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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll
+by Stuart Dodgson Collingwood
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll
+
+Author: Stuart Dodgson Collingwood
+
+Release Date: March 6, 2004 [EBook #11483]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE OF LEWIS CARROLL ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Gundry and PG Distributed
+Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+LIFE AND LETTERS
+
+OF
+
+LEWIS CARROLL
+
+(REV. C. L. DODGSON)
+
+
+
+BY
+
+STUART DODGSON COLLINGWOOD
+
+B.A. CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD
+
+
+
+1898
+
+
+
+TO THE
+
+CHILD FRIENDS
+
+OF
+
+LEWIS CARROLL
+
+AND TO ALL WHO LOVE HIS WRITINGS
+
+THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+It is with no undue confidence that I have accepted the
+invitation of the brothers and sisters of Lewis Carroll to write
+this Memoir. I am well aware that the path of the biographer is
+beset with pitfalls, and that, for him, _suppressio veri_ is
+almost necessarily _suggestio falsi_--the least omission may
+distort the whole picture.
+
+To write the life of Lewis Carroll as it should be written
+would tax the powers of a man of far greater experience and
+insight than I have any pretension to possess, and even he would
+probably fail to represent adequately such a complex personality.
+At least I have done my best to justify their choice, and if in
+any way I have wronged my uncle's memory, unintentionally, I
+trust that my readers will pardon me.
+
+My task has been a delightful one. Intimately as I thought I
+knew Mr. Dodgson during his life, I seem since his death to have
+become still better acquainted with him. If this Memoir helps
+others of his admirers to a fuller knowledge of a man whom to
+know was to love, I shall not have written in vain.
+
+I take this opportunity of thanking those who have so kindly
+assisted me in my work, and first I must mention my old
+schoolmaster, the Rev. Watson Hagger, M.A., to whom my readers
+are indebted for the portions of this book dealing with Mr.
+Dodgson's mathematical works. I am greatly indebted to Mr.
+Dodgson's relatives, and to all those kind friends of his and
+others who have aided me, in so many ways, in my difficult task.
+In particular, I may mention the names of H.R.H. the Duchess of
+Albany; Miss Dora Abdy; Mrs. Egerton Allen; Rev. F. H. Atkinson;
+Sir G. Baden-Powell, M.P.; Mr. A. Ball; Rev. T. Vere Bayne; Mrs.
+Bennie; Miss Blakemore; the Misses Bowman; Mrs. Boyes; Mrs.
+Bremer; Mrs. Brine; Miss Mary Brown; Mrs. Calverley; Miss
+Gertrude Chataway; Mrs. Chester; Mr. J. C. Cropper; Mr. Robert
+Davies; Miss Decima Dodgson; the Misses Dymes; Mrs. Eschwege;
+Mrs. Fuller; Mr. Harry Furniss; Rev. C. A. Goodhart; Mrs.
+Hargreaves; Miss Rose Harrison; Mr. Henry Holiday; Rev. H.
+Hopley; Miss Florence Jackson; Rev. A. Kingston; Mrs. Kitchin;
+Mrs. Freiligrath Kroeker; Mr. F. Madan; Mrs. Maitland; Miss M. E.
+Manners; Miss Adelaide Paine; Mrs. Porter; Miss Edith Rix; Rev.
+C. J. Robinson, D.D.; Mr. S. Rogers; Mrs. Round; Miss Isabel
+Standen; Mr. L. Sergeant; Miss Gaynor Simpson; Mrs. Southwall;
+Sir John Tenniel; Miss E. Gertrude Thomson; Mrs. Woodhouse; and
+Mrs. Wyper.
+
+For their help in the work of compiling the Bibliographical
+chapter and some other parts of the book, my thanks are due to
+Mr. E. Baxter, Oxford; the Controller of the University Press,
+Oxford; Mr. A. J. Lawrence, Rugby; Messrs. Macmillan and Co.,
+London; Mr. James Parker, Oxford; and Messrs. Ward, Lock and Co.,
+London.
+
+In the extracts which I have given from Mr. Dodgson's Journal
+and Correspondence it will be noticed that Italics have been
+somewhat freely employed to represent the words which he
+underlined. The use of Italics was so marked a feature of his
+literary style, as any one who has read his books must have
+observed, that without their aid the rhetorical effect, which he
+always strove to produce, would have been seriously marred.
+
+S. DODGSON COLLINGWOOD
+
+GUILDFORD, _September_, 1898.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+(1832-1850)
+
+ Lewis Carroll's forebears--The Bishop of Elphin--Murder of
+ Captain Dodgson--Daresbury--Living in
+ "Wonderland"--Croft--Boyish amusements--His first
+ school--Latin verses--A good report--He goes to Rugby--_The
+ Rectory Umbrella_--"A Lay of Sorrow"
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+(1850-1860)
+
+ Matriculation at Christ Church--Death of Mrs. Dodgson--The
+ Great Exhibition--University and College Honours--A
+ wonderful year--A theatrical
+ treat--_Misch-Masch_--_The Train_--_College
+ Rhymes_--His _nom de plume_--"Dotheboys
+ Hall"--Alfred Tennyson--Ordination--Sermons--A visit to
+ Farringford--"Where does the day begin?"--The Queen visits
+ Oxford
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+(1861-1867)
+
+ Jowett--Index to "In Memoriam"--The Tennysons--The beginning
+ of "Alice"--Tenniel--Artistic friends--"Alice's Adventures
+ in Wonderland"--"Bruno's Revenge"--Tour with Dr.
+ Liddon--Cologne--Berlin architecture--The "Majesty of
+ Justice"--Peterhof--Moscow--A Russian wedding--Nijni--The
+ Troitska Monastery--"Hieroglyphic" writing--Giessen
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+(1868-1876)
+
+ Death of Archdeacon Dodgson--Lewis Carroll's rooms at Christ
+ Church--"Phantasmagoria"--Translations of "Alice"--"Through
+ the Looking-Glass"--"Jabberwocky" in Latin--C.S.
+ Calverley--"Notes by an Oxford
+ Chiel"--Hatfield--Vivisection--"The Hunting of the Snark"
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+(1877-1883)
+
+ Dramatic tastes--Miss Ellen Terry--"Natural Science at
+ Oxford"--Mr. Dodgson as an artist--Miss E.G. Thomson--The
+ drawing of children--A curious dream--"The Deserted
+ Parks"--"Syzygies"--Circus children--Row-loving
+ undergraduates--A letter to _The Observer_--Resignation
+ of the Lectureship--He is elected Curator of the Common
+ Room--Dream-music.
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+(1883-1887)
+
+ "The Profits of Authorship"--"Rhyme? and Reason?"--The
+ Common Room Cat--Visit to Jersey--Purity of
+ elections--Parliamentary Representation--Various literary
+ projects--Letters to Miss E. Rix--Being happy--"A Tangled
+ Tale"--Religious arguments--The "Alice" Operetta--"Alice's
+ Adventures Underground"--"The Game of Logic"--Mr. Harry
+ Furniss.
+
+CHAPTER VII
+(1888-1891)
+
+ A systematic life--"Memoria Technica"--Mr. Dodgson's
+ shyness--"A Lesson in Latin"--The "Wonderland"
+ Stamp-Case--"Wise Words about Letter-Writing"--Princess
+ Alice--"Sylvie and Bruno"--"The night cometh"--"The Nursery
+ 'Alice'"--Coventry Patmore--Telepathy--Resignation of Dr.
+ Liddell--A letter about Logic.
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+(1892-1896)
+
+ Mr. Dodgson resigns the Curatorship--Bazaars--He lectures to
+ children--A mechanical "Humpty Dumpty"--A logical
+ controversy--Albert Chevalier--"Sylvie and Bruno
+ Concluded"--"Pillow Problems"--Mr. Dodgson's
+ generosity--College services--Religious difficulties--A
+ village sermon--Plans for the future--Reverence--"Symbolic
+ Logic"
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+(1897-1898)
+
+ Logic-lectures--Irreverent anecdotes--Tolerance of his
+ religious views--A mathematical discovery--"The Little
+ Minister"--Sir George Baden-Powell--Last illness--"Thy will
+ be done"--"Wonderland" at last!--Letters from
+ friends--"Three Sunsets"--"Of such is the kingdom of Heaven"
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+CHILD FRIENDS
+
+ Mr. Dodgson's fondness for children--Miss Isabel
+ Standen--Puzzles--"Me and Myself"--A double
+ acrostic--"Father William"--Of drinking healths--Kisses by
+ post--Tired in the face--The unripe
+ plum--Eccentricities--"Sylvie and Bruno"--"Mr. Dodgson is
+ going on _well_"
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+THE SAME--_continued._
+
+ Books for children--"The Lost Plum-Cake"--"An Unexpected
+ Guest"--Miss Isa Bowman--Interviews--"Matilda Jane"--Miss
+ Edith Rix--Miss Kathleen Eschwege
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+LEWIS CARROLL--Frontispiece
+_From a photograph_.
+
+ARCHDEACON DODGSON AS A YOUNG MAN
+_From a miniature, painted about_ 1826.
+
+DARESBURY PARSONAGE, LEWIS CARROLL'S BIRTHPLACE
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+LEWIS CARROLL, AGED 8
+_From a silhouette_.
+
+MRS. DODGSON, LEWIS CARROLL'S MOTHER
+_From a silhouette_.
+
+CROFT RECTORY; ARCHDEACON DODGSON AND FAMILY IN FOREGROUND
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1856.
+
+
+TOY STATION IN GARDEN AT CROFT
+_From a photograph_.
+
+ARCHBISHOP TAIT
+_From a photograph by Elliott and Fry_.
+
+"THE ONLY SISTER WHO _WOULD_ WRITE TO HER BROTHER"
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+"THE AGE OF INNOCENCE".
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+"THE SCANTY MEAL"
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+"THE FIRST EARRING"
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS TO "LAYS OF SORROW," NO. 2
+_From drawings by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+EXTERIOR OF CHRIST CHURCH
+_From a photograph_.
+
+GRAVE OF ARCHDEACON AND MRS. DODGSON IN CROFT CHURCHYARD
+_From a photograph_.
+
+LEWIS CARROLL, AGED 23
+_From a photograph_.
+
+ARCHDEACON DODGSON
+_From a photograph_.
+
+ARCHBISHOP LONGLEY
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+"ALAS! WHAT BOOTS--"
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+ALFRED TENNYSON
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1857.
+
+THE BISHOP OF LINCOLN
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1875.
+
+BISHOP WILBERFORCE
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1860.
+
+ALICE LIDDELL AS "THE BEGGAR-CHILD"
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1858.
+
+SKETCH FROM ST. LEONARD'S CONCERT-ROOM
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+GEORGE MACDONALD AND HIS DAUGHTER LILY
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1863.
+
+MRS. ROSSETTI AND HER CHILDREN, DANTE GABRIEL, CHRISTINA,
+AND WILLIAM
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1863.
+
+LORINA, ALICE, AND EDITH LIDDELL
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+GEORGE MACDONALD
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1870.
+
+J. SANT, R.A.
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1866.
+
+HOLMAN HUNT
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1860.
+
+SIR JOHN MILLAIS
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1865.
+
+CHARLOTTE M. YONGE
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1866.
+
+CANON LIDDON
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1867.
+
+"INSTANCE OF HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING OF THE DATE 1867"
+_From a sketch by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+SIR JOHN TENNIEL
+_From a photograph by Bassano_.
+
+LEWIS CARROLL'S STUDY AT CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD
+_From a photograph_.
+
+PROFESSOR FARADAY
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1860.
+
+JUSTICE DENMAN
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1873.
+
+LORD SALISBURY AND HIS TWO SONS
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1870.
+
+FACSIMILE OF A LETTER FROM SIR JOHN TENNIEL TO LEWIS
+CARROLL, DATED JUNE 1, 1870
+
+JOHN RUSKIN
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1875.
+
+HENRY HOLIDAY IN HIS STUDIO
+_From a photograph_.
+
+LEWIS CARROLL
+_From a photograph_.
+
+ELLEN TERRY
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+TOM TAYLOR
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1863.
+
+KATE TERRY
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1865.
+
+MISS E. GERTRUDE THOMSON
+_From a photograph_.
+
+DR. LIDDELL
+_From a photograph by Hill & Saunders_.
+
+"RESPONSIONS"
+_From a photograph by A.T. Shrimpton_.
+
+H. FURNISS
+_From a photograph_.
+
+"BALBUS AND THE DRAGON"
+_From a crayon drawing by the Rev. H.C. Gaye_.
+
+MEDLEY OF TENNIEL'S ILLUSTRATIONS IN "ALICE"
+_From an etching by Miss Whitehead_.
+
+FACSIMILE OF A LETTER FROM H. FURNISS TO LEWIS CARROLL,
+
+DATED AUGUST 23, 1886
+
+SYLVIE AND BRUNO
+_From a drawing by Henry Holiday_.
+
+FACSIMILE OF PROGRAMME OF "ALICE IN WONDERLAND" PRODUCED
+AT THE ROYAL GLOBE THEATRE, DECEMBER 26, 1888.
+
+"THE MAD TEA PARTY"
+_From a photograph by Elliott and Fry_.
+
+THE LATE DUKE OF ALBANY
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1875.
+
+THE DEAN OF CHRIST CHURCH
+_From a photograph by Hill & Saunders_.
+
+THE MECHANICAL "HUMPTY DUMPTY"
+_From a photograph_.
+
+LEWIS CARROLL
+_From a photograph_.
+
+THE CHESTNUTS, GUILDFORD
+_From a photograph_.
+
+LEWIS CARROLL'S GRAVE
+_From a photograph_.
+
+LORINA AND ALICE LIDDELL
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+ALICE LIDDELL
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+XIE KITCHIN
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+XIE KITCHIN AS A CHINAMAN
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+ALICE AND THE DORMOUSE
+_From a photograph by Elliott and Fry_.
+
+FACSIMILE OF A "LOOKING-GLASS" LETTER FROM LEWIS CARROLL
+TO MISS EDITH BALL
+
+ARTHUR HUGHES AND HIS DAUGHTER AGNES
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll_, 1863.
+
+"WHAT I LOOK LIKE WHEN I'M LECTURING"
+_From a drawing by Lewis Carroll_.
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+(1832-1850.)
+
+
+ Lewis Carroll's forebears--The Bishop of Elphin--Murder of
+ Captain Dodgson--Daresbury--Living in
+ "Wonderland"--Croft--Boyish amusements--His first
+ school--Latin verses--A good report--He goes to
+ Rugby--_The Rectory Umbrella_--"A Lay of Sorrow."
+
+
+The Dodgsons appear to have been for a long time connected with the
+north of England, and until quite recently a branch of the family
+resided at Stubb Hall, near Barnard Castle.
+
+In the early part of the last century a certain Rev. Christopher
+Dodgson held a living in Yorkshire. His son, Charles, also took Holy
+Orders, and was for some time tutor to a son of the then Duke of
+Northumberland. In 1762 his patron presented him to the living of
+Elsdon, in Northumberland, by no means a desirable cure, as Mr.
+Dodgson discovered. The following extracts from his letters to various
+members of the Percy family are interesting as giving some idea of the
+life of a rural clergyman a hundred years ago:
+
+ I am obliged to you for promising to write to me, but don't
+ give yourself the trouble of writing to this place, for 'tis
+ almost impossible to receive 'em, without sending a
+ messenger 16 miles to fetch 'em.
+
+ 'Tis impossible to describe the oddity of my situation at
+ present, which, however, is not void of some pleasant
+ circumstances.
+
+ A clogmaker combs out my wig upon my curate's head, by way
+ of a block, and his wife powders it with a dredging-box.
+
+ The vestibule of the castle (used as a temporary parsonage)
+ is a low stable; above it the kitchen, in which are two
+ little beds joining to each other. The curate and his wife
+ lay in one, and Margery the maid in the other. I lay in the
+ parlour between two beds to keep me from being frozen to
+ death, for as we keep open house the winds enter from every
+ quarter, and are apt to sweep into bed to me.
+
+ Elsdon was once a market town as some say, and a city
+ according to others; but as the annals of the parish were
+ lost several centuries ago, it is impossible to determine
+ what age it was either the one or the other.
+
+ There are not the least traces of the former grandeur to be
+ found, whence some antiquaries are apt to believe that it
+ lost both its trade and charter at the Deluge.
+
+ ... There is a very good understanding between the parties
+ [he is speaking of the Churchmen and Presbyterians who lived
+ in the parish], for they not only intermarry with one
+ another, but frequently do penance together in a white
+ sheet, with a white wand, barefoot, and in the coldest
+ season of the year. I have not finished the description for
+ fear of bringing on a fit of the ague. Indeed, the ideas of
+ sensation are sufficient to starve a man to death, without
+ having recourse to those of reflection.
+
+ If I was not assured by the best authority on earth that the
+ world is to be destroyed by fire, I should conclude that the
+ day of destruction is at hand, but brought on by means of an
+ agent very opposite to that of heat.
+
+ I have lost the use of everything but my reason, though my
+ head is entrenched in three night-caps, and my throat, which
+ is very bad, is fortified by a pair of stockings twisted in
+ the form of a cravat.
+
+ As washing is very cheap, I wear _two_ shirts at a
+ time, and, for want of a wardrobe, I hang my great coat upon
+ my own back, and generally keep on my boots in imitation of
+ my namesake of Sweden. Indeed, since the snow became two
+ feet deep (as I wanted a 'chaappin of Yale' from the
+ public-house), I made an offer of them to Margery the maid,
+ but her legs are too thick to make use of them, and I am
+ told that the greater part of my parishioners are not less
+ substantial, and notwithstanding this they are remarkable
+ for agility.
+
+ In course of time this Mr. Dodgson became Bishop of Ossory and Ferns,
+and he was subsequently translated to the see of Elphin. He was warmly
+congratulated on this change in his fortunes by George III., who said
+that he ought indeed to be thankful to have got away from a palace
+where the stabling was so bad.
+
+The Bishop had four children, the eldest of whom, Elizabeth Anne,
+married Charles Lutwidge, of Holmrook, in Cumberland. Two of the
+others died almost before they had attained manhood. Charles, the
+eldest son, entered the army, and rose to the rank of captain in the
+4th Dragoon Guards. He met with a sad fate while serving his king and
+country in Ireland. One of the Irish rebels who were supposed to have
+been concerned in the murder of Lord Kilwarden offered to give himself
+up to justice if Captain Dodgson would come alone and at night to take
+him. Though he fully realised the risk, the brave captain decided to
+trust himself to the honour of this outlaw, as he felt that no chance
+should be missed of effecting so important a capture. Having first
+written a letter of farewell to his wife, he set out on the night of
+December 16, 1803, accompanied by a few troopers, for the
+meeting-place--an old hut that stood a mile or so from Phillipstown,
+in King's County. In accordance with the terms of the agreement, he
+left his men a few hundred yards from the hut to await his return, and
+advanced alone through the night. A cowardly shot from one of the
+windows of the cottage ended his noble life, and alarmed the troopers,
+who, coming up in haste, were confronted with the dead body of their
+leader. The story is told that on the same night his wife heard two
+shots fired, and made inquiry about it, but could find out nothing.
+Shortly afterwards the news came that her husband had been killed just
+at that time.
+
+Captain Dodgson left two sons behind him--Hassard, who, after a
+brilliant career as a special pleader, became a Master of the Court of
+Common Pleas, and Charles, the father of the subject of this Memoir.
+
+Charles, who was the elder of the two, was born in the year 1800, at
+Hamilton, in Lanarkshire. He adopted the clerical profession, in which
+he rose to high honours. He was a distinguished scholar, and took a
+double first at Christ Church, Oxford. Although in after life
+mathematics were his favourite pursuit, yet the fact that he
+translated Tertullian for the "Library of the Fathers" is sufficient
+evidence that he made good use of his classical education. In the
+controversy about Baptismal Regeneration he took a prominent part,
+siding on the question with the Tractarians, though his views on some
+other points of Church doctrine were less advanced than those of the
+leaders of the Oxford movement. He was a man of deep piety and of a
+somewhat reserved and grave disposition, which, however, was tempered
+by the most generous charity, so that he was universally loved by the
+poor. In moments of relaxation his wit and humour were the delight of
+his clerical friends, for he had the rare power of telling anecdotes
+effectively. His reverence for sacred things was so great that he was
+never known to relate a story which included a jest upon words from
+the Bible.
+
+In 1830 he married his cousin, Frances Jane Lutwidge, by whom he had
+eleven children, all of whom, except Lewis Carroll, survive. His wife,
+in the words of one who had the best possible opportunities for
+observing her character, was "one of the sweetest and gentlest women
+that ever lived, whom to know was to love. The earnestness of her
+simple faith and love shone forth in all she did and said; she seemed
+to live always in the conscious presence of God. It has been said by
+her children that they never in all their lives remember to have heard
+an impatient or harsh word from her lips." It is easy to trace in
+Lewis Carroll's character the influence of that most gentle of
+mothers; though dead she still speaks to us in some of the most
+beautiful and touching passages of his works. Not so long ago I had a
+conversation with an old friend of his; one of the first things she
+said to me was, "Tell me about his mother." I complied with her
+request as well as I was able, and, when I had finished my account of
+Mrs. Dodgson's beautiful character, she said, "Ah, I knew it must have
+been so; I felt sure he must have had a good mother."
+
+On January 27, 1832, Charles Lutwidge Dodgson was born at Daresbury,
+of which parish his father was then incumbent. The village of
+Daresbury is about seven miles from Warrington; its name is supposed
+to be derived from a word meaning oak, and certainly oaks are very
+plentiful in the neighbourhood. A canal passes through an outlying
+part of the parish. The bargemen who frequented this canal were a
+special object of Mr. Dodgson's pastoral care. Once, when walking with
+Lord Francis Egerton, who was a large landowner in the district, he
+spoke of his desire to provide some sort of religious privileges for
+them. "If I only had L100," he said, "I would turn one of those barges
+into a chapel," and, at his companion's request, he described exactly
+how he would have the chapel constructed and furnished. A few weeks
+later he received a letter from Lord Francis to tell him that his wish
+was fulfilled, and that the chapel was ready. In this strange church,
+which is believed to have been the first of its kind, Mr. Dodgson
+conducted service and preached every Sunday evening!
+
+
+[Illustration: Daresbury Parsonage]
+
+
+The parsonage is situated a mile and a half from the village, on the
+glebe-farm, having been erected by a former incumbent, who, it was
+said, cared more for the glebe than the parish. Here it was that
+Charles spent the first eleven years of his life--years of complete
+seclusion from the world, for even the passing of a cart was a matter
+of great interest to the children.
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Carroll, aged 8.]
+
+In this quiet home the boy invented the strangest diversions for
+himself; he made pets of the most odd and unlikely animals, and
+numbered certain snails and toads among his intimate friends. He tried
+also to encourage civilised warfare among earthworms, by supplying
+them with small pieces of pipe, with which they might fight if so
+disposed. His notions of charity at this early age were somewhat
+rudimentary; he used to peel rushes with the idea that the pith would
+afterwards "be given to the poor," though what possible use they could
+put it to he never attempted to explain. Indeed he seems at this time
+to have actually lived in that charming "Wonderland" which he
+afterwards described so vividly; but for all that he was a thorough
+boy, and loved to climb the trees and to scramble about in the old
+marl-pits.
+
+One of the few breaks in this very uneventful life was a holiday spent
+with the other members of his family in Beaumaris. The journey took
+three days each way, for railroads were then almost unknown; and
+whatever advantages coaching may have had over travelling in trains,
+speed was certainly not one of them.
+
+Mr. Dodgson from the first used to take an active part in his son's
+education, and the following anecdote will show that he had at least a
+pupil who was anxious to learn. One day, when Charles was a very small
+boy, he came up to his father and showed him a book of logarithms,
+with the request, "Please explain." Mr. Dodgson told him that he was
+much too young to understand anything about such a difficult subject.
+The child listened to what his father said, and appeared to think it
+irrelevant, for he still insisted, "_But_, please, explain!"
+
+[Illustration: Mrs. Dodgson]
+
+On one occasion Mr. and Mrs. Dodgson went to Hull, to pay a visit to
+the latter's father, who had been seriously ill. From Hull Mrs.
+Dodgson wrote to Charles, and he set much store by this letter, which
+was probably one of the first he had received. He was afraid that some
+of his little sisters would mess it, or tear it up, so he wrote upon
+the back, "No one is to touch this note, for it belongs to C. L. D.";
+but, this warning appearing insufficient, he added, "Covered with
+slimy pitch, so that they will wet their fingers." The precious letter
+ran as follows:--
+
+ My dearest Charlie, I have used you rather ill in not having
+ written to you sooner, but I know you will forgive me, as
+ your Grandpapa has liked to have me with him so much, and I
+ could not write and talk to him comfortably. All your notes
+ have delighted me, my precious children, and show me that
+ you have not quite forgotten me. I am always thinking of
+ you, and longing to have you all round me again more than
+ words can tell. God grant that we may find you all well and
+ happy on Friday evening. I am happy to say your dearest Papa
+ is quite well--his cough is rather _tickling_, but is
+ of no consequence. It delights me, my darling Charlie, to
+ hear that you are getting on so well with your Latin, and
+ that you make so few mistakes in your Exercises. You will be
+ happy to hear that your dearest Grandpapa is going on
+ nicely--indeed I hope he will soon be quite well again. He
+ talks a great deal and most kindly about you all. I hope my
+ sweetest Will says "Mama" sometimes, and that precious Tish
+ has not forgotten. Give them and all my other treasures,
+ including yourself, 1,000,000,000 kisses from me, with my
+ most affectionate love. I am sending you a shabby note, but
+ I cannot help it. Give my kindest love to Aunt Dar, and
+ believe me, my own dearest Charlie, to be your sincerely
+ affectionate
+
+ Mama.
+
+Among the few visitors who disturbed the repose of Daresbury Parsonage
+was Mr. Durnford, afterwards Bishop of Chichester, with whom Mr.
+Dodgson had formed a close friendship. Another was Mr. Bayne, at that
+time head-master of Warrington Grammar School, who used occasionally
+to assist in the services at Daresbury. His son, Vere, was Charles's
+playfellow; he is now a student of Christ Church, and the friendship
+between him and Lewis Carroll lasted without interruption till the
+death of the latter.
+
+The memory of his birthplace did not soon fade from Charles's mind;
+long afterwards he retained pleasant recollections of its rustic
+beauty. For instance, his poem of "The Three Sunsets," which first
+appeared in 1860 in _All the Year Round,_ begins with the
+following stanzas, which have been slightly altered in later
+editions:--
+
+
+ I watch the drowsy night expire,
+ And Fancy paints at my desire
+ Her magic pictures in the fire.
+
+ An island farm, 'mid seas of corn,
+ Swayed by the wandering breath of morn,
+ The happy spot where I was born.
+
+
+Though nearly all Mr. Dodgson's parishioners at Daresbury have passed
+away, yet there are still some few left who speak with loving
+reverence of him whose lips, now long silenced, used to speak so
+kindly to them; whose hands, long folded in sleep, were once so ready
+to alleviate their wants and sorrows.
+
+In 1843 Sir Robert Peel presented him to the Crown living of Croft, a
+Yorkshire village about three miles south of Darlington. This
+preferment made a great change in the life of the family; it opened
+for them many more social opportunities, and put an end to that life
+of seclusion which, however beneficial it may be for a short time, is
+apt, if continued too long, to have a cramping and narrowing
+influence.
+
+The river Tees is at Croft the dividing line between Yorkshire and
+Durham, and on the middle of the bridge which there crosses it is a
+stone which shows where the one county ends and the other begins.
+"Certain lands are held in this place," says Lewis in his
+"Topographical Dictionary," "by the owner presenting on the bridge, at
+the coming of every new Bishop of Durham, an old sword, pronouncing a
+legendary address, and delivering the sword to the Bishop, who returns
+it immediately." The Tees is subject to extraordinary floods, and
+though Croft Church stands many feet above the ordinary level of the
+river, and is separated from it by the churchyard and a field, yet on
+one occasion the church itself was flooded, as was attested by
+water-marks on the old woodwork several feet from the floor, still to
+be seen when Mr. Dodgson was incumbent.
+
+This church, which is dedicated to St. Peter, is a quaint old building
+with a Norman porch, the rest of it being of more modern construction.
+It contains a raised pew, which is approached by a winding flight of
+stairs, and is covered in, so that it resembles nothing so much as a
+four-post bedstead. This pew used to belong to the Milbanke family,
+with which Lord Byron was connected. Mr. Dodgson found the
+chancel-roof in so bad a state of repair that he was obliged to take
+it down, and replace it by an entirely new one. The only village
+school that existed when he came to the place was a sort of barn,
+which stood in a corner of the churchyard. During his incumbency a
+fine school-house was erected. Several members of his family used
+regularly to help in teaching the children, and excellent reports were
+obtained.
+
+The Rectory is close to the church, and stands in the middle of a
+beautiful garden. The former incumbent had been an enthusiastic
+horticulturist, and the walls of the kitchen garden were covered with
+luxuriant fruit-trees, while the greenhouses were well stocked with
+rare and beautiful exotics. Among these was a specimen of that
+fantastic cactus, the night-blowing Cereus, whose flowers, after an
+existence of but a few hours, fade with the waning sun. On the day
+when this occurred large numbers of people used to obtain Mr.
+Dodgson's leave to see the curiosity.
+
+[Illustration: Croft Rectory]
+
+Near the Rectory is a fine hotel, built when Croft was an important
+posting-station for the coaches between London and Edinburgh, but in
+Mr. Dodgson's time chiefly used by gentlemen who stayed there during
+the hunting season. The village is renowned for its baths and
+medicinal waters. The parish of Croft includes the outlying hamlets of
+Halnaby, Dalton, and Stapleton, so that the Rector's position is by no
+means a sinecure. Within the village is Croft Hall, the old seat of
+the Chaytors; but during Mr. Dodgson's incumbency the then Sir William
+Chaytor built and lived at Clervaux Castle, calling it by an old
+family name.
+
+Shortly after accepting the living of Croft, Mr. Dodgson was appointed
+examining chaplain to the Bishop of Ripon; subsequently he was made
+Archdeacon of Richmond and one of the Canons of Ripon Cathedral.
+
+Charles was at this time very fond of inventing games for the
+amusement of his brothers and sisters; he constructed a rude train out
+of a wheelbarrow, a barrel and a small truck, which used to convey
+passengers from one "station" in the Rectory garden to another. At
+each of these stations there was a refreshment-room, and the
+passengers had to purchase tickets from him before they could enjoy
+their ride. The boy was also a clever conjuror, and, arrayed in a
+brown wig and a long white robe, used to cause no little wonder to his
+audience by his sleight-of-hand. With the assistance of various
+members of the family and the village carpenter, he made a troupe of
+marionettes and a small theatre for them to act in. He wrote all the
+plays himself the most popular being "The Tragedy of King John"--and
+he was very clever at manipulating the innumerable strings by which
+the movements of his puppets were regulated. One winter, when the snow
+lay thick upon the lawn, he traced upon it a maze of such hopeless
+intricacy as almost to put its famous rival at Hampton Court in the
+shade.
+
+[Illustration: Toy Station in garden at Croft.]
+
+When he was twelve years old his father sent him to school at
+Richmond, under Mr. Tate, a worthy son of that well-known Dr. Tate who
+had made Richmond School so famous.
+
+I am able to give his earliest impressions of school-life in his own
+words, for one of his first letters home has been fortunately
+preserved. It is dated August 5th, and is addressed to his two eldest
+sisters. A boy who has _ten_ brothers and sisters can scarcely be
+expected to write separate letters to each of them.
+
+
+ My dear Fanny and Memy,--I hope you are all getting on well,
+ as also the sweet twins, the boys I think that I like the
+ best, are Harry Austin, and all the Tates of which there are
+ 7 besides a little girl who came down to dinner the first
+ day, but not since, and I also like Edmund Tremlet, and
+ William and Edward Swire, Tremlet is a sharp little fellow
+ about 7 years old, the youngest in the school, I also like
+ Kemp and Mawley. The rest of the boys that I know are
+ Bertram, Harry and Dick Wilson, and two Robinsons, I will
+ tell you all about them when I return. The boys have played
+ two tricks upon me which were these--they first proposed to
+ play at "King of the Cobblers" and asked if I would be king,
+ to which I agreed. Then they made me sit down and sat (on
+ the ground) in a circle round me, and told me to say "Go to
+ work" which I said, and they immediately began kicking me
+ and knocking me on all sides. The next game they proposed
+ was "Peter, the red lion," and they made a mark on a
+ tombstone (for we were playing in the churchyard) and one of
+ the boys walked with his eyes shut, holding out his finger,
+ trying to touch the mark; then a little boy came forward to
+ lead the rest and led a good many very near the mark; at
+ last it was my turn; they told me to shut my eyes well, and
+ the next minute I had my finger in the mouth of one of the
+ boys, who had stood (I believe) before the tombstone with
+ his mouth open. For 2 nights I slept alone, and for the rest
+ of the time with Ned Swire. The boys play me no tricks now.
+ The only fault (tell Mama) that there has been was coming in
+ one day to dinner just after grace. On Sunday we went to
+ church in the morning, and sat in a large pew with Mr.
+ Fielding, the church we went to is close by Mr. Tate's
+ house, we did not go in the afternoon but Mr. Tate read a
+ discourse to the boys on the 5th commandment. We went to
+ church again in the evening. Papa wished me to tell him all
+ the texts I had heard preached upon, please to tell him that
+ I could not hear it in the morning nor hardly one sentence
+ of the sermon, but the one in the evening was I Cor. i. 23.
+ I believe it was a farewell sermon, but I am not sure. Mrs.
