    "the Lord's Day," and so to be made very distinct from the
+    other days.
+
+In December, the Logical controversy being over for a time, Mr.
+Dodgson invented a new problem to puzzle his mathematical friends
+with, which was called "The Monkey and Weight Problem." A rope is
+supposed to be hung over a wheel fixed to the roof of a building; at
+one end of the rope a weight is fixed, which exactly counterbalances a
+monkey which is hanging on to the other end. Suppose that the monkey
+begins to climb the rope, what will be the result? The following
+extract from the Diary illustrates the several possible answers which
+may be given:--
+
+    Got Professor Clifton's answer to the "Monkey and Weight
+    Problem." It is very curious, the different views taken by
+    good mathematicians. Price says the weight goes _up_, with
+    increasing velocity; Clifton (and Harcourt) that it goes
+    _up_, at the same rate as the monkey; while Sampson says
+    that it goes _down_.
+
+On December 24th Mr. Dodgson received the first twelve copies of
+"Sylvie and Bruno Concluded," just about four years after the
+appearance of the first part of the story. In this second volume the
+two fairy children are as delightful as ever; it also contains what I
+think most people will agree to be the most beautiful poem Lewis
+Carroll ever wrote, "Say, what is the spell, when her fledglings are
+cheeping?" (p. 305). In the preface he pays a well-deserved compliment
+to Mr. Harry Furniss for his wonderfully clever pictures; he also
+explains how the book was written, showing that many of the amusing
+remarks of Bruno had been uttered by real children. He makes
+allusion to two books, which only his death prevented him from
+finishing--"Original Games and Puzzles," and a paper on "Sport,"
+viewed from the standpoint of the humanitarian. From a literary point
+of view the second volume of "Sylvie and Bruno" lacks unity; a fairy
+tale is all very well, and a novel also is all very well, but the
+combination of the two is surely a mistake. However, the reader who
+cares more for the spirit than the letter will not notice this
+blemish; to him "Sylvie and Bruno Concluded" will be interesting and
+helpful, as the revelation of a very beautiful personality.
+
+    You have made everything turn out just as I should have
+    chosen [writes a friend to whom he had sent a copy], and
+    made right all that disappointed me in the first part. I
+    have not only to thank you for writing an interesting book,
+    but for writing a helpful one too. I am sure that "Sylvie
+    and Bruno" has given me many thoughts that will help me all
+    life through. One cannot know "Sylvie" without being the
+    better for it. You may say that "Mister Sir" is not
+    consciously meant to be yourself, but I cannot help feeling
+    that he is. As "Mister Sir" talks, I hear your voice in
+    every word. I think, perhaps, that is why I like the book so
+    much.
+
+I have received an interesting letter from Mr. Furniss, bearing upon
+the subject of "Sylvie and Bruno," and Lewis Carroll's methods of
+work. The letter runs as follows:--
+
+    I have illustrated stories of most of our leading authors,
+    and I can safely say that Lewis Carroll was the only one who
+    cared to understand the illustrations to his own book. He
+    was the W. S. Gilbert for children, and, like Gilbert
+    producing one of his operas, Lewis Carroll took infinite
+    pains to study every detail in producing his extraordinary
+    and delightful books. Mr. Gilbert, as every one knows, has a
+    model of the stage; he puts up the scenery, draws every
+    figure, moves them about just as he wishes the real actors
+    to move about. Lewis Carroll was precisely the same. This,
+    of course, led to a great deal of work and trouble, and made
+    the illustrating of his books more a matter of artistic
+    interest than of professional profit. I was _seven years_
+    illustrating his last work, and during that time I had the
+    pleasure of many an interesting meeting with the fascinating
+    author, and I was quite repaid for the trouble I took, not
+    only by his generous appreciation of my efforts, but by the
+    liberal remuneration he gave for the work, and also by the
+    charm of having intercourse with the interesting, if
+    somewhat erratic genius.
+
+A book very different in character from "Sylvie and Bruno," but under
+the same well-known pseudonym, appeared about the same time. I refer
+to "Pillow Problems," the second part of the series entitled "Curiosa
+Mathematica."
+
+"Pillow Problems thought out during wakeful hours" is a collection of
+mathematical problems, which Mr. Dodgson solved while lying awake at
+night. A few there are to which the title is not strictly applicable,
+but all alike were worked out mentally before any diagram or word of
+the solution was committed to paper.
+
+The author says that his usual practice was to write down the
+_answer_ first of all, and afterwards the question and its
+solution. His motive, he says, for publishing these problems was not
+from any desire to display his powers of mental calculation. Those who
+knew him will readily believe this, though they will hardly be
+inclined to accept his own modest estimate of those powers.
+
+Still the book was intended, not for the select few who can scale the
+mountain heights of advanced mathematics, but for the much larger
+class of ordinary mathematicians, and they at least will be able to
+appreciate the gifted author, and to wonder how he could follow so
+clearly in his head the mental diagrams and intricate calculations
+involved in some of these "Pillow Problems."
+
+His chief motive in publishing the book was to show how, by a little
+determination, the mind "can be made to concentrate itself on some
+intellectual subject (not necessarily mathematics), and thus banish
+those petty troubles and vexations which most people experience, and
+which--unless the mind be otherwise occupied--_will_ persist in
+invading the hours of night." And this remedy, as he shows, serves a
+higher purpose still. In a paragraph which deserves quoting at length,
+as it gives us a momentary glimpse of his refined and beautiful
+character, he says:--
+
+    Perhaps I may venture for a moment to use a more serious
+    tone, and to point out that there are mental troubles, much
+    worse than mere worry, for which an absorbing object of
+    thought may serve as a remedy. There are sceptical thoughts,
+    which seem for the moment to uproot the firmest faith: there
+    are blasphemous thoughts, which dart unbidden into the most
+    reverent souls: there are unholy thoughts, which torture
+    with their hateful presence the fancy that would fain be
+    pure. Against all these some real mental work is a most
+    helpful ally. That "unclean spirit" of the parable, who
+    brought back with him seven others more wicked than himself,
+    only did so because he found the chamber "swept and
+    garnished," and its owner sitting with folded hands. Had he
+    found it all alive with the "busy hum" of active _work_,
+    there would have been scant welcome for him and his seven!
+
+It would have robbed the book of its true character if Lewis Carroll
+had attempted to improve on the work done in his head, and
+consequently we have the solutions exactly as he worked them out
+before setting them down on paper. Of the Problems themselves there is
+not much to be said here; they are original, and some of them (e.g.,
+No. 52) expressed in a style peculiarly the author's own. The subjects
+included in their range are Arithmetic, Algebra, Pure Geometry
+(Plane), Trigonometry, Algebraic Geometry, and Differential Calculus;
+and there is one Problem to which Mr. Dodgson says he "can proudly
+point," in "Transcendental Probabilities," which is here given: "A bag
+contains two counters, as to which nothing is known except that each
+is either black or white. Ascertain their colour without taking them
+out of the bag." The answer is, "One is black and the other white."
+For the solution the reader is referred to the book itself, a study of
+which will well repay him, apart from the chance he may have of
+discovering some mistake, and the consequent joy thereat!
+
+A few extracts from the Diary follow, written during the early part of
+1894:--
+
+    _Feb._ 1_st.--Dies notandus._ As Ragg was reading
+    Prayers, and Bayne and I were the only M.A.'s in the stalls,
+    I tried the experiment of going to the lectern and reading
+    the lesson. I did not hesitate much, but feel it too great a
+    strain on the nerves to be tried often. Then I went to the
+    Latin Chapel for Holy Communion. Only Paget (Dean) and Dr.
+    Huntley came: so, for the first time in my recollection, it
+    had to be given up. Then I returned to my rooms, and found
+    in _The Standard_ the very important communication from
+    Gladstone denying the rumour that he has decided upon
+    resigning the Premiership, but admitting that, owing to
+    failing powers, it may come at any moment. It will make a
+    complete change in the position of politics! Then I got,
+    from Cook Wilson, what I have been so long trying for--an
+    accepted transcript of the fallacious argument over which we
+    have had an (apparently) endless fight. I think the end is
+    near, _now_.
+
+    _Feb._ 4_th._--The idea occurred to me that it
+    might be a pleasant variation in Backgammon to throw
+    _three_ dice, and choose any two of the three numbers.
+    The average quality of the throws would be much raised. I
+    reckon that the chance of "6, 6" would be about two and a
+    half what it now is. It would also furnish a means, similar
+    to giving points in billiards, for equalising players: the
+    weaker might use three dice, the other using two. I think of
+    calling it "Thirdie Backgammon."
+
+    _March_ 31_st._--Have just got printed, as a
+    leaflet, "A Disputed Point in Logic"--the point Professor
+    Wilson and I have been arguing so long. This paper is wholly
+    in his own words, and puts the point very clearly. I think
+    of submitting it to all my logical friends.
+
+"A Disputed Point in Logic" appeared also, I believe, in
+_Mind_, July, 1894.
+
+This seems a fitting place in which to speak of a side of Mr.
+Dodgson's character of which he himself was naturally very
+reticent--his wonderful generosity. My own experience of him was of a
+man who was always ready to do one a kindness, even though it put him
+to great expense and inconvenience; but of course I did not know,
+during his lifetime, that my experience of him was the same as that of
+all his other friends. The income from his books and other sources,
+which might have been spent in a life of luxury and selfishness, he
+distributed lavishly where he saw it was needed, and in order to do
+this he always lived in the most simple way. To make others happy was
+the Golden Rule of his life. On August 31st he wrote, in a letter to a
+friend, Miss Mary Brown: "And now what am I to tell you about myself?
+To say I am quite well 'goes without saying' with me. In fact, my life
+is so strangely free from all trial and trouble that I cannot doubt my
+own happiness is one of the talents entrusted to me to 'occupy' with,
+till the Master shall return, by doing something to make other lives
+happy."
+
+In several instances, where friends in needy circumstances have
+written to him for loans of money, he has answered them, "I will not
+_lend_, but I will _give_ you the L100 you ask for." To help
+child-friends who wanted to go on the stage, or to take up music as a
+profession, he has introduced them to leading actors and actresses,
+paid for them having lessons in singing from the best masters, sent
+round circulars to his numerous acquaintances begging them to
+patronise the first concert or recital.
+
+In writing his books he never attempted to win popularity by acceding
+to the prejudices and frailties of the age--his one object was to make
+his books useful and helpful and ennobling. Like the great Master, in
+whose steps he so earnestly strove to follow, he "went about doing
+good." And one is glad to think that even his memory is being made to
+serve the same purpose. The "Alice" cots are a worthy sequel to his
+generous life.
+
+Even Mr. Dodgson, with all his boasted health, was not absolutely
+proof against disease, for on February 12, 1895, he writes:--
+
+    Tenth day of a rather bad attack of influenza of the ague
+    type. Last night the fever rose to a great height, partly
+    caused by a succession of _five_ visitors. One,
+    however, was of my own seeking--Dean Paget, to whom I was
+    thankful to be able to tell all I have had in my mind for a
+    year or more, as to our Chapel services _not_ being as
+    helpful as they could be made. The chief fault is extreme
+    _rapidity_. I long ago gave up the attempt to say the
+    Confession at that pace; and now I say it, and the Lord's
+    Prayer, close together, and never hear a word of the
+    Absolution. Also many of the Lessons are quite unedifying.
+
+On July 11th he wrote to my brother on the subject of a paper about
+Eternal Punishment, which was to form the first of a series of essays
+on Religious Difficulties:--
+
+    I am sending you the article on "Eternal Punishment" as it
+    is. There is plenty of matter for consideration, as to which
+    I shall be glad to know your views.
+
+    Also if there are other points, connected with religion,
+    where you feel that perplexing difficulties exist, I should
+    be glad to know of them in order to see whether I can see my
+    way to saying anything helpful.
+
+    But I had better add that I do not want to deal with any
+    such difficulties, _unless_ they tend to affect _life.
+    Speculative_ difficulties which do not affect conduct, and
+    which come into collision with any of the principles which I
+    intend to state as axioms, lie outside the scope of my book.
+    These axioms are:--
+
+      (1) Human conduct is capable of being _right_, and of
+      being _wrong_.
+
+      (2) I possess Free-Will, and am able to choose between
+      right and wrong.
+
+      (3) I have in some cases chosen wrong.
+
+      (4) I am responsible for choosing wrong.
+
+      (5) I am responsible to a person.
+
+      (6) This person is perfectly good.
+
+    I call them axioms, because I have no _proofs_ to offer for
+    them. There will probably be others, but these are all I can
+    think of just now.
+
+The Rev. H. Hopley, Vicar of Westham, has sent me the following
+interesting account of a sermon Mr. Dodgson preached at his church:--
+
+    In the autumn of 1895 the Vicar of Eastbourne was to have
+    preached my Harvest Sermon at Westham, a village five miles
+    away; but something or other intervened, and in the middle
+    of the week I learned he could not come. A mutual friend
+    suggested my asking Mr. Dodgson, who was then in Eastbourne,
+    to help me, and I went with him to his rooms. I was quite a
+    stranger to Mr. Dodgson; but knowing from hearsay how
+    reluctant he usually was to preach, I apologised and
+    explained my position--with Sunday so near at hand. After a
+    moment's hesitation he consented, and in a most genial
+    manner made me feel quite at ease as to the abruptness of my
+    petition. On the morrow he came over to my vicarage, and
+    made friends with my daughters, teaching them some new
+    manner of playing croquet [probably Castle Croquet], and
+    writing out for them puzzles and anagrams that he had
+    composed.
+
+    The following letter was forwarded on the Saturday:--
+
+        "7, Lushington Road, Eastbourne,
+
+        _September_ 26, 1895.
+
+        Dear Mr. Hopley,--I think you will excuse the liberty
+        I am taking in asking you to give me some food after the
+        service on Sunday, so that I may have no need to catch the
+        train, but can walk back at leisure. This will save me from
+        the worry of trying to conclude at an exact minute, and
+        you, perhaps, from the trouble of finding short hymns, to save
+        time. It will not, I hope, cause your cook any trouble, as
+        my regular rule here is _cold_ dinner on Sundays. This not
+        from any "Sabbatarian" theory, but from the wish to let our
+        _employes_ have the day _wholly_ at their own disposal.
+
+        I beg Miss Hopley's acceptance of the enclosed papers--
+        (puzzles and diagrams.)
+
+        Believe me, very truly yours,
+
+        C.L. Dodgson."
+
+    On Sunday our grand old church was crowded, and, although
+    our villagers are mostly agricultural labourers, yet they
+    breathlessly listened to a sermon forty minutes long, and
+    apparently took in every word of it. It was quite extempore,
+    in very simple words, and illustrated by some delightful and
+    most touching stories of children. I only wish there had
+    been a shorthand-writer there.
+
+    In the vestry after service, while he was signing his name
+    in the Preachers' Book, a church officer handed him a bit of
+    paper. "Mr. Dodgson, would you very kindly write your name
+    on that?" "Sir!" drawing himself up sternly--"Sir, I never
+    do that for any one"--and then, more kindly, "You see, if I
+    did it for one, I must do it for all."
+
+An amusing incident in Mr. Dodgson's life is connected with the
+well-known drama, "Two Little Vagabonds." I give the story as he wrote
+it in his Diary:--
+
+    _Nov._ 28_th.--Matinee_ at the Princess's of "Two Little
+    Vagabonds," a very sensational melodrama, capitally acted.
+    "Dick" and "Wally" were played by Kate Tyndall and Sydney
+    Fairbrother, whom I guess to be about fifteen and twelve.
+    Both were excellent, and the latter remarkable for the
+    perfect realism of her acting. There was some beautiful
+    religious dialogue between "Wally" and a hospital nurse--
+    most reverently spoken, and reverently received by the
+    audience.
+
+    _Dec._ 17_th._--I have given books to Kate Tyndall and
+    Sydney Fairbrother, and have heard from them, and find I was
+    entirely mistaken in taking them for children. Both are
+    married women!
+
+The following is an extract from a letter written in 1896 to one of
+his sisters, in allusion to a death which had recently occurred in the
+family:--
+
+    It is getting increasingly difficult now to remember _which_
+    of one's friends remain alive, and _which_ have gone "into
+    the land of the great departed, into the silent land." Also,
+    such news comes less and less as a shock, and more and more
+    one realises that it is an experience each of _us_ has to
+    face before long. That fact is getting _less_ dreamlike to
+    me now, and I sometimes think what a grand thing it will be
+    to be able to say to oneself, "Death is _over_ now; there is
+    not _that_ experience to be faced again."
+
+    I am beginning to think that, if the _books I_ am still
+    hoping to write are to be done _at all,_ they must be done
+    _now_, and that I am _meant_ thus to utilise the splendid
+    health I have had, unbroken, for the last year and a half,
+    and the working powers that are fully as great as, if not
+    greater, than I have ever had. I brought with me here (this
+    letter was written from Eastbourne) the MS., such as it is
+    (very fragmentary and unarranged) for the book about
+    religious difficulties, and I meant, when I came here, to
+    devote myself to that, but I have changed my plan. It seems
+    to me that _that_ subject is one that hundreds of living men
+    could do, if they would only try, _much_ better than I
+    could, whereas there is no living man who could (or at any
+    rate who would take the trouble to) arrange and finish and
+    publish the second part of the "Logic." Also, I _have_ the
+    Logic book in my head; it will only need three or four
+    months to write out, and I have _not_ got the other book in
+    my head, and it might take years to think out. So I have
+    decided to get Part ii. finished _first_, and I am working
+    at it day and night. I have taken to early rising, and
+    sometimes sit down to my work before seven, and have one and
+    a half hours at it before breakfast. The book will be a
+    great novelty, and will help, I fully believe, to make the
+    study of Logic _far_ easier than it now is. And it will, I
+    also believe, be a help to religious thought by giving
+    _clearness_ of conception and of expression, which may
+    enable many people to face, and conquer, many religious
+    difficulties for themselves. So I do really regard it as
+    work for _God_.
+
+Another letter, written a few months later to Miss Dora Abdy, deals
+with the subject of "Reverence," which Mr. Dodgson considered a virtue
+not held in sufficient esteem nowadays:--
+
+    My Dear Dora,--In correcting the proofs of "Through the
+    Looking-Glass" (which is to have "An Easter Greeting"
+    inserted at the end), I am reminded that in that letter (I
+    enclose a copy), I had tried to express my thoughts on the
+    very subject we talked about last night--the relation of
+    _laughter_ to religious thought. One of the hardest things
+    in the world is to convey a meaning accurately from one mind
+    to another, but the _sort_ of meaning I want to convey to
+    other minds is that while the laughter of _joy_ is in full
+    harmony with our deeper life, the laughter of amusement
+    should be kept apart from it. The danger is too great of
+    thus learning to look at solemn things in a spirit of
+    _mockery_, and to seek in them opportunities for exercising
+    _wit_. That is the spirit which has spoiled, for me, the
+    beauty of some of the Bible. Surely there is a deep meaning
+    in our prayer, "Give us an heart to love and _dread_ Thee."
+    We do not mean _terror_: but a dread that will harmonise
+    with love; "respect" we should call it as towards a human
+    being, "reverence" as towards God and all religious things.
+
+    Yours affectionately,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+In his "Game of Logic" Lewis Carroll introduced an original method of
+working logical problems by means of diagrams; this method he
+superseded in after years for a much simpler one, the method of
+"Subscripts."
+
+In "Symbolic Logic, Part i." (London: Macmillan, 1896) he employed
+both methods. The Introduction is specially addressed "to Learners,"
+whom Lewis Carroll advises to read the book straight through, without
+_dipping_.
+
+    This Rule [he says] is very desirable with other kinds of
+    books--such as novels, for instance, where you may easily
+    spoil much of the enjoyment you would otherwise get from the
+    story by dipping into it further on, so that what the author
+    meant to be a pleasant surprise comes to you as a matter of
+    course. Some people, I know, make a practice of looking into
+    vol. iii. first, just to see how the story ends; and perhaps
+    it _is_ as well just to know that all ends
+    _happily_--that the much persecuted lovers _do_
+    marry after all, that he is proved to be quite innocent of
+    the murder, that the wicked cousin is completely foiled in
+    his plot, and gets the punishment he deserves, and that the
+    rich uncle in India (_Qu._ Why in _India? Ans._
+    Because, somehow, uncles never _can_ get rich anywhere
+    else) dies at exactly the right moment--before taking the
+    trouble to read vol i. This, I say, is _just_
+    permissible with a _novel_, where vol. iii. has a
+    _meaning_, even for those who have not read the earlier
+    part of the story; but with a _scientific_ book, it is
+    sheer insanity. You will find the latter part
+    _hopelessly_ unintelligible, if you read it before
+    reaching it in regular course.
+
+
+
+*       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+(1897-1898)
+
+
+    Logic-lectures--Irreverent anecdotes--Tolerance of his
+    religious views--A mathematical discovery--"The Little
+    Minister" Sir George Baden-Powell--Last illness--"Thy will
+    be done"--"Wonderland" at last!--Letters from friends "Three
+    Sunsets"--"Of such is the kingdom of Heaven."