+ Tate has looked through my clothes and left in the trunk a
+ great many that will not be wanted. I have had 3 misfortunes
+ in my clothes etc. 1st, I cannot find my tooth-brush, so
+ that I have not brushed my teeth for 3 or 4 days, 2nd, I
+ cannot find my blotting paper, and 3rd, I have no shoe-horn.
+ The chief games are, football, wrestling, leap frog, and
+ fighting. Excuse bad writing.
+
+ Yr affec' brother Charles.
+
+
+
+ _To_ SKEFF [_a younger brother, aged six_].
+
+ My dear Skeff,--Roar not lest thou be abolished. Yours,
+ etc.,--.
+
+The discomforts which he, as a "new boy," had to put up with from his
+school-mates affected him as they do not, unfortunately, affect most
+boys, for in later school days he was famous as a champion of the weak
+and small, while every bully had good reason to fear him. Though it is
+hard for those who have only known him as the gentle and retiring don
+to believe it, it is nevertheless true that long after he left school
+his name was remembered as that of a boy who knew well how to use his
+fists in defence of a righteous cause.
+
+As was the custom at that time, Charles began to compose Latin verses
+at a very early age, his first copy being dated November 25, 1844. The
+subject was evening, and this is how he treated it:--
+
+
+ Phoebus aqua splendet descendens, aequora tingens
+ Splendore aurato. Pervenit umbra solo.
+ Mortales lectos quaerunt, et membra relaxant
+ Fessa labore dies; cuncta per orbe silet.
+ Imperium placidum nunc sumit Phoebe corusca.
+ Antris procedunt sanguine ore ferae.
+
+These lines the boy solemnly copied into his Diary, apparently in the
+most blissful ignorance of the numerous mistakes they contained.
+
+The next year he wrote a story which appeared in the school magazine.
+It was called "The Unknown One," so it was probably of the sensational
+type in which small boys usually revel.
+
+Though Richmond School, as it was in 1844, may not compare favourably
+in every respect with a modern preparatory school, where supervision
+has been so far "reduced to the absurd" that the unfortunate masters
+hardly get a minute to themselves from sunrise till long after sunset,
+yet no better or wiser men than those of the school of Mr. Tate are
+now to be found. Nor, I venture to think, are the results of the
+modern system more successful than those of the old one. Charles loved
+his "kind old schoolmaster," as he affectionately calls him, and
+surely to gain the love of the boys is the main battle in
+school-management.
+
+The impression he made upon his instructors may be gathered from the
+following extracts from Mr. Tate's first report upon him:
+
+ Sufficient opportunities having been allowed me to draw from
+ actual observation an estimate of your son's character and
+ abilities, I do not hesitate to express my opinion that he
+ possesses, along with other and excellent natural
+ endowments, a very uncommon share of genius. Gentle and
+ cheerful in his intercourse with others, playful and ready
+ in conversation, he is capable of acquirements and knowledge
+ far beyond his years, while his reason is so clear and so
+ jealous of error, that he will not rest satisfied without a
+ most exact solution of whatever appears to him obscure. He
+ has passed an excellent examination just now in mathematics,
+ exhibiting at times an illustration of that love of precise
+ argument, which seems to him natural.
+
+ I must not omit to set off against these great advantages
+ one or two faults, of which the removal as soon as possible
+ is desirable, tho' I am prepared to find it a work of time.
+ As you are well aware, our young friend, while jealous of
+ error, as I said above, where important faith or principles
+ are concerned, is exceedingly lenient towards lesser
+ frailties--and, whether in reading aloud or metrical
+ composition, frequently sets at nought the notions of Virgil
+ or Ovid as to syllabic quantity. He is moreover marvellously
+ ingenious in replacing the ordinary inflexions of nouns and
+ verbs, as detailed in our grammars, by more exact analogies,
+ or convenient forms of his own devising. This source of
+ fault will in due time exhaust itself, though flowing freely
+ at present.... You may fairly anticipate for him a bright
+ career. Allow me, before I close, one suggestion which
+ assumes for itself the wisdom of experience and the
+ sincerity of the best intention. You must not entrust your
+ son with a full knowledge of his superiority over other
+ boys. Let him discover this as he proceeds. The love of
+ excellence is far beyond the love of excelling; and if he
+ should once be bewitched into a mere ambition to surpass
+ others I need not urge that the very quality of his
+ knowledge would be materially injured, and that his
+ character would receive a stain of a more serious
+ description still....
+
+And again, when Charles was leaving Richmond, he wrote:
+
+ "Be assured that I shall always feel a peculiar interest in
+ the gentle, intelligent, and well-conducted boy who is now
+ leaving us."
+
+Although his father had been a Westminster boy, Charles was, for some
+reason or other, sent to Rugby. The great Arnold, who had, one might
+almost say, created Rugby School, and who certainly had done more for
+it than all his predecessors put together, had gone to his rest, and
+for four years the reins of government had been in the firm hands of
+Dr. Tait, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury. He was Headmaster
+during the whole of the time Charles was at Rugby, except the last
+year, during which Dr. Goulburn held that office. Charles went up in
+February, 1846, and he must have found his new life a great change
+from his quiet experiences at Richmond. Football was in full swing,
+and one can imagine that to a new boy "Big-side" was not an unalloyed
+delight. Whether he distinguished himself as a "dropper," or ever beat
+the record time in the "Crick" run, I do not know. Probably not; his
+abilities did not lie much in the field of athletics. But he got on
+capitally with his work, and seldom returned home without one or more
+prizes. Moreover, he conducted himself so well that he never had to
+enter that dreaded chamber, well known to _some_ Rugbeians, which
+is approached by a staircase that winds up a little turret, and
+wherein are enacted scenes better imagined than described.
+
+[Illustration: Archbishop Tait. _From a photograph by
+Messrs. Elliott and Fry_]
+
+A schoolboy's letter home is not, usually, remarkable for the
+intelligence displayed in it; as a rule it merely leads up with more
+or less ingenuity to the inevitable request for money contained in the
+postscript. Some of Charles's letters were of a different sort, as the
+following example shows:
+
+ Yesterday evening I was walking out with a friend of mine
+ who attends as mathematical pupil Mr. Smythies the second
+ mathematical master; we went up to Mr. Smythies' house, as
+ he wanted to speak to him, and he asked us to stop and have
+ a glass of wine and some figs. He seems as devoted to his
+ duty as Mr. Mayor, and asked me with a smile of delight,
+ "Well Dodgson I suppose you're getting well on with your
+ mathematics?" He is very clever at them, though not equal to
+ Mr. Mayor, as indeed few men are, Papa excepted.... I have
+ read the first number of Dickens' new tale, "Davy
+ Copperfield." It purports to be his life, and begins with
+ his birth and childhood; it seems a poor plot, but some of
+ the characters and scenes are good. One of the persons that
+ amused me was a Mrs. Gummidge, a wretched melancholy person,
+ who is always crying, happen what will, and whenever the
+ fire smokes, or other trifling accident occurs, makes the
+ remark with great bitterness, and many tears, that she is a
+ "lone lorn creetur, and everything goes contrairy with her."
+ I have not yet been able to get the second volume Macaulay's
+ "England" to read. I have seen it however and one passage
+ struck me when seven bishops had signed the invitation to
+ the pretender, and King James sent for Bishop Compton (who
+ was one of the seven) and asked him "whether he or any of
+ his ecclesiastical brethren had anything to do with it?" He
+ replied, after a moment's thought "I am fully persuaded your
+ majesty, that there is not one of my brethren who is not as
+ innocent in the matter as myself." This was certainly no
+ actual lie, but certainly, as Macaulay says, it was very
+ little different from one.
+
+The Mr. Mayor who is mentioned in this letter formed a very high
+opinion of his pupil's ability, for in 1848 he wrote to Archdeacon
+Dodgson: "I have not had a more promising boy at his age since I came
+to Rugby."
+
+Dr. Tait speaks no less warmly:--
+
+ My dear Sir,--I must not allow your son to leave school
+ without expressing to you the very high opinion I entertain
+ of him. I fully coincide in Mr. Cotton's estimate both of
+ his abilities and upright conduct. His mathematical
+ knowledge is great for his age, and I doubt not he will do
+ himself credit in classics. As I believe I mentioned to you
+ before, his examination for the Divinity prize was one of
+ the most creditable exhibitions I have ever seen.
+
+ During the whole time of his being in my house, his conduct
+ has been excellent.
+
+ Believe me to be, My dear Sir,
+
+ Yours very faithfully,
+
+ A.C. TAIT.
+
+Public school life then was not what it is now; the atrocious system
+then in vogue of setting hundreds of lines for the most trifling
+offences made every day a weariness and a hopeless waste of time,
+while the bad discipline which was maintained in the dormitories made
+even the nights intolerable--especially for the small boys, whose beds
+in winter were denuded of blankets that the bigger ones might not feel
+cold.
+
+Charles kept no diary during his time at Rugby; but, looking back upon
+it, he writes in 1855:--
+
+ During my stay I made I suppose some progress in learning of
+ various kinds, but none of it was done _con amore_, and
+ I spent an incalculable time in writing out
+ impositions--this last I consider one of the chief faults of
+ Rugby School. I made some friends there, the most intimate
+ being Henry Leigh Bennett (as college acquaintances we find
+ fewer common sympathies, and are consequently less
+ intimate)--but I cannot say that I look back upon my life at
+ a Public School with any sensations of pleasure, or that any
+ earthly considerations would induce me to go through my
+ three years again.
+
+When, some years afterwards, he visited Radley School, he was much
+struck by the cubicle system which prevails in the dormitories there,
+and wrote in his Diary, "I can say that if I had been thus secure from
+annoyance at night, the hardships of the daily life would have been
+comparative trifles to bear."
+
+The picture on page 32 was, I believe, drawn by Charles rile he was
+at Rugby in illustration of a letter received from one of his sisters.
+Halnaby, as I have said before, was an outlying district of Croft
+parish.
+
+During his holidays he used to amuse himself by editing local
+magazines. Indeed, they might be called _very local_ magazines,
+as their circulation was confined to the inmates of Croft Rectory. The
+first of these, _Useful and Instructive Poetry_, was written
+about 1845. It came to an untimely end after a six months' run, and
+was followed at varying intervals by several other periodicals,
+equally short-lived.
+
+In 1849 or 1850, _The Rectory Umbrella_ began to appear. As the
+editor was by this time seventeen or eighteen years old, it was
+naturally of a more ambitious character than any of its precursors. It
+contained a serial story of the most thrilling interest, entitled,
+"The Walking-Stick of Destiny," some meritorious poetry, a few
+humorous essays, and several caricatures of pictures in the Vernon
+Gallery. Three reproductions of these pictures follow, with extracts
+from the _Umbrella_ descriptive of them.
+
+[Illustration: The only sister who _would_ write to her
+brother, though the table had just "folded down"! The other sisters
+are depicted "sternly resolved to set off to Halnaby & the Castle,"
+tho' it is yet "early, early morning"--Rembrondt.]
+
+
+ THE VERNON GALLERY.
+
+ As our readers will have seen by the preceding page, we
+ have commenced engraving the above series of pictures. "The
+ Age of Innocence," by Sir J. Reynolds, representing a young
+ Hippopotamus seated under a shady tree, presents to the
+ contemplative mind a charming union of youth and innocence.
+
+ EDITOR.
+
+ [Illustration: _"The Scanty Meal."_]
+
+
+ We have been unusually[001] successful in our second
+ engraving from the Vernon Gallery. The picture is
+ intended, as our readers will perceive, to illustrate the
+ evils of homoeopathy.[002] This idea is well carried out
+ through the whole picture. The thin old lady at the head of
+ the table is in the painter's best style; we almost fancy we
+ can trace in the eye of the other lady a lurking suspicion
+ that her glasses are not really in fault, and that the old
+ gentleman has helped her to _nothing_ instead of a
+ nonillionth.[003] Her companion has evidently got an empty
+ glass in his hand; the two children in front are admirably
+ managed, and there is a sly smile on the footman's face, as
+ if he thoroughly enjoyed either the bad news he is bringing
+ or the wrath of his mistress. The carpet is executed with
+ that elaborate care for which Mr. Herring is so famed, and
+ the picture on the whole is one of his best.
+
+
+ "_The First Ear-ring_"
+
+ The scene from which this excellent picture is painted
+ is taken from a passage in the autobiography[004] of the
+ celebrated Sir William Smith[005] of his life when a
+ schoolboy: we transcribe the passage: "One day Bill
+ Tomkins[006] and I were left alone in the house, the old
+ doctor being out; after playing a number of pranks Bill laid
+ me a bet of sixpence that I wouldn't pour a bottle of ink
+ over the doctor's cat. _I did it_, but at that moment
+ old Muggles came home, and caught me by the ear as I
+ attempted to run away. My sensations at the moment I shall
+ never forget; _on that occasion I received my first
+ ear-ring_.[007] The only remark Bill made to me, as he
+ paid me the money afterwards was, 'I say, didn't you just
+ howl jolly!'" The engraving is an excellent copy of the
+ picture.
+
+[Illustration: Sir D. Wilkie Painter The First Earring.
+W. Greatbach Engraver. _from the picture in the Vernon Gallery_]
+
+The best thing in the _Rectory Umbrella_ was a parody on Lord
+Macaulay's style in the "Lays of Ancient Rome"; Charles had a special
+aptitude for parody, as is evidenced by several of the best-known
+verses in his later books.
+
+
+ LAYS OF SORROW.
+
+ No. 2.
+
+
+ Fair stands the ancient[008] Rectory,
+ The Rectory of Croft,
+ The sun shines bright upon it,
+ The breezes whisper soft.
+ From all the house and garden
+ Its inhabitants come forth,
+ And muster in the road without,
+ And pace in twos and threes about,
+ The children of the North.
+
+ Some are waiting in the garden,
+ Some are waiting at the door,
+ And some are following behind,
+ And some have gone before.
+ But wherefore all this mustering?
+ Wherefore this vast array?
+ A gallant feat of horsemanship
+ Will be performed to-day.
+
+ To eastward and to westward,
+ The crowd divides amain,
+ Two youths are leading on the steed,
+ Both tugging at the rein;
+ And sorely do they labour,
+ For the steed[009] is very strong,
+ And backward moves its stubborn feet,
+ And backward ever doth retreat,
+ And drags its guides along.
+
+
+ And now the knight hath mounted,
+ Before the admiring band,
+ Hath got the stirrups on his feet.
+ The bridle in his hand.
+ Yet, oh! beware, sir horseman!
+ And tempt thy fate no more,
+ For such a steed as thou hast got,
+ Was never rid before!
+
+ The rabbits[010] bow before thee.
+ And cower in the straw;
+ The chickens[011] are submissive,
+ And own thy will for law;
+ Bullfinches and canary
+ Thy bidding do obey;
+ And e'en the tortoise in its shell
+ Doth never say thee nay.
+
+ But thy steed will hear no master,
+ Thy steed will bear no stick,
+ And woe to those that beat her,
+ And woe to those that kick![012]
+ For though her rider smite her,
+ As hard as he can hit,
+ And strive to turn her from the yard,
+ She stands in silence, pulling hard
+ Against the pulling bit.
+
+ And now the road to Dalton
+ Hath felt their coming tread,
+ The crowd are speeding on before,
+ And all have gone ahead.
+ Yet often look they backward,
+ And cheer him on, and bawl,
+ For slower still, and still more slow,
+ That horseman and that charger go,
+ And scarce advance at all.
+
+ And now two roads to choose from
+ Are in that rider's sight:
+ In front the road to Dalton,
+ And New Croft upon the right.
+ "I can't get by!" he bellows,
+ "I really am not able!
+ Though I pull my shoulder out of joint,
+ I cannot get him past this point,
+ For it leads unto his stable!"
+
+ Then out spake Ulfrid Longbow,[013]
+ A valiant youth was he,
+ "Lo! I will stand on thy right hand
+ And guard the pass for thee!"
+ And out spake fair Flureeza,[014]
+ His sister eke was she,
+ "I will abide on thy other side,
+ And turn thy steed for thee!"
+
+ And now commenced a struggle
+ Between that steed and rider,
+ For all the strength that he hath left
+ Doth not suffice to guide her.
+ Though Ulfrid and his sister
+ Have kindly stopped the way,
+ And all the crowd have cried aloud,
+ "We can't wait here all day!"
+
+ Round turned he as not deigning
+ Their words to understand,
+ But he slipped the stirrups from his feet
+ The bridle from his hand,
+ And grasped the mane full lightly,
+ And vaulted from his seat,
+ And gained the road in triumph,[015]
+ And stood upon his feet.
+
+ All firmly till that moment
+ Had Ulfrid Longbow stood,
+ And faced the foe right valiantly,
+ As every warrior should.
+ But when safe on terra firma
+ His brother he did spy,
+ "What _did_ you do that for?" he cried,
+ Then unconcerned he stepped aside
+ And let it canter by.
+
+ They gave him bread and butter,[016]
+ That was of public right,
+ As much as four strong rabbits,
+ Could munch from morn to night,
+ For he'd done a deed of daring,
+ And faced that savage steed,
+ And therefore cups of coffee sweet,
+ And everything that was a treat,
+ Were but his right and meed.
+
+ And often in the evenings,
+ When the fire is blazing bright,
+ When books bestrew the table
+ And moths obscure the light,
+ When crying children go to bed,
+ A struggling, kicking load;
+ We'll talk of Ulfrid Longbow's deed,
+ How, in his brother's utmost need,
+ Back to his aid he flew with speed,
+ And how he faced the fiery steed,
+ And kept the New Croft Road.
+
+
+[Illustration: Exterior of Christ Church]
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+(1850-1860.)
+
+ Matriculation at Christ Church--Death of Mrs. Dodgson--The
+ Great Exhibition--University and College Honours--A
+ wonderful year--A theatrical treat--_Misch-Masch--The
+ Train--College Rhymes_--His _nom de
+ plume_--"Dotheboys Hall"--Alfred
+ Tennyson--Ordination--Sermons--A visit to
+ Farringford--"Where does the day begin?"--The Queen visits
+ Oxford.
+
+
+We have traced in the boyhood of Lewis Carroll the beginnings of those
+characteristic traits which afterwards, more fully developed, gave him
+so distinguished a position among his contemporaries. We now come to a
+period of his life which is in some respects necessarily less
+interesting. We all have to pass through that painful era of
+self-consciousness which prefaces manhood, that time when we feel so
+deeply, and are so utterly unable to express to others, or even to
+define clearly to ourselves, what it is we do feel. The natural
+freedom of childhood is dead within us; the conventional freedom of
+riper years is struggling to birth, and its efforts are sometimes
+ludicrous to an unsympathetic observer. In Lewis Carroll's mental
+attitude during this critical period there was always a calm dignity
+which saved him from these absurdities, an undercurrent of
+consciousness that what seemed so great to him was really very little.
+
+On May 23, 1850, he matriculated at Christ Church, the venerable
+college which had numbered his father's among other illustrious names.
+A letter from Dr. Jelf, one of the canons of Christ Church, to
+Archdeacon Dodgson, written when the former heard that his old
+friend's son was coming up to "the House," contains the following
+words: "I am sure I express the common feeling of all who remember you
+at Christ Church when I say that we shall rejoice to see a son of
+yours worthy to tread in your footsteps."
+
+Lewis Carroll came into residence on January 24, 1851. From that day
+to the hour of his death--a period of forty-seven years--he belonged
+to "the House," never leaving it for any length of time, becoming
+almost a part of it. I, for one, can hardly imagine it without him.
+
+Though technically "in residence," he had not rooms of his own in
+College during his first term. The "House" was very full; and had it
+not been for one of the tutors, the Rev. J. Lew, kindly lending him
+one of his own rooms, he would have had to take lodgings in the town.
+The first set of rooms he occupied was in Peckwater Quadrangle, which
+is annually the scene of a great bonfire on Guy Fawkes' Day, and,
+generally speaking, is not the best place for a reading man to live
+in.
+
+In those days the undergraduates dining in hall were divided into
+"messes." Each mess consisted of about half a dozen men, who had a
+table to themselves. Dinner was served at five, and very indifferently
+served, too; the dishes and plates were of pewter, and the joint was
+passed round, each man cutting off what he wanted for himself. In Mr.
+Dodgson's mess were Philip Pusey, the late Rev. G. C. Woodhouse, and,
+among others, one who still lives in "Alice in Wonderland" as the
+"Hatter."
+
+Only a few days after term began, Mrs. Dodgson died suddenly at Croft.
+The shock was a terrible one to the whole family, and especially to
+her devoted husband. I have come across a delightful and most
+characteristic letter from Dr. Pusey--a letter full of the kindest and
+truest sympathy with the Archdeacon in his bereavement. The part of it
+which bears upon Mrs. Dodgson's death I give in full:--
+
+[Illustration: Grave of Archdeacon and Mrs. Dodgson in Croft
+Churchyard.]
+
+
+ My dear Friend, I hear and see so little and so few persons,
+ that I had not heard of your sorrow until your to-day's
+ letter; and now I but guess what it was: only your language
+ is that of the very deepest. I have often thought, since I
+ had to think of this, how, in all adversity, what God takes
+ away He may give us back with increase. One cannot think
+ that any holy earthly love will cease, when we shall "be
+ like the Angels of God in Heaven." Love here must shadow our
+ love there, deeper because spiritual, without any alloy from
+ our sinful nature, and in the fulness of the love of God.
+ But as we grow here by God's grace will be our capacity for
+ endless love. So, then, if by our very sufferings we are
+ purified, and our hearts enlarged, we shall, in that endless
+ bliss, love more those whom we loved here, than if we had
+ never had that sorrow, never been parted....
+
+Lewis Carroll was summoned home to attend the funeral--a sad interlude
+amidst the novel experiences of a first term at College. The Oxford of
+1851 was in many ways quite unlike the Oxford of 1898. The position of
+the undergraduates was much more similar to that of schoolboys than is
+now the case; they were subject to the same penalties--corporal
+punishment, even, had only just gone out of vogue!--and were expected
+to work, and to work hard.
+
+Early rising then was strictly enforced, as the following extract from
+one of his letters will show:--
+
+ I am not so anxious as usual to begin my personal history,
+ as the first thing I have to record is a very sad incident,
+ namely, my missing morning chapel; before, however, you
+ condemn me, you must hear how accidental it was. For some
+ days now I have been in the habit of, I will not say getting
+ up, but of being called at a quarter past six, and generally
+ managing to be down soon after seven. In the present
+ instance I had been up the night before till about half-past
+ twelve, and consequently when I was called I fell asleep
+ again, and was thunderstruck to find on waking that it was
+ ten minutes past eight. I have had no imposition, nor heard
+ anything about it. It is rather vexatious to have happened
+ so soon, as I had intended never to be late.
+
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Carroll, aged 23.]
+
+It was therefore obviously his custom to have his breakfast
+_before_ going to chapel. I wonder how many undergraduates of the
+present generation follow the same hardy rule! But then no
+"impositions" threaten the modern sluggard, even if he neglects chapel
+altogether.
+
+During the Long Vacation he visited the Great Exhibition, and wrote
+his sister Elizabeth a long account of what he had seen:--
+
+
+ I think the first impression produced on you when you get
+ inside is one of bewilderment. It looks like a sort of
+ fairyland. As far as you can look in any direction, you see
+ nothing but pillars hung about with shawls, carpets, &c.,
+ with long avenues of statues, fountains, canopies, etc.,
+ etc., etc. The first thing to be seen on entering is the
+ Crystal Fountain, a most elegant one about thirty feet high
+ at a rough guess, composed entirely of glass and pouring
+ down jets of water from basin to basin; this is in the
+ middle of the centre nave, and from it you can look down to
+ either end, and up both transepts. The centre of the nave
+ mostly consists of a long line of colossal statues, some
+ most magnificent. The one considered the finest, I believe,
+ is the Amazon and Tiger. She is sitting on horseback, and a
+ tiger has fastened on the neck of the horse in front. You
+ have to go to one side to see her face, and the other to see
+ the horse's. The horse's face is really wonderful,
+ expressing terror and pain so exactly, that you almost
+ expect to hear it scream.... There are some very ingenious
+ pieces of mechanism. A tree (in the French Compartment) with
+ birds chirping and hopping from branch to branch exactly
+ like life. The bird jumps across, turns round on the other
+ branch, so as to face back again, settles its head and neck,
+ and then in a few moments jumps back again. A bird standing
+ at the foot of the tree trying to eat a beetle is rather a
+ failure; it never succeeds in getting its head more than a
+ quarter of an inch down, and that in uncomfortable little
+ jerks, as if it was choking. I have to go to the Royal
+ Academy, so must stop: as the subject is quite inexhaustible,
+ there is no hope of ever coming to a regular finish.
+
+On November 1st he won a Boulter scholarship, and at the end of the
+following year obtained First Class Honours in Mathematics and a
+Second in Classical Moderations. On Christmas Eve he was made a
+Student on Dr. Pusey's nomination, for at that time the Dean and
+Canons nominated to Studentships by turn. The only conditions on which
+these old Studentships were held were that the Student should remain
+unmarried, and should proceed to Holy Orders. No statute precisely
+defined what work was expected of them, that question being largely
+left to their own discretion.
+
+The eight Students at the bottom of the list that is to say, the eight
+who had been nominated last--had to mark, by pricking on weekly papers
+called "the Bills," the attendance at morning and evening chapel. They
+were allowed to arrange this duty among themselves, and, if it was
+neglected, they were all punished. This long-defunct custom explains
+an entry in Lewis Carroll's Diary for October 15, 1853, "Found I had
+got the prickbills two hundred lines apiece, by not pricking in in the
+morning," which, I must confess, mystified me exceedingly at first.
+Another reference to College impositions occurs further on in his
+Diary, at a time when he was a Lecturer: "Spoke to the Dean about
+F--, who has brought an imposition which his tutor declares is not
+his own writing, after being expressly told to write it himself."
+
+The following is an extract from his father's letter of
+congratulation, on his being nominated for the Studentship:--
+
+
+ My dearest Charles,--The feelings of thankfulness and
+ delight with which I have read your letter just received, I
+ must leave to _your conception_; for they are, I assure
+ you, beyond _my expression_; and your affectionate
+ heart will derive no small addition of joy from thinking of
+ the joy which you have occasioned to me, and to all the
+ circle of your home. I say "_you_ have occasioned,"
+ because, grateful as I am to my old friend Dr. Pusey for
+ what he has done, I cannot desire stronger evidence than his
+ own words of the fact that you have _won_, and well
+ won, this honour for _yourself_, and that it is
+ bestowed as a matter of _justice_ to _you_, and
+ not of _kindness_ to _me_. You will be interested
+ in reading extracts from his two letters to me--the first
+ written three years ago in answer to one from me, in which I
+ distinctly told him that I neither asked nor expected that
+ he should serve me in this matter, unless my son should
+ fairly reach the standard of merit by which these
+ appointments were regulated. In reply he says--
+
+ "I thank you for the way in which you put the application to
+ me. I have now, for nearly twenty years, not given a
+ Studentship to any friend of my own, unless there was no
+ very eligible person in the College. I have passed by or
+ declined the sons of those to whom I was personally indebted
+ for kindness. I can only say that I shall have _very
+ great_ pleasure, if circumstances permit me to nominate
+ your son."
+
+ In his letter received this morning he says--
+
+ "I have great pleasure in telling you that I have been
+ enabled to recommend your son for a Studentship this
+ Christmas. It must be so much more satisfactory to you that
+ he should be nominated thus, in consequence of the
+ recommendation of the College. One of the Censors brought me
+ to-day five names; but in their minds it was plain that they
+ thought your son on the whole the most eligible for the
+ College. It has been very satisfactory to hear of your son's
+ uniform steady and good conduct."
+
+ The last clause is a parallel to your own report, and I am
+ glad that you should have had so soon an evidence so
+ substantial of the truth of what I have so often inculcated,
+ that it is the "steady, painstaking, likely-to-do-good" man,
+ who in the long run wins the race against those who now and
+ then give a brilliant flash and, as Shakespeare says,
+ "straight are cold again."
+
+[Illustration: Archdeacon Dodgson.]
+
+In 1853 Archdeacon Dodgson was collated and installed as one of the
+Canons of Ripon Cathedral. This appointment necessitated a residence
+of three months in every year at Ripon, where Dr. Erskine was then
+Dean. A certain Miss Anderson, who used to stay at the Deanery, had
+very remarkable "clairvoyant" powers; she was able--it was averred--by
+merely holding in her hand a folded paper containing some words
+written by a person unknown to her, to describe his or her character.
+In this way, at what precise date is uncertain, she dictated the
+following description of Lewis Carroll: "Very clever head; a great
+deal of number; a great deal of imitation; he would make a good actor;
+diffident; rather shy in general society; comes out in the home
+circle; rather obstinate; very clever; a great deal of concentration;
+very affectionate; a great deal of wit and humour; not much
+eventuality (or memory of events); fond of deep reading; imaginative,
+fond, of reading poetry; _may_ compose." Those who knew him well
+will agree that this was, at any rate, a remarkable coincidence.
+
+Longley, afterwards Primate, was then Bishop of Ripon. His charming
+character endeared him to the Archdeacon and his family, as to every
+one else who saw much of him. He was one of the few men whose faces
+can truly be called _beautiful_; it was a veil through which a
+soul, all gentleness and truth, shone brightly.
+
+In the early part of 1854 Mr. Dodgson was reading hard for "Greats."
+For the last three weeks before the examination he worked thirteen
+hours a day, spending the whole night before the _viva voce_ over
+his books. But philosophy and history were not very congenial subjects
+to him, and when the list was published his name was only in the third
+class.
+
+[Illustration: Archbishop Longley.]
+
+He spent the Long Vacation at Whitby, reading Mathematics with
+Professor Price. His work bore good fruit, for in October he obtained
+First Class Honours in the Final Mathematical School. "I am getting
+quite tired of being congratulated on various subjects," he writes;
+"there seems to be no end of it. If I had shot the Dean I could hardly
+have had more said about it."
+
+In another letter dated December 13th, he says:
+
+
+ Enclosed you will find a list which I expect you to rejoice
+ over considerably; it will take me more than a day to
+ believe it, I expect--I feel at present very like a child
+ with a new toy, but I daresay I shall be tired of it soon,
+ and wish to be Pope of Rome next.... I have just been to Mr.
+ Price to see how I did in the papers, and the result will I
+ hope be gratifying to you. The following were the sums total
+ for each in the First Class, as nearly as I can remember:--
+
+ Dodgson ... ... ... 279
+ Bosanquet ... ... ... 261
+ Cookson ... ... ... 254
+ Fowler ... ... ... 225
+ Ranken ... ... ... 213
+
+ He also said he never remembered so good a set of men in.
+ All this is very satisfactory. I must also add (this is a
+ very boastful letter) that I ought to get the senior
+ scholarship next term.... One thing more I will add, to
+ crown all, and that is, I find I am the next First Class
+ Mathematical Student to Faussett (with the exception of
+ Kitchin who has given up Mathematics), so that I stand next
+ (as Bosanquet is going to leave) for the Lectureship.
+
+On December 18th he took the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and on
+October 15, 1855, he was made a "Master of the House," in honour of
+the appointment of the new Dean (Dr. Liddell) who succeeded Dean
+Gaisford. To be made Master of the House means that a man has all the
+privileges of a Master of Arts within the walls of Christ Church. But
+he must be of a certain number of terms' standing, and be admitted in
+due form by the Vice-Chancellor, before he is a Master of Arts of the
+University. In this wider sense Mr. Dodgson did not take his Master's
+degree until 1857.
+
+This is anticipating events, and there is much to tell of the year
+1855, which was a very eventful one for him. On February 15th he was
+made Sub-Librarian. "This will add L35 to my income," he writes, "not
+much towards independence." For he was most anxious to have a
+sufficient income to make him his own master, that he might enter on
+the literary and artistic career of which he was already dreaming. On
+May 14th he wrote in his Diary: "The Dean and Canons have been pleased
+to give me one of the Bostock scholarships, said to be worth L20 a
+year--this very nearly raises my income this year to independence.
+Courage!"
+
+His college work, during 1855, was chiefly taking private pupils, but
+he had, in addition, about three and a half hours a day of lecturing
+during the last term of the year. He did not, however, work as one of
+the regular staff of lecturers until the next year. From that date his
+work rapidly increased, and he soon had to devote regularly as much as
+seven hours a day to delivering lectures, to say nothing of the time
+required for preparing them.
+
+The following extract from his Journal, June 22, 1855, will serve to
+show his early love for the drama. The scene is laid at the Princess'
+Theatre, then at the height of its glory:--
+
+ The evening began with a capital farce, "Away with
+ Melancholy," and then came the great play, "Henry VIII.,"
+ the greatest theatrical treat I ever had or ever expect to
+ have. I had no idea that anything so superb as the scenery
+ and dresses was ever to be seen on the stage. Kean was
+ magnificent as Cardinal Wolsey, Mrs. Kean a worthy successor
+ to Mrs. Siddons as Queen Catherine, and all the accessories
+ without exception were good--but oh, that exquisite vision
+ of Queen Catherine's! I almost held my breath to watch: the
+ illusion is perfect, and I felt as if in a dream all the
+ time it lasted. It was like a delicious reverie, or the most
+ beautiful poetry. This is the true end and object of
+ acting--to raise the mind above itself, and out of its petty
+ cares. Never shall I forget that wonderful evening, that
+ exquisite vision--sunbeams broke in through the roof, and
+ gradually revealed two angel forms, floating in front of the
+ carved work on the ceiling: the column of sunbeams shone
+ down upon the sleeping queen, and gradually down it floated,
+ a troop of angelic forms, transparent, and carrying palm
+ branches in their hands: they waved these over the sleeping
+ queen, with oh! such a sad and solemn grace. So could I
+ fancy (if the thought be not profane) would real angels seem
+ to our mortal vision, though doubtless our conception is
+ poor and mean to the reality. She in an ecstasy raises her
+ arms towards them, and to sweet slow music, they vanish as
+ marvellously as they came. Then the profound silence of the
+ audience burst at once into a rapture of applause; but even
+ that scarcely marred the effect of the beautiful sad waking
+ words of the Queen, "Spirits of peace, where are ye?" I
+ never enjoyed anything so much in my life before; and never
+ felt so inclined to shed tears at anything fictitious, save
+ perhaps at that poetical gem of Dickens, the death of little
+ Paul.
+
+On August 21st he received a long letter from his father, full of
+excellent advice on the importance to a young man of saving money:--
+
+ I will just sketch for you [writes the Archdeacon] a
+ supposed case, applicable to your own circumstances, of a
+ young man of twenty-three, making up his mind to work for
+ ten years, and living to do it, on an Income enabling him to
+ save L150 a year--supposing him to appropriate it thus:--
+
+ L s. d.
+
+ Invested at 4 per cent. ... ... 100 0 0
+
+ Life Insurance of L1,500 ... 29 15 0
+ Books, besides those bought in
+ ordinary course ... ... ... 20 5 0
+ _____________
+ L150 0 0
+
+ Suppose him at the end of the ten years to get a Living
+ enabling him to settle, what will be the result of his
+ savings:--
+
+ 1. A nest egg of L1,220 ready money, for furnishing and
+ other expenses.
+
+ 2. A sum of L1,500 secured at his death on payment of a
+ _very much_ smaller annual Premium than if he had then
+ begun to insure it.
+
+ 3. A useful Library, worth more than L200, besides the
+ books bought out of his current Income during the period....
+
+The picture on the opposite page is one of Mr. Dodgson's illustrations
+in _Misch-Masch,_ a periodical of the nature of _The Rectory
+Umbrella_, except that it contained printed stories and poems by
+the editor, cut out of the various newspapers to which he had
+contributed them. Of the comic papers of that day _Punch,_ of
+course, held the foremost place, but it was not without rivals; there
+was a certain paper called _Diogenes_, then very near its end,
+which imitated _Punch's_ style, and in 1853 the proprietor of
+_The Illustrated News_, at that time one of the most opulent
+publishers in London, started _The Comic Times._ A capable editor
+was found in Edmund Yates; "Phiz" and other well-known artists and
+writers joined the staff, and 100,000 copies of the first number were
+printed.
+
+[Illustration: Studies from English Poets II "Alas! What
+Boots--" Milton's Lucidas.]
+
+Among the contributors was Frank Smedley, author of "Frank Fairleigh."
+Though a confirmed invalid, and condemned to spend most of his days on
+a sofa, Mr. Smedley managed to write several fine novels, full of the
+joy of life, and free from the least taint of discontent or morbid
+feeling. He was one of those men--one meets them here and there--whose
+minds rise high above their bodily infirmities; at moments of
+depression, which come to them as frequently, if not more frequently,
+than to other men, they no doubt feel their weakness, and think
+themselves despised, little knowing that we, the stronger ones in
+body, feel nothing but admiration as we watch the splendid victory of
+the soul over its earthly companion which their lives display.
+
+It was through Frank Smedley that Mr. Dodgson became one of the
+contributors to _The Comic Times_. Several of his poems appeared
+in it, and Mr. Yates wrote to him in the kindest manner, expressing
+warm approval of them. When _The Comic Times_ changed hands in
+1856, and was reduced to half its size, the whole staff left it and
+started a new venture, _The Train_. They were joined by Sala,
+whose stories in _Household Words_ were at that time usually
+ascribed by the uninitiated to Charles Dickens. Mr. Dodgson's
+contributions to _The Train_ included the following: "Solitude"
+(March, 1856); "Novelty and Romancement" (October, 1856); "The Three
+Voices" (November, 1856); "The Sailor's Wife" (May, 1857); and last,
+but by no means least, "Hiawatha's Photographing" (December, 1857).
+All of these, except "Novelty and Romancement," have since been
+republished in "Rhyme? and Reason?" and "Three Sunsets."
+
+The last entry in Mr. Dodgson's Diary for this year reads as
+follows:--
+
+ I am sitting alone in my bedroom this last night of the old
+ year, waiting for midnight. It has been the most eventful
+ year of my life: I began it a poor bachelor student, with no
+ definite plans or expectations; I end it a master and tutor
+ in Ch. Ch., with an income of more than L300 a year, and the
+ course of mathematical tuition marked out by God's
+ providence for at least some years to come. Great mercies,
+ great failings, time lost, talents misapplied--such has been
+ the past year.
+
+His Diary is full of such modest depreciations of himself and his
+work, interspersed with earnest prayers (too sacred and private to be
+reproduced here) that God would forgive him the past, and help him to
+perform His holy will in the future. And all the time that he was thus
+speaking of himself as a sinner, and a man who was utterly falling
+short of his aim, he was living a life full of good deeds and
+innumerable charities, a life of incessant labour and unremitting
+fulfilment of duty. So, I suppose, it is always with those who have a
+really high ideal; the harder they try to approach it the more it
+seems to recede from them, or rather, perhaps, it is impossible to be
+both "the subject and spectator" of goodness. As Coventry Patmore
+wrote:--
+
+ Become whatever good you see;
+ Nor sigh if, forthwith, fades from view
+ The grace of which you may not be
+ The Subject and spectator too.
+
+The reading of "Alton Locke" turned his mind towards social subjects.
+"If the book were but a little more definite," he writes, "it might
+stir up many fellow-workers in the same good field of social
+improvement. Oh that God, in His good providence, may make me
+hereafter such a worker! But alas, what are the means? Each one has
+his own _nostrum_ to propound, and in the Babel of voices nothing
+is done. I would thankfully spend and be spent so long as I were sure
+of really effecting something by the sacrifice, and not merely lying
+down under the wheels of some irresistible Juggernaut."
+
+He was for some time the editor of _College Rhymes_, a Christ
+Church paper, in which his poem, "A Sea Dirge" (afterwards republished
+in "Phantasmagoria," and again in "Rhyme? and Reason?"), first
+appeared. The following verses were among his contributions to the
+same magazine:--
+
+ I painted her a gushing thing,
+ With years perhaps a score
+ I little thought to find they were
+ At least a dozen more;
+ My fancy gave her eyes of blue,
+ A curly auburn head:
+ I came to find the blue a green,
+ The auburn turned to red.
+
+ She boxed my ears this morning,
+ They tingled very much;
+ I own that I could wish her
+ A somewhat lighter touch;
+ And if you were to ask me how
+ Her charms might be improved,
+ I would not have them _added to_,
+ But just a few _removed_!
+
+ She has the bear's ethereal grace,
+ The bland hyena's laugh,
+ The footstep of the elephant,
+ The neck of the giraffe;
+ I love her still, believe me,
+ Though my heart its passion hides;
+ "She is all my fancy painted her,"
+ But oh! _how much besides_!
+
+It was when writing for _The Train_ that he first felt the need
+of a pseudonym. He suggested "Dares" (the first syllable of his
+birthplace) to Edmund Yates, but, as this did not meet with his
+editor's approval, he wrote again, giving a choice of four names, (1)
+Edgar Cuthwellis, (2) Edgar U. C. Westhall, (3) Louis Carroll, and (4)
+Lewis Carroll. The first two were formed from the letters of his two
+Christian names, Charles Lutwidge; the others are merely variant forms
+of those names--Lewis = Ludovicus = Lutwidge; Carroll = Carolus =
+Charles. Mr. Yates chose the last, and thenceforward it became Mr.
+Dodgson's ordinary _nom de plume_. The first occasion on which he
+used it was, I believe, when he wrote "The Path of Roses," a poem
+which appeared in _The Train_ in May, 1856.
+
+On June 16th he again visited the Princess's Theatre. This time the
+play was "A Winter's Tale," and he "especially admired the acting of
+the little Mamillius, Ellen Terry, a beautiful little creature, who
+played with remarkable ease and spirit."
+
+During the Long Vacation he spent a few weeks in the English Lake
+District. In spite of the rain, of which he had his full share, he
+managed to see a good deal of the best scenery, and made the ascent of
+Gable in the face of an icy gale, which laid him up with neuralgia for
+some days. He and his companions returned to Croft by way of Barnard
+Castle, as he narrates in his Diary:--
+
+ We set out by coach for Barnard Castle at about seven, and
+ passed over about forty miles of the dreariest hill-country
+ I ever saw; the climax of wretchedness was reached in Bowes,
+ where yet stands the original of "Dotheboys Hall"; it has
+ long ceased to be used as a school, and is falling into
+ ruin, in which the whole place seems to be following its
+ example--the roofs are falling in, and the windows broken or
+ barricaded--the whole town looks plague-stricken. The
+ courtyard of the inn we stopped at was grown over with
+ weeds, and a mouthing idiot lolled against the corner of the
+ house, like the evil genius of the spot. Next to a prison or
+ a lunatic asylum, preserve me from living at Bowes!
+
+Although he was anything but a sportsman, he was interested in the
+subject of betting, from a mathematical standpoint solely, and in 1857
+he sent a letter to _Bell's Life_, explaining a method by which a
+betting man might ensure winning over any race. The system was either
+to back _every_ horse, or to lay against _every_ horse,
+according to the way the odds added up. He showed his scheme to a
+sporting friend, who remarked, "An excellent system, and you're bound
+to win--_if only you can get people to take your bets_."
+
+In the same year he made the acquaintance of Tennyson, whose writings
+he had long intensely admired. He thus describes the poet's
+appearance:--
+
+ A strange shaggy-looking man; his hair, moustache, and beard
+ looked wild and neglected; these very much hid the character
+ of the face. He was dressed in a loosely fitting morning
+ coat, common grey flannel waistcoat and trousers, and a
+ carelessly tied black silk neckerchief. His hair is black; I
+ think the eyes too; they are keen and restless--nose
+ aquiline--forehead high and broad--both face and head are
+ fine and manly. His manner was kind and friendly from the
+ first; there is a dry lurking humour in his style of
+ talking.
+
+ I took the opportunity [he goes on to say] of asking the
+ meaning of two passages in his poems, which have always
+ puzzled me: one in "Maud"--
+
+ Strange that I hear two men
+ Somewhere talking of me;
+ Well, if it prove a girl, my boy
+ Will have plenty; so let it be.
+
+ He said it referred to Maud, and to the two fathers
+ arranging a match between himself and her.
+
+ The other was of the poet--
+
+ Dowered with the hate of hate, the scorn of scorn,
+ The love of love.
+
+
+ He said that he was quite willing it should bear any meaning
+ the words would fairly bear; to the best of his recollection
+ his meaning when he wrote it was "the hate of the quality
+ hate, &c.," but he thought the meaning of "the quintessence
+ of hatred" finer. He said there had never been a poem so
+ misunderstood by the "ninnies of critics" as "Maud."
+
+[Illustration: Alfred Tennyson. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll._]
+
+During an evening spent at Tent Lodge Tennyson remarked, on the
+similarity of the monkey's skull to the human, that a young monkey's
+skull is quite human in shape, and gradually alters--the analogy being
+borne out by the human skull being at first more like the statues of
+the gods, and gradually degenerating into human; and then, turning to
+Mrs. Tennyson, "There, that's the second original remark I've made
+this evening!" Mr. Dodgson saw a great deal of the Tennysons after
+this, and photographed the poet himself and various members of his
+family.
+
+In October he made the acquaintance of John Ruskin, who in after years
+was always willing to assist him with his valuable advice on any point
+of artistic criticism. Mr. Dodgson was singularly fortunate in his
+friends; whenever he was in difficulties on any technical matters,
+whether of religion, law, medicine, art, or whatever it might be, he
+always had some one especially distinguished in that branch of study
+whose aid he could seek as a friend. In particular, the names of Canon
+King (now Bishop of Lincoln), and Sir James Paget occur to me; to the
+latter Mr. Dodgson addressed many letters on questions of medicine and
+surgery--some of them intricate enough, but never too intricate to
+weary the unfailing patience of the great surgeon.
+
+A note in Mr. Dodgson's Journal, May 9, 1857, describes his
+introduction to Thackeray:--
+
+ I breakfasted this morning with Fowler of Lincoln to meet
+ Thackeray (the author), who delivered his lecture on George
+ III. in Oxford last night. I was much pleased with what I
+ saw of him; his manner is simple and unaffected; he shows no
+ anxiety to shine in conversation, though full of fun and
+ anecdote when drawn out. He seemed delighted with the
+ reception he had met with last night: the undergraduates
+ seem to have behaved with most unusual moderation.
+
+The next few years of his life passed quietly, and without any unusual
+events to break the monotony of college routine. He spent his mornings
+in the lecture-rooms, his afternoons in the country or on the
+river--he was very fond of boating--and his evenings in his room,
+reading and preparing for the next day's work. But in spite of all
+this outward calm of life, his mind was very much exercised on the
+subject of taking Holy Orders. Not only was this step necessary if he
+wished to retain his Studentship, but also he felt that it would give
+him much more influence among the undergraduates, and thus increase
+his power of doing good. On the other hand, he was not prepared to
+live the life of almost puritanical strictness which was then
+considered essential for a clergyman, and he saw that the impediment
+of speech from which he suffered would greatly interfere with the
+proper performance of his clerical duties.
+
+[Illustration: The Bishop of Lincoln. _From a photograph by
+Lewis Carroll_]
+
+The Bishop of Oxford, Dr. Wilberforce, had expressed the opinion that
+the "resolution to attend theatres or operas was an absolute
+disqualification for Holy Orders," which discouraged him very much,
+until it transpired that this statement was only meant to refer to the
+parochial clergy. He discussed the matter with Dr. Pusey, and with Dr.
+Liddon. The latter said that "he thought a deacon might lawfully, if
+he found himself unfit for the work, abstain from direct ministerial
+duty." And so, with many qualms about his own unworthiness, he at last
+decided to prepare definitely for ordination.
+
+On December 22, 1861, he was ordained deacon by the Bishop of Oxford.
+He never proceeded to priest's orders, partly, I think, because he
+felt that if he were to do so it would be his duty to undertake
+regular parochial work, and partly on account of his stammering. He
+used, however, to preach not unfrequently, and his sermons were always
+delightful to listen to, his extreme earnestness being evident in
+every word.
+
+[Illustration: Bishop Wilberforce. _From a photograph by
+Lewis Carroll_.]
+
+"He knew exactly what he wished to say" (I am quoting from an article
+in _The Guardian_), "and completely forgot his audience in his
+anxiety to explain his point clearly. He thought of the subject only,
+and the words came of themselves. Looking straight in front of him he
+saw, as it were, his argument mapped out in the form of a diagram, and
+he set to work to prove it point by point, under its separate heads,
+and then summed up the whole."
+
+One sermon which he preached in the University Church, on Eternal
+Punishment, is not likely to be soon forgotten by those who heard it.
+I, unfortunately, was not of that number, but I can well imagine how
+his clear-cut features would light up as he dwelt lovingly upon the
+mercy of that Being whose charity far exceeds "the measure of man's
+mind." It is hardly necessary to say that he himself did not believe
+in eternal punishment, or any other scholastic doctrine that
+contravenes the love of God.
+
+He disliked being complimented on his sermons, but he liked to be told
+of any good effects that his words had had upon any member of the
+congregation. "Thank you for telling me that fact about my sermon," he
+wrote to one of his sisters, who told him of some such good fruit that
+one of his addresses had borne. "I have once or twice had such
+information volunteered; and it is a _great_ comfort--and a kind
+of thing that is _really_ good for one to know. It is _not_
+good to be told (and I never wish to be told), 'Your sermon was so
+_beautiful_.' We shall not be concerned to know, in the Great
+Day, whether we have preached beautiful sermons, but whether they were
+preached with the one object of serving God."
+
+He was always ready and willing to preach at the special service for
+College servants, which used to be held at Christ Church every Sunday
+evening; but best of all he loved to preach to children. Some of his
+last sermons were delivered at Christ Church, Eastbourne (the church
+he regularly attended during the Long Vacation), to a congregation of
+children. On those occasions he told them an allegory--_Victor and
+Arnion,_ which he intended to publish in course of time--putting
+all his heart into the work, and speaking with such deep feeling that
+at times he was almost unable to control his emotion as he told them
+of the love and compassion of the Good Shepherd.
+
+I have dwelt at some length on this side of his life, for it is, I am
+sure, almost ignored in the popular estimate of him. He was
+essentially a religious man in the best sense of the term, and without
+any of that morbid sentimentality which is too often associated with
+the word; and while his religion consecrated his talents, and raised
+him to a height which without it he could never have reached, the
+example of such a man as he was, so brilliant, so witty, so
+successful, and yet so full of faith, consecrates the very conception
+of religion, and makes it yet more beautiful.
+
+On April 13, 1859, he paid another visit to Tennyson, this time at
+Farringford.
+
+ After dinner we retired for about an hour to the
+ smoking-room, where I saw the proof-sheets of the "King's
+ Idylls," but he would not let me read them. He walked
+ through the garden with me when I left, and made me remark
+ an effect produced on the thin white clouds by the moon
+ shining through, which I had not noticed--a ring of golden
+ light at some distance off the moon, with an interval of
+ white between--this, he says, he has alluded to in one of
+ his early poems ("Margaret," vol. i.), "the tender amber." I
+ asked his opinion of Sydney Dobell--he agrees with me in
+ liking "Grass from the Battlefield," and thinks him a writer
+ of genius and imagination, but extravagant.
+
+On another occasion he showed the poet a photograph which he had taken
+of Miss Alice Liddell as a beggar-child, and which Tennyson said was
+the most beautiful photograph he had ever seen.
+
+[Illustration: Alice Liddell as Beggar-child. _From a
+photograph by Lewis Carroll_.]
+
+ Tennyson told us he had often dreamed long passages of
+ poetry, and believed them to be good at the time, though he
+ could never remember them after waking, except four lines
+ which he dreamed at ten years old:--
+
+ May a cock sparrow
+ Write to a barrow?
+ I hope you'll excuse
+ My infantile muse;
+
+ --which, as an unpublished fragment of the Poet Laureate,
+ may be thought interesting, but not affording much promise
+ of his after powers.
+
+ He also told us he once dreamed an enormously long poem
+ about fairies, which began with very long lines that
+ gradually got shorter, and ended with fifty or sixty lines
+ of two syllables each!
+
+On October 17, 1859, the Prince of Wales came into residence at Christ
+Church. The Dean met him at the station, and all the dons assembled in
+Tom Quadrangle to welcome him. Mr. Dodgson, as usual, had an eye to a
+photograph, in which hope, however, he was doomed to disappointment.
+His Royal Highness was tired of having his picture taken.
+
+During his early college life he used often to spend a few days at
+Hastings, with his mother's sisters, the Misses Lutwidge. In a letter
+written from their house to his sister Mary, and dated April 11, 1860,
+he gives an account of a lecture he had just heard:--
+
+ I am just returned from a series of dissolving views on the
+ Arctic regions, and, while the information there received is
+ still fresh in my mind, I will try to give you some of it.
+ In the first place, you may not know that one of the objects
+ of the Arctic expeditions was to discover "the intensity of
+ the magnetic needle." He [the lecturer] did not tell us,
+ however, whether they had succeeded in discovering it, or
+ whether that rather obscure question is still doubtful. One
+ of the explorers, Baffin, "_though_ he did not suffer
+ all the hardships the others did, _yet_ he came to an
+ untimely end (of course one would think in the Arctic
+ regions), _for instance_ (what follows being, I
+ suppose, one of the untimely ends he came to), being engaged
+ in a war of the Portuguese against the Prussians, while
+ measuring the ground in front of a fortification, a
+ cannon-ball came against him, with the force with which
+ cannon-balls in that day _did_ come, and killed him
+ dead on the spot." How many instances of this kind would you
+ demand to prove that he did come to an untimely end? One of
+ the ships was laid up three years in the ice, during which
+ time, he told us, "Summer came and went frequently." This, I
+ think, was the most remarkable phenomenon he mentioned in
+ the whole lecture, and gave _me_ quite a new idea of
+ those regions.
+
+ On Tuesday I went to a concert at St. Leonard's. On the
+ front seat sat a youth about twelve years of age, of whom
+ the enclosed is a tolerably accurate sketch. He really was,
+ I think, the ugliest boy I ever saw. I wish I could get an
+ opportunity of photographing him.
+
+[Illustration: Sketch from St. Leonard's Concert-Room.]
+
+The following note occurs in his Journal for May 6th:--
+
+ A Christ Church man, named Wilmot, who is just returned from
+ the West Indies, dined in Hall. He told us some curious
+ things about the insects in South America--one that he had
+ himself seen was a spider charming a cockroach with flashes
+ of light; they were both on the wall, the spider about a
+ yard the highest, and the light was like a glow-worm, only
+ that it came by flashes and did not shine continuously; the
+ cockroach gradually crawled up to it, and allowed itself to
+ be taken and killed.
+
+ A few months afterwards, when in town and visiting Mr.
+ Munroe's studio, he found there two of the children of Mr.
+ George Macdonald, whose acquaintance he had already made:
+ "They were a girl and boy, about seven and six years old--I
+ claimed their acquaintance, and began at once proving to the
+ boy, Greville, that he had better take the opportunity of
+ having his head changed for a marble one. The effect was
+ that in about two minutes they had entirely forgotten that I
+ was a total stranger, and were earnestly arguing the
+ question as if we were old acquaintances." Mr. Dodgson urged
+ that a marble head would not have to be brushed and combed.
+ At this the boy turned to his sister with an air of great
+ relief, saying, "Do you hear _that_, Mary? It needn't
+ be combed!" And the narrator adds, "I have no doubt combing,
+ with his great head of long hair, like Hallam Tennyson's,
+ was _the_ misery of his life. His final argument was
+ that a marble head couldn't speak, and as I couldn't
+ convince either that he would be all the better for that, I
+ gave in."
+
+[Illustration: George Macdonald and his daughter Lily.
+_From a photograph by Lewis Carroll._]
+
+In November he gave a lecture at a meeting of the Ashmolean Society on
+"Where does the Day begin?" The problem, which was one he was very
+fond of propounding, may be thus stated: If a man could travel round
+the world so fast that the sun would be always directly above his
+head, and if he were to start travelling at midday on Tuesday, then in
+twenty-four hours he would return to his original point of departure,
+and would find that the day was now called Wednesday--at what point of
+his journey would the day change its name? The difficulty of answering
+this apparently simple question has cast a gloom over many a pleasant
+party.
+
+On December 12th he wrote in his Diary:--
+
+ Visit of the Queen to Oxford, to the great surprise of
+ everybody, as it had been kept a secret up to the time. She
+ arrived in Christ Church about twelve, and came into Hall
+ with the Dean, where the Collections were still going on,
+ about a dozen men being in Hall. The party consisted of the
+ Queen, Prince Albert, Princess Alice and her intended
+ husband, the Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt, the Prince of Wales,
+ Prince Alfred, and suite. They remained a minute or two
+ looking at the pictures, and the Sub-Dean was presented:
+ they then visited the Cathedral and Library. Evening
+ entertainment at the Deanery, _tableaux vivants_. I
+ went a little after half-past eight, and found a great party
+ assembled--the Prince had not yet come. He arrived before
+ nine, and I found an opportunity of reminding General Bruce
+ of his promise to introduce me to the Prince, which he did
+ at the next break in the conversation H.R.H. was holding
+ with Mrs. Fellowes. He shook hands very graciously, and I
+ began with a sort of apology for having been so importunate
+ about the photograph. He said something of the weather being
+ against it, and I asked if the Americans had victimised him
+ much as a sitter; he said they had, but he did not think
+ they had succeeded well, and I told him of the new American
+ process of taking twelve thousand photographs in an hour.
+ Edith Liddell coming by at the moment, I remarked on the
+ beautiful _tableau_ which the children might make: he
+ assented, and also said, in answer to my question, that he
+ had seen and admired my photographs of them. I then said
+ that I hoped, as I had missed the photograph, he would at
+ least give me his autograph in my album, which he promised
+ to do. Thinking I had better bring the talk to an end, I
+ concluded by saying that, if he would like copies of any of
+ my photographs, I should feel honoured by his accepting
+ them; he thanked me for this, and I then drew back, as he
+ did not seem inclined to pursue the conversation.
+
+A few days afterwards the Prince gave him his autograph, and also
+chose a dozen or so of his photograph (sic).
+
+
+[Illustration: Mrs. Rossetti and her children Dante Gabriel,
+Christina, and William. _From a photograph by Lewis Carroll._]
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+(1861-1867)
+
+ Jowett--Index to "In Memoriam"--The Tennysons--The beginning
+ of "Alice"--Tenniel--Artistic friends--"Alice's Adventures
+ in Wonderland"--"Bruno's Revenge"--Tour with Dr.
+ Liddon--Cologne--Berlin architecture--The "Majesty of
+ Justice"--Peterhof--Moscow--A Russian wedding--Nijni--The
+ Troitska Monastery--"Hieroglyphic" writing--Giessen.
+
+It is my aim in this Memoir to let Mr. Dodgson tell his own story as
+much as possible. In order to effect this object I have drawn largely
+upon his Diary and correspondence. Very few men have left behind them
+such copious information about their lives as he has; unfortunately it
+is not equally copious throughout, and this fact must be my apology
+for the somewhat haphazard and disconnected way in which parts of this
+book are written. That it is the best which, under the circumstances,
+I have been able to do needs, I hope, no saying, but the circumstances
+have at times been too strong for me.
+
+Though in later years Mr. Dodgson almost gave up the habit of dining
+out, at this time of his life he used to do it pretty frequently, and
+several of the notes in his Diary refer to after-dinner and Common
+Room stories. The two following extracts will show the sort of facts
+he recorded:--
+
+ _January 2, 1861._--Mr. Grey (Canon) came to dine and
+ stay the night. He told me a curious old custom of millers,
+ that they place the sails of the mill as a Saint Andrew's
+ Cross when work is entirely suspended, thus x, but in an
+ upright cross, thus +, if they are just going to resume
+ work. He also mentioned that he was at school with Dr.
+ Tennyson (father of the poet), and was a great favourite of
+ his. He remembers that Tennyson used to do his
+ school-translations in rhyme.
+
+ _May 9th._--Met in Common Room Rev. C.F. Knight, and
+ the Hon'ble. F.J. Parker, both of Boston, U.S. The former
+ gave an amusing account of having seen Oliver Wendell Holmes
+ in a fishmonger's, lecturing _extempore_ on the head of
+ a freshly killed turtle, whose eyes and jaws still showed
+ muscular action: the lecture of course being all "cram," but
+ accepted as sober earnest by the mob outside.
+
+Old Oxford men will remember the controversies that raged from about
+1860 onwards over the opinions of the late Dr. Jowett. In my time the
+name "Jowett" only represented the brilliant translator of Plato, and
+the deservedly loved master of Balliol, whose sermons in the little
+College Chapel were often attended by other than Balliol men, and
+whose reputation for learning was expressed in the well-known verse of
+"The Masque of Balliol":--
+
+ First come I, my name is Jowett.
+ There's no knowledge but I know it;
+ I am Master of this College;
+ What I don't know isn't knowledge.
+
+But in 1861 he was anything but universally popular, and I am afraid
+that Mr. Dodgson, nothing if not a staunch Conservative, sided with
+the majority against him. Thus he wrote in his Diary:--
+
+ _November 20th._--Promulgation, in Congregation, of the
+ new statute to endow Jowett. The speaking took up the whole
+ afternoon, and the two points at issue, the endowing a
+ _Regius_ Professorship, and the countenancing Jowett's
+ theological opinions, got so inextricably mixed up that I
+ rose to beg that they might be kept separate. Once on my
+ feet, I said more than I at first meant, and defied them
+ ever to tire out the opposition by perpetually bringing the
+ question on (_Mem_.: if I ever speak again I will try
+ to say no more than I had resolved before rising). This was
+ my first speech in Congregation.
+
+At the beginning of 1862 an "Index to In Memoriam," compiled by Mr.
+Dodgson and his sisters, was published by Moxon. Tennyson had given
+his consent, and the little book proved to be very useful to his
+admirers.
+
+On January 27th Morning Prayer was for the first time read in English
+at the Christ Church College Service. On the same day Mr. Dodgson
+moved over into new rooms, as the part of the College where he had
+formerly lived (Chaplain's Quadrangle) was to be pulled down.
+
+During the Easter Vacation he paid another visit to the Tennysons,
+which he describes as follows:--
+
+ After luncheon I went to the Tennysons, and got Hallam and
+ Lionel to sign their names in my album. Also I made a
+ bargain with Lionel, that he was to give me some MS. of his
+ verses, and I was to send him some of mine. It was a very
+ difficult bargain to make; I almost despaired of it at
+ first, he put in so many conditions--first, I was to play a
+ game of chess with him; this, with much difficulty, was
+ reduced to twelve moves on each side; but this made little
+ difference, as I check-mated him at the sixth move. Second,
+ he was to be allowed to give me one blow on the head with a
+ mallet (this he at last consented to give up). I forget if
+ there were others, but it ended in my getting the verses,
+ for which I have written out "The Lonely Moor" for him.
+
+Mr. Dodgson took a great interest in occult phenomena, and was for
+some time an enthusiastic member of the "Psychical Society." It was
+his interest in ghosts that led to his meeting with the artist Mr.
+Heaphy, who had painted a picture of a ghost which he himself had
+seen. I quote the following from a letter to his sister Mary:--
+
+ During my last visit to town, I paid a very interesting
+ visit to a new artist, Mr. Heaphy. Do you remember that
+ curious story of a ghost lady (in _Household Words_ or
+ _All the Year Round_), who sat to an artist for her
+ picture; it was called "Mr. H.'s Story," and he was the
+ writer.... He received me most kindly, and we had a very
+ interesting talk about the ghost, which certainly is one of
+ the most curious and inexplicable stories I ever heard. He
+ showed me her picture (life size), and she must have been
+ very lovely, if it is like her (or like it, which ever is
+ the correct pronoun).... Mr. Heaphy showed me a most
+ interesting collection of drawings he has made abroad; he
+ has been about, hunting up the earliest and most authentic
+ pictures of our Saviour, some merely outlines, some coloured
+ pictures. They agree wonderfully in the character of the
+ face, and one, he says, there is no doubt was done before
+ the year 150.... I feel sure from his tone that he is doing
+ this in a religious spirit, and not merely as an artist.
+
+On July 4, 1862, there is a very important entry: "I made an
+expedition _up_ the river to Godstow with the three Liddells; we
+had tea on the bank there, and did not reach Christ Church till
+half-past eight."
+
+[Illustration: Lorina, Alice, and Edith Liddell. _From a
+photograph by Lewis Carroll_.]
+
+On the opposite page he added, somewhat later, "On which occasion I
+told them the fairy-tale of 'Alice's Adventures Underground,' which I
+undertook to write out for Alice."
+
+These words need to be supplemented by the verses with which he
+prefaced the "Wonderland":--
+
+ All in the golden afternoon
+ Full leisurely we glide;
+ For both our oars, with little skill,
+ By little arms are plied,
+ While little hands make vain pretence
+ Our wanderings to guide.
+
+ Ah, cruel Three! In such an hour,
+ Beneath such dreamy weather,
+ To beg a tale of breath too weak
+ To stir the tiniest feather!
+ Yet what can one poor voice avail
+ Against three tongues together?
+
+ Imperious Prima flashes forth
+ Her edict "to begin it"--
+ In gentler tones Secunda hopes
+ "There will be nonsense in it!"
+ While Tertia interrupts the tale
+ Not _more_ than once a minute.
+
+ Anon, to sudden silence won,
+ In fancy they pursue
+ The dream-child moving through a land
+ Of wonders wild and new,
+ In friendly chat with bird or beast--
+ And half believe it true.
+
+ And ever, as the story drained
+ The wells of fancy dry,
+ And faintly strove that weary one
+ To put the subject by,
+ "The rest next time"--"It _is_ next time!"
+ The happy voices cry.
+
+ Thus grew the tale of Wonderland:
+ Thus slowly, one by one,
+ Its quaint events were hammered out--
+ And now the tale is done,
+ And home we steer, a merry crew,
+ Beneath the setting sun.
+
+
+"Alice" herself (Mrs. Reginald Hargreaves) has given an account of the
+scene, from which what follows is quoted:--
+
+ Most of Mr. Dodgson's stories were told to us on river
+ expeditions to Nuneham or Godstow, near Oxford. My eldest
+ sister, now Mrs. Skene, was "Prima," I was "Secunda," and
+ "Tertia" was my sister Edith. I believe the beginning of
+ "Alice" was told one summer afternoon when the sun was so
+ burning that we had landed in the meadows down the river,
+ deserting the boat to take refuge in the only bit of shade
+ to be found, which was under a new-made hayrick. Here from
+ all three came the old petition of "Tell us a story," and so
+ began the ever-delightful tale. Sometimes to tease us--and
+ perhaps being really tired--Mr. Dodgson would stop suddenly
+ and say, "And that's all till next time." "Ah, but it is
+ next time," would be the exclamation from all three; and
+ after some persuasion the story would start afresh. Another
+ day, perhaps, the story would begin in the boat, and Mr.
+ Dodgson, in the middle of telling a thrilling adventure,
+ would pretend to go fast asleep, to our great dismay.
+
+"Alice's Adventures Underground" was the original name of the story;
+later on it became "Alice's Hour in Elfland." It was not until June
+18, 1864, that he finally decided upon "Alice's Adventures in
+Wonderland." The illustrating of the manuscript book gave him some
+trouble. He had to borrow a "Natural History" from the Deanery to
+learn the correct shapes of some of the strange animals with which
+Alice conversed; the Mock Turtle he must have evolved out of his inner
+consciousness, for it is, I think, a species unknown to naturalists.