+
+The year 1897, the last complete year which he was destined to spend,
+began for Mr. Dodgson at Guildford. On January 3rd he preached in the
+morning at the beautiful old church of S. Mary's, the church which he
+always attended when he was staying with his sisters at the Chestnuts.
+
+On the 5th he began a course of Logic Lectures at Abbot's Hospital.
+The Rev. A. Kingston, late curate of Holy Trinity and S. Mary's
+Parishes, Guildford, had requested him to do this, and he had given
+his promise if as many as six people could be got together to hear
+him. Mr. Kingston canvassed the town so well that an audience of about
+thirty attended the first lecture.
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Carroll. _From a photograph._]
+
+A long Sunday walk was always a feature of Mr. Dodgson's life in the
+vacations. In earlier years the late Mr. W. Watson was his usual
+companion at Guildford. The two men were in some respects very much
+alike; a peculiar gentleness of character, a winning charm of manner
+which no one could resist, distinguished them both. After Mr. Watson's
+death his companion was usually one of the following Guildford
+clergymen: the Rev. J.H. Robson, LL.D., the Rev. H.R. Ware, and the
+Rev. A. Kingston.
+
+On the 26th Mr. Dodgson paid a visit to the Girls' High School, to
+show the pupils some mathematical puzzles, and to teach the elder ones
+his "Memoria Technica." On the 28th he returned to Oxford, so as to be
+up in time for term.
+
+I have said that he always refused invitations to dinner; accordingly
+his friends who knew of this peculiarity, and wished to secure him for
+a special evening, dared not actually invite him, but wrote him little
+notes stating that on such and such days they would be dining at home.
+Thus there is an entry in his Journal for February 10th:
+
+    "Dined with Mrs. G--(She had not sent an
+    'invitation'--only 'information')."
+
+His system of symbolic logic enabled him to work out the most complex
+problems with absolute certainty in a surprisingly short time. Thus he
+wrote on the 15th: "Made a splendid logic-problem, about
+"great-grandsons" (modelled on one by De Morgan). My method of
+solution is quite new, and I greatly doubt if any one will solve the
+Problem. I have sent it to Cook Wilson."
+
+On March 7th he preached in the University Church, the first occasion
+on which he had done so:--
+
+    There is now [he writes] a system established of a course of
+    six sermons at S. Mary's each year, for University men
+    _only_, and specially meant for undergraduates. They
+    are preached, preceded by a few prayers and a hymn, at
+    half-past eight. This evening ended the course for this
+    term: and it was my great privilege to preach. It has been
+    the most formidable sermon I have ever had to preach, and it
+    is a _great_ relief to have it over. I took, as text,
+    Job xxviii. 28, "And unto man he said, The fear of the Lord,
+    that is wisdom"--and the prayer in the Litany "Give us an
+    heart to love and dread thee." It lasted three-quarters of
+    an hour.
+
+One can imagine how he would have treated the subject. The views which
+he held on the subject of reverence were, so at least it appears to
+me, somewhat exaggerated; they are well expressed in a letter which he
+wrote to a friend of his, during the year, and which runs as
+follows:--
+
+    Dear--, After changing my mind several times, I have at
+    last decided to venture to ask a favour of you, and to trust
+    that you will not misinterpret my motives in doing so.
+
+    The favour I would ask is, that you will not tell me any
+    more stories, such as you did on Friday, of remarks which
+    children are said to have made on very sacred subjects--
+    remarks which most people would recognise as irreverent, if
+    made by _grown-up people_, but which are assumed to be
+    innocent when made by children who are unconscious of any
+    irreverence, the strange conclusion being drawn that they
+    are therefore innocent when _repeated_ by a grown-up person.
+
+    The misinterpretation I would guard against is, your
+    supposing that I regard such repetition as always _wrong_ in
+    any grown-up person. Let me assure you that I do _not_ so
+    regard it. I am always willing to believe that those who
+    repeat such stories differ wholly from myself in their views
+    of what is, and what is not, fitting treatment of sacred
+    things, and I fully recognise that what would certainly be
+    wrong in _me_, is not necessarily so in _them_.
+
+    So I simply ask it as a personal favour to myself. The
+    hearing of that anecdote gave me so much pain, and spoiled
+    so much the pleasure of my tiny dinner-party, that I feel
+    sure you will kindly spare me such in future.
+
+    One further remark. There are quantities of such anecdotes
+    going about. I don't in the least believe that 5 per cent.
+    of them were ever said by _children_. I feel sure that most
+    of them are concocted by people who _wish_ to bring sacred
+    subjects into ridicule--sometimes by people who _wish_ to
+    undermine the belief that others have in religious truths:
+    for there is no surer way of making one's beliefs _unreal_
+    than by learning to associate them with ludicrous ideas.
+
+    Forgive the freedom with which I have said all this.
+
+    Sincerely yours,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+The entry in the Diary for April 11th (Sunday) is interesting:--
+
+    Went my eighteen-mile round by Besilsleigh. From my rooms
+    back to them again, took me five hours and twenty-seven
+    minutes. Had "high tea" at twenty minutes past seven. This
+    entails only leaving a plate of cold meat, and gives much
+    less trouble than hot dinner at six.
+
+    Dinner at six has been my rule since January 31st, when it
+    began--I then abandoned the seven o'clock Sunday dinner, of
+    which I entirely disapprove. It has prevented, for two
+    terms, the College Servants' Service.
+
+On May 12th he wrote:--
+
+    As the Prince of Wales comes this afternoon to open the Town
+    Hall, I went round to the Deanery to invite them to come
+    through my rooms upon the roof, to see the procession
+    arrive.... A party of about twenty were on my roof in the
+    afternoon, including Mrs. Moberly, Mrs. Driver, and Mrs.
+    Baynes, and most, if not all, of the children in Christ
+    Church. Dinner in Hall at eight. The Dean had the Prince on
+    his right, and Lord Salisbury on his left. My place was almost
+    _vis-a-vis_ with the Prince. He and the Dean were the
+    only speakers. We did not get out of Hall till nearly ten.
+
+In June he bought a "Whiteley Exerciser," and fixed it up in his
+rooms. One would have thought that he would have found his long walks
+sufficient exercise (an eighteen-mile round was, as we have seen, no
+unusual thing for him to undertake), but apparently it was not so. He
+was so pleased with the "Exerciser," that he bought several more of
+them, and made presents of them to his friends.
+
+As an instance of his broad-mindedness, the following extract from his
+Diary for June 20th is interesting. It must be premised that E--was a
+young friend of his who had recently become a member of the Roman
+Catholic Church, and that their place of worship in Oxford is
+dedicated to S. Aloysius.
+
+    I went with E-- to S. Aloysius. There was much beauty in the
+    service, part of which consisted in a procession, with
+    banner, all round the church, carrying the Host, preceded by
+    a number of girls in white, with veils (who had all had
+    their first communion that morning), strewing flowers. Many
+    of them were quite little things of about seven. The sermon
+    (by Father Richardson) was good and interesting, and in a
+    very loyal tone about the Queen.
+
+A letter he wrote some years before to a friend who had asked him
+about his religious opinions reveals the same catholicity of mind:--
+
+    I am a member of the English Church, and have taken Deacon's
+    Orders, but did not think fit (for reasons I need not go
+    into) to take Priest's Orders. My dear father was what is
+    called a "High Churchman," and I naturally adopted those
+    views, but have always felt repelled by the yet higher
+    development called "Ritualism."
+
+    But I doubt if I am fully a "High Churchman" now. I find
+    that as life slips away (I am over fifty now), and the life
+    on the other side of the great river becomes more and more
+    the reality, of which _this_ is only a shadow, that the
+    petty distinctions of the many creeds of Christendom tend to
+    slip away as well--leaving only the great truths which all
+    Christians believe alike. More and more, as I read of the
+    Christian religion, as Christ preached it, I stand amazed at
+    the forms men have given to it, and the fictitious barriers
+    they have built up between themselves and their brethren. I
+    believe that when you and I come to lie down for the last
+    time, if only we can keep firm hold of the great truths
+    Christ taught us--our own utter worthlessness and His
+    infinite worth; and that He has brought us back to our one
+    Father, and made us His brethren, and so brethren to one
+    another--we shall have all we need to guide us through the
+    shadows.
+
+    Most assuredly I accept to the full the doctrines you refer
+    to--that Christ died to save us, that we have no other way
+    of salvation open to us but through His death, and that it
+    is by faith in Him, and through no merit of ours, that we
+    are reconciled to God; and most assuredly I can cordially
+    say, "I owe all to Him who loved me, and died on the Cross
+    of Calvary."
+
+He spent the Long Vacation at Eastbourne as usual, frequently walking
+over to Hastings, which is about twenty miles off. A good many of his
+mornings were spent in giving lectures and telling stories at schools.
+
+A letter to the widow of an old college friend reveals the
+extraordinary sensitiveness of his nature:--
+
+    2, Bedford Well Road, Eastbourne,
+
+    _August_ 2, 1897.
+
+    My Dear Mrs. Woodhouse,--Your letter, with its mournful
+    news, followed me down here, and I only got it on Saturday
+    night; so I was not able to be with you in thought when the
+    mortal remains of my dear old friend were being committed to
+    the ground; to await the time when our Heavenly Father shall
+    have accomplished the number of His elect, and when you and
+    I shall once more meet the loved ones from whom we are, for
+    a little while only--what a little while even a long human
+    life lasts!--parted in sorrow, yet _not_ sorrowing as
+    those without hope.
+
+    You will be sure without words of mine, that you have my
+    true and deep sympathy. Of all the friends I made at Ch.
+    Ch., your husband was the very _first_ who spoke to
+    me--across the dinner-table in Hall. That is forty-six years
+    ago, but I remember, as if it were only yesterday, the
+    kindly smile with which he spoke....
+
+September 27th and 28th are marked in his Diary "with a white
+stone":--
+
+    _Sept. 27th.--Dies notandus._ Discovered rule for
+    dividing a number by 9, by mere addition and subtraction. I
+    felt sure there must be an analogous one for 11, and found
+    it, and proved first rule by algebra, after working about
+    nine hours!
+
+    _Sept. 28th.--Dies creta notandus._ I have actually
+    _superseded_ the rules discovered yesterday! My new
+    rules require to ascertain the 9-remainder, and the
+    11-remainder, which the others did _not_ require; but
+    the new ones are much the quickest. I shall send them to
+    _The Educational Times_, with date of discovery.
+
+On November 4th he wrote:--
+
+    Completed a rule for dividing a given number by any divisor
+    that is within 10 of a power of 10, either way. The
+    _principle_ of it is not my discovery, but was sent me
+    by Bertram Collingwood--a rule for dividing by a divisor
+    which is within 10 of a power of 10, _below_ it.
+
+My readers will not be surprised to learn that only eight days after
+this he had superseded his rule:--
+
+    An inventive morning! After waking, and before I had
+    finished dressing, I had devised a new and much neater form
+    in which to work my Rules for Long Division, and also
+    decided to bring out my "Games and Puzzles," and Part iii.
+    of "Curiosa Mathematica," in _Numbers_, in paper covers,
+    paged consecutively, to be ultimately issued in boards.
+
+On November 20th he spent the day in London, with the object of seeing
+"The Little Minister" at the Haymarket. "A beautiful play, beautifully
+acted," he calls it, and says that he should like to see it "again and
+again." He especially admired the acting of Mrs. Cyril Maude (Miss
+Winifred Emery) as Lady Babbie. This was the last theatrical
+performance he ever witnessed.
+
+He apparently kept rough notes for his Diary, and only wrote it up
+every few weeks, as there are no entries at all for 1898, nor even for
+the last week of 1897. The concluding page runs as follows:--
+
+    _Dec. (W.) 10 a.m._--I am in my large room, with no fire,
+    and open window--temperature 54 degrees.
+
+    _Dec. 17 (F.)._--Maggie [one of his sisters], and our nieces
+    Nella and Violet, came to dinner.
+
+    _Dec. 19 (Sun.)._--Sat up last night till 4 a.m., over a
+    tempting problem, sent me from New York, "to find 3 equal
+    rational-sided rt.-angled _triangles_." I found _two_,
+    whose sides are 20, 21, 29; 12, 35, 37; but could not find
+    _three_.
+
+    _Dec. 23(Th.)._--I start for Guildford by the 2.7 today.
+
+As my story of Lewis Carroll's life draws near its end, I have
+received some "Stray Reminiscences" from Sir George Baden-Powell,
+M.P., which, as they refer to several different periods of time, are
+as appropriate here as in any other part of the book. The Rev. E.H.
+Dodgson, referred to in these reminiscences, is a younger brother of
+Lewis Carroll's; he spent several years of his life upon the remote
+island of Tristan d'Acunha, where there were only about seventy or
+eighty inhabitants besides himself. About once a year a ship used to
+call, when the island-folk would exchange their cattle for cloth,
+corn, tea, &c., which they could not produce themselves. The island is
+volcanic in origin, and is exposed to the most terrific gales; the
+building used as a church stood at some distance from Mr. Dodgson's
+dwelling, and on one occasion the wind was so strong that he had to
+crawl on his hands and knees for the whole distance that separated
+the two buildings.
+
+    My first introduction (writes Sir George Baden-Powell) to
+    the author of "Through the Looking-Glass" was about the year
+    1870 or 1871, and under appropriate conditions! I was then
+    coaching at Oxford with the well-known Rev. E. Hatch, and
+    was on friendly terms with his bright and pretty children.
+    Entering his house one day, and facing the dining-room, I
+    heard mysterious noises under the table, and saw the cloth
+    move as if some one were hiding. Children's legs revealed it
+    as no burglar, and there was nothing for it but to crawl
+    upon them, roaring as a lion. Bursting in upon them in their
+    strong-hold under the table, I was met by the staid but
+    amused gaze of a reverend gentleman. Frequently afterwards
+    did I see and hear "Lewis Carroll" entertaining the
+    youngsters in his inimitable way.
+
+    We became friends, and greatly did I enjoy intercourse with
+    him over various minor Oxford matters. In later years, at one
+    time I saw much of him, in quite another _role_--namely
+    that of ardent sympathy with the, as he thought, ill-treated
+    and deserted islanders of Tristan d'Acunha. His brother, it
+    will be remembered, had voluntarily been left at that island
+    with a view to ministering to the spiritual and educational
+    needs of the few settlers, and sent home such graphic
+    accounts and urgent demands for aid, that "Lewis Carroll"
+    spared no pains to organise assistance and relief. At his
+    instance I brought the matter before Government and the
+    House of Commons, and from that day to this frequent
+    communication has been held with the islanders, and material
+    assistance has been rendered them--thanks to the warm heart
+    of "Lewis Carroll."
+
+On December 23, 1897, as the note in his Diary states, he went down,
+in accordance with his usual custom, to Guildford, to spend Christmas
+with his sisters at the Chestnuts. He seemed to be in his ordinary
+health, and in the best of spirits, and there was nothing to show that
+the end was so near.
+
+[Illustration: The Chestnuts, Guildford. _From a
+photograph._]
+
+At Guildford he was hard at work upon the second part of his "Symbolic
+Logic," spending most of the day over this task. This book, alas! he
+was not destined to finish, which is the more to be regretted as it
+will be exceedingly difficult for any one else to take up the thread
+of the argument, even if any one could be found willing to give the
+great amount of time and trouble which would be needed.
+
+On January 5th my father, the Rev. C.S. Collingwood, Rector of
+Southwick, near Sunderland, died after a very short illness. The
+telegram which brought Mr. Dodgson the news of this contained the
+request that he would come at once. He determined to travel north the
+next day--but it was not to be so. An attack of influenza, which began
+only with slight hoarseness, yet enough to prevent him from following
+his usual habit of reading family prayers, was pronounced next morning
+to be sufficiently serious to forbid his undertaking a journey. At
+first his illness seemed a trifle, but before a week had passed
+bronchial symptoms had developed, and Dr. Gabb, the family physician,
+ordered him to keep his bed. His breathing rapidly became hard and
+laborious, and he had to be propped up with pillows. A few days before
+his death he asked one of his sisters to read him that well-known
+hymn, every verse of which ends with 'Thy Will be done.' To another he
+said that his illness was a great trial of his patience. How great a
+trial it must have been it is hard for us to understand. With the work
+he had set himself still uncompleted, with a sense of youth and
+joyousness, which sixty years of the battle of life had in no way
+dulled, Lewis Carroll had to face death. He seemed to know that the
+struggle was over. "Take away those pillows," he said on the 13th, "I
+shall need them no more." The end came about half-past two on the
+afternoon of the 14th. One of his sisters was in the room at the time,
+and she only noticed that the hard breathing suddenly ceased. The
+nurse, whom she summoned, at first hoped that this was a sign that he
+had taken a turn for the better. And so, indeed, he had--he had passed
+from a world of incompleteness and disappointment, to another where
+God is putting his beautiful soul to nobler and grander work than was
+possible for him here, where he is learning to comprehend those
+difficulties which used to puzzle him so much, and where that infinite
+Love, which he mirrored so wonderfully in his own life, is being
+revealed to him "face to face."
+
+In accordance with his expressed wish, the funeral was simple in the
+extreme--flowers, and flowers only, adorned the plain coffin. There
+was no hearse to drag it up the steep incline that leads to the
+beautiful cemetery where he lies. The service was taken by Dean Paget
+and Canon Grant, Rector of Holy Trinity and S. Mary's, Guildford. The
+mourners who followed him in the quiet procession were few--but the
+mourners who were not there, and many of whom had never seen him--who
+shall tell _their_ number?
+
+After the grave had been filled up, the wreaths which had covered the
+coffin were placed upon it. Many were from "child-friends" and bore
+such inscriptions as "From two of his child-friends"--"To the sweetest
+soul that ever looked with human eyes," &c. Then the mourners left him
+alone there--up on the pleasant downs where he had so often walked.
+
+A marble cross, under the shadow of a pine, marks the spot, and
+beneath his own name they have engraved the name of "Lewis Carroll,"
+that the children who pass by may remember their friend, who is
+now--himself a child in all that makes childhood most attractive--in
+that "Wonderland" which outstrips all our dreams and hopes.
+
+I cannot forbear quoting from Professor Sanday's sermon at Christ
+Church on the Sunday after his death:--
+
+    The world will think of Lewis Carroll as one who opened out
+    a new vein in literature, a new and a delightful vein, which
+    added at once mirth and refinement to life.... May we not
+    say that from our courts at Christ Church there has flowed
+    into the literature of our time a rill, bright and
+    sparkling, health-giving and purifying, wherever its waters
+    extend?
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Carroll's grave. _From a photograph._]
+
+On the following Sunday Dean Paget, in the course of a sermon on the
+"Virtue of Simplicity," said:--
+
+    We may differ, according to our difference of taste or
+    temperament, in appraising Charles Dodgson's genius; but
+    that that great gift was his, that his best work ranks with
+    the very best of its kind, this has been owned with a
+    recognition too wide and spontaneous to leave room for
+    doubt. The brilliant, venturesome imagination, defying
+    forecast with ever-fresh surprise; the sense of humour in
+    its finest and most naive form; the power to touch with
+    lightest hand the undercurrent of pathos in the midst of
+    fun; the audacity of creative fancy, and the delicacy of
+    insight--these are rare gifts; and surely they were his.
+    Yes, but it was his simplicity of mind and heart that raised
+    them all, not only in his work but in his life, in all his
+    ways, in the man as we knew him, to something higher than
+    any mere enumeration of them tells: that almost curious
+    simplicity, at times, that real and touching child-likeness
+    that marked him in all fields of thought, appearing in his
+    love of children and in their love of him, in his dread of
+    giving pain to any living creature, in a certain
+    disproportion, now and then, of the view he took of
+    things--yes, and also in that deepest life, where the pure
+    in heart and those who become as little children see the
+    very truth and walk in the fear and love of God.
+
+Some extracts from the numerous sympathetic letters received by Mr.
+Dodgson's brothers and sisters will show how greatly his loss was
+felt. Thus Canon Jelf writes:--
+
+    It was quite a shock to me to see in the paper to-day the
+    death of your dear, good brother, to whom we owe so much of
+    the brightening of our lives with pure, innocent fun.
+    Personally I feel his loss very much indeed. We were
+    together in old Ch. Ch. days from 1852 onwards; and he was
+    always such a loyal, faithful friend to me. I rejoice to
+    think of the _serious_ talks we had together--of the grand,
+    brave way in which he used the opportunities he had as a man
+    of humour, to reach the consciences of a host of readers--of
+    his love for children--his simplicity of heart--of his care
+    for servants--his spiritual care for them. Who can doubt
+    that he was fully prepared for a change however sudden--for
+    the one clear call which took him away from us? Yet the
+    world seems darker for his going; we can only get back our
+    brightness by realising Who gave him all his talent, all his
+    mirth of heart--the One who never leaves us. In deep
+    sympathy,
+
+    Yours very sincerely,
+
+    George E. Jelf.
+
+    P.S.--When you have time tell me a little about him; he was
+    so dear to me.
+
+Mr. Frederic Harrison writes as follows:--
+
+    The occasional visits that I received from your late brother
+    showed me a side of his nature which to my mind was more
+    interesting and more worthy of remembrance even than his
+    wonderful and delightful humour--I mean his intense sympathy
+    with all who suffer and are in need.