+
+He was lucky enough during the course of the year to see a ceremony
+which is denied to most Oxford men. When degrees are given, any
+tradesman who has been unable to get his due from an undergraduate
+about to be made a Bachelor of Arts is allowed, by custom, to pluck
+the Proctor's gown as he passes, and then to make his complaint. This
+law is more honoured in the breach than in the observance; but, on the
+occasion of this visit of Mr. Dodgson's to Convocation, the Proctor's
+gown was actually plucked--on account of an unfortunate man who had
+gone through the Bankruptcy Court.
+
+When he promised to write out "Alice" for Miss Liddell he had no idea
+of publication; but his friend, Mr. George Macdonald, to whom he had
+shown the story, persuaded him to submit it to a publisher. Messrs.
+Macmillan agreed to produce it, and as Mr. Dodgson had not sufficient
+faith in his own artistic powers to venture to allow his illustrations
+to appear, it was necessary to find some artist who would undertake
+the work. By the advice of Tom Taylor he approached Mr. Tenniel, who
+was fortunately well disposed, and on April 5, 1864, the final
+arrangements were made.
+
+[Illustration: George MacDonald. _From a photograph by
+Lewis Carroll_.]
+
+The following interesting account of a meeting with Mr. Dodgson is
+from the pen of Mrs. Bennie, wife of the Rector of Glenfield, near
+Leicester:--
+
+ Some little time after the publication of "Alice's
+ Adventures" we went for our summer holiday to Whitby. We
+ were visiting friends, and my brother and sister went to the
+ hotel. They soon after asked us to dine with them there at
+ the _table d'hote._ I had on one side of me a gentleman
+ whom I did not know, but as I had spent a good deal of time
+ travelling in foreign countries, I always, at once, speak to
+ any one I am placed next. I found on this occasion I had a
+ very agreeable neighbour, and we seemed to be much
+ interested in the same books, and politics also were touched
+ on. After dinner my sister and brother rather took me to
+ task for talking so much to a complete stranger. I said.
+ "But it was quite a treat to talk to him and to hear him
+ talk. Of one thing I am quite sure, he is a genius." My
+ brother and sister, who had not heard him speak, again
+ laughed at me, and said, "You are far too easily pleased."
+ I, however, maintained my point, and said what great delight
+ his conversation had given me, and how remarkably clever it
+ had been. Next morning nurse took out our two little twin
+ daughters in front of the sea. I went out a short time
+ afterwards, looked for them, and found them seated with my
+ friend of the _table d'hote_ between them, and they
+ were listening to him, open-mouthed, and in the greatest
+ state of enjoyment, with his knee covered with minute toys.
+ I, seeing their great delight, motioned to him to go on;
+ this he did for some time. A most charming story he told
+ them about sea-urchins and Ammonites. When it was over, I
+ said, "You must be the author of 'Alice's Adventures.'" He
+ laughed, but looked astonished, and said, "My dear Madam, my
+ name is Dodgson, and 'Alice's Adventures' was written by
+ Lewis Carroll." I replied, "Then you must have borrowed the
+ name, for only he could have told a story as you have just
+ done." After a little sparring he admitted the fact, and I
+ went home and proudly told my sister and brother how my
+ genius had turned out a greater one than I expected. They
+ assured me I must be mistaken, and that, as I had suggested
+ it to him, he had taken advantage of the idea, and said he
+ was what I wanted him to be. A few days after some friends
+ came to Whitby who knew his aunts, and confirmed the truth
+ of his statement, and thus I made the acquaintance of one
+ whose friendship has been the source of great pleasure for
+ nearly thirty years. He has most generously sent us all his
+ books, with kind inscriptions, to "Minnie and Doe," whom he
+ photographed, but would not take Canon Bennie or me; he said
+ he never took portraits of people of more than seventeen
+ years of age until they were seventy. He visited us, and we
+ often met him at Eastbourne, and his death was indeed a
+ great loss after so many happy years of friendship with one
+ we so greatly admired and loved.
+
+He spent a part of the Long Vacation at Freshwater, taking great
+interest in the children who, for him, were the chief attraction of
+the seaside.
+
+ Every morning four little children dressed in yellow go by
+ from the front down to the beach: they go by in a state of
+ great excitement, brandishing wooden spades, and making
+ strange noises; from that moment they disappear
+ entirely--they are never to be seen _on_ the beach. The
+ only theory I can form is, that they all tumble into a hole
+ somewhere, and continue excavating therein during the day:
+ however that may be, I have once or twice come across them
+ returning at night, in exactly the same state of excitement,
+ and seemingly in quite as great a hurry to get home as they
+ were before to get out. The evening noises they make sound
+ to me very much like the morning noises, but I suppose they
+ are different to them, and contain an account of the day's
+ achievements.
+
+His enthusiasm for photography, and his keen appreciation of the
+beautiful, made him prefer the society of artists to that of any other
+class of people. He knew the Rossettis intimately, and his Diary shows
+him to have been acquainted with Millais, Holman Hunt, Sant,
+Westmacott, Val Prinsep, Watts, and a host of others. Arthur Hughes
+painted a charming picture to his order ("The Lady with the Lilacs")
+which used to hang in his rooms at Christ Church. The Andersons were
+great friends of his, Mrs. Anderson being one of his favourite
+child-painters. Those who have visited him at Oxford will remember a
+beautiful girl's head, painted by her from a rough sketch she had once
+made in a railway carriage of a child who happened to be sitting
+opposite her.
+
+[Illustration: J. Sant. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+His own drawings were in no way remarkable. Ruskin, whose advice he
+took on his artistic capabilities, told him that he had not enough
+talent to make it worth his while to devote much time to sketching,
+but every one who saw his photographs admired them. Considering the
+difficulties of the "wet process," and the fact that he had a
+conscientious horror of "touching up" his negatives, the pictures he
+produced are quite wonderful. Some of them were shown to the Queen,
+who said that she admired them very much, and that they were "such as
+the Prince would have appreciated very highly, and taken much pleasure
+in."
+
+[Illustration: Holman Hunt. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+On July 4, 1865, exactly three years after the memorable row up the
+river, Miss Alice Liddell received the first presentation copy of
+"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland": the second was sent to Princess
+Beatrice.
+
+The first edition, which consisted of two thousand copies, was
+condemned by both author and illustrator, for the pictures did not
+come out well. All purchasers were accordingly asked to return their
+copies, and to send their names and addresses; a new edition was
+prepared, and distributed to those who had sent back their old copies,
+which the author gave away to various homes and hospitals. The
+substituted edition was a complete success, "a perfect piece of
+artistic printing," as Mr. Dodgson called it. He hardly dared to hope
+that more than two thousand copies would be sold, and anticipated a
+considerable loss over the book. His surprise was great when edition
+after edition was demanded, and when he found that "Alice," far from
+being a monetary failure, was bringing him in a very considerable
+income every year.
+
+[Illustration: Sir John Millais. _From a photograph by
+Lewis Carroll_]
+
+A rough comparison between "Alice's Adventures Underground" and the
+book in its completed form, shows how slight were the alterations that
+Lewis Carroll thought it necessary to make.
+
+The "Wonderland" is somewhat longer, but the general plan of the book,
+and the simplicity of diction, which is one of its principal charms,
+are unchanged. His memory was so good that I believe the story as he
+wrote it down was almost word for word the same that he had told in
+the boat. The whole idea came like an inspiration into his mind, and
+that sort of inspiration does not often come more than once in a
+lifetime. Nothing which he wrote afterwards had anything like the same
+amount of freshness, of wit, of real genius. The "Looking-Glass" most
+closely approached it in these qualities, but then it was only the
+following out of the same idea. The most ingenuous comparison of the
+two books I have seen was the answer of a little girl whom Lewis
+Carroll had asked if she had read them: "Oh yes, I've read both of
+them, and I think," (this more slowly and thoughtfully) "I think
+'Through the Looking-Glass' is more stupid than 'Alice's Adventures.'
+Don't you think so?"
+
+The critics were loud in their praises of "Alice"; there was hardly a
+dissentient voice among them, and the reception which the public gave
+the book justified their opinion. So recently as July, 1898, the
+_Pall Mall Gazette_ conducted an inquiry into the popularity of
+children's books. "The verdict is so natural that it will surprise no
+normal person. The winner is 'Alice in Wonderland'; 'Through the
+Looking-Glass' is in the twenty, but much lower down."
+
+"Alice" has been translated into French, German, Italian, and Dutch,
+while one poem, "Father William," has even been turned into Arabic.
+Several plays have been based upon it; lectures have been given,
+illustrated by magic-lantern slides of Tenniel's pictures, which have
+also adorned wall-papers and biscuit-boxes. Mr. Dodgson himself
+designed a very ingenious "Wonderland" stamp-case; there has been an
+"Alice" birthday-book; at schools, children have been taught to read
+out of "Alice," while the German edition, shortened and simplified for
+the purpose, has also been used as a lesson-book. With the exception
+of Shakespeare's plays, very few, if any, books are so frequently
+quoted in the daily Press as the two "Alices."
+
+In 1866 Mr. Dodgson was introduced to Miss Charlotte M. Yonge, whose
+novels had long delighted him. "It was a pleasure I had long hoped
+for," he says, "and I was very much pleased with her cheerful and easy
+manners--the sort of person one knows in a few minutes as well as many
+in many years."
+
+[Illustration: C. M. Yonge. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+In 1867 he contributed a story to _Aunt Judy's Magazine_ called
+"Bruno's Revenge," the charming little idyll out of which "Sylvie and
+Bruno" grew. The creation of Bruno was the only act of homage Lewis
+Carroll ever paid to boy-nature, for which, as a rule, he professed an
+aversion almost amounting to terror. Nevertheless, on the few
+occasions on which I have seen him in the company of boys, he seemed
+to be thoroughly at his ease, telling them stories and showing them
+puzzles.
+
+I give an extract from Mrs. Gatty's letter, acknowledging the receipt
+of "Bruno's Revenge" for her magazine:--
+
+ I need hardly tell you that the story is _delicious_.
+ It is beautiful and fantastic and childlike, and I cannot
+ sufficiently thank you. I am so _proud_ for _Aunt
+ Judy_ that you have honoured _her_ by sending it
+ here, rather than to the _Cornhill_, or one of the
+ grander Magazines.
+
+ To-morrow I shall send the Manuscript to London probably;
+ to-day I keep it to enjoy a little further, and that the
+ young ladies may do so too. One word more. Make this one of
+ a series. You may have great mathematical abilities, but so
+ have hundreds of others. This talent is peculiarly your own,
+ and as an Englishman you are almost unique in possessing it.
+ If you covet fame, therefore, it will be (I think) gained by
+ this. Some of the touches are so exquisite, one would have
+ thought nothing short of intercourse with fairies could have
+ put them into your head.
+
+Somewhere about this time he was invited to witness a rehearsal of a
+children's play at a London theatre. As he sat in the wings, chatting
+to the manager, a little four-year-old girl, one of the performers,
+climbed up on his knee, and began talking to him. She was very anxious
+to be allowed to play the principal part (Mrs. Mite), which had been
+assigned to some other child. "I wish I might act Mrs. Mite," she
+said; "I know all her part, and I'd get an _encore_ for every
+word."
+
+During the year he published his book on "Determinants." To those
+accustomed to regard mathematics as the driest of dry subjects, and
+mathematicians as necessarily devoid of humour, it seems scarcely
+credible that "An Elementary Treatise on Determinants," and "Alice in
+Wonderland" were written by the same author, and it came quite as a
+revelation to the undergraduate who heard for the first time that Mr.
+Dodgson of Christ Church and Lewis Carroll were identical.
+
+The book in question, admirable as it is in many ways, has not
+commanded a large sale. The nature of the subject would be against it,
+as most students whose aim is to get as good a place as possible in
+the class lists cannot afford the luxury of a separate work, and have
+to be content with the few chapters devoted to "Determinants" in works
+on Higher Algebra or the Theory of Equations, supplemented by
+references to Mr. Dodgson's work which can be found in the College
+libraries.
+
+The general acceptance of the book would be rather restricted by the
+employment of new words and symbols, which, as the author himself
+felt, "are always a most unwelcome addition to a science already
+burdened with an enormous vocabulary." But the work itself is largely
+original, and its arrangement and style are, perhaps, as attractive as
+the nature of the subject will allow. Such a book as this has little
+interest for the general reader, yet, amongst the leisured few who are
+able to read mathematics for their own sake, the treatise has found
+warm admirers.
+
+In the Summer Vacation of 1867 he went for a tour on the Continent,
+accompanied by Dr. Liddon, whom I have already mentioned as having
+been one of his most intimate friends at this time. During the whole
+of this tour Mr. Dodgson kept a diary, more with the idea that it
+would help him afterwards to remember what he had seen than with any
+notion of publication. However, in later years it did occur to him
+that others might be interested in his impressions and experiences,
+though he never actually took any steps towards putting them before
+the public. Perhaps he was wise, for a traveller's diary always
+contains much information that can be obtained just as well from any
+guide-book. In the extracts which I reproduce here, I hope that I have
+not retained anything which comes under that category.
+
+[Illustration: Dr. Liddon. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+ _July 12th_.--The Sultan and I arrived in London almost
+ at the same time, but in different quarters--_my_ point
+ of entry being Paddington, and _his_ Charing Cross. I
+ must admit that the crowd was greatest at the latter place.
+
+Mr. Dodgson and Dr. Liddon met at Dover, and passed the night at one
+of the hotels there:--
+
+ _July 13th_.--We breakfasted, as agreed, at eight, or
+ at least we then sat down and nibbled bread and butter till
+ such time as the chops should be done, which great event
+ took place about half past. We tried pathetic appeals to the
+ wandering waiters, who told us, "They are coming, sir," in a
+ soothing tone, and we tried stern remonstrance, and they
+ then said, "They are coming, sir," in a more injured tone;
+ and after all such appeals they retired into their dens, and
+ hid themselves behind side-boards and dish-covers, and still
+ the chops came not. We agreed that of all virtues a waiter
+ can display, that of a retiring disposition is quite the
+ least desirable....
+
+ The pen refuses to describe the sufferings of some of the
+ passengers during our smooth trip of ninety minutes: my own
+ sensations were those of extreme surprise, and a little
+ indignation, at there being no other sensations--it was not
+ for _that_ I paid my money....
+
+ We landed at Calais in the usual swarm of friendly natives,
+ offering services and advice of all kinds; to all such
+ remarks I returned one simple answer, _Non!_ It was
+ probably not strictly applicable in all cases, but it
+ answered the purpose of getting rid of them; one by one they
+ left me, echoing the _Non_! in various tones, but all
+ expressive of disgust.
+
+At Cologne began that feast of beautiful things which his artistic
+temperament fitted him so well to enjoy. Though the churches he
+visited and the ceremonies he witnessed belonged to a religious system
+widely different from his own, the largeness and generosity of his
+mind always led him to insist upon that substratum of true
+devotion--to use a favourite word of his--which underlies all forms of
+Christianity.
+
+ We spent an hour in the cathedral, which I will not attempt
+ to describe further than by saying it was the most beautiful
+ of all churches I have ever seen or can imagine. If one
+ could imagine the spirit of devotion embodied in any
+ material form, it would be in such a building.
+
+In spite of all the wealth of words that has been expended upon German
+art, he found something new to say on this most fertile subject:--
+
+ The amount of art lavished on the whole region of Potsdam is
+ marvellous; some of the tops of the palaces were like
+ forests of statues, and they were all over the gardens, set
+ on pedestals. In fact, the two principles of Berlin
+ architecture appear to me to be these. On the house-tops,
+ wherever there is a convenient place, put up the figure of a
+ man; he is best placed standing on one leg. Wherever there
+ is room on the ground, put either a circular group of busts
+ on pedestals, in consultation, all looking inwards--or else
+ the colossal figure of a man killing, about to kill, or
+ having killed (the present tense is preferred) a beast; the
+ more pricks the beast has, the better--in fact a dragon is
+ the correct thing, but if that is beyond the artist, he may
+ content himself with a lion or a pig. The beast-killing
+ principle has been carried out everywhere with a relentless
+ monotony, which makes some parts of Berlin look like a
+ fossil slaughter-house.
+
+He never missed an opportunity of studying the foreign drama, which
+was most praiseworthy, as he knew very little German and not a word of
+Russ:--
+
+ At the hotel [at Danzig] was a green parrot on a stand; we
+ addressed it as "Pretty Poll," and it put its head on one
+ side and thought about it, but wouldn't commit itself to any
+ statement. The waiter came up to inform us of the reason of
+ its silence: "Er spricht nicht Englisch; er spricht nicht
+ Deutsch." It appeared that the unfortunate bird could speak
+ nothing but Mexican! Not knowing a word of that language, we
+ could only pity it.
+
+ _July 23rd._--We strolled about and bought a few
+ photographs, and at 11.39 left for Koenigsberg. On our way to
+ the station we came across the grandest instance of the
+ "Majesty of Justice" that I have ever witnessed. A little
+ boy was being taken to the magistrate, or to prison
+ (probably for picking a pocket). The achievement of this
+ feat had been entrusted to two soldiers in full uniform, who
+ were solemnly marching, one in front of the poor little
+ urchin and one behind, with bayonets fixed, of course, to be
+ ready to charge in case he should attempt an escape.
+
+ _July 25th._--In the evening I visited the theatre at
+ Koenigsberg, which was fairly good in every way, and very
+ good in the singing and some of the acting. The play was
+ "Anno 66," but I could only catch a few words here and
+ there, so have very little idea of the plot. One of the
+ characters was a correspondent of an English newspaper. This
+ singular being came on in the midst of a soldiers' bivouac
+ before Sadowa, dressed very nearly in white--a very long
+ frock-coat, and a tall hat on the back of his head, both
+ nearly white. He said "Morning" as a general remark, when he
+ first came on, but afterwards talked what I suppose was
+ broken German. He appeared to be regarded as a butt by the
+ soldiers, and ended his career by falling into a drum.
+
+From Koenigsberg the travellers went on to St. Petersburg, where they
+stayed several days, exploring the wonderful city and its environs:--
+
+ There is a fine equestrian statue of Peter the Great near
+ the Admiralty. The lower part is not a pedestal, but left
+ shapeless and rough like a real rock. The horse is rearing,
+ and has a serpent coiled about its hind feet, on which, I
+ think, it is treading. If this had been put up in Berlin,
+ Peter would no doubt have been actively engaged in killing
+ the monster, but here he takes no notice of it; in fact, the
+ killing theory is not recognised. We found two colossal
+ figures of lions, which are so painfully mild that each of
+ them is rolling a great ball about like a kitten.
+
+ _Aug. 1st_.--About half-past ten Mr. Merrilies called
+ for us, and with really remarkable kindness gave up his day
+ to taking us down to Peterhof, a distance of about twenty
+ miles, and showing us over the place. We went by steamer
+ down the tideless, saltless Gulf of Finland; the first
+ peculiarity extends through the Baltic, and the second
+ through a great part of it. The piece we crossed, some
+ fifteen miles from shore to shore, is very shallow, in many
+ parts only six or eight feet deep, and every winter it is
+ entirely frozen over with ice two feet thick, and when this
+ is covered with snow it forms a secure plain, which is
+ regularly used for travelling on, though the immense
+ distance, without means of food or shelter, is dangerous for
+ poorly clad foot passengers. Mr. Merrilies told us of a
+ friend of his who, in crossing last winter, passed the
+ bodies of eight people who had been frozen. We had a good
+ view, on our way, of the coast of Finland, and of Kronstadt.
+ When we landed at Peterhof, we found Mr. Muir's carriage
+ waiting for us, and with its assistance, getting out every
+ now and then to walk through portions where it could not go,
+ we went over the grounds of two imperial palaces, including
+ many little summer-houses, each of which would make a very
+ good residence in itself, as, though small, they were fitted
+ up and adorned in every way that taste could suggest or
+ wealth achieve. For varied beauty and perfect combination of
+ nature and art, I think the gardens eclipse those of Sans
+ Souci. At every corner, or end of an avenue or path, where a
+ piece of statuary could be introduced with effect, there one
+ was sure to find one, in bronze or in white marble; many of
+ the latter had a sort of circular niche built behind, with a
+ blue background to throw the figure into relief. Here we
+ found a series of shelving ledges made of stone, with a
+ sheet of water gliding down over them; here a long path,
+ stretching down slopes and flights of steps, and arched over
+ all the way with trellises and creepers; here a huge
+ boulder, hewn, just as it lay, into the shape of a gigantic
+ head and face, with mild, sphinx-like eyes, as if some
+ buried Titan were struggling to free himself; here a
+ fountain, so artfully formed of pipes set in circles, each
+ set shooting the water higher than those outside, as to form
+ a solid pyramid of glittering spray; here a lawn, seen
+ through a break in the woods below us, with threads of
+ scarlet geraniums running over it, and looking in the
+ distance like a huge branch of coral; and here and there
+ long avenues of trees, lying in all directions, sometimes
+ three or four together side by side, and sometimes radiating
+ like a star, and stretching away into the distance till the
+ eye was almost weary of following them. All this will rather
+ serve to remind me, than to convey any idea, of what we saw.
+
+But the beauties of Peterhof were quite eclipsed by the Oriental
+splendours of Moscow, which naturally made a great impression upon a
+mind accustomed to the cold sublimity of Gothic architecture at
+Oxford.
+
+ We gave five or six hours to a stroll through this wonderful
+ city, a city of white houses and green roofs, of conical
+ towers that rise one out of another like a foreshortened
+ telescope; of bulging gilded domes, in which you see, as in
+ a looking-glass, distorted pictures of the city; of churches
+ which look, outside, like bunches of variegated cactus (some
+ branches crowned with green prickly buds, others with blue,
+ and others with red and white) and which, inside, are hung
+ all round with _eikons_ and lamps, and lined with
+ illuminated pictures up to the very roof; and, finally, of
+ pavement that goes up and down like a ploughed field, and
+ _drojky_-drivers who insist on being paid thirty per
+ cent. extra to-day, "because it is the Empress's birthday."...
+
+ _Aug. 5th._--After dinner we went by arrangement to Mr.
+ Penny, and accompanied him to see a Russian wedding. It was
+ a most interesting ceremony. There was a large choir, from
+ the cathedral, who sang a long and beautiful anthem before
+ the service began; and the deacon (from the Church of the
+ Assumption) delivered several recitative portions of the
+ service in the most magnificent bass voice I ever heard,
+ rising gradually (I should say by less than half a note at a
+ time if that is possible), and increasing in volume of sound
+ as he rose in the scale, until his final note rang through
+ the building like a chorus of many voices. I could not have
+ conceived that one voice could have produced such an effect.
+ One part of the ceremony, the crowning the married couple,
+ was very nearly grotesque. Two gorgeous golden crowns were
+ brought in, which the officiating priest first waved before
+ them, and then placed on their heads--or rather the unhappy
+ bridegroom had to wear _his_, but the bride, having
+ prudently arranged her hair in a rather complicated manner
+ with a lace veil, could not have hers put on, but had it
+ held above her by a friend. The bridegroom, in plain evening
+ dress, crowned like a king, holding a candle, and with a
+ face of resigned misery, would have been pitiable if he had
+ not been so ludicrous. When the people had gone, we were
+ invited by the priests to see the east end of the church,
+ behind the golden gates, and were finally dismissed with a
+ hearty shake of the hand and the "kiss of peace," of which
+ even I, though in lay costume, came in for a share.
+
+One of the objects of the tour was to see the fair at Nijni Novgorod,
+and here the travellers arrived on August 6th, after a miserable
+railway journey. Owing to the breaking down of a bridge, the
+unfortunate passengers had been compelled to walk a mile through
+drenching rain.
+
+ We went to the Smernovaya (or some such name) Hotel, a
+ truly villainous place, though no doubt the best in the
+ town. The feeding was very good, and everything else very
+ bad. It was some consolation to find that as we sat at
+ dinner we furnished a subject of the liveliest interest to
+ six or seven waiters, all dressed in white tunics, belted at
+ the waist, and white trousers, who ranged themselves in a
+ row and gazed in a quite absorbed way at the collection of
+ strange animals that were feeding before them. Now and then
+ a twinge of conscience would seize them that they were,
+ after all, not fulfilling the great object of life as
+ waiters, and on these occasions they would all hurry to the
+ end of the room, and refer to a great drawer which seemed to
+ contain nothing but spoons and corks. When we asked for
+ anything, they first looked at each other in an alarmed way;
+ then, when they had ascertained which understood the order
+ best, they all followed his example, which always was to
+ refer to the big drawer. We spent most of the afternoon
+ wandering through the fair, and buying _eikons_, &c. It
+ was a wonderful place. Besides there being distinct quarters
+ for the Persians, the Chinese, and others, we were
+ constantly meeting strange beings with unwholesome
+ complexions and unheard-of costumes. The Persians, with
+ their gentle, intelligent faces, the long eyes set wide
+ apart, the black hair, and yellow-brown skin, crowned with a
+ black woollen fez something like a grenadier, were about the
+ most picturesque we met. But all the novelties of the day
+ were thrown into the shade by our adventure at sunset, when
+ we came upon the Tartar mosque (the only one in Nijni)
+ exactly as one of the officials came out on the roof to
+ utter the muezzin cry, or call to prayers. Even if it had
+ been in no way singular in itself, it would have been deeply
+ interesting from its novelty and uniqueness, but the cry
+ itself was quite unlike anything I have ever heard before.
+ The beginning of each sentence was uttered in a rapid
+ monotone, and towards the end it rose gradually till it
+ ended in a prolonged, shrill wail, which floated overhead
+ through the still air with an indescribably sad and
+ ghostlike effect; heard at night, it would have thrilled one
+ like the cry of the Banshee.
+
+This reminds one of the wonderful description in Mr. Kipling's "City
+of Dreadful Night." It is not generally known that Mr. Dodgson was a
+fervent admirer of Mr. Kipling's works; indeed during the last few
+years of his life I think he took more pleasure in his tales than in
+those of any other modern author.
+
+Dr. Liddon's fame as a preacher had reached the Russian clergy, with
+the result that he and Mr. Dodgson found many doors open to them which
+are usually closed to travellers in Russia. After their visit to Nijni
+Novgorod they returned to Moscow, whence, escorted by Bishop Leonide,
+Suffragan Bishop of Moscow, they made an expedition to the Troitska
+Monastery.
+
+ _August 12th_.--A most interesting day. We breakfasted
+ at half-past five, and soon after seven left by railway, in
+ company with Bishop Leonide and Mr. Penny, for Troitska
+ Monastery. We found the Bishop, in spite of his limited
+ knowledge of English, a very conversational and entertaining
+ fellow-traveller. The service at the cathedral had already
+ begun when we reached it, and the Bishop took us in with
+ him, through a great crowd which thronged the building, into
+ a side room which opened into the chancel, where we remained
+ during the service, and enjoyed the unusual privilege of
+ seeing the clergy communicate--a ceremony for which the
+ doors of the chancel are always shut, and the curtains
+ drawn, so that the congregation never witness it. It was a
+ most elaborate ceremony, full of crossings, and waving of
+ incense before everything that was going to be used, but
+ also clearly full of much deep devotion.... In the afternoon
+ we went down to the Archbishop's palace, and were presented
+ to him by Bishop Leonide. The Archbishop could only talk
+ Russian, so that the conversation between him and Liddon (a
+ most interesting one, which lasted more than an hour) was
+ conducted in a very original fashion--the Archbishop making
+ a remark in Russian, which was put into English by the
+ Bishop; Liddon then answered the remark in French, and the
+ Bishop repeated his answer in Russian to the Archbishop. So
+ that a conversation, entirely carried on between two people,
+ required the use of three languages!
+
+ The Bishop had kindly got one of the theological students,
+ who could talk French, to conduct us about, which he did
+ most zealously, taking us, among other things, to see the
+ subterranean cells of the hermits, in which some of them
+ live for many years. We were shown the doors of two of the
+ inhabited ones; it was a strange and not quite comfortable
+ feeling, in a dark narrow passage where each had to carry a
+ candle, to be shown the low narrow door of a little cellar,
+ and to know that a human being was living within, with only
+ a small lamp to give him light, in solitude and silence day
+ and night.
+
+His experiences with an exorbitant _drojky_-driver at St.
+Petersburg are worthy of record. They remind one of a story which he
+himself used to tell as having happened to a friend of his at Oxford.
+The latter had driven up in a cab to Tom Gate, and offered the cabman
+the proper fare, which was, however, refused with scorn. After a long
+altercation he left the irate cabman to be brought to reason by the
+porter, a one-armed giant of prodigious strength. When he was leaving
+college, he stopped at the gate to ask the porter how he had managed
+to dispose of the cabman. "Well, sir," replied that doughty champion,
+"I could not persuade him to go until I floored him."
+
+ After a hearty breakfast I left Liddon to rest and write
+ letters, and went off shopping, &c., beginning with a call
+ on Mr. Muir at No. 61, Galerne Ulitsa. I took a
+ _drojky_ to the house, having first bargained with the
+ driver for thirty _kopecks_; he wanted forty to begin
+ with. When we got there we had a little scene, rather a
+ novelty in my experience of _drojky_-driving. The
+ driver began by saying "_Sorok_" (forty) as I got out;
+ this was a warning of the coming storm, but I took no notice
+ of it, but quietly handed over the thirty. He received them
+ with scorn and indignation, and holding them out in his open
+ hand, delivered an eloquent discourse in Russian, of which
+ _sorok_ was the leading idea. A woman, who stood by
+ with a look of amusement and curiosity, perhaps understood
+ him. _I_ didn't, but simply held out my hand for the
+ thirty, returned them to the purse and counted out
+ twenty-five instead. In doing this I felt something like a
+ man pulling the string of a shower-bath--and the effect was
+ like it--his fury boiled over directly, and quite eclipsed
+ all the former row. I told him in very bad Russian that I
+ had offered thirty once, but wouldn't again; but this, oddly
+ enough, did not pacify him. Mr. Muir's servant told him the
+ same thing at length, and finally Mr. Muir himself came out
+ and gave him the substance of it sharply and shortly--but he
+ failed to see it in a proper light. Some people are very
+ hard to please.
+
+When staying at a friend's house at Kronstadt he wrote:--
+
+ Liddon had surrendered his overcoat early in the day, and
+ when going we found it must be recovered from the
+ waiting-maid, who only talked Russian, and as I had left the
+ dictionary behind, and the little vocabulary did not contain
+ _coat_, we were in some difficulty. Liddon began by
+ exhibiting his coat, with much gesticulation, including the
+ taking it half-off. To our delight, she appeared to
+ understand at once--left the room, and returned in a minute
+ with--a large clothes-brush. On this Liddon tried a further
+ and more energetic demonstration; he took off his coat, and
+ laid it at her feet, pointed downwards (to intimate that in
+ the lower regions was the object of his desire), smiled with
+ an expression of the joy and gratitude with which he would
+ receive it, and put the coat on again. Once more a gleam of
+ intelligence lighted up the plain but expressive features of
+ the young person; she was absent much longer this time, and
+ when she returned, she brought, to our dismay, a large
+ cushion and a pillow, and began to prepare the sofa for the
+ nap that she now saw clearly was the thing the dumb
+ gentleman wanted. A happy thought occurred to me, and I
+ hastily drew a sketch representing Liddon, with one coat on,
+ receiving a second and larger one from the hands of a
+ benignant Russian peasant. The language of hieroglyphics
+ succeeded where all other means had failed, and we returned
+ to St. Petersburg with the humiliating knowledge that our
+ standard of civilisation was now reduced to the level of
+ ancient Nineveh.
+
+[Illustration: Instance of hieroglyphic writing of the date
+MDCCCLXVII--Interpretation. "There is a coat here, left in the care of
+a Russian peasant, which I should be glad to receive from him."]
+
+At Warsaw they made a short stay, putting up at the Hotel
+d'Angleterre:--
+
+ Our passage is inhabited by a tall and very friendly
+ grey-hound, who walks in whenever the door is opened for a
+ second or two, and who for some time threatened to make the
+ labour of the servant, who was bringing water for a bath, of
+ no effect, by drinking up the water as fast as it was
+ brought.
+
+From Warsaw they went on to Leipzig, and thence to Giessen, where they
+arrived on September 4th.
+
+ We moved on to Giessen, and put up at the "Rappe Hotel" for
+ the night, and ordered an early breakfast of an obliging
+ waiter who talked English. "Coffee!" he exclaimed
+ delightedly, catching at the word as if it were a really
+ original idea, "Ah, coffee--very nice--and eggs? Ham with
+ your eggs? Very nice--" "If we can have it broiled," I said.
+ "Boiled?" the waiter repeated, with an incredulous smile.
+ "No, not _boiled_," I explained--"_broiled_." The
+ waiter put aside this distinction as trivial, "Yes, yes,
+ ham," he repeated, reverting to his favourite idea. "Yes,
+ ham," I said, "but how cooked?" "Yes, yes, how cooked," the
+ waiter replied, with the careless air of one who assents to
+ a proposition more from good nature than from a real
+ conviction of its truth.
+
+ _Sept. 5th_.--At midday we reached Ems, after a journey
+ eventless, but through a very interesting country--valleys
+ winding away in all directions among hills clothed with
+ trees to the very top, and white villages nestling away
+ wherever there was a comfortable corner to hide in. The
+ trees were so small, so uniform in colour, and so
+ continuous, that they gave to the more distant hills
+ something of the effect of banks covered with moss. The
+ really unique feature of the scenery was the way in which
+ the old castles seemed to grow, rather than to have been
+ built, on the tops of the rocky promontories that showed
+ their heads here and there among the trees. I have never
+ seen architecture that seemed so entirely in harmony with
+ the spirit of the place. By some subtle instinct the old
+ architects seem to have chosen both form and colour, the
+ grouping of the towers with their pointed spires, and the
+ two neutral tints, light grey and brown, on the walls and
+ roof, so as to produce buildings which look as naturally
+ fitted to the spot as the heath or the harebells. And, like
+ the flowers and the rocks, they seemed instinct with no
+ other meaning than rest and silence.