+
+    He came to see me several times on sundry errands of mercy,
+    and it has been a lesson to me through life to remember his
+    zeal to help others in difficulty, his boundless generosity,
+    and his inexhaustible patience with folly and error.
+
+    My young daughter, like all young people in civilised
+    countries, was brought up on his beautiful fancies and
+    humours. But for my part I remember him mainly as a sort of
+    missionary to all in need. We all alike grieve, and offer
+    you our heartfelt sympathy.
+
+    I am, faithfully yours,
+
+    Frederic Harrison.
+
+His old friend and tutor. Dr. Price, writes:--
+
+    ... I feel his removal from among us as the loss of an old
+    and dear friend and pupil, to whom I have been most warmly
+    attached ever since he was with me at Whitby, reading
+    mathematics, in, I think, 1853--44 years ago! And 44 years
+    of uninterrupted friendship .... I was pleased to read
+    yesterday in _The Times_ newspaper the kindly obituary
+    notice: perfectly just and true; appreciative, as it should
+    be, as to the unusual combination of deep mathematical
+    ability and taste with the genius that led to the writing of
+    "Alice's Adventures."
+
+    Only the other day [writes a lady friend] he wrote to me
+    about his admiration for my dear husband, and he ended his
+    letter thus: "I trust that when _my_ time comes, I may be
+    found, like him, working to the last, and ready for the
+    Master's call"--and truly so he was.
+
+A friend at Oxford writes:--
+
+    Mr. Dodgson was ever the kindest and gentlest of friends,
+    bringing sunshine into the house with him. We shall mourn
+    his loss deeply, and my two girls are quite overcome with
+    grief. All day memories of countless acts of kindness shown
+    to me, and to people I have known, have crowded my mind, and
+    I feel it almost impossible to realise that he has passed
+    beyond the reach of our gratitude and affection.
+
+The following are extracts from letters written by some of his
+"child-friends," now grown up:--
+
+    How beautiful to think of the track of light and love he has
+    left behind him, and the amount of happiness he brought into
+    the lives of all those he came in contact with! I shall
+    never forget all his kindness to us, from the time he first
+    met us as little mites in the railway train, and one feels
+    glad to have had the privilege of knowing him.
+
+One of Mr. Dodgson's oldest "child-friends" writes:--
+
+    He was to me a dear and true friend, and it has been my
+    great privilege to see a good deal of him ever since I was a
+    tiny child, and especially during the last two years. I
+    cannot tell you how much we shall miss him here. Ch. Ch.
+    without Mr. Dodgson will be a strange place, and it is
+    difficult to realise it even while we listen to the special
+    solemn anthems and hymns to his memory in our cathedral.
+
+One who had visited him at Guildford, writes:--
+
+    It must be quite sixteen years now since he first made
+    friends with my sister and myself as children on the beach
+    at Eastbourne, and since then his friendship has been and
+    must always be one of my most valued possessions. It
+    culminated, I think, in the summer of 1892--the year when he
+    brought me to spend a very happy Sunday at Guildford. I had
+    not seen him before, that year, for some time; and it was
+    then, I think, that the childish delight in his kindness,
+    and pride in his friendship, changed into higher love and
+    reverence, when in our long walks over the downs I saw more
+    and more into the great tenderness and gentleness of his
+    nature.
+
+Shortly after Mr. Dodgson's death, his "Three Sunsets" was published
+by Messrs. Macmillan. The twelve "Fairy Fancies," which illustrate it,
+were drawn by Miss E. G. Thomson. Though they are entirely unconnected
+with the text, they are so thoroughly in accordance with the author's
+delicate refinement, and so beautiful in themselves, that they do not
+strike one as inappropriate.
+
+Some of the verses are strangely in keeping with the time at which
+they are published.
+
+        I could not see, for blinding tears,
+          The glories of the west:
+        A heavenly music filled my ears,
+          A heavenly peace my breast.
+        "Come unto me, come unto me--
+        All ye that labour, unto me--
+        Ye heavy-laden, come to me--
+          And I will give you rest."
+
+One cannot read this little volume without feeling that the shadow of
+some disappointment lay over Lewis Carroll's life. Such I believe to
+have been the case, and it was this that gave him his wonderful
+sympathy with all who suffered. But those who loved him would not wish
+to lift the veil from these dead sanctities, nor would any purpose be
+served by so doing. The proper use of sympathy is not to weep over
+sorrows that are over, and whose very memory is perhaps obliterated
+for him in the first joy of possessing new and higher faculties.
+
+Before leaving the subject of this book, I should like to draw
+attention to a few lines on "woman's mission," lines full of the
+noblest chivalry, reminding one of Tennyson's "Idylls of the King":--
+
+          In the darkest path of man's despair,
+        Where War and Terror shake the troubled earth,
+        Lies woman's mission; with unblenching brow
+        To pass through scenes of horror and affright
+        Where men grow sick and tremble: unto her
+        All things are sanctified, for all are good.
+        Nothing so mean, but shall deserve her care:
+        Nothing so great, but she may bear her part.
+        No life is vain: each hath his place assigned:
+        Do thou thy task, and leave the rest to God.
+
+Of the unpublished works which Mr. Dodgson left behind him, I may
+mention "Original Games and Puzzles"; "Symbolic Logic, Part ii.," and
+a portion of a mathematical book, the proofs of which are now in the
+hands of the Controller of the Oxford University Press.
+
+I will conclude this chapter with a poem which
+appeared in _Punch_ for January 29th, a fortnight
+after Lewis Carroll's death. It expresses, with
+all the grace and insight of the true poet, what
+I have tried, so feebly and ineffectually, to
+say:--
+
+                LEWIS CARROLL.
+
+    _Born_ 1832. _Died January_ 14, 1898.
+
+        Lover of children! Fellow-heir with those
+          Of whom the imperishable kingdom is!
+        Beyond all dreaming now your spirit knows
+          The unimagined mysteries.
+
+        Darkly as in a glass our faces look
+          To read ourselves, if so we may, aright;
+        You, like the maiden in your faerie book--
+          You step behind and see the light!
+
+        The heart you wore beneath your pedant's cloak
+          Only to children's hearts you gave away;
+        Yet unaware in half the world you woke
+          The slumbering charm of childhood's day.
+
+        We older children, too, our loss lament,
+          We of the "Table Round," remembering well
+        How he, our comrade, with his pencil lent
+          Your fancy's speech a firmer spell.
+
+        Master of rare woodcraft, by sympathy's
+          Sure touch he caught your visionary gleams,
+        And made your fame, the dreamer's, one with his.
+          The wise interpreter of dreams.
+
+        Farewell!  But near our hearts we have you yet,
+          Holding our heritage with loving hand,
+        Who may not follow where your feet are set
+          Upon the ways of Wonderland.[025]
+
+[Illustration: Lorina and Alice Liddell. _From a photograph
+by Lewis Carroll._]
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+CHILD FRIENDS
+
+    Mr. Dodgson's fondness for children--Miss Isabel
+    Standen--Puzzles--"Me and Myself"--A double
+    acrostic--"Father William"--Of drinking healths--Kisses by
+    post--Tired in the face--The unripe
+    plum--Eccentricities--"Sylvie and Bruno"--"Mr. Dodgson is
+    going on _well_."
+
+This chapter, and the next will deal with Mr. Dodgson's friendships
+with children. It would have been impossible to arrange them in
+chronological sequence in the earlier part of this book, and the fact
+that they exhibit a very important and distinct side of his nature
+seems to justify me in assigning them a special and individual
+position.
+
+For the contents of these two chapters, both my readers and myself owe
+a debt of gratitude to those child-friends of his, without whose
+ever-ready help this book could never have been written.
+
+From very early college days began to emerge that beautiful side of
+Lewis Carroll's character which afterwards was to be, next to his fame
+as an author, the one for which he was best known--his attitude
+towards children, and the strong attraction they had for him. I shall
+attempt to point out the various influences which led him in this
+direction; but if I were asked for one comprehensive word wide
+enough to explain this tendency of his nature, I would answer
+unhesitatingly--Love. My readers will remember a beautiful verse in
+"Sylvie and Bruno"; trite though it is, I cannot forbear to quote it--
+
+    Say, whose is the skill that paints valley and hill,
+      Like a picture so fair to the sight?
+    That flecks the green meadow with sunshine and shadow,
+      Till the little lambs leap with delight?
+    'Tis a secret untold to hearts cruel and cold,
+      Though 'tis sung by the angels above,
+    In notes that ring clear for the ears that can hear,
+      And the name of the secret is Love!
+
+That "secret"--an open secret for him--explains this side of his
+character. As _he_ read everything in its light, so it is only in
+its light that _we_ can properly understand _him_. I think
+that the following quotation from a letter to the Rev. F. H. Atkinson,
+accompanying a copy of "Alice" for his little daughter Gertrude,
+sufficiently proves the truth of what I have just stated:--
+
+    Many thanks to Mrs. Atkinson and to you for the sight of the
+    tinted photograph of your Gertrude. As you say, the picture
+    speaks for itself, and I can see exactly what sort of a
+    child she is, in proof of which I send her my love and a
+    kiss herewith. It is possible I may be the first (unseen)
+    gentleman from whom she has had so ridiculous a message; but
+    I can't say she is the first unseen child to whom I have
+    sent one! I think the most precious message of the kind I
+    ever got from a child I never saw (and never shall see in
+    this world) was to the effect that she liked me when she
+    read about Alice, "but please tell him, whenever I read that
+    Easter letter he sent me I _do_ love him!" She was in a
+    hospital, and a lady friend who visited there had asked me
+    to send the letter to her and some other sick children.
+
+And now as to the secondary causes which attracted him to children.
+First, I think children appealed to him because he was pre-eminently a
+teacher, and he saw in their unspoiled minds the best material for him
+to work upon. In later years one of his favourite recreations was to
+lecture at schools on logic; he used to give personal attention to
+each of his pupils, and one can well imagine with what eager
+anticipation the children would have looked forward to the visits of a
+schoolmaster who knew how to make even the dullest subjects
+interesting and amusing.
+
+Again, children appealed to his aesthetic faculties, for he was a keen
+admirer of the beautiful in every form. Poetry, music, the drama, all
+delighted him, but pictures more than all put together. I remember his
+once showing me "The Lady with the Lilacs," which Arthur Hughes had
+painted for him, and how he dwelt with intense pleasure on the
+exquisite contrasts of colour which it contained--the gold hair of a
+girl standing out against the purple of lilac-blossom. But with those
+who find in such things as these a complete satisfaction of their
+desire for the beautiful he had no sympathy; for no imperfect
+representations of life could, for him, take the place of life itself,
+life as God has made it--the babbling of the brook, the singing of the
+birds, the laughter and sweet faces of the children. And yet,
+recognising, as he did, what Mr. Pater aptly terms "the curious
+perfection of the human form," in man, as in nature, it was the soul
+that attracted him more than the body. His intense admiration, one
+might almost call it adoration, for the white innocence and
+uncontaminated spirituality of childhood emerges most clearly in
+"Sylvie and Bruno." He says very little of the personal beauty of his
+heroine; he might have asked, with Mr. Francis Thompson--
+
+        How can I tell what beauty is her dole,
+        Who cannot see her countenance for her soul?
+
+So entirely occupied is he with her gentleness, her pity, her
+sincerity, and her love.
+
+Again, the reality of children appealed strongly to the simplicity and
+genuineness of his own nature. I believe that he understood children
+even better than he understood men and women; civilisation has made
+adult humanity very incomprehensible, for convention is as a veil
+which hides the divine spark that is in each of us, and so this
+strange thing has come to be, that the imperfect mirrors perfection
+more completely than the perfected, that we see more of God in the
+child than in the man.
+
+And in those moments of depression of which he had his full share,
+when old age seemed to mock him with all its futility and feebleness,
+it was the thought that the children still loved him which nerved him
+again to continue his life-work, which renewed his youth, so that to
+his friends he never seemed an old man. Even the hand of death itself
+only made his face look more boyish--the word is not too strong. "How
+wonderfully young your brother looks!" were the first words the doctor
+said, as he returned from the room where Lewis Carroll's body lay, to
+speak to the mourners below. And so he loved children because their
+friendship was the true source of his perennial youth and unflagging
+vigour. This idea is expressed in the following poem--an acrostic,
+which he wrote for a friend some twenty years ago:--
+
+        Around my lonely hearth, to-night,
+          Ghostlike the shadows wander:
+        Now here, now there, a childish sprite,
+        Earthborn and yet as angel bright,
+          Seems near me as I ponder.
+
+        Gaily she shouts: the laughing air
+          Echoes her note of gladness--
+        Or bends herself with earnest care
+        Round fairy-fortress to prepare
+        Grim battlement or turret-stair--
+          In childhood's merry madness!
+
+        New raptures still hath youth in store:
+          Age may but fondly cherish
+        Half-faded memories of yore--
+        Up, craven heart! repine no more!
+        Love stretches hands from shore to shore:
+          Love is, and shall not perish!
+
+His first child-friend, so far as I know, was Miss Alice Liddell, the
+little companion whose innocent talk was one of the chief pleasures of
+his early life at Oxford, and to whom he told the tale that was to
+make him famous. In December, 1885, Miss M.E. Manners presented him
+with a little volume, of which she was the authoress, "Aunt Agatha Ann
+and Other Verses," and which contained a poem (which I quoted in
+Chapter VI.), about "Alice." Writing to acknowledge this gift, Lewis
+Carroll said:--
+
+    Permit me to offer you my sincere thanks for the very sweet
+    verses you have written about my dream-child (named after a
+    real Alice, but none the less a dream-child) and her
+    Wonderland. That children love the book is a very precious
+    thought to me, and, next to their love, I value the sympathy
+    of those who come with a child's heart to what I have tried
+    to write about a child's thoughts. Next to what conversing
+    with an angel _might_ be--for it is hard to imagine
+    it--comes, I think, the privilege of having a real child's
+    thoughts uttered to one. I have known some few _real_
+    children (you have too, I am sure), and their friendship is
+    a blessing and a help in life.
+
+[Illustration: Alice Liddell. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll._]
+
+It is interesting to note how in "Sylvie and Bruno" his idea of the
+thoughts of a child has become deeper and more spiritual. Yet in the
+earlier tale, told "all in a golden afternoon," to the plash of oars
+and the swish of a boat through the waters of Cherwell or Thames, the
+ideal child is strangely beautiful; she has all Sylvie's genuineness
+and honesty, all her keen appreciation of the interest of life; only
+there lacks that mysterious charm of deep insight into the hidden
+forces of nature, the gentle power that makes the sky "such a darling
+blue," which almost links Sylvie with the angels.
+
+Another of Lewis Carroll's early favourites was Miss Alexandra (Xie)
+Kitchin, daughter of the Dean of Durham. Her father was for fifteen
+years the Censor of the unattached members of the University of
+Oxford, so that Mr. Dodgson had plenty of opportunities of
+photographing his little friend, and it is only fair to him to say
+that he did not neglect them.
+
+It would be futile to attempt even a bare list of the children whom he
+loved, and who loved him; during forty years of his life he was
+constantly adding to their number. Some remained friends for life, but
+in a large proportion of cases the friendship ended with the end of
+childhood. To one of those few, whose affection for him had not waned
+with increasing years, he wrote:--
+
+    I always feel specially grateful to friends who, like you,
+    have given me a child-friendship and a woman-friendship.
+    About nine out of ten, I think, of my child-friendships get
+    ship-wrecked at the critical point, "where the stream and
+    river meet," and the child-friends, once so affectionate,
+    become uninteresting acquaintances, whom I have no wish to
+    set eyes on again.
+
+[Illustration: Xie Kitchin. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll._]
+
+These friendships usually began all very much in the same way. A
+chance meeting on the sea-shore, in the street, at some friend's
+house, led to conversation; then followed a call on the parents, and
+after that all sorts of kindnesses on Lewis Carroll's part, presents
+of books, invitations to stay with him at Oxford, or at Eastbourne,
+visits with him to the theatre. For the amusement of his little guests
+he kept a large assortment of musical-boxes, and an organette which
+had to be fed with paper tunes. On one occasion he ordered about
+twelve dozen of these tunes "on approval," and asked one of the other
+dons, who was considered a judge of music, to come in and hear them
+played over. In addition to these attractions there were clock-work
+bears, mice, and frogs, and games and puzzles in infinite variety.
+
+One of his little friends, Miss Isabel Standen, has sent me the
+following account of her first meeting with him:--
+
+    We met for the first time in the Forbury Gardens, Reading.
+    He was, I believe, waiting for a train. I was playing with
+    my brothers and sisters in the Gardens. I remember his
+    taking me on his knee and showing me puzzles, one of which
+    he refers to in the letter (given below. This puzzle was, by
+    the way, a great favourite of his; the problem is to draw
+    three interlaced squares without going over the same lines
+    twice, or taking the pen off the paper), which is so
+    thoroughly characteristic of him in its quaint humour:--
+
+
+        "The Chestnuts, Guildford,
+
+        _August _22, 1869.
+
+        My Dear Isabel,--Though I have only been acquainted
+        with you for fifteen minutes, yet, as there is no one
+        else in Reading I have known so long, I hope you will
+        not mind my troubling you. Before I met you in the
+        Gardens yesterday I bought some old books at a shop in
+        Reading, which I left to be called for, and had not
+        time to go back for them. I didn't even remark the name
+        of the shop, but I can tell _where_ it was, and if
+        you know the name of the woman who keeps the shop, and
+        would put it into the blank I have left in this note,
+        and direct it to her I should be much obliged ... A
+        friend of mine, called Mr. Lewis Carroll, tells me he
+        means to send you a book. He is a _very_ dear
+        friend of mine. I have known him all my life (we are
+        the same age) and have _never_ left him. Of course
+        he was with me in the Gardens, not a yard off--even
+        while I was drawing those puzzles for you. I wonder if
+        you saw him?
+
+        Your fifteen-minute friend,
+
+        C.L. Dodgson.
+
+        Have you succeeded in drawing the three squares?"
+
+
+Another favourite puzzle was the following--I give it in his own
+words:--
+
+    A is to draw a fictitious map divided into counties.
+
+    B is to colour it (or rather mark the counties with
+    _names_ of colours) using as few colours as possible.
+
+    Two adjacent counties must have _different_ colours.
+
+    A's object is to force B to use as _many_ colours as
+    possible.
+
+    How many can he force B to use?
+
+One of his most amusing letters was to a little girl called Magdalen,
+to whom he had given a copy of his "Hunting of the Snark":--
+
+    Christ Church, _December_ 15, 1875.
+
+    My dear Magdalen,--I want to explain to you why I did not
+    call yesterday. I was sorry to miss you, but you see I had
+    so many conversations on the way. I tried to explain to the
+    people in the street that I was going to see you, but they
+    wouldn't listen; they said they were in a hurry, which was
+    rude. At last I met a wheelbarrow that I thought would
+    attend to me, but I couldn't make out what was in it. I saw
+    some features at first, then I looked through a telescope,
+    and found it was a countenance; then I looked through a
+    microscope, and found it was a face! I thought it was father
+    like me, so I fetched a large looking-glass to make sure,
+    and then to my great joy I found it was me. We shook hands,
+    and were just beginning to talk, when myself came up and
+    joined us, and we had quite a pleasant conversation. I said,
+    "Do you remember when we all met at Sandown?" and myself
+    said, "It was very jolly there; there was a child called
+    Magdalen," and me said, "I used to like her a little; not
+    much, you know--only a little." Then it was time for us to
+    go to the train, and who do you think came to the station to
+    see us off? You would never guess, so I must tell you. They
+    were two very dear friends of mine, who happen to be here
+    just now, and beg to be allowed to sign this letter as your
+    affectionate friends,
+
+    Lewis Carroll and C.L. Dodgson.
+
+Another child-friend, Miss F. Bremer, writes as follows:--
+
+    Our acquaintance began in a somewhat singular manner. We
+    were playing on the Fort at Margate, and a gentleman on a
+    seat near asked us if we could make a paper boat, with a
+    seat at each end, and a basket in the middle for fish! We
+    were, of course, enchanted with the idea, and our new
+    friend--after achieving the feat--gave us his card, which we
+    at once carried to our mother. He asked if he might call
+    where we were staying, and then presented my elder sister
+    with a copy of "Alice in Wonderland," inscribed "From the
+    Author." He kindly organised many little excursions for
+    us--chiefly in the pursuit of knowledge. One memorable visit
+    to a light house is still fresh in our memories.
+
+It was while calling one day upon Mrs. Bremer that he scribbled off
+the following double acrostic on the names of her two daughters--
+
+        DOUBLE ACROSTIC--FIVE LETTERS.
+
+        Two little girls near London dwell,
+        More naughty than I like to tell.
+
+                         1.
+        Upon the lawn the hoops are seen:
+        The balls are rolling on the green.       T  ur  F
+
+                         2.
+        The Thames is running deep and wide:
+        And boats are rowing on the tide.         R ive  R
+
+                         3.
+        In winter-time, all in a row,
+        The happy skaters come and go.            I  c   E
+
+                         4.
+        "Papa!" they cry, "Do let us stay!"
+        He does not speak, but says they may.     N   o  D
+
+                         5.
+        "There is a land," he says, "my dear,
+        Which is too hot to skate, I fear."       A fric A
+
+At Margate also he met Miss Adelaide Paine, who afterwards became one
+of his greatest favourites. He could not bear to see the healthy
+pleasures of childhood spoiled by conventional restraint. "One piece
+of advice given to my parents," writes Miss Paine, "gave me very great
+glee, and that was not to make little girls wear gloves at the
+seaside; they took the advice, and I enjoyed the result."
+_Apropos_ of this I may mention that, when staying at Eastbourne,
+he never went down to the beach without providing himself with a
+supply of safety-pins. Then if he saw any little girl who wanted to
+wade in the sea, but was afraid of spoiling her frock, he would
+gravely go up to her and present her with a safety-pin, so that she
+might fasten up her skirts out of harm's way.
+
+Tight boots were a great aversion of his, especially for children. One
+little girl who was staying with him at Eastbourne had occasion to buy
+a new pair of boots. Lewis Carroll gave instructions to the bootmaker
+as to how they were to be made, so as to be thoroughly comfortable,
+with the result that when they came home they were more useful than
+ornamental, being very nearly as broad as they were long! Which shows
+that even hygienic principles may be pushed too far.
+
+The first meeting with Miss Paine took place in 1876. When Lewis
+Carroll returned to Christ Church he sent her a copy of "The Hunting
+of the Snark," with the following acrostic written in the fly-leaf:--
+
+    'A re you deaf, Father William?' the young man said,
+    'D id you hear what I told you just now?
+     E xcuse me for shouting! Don't waggle your head
+     L ike a blundering, sleepy old cow!
+     A little maid dwelling in Wallington Town,
+     I s my friend, so I beg to remark:
+     D o you think she'd be pleased if a book were sent down
+     E ntitled "The Hunt of the Snark?"'
+
+    'P ack it up in brown paper!' the old man cried,
+    'A nd seal it with olive-and-dove.
+     I command you to do it!' he added with pride,
+    'N or forget, my good fellow, to send her beside
+     E aster Greetings, and give her my love.'
+
+This was followed by a letter, dated June 7, 1876:--
+
+    My dear Adelaide,--Did you try if the letters at the
+    beginnings of the lines about Father William would spell
+    anything? Sometimes it happens that you can spell out words
+    that way, which is very curious.
+
+    I wish you could have heard him when he shouted out "Pack it
+    up in brown paper!" It quite shook the house. And he threw
+    one of his shoes at his son's head (just to make him attend,
+    you know), but it missed him.
+
+    He was glad to hear you had got the book safe, but his eyes
+    filled with tears as he said, "I sent _her_ my love,
+    but she never--" he couldn't say any more, his mouth was so
+    full of bones (he was just finishing a roast goose).
+
+Another letter to Miss Paine is very characteristic of his quaint humour:--
+
+    Christ Church, Oxford, _March_ 8, 1880.
+
+    My dear Ada,--(Isn't that your short name? "Adelaide" is all
+    very well, but you see when one's _dreadfully_ busy one
+    hasn't time to write such long words--particularly when it
+    takes one half an hour to remember how to spell it--and even
+    then one has to go and get a dictionary to see if one has
+    spelt it right, and of course the dictionary is in another
+    room, at the top of a high bookcase--where it has been for
+    months and months, and has got all covered with dust--so
+    one has to get a duster first of all, and nearly choke
+    oneself in dusting it--and when one _has_ made out at
+    last which is dictionary and which is dust, even _then_
+    there's the job of remembering which end of the alphabet "A"
+    comes--for one feels pretty certain it isn't in the
+    _middle_--then one has to go and wash one's hands
+    before turning over the leaves--for they've got so thick
+    with dust one hardly knows them by sight--and, as likely as
+    not, the soap is lost, and the jug is empty, and there's no
+    towel, and one has to spend hours and hours in finding
+    things--and perhaps after all one has to go off to the shop
+    to buy a new cake of soap--so, with all this bother, I hope
+    you won't mind my writing it short and saying, "My dear
+    Ada"). You said in your last letter you would like a
+    likeness of me: so here it is, and I hope you will like
+    it--I won't forget to call the next time but one I'm in
+    Wallington.
+
+    Your very affectionate friend,
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+It was quite against Mr. Dodgson's usual rule to give away photographs
+of himself; he hated publicity, and the above letter was accompanied
+by another to Mrs. Paine, which ran as follows:--
+
+    I am very unwilling, usually, to give my photograph, for I
+    don't want people, who have heard of Lewis Carroll, to be
+    able to recognise him in the street--but I can't refuse Ada.
+    Will you kindly take care, if any of your ordinary
+    acquaintances (I don't speak of intimate friends) see it,
+    that they are _not_ told anything about the name of
+    "Lewis Carroll"?
+
+He even objected to having his books discussed in his presence; thus
+he writes to a friend:--
+
+    Your friend, Miss--was very kind and complimentary about my
+    books, but may I confess that I would rather have them
+    ignored? Perhaps I am too fanciful, but I have somehow taken
+    a dislike to being talked to about them; and consequently
+    have some trials to bear in society, which otherwise would
+    be no trials at all.... I don't think any of my many little
+    stage-friends have any shyness at all about being talked to
+    of their performances. _They_ thoroughly enjoy the
+    publicity that I shrink from.
+
+
+The child to whom the three following letters were addressed, Miss
+Gaynor Simpson, was one of Lewis Carroll's Guildford friends. The
+correct answer to the riddle propounded in the second letter is
+"Copal":--
+
+    _December_ 27, 1873.
+
+    My dear Gaynor,--My name is spelt with a "G," that is to say
+    "_Dodgson_." Any one who spells it the same as that
+    wretch (I mean of course the Chairman of Committees in the
+    House of Commons) offends me _deeply_, and _for
+    ever!_ It is a thing I _can_ forget, but _never
+    can forgive! _If you do it again, I shall call you
+    "'aynor." Could you live happy with such a name?
+
+    As to dancing, my dear, I _never_ dance, unless I am
+    allowed to do it _in my own peculiar way. _There is no
+    use trying to describe it: it has to be seen to be believed.
+    The last house I tried it in, the floor broke through. But
+    then it was a poor sort of floor--the beams were only six
+    inches thick, hardly worth calling beams at all: stone
+    arches are much more sensible, when any dancing, _of my
+    peculiar kind_, is to be done. Did you ever see the
+    Rhinoceros, and the Hippopotamus, at the Zooelogical Gardens,
+    trying to dance a minuet together? It is a touching sight.
+
+    Give any message from me to Amy that you think will be most
+    likely to surprise her, and, believe me,
+
+    Your affectionate friend,
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+
+    My dear Gaynor,--So you would like to know the answer to
+    that riddle? Don't be in a hurry to tell it to Amy and
+    Frances: triumph over them for a while!
+
+        My first lends its aid when you plunge into trade.
+
+    _Gain_. Who would go into trade if there were no gain
+    in it?
+
+        My second in jollifications--
+
+    _Or_ [The French for "gold"--] Your jollifications
+    would be _very_ limited if you had no money.
+
+        My whole, laid on thinnish, imparts a neat finish
+          To pictorial representations.
+
+    _Gaynor_. Because she will be an ornament to the
+    Shakespeare Charades--only she must be "laid on thinnish,"
+    that is, _there musn't be too much of her._
+
+    Yours affectionately,
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+
+    My dear Gaynor,--Forgive me for having sent you a
+    sham answer to begin with.
+
+    My first--_Sea_. It carries the ships of the merchants.
+
+    My second--_Weed_. That is, a cigar, an article much used
+    in jollifications.
+
+    My whole--_Seaweed_. Take a newly painted oil-picture;
+    lay it on its back on the floor, and spread over it, "thinnish,"
+    some wet seaweed. You will find you have "finished" that
+    picture.
+
+    Yours affectionately,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+Lewis Carroll during the last fifteen years of his life always spent
+the Long Vacation at Eastbourne; in earlier times, Sandown, a pleasant
+little seaside resort in the Isle of Wight, was his summer abode. He
+loved the sea both for its own sake and because of the number of
+children whom he met at seaside places. Here is another "first
+meeting"; this time it is at Sandown, and Miss Gertrude Chataway is
+the narrator:--
+
+    I first met Mr. Lewis Carroll on the sea-shore at Sandown in
+    the Isle of Wight, in the summer of 1875, when I was quite a
+    little child.
+
+    We had all been taken there for change of air, and next door
+    there was an old gentlemen--to me at any rate he seemed
+    old--who interested me immensely. He would come on to his
+    balcony, which joined ours, sniffing the sea-air with his
+    head thrown back, and would walk right down the steps on to
+    the beach with his chin in air, drinking in the fresh
+    breezes as if he could never have enough. I do not know why
+    this excited such keen curiosity on my part, but I remember
+    well that whenever I heard his footstep I flew out to see
+    him coming, and when one day he spoke to me my joy was
+    complete.
+
+    Thus we made friends, and in a very little while I was as
+    familiar with the interior of his lodgings as with our own.
+
+    I had the usual child's love for fairy-tales and marvels,
+    and his power of telling stories naturally fascinated me. We
+    used to sit for hours on the wooden steps which led from our
+    garden on to the beach, whilst he told the most lovely tales
+    that could possibly be imagined, often illustrating the
+    exciting situations with a pencil as he went along.
+
+    One thing that made his stories particularly charming to a
+    child was that he often took his cue from her remarks--a
+    question would set him off on quite a new trail of ideas, so
+    that one felt that one had somehow helped to make the story,
+    and it seemed a personal possession It was the most lovely
+    nonsense conceivable, and I naturally revelled in it. His
+    vivid imagination would fly from one subject to another, and
+    was never tied down in any way by the probabilities of life.
+
+    To _me_ it was of course all perfect, but it is
+    astonishing that _he_ never seemed either tired or to
+    want other society. I spoke to him once of this since I have
+    been grown up, and he told me it was the greatest pleasure
+    he could have to converse freely with a child, and feel the
+    depths of her mind.
+
+    He used to write to me and I to him after that summer, and
+    the friendship, thus begun, lasted. His letters were one of
+    the greatest joys of my childhood.
+
+    I don't think that he ever really understood that we, whom
+    he had known as children, could not always remain such. I
+    stayed with him only a few years ago, at Eastbourne, and
+    felt for the time that I was once more a child. He never
+    appeared to realise that I had grown up, except when I
+    reminded him of the fact, and then he only said, "Never
+    mind: you will always be a child to me, even when your hair
+    is grey."
+
+Some of the letters, to which Miss Chataway refers in these
+reminiscences, I am enabled, through her kindness, to give below:--
+
+    Christ Church, Oxford, _October_ 13, 1875.
+
+    My dear Gertrude,--I never give birthday _presents_,
+    but you see I _do_ sometimes write a birthday
+    _letter_: so, as I've just arrived here, I am writing
+    this to wish you many and many a happy return of your
+    birthday to-morrow. I will drink your health, if only I can
+    remember, and if you don't mind--but perhaps you object? You
+    see, if I were to sit by you at breakfast, and to drink your
+    tea, you wouldn't like _that_, would you? You would say
+    "Boo! hoo! Here's Mr. Dodgson's drunk all my tea, and I
+    haven't got any left!" So I am very much afraid, next time
+    Sybil looks for you, she'll find you sitting by the sad
+    sea-wave, and crying "Boo! hoo! Here's Mr. Dodgson has drunk
+    my health, and I haven't got any left!" And how it will
+    puzzle Dr. Maund, when he is sent for to see you! "My dear
+    Madam, I'm very sorry to say your little girl has got _no
+    health at all_! I never saw such a thing in my life!"
+    "Oh, I can easily explain it!" your mother will say. "You
+    see she would go and make friends with a strange gentleman,
+    and yesterday he drank her health!" "Well, Mrs. Chataway,"
+    he will say, "the only way to cure her is to wait till his
+    next birthday, and then for _her_ to drink _his_
+    health."
+
+    And then we shall have changed healths. I wonder how you'll
+    like mine! Oh, Gertrude, I wish you wouldn't talk such
+    nonsense!...
+
+    Your loving friend,
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+
+    Christ Church, Oxford, _Dec_. 9, 1875.
+
+    My dear Gertrude,--This really will _not_ do, you know,
+    sending one more kiss every time by post: the parcel gets so
+    heavy it is quite expensive. When the postman brought in the
+    last letter, he looked quite grave. "Two pounds to pay,
+    sir!" he said. "_Extra weight_, sir!" (I think he
+    cheats a little, by the way. He often makes me pay two
+    _pounds_, when I think it should be _pence_). "Oh,
+    if you please, Mr. Postman!" I said, going down gracefully
+    on one knee (I wish you could see me go down on one knee to
+    a postman--it's a very pretty sight), "do excuse me just
+    this once! It's only from a little girl!"
+
+    "Only from a little girl!" he growled. "What are little
+    girls made of?" "Sugar and spice," I began to say, "and all
+    that's ni--" but he interrupted me. "No! I don't mean
+    _that_. I mean, what's the good of little girls, when
+    they send such heavy letters?" "Well, they're not
+    _much_ good, certainly," I said, rather sadly.
+
+    "Mind you don't get any more such letters," he said, "at
+    least, not from that particular little girl. _I know her
+    well, and she's a regular bad one!"_ That's not true, is
+    it? I don't believe he ever saw you, and you're not a bad
+    one, are you? However, I promised him we would send each
+    other _very_ few more letters--"Only two thousand four
+    hundred and seventy, or so," I said. "Oh!" he said, "a
+    little number like _that_ doesn't signify. What I meant
+    is, you mustn't send _many_."
+
+    So you see we must keep count now, and when we get to two
+    thousand four hundred and seventy, we mustn't write any
+    more, unless the postman gives us leave.
+
+    I sometimes wish I was back on the shore at Sandown; don't
+    you?
+
+    Your loving friend,
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+    Why is a pig that has lost its tail like a little girl on
+    the sea-shore?
+
+    Because it says, "I should like another tale, please!"
+
+
+    Christ Church, Oxford, _July_ 21, 1876.
+
+    My dear Gertrude,--Explain to me how I am to enjoy Sandown
+    without _you_. How can I walk on the beach alone? How
+    can I sit all alone on those wooden steps? So you see, as I
+    shan't be able to do without you, you will have to come. If
+    Violet comes, I shall tell her to invite you to stay with
+    her, and then I shall come over in the Heather-Bell and
+    fetch you.
+
+    If I ever _do_ come over, I see I couldn't go back the
+    same day, so you will have to engage me a bed somewhere in
+    Swanage; and if you can't find one, I shall expect
+    _you_ to spend the night on the beach, and give up your
+    room to _me_. Guests of course must be thought of
+    before children; and I'm sure in these warm nights the beach
+    will be quite good enough for _you_. If you _did_
+    feel a little chilly, of course you could go into a
+    bathing-machine, which everybody knows is _very_
+    comfortable to sleep in--you know they make the floor of
+    soft wood on purpose. I send you seven kisses (to last a
+    week) and remain
+
+    Your loving friend,
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+
+    Christ church, Oxford, _October_ 28, 1876.
+
+    My dearest Gertrude,--You will be sorry, and surprised, and
+    puzzled, to hear what a queer illness I have had ever since
+    you went. I sent for the doctor, and said, "Give me some
+    medicine, for I'm tired." He said, "Nonsense and stuff! You
+    don't want medicine: go to bed!" I said, "No; it isn't the
+    sort of tiredness that wants bed. I'm tired in the
+    _face_." He looked a little grave, and said, "Oh, it's
+    your _nose_ that's tired: a person often talks too
+    much when he thinks he nose a great deal." I said, "No; it
+    isn't the nose. Perhaps it's the _hair_." Then he
+    looked rather grave, and said, "_Now_ I understand:
+    you've been playing too many hairs on the piano-forte." "No,
+    indeed I haven't!" I said, "and it isn't exactly the
+    _hair_: it's more about the nose and chin." Then he
+    looked a good deal graver, and said, "Have you been walking
+    much on your chin lately?" I said, "No." "Well!" he said,
+    "it puzzles me very much. Do you think that it's in the
+    lips?" "Of course!" I said. "That's exactly what it is!"
+    Then he looked very grave indeed, and said, "I think you
+    must have been giving too many kisses." "Well," I said, "I
+    did give _one_ kiss to a baby child, a little friend of
+    mine." "Think again," he said; "are you sure it was only
+    _one_?" I thought again, and said, "Perhaps it was
+    eleven times." Then the doctor said, "You must not give her
+    _any_ more till your lips are quite rested again." "But
+    what am I to do?" I said, "because you see, I owe her a
+    hundred and eighty-two more." Then he looked so grave that
+    the tears ran down his cheeks, and he said, "You may send
+    them to her in a box." Then I remembered a little box that I
+    once bought at Dover, and thought I would some day give it
+    to _some_ little girl or other. So I have packed them
+    all in it very carefully. Tell me if they come safe, or if
+    any are lost on the way.
+
+
+    Reading Station, _April_ 13, 1878.
+
+    My dear Gertrude,--As I have to wait here for half an
+    hour, I have been studying Bradshaw (most things, you know,
+    ought to be studied: even a trunk is studded with nails),
+    and the result is that it seems I could come, any day next
+    week, to Winckfield, so as to arrive there about one; and
+    that, by leaving Winckfield again about half-past six, I
+    could reach Guildford again for dinner. The next question
+    is, _How far is it from Winckfield to Rotherwick?_ Now
+    do not deceive me, you wretched child! If it is more than a
+    hundred miles, I can't come to see you, and there is no use
+    to talk about it. If it is less, the next question is,
+    _How much less?_ These are serious questions, and you
+    must be as serious as a judge in answering them. There
+    mustn't be a smile in your pen, or a wink in your ink
+    (perhaps you'll say, "There can't be a _wink_ in
+    _ink_: but there _may_ be _ink_ in a
+    _wink_"--but this is trifling; you mustn't make jokes
+    like that when I tell you to be serious) while you write to
+    Guildford and answer these two questions. You might as well
+    tell me at the same time whether you are still living at
+    Rotherwick--and whether you are at home--and whether you get
+    my letter--and whether you're still a child, or a grown-up
+    person--and whether you're going to the seaside next
+    summer--and anything else (except the alphabet and the
+    multiplication table) that you happen to know. I send you
+    10,000,000 kisses, and remain.
+
+    Your loving friend,
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+
+    The Chestnuts, Guildford, _April_ 19, 1878.
+
+    My dear Gertrude,--I'm afraid it's "no go"--I've had such a
+    bad cold all the week that I've hardly been out for some
+    days, and I don't think it would be wise to try the
+    expedition this time, and I leave here on Tuesday. But after
+    all, what does it signify? Perhaps there are ten or twenty
+    gentlemen, all living within a few miles of Rotherwick, and
+    any one of them would do just as well! When a little girl is
+    hoping to take a plum off a dish, and finds that she can't
+    have that one, because it's bad or unripe, what does she do?
+    Is she sorry, or disappointed? Not a bit! She just takes
+    another instead, and grins from one little ear to the other
+    as she puts it to her lips! This is a little fable to do you
+    good; the little girl means _you_--the bad plum means
+    _me_--the other plum means some other friend--and all
+    that about the little girl putting plums to her lips
+    means--well, it means--but you know you can't expect
+    _every bit_ of a fable to mean something! And the
+    little girl grinning means that dear little smile of yours,
+    that just reaches from the tip of one ear to the tip of the
+    other!
+
+    Your loving friend,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+    I send you 4-3/4 kisses.
+
+The next letter is a good example of the dainty little notes Lewis
+Carroll used to scribble off on any scrap of paper that lay to his
+hand:--
+
+    Chestnuts, Guildford, _January_ 15, 1886.
+
+    Yes, my child, if all be well, I shall hope, and you may
+    fear, that the train reaching Hook at two eleven, will
+    contain
+
+    Your loving friend,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+Only a few years ago, illness prevented him from fulfilling his usual
+custom of spending Christmas with his sisters at Guildford. This is
+the allusion in the following letter:--
+
+    My dear old Friend,--(The friendship is old, though the
+    child is young.) I wish a very happy New Year, and many of
+    them, to you and yours; but specially to you, because I know
+    you best and love you most. And I pray God to bless you,
+    dear child, in this bright New Year, and many a year to
+    come.  ... I write all this from my sofa, where I have been
+    confined a prisoner for six weeks, and as I dreaded the
+    railway journey, my doctor and I agreed that I had better
+    not go to spend Christmas with my sisters at Guildford. So I
+    had my Christmas dinner all alone, in my room here, and
+    (pity me, Gertrude!) it wasn't a Christmas dinner at all--I
+    suppose the cook thought I should not care for roast beef or
+    plum pudding, so he sent me (he has general orders to send
+    either fish and meat, or meat and pudding) some fried sole
+    and some roast mutton! Never, never have I dined before, on
+    Christmas Day, without _plum pudding_. Wasn't it sad?
+    Now I think you must be content; this is a longer letter
+    than most will get. Love to Olive. My clearest memory of her
+    is of a little girl calling out "Good-night" from her room,
+    and of your mother taking me in to see her in her bed, and
+    wish her good-night. I have a yet clearer memory (like a
+    dream of fifty years ago) of a little bare-legged girl in a
+    sailor's jersey, who used to run up into my lodgings by the
+    sea. But why should I trouble you with foolish reminiscences
+    of _mine_ that _cannot_ interest you?