+
+And with these beautiful words my extracts from the Diary may well
+conclude. Lewis Carroll's mind was completely at one with Nature, and
+in her pleasant places of calm and infinite repose he sought his
+rest--and has found it.
+
+[Illustration: Sir John Tenniel. _From a photograph by
+Bassano_.]
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+(1868-1876)
+
+ Death of Archdeacon Dodgson--Lewis Carroll's rooms at Christ
+ Church--"Phantasmagoria"--Translations of "Alice"--"Through
+ the Looking-Glass"--"Jabberwocky" in Latin--C.S.
+ Calverley--"Notes by an Oxford
+ Chiel"--Hatfield--Vivisection--"The Hunting of the Snark."
+
+
+The success of "Alice in Wonderland" tempted Mr. Dodgson to make
+another essay in the same field of literature. His idea had not yet
+been plagiarised, as it was afterwards, though the book had of course
+been parodied, a notable instance being "Alice in Blunderland," which
+appeared in _Punch_. It was very different when he came to write
+"Sylvie and Bruno"; the countless imitations of the two "Alice" books
+which had been foisted upon the public forced him to strike out in a
+new line. Long before the publication of his second tale, people had
+heard that Lewis Carroll was writing again, and the editor of a
+well-known magazine had offered him two guineas a page, which was a
+high rate of pay in those days, for the story, if he would allow it to
+appear in serial form.
+
+The central idea was, as every one knows, the adventures of a little
+girl who had somehow or other got through a looking-glass. The first
+difficulty, however, was to get her through, and this question
+exercised his ingenuity for some time, before it was satisfactorily
+solved. The next thing was to secure Tenniel's services again. At
+first it seemed that he was to be disappointed in this matter; Tenniel
+was so fully occupied with other work that there seemed little hope of
+his being able to undertake any more. He then applied to Sir Noel
+Paton, with whose fairy-pictures he had fallen in love; but the artist
+was ill, and wrote in reply, "Tenniel is _the_ man." In the end
+Tenniel consented to undertake the work, and once more author and
+artist settled down to work together. Mr. Dodgson was no easy man to
+work with; no detail was too small for his exact criticism. "Don't
+give Alice so much crinoline," he would write, or "The White Knight
+must not have whiskers; he must not be made to look old"--such were
+the directions he was constantly giving.
+
+On June 21st Archdeacon Dodgson died, after an illness of only a few
+days' duration. Lewis Carroll was not summoned until too late, for the
+illness took a sudden turn for the worse, and he was unable to reach
+his father's bedside before the end had come. This was a terrible
+shock to him; his father had been his ideal of what a Christian
+gentleman should be, and it seemed to him at first as if a cloud had
+settled on his life which could never be dispelled. Two letters of
+his, both of them written long after the sad event, give one some idea
+of the grief which his father's death, and all that it entailed,
+caused him. The first was written long afterwards, to one who had
+suffered a similar bereavement. In this letter he said:--
+
+ We are sufficiently old friends, I feel sure, for me to have
+ no fear that I shall seem intrusive in writing about your
+ great sorrow. The greatest blow that has ever fallen on
+ _my_ life was the death, nearly thirty years ago, of my
+ own dear father; so, in offering you my sincere sympathy, I
+ write as a fellow-sufferer. And I rejoice to know that we
+ are not only fellow-sufferers, but also fellow-believers in
+ the blessed hope of the resurrection from the dead, which
+ makes such a parting holy and beautiful, instead of being
+ merely a blank despair.
+
+The second was written to a young friend, Miss Edith Rix, who had sent
+him an illuminated text:
+
+ My dear Edith,--I can now tell you (what I wanted to do when
+ you sent me that text-card, but felt I could not say it to
+ _two_ listeners, as it were) _why_ that special
+ card is one I like to have. That text is consecrated for me
+ by the memory of one of the greatest sorrows I have
+ known--the death of my dear father. In those solemn days,
+ when we used to steal, one by one, into the darkened room,
+ to take yet another look at the dear calm face, and to pray
+ for strength, the one feature in the room that I remember
+ was a framed text, illuminated by one of my sisters, "Then
+ are they glad, because they are at rest; and so he bringeth
+ them into the haven where they would be!" That text will
+ always have, for me, a sadness and a sweetness of its own.
+ Thank you again for sending it me. Please don't mention this
+ when we meet. I can't _talk_ about it.
+
+ Always affectionately yours,
+
+ C. L. DODGSON.
+
+The object of his edition of Euclid Book V., published during the
+course of the year, was to meet the requirements of the ordinary Pass
+Examination, and to present the subject in as short and simple a form
+as possible. Hence the Theory of Incommensurable Magnitudes was
+omitted, though, as the author himself said in the Preface, to do so
+rendered the work incomplete, and, from a logical point of view,
+valueless. He hinted pretty plainly his own preference for an
+equivalent amount of Algebra, which would be complete in itself. It is
+easy to understand this preference in a mind so strictly logical as
+his.
+
+So far as the object of the book itself is concerned, he succeeded
+admirably; the propositions are clearly and beautifully worked out,
+and the hints on proving Propositions in Euclid Book V., are most
+useful.
+
+In November he again moved into new rooms at Christ Church; the suite
+which he occupied from this date to the end of his life was one of the
+best in the College. Situated at the north-west corner of Tom Quad, on
+the first floor of the staircase from the entrance to which the Junior
+Common Room is now approached, they consist of four sitting-rooms and
+about an equal number of bedrooms, besides rooms for lumber, &c. From
+the upper floor one can easily reach the flat college roof. Mr.
+Dodgson saw at once that here was the very place for a photographic
+studio, and he lost no time in obtaining the consent of the
+authorities to erect one. Here he took innumerable photographs of his
+friends and their children, as indeed he had been doing for some time
+under less favourable conditions. One of his earliest pictures is an
+excellent likeness of Professor Faraday.
+
+[Illustration: Prof. Faraday. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+His study was characteristic of the man; oil paintings by A. Hughes,
+Mrs. Anderson, and Heaphy proclaimed his artistic tastes; nests of
+pigeon-holes, each neatly labelled, showed his love of order; shelves,
+filled with the best books on every subject that interested him, were
+evidence of his wide reading. His library has now been broken up and,
+except for a few books retained by his nearest relatives, scattered to
+the winds; such dispersions are inevitable, but they are none the less
+regrettable. It always seems to me that one of the saddest things
+about the death of a literary man is the fact that the breaking-up of
+his collection of books almost invariably follows; the building up of
+a good library, the work of a lifetime, has been so much labour lost,
+so far as future generations are concerned. Talent, yes, and genius
+too, are displayed not only in writing books but also in buying them,
+and it is a pity that the ruthless hammer of the auctioneer should
+render so much energy and skill fruitless.
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Carroll's Study at Christ Church,
+Oxford.]
+
+Lewis Carroll's dining-room has been the scene of many a pleasant
+little party, for he was very fond of entertaining. In his Diary, each
+of the dinners and luncheons that he gave is recorded by a small
+diagram, which shows who his guests were, and their several positions
+at the table. He kept a _menu_ book as well, that the same people
+might not have the same dishes too frequently. He sometimes gave large
+parties, but his favourite form of social relaxation was a _diner a
+deux_.
+
+At the beginning of 1869 his "Phantasmagoria," a collection of poems
+grave and gay, was published by Macmillan. Upon the whole he was more
+successful in humorous poetry, but there is an undeniable dignity and
+pathos in his more serious verses. He gave a copy to Mr. Justice
+Denman, with whom he afterwards came to be very well acquainted, and
+who appreciated the gift highly. "I did not lay down the book," he
+wrote, "until I had read them [the poems] through; and enjoyed many a
+hearty laugh, and something like a cry or two. Moreover, I hope to
+read them through (as the _old man_ said) 'again and again.'"
+
+[Illustration: Justice Denman. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+It had been Lewis Carroll's intention to have "Phantasmagoria"
+illustrated, and he had asked George du Maurier to undertake the work;
+but the plan fell through. In his letter to du Maurier, Mr. Dodgson
+had made some inquiries about Miss Florence Montgomery, the authoress
+of "Misunderstood." In reply du Maurier said, "Miss Florence
+Montgomery is a very charming and sympathetic young lady, the daughter
+of the admiral of that ilk. I am, like you, a very great admirer of
+"Misunderstood," and cried pints over it. When I was doing the last
+picture I had to put a long white pipe in the little boy's mouth until
+it was finished, so as to get rid of the horrible pathos of the
+situation while I was executing the work. In reading the book a second
+time (knowing the sad end of the dear little boy), the funny parts
+made me cry almost as much as the pathetic ones."
+
+A few days after the publication of "Phantasmagoria," Lewis Carroll
+sent the first chapter of his new story to the press. "Behind the
+Looking-Glass and what Alice saw there" was his original idea for its
+title; it was Dr. Liddon who suggested the name finally adopted.
+
+During this year German and French translations of "Alice in
+Wonderland" were published by Macmillan; the Italian edition appeared
+in 1872. Henri Bue, who was responsible for the French version, had no
+easy task to perform. In many cases the puns proved quite
+untranslatable; while the poems, being parodies on well-known English
+pieces, would have been pointless on the other side of the Channel.
+For instance, the lines beginning, "How doth the little crocodile" are
+a parody on "How doth the little busy bee," a song which a French
+child has, of course, never heard of. In this case Bue gave up the
+idea of translation altogether, and, instead, parodied La Fontaine's
+"Maitre Corbeau" as follows:--
+
+ Maitre Corbeau sur un arbre perche
+ Faisait son nid entre des branches;
+ Il avait releve ses manches,
+ Car il etait tres affaire.
+ Maitre Renard par la passant,
+ Lui dit: "Descendez donc, compere;
+ Venez embrasser votre frere!"
+ Le Corbeau, le reconnaissant,
+ Lui repondit en son ramage!--
+ "Fromage."
+
+The dialogue in which the joke occurs about "tortoise" and "taught us"
+("Wonderland," p. 142) is thus rendered:--
+
+ "La maitresse etait une vieille tortue; nous l'appelions
+ chelonee." "Et pourquoi l'appeliez-vous chelonee, si ce
+ n'etait pas son nom?" "Parcequ'on ne pouvait s'empecher de
+ s'ecrier en la voyant: Quel long nez!" dit la Fausse-Tortue
+ d'un ton fache; "vous etes vraiment bien bornee!"
+
+At two points, however, both M. Bue and Miss Antonie Zimmermann, who
+translated the tale into German, were fairly beaten: the reason for
+the whiting being so called, from its doing the boots and shoes, and
+for no wise fish going anywhere without a porpoise, were given up as
+untranslatable.
+
+At the beginning of 1870 Lord Salisbury came up to Oxford to be
+installed as Chancellor of the University. Dr. Liddon introduced Mr.
+Dodgson to him, and thus began a very pleasant acquaintance. Of course
+he photographed the Chancellor and his two sons, for he never missed
+an opportunity of getting distinguished people into his studio.
+
+[Illustration: Lord Salisbury and his two sons. _From a
+photograph by Lewis Carroll_.]
+
+In December, seven "Puzzles from Wonderland" appeared in Mrs. Gatty's
+paper, _Aunt Judy's Magazine_. They had originally been written
+for the Cecil children, with whom Lewis Carroll was already on the
+best terms. Meanwhile "Through the Looking-Glass" was steadily
+progressing--not, however, without many little hitches. One question
+which exercised Mr. Dodgson very much was whether the picture of the
+Jabberwock would do as a frontispiece, or whether it would be too
+frightening for little children. On this point he sought the advice of
+about thirty of his married lady friends, whose experiences with their
+own children would make them trustworthy advisers; and in the end he
+chose the picture of the White Knight on horseback. In 1871 the book
+appeared, and was an instantaneous success. Eight thousand of the
+first edition had been taken up by the booksellers before Mr. Dodgson
+had even received his own presentation copies. The compliments he
+received upon the "Looking-Glass" would have been enough to turn a
+lesser man's head, but he was, I think, proof against either praise or
+blame.
+
+ I can say with a clear head and conscience [wrote Henry
+ Kingsley] that your new book is the finest thing we have had
+ since "Martin Chuzzlewit." ... I can only say, in comparing
+ the new "Alice" with the old, "this is a more excellent song
+ than the other." It is perfectly splendid, but you have,
+ doubtless, heard that from other quarters. I lunch with
+ Macmillan habitually, and he was in a terrible pickle about
+ not having printed enough copies the other day.
+
+Jabberwocky[017] was at once recognised as the best and most original
+thing in the book, though one fair correspondent of _The Queen_
+declared that it was a translation from the German! The late Dean of
+Rochester, Dr. Scott, writes about it to Mr. Dodgson as follows:--
+
+ Are we to suppose, after all, that the Saga of Jabberwocky
+ is one of the universal heirlooms which the Aryan race at
+ its dispersion carried with it from the great cradle of the
+ family? You must really consult Max Mueller about this. It
+ begins to be probable that the _origo originalissima_
+ may be discovered in Sanscrit, and that we shall by and by
+ have a _Iabrivokaveda_. The hero will turn out to be
+ the Sun-god in one of his _Avatars_; and the Tumtum
+ tree the great Ash _Ygdrasil_ of the Scandinavian
+ mythology.
+
+In March, 1872, the late Mr. A.A. Vansittart, of Trinity College,
+Cambridge, translated the poem into Latin elegiacs. His rendering was
+printed, for private circulation only, I believe, several years later,
+but will probably be new to most of my readers. A careful comparison
+with the original shows the wonderful fidelity of this translation:--
+
+
+ "MORS IABROCHII"
+
+ Coesper[018] erat: tunc lubriciles[019] ultravia circum
+ Urgebant gyros gimbiculosque tophi;
+ Moestenui visae borogovides ire meatu;
+ Et profugi gemitus exgrabuere rathae.
+
+ O fuge Iabrochium, sanguis meus![020] Ille recurvis
+ Unguibus, estque avidis dentibus ille minax.
+ Ububae fuge cautus avis vim, gnate! Neque unquam
+ Faedarpax contra te frumiosus eat!
+
+ Vorpali gladio juvenis succingitur: hostis
+ Manxumus ad medium quaeritur usque diem:
+ Jamque via fesso, sed plurima mente prementi,
+ Tumtumiae frondis suaserat umbra moram.
+
+ Consilia interdum stetit egnia[021] mente revolvens:
+ At gravis in densa fronde susuffrus[022] erat,
+ Spiculaque[023] ex oculis jacientis flammea, tulscam
+ Per silvam venit burbur?[024] Iabrochii!
+
+ Vorpali, semel atque iterum collectus in ictum,
+ Persnicuit gladio persnacuitque puer:
+ Deinde galumphatus, spernens informe cadaver,
+ Horrendum monstri rettulit ipse caput.
+
+ Victor Iabrochii, spoliis insignis opimis,
+ Rursus in amplexus, o radiose, meos!
+ O frabiose dies! CALLO clamateque CALLA!
+ Vix potuit laetus chorticulare pater.
+
+ Coesper erat: tunc lubriciles ultravia circum
+ Urgebant gyros gimbiculosque tophi;
+ Moestenui visae borogovides ire meatu;
+ Et profugi gemitus exgrabuere rathae.
+
+ A.A.V.
+
+
+JABBERWOCKY.
+
+ 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
+ Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
+ All mimsy were the borogroves,
+ And the mome raths outgrabe.
+
+ "Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
+ The jaws that bite, the claws that scratch!
+ Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun
+ The frumious Bandersnatch!"
+
+ He took his vorpal sword in hand:
+ Long time the manxome foe he sought--
+ So rested he by the Tumtum tree,
+ And stood awhile in thought.
+
+ And as in uffish thought he stood,
+ The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,
+ Came whiffling through the tulgey wood
+ And burbled as it came!
+
+ One, two! One, two! And through and through
+ The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!
+ He left it dead, and with its head
+ He went galumphing back.
+
+ "And hast thou slain the Jabberwock?
+ Come to my arms, my beamish boy!
+ O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!"
+ He chortled in his joy.
+
+ 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
+ Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
+ All mimsy were the borogroves,
+ And the mome raths outgrabe.
+
+The story, as originally written, contained thirteen chapters, but the
+published book consisted of twelve only. The omitted chapter
+introduced a wasp, in the character of a judge or barrister, I
+suppose, since Mr. Tenniel wrote that "a _wasp_ in a _wig_
+is altogether beyond the appliances of art." Apart from difficulties
+of illustration, the "wasp" chapter was not considered to be up to the
+level of the rest of the book, and this was probably the principal
+reason of its being left out.
+
+"It is a curious fact," wrote Mr. Tenniel some years later, when
+replying to a request of Lewis Carroll's that he would illustrate
+another of his books, "that with 'Through the Looking-Glass' the
+faculty of making drawings for book illustration departed from me,
+and, notwithstanding all sorts of tempting inducements, I have done
+nothing in that direction since."
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile of a letter from Sir John Tenniel
+to Lewis Carroll, June_ 1, 1870.]
+
+"Through the Looking Glass" has recently appeared in a solemn judgment
+of the House of Lords. In _Eastman Photographic Materials Company v.
+Comptroller General of Patents, Designs, and Trademarks_ (1898),
+the question for decision was, What constitutes an invented word? A
+trademark that consists of or contains an invented word or words is
+capable of registration. "Solio" was the word in issue in the case.
+Lord Macnaghten in his judgment said, when alluding to the
+distinguishing characteristics of an invented word:
+
+ I do not think that it is necessary that it should be wholly
+ meaningless. To give an illustration: your lordships may
+ remember that in a book of striking humour and fancy, which
+ was in everybody's hands when it was first published, there
+ is a collection of strange words where "there are" (to use
+ the language of the author) "two meanings packed up into one
+ word." No one would say that those were not invented words.
+ Still they contain a meaning--a meaning is wrapped up in
+ them if you can only find it out.
+
+Before I leave the subject of the "Looking-Glass," I should like to
+mention one or two circumstances in connection with it which
+illustrate his reverence for sacred things. In his original manuscript
+the bad-tempered flower (pp. 28-33) was the passion-flower; the sacred
+origin of the name never struck him, until it was pointed out to him
+by a friend, when he at once changed it into the tiger-lily. Another
+friend asked him if the final scene was based upon the triumphal
+conclusion of "Pilgrim's Progress." He repudiated the idea, saying
+that he would consider such trespassing on holy ground as highly
+irreverent.
+
+He seemed never to be satisfied with the amount of work he had on
+hand, and in 1872 he determined to add to his other labours by
+studying anatomy and physiology. Professor Barclay Thompson supplied
+him with a set of bones, and, having purchased the needful books, he
+set to work in good earnest. His mind was first turned to acquiring
+medical knowledge by his happening to be at hand when a man was seized
+with an epileptic fit. He had prevented the poor creature from
+falling, but was utterly at a loss what to do next. To be better
+prepared on any future occasion, he bought a little manual called
+"What to do in Emergencies." In later years he was constantly buying
+medical and surgical works, and by the end of his life he had a
+library of which no doctor need have been ashamed. There were only two
+special bequests in his will, one of some small keepsakes to his
+landlady at Eastbourne, Mrs. Dyer, and the other of his medical books
+to my brother.
+
+Whenever a new idea presented itself to his mind he used to make a
+note of it; he even invented a system by which he could take notes in
+the dark, if some happy thought or ingenious problem suggested itself
+to him during a sleepless night. Like most men who systematically
+overtax their brains, he was a poor sleeper. He would sometimes go
+through a whole book of Euclid in bed; he was so familiar with the
+bookwork that he could actually see the figures before him in the
+dark, and did not confuse the letters, which is perhaps even more
+remarkable.
+
+Most of his ideas were ingenious, though many were entirely useless
+from a practical point of view. For instance, he has an entry in his
+Diary on November 8, 1872: "I wrote to Calverley, suggesting an idea
+(which I think occurred to me yesterday) of guessing well-known poems
+as acrostics, and making a collection of them to hoax the public."
+Calverley's reply to this letter was as follows:--
+
+ My dear Sir,--I have been laid up (or laid down) for the
+ last few days by acute lumbago, or I would have written
+ before. It is rather absurd that I was on the point of
+ propounding to you this identical idea. I realised, and I
+ regret to add revealed to two girls, a fortnight ago, the
+ truth that all existing poems were in fact acrostics; and I
+ offered a small pecuniary reward to whichever would find out
+ Gray's "Elegy" within half an hour! But it never occurred to
+ me to utilise the discovery, as it did to you. I see that it
+ might be utilised, now you mention it--and I shall instruct
+ these two young women not to publish the notion among their
+ friends.
+
+This is the way Mr. Calverley treated Kirke White's poem "To an early
+Primrose." "The title," writes C.S.C. "might either be ignored or
+omitted. Possibly carpers might say that a primrose was not a rose."
+
+ Mild offspring of a dark and sullen sire!
+ Whose modest form, so delicately fine, Wild
+ Was nursed in whistling storms Rose
+ And cradled in the winds!
+
+ Thee, when young Spring first questioned Winter's sway,
+ And dared the sturdy blusterer to the fight, W a R
+ Thee on this bank he threw
+ To mark his victory.
+
+ In this low vale, the promise of the year,
+ Serene thou openest to the nipping gale,
+ Unnoticed and alone I ncognit O
+ Thy tender elegance.
+
+ So Virtue blooms, brought forth amid the storms
+ Of chill adversity, in some lone walk
+ Of life she rears her head L owlines S
+ Obscure and unobserved.
+
+ While every bleaching breeze that on her blows
+ Chastens her spotless purity of breast,
+ And hardens her to bear D isciplin E
+ Serene the ills of life.
+
+In the course of their correspondence Mr. Calverley wrote a
+Shakespearian sonnet, the initial letters of which form the name of
+William Herbert; and a parody entitled "The New Hat." I reproduce them
+both.
+
+ When o'er the world Night spreads her mantle dun,
+ In dreams, my love, I see those stars, thine eyes,
+ Lighting the dark: but when the royal sun
+ Looks o'er the pines and fires the orient skies,
+ I bask no longer in thy beauty's ray,
+ And lo! my world is bankrupt of delight.
+ Murk night seemed lately fair-complexioned day;
+ Hope-bringing day now seems most doleful night.
+ End, weary day, that art no day to me!
+ Return, fair night, to me the best of days!
+ But O my rose, whom in my dreams I see,
+ Enkindle with like bliss my waking gaze!
+ Replete with thee, e'en hideous night grows fair:
+ Then what would sweet morn be, if thou wert there?
+
+
+ THE NEW HAT.
+
+
+ My boots had been wash'd, well wash'd, by a shower;
+ But little I car'd about that:
+ What I felt was the havoc a single half-hour
+ Had made with my beautiful Hat.
+
+ For the Boot, tho' its lustre be dimm'd, shall assume
+ New comeliness after a while;
+ But no art may restore its original bloom,
+ When once it hath fled, to the Tile.
+
+ I clomb to my perch, and the horses (a bay
+ And a brown) trotted off with a clatter;
+ The driver look'd round in his humorous way,
+ And said huskily, "Who is your hatter?"
+
+ I was pleased that he'd noticed its shape and its shine;
+ And, as soon as we reached the "Old Druid,"
+ I begged him to drink to its welfare and mine
+ In a glass of my favourite fluid.
+
+ A gratified smile sat, I own, on my lips
+ When the barmaid exclaimed to the master,
+ (He was standing inside with his hands on his hips),
+ "Just look at that gentleman's castor."
+
+ I laughed, when an organman paus'd in mid-air--
+ ('Twas an air that I happened to know,
+ By a great foreign _maestro_)--expressly to stare
+ At ze gent wiz _ze joli chapeau_.
+
+ Yet how swift is the transit from laughter to tears!
+ How rife with results is a day!
+ That Hat might, with care, have adorned me for years;
+ But one show'r wash'd its beauty away.
+
+ How I lov'd thee, my Bright One! I pluck in remorse
+ My hands from my pockets and wring 'em:
+ Oh, why did not I, dear, as a matter of course,
+ Ere I purchas'd thee purchase a gingham?
+
+ C.S. CALVERLEY.
+
+Mr. Dodgson spent the last night of the old year (1872) at Hatfield,
+where he was the guest of Lord Salisbury. There was a large party of
+children in the house, one of them being Princess Alice, to whom he
+told as much of the story of "Sylvie and Bruno" as he had then
+composed. While the tale was in progress Lady Salisbury entered the
+room, bringing in some new toy or game to amuse her little guests,
+who, with the usual thoughtlessness of children, all rushed off and
+left Mr. Dodgson. But the little Princess, suddenly appearing to
+remember that to do so might perhaps hurt his feelings, sat down again
+by his side. He read the kind thought which prompted her action, and
+was much pleased by it.
+
+As Mr. Dodgson knew several members of the _Punch_ staff, he used
+to send up any little incidents or remarks that particularly amused
+him to that paper. He even went so far as to suggest subjects for
+cartoons, though I do not know if his ideas were ever carried out. One
+of the anecdotes he sent to _Punch_ was that of a little boy,
+aged four, who after having listened with much attention to the story
+of Lot's wife, asked ingenuously, "Where does salt come from that's
+_not_ made of ladies?" This appeared on January 3, 1874.
+
+The following is one of several such little anecdotes jotted down by
+Lewis Carroll for future use: Dr. Paget was conducting a school
+examination, and in the course of his questions he happened to ask a
+small child the meaning of "Average." He was utterly bewildered by the
+reply, "The thing that hens lay on," until the child explained that he
+had read in a book that hens lay _on an average_ so many eggs a
+year.
+
+Among the notable people whom he photographed was John Ruskin, and, as
+several friends begged him for copies, he wrote to ask Mr. Ruskin's
+leave. The reply was, "Buy Number 5 of _Fors Clavigera_ for 1871,
+which will give you your answer." This was not what Mr. Dodgson
+wanted, so he wrote back, "Can't afford ten-pence!" Finally Mr. Ruskin
+gave his consent.
+
+[Illustration: John Ruskin. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+About this time came the anonymous publication of "Notes by an Oxford
+Chiel," a collection of papers written on various occasions, and all
+of them dealing with Oxford controversies. Taking them in order, we
+have first "The New Method of Evaluation as applied to [_pi_],"
+first published by Messrs. Parker in 1865, which had for its subject
+the controversy about the Regius Professorship of Greek. One extract
+will be sufficient to show the way in which the affair was treated:
+"Let U = the University, G = Greek, and P = Professor. Then G P =
+Greek Professor; let this be reduced to its lowest terms and call the
+result J [i.e., Jowett]."
+
+The second paper is called "The Dynamics of a Parti-cle," and is quite
+the best of the series; it is a geometrical treatment of the contest
+between Mr. Gathorne Hardy and Mr. Gladstone for the representation of
+the University. Here are some of the "Definitions" with which the
+subject was introduced:--
+
+ _Plain Superficiality_ is the character of a speech, in
+ which any two points being taken, the speaker is found to
+ lie wholly with regard to those two points.
+
+ _Plain Anger_ is the inclination of two voters to one
+ another, who meet together, but whose views are not in the
+ same direction.
+
+ When two parties, coming together, feel a Right Anger, each
+ is _said_ to be _complimentary_ to the other,
+ though, strictly speaking, this is very seldom the case.
+
+ _A surd_ is a radical whose meaning cannot be exactly
+ ascertained.
+
+As the "Notes of an Oxford Chiel" has been long out of print, I will
+give a few more extracts from this paper:--
+
+ _On Differentiation._
+
+ The effect of Differentiation on a Particle is very
+ remarkable, the first differential being frequently of
+ greater value than the original particle, and the second of
+ less enlightenment.
+
+ For example, let L = "Leader", S = "Saturday", and then LS =
+ "Leader in the Saturday" (a particle of no assignable
+ value). Differentiating once, we get L.S.D., a function of
+ great value. Similarly it will be found that, by taking the
+ second Differential of an enlightened Particle (_i.e.,_
+ raising it to the Degree D.D.), the enlightenment becomes
+ rapidly less. The effect is much increased by the addition
+ of a C: in this case the enlightenment often vanishes
+ altogether, and the Particle becomes Conservative.
+
+
+ PROPOSITIONS.
+
+ PROP. I. PR.
+
+ _To find the value of a given Examiner_.
+
+ _Example_.--A takes in ten books in the Final
+ Examination and gets a 3rd class; B takes in the Examiners,
+ and gets a 2nd. Find the value of the Examiners in terms of
+ books. Find also their value in terms in which no
+ Examination is held.
+
+
+ PROP. II. PR.
+
+ _To estimate Profit and Loss_.
+
+ _Example_.--Given a Derby Prophet, who has sent three
+ different winners to three different betting-men, and given
+ that none of the three horses are placed. Find the total
+ loss incurred by the three men (_a_) in money,
+ (_b_) in temper. Find also the Prophet. Is this latter
+ usually possible?
+
+
+ PROP. IV. TH.
+
+ _The end_ (i.e., "_the product of the extremes")
+ justifies_ (i.e., "_is equal to_"--_see Latin
+ "aequus") the means_.
+
+ No example is appended to this Proposition, for obvious
+ reasons.
+
+
+ PROP. V. PR.
+
+ _To continue a given series._
+
+ _Example_.--A and B, who are respectively addicted to
+ Fours and Fives, occupy the same set of rooms, which is
+ always at Sixes and Sevens. Find the probable amount of
+ reading done by A and B while the Eights are on.
+
+The third paper was entitled "Facts, Figures, and Fancies." The best
+thing in it was a parody on "The Deserted Village," from which an
+extract will be found in a later chapter. There was also a letter to
+the Senior Censor of Christ Church, in burlesque of a similar letter
+in which the Professor of Physics met an offer of the Clarendon
+Trustees by a detailed enumeration of the requirements in his own
+department of Natural Science. Mr. Dodgson's letter deals with the
+imaginary requirements of the Mathematical school:--
+
+ Dear Senior Censor,--In a desultory conversation on a point
+ connected with the dinner at our high table, you
+ incidentally remarked to me that lobster-sauce, "though a
+ necessary adjunct to turbot, was not entirely wholesome!"
+
+ It is entirely unwholesome. I never ask for it without
+ reluctance: I never take a second spoonful without a feeling
+ of apprehension on the subject of a possible nightmare. This
+ naturally brings me to the subject of Mathematics, and of
+ the accommodation provided by the University for carrying on
+ the calculations necessary in that important branch of
+ Science.
+
+ As Members of Convocation are called upon (whether
+ personally, or, as is less exasperating, by letter) to
+ consider the offer of the Clarendon Trustees, as well as
+ every other subject of human, or inhuman, interest, capable
+ of consideration, it has occurred to me to suggest for your
+ consideration how desirable roofed buildings are for
+ carrying on mathematical calculations: in fact, the variable
+ character of the weather in Oxford renders it highly
+ inexpedient to attempt much occupation, of a sedentary
+ nature, in the open air.
+
+ Again, it is often impossible for students to carry on
+ accurate mathematical calculations in close contiguity to
+ one another, owing to their mutual conversation;
+ consequently these processes require different rooms in
+ which irrepressible conversationalists, who are found to
+ occur in every branch of Society, might be carefully and
+ permanently fixed.
+
+ It may be sufficient for the present to enumerate the
+ following requisites--others might be added as funds
+ permit:--
+
+ A. A very large room for calculating Greatest Common
+ Measure. To this a small one might be attached for Least
+ Common Multiple: this, however, might be dispensed with.
+
+ B. A piece of open ground for keeping Roots and practising
+ their extraction: it would be advisable to keep Square Roots
+ by themselves, as their corners are apt to damage others.
+
+ C. A room for reducing Fractions to their Lowest Terms. This
+ should be provided with a cellar for keeping the Lowest
+ Terms when found, which might also be available to the
+ general body of Undergraduates, for the purpose of "keeping
+ Terms."
+
+ D. A large room, which might be darkened, and fitted up with
+ a magic lantern, for the purpose of exhibiting circulating
+ Decimals in the act of circulation. This might also contain
+ cupboards, fitted with glass doors, for keeping the various
+ Scales of Notation.
+
+ E. A narrow strip of ground, railed off and carefully
+ levelled, for investigating the properties of Asymptotes,
+ and testing practically whether Parallel Lines meet or not:
+ for this purpose it should reach, to use the expressive
+ language of Euclid, "ever so far."
+
+ This last process of "continually producing the lines," may
+ require centuries or more; but such a period, though long in
+ the life of an individual, is as nothing in the life of the
+ University.
+
+ As Photography is now very much employed in recording human
+ expressions, and might possibly be adapted to Algebraical
+ Expressions, a small photographic room would be desirable,
+ both for general use and for representing the various
+ phenomena of Gravity, Disturbance of Equilibrium,
+ Resolution, &c., which affect the features during severe
+ mathematical operations.
+
+ May I trust that you will give your immediate attention to
+ this most important subject?
+
+ Believe me,
+
+ Sincerely yours,
+
+ Mathematicus.
+
+Next came "The New Belfry of Christ Church, Oxford; a Monograph by
+D.C.L." On the title-page was a neatly drawn square--the figure of
+Euclid I. 46--below which was written "East view of the New Belfry,
+Christ Church, as seen from the meadow." The new belfry is fortunately a
+thing of the past, and its insolent hideousness no longer defaces Christ
+Church, but while it lasted it was no doubt an excellent target for
+Lewis Carroll's sarcasm. His article on it is divided into thirteen
+chapters. Three of them are perhaps worth quoting:--
+
+ Sec.1. _On the etymological significance of the new Belfry, Ch. Ch_.
+
+ The word "Belfry" is derived from the French _bel_, "beautiful,
+ becoming, meet," and from the German _frei_, "free unfettered,
+ secure, safe." Thus, the word is strictly equivalent to "meat-safe,"
+ to which the new Belfry bears a resemblance so perfect as almost to
+ amount to coincidence.
+
+ Sec.4. _On the chief architectural merit of the new Belfry, Ch. Ch_.
+
+ Its chief merit is its simplicity--a simplicity so pure, so
+ profound, in a word, so _simple_, that no other word will fitly
+ describe it. The meagre outline, and baldness of detail, of the
+ present Chapter, are adopted in humble imitation of this great
+ feature.
+
+ Sec.5. _On the other architectural merits of the new Belfry, Ch. Ch_.
+
+ The Belfry has no other architectural merits.
+
+"The Vision of the Three T's" followed. It also was an attack on
+architectural changes in Christ Church; the general style was a parody
+of the "Compleat Angler." Last of all came "The Blank Cheque, a
+Fable," in reference to the building of the New Schools, for the
+expenses of which it was actually proposed (in 1874), to sign a blank
+cheque before any estimate had been made, or any plan laid before the
+University, and even before a committee had been elected to appoint an
+architect for the work.
+
+At the end of 1874 Mr. Dodgson was again at Hatfield, where he told
+the children the story of Prince Uggug, which was afterwards made a
+part of "Sylvie and Bruno," though at that time it seems to have been
+a separate tale. But "Sylvie and Bruno," in this respect entirely
+unlike "Alice in Wonderland," was the result of notes taken during
+many years; for while he was thinking out the book he never neglected
+any amusing scraps of childish conversation or funny anecdotes about
+children which came to his notice. It is this fact which gives such
+verisimilitude to the prattle of Bruno; childish talk is a thing which
+a grown-up person cannot possibly _invent_. He can only listen to
+the actual things the children say, and then combine what he has heard
+into a connected narrative.
+
+During 1875 Mr. Dodgson wrote an article on "Some Popular Fallacies
+about Vivisection," which was refused by the _Pall Mall Gazette_,
+the editor saying that he had never heard of most of them; on which
+Mr. Dodgson plaintively notes in his Diary that seven out of the
+thirteen fallacies dealt with in his essay had appeared in the columns
+of the _Pall Mall Gazette_. Ultimately it was accepted by the
+editor of _The Fortnightly Review_. Mr. Dodgson had a peculiar
+horror of vivisection. I was once walking in Oxford with him when a
+certain well-known professor passed us. "I am afraid that man
+vivisects," he said, in his gravest tone. Every year he used to get a
+friend to recommend him a list of suitable charities to which he
+should subscribe. Once the name of some Lost Dogs' Home appeared in
+this list. Before Mr. Dodgson sent his guinea he wrote to the
+secretary to ask whether the manager of the Home was in the habit of
+sending dogs that had to be killed to physiological laboratories for
+vivisection. The answer was in the negative, so the institution got
+the cheque. He did not, however, advocate the total abolition of
+vivisection--what reasonable man could?--but he would have liked to
+see it much more carefully restricted by law. An earlier letter of his
+to the _Pall Mall Gazette_ on the same subject is sufficiently
+characteristic to deserve a place here. Be it noted that he signed it
+"Lewis Carroll," in order that whatever influence or power his
+writings had gained him might tell in the controversy.
+
+
+ VIVISECTION AS A SIGN OF THE TIMES.
+
+ _To the Editor of the "Pall Mall Gazette."_
+
+ Sir,--The letter which appeared in last week's
+ _Spectator_, and which must have saddened the heart of
+ every one who read it, seems to suggest a question which has
+ not yet been asked or answered with sufficient clearness,
+ and that is, How far may vivisection be regarded as a sign
+ of the times, and a fair specimen of that higher
+ civilisation which a purely secular State education is to
+ give us? In that much-vaunted panacea for all human ills we
+ are promised not only increase of knowledge, but also a
+ higher moral character; any momentary doubt on this point
+ which we may feel is set at rest at once by quoting the
+ great crucial instance of Germany. The syllogism, if it
+ deserves the name, is usually stated thus: Germany has a
+ higher scientific education than England; Germany has a
+ lower average of crime than England; _ergo_, a
+ scientific education tends to improve moral conduct. Some
+ old-fashioned logician might perhaps whisper to himself,
+ "Praemissis particularibus nihil probatur," but such a
+ remark, now that Aldrich is out of date, would only excite a
+ pitying smile. May we, then, regard the practice of
+ vivisection as a legitimate fruit, or as an abnormal
+ development, of this higher moral character? Is the
+ anatomist, who can contemplate unmoved the agonies he is
+ inflicting for no higher purpose than to gratify a
+ scientific curiosity, or to illustrate some well-established
+ truth, a being higher or lower, in the scale of humanity,
+ than the ignorant boor whose very soul would sicken at the
+ horrid sight? For if ever there was an argument in favour of
+ purely scientific education more cogent than another, it is
+ surely this (a few years back it might have been put into
+ the mouth of any advocate of science; now it reads like the
+ merest mockery): "What can teach the noble quality of mercy,
+ of sensitiveness to all forms of suffering, so powerfully as
+ the knowledge of what suffering really is? Can the man who
+ has once realised by minute study what the nerves are, what
+ the brain is, and what waves of agony the one can convey to
+ the other, go forth and wantonly inflict pain on any
+ sentient being?" A little while ago we should have
+ confidently replied, "He cannot do it"; in the light of
+ modern revelations we must sorrowfully confess "He can." And
+ let it never be said that this is done with serious
+ forethought of the balance of pain and gain; that the
+ operator has pleaded with himself, "Pain is indeed an evil,
+ but so much suffering may fitly be endured to purchase so
+ much knowledge." When I hear of one of these ardent
+ searchers after truth giving, not a helpless dumb animal, to
+ whom he says in effect, "_You_ shall suffer that
+ _I_ may know," but his own person to the probe and to
+ the scalpel, I will believe in him as recognising a
+ principle of justice, and I will honour him as acting up to
+ his principles. "But the thing cannot be!" cries some
+ amiable reader, fresh from an interview with that most
+ charming of men, a London physician. "What! Is it possible
+ that one so gentle in manner, so full of noble sentiments,
+ can be hardhearted? The very idea is an outrage to common
+ sense!" And thus we are duped every day of our lives. Is it
+ possible that that bank director, with his broad honest
+ face, can be meditating a fraud? That the chairman of that
+ meeting of shareholders, whose every tone has the ring of
+ truth in it, can hold in his hand a "cooked" schedule of
+ accounts? That my wine merchant, so outspoken, so confiding,
+ can be supplying me with an adulterated article? That the
+ schoolmaster, to whom I have entrusted my little boy, can
+ starve or neglect him? How well I remember his words to the
+ dear child when last we parted. "You are leaving your
+ friends," he said, "but you will have a father in me, my
+ dear, and a mother in Mrs. Squeers!" For all such
+ rose-coloured dreams of the necessary immunity from human
+ vices of educated men the facts in last week's
+ _Spectator_ have a terrible significance. "Trust no man
+ further than you can see him," they seem to say. "Qui vult
+ decipi, decipiatur."
+
+ Allow me to quote from a modern writer a few sentences
+ bearing on this subject:--
+
+ "We are at present, legislature and nation together,
+ eagerly pushing forward schemes which proceed on the
+ postulate that conduct is determined, not by feelings, but
+ by cognitions. For what else is the assumption underlying
+ this anxious urging-on of organisations for teaching? What
+ is the root-notion common to Secularists and
+ Denominationalists but the notion that spread of knowledge
+ is the one thing needful for bettering behaviour? Having
+ both swallowed certain statistical fallacies, there has
+ grown up in them the belief that State education will
+ check ill-doing.... This belief in the moralising effects
+ of intellectual culture, flatly contradicted by facts, is
+ absurd _a priori_.... This faith in lesson-books and
+ readings is one of the superstitions of the age.... Not by
+ precept, though heard daily; not by example, unless it is
+ followed; but only by action, often caused by the related
+ feeling, can a moral habit be formed. And yet this truth,
+ which mental science clearly teaches, and which is in
+ harmony with familiar sayings, is a truth wholly ignored
+ in current educational fanaticisms."
+
+ There need no praises of mine to commend to the
+ consideration of all thoughtful readers these words of
+ Herbert Spencer. They are to be found in "The Study of
+ Sociology" (pp. 36l-367).
+
+ Let us, however, do justice to science. It is not so wholly
+ wanting as Mr. Herbert Spencer would have us believe in
+ principles of action--principles by which we may regulate
+ our conduct in life. I myself once heard an accomplished man
+ of science declare that his labours had taught him one
+ special personal lesson which, above all others, he had laid
+ to heart. A minute study of the nervous system, and of the
+ various forms of pain produced by wounds had inspired in him
+ one profound resolution; and that was--what think
+ you?--never, under any circumstances, to adventure his own
+ person into the field of battle! I have somewhere read in a
+ book--a rather antiquated book, I fear, and one much
+ discredited by modern lights--the words, "the whole creation
+ groaneth and travaileth in pain together until now." Truly
+ we read these words with a new meaning in the present day!
+ "Groan and travail" it undoubtedly does still (more than
+ ever, so far as the brute creation is concerned); but to
+ what end? Some higher and more glorious state? So one might
+ have said a few years back. Not so in these days. The
+ _telos teleion_ of secular education, when divorced
+ from religious or moral training, is--I say it
+ deliberately--the purest and most unmitigated selfishness.
+ The world has seen and tired of the worship of Nature, of
+ Reason, of Humanity; for this nineteenth century has been
+ reserved the development of the most refined religion of
+ all--the worship of Self. For that, indeed, is the upshot of
+ it all. The enslavement of his weaker brethren--"the labour
+ of those who do not enjoy, for the enjoyment of those who do
+ not labour"--the degradation of woman--the torture of the
+ animal world--these are the steps of the ladder by which man
+ is ascending to his higher civilisation. Selfishness is the
+ key-note of all purely secular education; and I take
+ vivisection to be a glaring, a wholly unmistakable case in
+ point. And let it not be thought that this is an evil that
+ we can hope to see produce the good for which we are asked
+ to tolerate it, and then pass away. It is one that tends
+ continually to spread. And if it be tolerated or even
+ ignored now, the age of universal education, when the
+ sciences, and anatomy among them, shall be the heritage of
+ all, will be heralded by a cry of anguish from the brute
+ creation that will ring through the length and breadth of
+ the land! This, then, is the glorious future to which the
+ advocate of secular education may look forward: the dawn
+ that gilds the horizon of his hopes! An age when all forms
+ of religious thought shall be things of the past; when
+ chemistry and biology shall be the ABC of a State education
+ enforced on all; when vivisection shall be practised in
+ every college and school; and when the man of science,
+ looking forth over a world which will then own no other sway
+ than his, shall exult in the thought that he has made of
+ this fair green earth, if not a heaven for man, at least a
+ hell for animals.
+
+ I am, sir,
+
+ Your obedient servant,
+
+ Lewis Carroll.
+
+ _February 10th_.
+
+On March 29, 1876, "The Hunting of the Snark" was published. Mr.
+Dodgson gives some interesting particulars of its evolution. The first
+idea for the poem was the line "For the Snark _was_ a Boojum, you
+see," which came into his mind, apparently without any cause, while he
+was taking a country walk. The first complete verse which he composed
+was the one which stands last in the poem:--
+
+ In the midst of the word he was trying to say,
+ In the midst of his laughter and glee,
+ He had softly and suddenly vanished away--
+ For the Snark _was_ a Boojum, you see.
+
+The illustrations were the work of Mr. Henry Holiday, and they are
+thoroughly in keeping with the spirit of the poem. Many people have
+tried to show that "The Hunting of the Snark" was an allegory; some
+regarding it as being a burlesque upon the Tichborne case, and others
+taking the Snark as a personification of popularity. Lewis Carroll
+always protested that the poem had no meaning at all.
+
+ As to the meaning of the Snark [he wrote to a friend in
+ America], I'm very much afraid I didn't mean anything but
+ nonsense. Still, you know, words mean more than we mean to
+ express when we use them; so a whole book ought to mean a
+ great deal more than the writer means. So, whatever good
+ meanings are in the book, I'm glad to accept as the meaning
+ of the book. The best that I've seen is by a lady (she
+ published it in a letter to a newspaper), that the whole
+ book is an allegory on the search after happiness. I think
+ this fits in beautifully in many ways--particularly about
+ the bathing-machines: when the people get weary of life, and
+ can't find happiness in towns or in books, then they rush
+ off to the seaside, to see what bathing-machines will do for
+ them.
+
+[Illustration: Henry Holiday in his Studio. _From a
+photograph_.]
+
+Mr. H. Holiday, in a very interesting article on "The Snark's
+Significance" (_Academy,_ January 29, 1898), quoted the
+inscription which Mr. Dodgson had written in a vellum-bound,
+presentation-copy of the book. It is so characteristic that I take the
+liberty of reproducing it here:--
+
+ Presented to Henry Holiday, most patient of artists, by
+ Charles L. Dodgson, most exacting, but not most ungrateful
+ of authors, March 29, 1876.
+
+A little girl, to whom Mr. Dodgson had given a copy of the "Snark,"
+managed to get the whole poem off by heart, and insisted on reciting,
+it from beginning to end during a long carriage-drive. Her friends,
+who, from the nature of the case, were unable to escape, no doubt
+wished that she, too, was a Boojum.
+
+During the year, the first public dramatic representation of "Alice in
+Wonderland" was given at the Polytechnic, the entertainment taking the
+form of a series of _tableaux_, interspersed with appropriate
+readings and songs. Mr. Dodgson exercised a rigid censorship over all
+the extraneous matter introduced into the performance, and put his
+veto upon a verse in one of the songs, in which the drowning of
+kittens was treated from the humorous point of view, lest the children
+in the audience might learn to think lightly of death in the case of
+the lower animals.
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Carroll. _From a photograph_.]
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+(1877-1883)
+
+ Dramatic tastes--Miss Ellen Terry--"Natural Science at
+ Oxford"--Mr. Dodgson as an artist--Miss E. G. Thomson--The
+ drawing of children--A curious dream--"The Deserted
+ Parks"--"Syzygies"--Circus children--Row-loving
+ undergraduates--A letter to _The Observer_--Resignation
+ of the Lectureship--He is elected Curator of the Common
+ Room--Dream-music.
+
+Mr. Dodgson's love of the drama was not, as I have shown, a taste
+which he acquired in later years. From early college days he never
+missed anything which he considered worth seeing at the London
+theatres. I believe he used to reproach himself--unfairly, I
+think--with spending too much time on such recreations. For a man who
+worked so hard and so incessantly as he did; for a man to whom
+vacations meant rather a variation of mental employment than absolute
+rest of mind, the drama afforded just the sort of relief that was
+wanted. His vivid imagination, the very earnestness and intensity of
+his character enabled him to throw himself utterly into the spirit of
+what he saw upon the stage, and to forget in it all the petty worries
+and disappointments of life. The old adage says that a man cannot burn
+the candle at both ends; like most proverbs, it is only partially
+true, for often the hardest worker is the man who enters with most
+zest into his recreations, and this was emphatically the case with Mr.
+Dodgson.
+
+Walter Pater, in his book on the Renaissance, says (I quote from rough
+notes only), "A counted number of pulses only is given to us of a
+variegated dramatic life. How may we see in them all that is to be
+seen in them by the finest senses? How shall we pass most swiftly from
+point to point, and be present always at the focus where the greatest
+number of vital forces unite in their purest energy? To burn always
+with this hard gem-like flame, to maintain this ecstasy, is success in
+life." Here we have the truer philosophy, here we have the secret of
+Lewis Carroll's life. He never wasted time on social formalities; he
+refused to fulfil any of those (so called) duties which involve
+ineffable boredom, and so his mind was always fresh and ready. He said
+in one of his letters that he hoped that in the next world all
+knowledge would not be given to us suddenly, but that we should
+gradually grow wiser, for the _acquiring_ knowledge was to him
+the real pleasure. What is this but a paraphrase of another of Pater's
+thoughts, "Not the fruit of experience, but experience itself is the
+end."
+
+And so, times without number, he allowed himself to be carried away by
+emotion as he saw life in the mirror of the stage; but, best of all,
+he loved to see the acting of children, and he generally gave copies
+of his books to any of the little performers who specially pleased
+him. On January 13, 1877, he wrote in his Diary:--
+
+ Went up to town for the day, and took E-- with me to the
+ afternoon pantomime at the Adelphi, "Goody Two-Shoes," acted
+ entirely by children. It was a really charming performance.
+ Little Bertie Coote, aged ten, was clown--a wonderfully
+ clever little fellow; and Carrie Coote, about eight, was
+ Columbine, a very pretty graceful little thing. In a few
+ years' time she will be just _the_ child to act
+ "Alice," if it is ever dramatised. The harlequin was a
+ little girl named Gilchrist, one of the most beautiful
+ children, in face and figure, that I have ever seen. I must
+ get an opportunity of photographing her. Little Bertie
+ Coote, singing "Hot Codlings," was curiously like the
+ pictures of Grimaldi.
+
+It need hardly be said that the little girl was Miss Constance
+Gilchrist. Mr. Dodgson sent her a copy of "Alice in Wonderland," with
+a set of verses on her name.
+
+Many people object altogether to children appearing on the stage; it
+is said to be bad for their morals as well as for their health. A
+letter which Mr. Dodgson once wrote in the _St. James's Gazette_
+contains a sufficient refutation of the latter fancy:--
+
+ I spent yesterday afternoon at Brighton, where for five
+ hours I enjoyed the society of three exceedingly happy and
+ healthy little girls, aged twelve, ten, and seven. I think
+ that any one who could have seen the vigour of life in those
+ three children--the intensity with which they enjoyed
+ everything, great or small, that came in their way--who
+ could have watched the younger two running races on the
+ Pier, or have heard the fervent exclamation of the eldest at
+ the end of the afternoon, "We _have_ enjoyed
+ ourselves!" would have agreed with me that here, at least,
+ there was no excessive "physical strain," nor any
+ _imminent_ danger of "fatal results"! A drama, written
+ by Mr. Savile Clarke, is now being played at Brighton, and
+ in this (it is called "Alice in Wonderland") all three
+ children have been engaged. They had been acting every night
+ this week, and _twice_ on the day before I met them,
+ the second performance lasting till half-past ten at night,
+ after which they got up at seven next morning to bathe! That
+ such (apparently) severe work should co-exist with blooming
+ health and buoyant spirits seems at first sight a paradox;
+ but I appeal to any one who has ever worked _con amore_
+ at any subject whatever to support me in the assertion that,
+ when you really love the subject you are working at, the
+ "physical strain" is absolutely _nil_; it is only when
+ working "against the grain" that any strain is felt, and I
+ believe the apparent paradox is to be explained by the fact
+ that a taste for _acting_ is one of the strongest
+ passions of human nature, that stage-children show it nearly
+ from infancy, and that, instead of being miserable drudges
+ who ought to be celebrated in a new "Cry of the Children,"
+ they simply _rejoice_ in their work "even as a giant
+ rejoiceth to run his course."
+
+Mr. Dodgson's general views on the mission of the drama are well shown
+by an extract from a circular which he sent to many of his friends in
+1882:--
+
+ The stage (as every playgoer can testify) is an engine of
+ incalculable power for influencing society; and every effort
+ to purify and ennoble its aims seems to me to deserve all
+ the countenance that the great, and all the material help
+ that the wealthy, can give it; while even those who are
+ neither great nor wealthy may yet do their part, and help
+ to--
+ "Ring out the darkness of the land,
+ Ring in the Christ that is to be."
+
+
+[Illustration: Ellen Terry. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+I do not know if Mr. Dodgson's suggested amendment of some lines in
+the "Merchant of Venice" was ever carried out, but it further
+illustrates the serious view he took of this subject. The hint occurs
+in a letter to Miss Ellen Terry, which runs as follows:--
+
+ You gave me a treat on Saturday such as I have very seldom
+ had in my life. You must be weary by this time of hearing
+ your own praises, so I will only say that Portia was all I
+ could have imagined, and more. And Shylock is
+ superb--especially in the trial-scene.
+
+ Now I am going to be very bold, and make a suggestion, which
+ I do hope you will think well enough of to lay it before Mr.
+ Irving. I want to see that clause omitted (in the sentence
+ on Shylock)--
+
+ That, for this favour,
+ He presently become a Christian;
+
+ It is a sentiment that is entirely horrible and revolting to
+ the feelings of all who believe in the Gospel of Love. Why
+ should our ears be shocked by such words merely because they
+ are Shakespeare's? In his day, when it was held to be a
+ Christian's duty to force his belief on others by fire and
+ sword--to burn man's body in order to save his soul--the
+ words probably conveyed no shock. To all Christians now
+ (except perhaps extreme Calvinists) the idea of forcing a
+ man to abjure his religion, whatever that religion may be,
+ is (as I have said) simply horrible.
+
+ I have spoken of it as a needless outrage on religious
+ feeling: but surely, being so, it is a great artistic
+ mistake. Its tendency is directly contrary to the spirit of
+ the scene. We have despised Shylock for his avarice, and we
+ rejoice to see him lose his wealth: we have abhorred him for
+ his bloodthirsty cruelty, and we rejoice to see him baffled.
+ And now, in the very fulness of our joy at the triumph of
+ right over wrong, we are suddenly called on to see in him
+ the victim of a cruelty a thousand times worse than his own,
+ and to honour him as a martyr. This, I am sure, Shakespeare
+ never meant. Two touches only of sympathy does he allow us,
+ that we may realise him as a man, and not as a demon
+ incarnate. "I will not pray with you"; "I had it of Leah,
+ when I was a bachelor." But I am sure he never meant our
+ sympathies to be roused in the supreme moment of his
+ downfall, and, if he were alive now, I believe he would cut
+ out those lines about becoming a Christian.
+
+ No interpolation is needed--(I should not like to suggest
+ the putting in a single word that is not Shakespeare's)--I
+ would read the speech thus:--
+
+ That lately stole his daughter:
+ Provided that he do record a gift,
+ Here in the court, &c.
+
+ And I would omit Gratiano's three lines at Shylock's exit,
+ and let the text stand:--
+
+ _Duke_: "Get thee gone, but do it." (_Exit
+ Shylock_.)
+
+ The exit, in solemn silence, would be, if possible, even
+ grander than it now is, and would lose nothing by the
+ omission of Gratiano's flippant jest....
+
+On January 16th he saw "New Men and Old Acres" at the Court Theatre.
+The two authors of the pieces, Dubourg and Tom Taylor, were great
+friends of his. "It was a real treat," he writes, "being well acted in
+every detail. Ellen Terry was wonderful, and I should think
+unsurpassable in all but the lighter parts." Mr. Dodgson himself had a
+strong wish to become a dramatic author, but, after one or two
+unsuccessful attempts to get his plays produced, he wisely gave up the
+idea, realising that he had not the necessary constructive powers. The
+above reference to Miss Ellen Terry's acting is only one out of a
+countless number; the great actress and he were excellent friends, and
+she did him many a kindness in helping on young friends of his who had
+taken up the stage as a profession.
+
+[Illustration: Tom Taylor. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+She and her sister, Miss Kate Terry, were among the distinguished
+people whom he photographed. The first time he saw the latter actress
+was, I think, in 1858, when she was playing in "The Tempest" at the
+Princess's. "The gem of the piece," he writes, "was the exquisitely
+graceful and beautiful Ariel, Miss Kate Terry. Her appearance as a
+sea-nymph was one of the most beautiful living pictures I ever saw,
+but this, and every other one in my recollection (except Queen
+Katherine's dream), were all outdone by the concluding scene, where
+Ariel is left alone, hovering over the wide ocean, watching the
+retreating ship. It is an innovation on Shakespeare, but a worthy one,
+and the conception of a true poet."
+
+[Illustration: Kate Terry. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll_.]
+
+Mr. Dodgson was a frequent contributor to the daily Press. As a rule
+his letters appeared in the _St. James's Gazette_, for the
+editor, Mr. Greenwood, was a friend of his, but the following
+sarcastic epistle was an exception:--
+
+
+ NATURAL SCIENCE AT OXFORD.
+
+ _To the Editor of the "Pall Mall Gazette."_
+
+ Sir,--There is no one of the many ingenious appliances of
+ mechanical science that is more appreciated or more
+ successfully employed than the wedge; so subtle and
+ imperceptible are the forces needed for the insertion of its
+ "thin end," so astounding the results which its "thick end"
+ may ultimately produce. Of the former process we shall see a
+ beautiful illustration in a Congregation to be holden at
+ Oxford on the 24th inst., when it will be proposed to grant,
+ to those who have taken the degrees of bachelor and master
+ in Natural Science only, the same voting powers as in the
+ case of the "M.A." degree. This means the omission of one of
+ the two classical languages, Latin and Greek, from what has
+ been hitherto understood as the curriculum of an Oxford
+ education. It is to this "thin end" of the wedge that I
+ would call the attention of our non-residents, and of all
+ interested in Oxford education, while the "thick end" is
+ still looming in the distance. But why fear a "thick end" at
+ all? I shall be asked. Has Natural Science shown any such
+ tendency, or given any reason to fear that such a concession
+ would lead to further demands? In answer to that question,
+ let me sketch, in dramatic fashion, the history of her
+ recent career in Oxford. In the dark ages of our University
+ (some five-and-twenty years ago), while we still believed in
+ classics and mathematics as constituting a liberal
+ education, Natural Science sat weeping at our gates. "Ah,
+ let me in!" she moaned; "why cram reluctant youth with your
+ unsatisfying lore? Are they not hungering for bones; yea,
+ panting for sulphuretted hydrogen?" We heard and we pitied.
+ We let her in and housed her royally; we adorned her palace
+ with re-agents and retorts, and made it a very charnel-house
+ of bones, and we cried to our undergraduates, "The feast of
+ Science is spread! Eat, drink, and be happy!" But they would
+ not. They fingered the bones, and thought them dry. They
+ sniffed at the hydrogen, and turned away. Yet for all that
+ Science ceased not to cry, "More gold, more gold!" And her
+ three fair daughters, Chemistry, Biology, and Physics (for
+ the modern horse-leech is more prolific than in the days of
+ Solomon), ceased not to plead, "Give, give!" And we gave; we
+ poured forth our wealth like water (I beg her pardon, like
+ H{_2}O), and we could not help thinking there was something
+ weird and uncanny in the ghoul-like facility with which she
+ absorbed it.
+
+ The curtain rises on the second act of the drama. Science is
+ still weeping, but this time it is for lack of pupils, not
+ of teachers or machinery. "We are unfairly handicapped!" she
+ cries. "You have prizes and scholarships for classics and
+ mathematics, and you bribe your best students to desert us.
+ Buy us some bright, clever boys to teach, and then see what
+ we can do!" Once more we heard and pitied. We had bought her
+ bones; we bought her boys. And now at last her halls were
+ filled--not only with teachers paid to teach, but also with
+ learners paid to learn. And we have not much to complain of
+ in results, except that perhaps she is a little too ready to
+ return on our hands all but the "honour-men"--all, in fact,
+ who really need the helping hand of an educator. "Here, take
+ back your stupid ones!" she cries. "Except as subjects for
+ the scalpel (and we have not yet got the Human Vivisection
+ Act through Parliament) we can do nothing with them!"
+
+ The third act of the drama is yet under rehearsal; the
+ actors are still running in and out of the green-room, and
+ hastily shuffling on their new and ill-fitting dresses; but
+ its general scope is not far to seek. At no distant day our
+ once timid and tearful guest will be turning up her nose at
+ the fare provided for her. "Give me no more youths to
+ teach," she will say; "but pay me handsomely, and let me
+ think. Plato and Aristotle were all very well in their way;
+ Diogenes and his tub for me!" The allusion is not
+ inappropriate. There can be little doubt that some of the
+ researches conducted by that retiring philosopher in the
+ recesses of that humble edifice were strictly scientific,
+ embracing several distinct branches of entomology. I do not
+ mean, of course, that "research" is a new idea in Oxford.
+ From time immemorial we have had our own chosen band of
+ researchers (here called "professors"), who have advanced
+ the boundaries of human knowledge in many directions. True,
+ they are not left so wholly to themselves as some of these
+ modern thinkers would wish to be, but are expected to give
+ some few lectures, as the outcome of their "research" and
+ the evidence of its reality, but even that condition has not
+ always been enforced--for instance, in the case of the late
+ Professor of Greek, Dr. Gaisford, the University was too
+ conscious of the really valuable work he was doing in
+ philological research to complain that he ignored the usual
+ duties of the chair and delivered no lectures.
+
+ And, now, what is the "thick end" of the wedge? It is that
+ Latin and Greek may _both_ vanish from our curriculum;
+ that logic, philosophy, and history may follow; and that the
+ destinies of Oxford may some day be in the hands of those
+ who have had no education other than "scientific." And why
+ not? I shall be asked. Is it not as high a form of education
+ as any other? That is a matter to be settled by facts. I can
+ but offer my own little item of evidence, and leave it to
+ others to confirm or to refute. It used once to be thought
+ indispensable for an educated man that he should be able to
+ write his own language correctly, if not elegantly; it seems
+ doubtful how much longer this will be taken as a criterion.
+ Not so many years ago I had the honour of assisting in
+ correcting for the press some pages of the
+ _Anthropological Review_, or some such periodical. I
+ doubt not that the writers were eminent men in their own
+ line; that each could triumphantly prove, to his own
+ satisfaction, the unsoundness of what the others had
+ advanced; and that all would unite in declaring that the
+ theories of a year ago were entirely exploded by the latest
+ German treatise; but they were not able to set forth these
+ thoughts, however consoling in themselves, in anything
+ resembling the language of educated society. In all my
+ experience, I have never read, even in the "local news" of
+ a country paper, such slipshod, such deplorable English.
+
+ I shall be told that I am ungenerous in thus picking out a
+ few unfavourable cases, and that some of the greatest minds
+ of the day are to be found in the ranks of science. I freely
+ admit that such may be found, but my contention is that
+ _they_ made the science, not the science them; and that
+ in any line of thought they would have been equally
+ distinguished. As a general principle, I do not think that
+ the exclusive study of any _one_ subject is really
+ education; and my experience as a teacher has shown me that
+ even a considerable proficiency in Natural Science, taken
+ alone, is so far from proving a high degree of cultivation
+ and great natural ability that it is fully compatible with
+ general ignorance and an intellect quite below par.
+ Therefore it is that I seek to rouse an interest, beyond the
+ limits of Oxford, in preserving classics as an essential
+ feature of a University education. Nor is it as a classical
+ tutor (who might be suspected of a bias in favour of his own
+ subject) that I write this. On the contrary, it is as one
+ who has taught science here for more than twenty years (for
+ mathematics, though good-humouredly scorned by the
+ biologists on account of the abnormal certainty of its
+ conclusions, is still reckoned among the sciences) that I
+ beg to sign myself,--Your obedient servant,
+
+ Charles L. Dodgson,
+
+ _Mathematical Lecturer of Christ Church, Oxford.
+
+ May 17th._
+
+I give the above letter because I think it amusing; it must not be
+supposed that the writer's views on the subject remained the same all
+through his life. He was a thorough Conservative, and it took a long
+time to reconcile him to any new departure. In a political discussion
+with a friend he once said that he was "first an Englishman, and then
+a Conservative," but however much a man may try to put patriotism
+before party, the result will be but partially successful, if
+patriotism would lead him into opposition to the mental bias which has
+originally made him either a Conservative or a Radical.
+
+He took, of course, great pleasure in the success of his books, as
+every author must; but the greatest pleasure of all to him was to know
+that they had pleased others. Notes like the following are frequent in
+his Diary: "_June_ 25_th_.--Spent the afternoon in sending
+off seventy circulars to Hospitals, offering copies of 'Alice' and the
+'Looking-Glass' for sick children." He well deserved the name which
+one of his admirers gave him--"The man who loved little children."
+
+In April, 1878, he saw a performance of "Olivia" at the Court Theatre.
+"The gem of the piece is Olivia herself, acted by Ellen Terry with a
+sweetness and pathos that moved some of the audience (nearly including
+myself) to tears. Her leave-taking was exquisite; and when, in her
+exile, she hears that her little brother had cried at the mention of
+her name, her exclamation 'Pet!' was tenderness itself. Altogether, I
+have not had a greater dramatic treat for a long time. _Dies creta
+notandus_."
+
+I see that I have marked for quotation the following brief entries in
+the Diary:--
+
+ _Aug. 4th_ (at Eastbourne).--Went, morning and
+ evening, to the new chapel-of-ease belonging to S.
+ Saviour's. It has the immense advantage of _not_ being
+ crowded; but this scarcely compensates for the vile
+ Gregorian chants, which vex and weary one's ear.
+
+ _Aug. 17th_.--A very inquisitive person, who had some
+ children with her, found out my name, and then asked me to
+ shake hands with her child, as an admirer of my books: this
+ I did, unwisely perhaps, as I have no intention of
+ continuing the acquaintance of a "Mrs. Leo Hunter."
+
+ _Dec. 23rd_.--I have been making a plan for work next
+ term, of this kind: Choose a subject (_e.g._,
+ "Circulation," "Journeys of S. Paul," "English Counties")
+ for each week. On Monday write what I know about it; during
+ week get up subject; on Saturday write again; put the two
+ papers away, and six months afterwards write again and
+ compare.
+
+As an artist, Mr. Dodgson possessed an intense natural appreciation of
+the beautiful, an abhorrence of all that is coarse and unseemly which
+might almost be called hyper-refinement, a wonderfully good eye for
+form, and last, but not least, the most scrupulous conscientiousness
+about detail. On the other hand his sense of colour was somewhat
+imperfect, and his hand was almost totally untrained, so that while he
+had all the enthusiasm of the true artist, his work always had the
+defects of an amateur.