+
+    Yours always lovingly,
+
+    C. L. Dodgson.
+
+It was a writer in _The National Review_ who, after eulogising
+the talents of Lewis Carroll, and stating that _he_ would never
+be forgotten, added the harsh prophecy that "future generations will
+not waste a single thought upon the Rev. C.L. Dodgson."
+
+If this prediction is destined to be fulfilled, I think my readers
+will agree with me that it will be solely on account of his
+extraordinary diffidence about asserting himself. But such an
+unnatural division of Lewis Carroll, the author, from the Rev. C.L.
+Dodgson, the man, is forced in the extreme. His books are simply the
+expression of his normal habit of mind, as these letters show. In
+literature, as in everything else, he was absolutely natural.
+
+To refer to such criticisms as this (I am thankful to say they have
+been very few) is not agreeable; but I feel that it is owing to Mr.
+Dodgson to do what I can to vindicate the real unity which underlay
+both his life and all his writings.
+
+Of many anecdotes which might be adduced to show the lovable character
+of the man, the following little story has reached me through one of
+his child-friends:--
+
+    My sister and I [she writes] were spending a day of
+    delightful sightseeing in town with him, on our way to his
+    home at Guildford, where we were going to pass a day or two
+    with him. We were both children, and were much interested
+    when he took us into an American shop where the cakes for
+    sale were cooked by a very rapid process before your eyes,
+    and handed to you straight from the cook's hands. As the
+    preparation of them could easily be seen from outside the
+    window, a small crowd of little ragamuffins naturally
+    assembled there, and I well remember his piling up seven of
+    the cakes on one arm, and himself taking them out and doling
+    them round to the seven hungry little youngsters. The simple
+    kindness of his act impressed its charm on his child-friends
+    inside the shop as much as on his little stranger friends
+    outside.
+
+It was only to those who had but few personal dealings with him that
+he seemed stiff and "donnish"; to his more intimate acquaintances, who
+really understood him, each little eccentricity of manner or of habits
+was a delightful addition to his charming and interesting personality.
+That he was, in some respects, eccentric cannot be denied; for
+instance he hardly ever wore an overcoat, and always wore a tall hat,
+whatever might be the climatic conditions. At dinner in his rooms
+small pieces of cardboard took the place of table-mats; they answered
+the purpose perfectly well, he said, and to buy anything else would be
+a mere waste of money. On the other hand, when purchasing books for
+himself, or giving treats to the children he loved, he never seemed to
+consider expense at all.
+
+He very seldom sat down to write, preferring to stand while thus
+engaged. When making tea for his friends, he used, in order, I
+suppose, to expedite the process, to walk up and down the room waving
+the teapot about, and telling meanwhile those delightful anecdotes of
+which he had an inexhaustible supply.
+
+Great were his preparations before going a journey; each separate
+article used to be carefully wrapped up in a piece of paper all to
+itself, so that his trunks contained nearly as much paper as of the
+more useful things. The bulk of the luggage was sent on a day or two
+before by goods train, while he himself followed on the appointed day,
+laden only with his well-known little black bag, which he always
+insisted on carrying himself.
+
+He had a strong objection to staring colours in dress, his favourite
+combination being pink and grey. One little girl who came to stay with
+him was absolutely forbidden to wear a red frock, of a somewhat
+pronounced hue, while out in his company.
+
+At meals he was very abstemious always, while he took nothing in the
+middle of the day except a glass of wine and a biscuit. Under these
+circumstances it is not very surprising that the healthy appetites of
+his little friends filled him with wonder, and even with alarm. When
+he took a certain one of them out with him to a friend's house to
+dinner, he used to give the host or hostess a gentle warning, to the
+mixed amazement and indignation of the child, "Please be careful,
+because she eats a good deal too much."
+
+Another peculiarity, which I have already referred to, was his
+objection to being invited to dinners or any other social gatherings;
+he made a rule of never accepting invitations. "Because you have
+invited me, therefore I cannot come," was the usual form of his
+refusal. I suppose the reason of this was his hatred of the
+interference with work which engagements of this sort occasion.
+
+He had an extreme horror of infection, as will appear from the
+following illustration. Miss Isa Bowman and her sister, Nellie, were
+at one time staying with him at Eastbourne, when news came from home
+that their youngest sister had caught the scarlet fever. From that day
+every letter which came from Mrs. Bowman to the children was held up
+by Mr. Dodgson, while the two little girls, standing at the opposite
+end of the room, had to read it as best they could. Mr. Dodgson, who
+was the soul of honour, used always to turn his head to one side
+during these readings, lest he might inadvertently see some words that
+were not meant for his eyes.
+
+Some extracts from letters of his to a child-friend, who prefers to
+remain anonymous, follow:
+
+    _November_ 30, 1879.
+
+    I have been awfully busy, and I've had to write _heaps_
+    of letters--wheelbarrows full, almost. And it tires me so
+    that generally I go to bed again the next minute after I get
+    up: and sometimes I go to bed again a minute _before_ I
+    get up! Did you ever hear of any one being so tired as
+    _that?_...
+
+
+    _November_ 7, 1882.
+
+    My dear E--, How often you must find yourself in want of a
+    pin! For instance, you go into a shop, and you say to the
+    man, "I want the largest penny bun you can let me have for a
+    halfpenny." And perhaps the man looks stupid, and doesn't
+    quite understand what you mean. Then how convenient it is to
+    have a pin ready to stick into the back of his hand, while
+    you say, "Now then! Look sharp, stupid!"... and even when
+    you don't happen to want a pin, how often you think to
+    yourself, "They say Interlacken is a very pretty place. I
+    wonder what it looks like!" (That is the place that is
+    painted on this pincushion.)
+
+    When you don't happen to want either a pin or pictures, it
+    may just remind you of a friend who sometimes thinks of his
+    dear little friend E--, and who is just now thinking of the
+    day he met her on the parade, the first time she had been
+    allowed to come out alone to look for him....
+
+
+    _December_ 26, 1886.
+
+    My dear E--, Though rushing, rapid rivers roar between us
+    (if you refer to the map of England, I think you'll find
+    that to be correct), we still remember each other, and feel
+    a sort of shivery affection for each other....
+
+
+    _March_ 31, 1890.
+
+    I _do_ sympathise so heartily with you in what you say
+    about feeling shy with children when you have to entertain
+    them! Sometimes they are a real _terror_ to
+    me--especially boys: little girls I can now and then get on
+    with, when they're few enough. They easily become "de trop."
+    But with little _boys_ I'm out of my element
+    altogether. I sent "Sylvie and Bruno" to an Oxford friend,
+    and, in writing his thanks, he added, "I think I must bring
+    my little boy to see you." So I wrote to say "_don't_,"
+    or words to that effect: and he wrote again that he could
+    hardly believe his eyes when he got my note. He thought I
+    doted on _all_ children. But I'm _not_
+    omnivorous!--like a pig. I pick and choose....
+
+    You are a lucky girl, and I am rather inclined to envy you,
+    in having the leisure to read Dante--_I_ have never
+    read a page of him; yet I am sure the "Divina Commedia" is
+    one of the grandest books in the world--though I am
+    _not_ sure whether the reading of it would _raise_
+    one's life and give it a nobler purpose, or simply be a
+    grand poetical treat. That is a question you are beginning
+    to be able to answer: I doubt if _I_ shall ever (at
+    least in this life) have the opportunity of reading it; my
+    life seems to be all torn into little bits among the host of
+    things I want to do! It seems hard to settle what to do
+    _first. One_ piece of work, at any rate, I am clear
+    ought to be done this year, and it will take months of hard
+    work: I mean the second volume of "Sylvie and Bruno." I
+    fully _mean_, if I have life and health till Xmas next,
+    to bring it out then. When one is close on sixty years old,
+    it seems presumptuous to count on years and years of work
+    yet to be done....
+
+    She is rather the exception among the hundred or so of
+    child-friends who have brightened my life. Usually the child
+    becomes so entirely a different being as she grows into a
+    woman, that our friendship has to change too: and
+    _that_ it usually does by gliding down from a loving
+    intimacy into an acquaintance that merely consists of a
+    smile and a bow when we meet!...
+
+
+    _January_ 1, 1895.
+
+    ... You are quite correct in saying it is a long time since
+    you have heard from me: in fact, I find that I have not
+    written to you since the 13th of last November. But what of
+    that? You have access to the daily papers. Surely you can
+    find out negatively, that I am all right! Go carefully
+    through the list of bankruptcies; then run your eye down the
+    police cases; and, if you fail to find my name anywhere, you
+    can say to your mother in a tone of calm satisfaction, "Mr.
+    Dodgson is going on _well_."
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+(THE SAME--_continued_.)
+
+    Books for children--"The Lost Plum-Cake"--"An Unexpected
+    Guest"--Miss Isa Bowman--Interviews--"Matilda Jane"--Miss
+    Edith Rix--Miss Kathleen Eschwege.
+
+Lewis Carroll's own position as an author did not prevent him from
+taking a great interest in children's books and their writers. He had
+very strong ideas on what was or was not suitable in such books, but,
+when once his somewhat exacting taste was satisfied, he was never
+tired of recommending a story to his friends. His cousin, Mrs. Egerton
+Allen, who has herself written several charming tales for young
+readers, has sent me the following letter which she received from him
+some years ago:--
+
+    Dear Georgie,--_Many_ thanks. The book was at Ch. Ch.
+    I've done an unusual thing, in thanking for a book, namely,
+    _waited to read it_. I've read it _right through_!
+    In fact, I found it very refreshing, when jaded with my own
+    work at "Sylvie and Bruno" (coming out at Xmas, I hope) to
+    lie down on the sofa and read a chapter of "Evie." I like it
+    very much: and am so glad to have helped to bring it out. It
+    would have been a real loss to the children of England, if
+    you had burned the MS., as you once thought of doing....
+
+[Illustration: Xie Kitchin as a Chinaman. _From a
+photograph by Lewis Carroll_.]
+
+The very last words of his that appeared in print took the form of a
+preface to one of Mrs. Allen's tales, "The Lost Plum-Cake," (Macmillan
+& Co., 1898). So far as I know, this was the only occasion on which he
+wrote a preface for another author's book, and his remarks are doubly
+interesting as being his last service to the children whom he loved.
+No apology, then, is needed for quoting from them here:--
+
+    Let me seize this opportunity of saying one earnest word to
+    the mothers in whose hands this little book may chance to
+    come, who are in the habit of taking their children to
+    church with them. However well and reverently those dear
+    little ones have been taught to behave, there is no doubt
+    that so long a period of enforced quietude is a severe tax
+    on their patience. The hymns, perhaps, tax it least: and
+    what a pathetic beauty there is in the sweet fresh voices of
+    the children, and how earnestly they sing! I took a little
+    girl of six to church with me one day: they had told me she
+    could hardly read at all--but she made me find all the
+    places for her! And afterwards I said to her elder sister
+    "What made you say Barbara couldn't read? Why, I heard her
+    joining in, all through the hymn!" And the little sister
+    gravely replied, "She knows the _tunes_, but not the
+    _words_." Well, to return to my subject--children in
+    church. The lessons, and the prayers, are not wholly beyond
+    them: often they can catch little bits that come within the
+    range of their small minds. But the sermons! It goes to
+    one's heart to see, as I so often do, little darlings of
+    five or six years old, forced to sit still through a weary
+    half-hour, with nothing to do, and not one word of the
+    sermon that they can understand. Most heartily can I
+    sympathise with the little charity-girl who is said to have
+    written to some friend, "I think, when I grows up, I'll
+    never go to church no more. I think I'se getting sermons
+    enough to last me all my life!" But need it be so? Would it
+    be so _very_ irreverent to let your child have a
+    story-book to read during the sermon, to while away that
+    tedious half-hour, and to make church-going a bright and
+    happy memory, instead of rousing the thought, "I'll never go
+    to church no more"? I think not. For my part, I should love
+    to see the experiment tried. I am quite sure it would be a
+    success. My advice would be to _keep_ some books
+    for that special purpose. I would call such books
+    "Sunday-treats"--and your little boy or girl would soon
+    learn to look forward with eager hope to that half-hour,
+    once so tedious. If I were the preacher, dealing with some
+    subject too hard for the little ones, I should love to see
+    them all enjoying their picture-books. And if _this_
+    little book should ever come to be used as a "Sunday-treat"
+    for some sweet baby reader, I don't think it could serve a
+    better purpose.
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+Miss M.E. Manners was another writer for children whose books pleased
+him. She gives an amusing account of two visits which he paid to her
+house in 1889:--
+
+    _An Unexpected Guest._
+
+
+    "Mr. Dobson wants to see you, miss."
+
+    I was in the kitchen looking after the dinner, and did not
+    feel that I particularly wished to see anybody.
+
+    "He wants a vote, or he is an agent for a special kind of
+    tea," thought I. "I don't know him; ask him to send a
+    message."
+
+    Presently the maid returned--
+
+    "He says he is Mr. Dodgson, of Oxford."
+
+    "Lewis Carroll!" I exclaimed; and somebody else had to
+    superintend the cooking that day.
+
+    My apologies were soon made and cheerfully accepted. I
+    believe I was unconventional enough to tell the exact truth
+    concerning my occupation, and matters were soon on a
+    friendly footing. Indeed I may say at once that the stately
+    college don we have heard so much about never made his
+    appearance during our intercourse with him.
+
+    He did not talk "Alice," of course; authors don't generally
+    _talk_ their books, I imagine; but it was undoubtedly
+    Lewis Carroll who was present with us.
+
+    A portrait of Ellen Terry on the wall had attracted his
+    attention, and one of the first questions he asked was, "Do
+    you ever go to the theatre?" I explained that such things
+    were done, occasionally, even among Quakers, but they were
+    not considered quite orthodox.
+
+    "Oh, well, then you will not be shocked, and I may venture
+    to produce my photographs." And out into the hall he went,
+    and soon returned with a little black bag containing
+    character portraits of his child-friends, Isa and Nellie
+    Bowman.
+
+    "Isa used to be Alice until she grew too big," he said.
+    "Nellie was one of the oyster-fairies, and Emsie, the tiny
+    one of all, was the Dormouse."
+
+    "When 'Alice' was first dramatised," he said, "the poem of
+    the 'Walrus and the Carpenter' fell rather flat, for people
+    did not know when it was finished, and did not clap in the
+    right place; so I had to write a song for the ghosts of the
+    oysters to sing, which made it all right."
+
+[Illustration: Alice and the Dormouse. _From a photograph
+by Elliott & Fry_.]
+
+    He was then on his way to London, to fetch Isa to stay with
+    him at Eastbourne. She was evidently a great favourite, and
+    had visited him before. Of that earlier time he said:--
+
+    "When people ask me why I have never married, I tell them I
+    have never met the young lady whom I could endure for a
+    fortnight--but Isa and I got on so well together that I said
+    I should keep her a month, the length of the honeymoon, and
+    we didn't get tired of each other."
+
+    Nellie afterwards joined her sister "for a few days," but
+    the days spread to some weeks, for the poor little dormouse
+    developed scarlet fever, and the elder children had to be
+    kept out of harm's way until fear of infection was over.
+
+    Of Emsie he had a funny little story to tell. He had taken
+    her to the Aquarium, and they had been watching the seals
+    coming up dripping out of the water. With a very pitiful
+    look she turned to him and said, "Don't they give them any
+    towels?" [The same little girl commiserated the bear,
+    because it had got no tail.]
+
+    Asked to stay to dinner, he assured us that he never took
+    anything in the middle of the day but a glass of wine and a
+    biscuit; but he would be happy to sit down with us, which he
+    accordingly did and kindly volunteered to carve for us. His
+    offer was gladly accepted, but the appearance of a rather
+    diminutive piece of neck of mutton was somewhat of a puzzle
+    to him. He had evidently never seen such a joint in his life
+    before, and had frankly to confess that he did not know how
+    to set about carving it. Directions only made things worse,
+    and he bravely cut it to pieces in entirely the wrong
+    fashion, relating meanwhile the story of a shy young man who
+    had been asked to carve a fowl, the joints of which had been
+    carefully wired together beforehand by his too attentive
+    friends.
+
+    The task and the story being both finished, our visitor
+    gazed on the mangled remains, and remarked quaintly: "I
+    think it is just as well I don't want anything, for I don't
+    know where I should find it."
+
+    At least one member of the party felt she could have managed
+    matters better; but that was a point of very little
+    consequence.
+
+    A day or two after the first call came a note saying that he
+    would be taking Isa home before long, and if we would like
+    to see her he would stop on the way again.
+
+    Of course we were only too delighted to have the
+    opportunity, and, though the visit was postponed more than
+    once, it did take place early in August, when he brought
+    both Isa and Nellie up to town to see a performance of
+    "Sweet Lavender." It is needless to remark that we took
+    care, this time, to be provided with something at once
+    substantial and carvable.
+
+    The children were bright, healthy, happy and childlike
+    little maidens, quite devoted to their good friend, whom
+    they called "Uncle"; and very interesting it was to see them
+    together.
+
+    But he did not allow any undue liberties either, as a little
+    incident showed.
+
+    He had been describing a particular kind of collapsible
+    tumbler, which you put in your pocket and carried with you
+    for use on a railway journey.
+
+    "There now," he continued, turning to the children, "I
+    forgot to bring it with me after all."
+
+    "Oh Goosie," broke in Isa; "you've been talking about that
+    tumbler for days, and now you have forgotten it."
+
+    He pulled himself up, and looked at her steadily with an air
+    of grave reproof.
+
+    Much abashed, she hastily substituted a very subdued "Uncle"
+    for the objectionable "Goosie," and the matter dropped.
+
+    The principal anecdote on this occasion was about a dog
+    which had been sent into the sea after sticks. He brought
+    them back very properly for some time, and then there
+    appeared to be a little difficulty, and he returned swimming
+    in a very curious manner. On closer inspection it appeared
+    that he had caught hold of his own tail by mistake, and was
+    bringing it to land in triumph.
+
+    This was told with the utmost gravity, and though we had
+    been requested beforehand not to mention "Lewis Carroll's"
+    books, the temptation was too strong. I could not help
+    saying to the child next me--
+
+    "That was like the Whiting, wasn't it?"
+
+    Our visitor, however, took up the remark, and seemed quite
+    willing to talk about it.
+
+    "When I wrote that," he said, "I believed that whiting
+    really did have their tails in their mouths, but I have
+    since been told that fishmongers put the tail through the
+    eye, not in the mouth at all."
+
+He was not a very good carver, for Miss Bremer also describes a little
+difficulty he had--this time with the pastry: "An amusing incident
+occurred when he was at lunch with us. He was requested to serve some
+pastry, and, using a knife, as it was evidently rather hard, the knife
+penetrated the d'oyley beneath--and his consternation was extreme when
+he saw the slice of linen and lace he served as an addition to the
+tart!"
+
+It was, I think, through her connection with the "Alice" play that Mr.
+Dodgson first came to know Miss Isa Bowman. Her childish friendship
+for him was one of the joys of his later years, and one of the last
+letters he wrote was addressed to her. The poem at the beginning of
+"Sylvie and Bruno" is an acrostic on her name--
+
+        Is all our Life, then, but a dream,
+        Seen faintly in the golden gleam
+        Athwart Times's dark, resistless stream?
+
+        Bowed to the earth with bitter woe,
+        Or laughing at some raree-show,
+        We flutter idly to and fro.
+
+        Man's little Day in haste we spend,
+        And, from the merry noontide, send
+        No glance to meet the silent end.
+
+Every one has heard of Lewis Carroll's hatred of interviewers; the
+following letter to Miss Manners makes one feel that in some cases, at
+least, his feeling was justifiable:--
+
+    If your Manchester relatives ever go to the play, tell them
+    they ought to see Isa as "Cinderella"--she is evidently a
+    success. And she has actually been "interviewed" by one of
+    those dreadful newspapers reporters, and the "interview" is
+    published with her picture! And such rubbish he makes her
+    talk! She tells him that something or other was "tacitly
+    conceded": and that "I love to see a great actress give
+    expression to the wonderful ideas of the immortal master!"
+
+    (N.B.--I never let her talk like that when she is with _me_!)
+
+    Emsie recovered in time to go to America, with her mother
+    and Isa and Nellie: and they all enjoyed the trip much; and
+    Emsie has a London engagement.
+
+Only once was an interviewer bold enough to enter Lewis Carroll's
+_sanctum_. The story has been told in _The Guardian_ (January 19,
+1898), but will bear repetition:--
+
+    Not long ago Mr. Dodgson happened to get into correspondence
+    with a man whom he had never seen, on some question of
+    religious difficulty, and he invited him to come to his
+    rooms and have a talk on the subject. When, therefore, a Mr.
+    X-- was announced to him one morning, he advanced to meet
+    him with outstretched hand and smiles of welcome. "Come in
+    Mr. X--, I have been expecting you." The delighted visitor
+    thought this a promising beginning, and immediately pulled
+    out a note-book and pencil, and proceeded to ask "the usual
+    questions." Great was Mr. Dodgson's disgust! Instead of his
+    expected friend, here was another man of the same name, and
+    one of the much-dreaded interviewers, actually sitting in
+    his chair! The mistake was soon explained, and the
+    representative of the Press was bowed out as quickly as he
+    had come in.
+
+It was while Isa and one of her sisters were staying at Eastbourne
+that the visit to America was mooted. Mr. Dodgson suggested that it
+would be well for them to grow gradually accustomed to seafaring, and
+therefore proposed to take them by steamer to Hastings. This plan was
+carried out, and the weather was unspeakably bad--far worse than
+anything they experienced in their subsequent trip across the
+Atlantic. The two children, who were neither of them very good
+sailors, experienced sensations that were the reverse of pleasant. Mr.
+Dodgson did his best to console them, while he continually repeated,
+"Crossing the Atlantic will be much worse than this."
+
+However, even this terrible lesson on the horrors of the sea did not
+act as a deterrent; it was as unsuccessful as the effort of the old
+lady in one of his stories: "An old lady I once knew tried to check
+the military ardour of a little boy by showing him a picture of a
+battlefield, and describing some of its horrors. But the only answer
+she got was, 'I'll be a soldier. Tell it again!'"
+
+The Bowman children sometimes came over to visit him at Oxford, and he
+used to delight in showing them over the colleges, and pointing out
+the famous people whom they encountered. On one of these occasions he
+was walking with Maggie, then a mere child, when they met the Bishop
+of Oxford, to whom Mr. Dodgson introduced his little guest. His
+lordship asked her what she thought of Oxford. "I think," said the
+little actress, with quite a professional _aplomb,_ "it's the
+best place in the Provinces!" At which the Bishop was much amused.
+After the child had returned to town, the Bishop sent her a copy of a
+little book called "Golden Dust," inscribed "From W. Oxon," which
+considerably mystified her, as she knew nobody of that name!
+
+Another little stage-friend of Lewis Carroll's was Miss Vera Beringer,
+the "Little Lord Fauntleroy," whose acting delighted all theatre-goers
+eight or nine years ago. Once, when she was spending a holiday in the
+Isle of Man, he sent her the following lines:--
+
+        There was a young lady of station,
+        "I love man" was her sole exclamation;
+          But when men cried, "You flatter,"
+          She replied, "Oh! no matter,
+        Isle of Man is the true explanation."
+
+Many of his friendships with children began in a railway carriage, for
+he always took about with him a stock of puzzles when he travelled, to
+amuse any little companions whom chance might send him. Once he was in
+a carriage with a lady and her little daughter, both complete
+strangers to him. The child was reading "Alice in Wonderland," and
+when she put her book down, he began talking to her about it. The
+mother soon joined in the conversation, of course without the least
+idea who the stranger was with whom she was talking. "Isn't it sad,"
+she said, "about poor Mr. Lewis Carroll? He's gone mad, you know."
+"Indeed," replied Mr. Dodgson, "I had never heard that." "Oh, I assure
+you it is quite true," the lady answered. "I have it on the best
+authority." Before Mr. Dodgson parted with her, he obtained her leave
+to send a present to the little girl, and a few days afterwards she
+received a copy of "Through the Looking-Glass," inscribed with her
+name, and "From the Author, in memory of a pleasant journey."
+
+When he gave books to children, he very often wrote acrostics on their
+names on the fly-leaf. One of the prettiest was inscribed in a copy of
+Miss Yonge's "Little Lucy's Wonderful Globe," which he gave to Miss
+Ruth Dymes:--
+
+        R ound the wondrous globe I wander wild,
+        U p and down-hill--Age succeeds to youth--
+        T oiling all in vain to find a child
+        H alf so loving, half so dear as Ruth.
+
+In another book, given to her sister Margaret, he
+wrote:--
+
+        M aidens, if a maid you meet
+        A lways free from pout and pet,
+        R eady smile and temper sweet,
+        G reet my little Margaret.
+        A nd if loved by all she be
+        R ightly, not a pampered pet,
+        E asily you then may see
+       'Tis my little Margaret.
+
+Here are two letters to children, the one interesting as a specimen of
+pure nonsense of the sort which children always like, the other as
+showing his dislike of being praised. The first was written to Miss
+Gertrude Atkinson, daughter of an old College friend, but otherwise
+unknown to Lewis Carroll except by her photograph:--
+
+    My dear Gertrude,--So many things have happened since we met
+    last, really I don't know _which_ to begin talking
+    about! For instance, England has been conquered by William
+    the Conqueror. We haven't met since _that_ happened,
+    you know. How did you like it? Were you frightened?
+
+    And one more thing has happened: I have got your
+    photograph. Thank you very much for it. I like it "awfully."
+    Do they let you say "awfully"? or do they say, "No, my dear;
+    little girls mustn't say 'awfully'; they should say 'very
+    much indeed'"?
+
+    I wonder if you will ever get as far as Jersey? If not, how
+    _are_ we to meet?
+
+    Your affectionate friend,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+From the second letter, to Miss Florence Jackson, I take the following
+extract:--
+
+    I have two reasons for sending you this fable; one is, that
+    in a letter you wrote me you said something about my being
+    "clever"; and the other is that, when you wrote again you
+    said it again! And _each_ time I thought, "Really, I
+    _must_ write and ask her _not_ to say such things;
+    it is not wholesome reading for me."
+
+    The fable is this. The cold, frosty, bracing air is the
+    treatment one gets from the world generally--such as
+    contempt, or blame, or neglect; all those are very
+    wholesome. And the hot dry air, that you breathe when you
+    rush to the fire, is the praise that one gets from one's
+    young, happy, rosy, I may even say _florid_ friends!
+    And that's very bad for me, and gives pride--fever, and
+    conceit--cough, and such-like diseases. Now I'm sure you
+    don't want me to be laid up with all these diseases; so
+    please don't praise me _any_ more!
+
+The verses to "Matilda Jane" certainly deserve a place in this
+chapter. To make their meaning clear, I must state that Lewis Carroll
+wrote them for a little cousin of his, and that Matilda Jane was the
+somewhat prosaic name of her doll. The poem expresses finely the
+blind, unreasoning devotion which the infant mind professes for
+inanimate objects:--
+
+        Matilda Jane, you never look
+        At any toy or picture-book;
+        I show you pretty things in vain,
+        You must be blind, Matilda Jane!
+
+        I ask you riddles, tell you tales,
+        But all our conversation fails;
+        You never answer me again,
+        I fear you're dumb, Matilda Jane!
+
+        Matilda, darling, when I call
+        You never seem to hear at all;
+        I shout with all my might and main,
+        But you're _so_ deaf, Matilda Jane!
+
+        Matilda Jane, you needn't mind,
+        For though you're deaf, and dumb, and blind,
+        There's some one loves you, it is plain,
+        And that is _me_, Matilda Jane!
+
+In an earlier chapter I gave some of Mr. Dodgson's letters to Miss
+Edith Rix; the two which follow, being largely about children, seem
+more appropriate here:--
+
+    My dear Edith,--Would you tell your mother I was aghast at
+    seeing the address of her letter to me: and I would much
+    prefer "Rev. C.L. Dodgson, Ch. Ch., Oxford." When a letter
+    comes addressed "Lewis Carroll, Ch. Ch.," it either goes to
+    the Dead Letter Office, or it impresses on the minds of all
+    letter-carriers, &c., through whose hands it goes, the very
+    fact I least want them to know.
+
+    Please offer to your sister all the necessary apologies for
+    the liberty I have taken with her name. My only excuse is,
+    that I know no other; and how _am_ I to guess what the
+    full name is? It _may_ be Carlotta, or Zealot, or
+    Ballot, or Lotus-blossom (a very pretty name), or even
+    Charlotte. Never have I sent anything to a young lady of
+    whom I have a more shadowy idea. Name, an enigma; age,
+    somewhere between 1 and 19 (you've no idea how bewildering
+    it is, alternately picturing her as a little toddling thing
+    of 5, and a tall girl of 15!); disposition--well, I
+    _have_ a fragment of information on _that_
+    question--your mother says, as to my coming, "It must be
+    when Lottie is at home, or she would never forgive us."
+    Still, I _cannot_ consider the mere fact that she is of
+    an unforgiving disposition as a complete view of her
+    character. I feel sure she has some other qualities besides.
+
+    Believe me,
+
+    Yrs affectionately,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+
+    My dear child,--It seems quite within the bounds of
+    possibility, if we go on long in this style, that our
+    correspondence may at last assume a really friendly tone. I
+    don't of course say it will actually do so--that would be
+    too bold a prophecy, but only that it may tend to shape
+    itself in that direction.
+
+    Your remark, that slippers for elephants _could_ be
+    made, only they would not be slippers, but boots, convinces
+    me that there is a branch of your family in _Ireland_.
+    Who are (oh dear, oh dear, I am going distracted! There's a
+    lady in the opposite house who simply sings _all_ day.
+    All her songs are wails, and their tunes, such as they have,
+    are much the same. She has one strong note in her voice, and
+    she knows it! I _think_ it's "A natural," but I haven't
+    much ear. And when she gets to that note, she howls!) they?
+    The O'Rixes, I suppose?
+
+    About your uninteresting neighbours, I sympathise with you
+    much; but oh, I wish I had you here, that I might teach you
+    _not_ to say "It is difficult to visit one's district
+    regularly, like every one else does!"
+
+    And now I come to the most interesting part of your letter--
+    May you treat me as a perfect friend, and write anything you
+    like to me, and ask my advice? Why, _of course_ you
+    may, my child! What else am I good for? But oh, my dear
+    child-friend, you cannot guess how such words sound to
+    _me_! That any one should look up to _me_, or
+    think of asking _my_ advice--well, it makes one feel
+    humble, I think, rather than proud--humble to remember,
+    while others think so well of me, what I really _am_,
+    in myself. "Thou, that teachest another, teachest thou not
+    thyself?" Well, I won't talk about myself, it is not a
+    healthy topic. Perhaps it may be true of _any_ two
+    people, that, if one could see the other through and
+    through, love would perish. I don't know. Anyhow, I like to
+    _have_ the love of my child-friends, tho' I know I
+    don't deserve it. Please write as freely as _ever_ you
+    like.
+
+    I went up to town and fetched Phoebe down here on Friday in
+    last week; and we spent _most_ of Saturday upon the
+    beach--Phoebe  wading and digging, and "as happy as a bird
+    upon the wing" (to quote the song she sang when first I saw
+    her). Tuesday evening brought a telegram to say she was
+    wanted at the theatre next morning. So, instead of going to
+    bed, Phoebe packed her things, and we left by the last
+    train, reaching her home by a quarter to 1 a.m. However,
+    even four days of sea-air,  and a new kind of happiness, did
+    her good, I think. I am rather lonely now she is gone. She
+    is a very sweet child, and a thoughtful child, too. It was
+    very touching to see (we had a little Bible-reading every
+    day: I tried to remember that my little friend had a soul to
+    be cared for, as well as a body) the far-away look in her
+    eyes, when we talked of God and of heaven--as if her angel,
+    who beholds His face continually, were whispering to her.
+
+    Of course, there isn't _much_ companionship possible,
+    after all, between an old man's mind and a little child's,
+    but what there is is sweet--and wholesome, I think.
+
+Three letters of his to a child-friend, Miss Kathleen Eschwege, now
+Mrs. Round, illustrate one of those friendships which endure: the sort
+of friendship that he always longed for, and so often failed to
+secure:--
+
+[Illustrations and: Facsimile of a "Looking-Glass
+Letter" from Lewis Carroll to Miss Edith Ball.]
+
+    Ch. Ch., Oxford, _October_ 24, 1879.
+
+    My dear Kathleen,--I was really pleased to get your letter,
+    as I had quite supposed I should never see or hear of you
+    again. You see I knew only your Christian name--not the
+    ghost of a surname, or the shadow of an address--and I was
+    not prepared to spend my little all in advertisements--"If
+    the young lady, who was travelling on the G.W. Railway, &c."
+    --or to devote the remainder of my life to going about
+    repeating "Kathleen," like that young woman who came from
+    some foreign land to look for her lover, but only knew that
+    he was called "Edward" (or "Richard" was it? I dare say you
+    know History better than I do) and that he lived in England;
+    so that naturally it took her some time to find him. All I
+    knew was that _you_ could, if you chose, write to me
+    through Macmillan: but it is three months since we met, so I
+    was _not_ expecting it, and it was a pleasant surprise.
+
+    Well, so I hope I may now count you as one of my
+    child-friends. I am fond of children (except boys), and have
+    more child-friends than I could possibly count on my
+    fingers, even if I were a centipede (by the way, _have_
+    they fingers? I'm afraid they're only feet, but, of course,
+    they use them for the same purpose, and that is why no other
+    insects, _except centipedes_, ever succeed in doing
+    _Long Multiplication_), and I have several not so very
+    far from you--one at Beckenham, two at Balham, two at Herne
+    Hill, one at Peckham--so there is every chance of my being
+    somewhere near you _before the year_ 1979. If so, may I
+    call? I am _very_ sorry your neck is no better, and I
+    wish they would take you to Margate: Margate air will make
+    _any_ body well of _any_ thing.
+
+    It seems you have already got my two books about "Alice."
+    Have you also got "The Hunting of the Snark"? If not, I
+    should be very glad to send you one. The pictures (by Mr.
+    Holiday) are pretty: and you needn't read the verses unless
+    you like.
+
+    How do you pronounce your surname? "esk-weej"? or how? Is it
+    a German name?
+
+    If you can do "Doublets," with how many links do you turn
+    KATH into LEEN?
+
+    With kind remembrances to your mother, I am
+
+    Your affectionate friend,
+
+    Charles L. Dodgson
+
+    (_alias_ "Lewis Carroll").
+
+
+    Ch. Ch., Oxford, _January_ 20, 1892.
+
+    My dear Kathleen,--Some months ago I heard, from my cousin,
+    May Wilcox, that you were engaged to be married. And, ever
+    since, I have cherished the intention of writing to offer my
+    congratulations. Some might say, "Why not write _at
+    once?"_ To such unreasoning creatures, the obvious reply
+    is, "When you have bottled some peculiarly fine Port, do you
+    usually begin to drink it _at once?"_ Is not that a
+    beautiful simile? Of course, I need not remark that my
+    congratulations are like fine old Port--only finer, and
+    _older!_
+
+    Accept, my dear old friend, my _heartiest_ wishes for
+    happiness, of all sorts and sizes, for yourself, and for him
+    whom you have chosen as your other self. And may you love
+    one another with a love second only to your love for God--a
+    love that will last through bright days and dark days, in
+    sickness and in health, through life and through death.
+
+    A few years ago I went, in the course of about three months,
+    to the weddings of three of my old child-friends. But
+    weddings are not very exhilarating scenes for a miserable
+    old bachelor; and I think you'll have to excuse me from
+    attending _yours_.
+
+    However, I have so far concerned myself in it that I
+    actually _dreamed_ about it a few nights ago! I dreamed
+    that you had had a photograph done of the wedding-party, and
+    had sent me a copy of it. At one side stood a group of
+    ladies, among whom I made out the faces of Dolly and Ninty;
+    and in the foreground, seated in a boat, were two people, a
+    gentleman and a lady I _think_ (could they have been
+    the bridegroom and the bride?) engaged in the natural and
+    usual occupation for a riverside picnic--pulling a Christmas
+    cracker! I have no idea what put such an idea into my head.
+    _I_ never saw crackers used in such a scene!
+
+    I hope your mother goes on well. With kindest regards to her
+    and your father, and love to your sisters--and to yourself
+    too, if HE doesn't object!--I am,
+
+    Yours affectionately,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+    P.S.--I never give wedding-presents; so please regard the
+    enclosed as an _unwedding_ present.
+
+
+    Ch. Ch., Oxford, _December_ 8, 1897.
+
+    My dear Kathleen,--Many thanks for the photo of yourself and
+    your _fiance_, which duly reached me January 23, 1892.
+    Also for a wedding-card, which reached me August 28, 1892.
+    Neither of these favours, I fear, was ever acknowledged. Our
+    only communication since, has been, that on December 13,
+    1892, I sent you a biscuit-box adorned with "Looking-Glass"
+    pictures. This _you_ never acknowledged; so I was
+    properly served for my negligence. I hope your little
+    daughter, of whose arrival Mrs. Eschwege told me in
+    December, 1893, has been behaving well? How quickly the
+    years slip by! It seems only yesterday that I met, on the
+    railway, a little girl who was taking a sketch of Oxford!
+
+    Your affectionate old friend,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+The following verses were inscribed in a copy of "Alice's Adventures,"
+presented to the three Miss Drurys in August, 1869:--
+
+_To three puzzled little girls, from the Author._
+
+        Three little maidens weary of the rail,
+        Three pairs of little ears listening to a tale,
+        Three little hands held out in readiness,
+        For three little puzzles very hard to guess.
+        Three pairs of little eyes, open wonder-wide,
+        At three little scissors lying side by side.
+        Three little mouths that thanked an unknown Friend,
+        For one little book, he undertook to send.
+        Though whether they'll remember a friend, or book, or day--
+        In three little weeks is very hard to say.
+
+He took the same three children to German Reed's entertainment, where
+the triple bill consisted of "Happy Arcadia," "All Abroad," and "Very
+Catching." A few days afterwards he sent them "Phantasmagoria," with a
+little poem on the fly-leaf to remind them of their treat:--
+
+        Three little maids, one winter day,
+          While others went to feed,
+        To sing, to laugh, to dance, to play,
+          More wisely went to--Reed.
+
+        Others, when lesson-time's begun,
+          Go, half inclined to cry,
+        Some in a walk, some in a run;
+          But _these_ went in a--Fly.
+
+        I give to other little maids
+          A smile, a kiss, a look,
+        Presents whose memory quickly fades,
+          I give to these--a Book.
+
+        _Happy Arcadia _may blind,
+          While _all abroad,_ their eyes;
+        At home, this book (I trust) they'll find
+          A _very catching_ prize.
+
+The next three letters were addressed to two of Mr. Arthur Hughes'
+children. They are good examples of the wild and delightful nonsense
+with which Lewis Carroll used to amuse his little friends:--
+
+    My dear Agnes,--You lazy thing! What? I'm to divide the
+    kisses myself, am I? Indeed I won't take the trouble to do
+    anything of the sort! But I'll tell _you_ how to do it.
+    First, you must take _four_ of the kisses, and--and
+    that reminds me of a very curious thing that happened to me
+    at half-past four yesterday. Three visitors came knocking at
+    my door, begging me to let them in. And when I opened the
+    door, who do you think they were? You'll never guess. Why,
+    they were three cats! Wasn't it curious? However, they all
+    looked so cross and disagreeable that I took up the first
+    thing I could lay my hand on (which happened to be the
+    rolling-pin) and knocked them all down as flat as pan-cakes!
+    "If _you_ come knocking at _my_ door," I said,
+    "_I_ shall come knocking at _your_ heads." "That
+    was fair, wasn't it?"
+
+    Yours affectionately,
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+
+    My dear Agnes,--About the cats, you know. Of course I didn't
+    leave them lying flat on the ground like dried flowers: no,
+    I picked them up, and I was as kind as I could be to them. I
+    lent them the portfolio for a bed--they wouldn't have been
+    comfortable in a real bed, you know: they were too thin--but
+    they were _quite_ happy between the sheets of
+    blotting-paper--and  each of them had a pen-wiper for a
+    pillow. Well, then I went to bed: but first I lent them the
+    three dinner-bells, to ring if they wanted anything in the
+    night.
+
+    You know I have _three_ dinner-bells--the first (which
+    is the largest) is rung when dinner is _nearly_ ready;
+    the second (which is rather larger) is rung when it is quite
+    ready; and the third (which is as large as the other two put
+    together) is rung all the time I am at dinner. Well, I told
+    them they might ring if they happened to want anything--and,
+    as they rang _all_ the bells _all_ night, I
+    suppose they did want something or other, only I was too
+    sleepy to attend to them.
+
+    In the morning I gave them some rat-tail jelly and buttered
+    mice for breakfast, and they were as discontented as they
+    could be. They wanted some boiled pelican, but of course I
+    knew it wouldn't be good _for_ them. So all I said was
+    "Go to Number Two, Finborough Road, and ask for Agnes
+    Hughes, and if it's _really_ good for you, she'll give
+    you some." Then I shook hands with them all, and wished them
+    all goodbye, and drove them up the chimney. They seemed very
+    sorry to go, and they took the bells and the portfolio with
+    them. I didn't find this out till after they had gone, and
+    then I was sorry too, and wished for them back again. What
+    do I mean by "them"? Never mind.
+
+    How are Arthur, and Amy, and Emily? Do they still go up and
+    down Finborough Road, and teach the cats to be kind to mice?
+    I'm _very_ fond of all the cats in Finborough Road.
+
+    Give them my love.
+    Who do I mean by "them"?
+    Never mind.
+
+    Your affectionate friend,
+
+    Lewis Carroll.
+
+[Illustration: Arthur Hughes and his daughter Agnes. _From
+a photograph by Lewis Carroll._]
+
+    My dear Amy,--How are you getting on, I wonder, with
+    guessing those puzzles from "Wonderland"? If you think
+    you've found out any of the answers, you may send them to
+    me; and if they're wrong, I won't tell you they're right!