+
+[Illustration: Miss E. Gertrude Thomson.]
+
+In 1878 some drawings of Miss E. Gertrude Thomson's excited his keen
+admiration, and he exerted himself to make her acquaintance. Their
+first meeting is described so well by Miss Thomson herself in _The
+Gentlewoman_ for January 29, 1898, that I cannot do better than
+quote the description of the scene as given there:--
+
+ It was at the end of December, 1878, that a letter, written
+ in a singularly legible and rather boyish-looking hand, came
+ to me from Christ Church, Oxford, signed "C. L. Dodgson."
+ The writer said that he had come across some fairy designs
+ of mine, and he should like to see some more of my work. By
+ the same post came a letter from my London publisher (who
+ had supplied my address) telling me that the "Rev. C. L.
+ Dodgson" was "Lewis Carroll."
+
+ "Alice in Wonderland" had long been one of my pet books, and
+ as one regards a favourite author as almost a personal
+ friend, I felt less restraint than one usually feels in
+ writing to a stranger, though I carefully concealed my
+ knowledge of his identity, as he had not chosen to reveal
+ it.
+
+ This was the beginning of a frequent and delightful
+ correspondence, and as I confessed to a great love for fairy
+ lore of every description, he asked me if I would accept a
+ child's fairy-tale book he had written, called "Alice in
+ Wonderland." I replied that I knew it nearly all off by
+ heart, but that I should greatly prize a copy given to me by
+ himself. By return came "Alice," and "Through the
+ Looking-Glass," bound most luxuriously in white calf and
+ gold.
+
+ And this is the graceful and kindly note that came with
+ them: "I am now sending you 'Alice,' and the 'Looking-Glass'
+ as well. There is an incompleteness about giving only one,
+ and besides, the one you bought was probably in red and
+ would not match these. If you are at all in doubt as to what
+ to do with the (now) superfluous copy, let me suggest your
+ giving it to some poor sick child. I have been distributing
+ copies to all the hospitals and convalescent homes I can
+ hear of, where there are sick children capable of reading
+ them, and though, of course, one takes some pleasure in the
+ popularity of the books elsewhere, it is not nearly so
+ pleasant a thought to me as that they may be a comfort and
+ relief to children in hours of pain and weariness. Still, no
+ recipient _can_ be more appropriate than one who seems
+ to have been in fairyland herself, and to have seen, like
+ the 'weary mariners' of old--
+
+ 'Between the green brink and the running foam
+ White limbs unrobed in a crystal air,
+ Sweet faces, rounded arms, and bosoms prest
+ To little harps of gold.'"
+
+ "Do you ever come to London?" he asked in another letter;
+ "if so, will you allow me to call upon you?"
+
+ Early in the summer I came up to study, and I sent him word
+ that I was in town. One night, coming into my room, after a
+ long day spent at the British Museum, in the half-light I
+ saw a card lying on the table. "Rev. C. L. Dodgson." Bitter,
+ indeed, was my disappointment at having missed him, but just
+ as I was laying it sadly down I spied a small T.O. in the
+ corner. On the back I read that he couldn't get up to my
+ rooms early or late enough to find me, so would I arrange to
+ meet him at some museum or gallery the day but one
+ following? I fixed on South Kensington Museum, by the
+ "Schliemann" collection, at twelve o'clock.
+
+ A little before twelve I was at the rendezvous, and then the
+ humour of the situation suddenly struck me, that _I_
+ had not the ghost of an idea what _he_ was like, nor
+ would _he_ have any better chance of discovering
+ _me!_ The room was fairly full of all sorts and
+ conditions, as usual, and I glanced at each masculine figure
+ in turn, only to reject it as a possibility of the one I
+ sought. Just as the big clock had clanged out twelve, I
+ heard the high vivacious voices and laughter of children
+ sounding down the corridor.
+
+ At that moment a gentleman entered, two little girls
+ clinging to his hands, and as I caught sight of the tall
+ slim figure, with the clean-shaven, delicate, refined face,
+ I said to myself, "_That's_ Lewis Carroll." He stood
+ for a moment, head erect, glancing swiftly over the room,
+ then, bending down, whispered something to one of the
+ children; she, after a moment's pause, pointed straight at
+ me.
+
+ Dropping their hands he came forward, and with that winning
+ smile of his that utterly banished the oppressive sense of
+ the Oxford don, said simply, "I am Mr. Dodgson; I was to
+ meet you, I think?" To which I as frankly smiled, and said,
+ "How did you know me so soon?"
+
+ "My little friend found you. I told her I had come to meet a
+ young lady who knew fairies, and she fixed on you at once.
+ But _I_ knew you before she spoke."
+
+This acquaintance ripened into a true, artistic friendship, which
+lasted till Mr. Dodgson's death. In his first letter to Miss Thomson
+he speaks of himself as one who for twenty years had found his one
+amusement in photographing from life--especially photographing
+children; he also said that he had made attempts ("most
+unsuccessfully") at drawing them. When he got to know her more
+intimately, he asked her to criticise his work, and when she wrote
+expressing her willingness to do so, he sent her a pile of
+sketch-books, through which she went most carefully, marking the
+mistakes, and criticising, wherever criticism seemed to be necessary.
+
+After this he might often have been seen in her studio, lying flat on
+his face, and drawing some child-model who had been engaged for his
+especial benefit. "I _love_ the effort to draw," he wrote in one
+of his letters to her, "but I utterly fail to please even my own
+eye--tho' now and then I seem to get somewhere _near_ a right
+line or two, when I have a live child to draw from. But I have no time
+left now for such things. In the next life, I do _hope_ we shall
+not only _see_ lovely forms, such as this world does not contain,
+but also be able to _draw_ them."
+
+But while he fully recognised the limits of his powers, he had great
+faith in his own critical judgment; and with good reason, for his
+perception of the beautiful in contour and attitude and grouping was
+almost unerring. All the drawings which Miss Thomson made for his
+"Three Sunsets" were submitted to his criticism, which descended to
+the smallest details. He concludes a letter to her, which contained
+the most elaborate and minute suggestions for the improvement of one
+of these pictures, with the following words: "I make all these
+suggestions with diffidence, feeling that I have _really no_
+right at all, as an amateur, to criticise the work of a real artist."
+
+The following extract from another letter to Miss Thomson shows that
+seeking after perfection, that discontent with everything short of the
+best, which was so marked a feature of his character. She had sent him
+two drawings of the head of some child-friend of his:--
+
+ Your note is a puzzle--you say that "No. 2 would have been
+ still more like if the paper had been exactly the same
+ shade--but I'd no more at hand of the darker colour." Had I
+ given you the impression that I was in a _hurry_, and
+ was willing to have No. 2 _less_ good than it
+ _might_ be made, so long as I could have it
+ _quick?_ If I did, I'm very sorry: I never _meant_
+ to say a word like it: and, if you had written "I could make
+ it still more like, on darker paper; but I've no more at
+ hand. How long can you wait for me to get some?" I should
+ have replied, "Six weeks, or six _months_, if you
+ prefer it!"
+
+I have already spoken of his love of nature, as opposed to the
+admiration for the morbid and abnormal. "I want you," he writes to
+Miss Thomson, "to do my fairy drawings from _life_. They would be
+very pretty, no doubt, done out of your own head, but they will be ten
+times as valuable if done from life. Mr. Furniss drew the pictures of
+'Sylvie' from life. Mr. Tenniel is the only artist, who has drawn for
+me, who resolutely refused to use a model, and declared he no more
+needed one than I should need a multiplication-table to work a
+mathematical problem!" On another occasion he urges the importance of
+using models, in order to avoid the similarity of features which would
+otherwise spoil the pictures: "Cruikshank's splendid illustrations
+were terribly spoiled by his having only _one_ pretty female face
+in them all. Leech settled down into _two_ female faces. Du
+Maurier, I think, has only _one_, now. All the ladies, and all
+the little girls in his pictures look like twin sisters."
+
+It is interesting to know that Sir Noel Paton and Mr. Walter Crane
+were, in Lewis Carroll's opinion, the most successful drawers of
+children: "There are but few artists who seem to draw the forms of
+children _con amore_. Walter Crane is perhaps the best (always
+excepting Sir Noel Paton): but the thick outlines, which he insists on
+using, seem to take off a good deal from the beauty of the result."
+
+He held that no artist can hope to effect a higher type of beauty than
+that which life itself exhibits, as the following words show:--
+
+ I don't quite understand about fairies losing "grace," if
+ too like human children. Of course I grant that to be like
+ some _actual_ child is to lose grace, because no living
+ child is perfect in form: many causes have lowered the race
+ from what God made it. But the _perfect_ human form,
+ free from these faults, is surely equally applicable to men,
+ and fairies, and angels? Perhaps that is what you mean--that
+ the Artist can imagine, and design, more perfect forms than
+ we ever find in life?
+
+I have already referred several times to Miss Ellen Terry as having
+been one of Mr. Dodgson's friends, but he was intimate with the whole
+family, and used often to pay them a visit when he was in town. On May
+15, 1879, he records a very curious dream which he had about Miss
+Marion ("Polly") Terry:--
+
+ Last night I had a dream which I record as a curiosity, so
+ far as I know, in the literature of dreams. I was staying,
+ with my sisters, in some suburb of London, and had heard
+ that the Terrys were staying near us, so went to call, and
+ found Mrs. Terry at home, who told us that Marion and
+ Florence were at the theatre, "the Walter House," where they
+ had a good engagement. "In that case," I said, "I'll go on
+ there at once, and see the performance--and may I take Polly
+ with me?" "Certainly," said Mrs. Terry. And there was Polly,
+ the child, seated in the room, and looking about nine or ten
+ years old: and I was distinctly conscious of the fact, yet
+ without any feeling of surprise at its incongruity, that I
+ was going to take the _child_ Polly with me to the
+ theatre, to see the _grown-up_ Polly act! Both
+ pictures--Polly as a child, and Polly as a woman, are, I
+ suppose, equally clear in my ordinary waking memory: and it
+ seems that in sleep I had contrived to give the two pictures
+ separate individualities.
+
+Of all the mathematical books which Mr. Dodgson wrote, by far the most
+elaborate, if not the most original, was "Euclid and His Modern
+Rivals." The first edition was issued in 1879, and a supplement,
+afterwards incorporated into the second edition, appeared in 1885.
+
+This book, as the author says, has for its object
+
+ to furnish evidence (1) that it is essential for the
+ purposes of teaching or examining in Elementary Geometry to
+ employ one text-book only; (2) that there are strong _a
+ priori_ reasons for retaining in all its main features,
+ and especially in its sequence and numbering of
+ Propositions, and in its treatment of Parallels, the Manual
+ of Euclid; and (3) that no sufficient reasons have yet been
+ shown for abandoning it in favour of any one of the modern
+ Manuals which have been offered as substitutes.
+
+The book is written in dramatic form, and relieved throughout by many
+touches in the author's happiest vein, which make it delightful not
+only to the scientific reader, but also to any one of average
+intelligence with the slightest sense of humour.
+
+Whether the conclusions are accepted in their entirety or not, it is
+certain that the arguments are far more effective than if the writer
+had presented them in the form of an essay. Mr. Dodgson had a wide
+experience as a teacher and examiner, so that he knew well what he was
+writing about, and undoubtedly the appearance of this book has done
+very much to stay the hand of the innovator.
+
+The scene opens in a College study--time, midnight. Minos, an
+examiner, is discovered seated between two immense piles of
+manuscripts. He is driven almost to distraction in his efforts to mark
+fairly the papers sent up, by reason of the confusion caused through
+the candidates offering various substitutes for Euclid. Rhadamanthus,
+another equally distracted examiner, comes to his room.
+
+The two men consult together for a time, and then Rhadamanthus
+retires, and Minos falls asleep. Hereupon the Ghost of Euclid appears,
+and discusses with Minos the reasons for retaining his Manual as a
+whole, in its present order and arrangement. As they are mainly
+concerned with the wants of beginners, their attention is confined to
+Books I. and II.
+
+We must be content with one short extract from the dialogue:--
+
+ _Euclid_.--It is, I think, a friend of yours who has
+ amused himself by tabulating the various Theorems which
+ might be enunciated on the single subject of Pairs of Lines.
+ How many did he make them out to be?
+
+ _Minos_.--About two hundred and fifty, I believe.
+
+ _Euclid_.--At that rate there would probably be within
+ the limit of my First Book--how many?
+
+ _Minos_.--A thousand at least.
+
+ _Euclid_.--What a popular school-book it will be! How
+ boys will bless the name of the writer who first brings out
+ the complete thousand!
+
+With a view to discussing and criticising his various modern rivals,
+Euclid promises to send to Minos the ghost of a German Professor (Herr
+Niemand) who "has read all books, and is ready to defend any thesis,
+true or untrue."
+
+"A charming companion!" as Minos drily remarks.
+
+This brings us to Act II., in which the Manuals which reject Euclid's
+treatment of Parallels are dealt with one by one. Those Manuals which
+adopt it are reserved for Act III., Scene i.; while in Scene ii., "The
+Syllabus of the Association for the Improvement of Geometrical
+Teaching," and Wilson's "Syllabus," come under review.
+
+Only one or two extracts need be given, which, it is hoped, will
+suffice to illustrate the character and style of the book:
+
+Act II., Scene v.--Niemand and Minos are arguing for and against
+Henrici's "Elementary Geometry."
+
+ _Minos_.--I haven't quite done with points yet. I find
+ an assertion that they never jump. Do you think that arises
+ from their having "position," which they feel might be
+ compromised by such conduct?
+
+ _Niemand_.--I cannot tell without hearing the passage
+ read.
+
+ _Minos_.--It is this: "A point, in changing its
+ position on a curve, passes in moving from one position to
+ another through all intermediate positions. It does not move
+ by jumps."
+
+ _Niemand_.--That is quite true.
+
+ _Minos_.--Tell me then--is every centre of gravity a
+ point?
+
+ _Niemand_.--Certainly.
+
+ _Minos_.--Let us now consider the centre of gravity of
+ a flea. Does it--
+
+ _Niemand (indignantly)_.--Another word, and I shall
+ vanish! I cannot waste a night on such trivialities.
+
+ _Minos_.--I can't resist giving you just _one_
+ more tit-bit--the definition of a square at page 123: "A
+ quadrilateral which is a kite, a symmetrical trapezium, and
+ a parallelogram is a square!" And now, farewell, Henrici:
+ "Euclid, with all thy faults, I love thee still!"
+
+Again, from Act II., Scene vi.:--
+
+ _Niemand_.--He (Pierce, another "Modern Rival,") has a
+ definition of direction which will, I think, be new to you.
+ _(Reads.)_
+
+ "The _direction of a line_ in any part is the direction
+ of a point at that part from the next preceding point of the
+ line!"
+
+ _Minos_.--That sounds mysterious. Which way along a
+ line are "preceding" points to be found?
+
+ _Niemand_.--_Both ways._ He adds, directly
+ afterwards, "A line has two different directions," &c.
+
+ _Minos_.--So your definition needs a postscript.... But
+ there is yet another difficulty. How far from a point is the
+ "next" point?
+
+ _Niemand_.--At an infinitely small distance, of course.
+ You will find the matter fully discussed in my work on the
+ Infinitesimal Calculus.
+
+ _Minos_.--A most satisfactory answer for a teacher to
+ make to a pupil just beginning Geometry!
+
+In Act IV. Euclid reappears to Minos, "followed by the ghosts of
+Archimedes, Pythagoras, &c., who have come to see fair play." Euclid
+thus sums up his case:--
+
+ "'The cock doth craw, the day doth daw,' and all respectable
+ ghosts ought to be going home. Let me carry with me the hope
+ that I have convinced you of the necessity of retaining my
+ order and numbering, and my method of treating Straight
+ Lines, Angles, Right Angles, and (most especially)
+ Parallels. Leave me these untouched, and I shall look on
+ with great contentment while other changes are made--while
+ my proofs are abridged and improved--while alternative
+ proofs are appended to mine--and while new Problems and
+ Theorems are interpolated. In all these matters my Manual is
+ capable of almost unlimited improvement."
+
+In Appendices I. and II. Mr. Dodgson quotes the opinions of two
+eminent mathematical teachers, Mr. Todhunter and Professor De Morgan,
+in support of his argument.
+
+Before leaving this subject I should like to refer to a very novel use
+of Mr. Dodgson's book--its employment in a school. Mr. G. Hopkins,
+Mathematical Master in the High School at Manchester, U.S., and
+himself the author of a "Manual of Plane Geometry," has so employed it
+in a class of boys aged from fourteen or fifteen upwards. He first
+called their attention to some of the more prominent difficulties
+relating to the question of Parallels, put a copy of Euclid in their
+hands, and let them see his treatment of them, and after some
+discussion placed before them Mr. Dodgson's "Euclid and His Modern
+Rivals" and "New Theory of Parallels."
+
+Perhaps it is the fact that American boys are sharper than English,
+but at any rate the youngsters are reported to have read the two books
+with an earnestness and a persistency that were as gratifying to their
+instructor as they were complimentary to Mr. Dodgson.
+
+In June of the same year an entry in the Diary refers to a proposal in
+Convocation to allow the University Club to have a cricket-ground in
+the Parks. This had been proposed in 1867, and then rejected. Mr.
+Dodgson sent round to the Common Rooms copies of a poem on "The
+Deserted Parks," which had been published by Messrs. Parker in 1867,
+and which was afterwards included in "Notes by an Oxford Chiel." I
+quote the first few lines:--
+
+ Museum! loveliest building of the plain
+ Where Cherwell winds towards the distant main;
+ How often have I loitered o'er thy green,
+ Where humble happiness endeared the scene!
+ How often have I paused on every charm,--
+ The rustic couple walking arm in arm,
+ The groups of trees, with seats beneath the shade
+ For prattling babes and whisp'ring lovers made,
+ The never-failing brawl, the busy mill,
+ Where tiny urchins vied in fistic skill.
+ (Two phrases only have that dusky race
+ Caught from the learned influence of the place;
+ Phrases in their simplicity sublime,
+ "Scramble a copper!" "Please, sir, what's the time?")
+ These round thy walks their cheerful influence shed;
+ These were thy charms--but all these charms are fled,
+ Amidst thy bowers the tyrant's hand is seen,
+ And rude pavilions sadden all thy green;
+ One selfish pastime grasps the whole domain,
+ And half a faction swallows up the plain;
+ Adown thy glades, all sacrificed to cricket,
+ The hollow-sounding bat now guards the wicket;
+ Sunk are thy mounds in shapeless level all,
+ Lest aught impede the swiftly rolling ball;
+ And trembling, shrinking from the fatal blow,
+ Far, far away thy hapless children go.
+ Ill fares the place, to luxury a prey,
+ Where wealth accumulates, and minds decay:
+ Athletic sports may flourish or may fade,
+ Fashion may make them, even as it has made;
+ But the broad Parks, the city's joy and pride,
+ When once destroyed can never be supplied!
+
+Readers of "Sylvie and Bruno" will remember the way in which the
+invisible fairy-children save the drunkard from his evil life, and I
+have always felt that Mr. Dodgson meant Sylvie to be something more
+than a fairy--a sort of guardian angel. That such an idea would not
+have been inconsistent with his way of looking at things is shown by
+the following letter:
+
+ Ch. Ch., _July_, 1879.
+
+ My dear Ethel,--I have been long intending to answer your
+ letter of April 11th, chiefly as to your question in
+ reference to Mrs. N--'s letter about the little S--s [whose
+ mother had recently died]. You say you don't see "how they
+ can be guided aright by their dead mother, or how light can
+ come from her." Many people believe that our friends in the
+ other world can and do influence us in some way, and perhaps
+ even "guide" us and give us light to show us our duty. My
+ own feeling is, it _may_ be so: but nothing has been
+ revealed about it. That the angels do so _is_ revealed,
+ and we may feel sure of _that_; and there is a
+ beautiful fancy (for I don't think one can call it more)
+ that "a mother who has died leaving a child behind her in
+ this world, is allowed to be a sort of guardian angel to
+ that child." Perhaps Mrs. N-- believes that.
+
+Here are two other entries in the Diary:--
+
+ _Aug. 26th_.--Worked from about 9.45 to 6.45, and again
+ from 10.15 to 11.45 (making 101/2 hours altogether) at an
+ idea which occurred to me of finding limits for _pi_ by
+ elementary trigonometry, for the benefit of the
+ circle-squarers.
+
+ _Dec. 12th_.--Invented a new way of working one word
+ into another. I think of calling the puzzle "syzygies."
+
+ I give the first three specimens:--
+
+ MAN }
+ permanent }
+ entice } Send MAN on ICE.
+ ICE. }
+
+ ACRE }
+ sacred }
+ credentials } RELY on ACRE.
+ entirely }
+ RELY }
+
+ PRISM }
+ prismatic }
+ dramatic } Prove PRISM to be ODIOUS.
+ melodrama }
+ melodious }
+ ODIOUS. }
+
+In February, 1880, Mr. Dodgson proposed to the Christ Church
+"Staff-salaries Board," that as his tutorial work was lighter he
+should have L200 instead of L300 a year. It is not often that a man
+proposes to cut down _his own_ salary, but the suggestion in this
+case was intended to help the College authorities in the policy of
+retrenchment which they were trying to carry out.
+
+ _May 24th_.--Percival, President of Trin. Coll., who
+ has Cardinal Newman as his guest, wrote to say that the
+ Cardinal would sit for a photo, to me, at Trinity. But I
+ could not take my photography there and he couldn't come to
+ me: so nothing came of it.
+
+ _Aug. 19th_. [At Eastbourne].--Took Ruth and Maud to
+ the Circus (Hutchinson and Tayleure's--from America). I
+ made friends with Mr. Tayleure, who took me to the tents of
+ horses, and the caravan he lived in. And I added to my
+ theatrical experiences by a chat with a couple of circus
+ children--Ada Costello, aged 9, and Polly (Evans, I think),
+ aged 13. I found Ada in the outer tent, with the pony on
+ which she was to perform--practising vaulting on to it,
+ varied with somersaults on the ground. I showed her my wire
+ puzzle, and ultimately gave it her, promising a duplicate to
+ Polly. Both children seemed bright and happy, and they had
+ pleasant manners.
+
+ _Sept. 2nd_.--Mrs. H-- took me to Dr. Bell's (the old
+ homoeopathic doctor) to hear Lord Radstock speak about
+ "training children." It was a curious affair. First a very
+ long hymn; then two very long extempore prayers (not by Lord
+ R--), which were strangely self-sufficient and wanting in
+ reverence. Lord R--'s remarks were commonplace enough,
+ though some of his theories were new, but, I think, not
+ true--_e.g.,_ that encouraging emulation in
+ schoolboys, or desiring that they should make a good
+ position in life, was un-Christian. I escaped at the first
+ opportunity after his speech, and went down on the beach,
+ where I made acquaintance with a family who were banking up
+ with sand the feet and legs of a pretty little girl perched
+ on a sand-castle. I got her father to make her stand to be
+ drawn. Further along the beach a merry little mite began
+ pelting me with sand; so I drew _her_ too.
+
+ _Nov. 16th_.--Thought of a plan for simplifying
+ money-orders, by making the sender fill up two duplicate
+ papers, one of which he hands in to be transmitted by the
+ postmaster--it containing a key-number which the receiver
+ has to supply in _his_ copy to get the money. I think
+ of suggesting this, and my plan for double postage on
+ Sunday, to the Government.
+
+ _Dec. 19th_.--The idea occurred to me that a game might
+ be made of letters, to be moved about on a chess-board till
+ they form words.
+
+A little book, published during this year, "Alice (a dramatic version
+of Lewis Carroll's 'Alice'), and other Fairy Tales for Children," by
+Mrs. Freiligrath-Kroeker, was very successful, and, I understand,
+still has a regular sale. Mr. Dodgson most gladly gave his consent to
+the dramatisation of his story by so talented an authoress, and
+shortly afterwards Mrs. Kroeker brought out "Through the
+Looking-Glass" in a similar form.
+
+ _Jan._ 17, 1881.--To the Lyceum to see "The Cup" and
+ "The Corsican Brothers." The first is exquisitely put on,
+ and Ellen Terry as Camma is the perfection of grace, and
+ Irving as the villain, and Mr. Terriss as the husband, were
+ very good. But the piece wants substance.
+
+ _Jan._ 19_th_.--Tried to go to Oxford, but the
+ line is blocked near Didcot, so stayed another night in
+ town. The next afternoon the line was reported clear, but
+ the journey took 5 hours! On the day before the Dean of Ch.
+ Ch. and his family were snowed up for 21 hours near Radley.
+
+ _March_ 27_th_.--Went to S. Mary's and stayed for
+ Holy Communion, and, as Ffoulkes was alone, I mustered up
+ courage to help him. I read the exhortation, and was pleased
+ to find I did not once hesitate. I think I must try
+ preaching again soon, as he has often begged me to do.
+
+ _April_ 16_th_.--Mr. Greenwood approves my theory
+ about general elections, and wants me to write on it in the
+ _St. James's Gazette_. (The letter appeared on May 5,
+ 1881.)
+
+ _May_ 14_th_.--Took the longest walk (I believe) I
+ have ever done--round by Dorchester, Didcot and Abingdon--27
+ miles--took 8 hours--no blisters, I rejoice to find, and I
+ feel very little tired.
+
+ _May_ 26_th_.--The row-loving men in College are
+ beginning to be troublesome again, and last night some 30 or
+ 40 of them, aided by out-College men, made a great
+ disturbance, and regularly defied the Censors. I have just
+ been with the other Tutors into Hall, and heard the Dean
+ make an excellent speech to the House. Some two or three
+ will have to go down, and twelve or fifteen others will be
+ punished in various ways. (A later note says): The
+ punishments had to be modified--it turned out that the
+ disturbers were nearly all out-College men.
+
+[Illustration 229: DR. Liddell. _From a photograph by Hill &
+Saunders._]
+
+Mr. Dodgson sent a letter to _The Observer_ on this subject:--
+
+ Sir,--Your paper of May 29th contains a leading article on
+ Christ Church, resting on so many mis-statements of fact
+ that I venture to appeal to your sense of justice to allow
+ me, if no abler writer has addressed you on the subject, an
+ opportunity of correcting them. It will, I think, be found
+ that in so doing I shall have removed the whole foundation
+ on which the writer has based his attack on the House, after
+ which I may contentedly leave the superstructure to take
+ care of itself. "Christ Church is always provoking the
+ adverse criticism of the outer world." The writer justifies
+ this rather broad generalisation by quoting three instances
+ of such provocation, which I will take one by one.
+
+ At one time we are told that "The Dean ... neglects his
+ functions, and spends the bulk of his time in Madeira." The
+ fact is that the Dean's absence from England more than
+ twenty years ago during two successive winters was a sad
+ necessity, caused by the appearance of symptoms of grave
+ disease, from which he has now, under God's blessing,
+ perfectly recovered.
+
+ The second instance occurred eleven years ago, when some of
+ the undergraduates destroyed some valuable statuary in the
+ Library. Here the writer states that the Dean first
+ announced that criminal proceedings would be taken, and
+ then, on discovering that the offenders were "highly
+ connected," found himself "converted to the opinion that
+ mercy is preferable to stern justice, and charity to the
+ strict letter of the law." The facts are that the punishment
+ awarded to the offenders was deliberated on and determined
+ on by the Governing Body, consisting of the Dean, the
+ Canons, and some twenty Senior Students; that their
+ deliberations were most assuredly in no way affected by any
+ thoughts of the offenders being "highly connected"; and
+ that, when all was over, we had the satisfaction of seeing
+ ourselves roundly abused in the papers on both sides, and
+ charged with having been too lenient, and also with having
+ been too severe.
+
+ The third instance occurred the other night. Some
+ undergraduates were making a disturbance, and the Junior
+ Censor "made his appearance in person upon the scene of
+ riot," and "was contumeliously handled." Here the only
+ statement of any real importance, the alleged assault by
+ Christ Church men on the Junior Censor, is untrue. The fact
+ is that nearly all the disturbers were out-College men, and,
+ though it is true that the Censor was struck by a stone
+ thrown from a window, the unenviable distinction of having
+ thrown it belongs to no member of the House. I doubt if we
+ have one single man here who would be capable of so base and
+ cowardly an act.
+
+ The writer then gives us a curious account of the present
+ constitution of the House. The Dean, whom he calls "the
+ right reverend gentleman," is, "in a kind of way, master of
+ the College. The Canons, in a vague kind of way, are
+ supposed to control the College." The Senior Students "dare
+ not call their souls their own," and yet somehow dare "to
+ vent their wrath" on the Junior Students. His hazy, mental
+ picture of the position of the Canons may be cleared up by
+ explaining to him that the "control" they exercise is
+ neither more nor less than that of any other six members of
+ the Governing Body. The description of the Students I pass
+ over as not admitting any appeal to actual facts.
+
+ The truth is that Christ Church stands convicted of two
+ unpardonable crimes--being great, and having a name. Such a
+ place must always expect to find itself "a wide mark for
+ scorn and jeers"--a target where the little and the nameless
+ may display their skill. Only the other day an M.P., rising
+ to ask a question about Westminster School, went on to speak
+ of Christ Church, and wound up with a fierce attack on the
+ ancient House. Shall we blame him? Do we blame the wanton
+ schoolboy, with a pebble in his hand, all powerless to
+ resist the alluring vastness of a barndoor?
+
+ The essence of the article seems to be summed up in the
+ following sentence: "At Christ Church all attempts to
+ preserve order by the usual means have hitherto proved
+ uniformly unsuccessful, and apparently remain equally
+ fruitless." It is hard for one who, like myself, has lived
+ here most of his life, to believe that this is seriously
+ intended as a description of the place. However, as general
+ statements can only be met by general statements, permit me,
+ as one who has lived here for thirty years and has taught
+ for five-and-twenty, to say that in my experience order has
+ been the rule, disorder the rare exception, and that, if the
+ writer of your leading article has had an equal amount of
+ experience in any similar place of education, and has found
+ a set of young men more gentlemanly, more orderly, and more
+ pleasant in every way to deal with, than I have found here,
+ I cannot but think him an exceptionally favoured
+ mortal.--Yours, &c.
+
+ Charles L. Dodgson,
+
+ _Student and Mathematical Lecturer of Christ Church_.
+
+In July began an amusing correspondence between Mr. Dodgson and a
+"circle-squarer," which lasted several months. Mr. Dodgson sent the
+infatuated person, whom we will call Mr. B--, a proof that the area of
+a circle is less than 3.15 the square of the radius. Mr. B--replied,
+"Your proof is not in accordance with Euclid, it assumes that a circle
+may be considered as a rectangle, and that two right lines can enclose
+a space." He returned the proof, saying that he could not accept any
+of it as elucidating the exact area of a circle, or as Euclidean. As
+Mr. Dodgson's method involved a slight knowledge of trigonometry, and
+he had reason to suspect that Mr. B--was entirely ignorant of that
+subject, he thought it worth while to put him to the test by asking
+him a few questions upon it, but the circle-squarer, with commendable
+prudence, declined to discuss anything not Euclidean. Mr. Dodgson then
+wrote to him, "taking leave of the subject, until he should be willing
+to enlarge his field of knowledge to the elements of Algebraical
+Geometry." Mr. B--replied, with unmixed contempt, "Algebraical
+Geometry is all moon-shine." _He_ preferred "weighing cardboard"
+as a means of ascertaining exact truth in mathematical research.
+Finally he suggested that Mr. Dodgson might care to join in a
+prize-competition to be got up among the followers of Euclid, and as
+he apparently wished him to understand that he (Mr. B--) did not think
+much of his chances of getting a prize, Mr. Dodgson considered that
+the psychological moment for putting an end to the correspondence had
+arrived.
+
+Meanwhile he was beginning to feel his regular College duties a
+terrible clog upon his literary work. The Studentship which he held
+was not meant to tie him down to lectures and examinations. Such work
+was very well for a younger man; he could best serve "the House" by
+his literary fame.
+
+ _July_ 14_th._--Came to a more definite decision
+ than I have ever yet done--that it is about time to resign
+ the Mathematical Lectureship. My chief motive for holding on
+ has been to provide money for others (for myself, I have
+ been many years able to retire), but even the L300 a year I
+ shall thus lose I may fairly hope to make by the additional
+ time I shall have for book-writing. I think of asking the
+ G.B. (Governing Body) next term to appoint my successor, so
+ that I may retire at the end of the year, when I shall be
+ close on fifty years old, and shall have held the
+ Lectureship for exactly 26 years. (I had the Honourmen for
+ the last two terms of 1855, but was not full Lecturer till
+ Hilary, 1856.)
+
+ _Oct_. 18_th_.--I have just taken an important
+ step in life, by sending to the Dean a proposal to resign
+ the Mathematical Lectureship at the end of this year. I
+ shall now have my whole time at my own disposal, and, if God
+ gives me life and continued health and strength, may hope,
+ before my powers fail, to do some worthy work in
+ writing--partly in the cause of mathematical education,
+ partly in the cause of innocent recreation for children, and
+ partly, I hope (though so utterly unworthy of being allowed
+ to take up such work) in the cause of religious thought. May
+ God bless the new form of life that lies before me, that I
+ may use it according to His holy will!
+
+ _Oct. 21st_.--I had a note in the evening from the
+ Dean, to say that he had seen the Censors on the subject of
+ my proposed resignation at the end of the year, and that
+ arrangements should be made, as far as could be done, to
+ carry out my wishes; and kindly adding an expression of
+ regret at losing my services, but allowing that I had
+ "earned a right to retirement." So my Lectureship seems to
+ be near its end.