+
+    You asked me after those three cats. Ah! The dear creatures!
+    Do you know, ever since that night they first came, they
+    have _never left me?_ Isn't it kind of them? Tell Agnes
+    this. She will be interested to hear it. And they _are_
+    so kind and thoughtful! Do you know, when I had gone out for
+    a walk the other day, they got _all_ my books out of
+    the bookcase, and opened them on the floor, to be ready for
+    me to read. They opened them all at page 50, because they
+    thought that would be a nice useful page to begin at. It was
+    rather unfortunate, though: because they took my bottle of
+    gum, and tried to gum pictures upon the ceiling (which they
+    thought would please me), and by accident they spilt a
+    quantity of it all over the books. So when they were shut up
+    and put by, the leaves all stuck together, and I can never
+    read page 50 again in any of them!
+
+    However, they meant it very kindly, so I wasn't angry. I
+    gave them each a spoonful of ink as a treat; but they were
+    ungrateful for that, and made dreadful faces. But, of
+    course, as it was given them as a treat, they had to drink
+    it. One of them has turned black since: it was a white cat
+    to begin with.
+
+    Give my love to any children you happen to meet. Also I send
+    two kisses and a half, for you to divide with Agnes, Emily,
+    and Godfrey. Mind you divide them fairly.
+
+    Yours affectionately,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+The intelligent reader will make a discovery about the first of the
+two following letters, which Miss Maggie Cunningham, the
+"child-friend" to whom both were addressed, perhaps did not hit upon
+at once. Mr. Dodgson wrote these two letters in 1868:--
+
+    Dear Maggie,--I found that _the friend, _that the
+    little girl asked me to write to, lived at Ripon, and not at
+    Land's End--a  nice sort of place to invite to! It looked
+    rather suspicious to me--and soon after, by dint of
+    incessant inquiries, I found out that _she_ was called
+    Maggie, and lived in a Crescent! Of course I declared,
+    "After that" (the language I used doesn't matter), "I will
+    _not_ address her, that's flat! So do not expect me to
+    flatter."
+
+    Well, I hope you will soon see your beloved Pa come
+    back--for consider, should you be quite content with only
+    Jack? Just suppose they made a blunder! (Such things happen
+    now and then.) Really, now, I shouldn't wonder if your
+    "John" came home again, and your father stayed at school! A
+    most awkward thing, no doubt. How would you receive him?
+    You'll say, perhaps, "you'd turn him out." That would answer
+    well, so far as concerns the boy, you know--but consider
+    your Papa, learning lessons in a row of great inky
+    schoolboys! This (though unlikely) might occur: "Haly" would
+    be grieved to miss him (don't mention it to _her_).
+
+    No _carte_ has yet been done of me, that does real
+    justice to my _smile_; and so I hardly like, you see,
+    to send you one. However, I'll consider if I will or
+    not--meanwhile, I send a little thing to give you an idea of
+    what I look like when I'm lecturing. The merest sketch, you
+    will allow--yet still I think there's something grand in the
+    expression of the brow and in the action of the hand.
+
+    Have you read my fairy tale in _Aunt Judy's Magazine?_
+    If you have you will not fail to discover what I mean when I
+    say "Bruno yesterday came to remind me that _he_ was my
+    god-son!"--on the ground that I "gave him a name"!
+
+    Your affectionate friend,
+
+    C.L. Dodgson.
+
+    P.S.--I would send, if I were not too shy, the same message
+    to "Haly" that she (though I do not deserve it, not I!) has
+    sent through her sister to me. My best love to yourself--to
+    your Mother my kindest regards--to your small, fat,
+    impertinent, ignorant brother my hatred. I think that is
+    all.
+
+[Illustration: What I look like when I'm Lecturing. _From a
+drawing, by Lewis Carroll._]
+
+    My dear Maggie,--I am a very bad correspondent, I fear, but
+    I hope you won't leave off writing to me on that account. I
+    got the little book safe, and will do my best about putting
+    my name in, if I can only manage to remember what day my
+    birthday is--but one forgets these things so easily.
+
+    Somebody told me (a little bird, I suppose) that you had
+    been having better photographs done of yourselves. If so, I
+    hope you will let me buy copies. Fanny will pay you for
+    them. But, oh Maggie, how _can_ you ask for a better
+    one of me than the one I sent! It is one of the best ever
+    done! Such grace, such dignity, such benevolence, such--as a
+    great secret (please don't repeat it) the _Queen_ sent
+    to ask for a copy of it, but as it is against my rule to
+    give in such a case, I was obliged to answer--
+
+    "Mr. Dodgson presents his compliments to her Majesty, and
+    regrets to say that his rule is never to give his photograph
+    except to _young_ ladies." I am told she was annoyed
+    about it, and said, "I'm not so old as all that comes to!"
+    and one doesn't like to annoy Queens; but really I couldn't
+    help it, you know.
+
+I will conclude this chapter with some reminiscences of Lewis Carroll,
+which have been kindly sent me by an old child-friend of his, Mrs.
+Maitland, daughter of the late Rev. E.A. Litton, Rector of Naunton,
+and formerly Fellow of Oriel College and Vice-Principal of Saint
+Edmund's Hall:--
+
+    To my mind Oxford will be never quite the same again now
+    that so many of the dear old friends of one's childhood have
+    "gone over to the great majority."
+
+    Often, in the twilight, when the flickering firelight danced
+    on the old wainscotted wall, have we--father and I--chatted
+    over the old Oxford days and friends, and the merry times we
+    all had together in Long Wall Street. I was a nervous, thin,
+    remarkably ugly child then, and for some years I was left
+    almost entirely to the care of Mary Pearson, my own
+    particular attendant. I first remember Mr. Dodgson when I
+    was about seven years old, and from that time until we went
+    to live in Gloucestershire he was one of my most delightful
+    friends.
+
+    I shall never forget how Mr. Dodgson and I sat once under a
+    dear old tree in the Botanical Gardens, and how he told me,
+    for the first time, Hans Andersen's story of the "Ugly
+    Duckling." I cannot explain the charm of Mr. Dodgson's way
+    of telling stories; as he spoke, the characters seemed to be
+    real flesh and blood. This particular story made a great
+    impression upon me, and interested me greatly, as I was very
+    sensitive about my ugly little self. I remember his
+    impressing upon me that it was better to be good and
+    truthful and to try not to think of oneself than to be a
+    pretty, selfish child, spoiled and disagreeable; and, after
+    telling me this story, he gave me the name of "Ducky."
+    "Never mind, little Ducky," he used often to say, "perhaps
+    some day you will turn out a swan."
+
+    I always attribute my love for animals to the teaching of
+    Mr. Dodgson: his stories about them, his knowledge of their
+    lives and histories, his enthusiasm about birds and
+    butterflies enlivened many a dull hour. The monkeys in the
+    Botanical Gardens were our special pets, and when we fed
+    them with nuts and biscuits he seemed to enjoy the fun as
+    much as I did.
+
+    Every day my nurse and I used to take a walk in Christ
+    Church Meadows, and often we would sit down on the soft
+    grass, with the dear old Broad Walk quite close, and, when
+    we raised our eyes, Merton College, with its walls covered
+    with Virginian creeper. And how delighted we used to be to
+    see the well-known figure in cap and gown coming, so
+    swiftly, with his kind smile ready to welcome the "Ugly
+    Duckling." I knew, as he sat beside me, that a book of fairy
+    tales was hidden in his pocket, or that he would have some
+    new game or puzzle to show me--and he would gravely accept a
+    tiny daisy-bouquet for his coat with as much courtesy as if
+    it had been the finest hot-house _boutonniere_.
+
+    Two or three times I went fishing with him from the bank
+    near the Old Mill, opposite Addison's Walk, and he quite
+    entered into my happiness when a small fish came wriggling
+    up at the end of my bent pin, just ready for the dinner of
+    the little white kitten "Lily," which he had given me.
+
+    My hair was a great trouble to me, as a child, for it would
+    tangle, and Mary was not too patient with me, as I twisted
+    about while she was trying to dress it. One day I received a
+    long blue envelope addressed to myself, which contained a
+    story-letter, full of drawings, from Mr. Dodgson. The first
+    picture was of a little girl--with her hat off and her
+    tumbled hair very much in evidence--asleep on a rustic bench
+    under a big tree by the riverside, and two birds, holding
+    what was evidently a very important conversation, above in
+    the branches, their heads on one side, eyeing the sleeping
+    child. Then there was a picture of the birds flying up to
+    the child with twigs and straw in their beaks, preparing to
+    build their nest in her hair. Next came the awakening, with
+    the nest completed, and the mother-bird sitting on it; while
+    the father-bird flew round the frightened child. And then,
+    lastly, hundreds of birds--the air thick with them--the
+    child fleeing, small boys with tin trumpets raised to their
+    lips to add to the confusion, and Mary, armed with a basket
+    of brushes and combs, bringing up the rear! After this,
+    whenever I was restive while my hair was being arranged,
+    Mary would show me the picture of the child with the nest on
+    her head, and I at once became "as quiet as a lamb."
+
+    I had a daily governess, a dear old soul, who used to come
+    every morning to teach me. I disliked particularly the
+    large-lettered copies which she used to set me; and as I
+    confided this to Mr. Dodgson, he came and gave me some
+    copies himself. The only ones which I can remember were
+    "Patience and water-gruel cure gout" (I always wondered what
+    "gout" might be) and "Little girls should be seen and not
+    heard" (which I thought unkind). These were written many
+    times over, and I had to present the pages to him, without
+    one blot or smudge, at the end of the week.
+
+    One of the Fellows of Magdalen College at that time was a
+    Mr. Saul, a friend of my father's and of Mr. Dodgson, and a
+    great lover of music--his rooms were full of musical
+    instruments of every sort. Mr. Dodgson and father and I all
+    went one afternoon to pay him a visit. At that time he was
+    much interested in the big drum, and we found him when we
+    arrived in full practice, with his music-book open before
+    him. He made us all join in the concert. Father undertook
+    the 'cello, and Mr. Dodgson hunted up a comb and some paper,
+    and, amidst much fun and laughter, the walls echoed with the
+    finished roll, or shake, of the big drum--a roll that was
+    Mr. Saul's delight.
+
+    My father died on August 27, 1897, and Mr. Dodgson on
+    January 14, 1898. And we, who are left behind in this cold,
+    weary world can only hope we may some day meet them again.
+    Till then, oh! Father, and my dear old childhood's friend,
+    _requiescalis in pace!_
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+"NOTES ON THE FIRST TWO BOOKS OF EUCLID."                     1860
+  Oxford: Parker. 8vo. 6d
+
+
+"PHOTOGRAPHS."                                             (?)1860
+  (Printed for private circulation; a
+  list of negatives taken by the Rev. C. L.
+  Dodgson.) Pp. 4, 4to
+
+
+"A SYLLABUS OF PLANE ALGEBRAICAL GEOMETRY,"                   1860
+  systematically arranged, with formal definitions,
+  postulates, and axioms. By Charles Lutwidge
+  Dodgson. Part I. Containing Points, Right Lines,
+  Rectilinear Figures, Pencils and Circles.
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. xvi + 164, 8vo. Cloth, paper label. 5s
+
+
+"RULES FOR COURT CIRCULAR."                                   1860
+  (A new game, invented by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson.)
+  Pp. 4. (Reprinted in 1862).
+
+
+"THE FORMULAE OF PLANE TRIGONOMETRY,"                          1861
+  printed with symbols (instead of words) to express the
+  "goniometrical ratios." By Charles Lutwidge Dodgson.
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. 19, 4to. Stitched, 1s.
+
+
+"NOTES ON THE FIRST PART OF ALGEBRA."                         1861
+  Oxford: Parker. 8vo. 6d
+
+
+"INDEX TO 'IN MEMORIAM.'"                                     1862
+  [Suggested and edited by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson;
+  much of the actual work of compilation was
+  done by his sisters]
+  London: Moxon.
+
+
+"THE ENUNCIATIONS OF EUCLID, Books I. and II."                1863
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"GENERAL LIST OF (MATHEMATICAL) SUBJECTS, AND                 1863
+  CYCLE FOR WORKING EXAMPLES."
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"CROQUET CASTLES."                                            1863
+  (A new game invented by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson).
+  London(?) Pp. 4. (Reprinted, with additions
+  and alterations, in 1866 at Oxford.)
+
+
+"THE NEW EXAMINATION STATUTE."                                1864
+  (A letter to the Vice-Chancellor.)
+  Pp. 2, 4 to. Oxford.
+
+
+"A GUIDE TO THE MATHEMATICAL STUDENT IN READING,              1864
+  REVIEWING, AND WORKING EXAMPLES." By Charles
+  Lutwidge Dodgson. Part I. Pure Mathematics.
+  Oxford: Parker. Two leaves and pp. 27, 8vo.
+  Stitched, 1s.
+
+
+"THE DYNAMICS OF A PARTI-CLE, with an Excursus on             1865
+  the New Method of Evaluation as applied to pi."
+  Oxford: Vincent. Pp. 28, 8vo. (Three editions).
+
+
+"ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND." By Lewis                  1865
+  Carroll, with forty-two illustrations by John
+  Tenniel. London: Macmillan. Pp. 192, cr. 8vo.
+  Cloth, gilt edges. 6s.
+ The 1st edition (recalled) was printed in Oxford,
+   and is very rare; all subsequent editions (1865
+   onwards) by Richard Clay in London. Now in its
+   86th thousand. [People's Edition, price 2s. 6d.;
+   first published in 1887. Now in its 70th
+   thousand.]
+
+
+"CONDENSATION OF DETERMINANTS," being a new and               1866
+  brief method for computing their arithmetical
+  values. By the Rev. C.L. Dodgson. From "The
+  Proceedings of the Royal Society, No. 84, 1866."
+  London: Taylor and Francis. Pp. 8, 8vo.
+
+
+"AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON DETERMINANTS."                     1867
+  London: Macmillan. (Printed in Oxford.)
+  Pp. viii + 143, 4to. Cloth. 10s. 6d.
+
+
+"THE FIFTH BOOK OF EUCLID TREATED ALGEBRAICALLY,              1868
+  SO FAR AS IT RELATES TO COMMENSURABLE MAGNITUDES."
+  With notes. By Charles L. Dodgson. Oxford and
+  London: Parker. Two leaves and pp. 37, 8vo. In
+  wrapper, 1s. 6d.
+
+
+"ALGEBRAICAL FORMULAE FOR RESPONSIONS."                        1868
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"THE TELEGRAPH CIPHER."                                    (?)1868
+  (Invented, in 1868, by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson.)
+
+
+"PHANTASMAGORIA AND OTHER POEMS."                             1869
+  By Lewis Carroll.
+  London: Macmillan. (Printed in Oxford.)
+  Pp. viii + 202, small 8vo. Cloth, gilt edges.
+
+
+"AVENTURES D'ALICE AU PAYS DE MERVEILLES."                    1869
+  Par Lewis Carroll, ouvrage illustre de 42 vignettes
+  par John Tenniel. Traduit de l'anglais, par H. Bue.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 196, cr. 8vo. Cloth, gilt
+  edges. 6s. (Now in its 2nd thousand.)
+
+
+"ALICE'S ABENTEUER IM WUNDERLAND." Von Lewis                  1869
+  Carroll, mit zweiundvierzig Illustrationen von
+  John Tenniel. Uebersetzt von Antonie Zimmermann.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 178, cr. 8vo. Cloth, gilt
+  edges. 6s.
+
+
+"GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY."                                      1870
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"ALGEBRAICAL FORMULAE AND RULES."                              1870
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"ARITHMETICAL FORMULAE AND RULES."                              1870
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"TO ALL CHILD READERS OF 'ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN               1871
+  WONDERLAND.'" Pp. 4
+
+
+"THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS AND WHAT ALICE FOUND               1871
+  THERE." By Lewis Carroll. With fifty illustrations
+  by John Tenniel.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 224., cr. 8vo. Cloth,
+  gilt edges. 6s. Now in its 61st thousand
+  [People's edition. Price 2s. 6d. First
+  published in 1887. Now in its 46th thousand.]
+
+
+"LE AVVENTURE D'ALICE NEL PAESE DELLA MERAVIGLIE."            1872
+  Per Lewis Carroll. Tradotte dall'inglese da T.
+  Pietrocola-Rossetti. Con 42 vignette di Giovanni
+  Tenniel.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 189, cr. 8vo.
+  Cloth, gilt edges. 6s.
+
+
+CIRCULAR TO HOSPITALS OFFERING COPIES OF THE TWO              1872
+  "ALICE" BOOKS.
+  London: Macmillan.
+
+
+"SYMBOLS, &c., TO BE USED IN EUCLID,                           1872
+  Books I. and II."
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"NUMBER OF PROPOSITIONS IN EUCLID." Oxford:                   1872
+  Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"THE NEW BELFRY OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD." A                  1872
+  Monograph. By D.C.L.
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. 2 + 31, cr. 8vo.
+  In wrapper. 6d. (Five editions.)
+
+
+"ENUNCIATIONS, EUCLID, I.-VI."                                1873
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"OBJECTIONS, SUBMITTED TO THE GOVERNING BODY of               1873
+  Christ Church, Oxford, against certain proposed
+  alterations in the Great Quadrangle."
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press. Pp. 4, 4to.
+  [Printed for Private Circulation.]
+
+
+"THE VISION OF THE THREE T's." A Threnody. By the             1873
+  Author of "The New Belfry."
+  Oxford. Parker. Pp. 37 + 3, 8vo. In wrapper, 9d.
+  (Three editions.)
+
+
+"A DISCUSSION OF THE VARIOUS MODES OF PROCEDURE IN            1873
+  CONDUCTING ELECTIONS."
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"EUCLID, BOOK V. PROVED ALGEBRAICALLY," so far as             1874
+  it relates to Commensurable Magnitudes. To which
+  is prefixed a summary of all the necessary
+  algebraical operations, arranged in order of
+  difficulty. By Charles L. Dodgson.
+  Oxford: Parker.
+  Pp. viii + 62, 8vo. Cloth. 3s. 6d.
+
+
+"SUGGESTIONS AS TO THE BEST METHOD OF TAKING VOTES,           1874
+  where more than two Issues are to be voted on."
+  Oxford: Hall and Stacy. Pp. 8, 8vo.
+
+
+"THE BLANK CHEQUE." A Fable. By the Author of "The            1874
+  New Belfry," and "The Vision of The Three T's"
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. 14 + 2, cr. 8vo. In wrapper. 4d.
+
+
+"PRELIMINARY ALGEBRA, AND EUCLID Book V."                     1874
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"THE DYNAMICS OF A PARTI-CLE."                                1874
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. 24, cr. 8vo. In wrapper. 6d.
+
+
+"THE NEW METHOD OF EVALUATION AS APPLIED TO pi."              1874
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. 16, cr. 8vo. In wrapper. 4d.
+
+
+"FACTS, FIGURES, AND FANCIES," relating to the                1874
+  Elections to the Hebdomadal Council, the Offer of
+  the Clarendon Trustees, and the Proposal to
+  convert the Parks into Cricket-Grounds.
+  Oxford: Parker. Pp. 29 + 3, cr. 8vo. In wrapper. 8d.
+
+
+"NOTES BY AN OXFORD CHIEL."                                   1874
+  Oxford: Parker. Cr. 8vo. Cloth, gilt edges.
+  [This book consists of the following six pamphlets
+  bound together--"The New Method of Evaluation,"
+  "The Dynamics of a Particle," "Facts, Figures, and
+  Fancies," "The New Belfry," "The Vision of the
+  Three T's," and "The Blank Cheque."]
+
+
+"EXAMPLES IN ARITHMETIC."                                     1874
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"EUCLID, BOOKS I. and II." Edited by Charles L.               1875
+  Dodgson.
+  Oxford: Parker. Diagram, Title, Preface,
+  and pp. 102, cr. 8vo. Cloth.
+  [The book was circulated privately among
+  Mathematical friends for hints. "Not yet
+  published" was printed above title.]
+
+
+"THE PROFESSORSHIP OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY."                 1876
+  (Three leaflets.)
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"A METHOD OF TAKING VOTES OF MORE THAN TWO                    1876
+  ISSUES."
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+  Pp. 20, cr. 8vo.
+  [A note on the title-page runs as follows: "As I
+  hope to investigate this subject further, and to
+  publish a more complete pamphlet on the subject, I
+  shall feel greatly obliged if you will enter in
+  this copy any remarks that occur to you, and
+  return it to me any time before--"]
+
+
+LETTER AND QUESTIONS TO HOSPITALS. Oxford:                    1876
+  Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"AN EASTER GREETING." [Reprinted in London, by                1876
+  Macmillan & Co., in 1880.]
+
+
+"FAME'S PENNY TRUMPET." Not published.                        1876
+  Oxford: Baxter. Pp. 4, 4to.
+  [Afterwards published in "Rhyme? and Reason?"]
+
+
+"THE HUNTING OF THE SNARK." An Agony, in Eight                1876
+  Fits. By Lewis Carroll. With nine illustrations by
+  Henry Holiday.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. xi + 83, 8vo. Cloth,
+  gilt edges. 4s.. 6d.
+
+
+"THE RESPONSIONS OF HILARY TERM, 1877."                       1877
+  (A letter to the Vice-Chancellor.)
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"A CHARADE." (Written with a cyclostyle.) Pp. 4.              1878
+
+
+"WORD-LINKS." (A game, afterwards called                      1878
+  "DOUBLETS," invented by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson.)
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press. Pp. 4,
+  8vo.[There is also a form written with a
+  cyclostyle.]
+
+
+"DOUBLETS." A Word-Puzzle. By Lewis Carroll.                  1879
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 73, 8vo. Cloth. 2s. (2nd
+  edition, 1880.)
+
+
+"EUCLID AND HIS MODERN RIVALS."                               1879
+  London: Macmillan. 8vo. Cloth. 6s.
+  (2nd edition, 1885. Pp. xxxi + 275.)
+
+
+"DOUBLETS." A Word-Puzzle. By Lewis Carroll.                  1880
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press. Pp. 8.
+  8vo. [This Puzzle appeared in Vanity Fair, April
+  19, 1879.]
+
+
+"LETTER FROM MABEL TO EMILY." To illustrate common            1880
+  errors in letter-writing. (Written with a
+  cyclostyle.)
+
+
+"LIZE'S AVONTUREN IN HET WONDERLAND."                      (?)1881
+  Naar het Engelsch. [A Dutch version of "Alice
+  in Wonderland."]
+  Nijmegen. 4to.
+
+
+"ON CATCHING COLD." (A pamphlet, consisting of                1881
+  extracts from two books by Dr. Inman.)
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"JABBERWOCKY." (Lewis Carroll's Poem, with A.A.               1881
+  Vansittart's Latin rendering.)
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+NOTICE RE CONCORDANCE TO "IN MEMORIAM."                       1881
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"LANRICK." A Game for Two Players.                            1881
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+A CIRCULAR ABOUT THE "SCHOOL OF DRAMATIC ART."                1882
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"AN ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONSIONS-LISTS FROM                    1882
+  MICHAELMAS, 1873, to Michaelmas, 1881."
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+CIRCULAR ASKING FOR SUGGESTIONS FOR A GIRLS'                  1882
+  EDITION OF SHAKESPEARE.
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+  [Two different forms, one pp. 2, the other pp. 4.]
+
+
+"EUCLID, BOOKS I. and II."                                    1882
+  London: Macmillan. Printed in Oxford.
+  Pp. xi + 108. 8vo. Cloth. 2s.
+  [Seven editions were subsequently published.]
+
+
+"DREAMLAND." A Song. Words by Lewis Carroll; music            1882
+  by Rev. C. E. Hutchinson.
+  Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"MISCHMASCH." (A game invented by the Rev. C. L.              1882
+  Dodgson.) Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+  Two editions.
+
+
+"RHYME? AND REASON?" By Lewis Carroll. With                   1883
+  sixty-five illustrations by Arthur B. Frost, and
+  nine by Henry Holiday.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. xii + 214, cr. 8vo.
+  Cloth, 7s. (Now in its 6th thousand.)
+  [This book is a reprint, with a few additions, of
+  "The Hunting of the Snark," and of the comic
+  portions of "Phantasmagoria and Other Poems."]
+
+
+"LAWN TENNIS TOURNAMENTS: THE TRUE METHOD OF                  1883
+  ASSIGNING PRIZES, with a Proof of the Fallacy of
+  the Present Method."
+  London: Macmillan. Printed in Oxford. 8vo.
+
+
+"RULES FOR RECKONING POSTAGE."                                1883
+  Oxford: Baxter.
+
+
+"TWELVE MONTHS IN A CURATORSHIP."                             1884
+  By One who has tried it.
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter.
+  Pp. 52, 8vo
+
+
+SUPPLEMENT TO DITTO.                                          1884
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 8, 8vo
+
+
+POSTSCRIPT TO DITTO.                                          1884
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 2, 8vo.
+
+
+"CHRISTMAS GREETINGS."                                        1884
+  London: Macmillan.
+
+
+"THE PROFITS OF AUTHORSHIP." By Lewis Carroll.                 1884
+  London: Macmillan. 8vo. 6d.
+
+
+"THE PRINCIPLES OF PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION."             1884
+  London: Harrison. Pp. 56, 8vo. (Reprinted in
+  1885.)
+
+
+SUPPLEMENT TO DITTO.                                          1885
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 8, 8vo.
+  Two editions.
+
+
+POSTSCRIPT TO SUPPLEMENT TO DITTO.                            1885
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 8vo.
+  Two editions.
+
+
+SUPPLEMENT TO FIRST EDITION OF "EUCLID AND HIS                1885
+  MODERN RIVALS." London: Macmillan. 8vo. 1s
+
+
+"A TANGLED TALE." By Lewis Carroll. With six                  1885
+  illustrations by Arthur B. Frost. London:
+  Macmillan. Printed in Oxford. Pp. 152, cr. 8vo.
+  Cloth, gilt edges. 4s. 6d. (Now in its 4th
+  thousand.)
+  [First appeared in Monthly Packet, April,
+  1882-November, 1884. There are also separate
+  reprints of each "Knot," and of the Answers to
+  "Knots" I. and II.]
+
+
+"PROPOSED PROCURATORIAL CYCLE."                               1885
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 4to.
+
+
+"THE PROCURATORIAL CYCLE. FURTHER REMARKS."                   1885
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 3, 4to.
+
+
+"SUGGESTIONS AS TO THE ELECTION OF PROCTORS."                 1885
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 4to.
+  (Reprinted, with additions, in 1886)
+
+
+"ALICE'S ADVENTURES UNDER GROUND." By Lewis                   1886
+  Carroll. With thirty-seven illustrations by the
+  author.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. viii + 95, cr. 8vo. Cloth,
+   gilt edges. 4s. (Now in its 4th thousand.)
+  [This book is a facsimile of the original
+  Manuscript story, afterwards developed into "Alice
+  in Wonderland."]
+
+
+"THREE YEARS IN A CURATORSHIP."                               1886
+  By one whom it has tried.
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 32, cr. 8vo.
+
+
+"REMARKS ON THE REPORT OF THE FINANCE COMMITTEE."             1886
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 8, cr. 8vo.
+
+
+"REMARKS ON MR. SAMPSON'S PROPOSAL."                          1886
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, cr. 8vo.
+
+
+"OBSERVATIONS ON MR. SAMPSON'S PROPOSAL."                     1889
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 12, 8vo.
+
+
+"FIRST PAPER ON LOGIC."                                       1886
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 2, 8vo.
+
+
+"FOURTH PAPER ON LOGIC."                                      1886
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 3, 8vo.
+
+
+"FIFTH PAPER ON LOGIC."                                       1887
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 8vo.
+
+
+"SIXTH PAPER ON LOGIC."                                       1887
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 8vo.
+
+
+"QUESTIONS IN LOGIC."                                         1887
+  Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, fcap. fol.
+
+
+"ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND; AND THROUGH THE            1887
+  LOOKING-GLASS." People's editions, 1 vol.
+  London: Macmillan. Cr. 8vo. Cloth. 4s. 6d.
+
+
+"THE GAME OF LOGIC." By Lewis Carroll.                        1887
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 96, cr. 8vo. Cloth. 3s.
+
+
+"CURIOSA MATHEMATICA, Part I. A New Theory of                 1888
+  Parallels." By C. L. Dodgson.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 75. 8vo. Cloth. 2s.
+  (Reprinted in 1889, 1890, and 1895.)
+
+
+"MEMORIA TECHNICA." [Written with a cyclostyle.]              1888
+  Pp. 4
+
+
+"CIRCULAR BILLIARDS FOR TWO PLAYERS." Invented, in         (?)1889
+  1889, by Lewis Carroll. Two editions
+
+
+"SYLVIE AND BRUNO." By Lewis Carroll. With                    1889
+  forty-six illustrations by Harry Furniss.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. xxiii + 400, cr. 8vo.
+  Cloth, gilt edges. (Now in its 13th thousand.)
+  [The picture on p. 77 was drawn by Miss Alice Havers.]
+
+
+"THE NURSERY 'ALICE.'" Containing twenty coloured             1890
+  enlargements from Tenniel's illustrations to
+  "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland." With text
+  adapted to nursery readers by Lewis Carroll. The
+  cover designed and coloured by E. Gertrude
+  Thomson. London: Macmillan. Pp. 56, 4to. Boards.
+  4s. (Now in its 11th thousand.)
+
+
+"EIGHT OR NINE WISE WORDS ABOUT LETTER-WRITING."              1890
+  By Lewis Carroll. Oxford: Emberlin and Son. (Now
+  in its 5th edition.) [This pamphlet is sold with
+  the "Wonderland" Postage-Stamp Case, published by
+  Messrs. Emberlin and Son.]
+
+
+"THE STRANGER CIRCULAR." (A leaflet sent by Mr.               1890
+  Dodgson to people who wrote to him about his
+  "Lewis Carroll" books, addressing the envelope to
+  Rev. C. L. Dodgson.)
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+CIRCULAR, asking friends to send addresses of                 1890
+  stationers likely to sell the
+  "Wonderland" Postage-Stamp Case.
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+CIRCULAR SENT TO VARIOUS HOSPITALS, offering free             1890
+  copies of Lewis Carroll's books.
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+LIST OF INSTITUTIONS to which above was to be sent.           1890
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+CIRCULAR, ADDRESSED TO THE GOVERNING BODY OF                  1891
+  CHRIST CHURCH, Oxford, about the proposal to
+  invite M.A.'s to dine at High Table.
+
+
+"A POSTAL PROBLEM." June, 1891.                               1891
+
+
+DITTO, Supplement.                                            1891
+
+
+A CIRCULAR ABOUT RESIGNATION OF CURATORSHIP.                  1892
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+A CIRCULAR ABOUT "UNPARLIAMENTARY" WORDS                      1892
+  used by some competitors in the "Syzygies"
+  competition in The Lady.
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+"CURIOSISSIMA CURATORIA." By 'Rude Donatus.'                  1892
+  (A Pamphlet sent to all resident members of Christ
+  Church Common Room.)
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+"EIGHTH PAPER ON LOGIC."                                      1892
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+  [A revised version of one page was
+  printed in same year.]
+
+
+"NINTH PAPER ON LOGIC."                                       1892
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+"NOTES TO LOGIC PAPERS EIGHT AND NINE."                       1892
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+"CURIOSA MATHEMATICA, Part III. PILLOW PROBLEMS,"             1893
+  thought out during wakeful hours, by C. L.
+  Dodgson.
+  London, Macmillan: Printed in Oxford. Pp.
+  xvii + 109, 8vo. Cloth, 1st and 2nd editions.
+  (Reprinted in 1894, 1895.)
+
+
+"SYZYGIES AND LANRICK." By Lewis Carroll.                     1893
+  London: The Lady office. Pp. 26. 6d.
+
+
+"SYLVIE AND BRUNO CONCLUDED." By Lewis Carroll.               1893
+  With forty-six illustrations by Harry Furniss.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. xxi + 423, cr. 8vo. Cloth,
+  gilt edges. 7s.6d. (Now in its 3rd thousand.) [The
+  picture on p. 409 was drawn by Miss Alice Havers.]
+
+
+"A DISPUTED POINT IN LOGIC."                                  1894
+
+
+"WHAT THE TORTOISE SAID TO ACHILLES." (Reprinted              1894
+  from Mind, December, 1894.) Pp. 4.
+
+
+"A FASCINATING MENTAL RECREATION FOR THE YOUNG."           (?)1895
+  (A circular about Symbolic Logic, signed "Lewis
+  Carroll.")
+
+
+"RESIDENT WOMEN-STUDENTS."                                    1896
+  (A circular, signed "Charles L Dodgson.")
+  Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+"SYMBOLIC LOGIC. Part I. Elementary." By Lewis                1896
+  Carroll.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. xxxi + 192, cr.
+  8vo. Cloth. 2s. (Now in its 4th edition.)
+
+
+"THREE SUNSETS AND OTHER POEMS." By Lewis Carroll.            1898
+  With twelve Fairy-Fancies by E. Gertrude Thomson.
+  London: Macmillan. Pp. 68, fcap. 4to. Cloth, gilt
+  edges. 4s. [This book is a reprint, with
+  additions, of the serious portions of
+  "Phantasmagoria and Other Poems."]
+
+
+"TO MY CHILD-FRIEND." (A poem, reprinted in "The           No date
+  Game of Logic.") Pp. 2
+
+
+"THE ALPHABET-CIPHER."                                     No date
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+A
+
+
+Abdy, Miss Dora,
+
+Albany, The Duchess of,
+
+"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,"
+
+"Alice's Adventures Underground,"
+
+"Alice" Operetta, The,
+
+Alice, Princess,
+
+"Alice, The Nursery,"
+
+Allen, Mrs. Egerton,
+
+Anderson, Mrs.,
+
+Atkinson, Miss G.,
+
+Atkinson, Rev. F. H.,
+
+
+
+B
+
+
+Baden-Powell, Sir George,
+
+Bayne, Rev. T. Vere,
+
+Bennie, Mrs.,
+
+"Blank Cheque, The,"
+
+Bowman, Miss Isa,
+
+Bremer, Miss,
+
+"Bruno's Revenge,"
+
+
+
+C
+
+
+Calverley, C. S.,
+
+Chataway, Miss G.,
+
+Chevalier, Albert,
+
+Circle-squarers,
+
+_College Rhymes,_
+
+College Servants,
+
+_Comic Times, The,_
+
+Cook Wilson, Professor,
+
+Croft,
+
+Cunningham, Miss M.,
+
+
+
+D
+
+
+Daresbury,
+
+"Deserted Parks, The,"
+
+"Determinants, An Elementary Treatise On,"
+
+Dodgson, Archdeacon,
+
+Dodgson, Captain,
+
+Dodgson, Mrs.,
+
+"Dotheboys Hall,"
+
+"Dreamland,"
+
+Drury, Miss
+
+Dymes, Miss
+
+"Dynamics of a Parti-cle, The"
+
+
+
+E
+
+
+Egerton, Lord Francis
+
+Elphin, The Bishop of
+
+Elsdon
+
+Eschwege, Miss K.
+
+Eternal Punishment
+
+"Euclid and His Modern Rivals"
+
+"Euclid, Books I. and II."
+
+"Euclid, Book V."
+
+Exhibition, The Great
+
+
+
+F
+
+
+"Facts, Figures, and Fancies"
+
+Freiligrath Kroeker, Mrs.
+
+Frost, A.B.
+
+Furniss, Harry
+
+
+
+G
+
+
+"Game of Logic, The"
+
+Gatty, Mrs.
+
+General Elections
+
+
+
+H
+
+
+Harrison, Frederic
+
+Holiday, Henry
+
+Hopley, Rev. H.
+
+Hughes, Arthur
+
+Hughes, Miss Agnes
+
+"Hunting of the Snark, The"
+
+Hutchinson, Rev. C.E.
+
+
+
+J
+
+
+_Jabberwock, The_
+
+Jackson, Miss F.
+
+Jelf, Canon
+
+Jowett, Dr.
+
+
+
+K
+
+
+Kean, Mrs.
+
+Kingsley, Henry
+
+Kitchin, Miss Alexandra (Xie)
+
+
+
+L
+
+
+"Lays of Sorrow"
+
+Liddell, Dr.
+
+Liddell, Miss Alice
+
+Liddon, Canon
+
+"Little Minister, The"
+
+Longley, Archbishop
+
+
+
+M
+
+
+Macdonald, George
+
+Maitland, Mrs.
+
+Manners, Miss M.E.
+
+Maurier, George du
+
+Mechanical "Humpty Dumpty," The
+
+"Memoria Technica"
+
+_Misch-Masch_
+
+Moscow
+
+
+
+N
+
+
+Natural Science
+
+"New Belfry, The"
+
+"New Method of Evaluation, The"
+
+"New Theory of Parallels, The"
+
+Nijni Novgorod
+
+"Notes by an Oxford Chiel"
+
+
+
+P
+
+
+Paget, Dean
+
+Paget, Sir James
+
+Paine, Miss Adelaide
+
+Patmore, Coventry
+
+Paton, Sir Noel
+
+"Phantasmagoria"
+
+"Pillow Problems"
+
+Potsdam
+
+Price, Professor
+
+"Profits of Authorship, The"
+
+Pusey, Dr.
+
+
+
+R
+
+
+_Rectory Umbrella, The_
+
+"Rhyme? and Reason?"
+
+Richmond
+
+Rix, Miss Edith
+
+Rugby
+
+Ruskin, John
+
+
+
+S
+
+
+Salisbury, The Marquis of
+
+St. Petersburg
+
+Sanday, Professor
+
+Simpson, Miss Gaynor
+
+Smedley, Frank
+
+Standen, Miss Isabel
+
+"Sylvie and Bruno"
+
+"Sylvie and Bruno Concluded"
+
+"Symbolic Logic, Part I."
+
+"Syzygies"
+
+
+
+T
+
+
+Tait, Archbishop
+
+"Tangled Tale, A"
+
+Taylor, Tom
+
+Tenniel, Sir John
+
+Tennyson, Alfred
+
+Terry, Miss Ellen
+
+Terry, Miss Kate
+
+Thackeray, W.M.
+
+Thomson, Miss E.G.
+
+"Three Sunsets"
+
+"Through the Looking-Glass"
+
+_Train, The_
+
+"Twelve Months in a Curatorship"
+
+
+
+V
+
+
+Vansittart, A.A.
+
+"Vision of The Three T's, The"
+
+Vivisection
+
+
+
+W
+
+
+Wilberforce, Bishop
+
+"Wise Words on Letter-Writing"
+
+"Wonderland" Stamp-Case, The
+
+Woodhouse, Rev. G.C.
+
+
+
+Y
+
+
+Yates, Edmund
+
+Yonge, Miss Charlotte M.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES.
+
+
+[Footnote 001: Perhaps an incorrect expression, as it was only the
+second attempt.]
+
+
+[Footnote 002: The science of taking medicine in infinitely small
+doses.]
+
+
+[Footnote 003:
+
+             1
+_________________________
+1000000000000000000000000
+
+]
+
+[Footnote 004: A Man's history of his own life.]
+
+
+[Footnote 005: The author of "The Bandy-legged Butterfly."]
+
+
+[Footnote 006: Afterwards President of the Society for the Prevention
+of Cruelty to Animals.]
+
+
+
+[Footnote 007: Or a pulling by the ear.]
+
+
+[Footnote 008: This Rectory has been supposed to have been built in
+the time of Edward VI., but recent discoveries clearly assign its
+origin to a much earlier period. A stone has been found in an island
+formed by the river Tees on which is inscribed the letter "A," which
+is justly conjectured to stand for the name of the great King Alfred,
+in whose reign this house was probably built.]
+
+
+[Footnote 009: The poet entreats pardon for having represented a
+donkey under this dignified name.]
+
+
+[Footnote 010: With reference to these remarkable animals see "Moans
+from the Miserable," page 12.]
+
+
+[Footnote 011: A full account of the history and misfortunes of these
+interesting creatures may be found in the first "Lay of Sorrow," page
+36.]
+
+
+[Footnote 012: It is a singular fact that a donkey makes a point of
+returning any kicks offered to it.]
+
+
+[Footnote 013: This valiant knight, besides having a heart of steel
+and nerves of iron, has been lately in the habit of carrying a brick
+in his eye.]
+
+
+[Footnote 014: She was sister to both.]
+
+
+[Footnote 015: The reader will probably be at a loss to discover the
+nature of this triumph, as no object was gained, and the donkey was
+obviously the victor; on this point, however, we are sorry to say, we
+can offer no good explanation.]
+
+
+[Footnote 016: Much more acceptable to a true knight than "corn-land"
+which the Roman people were so foolish as to give to their daring
+champion, Horatius.]
+
+
+[Footnote 017: Lewis Carroll composed this poem while staying with his
+cousins, the Misses Wilcox, at Whitburn, near Sunderland. To while
+away an evening the whole party sat down to a game of verse-making,
+and "Jabberwocky" was his contribution.]
+
+
+[Footnote 018: Coesper from coena and vesper.]
+
+
+[Footnote 019: Lubriciles, from lubricus and graciles. See the
+commentary in "Humpty Dumpty's square," which will also explain
+ultravia, and, if it requires explanation, moestenui.]
+
+
+[Footnote 020: Sanguis meus: Verg. Aen. vi. 836--"Projice tela
+manu, sanguis meus!"]
+
+
+[Footnote 021: Egnia: "muffish"--segnis; therefore "uffish" =
+egnis. This is a conjectural analogy, but I can suggest no better
+solution.]
+
+
+[Footnote 022: Susuffrus: "whiffling," susurrus: "whistling."]
+
+
+[Footnote 023: Spicula: see the picture.]
+
+
+[Footnote 024: Burbur: apparently a labial variation of murmur,
+stronger but more dissonant.]
+
+
+[Footnote 025: This poem is reproduced here by the kind permission of
+the proprietors of Punch.]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll
+by Stuart Dodgson Collingwood
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE OF LEWIS CARROLL ***
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