+
+ _Nov. 30th_.--I find by my Journal that I gave my
+ _first_ Euclid Lecture in the Lecture-room on Monday,
+ January 28, 1856. It consisted of twelve men, of whom nine
+ attended. This morning, I have given what is most probably
+ my _last_: the lecture is now reduced to nine, of whom
+ all attended on Monday: this morning being a Saint's Day,
+ the attendance was voluntary, and only two appeared--E.H.
+ Morris, and G. Lavie. I was Lecturer when the _father_
+ of the latter took his degree, viz., in 1858.
+
+ There is a sadness in coming to the end of anything in life.
+ Man's instincts cling to the Life that will never end.
+
+ _May 30, 1882._--Called on Mrs. R--. During a good part
+ of the evening I read _The Times_, while the party
+ played a round game of spelling words--a thing I will never
+ join in. Rational conversation and _good_ music are the
+ only things which, to me, seem worth the meeting for, for
+ grown-up people.
+
+ _June 1st._--Went out with Charsley, and did four miles
+ on one of his velocimans, very pleasantly.
+
+The velociman was an early and somewhat cumbrous form of tricycle; Mr.
+Dodgson made many suggestions for its improvement. He never attempted
+to ride a bicycle, however, but, in accordance with his own dictum,
+"In youth, try a bicycle, in age, buy a tricycle," confined himself to
+the three-wheeled variety.
+
+[Illustration: XI Oxford types From a photograph by A.T.
+Shrimpton]
+
+ _Nov. 8th_.--Whitehead, of Trinity, told us a charming
+ story in Common Room of a father and son. They came up
+ together: the son got into a College--the father had to go
+ to New Inn Hall: the son passed Responsions, while his
+ father had to put off: finally, the father failed in Mods
+ and has gone down: the son will probably take his degree,
+ and may then be able to prepare his father for another try.
+
+ Among the coloured cartoons in Shrimpton's
+ window at Oxford there used to be, when I was
+ up, a picture which I think referred to this story.
+
+ _Nov. 23rd._--Spent two hours "invigilating" in the
+ rooms of W.J. Grant (who has broken his collar-bone, and is
+ allowed to do his Greats papers in this way) while he
+ dictated his answers to another undergraduate, Pakenham, who
+ acted as scribe.
+
+ _Nov. 24th_.--Dined with Fowler (now President of
+ C.C.C.) in hall, to meet Ranken. Both men are now mostly
+ bald, with quite grey hair: yet how short a time it seems
+ since we were undergraduates together at Whitby! (in 1854).
+
+ _Dec 8th._--A Common Room Meeting. Fresh powers were
+ given to the Wine Committee, and then a new Curator elected.
+ I was proposed by Holland, and seconded by Harcourt, and
+ accepted office with no light heart: there will be much
+ trouble and thought needed to work it satisfactorily, but it
+ will take me out of myself a little, and so may be a real
+ good--my life was tending to become too much that of a
+ selfish recluse.
+
+During this year he composed the words of a song, "Dreamland." The air
+was _dreamed_ by his friend, the late Rev. C. E. Hutchinson, of
+Chichester. The history of the dream is here given in the words of the
+dreamer:--
+
+ I found myself seated, with many others, in darkness, in a
+ large amphitheatre. Deep stillness prevailed. A kind of
+ hushed expectancy was upon us. We sat awaiting I know not
+ what. Before us hung a vast and dark curtain, and between it
+ and us was a kind of stage. Suddenly an intense wish seized
+ me to look upon the forms of some of the heroes of past
+ days. I cannot say whom in particular I longed to behold,
+ but, even as I wished, a faint light flickered over the
+ stage, and I was aware of a silent procession of figures
+ moving from right to left across the platform in front of
+ me. As each figure approached the left-hand corner it turned
+ and gazed at me, and I knew (by what means I cannot say) its
+ name. One only I recall--Saint George; the light shone with
+ a peculiar blueish lustre on his shield and helmet as he
+ turned and slowly faced me. The figures were shadowy, and
+ floated like mist before me; as each one disappeared an
+ invisible choir behind the curtain sang the "Dream music." I
+ awoke with the melody ringing in my ears, and the words of
+ the last line complete--"I see the shadows falling, and
+ slowly pass away." The rest I could not recall.
+
+[Illustration: Dreamland--Facsimile of Words and Music.]
+
+ DREAMLAND.
+
+ Words by LEWIS CARROLL.
+
+ Music by C.E. HUTCHINSON.
+
+ When midnight mists are creeping
+ And all the land is sleeping
+ Around me tread the mighty dead,
+ And slowly pass away.
+
+ Lo, warriors, saints, and sages,
+ From out the vanished ages,
+ With solemn pace and reverend face
+ Appear and pass away.
+
+ The blaze of noonday splendour,
+ The twilight soft and tender,
+ May charm the eye: yet they shall die,
+ Shall die and pass away
+
+ But here, in Dreamland's centre,
+ No spoiler's hand may enter,
+ These visions fair, this radiance rare,
+ Shall never pass away
+
+ I see the shadows falling,
+ The forms of eld recalling;
+ Around me tread the mighty dead,
+ And slowly pass away
+
+One of the best services to education which Mr. Dodgson performed was
+his edition of "Euclid I. and II.," which was published in 1882. In
+writing "Euclid and His Modern Rivals," he had criticised somewhat
+severely the various substitutes proposed for Euclid, so far as they
+concerned beginners; but at the same time he had admitted that within
+prescribed limits Euclid's text is capable of amendment and
+improvement, and this is what he attempted to do in this book. That he
+was fully justified is shown by the fact that during the years
+1882-1889 the book ran through eight editions. In the Introduction he
+enumerates, under the three headings of "Additions," "Omissions," and
+"Alterations," the chief points of difference between his own and the
+ordinary editions of Euclid, with his reasons for adopting them. They
+are the outcome of long experience, and the most conservative of
+teachers would readily accept them.
+
+The proof of I. 24, for example, is decidedly better and more
+satisfactory than the ordinary proof, and the introduction of the
+definition of "projection" certainly simplifies the cumbrous
+enunciations of II. 12 and 13. Again, the alternative proof of II. 8,
+suggested in the Introduction, is valuable, and removes all excuse for
+omitting this proposition, as is commonly clone.
+
+The figures used are from the blocks prepared for the late Mr.
+Todhunter's well-known edition of Euclid, to which Mr. Dodgson's
+manual forms an excellent stepping-stone.
+
+At the beginning of 1883 he went up to town to see the collection of
+D. G. Rossetti's pictures in the Burlington Gallery. He was especially
+struck with "Found," which he thus describes--
+
+ A picture of a man finding, in the streets of London, a girl
+ he had loved years before in the days of her innocence. She
+ is huddled up against the wall, dressed in gaudy colours,
+ and trying to turn away her agonised face, while he, holding
+ her wrists, is looking down with an expression of pain and
+ pity, condemnation and love, which is one of the most
+ marvellous things I have ever seen done in painting.
+
+ _Jan_. 27, 1883 [His birthday].--I cannot say I feel
+ much older at 51 than at 21! Had my first
+ "tasting-luncheon"; it seemed to give great satisfaction.
+ [The object of the Curator's "tasting-luncheon" was, of
+ course, to give members of Common Room an opportunity of
+ deciding what wines should be bought.]
+
+ _March_ 15_th._--Went up to town to fulfil my
+ promise to Lucy A.--: to take her for her _first_ visit
+ to the theatre. We got to the Lyceum in good time, and the
+ play was capitally acted. I had hinted to Beatrice (Miss
+ Ellen Terry) how much she could add to Lucy's pleasure by
+ sending round a "carte" of herself; she sent a cabinet. She
+ is certainly an adept in giving gifts that gratify.
+
+ _April_ 23_d_.--Tried another long walk--22 miles,
+ to Besilsleigh, Fyfield, Kingston, Bagpuize, Frilford,
+ Marcham, and Abingdon. The last half of the way was in the
+ face of wind, rain, snow, and hail. Was too lame to go into
+ Hall.
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+(1883-1887)
+
+ "The Profits of Authorship"--"Rhyme? and Reason?"--The
+ Common Room Cat--Visit to Jersey--Purity of
+ elections--Parliamentary Representation--Various literary
+ projects--Letters to Miss E. Rix--Being happy--"A Tangled
+ Tale"--Religious arguments--The "Alice" Operetta--"Alice's
+ Adventures Underground"--"The Game of Logic"--Mr. Harry
+ Furniss.
+
+In 1883 Lewis Carroll was advised to make a stand against the heavy
+discount allowed by publishers to booksellers, and by booksellers to
+the public. Accordingly the following notice began to appear in all
+his books: "In selling Mr. Lewis Carroll's books to the Trade, Messrs.
+Macmillan and Co. will abate 2d. in the shilling (no odd copies), and
+allow 5 per cent, discount within six months, and 10 per cent, for
+cash. In selling them to the Public (for cash only) they will allow 10
+per cent, discount."
+
+It was a bold step to take, and elicited some loud expressions of
+disapproval. "Rather than buy on the terms Mr. Lewis Carroll offers,"
+"A Firm of London Booksellers" wrote in _The Bookseller_ of August
+4th, "the trade will do well to refuse to take copies of his books,
+new or old, so long as he adheres to the terms he has just announced
+to the trade for their delectation and delight." On the other hand, an
+editorial, which appeared in the same number of _The Bookseller,_
+expressed warm approval of the innovation.
+
+To avoid all possible misconceptions, the author fully explained his
+views in a little pamphlet on "The Profits of Authorship." He showed
+that the bookseller makes as much profit out of every volume he sells
+(assuming the buyer to pay the full published price, which he did in
+those days more readily than he does to-day) as author and publisher
+together, whereas his share in the work is very small. He does not say
+much about the author's part in the work--that it is a very heavy one
+goes without saying--but in considering the publisher's share he
+says:--
+
+ The publisher contributes about as much as the bookseller in
+ time and bodily labour, but in mental toil and trouble a
+ great deal more. I speak with some personal knowledge of the
+ matter, having myself, for some twenty years, inflicted on
+ that most patient and painstaking firm, Messrs. Macmillan
+ and Co., about as much wear and worry as ever publishers
+ have lived through. The day when they undertake a book for
+ me is a _dies nefastus_ for them. From that day till
+ the book is out--an interval of some two or three years on
+ an average--there is no pause in "the pelting of the
+ pitiless storm" of directions and questions on every
+ conceivable detail. To say that every question gets a
+ courteous and thoughtful reply--that they are still outside
+ a lunatic asylum--and that they still regard me with some
+ degree of charity--is to speak volumes in praise of their
+ good temper and of their health, bodily and mental. I think
+ the publisher's claim on the profits is on the whole
+ stronger than the booksellers.
+
+"Rhyme? and Reason?" appeared at Christmas; the dedicatory verses,
+inscribed "To a dear child: in memory of golden summer hours and
+whispers of a summer sea," were addressed to a little friend of the
+author's, Miss Gertrude Chataway. One of the most popular poems in the
+book is "Hiawatha's Photographing," a delicious parody of Longfellow's
+"Hiawatha." "In an age of imitation," says Lewis Carroll, in a note at
+the head, "I can claim no special merit for this slight attempt at
+doing what is known to be so easy." It is not every one who has read
+this note who has observed that it is really in the same metre as the
+poem below it.
+
+Another excellent parody, "Atalanta in Camden-Town," exactly hit off
+the style of that poet who stands alone and unapproached among the
+poets of the day, and whom Mr. Dodgson used to call "the greatest
+living master of language."
+
+"Fame's Penny Trumpet," affectionately dedicated to all "original
+researchers" who pant for "endowment," was an attack upon the
+Vivisectionists,
+
+ Who preach of Justice--plead with tears
+ That Love and Mercy should abound--
+ While marking with complacent ears
+ The moaning of some tortured hound.
+
+
+Lewis Carroll thus addresses them:--
+
+ Fill all the air with hungry wails--
+ "Reward us, ere we think or write!
+ Without your gold mere knowledge fails
+ To sate the swinish appetite!"
+
+ And, where great Plato paced serene,
+ Or Newton paused with wistful eye,
+ Rush to the chase with hoofs unclean
+ And Babel-clamour of the stye!
+
+ Be yours the pay: be theirs the praise:
+ We will not rob them of their due,
+ Nor vex the ghosts of other days
+ By naming them along with you.
+
+ They sought and found undying fame:
+ They toiled not for reward nor thanks:
+ Their cheeks are hot with honest shame
+ For you, the modern mountebanks!
+
+"For auld lang syne" the author sent a copy of his book to Mrs.
+Hargreaves (Miss Alice Liddell), accompanied by a short note.
+
+ Christ Church, _December_ 21, 1883.
+
+ Dear Mrs. Hargreaves,--Perhaps the shortest day in the year
+ is not _quite_ the most appropriate time for recalling the
+ long dreamy summer afternoons of ancient times; but anyhow
+ if this book gives you half as much pleasure to receive as
+ it does me to send, it will be a success indeed.
+
+ Wishing you all happiness at this happy season, I am,
+
+ Sincerely yours,
+
+ C. L. Dodgson.
+
+The beginning of 1884 was chiefly occupied in Common Room business.
+The Curatorship seems to have been anything but a sinecure. Besides
+weightier responsibilities, it involved the care of the Common Room
+Cat! In this case the "care" ultimately killed the cat--but not until
+it had passed the span of life usually allotted to those animals, and
+beyond which their further existence is equally a nuisance to
+themselves and to every one else. As to the best way of "terminating
+its sublunary existence," Mr. Dodgson consulted two surgeons, one of
+whom was Sir James Paget. I do not know what method was finally
+adopted, but I am sure it was one that gave no pain to pussy's nerves,
+and as little as possible to her feelings.
+
+On March 11th there was a debate in Congregation on the proposed
+admission of women to some of the Honour Schools at Oxford. This was
+one of the many subjects on which Mr. Dodgson wrote a pamphlet. During
+the debate he made one of his few speeches, and argued strongly
+against the proposal, on the score of the injury to health which it
+would inflict upon the girl-undergraduates.
+
+Later in the month he and the Rev. E.F. Sampson, Tutor of Christ
+Church, paid a visit to Jersey, seeing various friends, notably the
+Rev. F.H. Atkinson, an old College friend of Mr. Dodgson's, who had
+helped him when he was editor of _College Rhymes_. I quote a few
+lines from a letter of his to Mr. Atkinson, as showing his views on
+matrimony:--
+
+ So you have been for twelve years a married man, while I am
+ still a lonely old bachelor! And mean to keep so, for the
+ matter of that. College life is by no means unmixed misery,
+ though married life has no doubt many charms to which I am a
+ stranger.
+
+A note in his Diary on May 5th shows one of the changes in his way of
+life which advancing years forced him to make:--
+
+ Wrote to -- (who had invited me to dine) to beg off, on the
+ ground that, in my old age, I find dinner parties more and
+ more fatiguing. This is quite a new departure. I much grudge
+ giving an evening (even if it were not tiring) to bandying
+ small-talk with dull people.
+
+The next extract I give does not look much like old age!
+
+ I called on Mrs. M--. She was out; and only one maid in,
+ who, having come to the gate to answer the bell, found the
+ door blown shut on her return. The poor thing seemed really
+ alarmed and distressed. However, I got a man to come from a
+ neighbouring yard with a ladder, and got in at the
+ drawing-room window--a novel way of entering a friend's
+ house!
+
+Oddly enough, almost exactly the same thing happened to him in 1888:
+"The door blew shut, with the maid outside, and no one in the house. I
+got the cook of the next house to let me go through their premises,
+and with the help of a pair of steps got over the wall between the two
+back-yards."
+
+In July there appeared an article in the _St. James's Gazette_ on
+the subject of "Parliamentary Elections," written by Mr. Dodgson. It
+was a subject in which he was much interested, and a few years before
+he had contributed a long letter on the "Purity of Elections" to the
+same newspaper. I wish I had space to give both in full; as things
+are, a summary and a few extracts are all I dare attempt. The writer
+held that there are a great number of voters, and _pari passu_ a
+great number of constituencies, that like to be on the winning side,
+and whose votes are chiefly influenced by that consideration. The
+ballot-box has made it practically impossible for the individual voter
+to know which is going to be the winning side, but after the first few
+days of a general election, one side or the other has generally got a
+more or less decided advantage, and a weak-kneed constituency is
+sorely tempted to swell the tide of victory.
+
+ But this is not all. The evil extends further than to the
+ single constituency; nay, it extends further than to a
+ single general election; it constitutes a feature in our
+ national history; it is darkly ominous for the future of
+ England. So long as general elections are conducted as at
+ present we shall be liable to oscillations of political
+ power, like those of 1874 and 1880, but of ever-increasing
+ violence--one Parliament wholly at the mercy of one
+ political party, the next wholly at the mercy of the
+ other--while the Government of the hour, joyfully hastening
+ to undo all that its predecessors have done, will wield a
+ majority so immense that the fate of every question will be
+ foredoomed, and debate will be a farce; in one word, we
+ shall be a nation living from hand to mouth, and with no
+ settled principle--an army, whose only marching orders will
+ be "Right about face!"
+
+His remedy was that the result of each single election should be kept
+secret till the general election is over:--
+
+ It surely would involve no practical difficulty to provide
+ that the boxes of voting papers should be sealed up by a
+ Government official and placed in such custody as would make
+ it impossible to tamper with them; and that when the last
+ election had been held they should be opened, the votes
+ counted, and the results announced.
+
+The article on "Parliamentary Elections" proposed much more sweeping
+alterations. The opening paragraph will show its general purport:--
+
+ The question, how to arrange our constituencies and conduct
+ our Parliamentary elections so as to make the House of
+ Commons, as far as possible, a true index of the state of
+ opinion in the nation it professes to represent, is surely
+ equal in importance to any that the present generation has
+ had to settle. And the leap in the dark, which we seem about
+ to take in a sudden and vast extension of the franchise,
+ would be robbed of half its terrors could we feel assured
+ that each political party will be duly represented in the
+ next Parliament, so that every side of a question will get a
+ fair hearing.
+
+The axioms on which his scheme was based were as follows:--
+
+ (1) That each Member of Parliament should represent
+ approximately the same number of electors.
+
+ (2) That the minority of the two parties into which, broadly
+ speaking, each district may be divided, should be adequately
+ represented.
+
+ (3) That the waste of votes, caused by accidentally giving
+ one candidate more than he needs and leaving another of the
+ same party with less than he needs, should be, if possible,
+ avoided.
+
+ (4) That the process of marking a ballot-paper should be
+ reduced to the utmost possible simplicity, to meet the case
+ of voters of the very narrowest mental calibre.
+
+ (5) That the process of counting votes should be as simple
+ as possible.
+
+Then came a precise proposal. I do not pause to compare it in detail
+with the suggestions of Mr. Hare, Mr. Courtney, and others:--
+
+ I proceed to give a summary of rules for the method I
+ propose. Form districts which shall return three, four, or
+ more Members, in proportion to their size. Let each elector
+ vote for one candidate only. When the poll is closed, divide
+ the total number of votes by the number of Members to be
+ returned _plus_ one, and take the next greater integer as
+ "quota." Let the returning officer publish the list of
+ candidates, with the votes given for each, and declare as
+ "returned" each that has obtained the quota. If there are
+ still Members to return, let him name a time when all the
+ candidates shall appear before him; and each returned Member
+ may then formally assign his surplus votes to whomsoever of
+ the other candidates he will, while the other candidates may
+ in like manner assign their votes to one another.
+
+ This method would enable each of the two parties in a
+ district to return as many Members as it could muster
+ "quotas," no matter how the votes were distributed. If, for
+ example, 10,000 were the quota, and the "reds" mustered
+ 30,000 votes, they could return three Members; for, suppose
+ they had four candidates, and that A had 22,000 votes, B
+ 4,000, C 3,000, D 1,000, A would simply have to assign 6,000
+ votes to B and 6,000 to C; while D, being hopeless of
+ success, would naturally let C have his 1,000 also. There
+ would be no risk of a seat being left vacant through two
+ candidates of the same party sharing a quota between
+ them--an unwritten law would soon come to be
+ recognised--that the one with fewest votes should give place
+ to the other. And, with candidates of two opposite parties,
+ this difficulty could not arise at all; one or the other
+ could always be returned by the surplus votes of his party.
+
+Some notes from the Diary for March, 1885, are worth reproducing
+here:--
+
+ _March_ 1_st_.--Sent off two letters of literary
+ importance, one to Mrs. Hargreaves, to ask her consent to my
+ publishing the original MS. of "Alice" in facsimile (the
+ idea occurred to me the other day); the other to Mr. H.
+ Furniss, a very clever illustrator in _Punch_, asking
+ if he is open to proposals to draw pictures for me.
+
+The letter to Mrs. Hargreaves, which, it will be noticed, was earlier
+in date than the short note already quoted in this chapter, ran as
+follows:--
+
+ My Dear Mrs. Hargreaves,--I fancy this will come to you
+ almost like a voice from the dead, after so many years of
+ silence, and yet those years have made no difference that I
+ can perceive in _my_ clearness of memory of the days when we
+ _did_ correspond. I am getting to feel what an old man's
+ failing memory is as to recent events and new friends, (for
+ instance, I made friends, only a few weeks ago, with a very
+ nice little maid of about twelve, and had a walk with
+ her--and now I can't recall either of her names!), but my
+ mental picture is as vivid as ever of one who was, through
+ so many years, my ideal child-friend. I have had scores of
+ child-friends since your time, but they have been quite a
+ different thing.
+
+ However, I did not begin this letter to say all _that_. What
+ I want to ask is, Would you have any objection to the
+ original MS. book of "Alice's Adventures" (which I suppose
+ you still possess) being published in facsimile? The idea of
+ doing so occurred to me only the other day. If, on
+ consideration, you come to the conclusion that you would
+ rather _not_ have it done, there is an end of the matter.
+ If, however, you give a favourable reply, I would be much
+ obliged if you would lend it me (registered post, I should
+ think, would be safest) that I may consider the
+ possibilities. I have not seen it for about twenty years, so
+ am by no means sure that the illustrations may not prove to
+ be so awfully bad that to reproduce them would be absurd.
+
+ There can be no doubt that I should incur the charge of
+ gross egoism in publishing it. But I don't care for that in
+ the least, knowing that I have no such motive; only I think,
+ considering the extraordinary popularity the books have had
+ (we have sold more than 120,000 of the two), there must be
+ many who would like to see the original form.
+
+ Always your friend,
+
+ C.L. Dodgson.
+
+The letter to Harry Furniss elicited a most satisfactory reply. Mr.
+Furniss said that he had long wished to illustrate one of Lewis
+Carroll's books, and that he was quite prepared to undertake the work
+("Sylvie and Bruno").
+
+[Illustration: H. Furniss. _From a photograph_.]
+
+Two more notes from the Diary, referring to the same month follow:--
+
+ _March 10th_.--A great Convocation assembled in the
+ theatre, about a proposed grant for Physiology, opposed by
+ many (I was one) who wish restrictions to be enacted as to
+ the practice of vivisection for research. Liddon made an
+ excellent speech against the grant, but it was carried by
+ 412 to 244.
+
+ _March 29th_.--Never before have I had so many literary
+ projects on hand at once. For curiosity, I will here make a
+ list of them.
+
+ (1) Supplement to "Euclid and Modern Rivals."
+
+ (2) 2nd Edition of "Euc. and Mod. Rivals."
+
+ (3) A book of Math. curiosities, which I think of calling
+ "Pillow Problems, and other Math. Trifles." This will
+ contain Problems worked out in the dark, Logarithms without
+ Tables, Sines and angles do., a paper I am now writing on
+ "Infinities and Infinitesimals," condensed Long
+ Multiplication, and perhaps others.
+
+ (4) Euclid V.
+
+ (5) "Plain Facts for Circle-Squarers," which is nearly
+ complete, and gives actual proof of limits 3.14158, 3.14160.
+
+ (6) A symbolical Logic, treated by my algebraic method.
+
+ (7) "A Tangled Tale."
+
+ (8) A collection of Games and Puzzles of my devising, with
+ fairy pictures by Miss E.G. Thomson. This might also contain
+ my "Mem. Tech." for dates; my "Cipher-writing" scheme for
+ Letter-registration, &c., &c.
+
+ (9) Nursery Alice.
+
+ (10) Serious poems in "Phantasmagoria."
+
+ (11) "Alice's Adventures Underground."
+
+ (12) "Girl's Own Shakespeare." I have begun on "Tempest."
+
+ (13) New edition of "Parliamentary Representation."
+
+ (14) New edition of Euc. I., II.
+
+ (15) The new child's book, which Mr. Furniss is to
+ illustrate. I have settled on no name as yet, but it will
+ perhaps be "Sylvie and Bruno."
+
+ I have other shadowy ideas, _e.g._, a Geometry for
+ Boys, a vol. of Essays on theological points freely and
+ plainly treated, and a drama on "Alice" (for which Mr.
+ Mackenzie would write music): but the above is a fair
+ example of "too many irons in the fire!"
+
+A letter written about this time to his friend, Miss Edith Rix, gives
+some very good hints about how to work, all the more valuable because
+he had himself successfully carried them out. The first hint was as
+follows:--
+
+ When you have made a thorough and reasonably long effort, to
+ understand a thing, and still feel puzzled by it,
+ _stop_, you will only hurt yourself by going on. Put it
+ aside till the next morning; and if _then_ you can't
+ make it out, and have no one to explain it to you, put it
+ aside entirely, and go back to that part of the subject
+ which you _do_ understand. When I was reading
+ Mathematics for University honours, I would sometimes, after
+ working a week or two at some new book, and mastering ten or
+ twenty pages, get into a hopeless muddle, and find it just
+ as bad the next morning. My rule was _to begin the book
+ again_. And perhaps in another fortnight I had come to
+ the old difficulty with impetus enough to get over it. Or
+ perhaps not. I have several books that I have begun over and
+ over again.
+
+ My second hint shall be--Never leave an unsolved difficulty
+ _behind_. I mean, don't go any further in that book
+ till the difficulty is conquered. In this point, Mathematics
+ differs entirely from most other subjects. Suppose you are
+ reading an Italian book, and come to a hopelessly obscure
+ sentence--don't waste too much time on it, skip it, and go
+ on; you will do very well without it. But if you skip a
+ _mathematical_ difficulty, it is sure to crop up again:
+ you will find some other proof depending on it, and you will
+ only get deeper and deeper into the mud.
+
+ My third hint is, only go on working so long as the brain is
+ _quite_ clear. The moment you feel the ideas getting
+ confused leave off and rest, or your penalty will be that
+ you will never learn Mathematics _at all_!
+
+Two more letters to the same friend are, I think, deserving of a place
+here:--
+
+ Eastbourne, _Sept_. 25, 1885.
+
+ My dear Edith,--One subject you touch on--"the Resurrection
+ of the Body"--is very interesting to me, and I have given it
+ much thought (I mean long ago). _My_ conclusion was to
+ give up the _literal_ meaning of the _material_
+ body altogether. _Identity_, in some mysterious way,
+ there evidently is; but there is no resisting the scientific
+ fact that the actual _material_ usable for
+ _physical_ bodies has been used over and over again--so
+ that each atom would have several owners. The mere solitary
+ fact of the existence of _cannibalism_ is to my mind a
+ sufficient _reductio ad absurdum_ of the theory that
+ the particular set of atoms I shall happen to own at death
+ (changed every seven years, they say) will be mine in the
+ next life--and all the other insuperable difficulties (such
+ as people born with bodily defects) are swept away at once
+ if we accept S. Paul's "spiritual body," and his simile of
+ the grain of corn. I have read very little of "Sartor
+ Resartus," and don't know the passage you quote: but I
+ accept the idea of the material body being the "dress" of
+ the spiritual--a dress needed for material life.
+
+
+ Ch. Ch., _Dec_. 13, 1885.
+
+ Dear Edith,--I have been a severe sufferer from
+ _Logical_ puzzles of late. I got into a regular tangle
+ about the "import of propositions," as the ordinary logical
+ books declare that "all _x_ is _z_" doesn't even
+ _hint_ that any _x_'s exist, but merely that the
+ qualities are so inseparable that, if ever _x_ occurs,
+ _z_ must occur also. As to "some _x_ is _z_"
+ they are discreetly silent; and the living authorities I
+ have appealed to, including our Professor of Logic, take
+ opposite sides! Some say it means that the qualities are so
+ connected that, if any _x_'s _did_ exist, some
+ _must_ be _z_--others that it only means
+ compatibility, _i.e.,_ that some _might_ be
+ _z_, and they would go on asserting, with perfect
+ belief in their truthfulness, "some boots are made of
+ brass," even if they had all the boots in the world before
+ them, and knew that _none_ were so made, merely because
+ there is no inherent impossibility in making boots of brass!
+ Isn't it bewildering? I shall have to mention all this in my
+ great work on Logic--but _I_ shall take the line "any
+ writer may mean exactly what he pleases by a phrase so long
+ as he explains it beforehand." But I shall not venture to
+ assert "some boots are made of brass" till I have found a
+ pair! The Professor of Logic came over one day to talk about
+ it, and we had a long and exciting argument, the result of
+ which was "_x -x_"--a magnitude which you will be able
+ to evaluate for yourself.
+
+ C. L. Dodgson.
+
+As an example of the good advice Mr. Dodgson used to give his young
+friends, the following letter to Miss Isabel Standen will serve
+excellently:--
+
+ Eastbourne, _Aug_. 4, 1885.
+
+ I can quite understand, and much sympathise with, what you
+ say of your feeling lonely, and not what you can honestly
+ call "happy." Now I am going to give you a bit of philosophy
+ about that--my own experience is, that _every_ new form
+ of life we try is, just at first, irksome rather than
+ pleasant. My first day or two at the sea is a little
+ depressing; I miss the Christ Church interests, and haven't
+ taken up the threads of interest here; and, just in the same
+ way, my first day or two, when I get back to Christ Church,
+ I miss the seaside pleasures, and feel with unusual
+ clearness the bothers of business-routine. In all such
+ cases, the true philosophy, I believe, is "_wait_ a
+ bit." Our mental nerves seem to be so adjusted that we feel
+ _first_ and most keenly, the _dis_-comforts of any
+ new form of life; but, after a bit, we get used to them, and
+ cease to notice them; and _then_ we have time to
+ realise the enjoyable features, which at first we were too
+ much worried to be conscious of.
+
+ Suppose you hurt your arm, and had to wear it in a sling for
+ a month. For the first two or three days the discomfort of
+ the bandage, the pressure of the sling on the neck and
+ shoulder, the being unable to use the arm, would be a
+ constant worry. You would feel as if all comfort in life
+ were gone; after a couple of days you would be used to the
+ new sensations, after a week you perhaps wouldn't notice
+ them at all; and life would seem just as comfortable as
+ ever.
+
+ So my advice is, don't think about loneliness, or happiness,
+ or unhappiness, for a week or two. Then "take stock" again,
+ and compare your feelings with what they were two weeks
+ previously. If they have changed, even a little, for the
+ better you are on the right track; if not, we may begin to
+ suspect the life does not suit you. But what I want
+ _specially_ to urge is that there's no use in comparing
+ one's feelings between one day and the next; you must allow
+ a reasonable interval, for the _direction of_ change to
+ show itself.
+
+ Sit on the beach, and watch the waves for a few seconds; you
+ say "the tide is coming in "; watch half a dozen successive
+ waves, and you may say "the last is the lowest; it is going
+ out." Wait a quarter of an hour, and compare its
+ _average_ place with what it was at first, and you will
+ say "No, it is coming in after all." ...
+
+ With love, I am always affectionately yours,
+
+ C. L. Dodgson.
+
+The next event to chronicle in Lewis Carroll's Life is the
+publication, by Messrs. Macmillan, of "A Tangled Tale," a series of
+mathematical problems which had originally appeared in the _Monthly
+Packet_. In addition to the problems themselves, the author added
+their correct solutions, with criticisms on the solutions, correct or
+otherwise, which the readers of the _Monthly Packet_ had sent in
+to him. With some people this is the most popular of all his books; it
+is certainly the most successful attempt he ever made to combine
+mathematics and humour. The book was illustrated by Mr. A.B. Frost,
+who entered most thoroughly into the spirit of the thing. One of his
+pictures, "Balbus was assisting his mother-in-law to convince the
+dragon," is irresistibly comic. A short quotation will better enable
+the reader to understand the point of the joke:--
+
+ Balbus was waiting for them at the hotel; the journey down
+ had tried him, he said; so his two pupils had been the round
+ of the place, in search of lodgings, without the old tutor
+ who had been their inseparable companion from their
+ childhood. They had named him after the hero of their Latin
+ exercise-book, which overflowed with anecdotes about that
+ versatile genius--anecdotes whose vagueness in detail was
+ more than compensated by their sensational brilliance.
+ "Balbus has overcome all his enemies" had been marked by
+ their tutor, in the margin of the book, "Successful
+ Bravery." In this way he had tried to extract a moral from
+ every anecdote about Balbus--sometimes one of warning, as in
+ "Balbus had borrowed a healthy dragon," against which he had
+ written, "Rashness in Speculation "--sometimes of
+ encouragement, as in the words, "Influence of Sympathy in
+ United Action," which stood opposite to the anecdote "Balbus
+ was assisting his mother-in-law to convince the dragon"--and
+ sometimes it dwindled down to a single word, such as
+ "Prudence," which was all he could extract from the touching
+ record that "Balbus, having scorched the tail of the dragon,
+ went away." His pupils liked the short morals best, as it
+ left them more room for marginal illustrations, and in this
+ instance they required all the space they could get to
+ exhibit the rapidity of the hero's departure.
+
+Balbus and his pupils go in search of lodgings, which are only to be
+found in a certain square; at No. 52, one of the pupils supplements
+the usual questions by asking the landlady if the cat scratches:--
+
+ The landlady looked round suspiciously, as if to make sure
+ the cat was not listening. "I will not deceive you,
+ gentlemen," she said. "It _do_ scratch, but not without
+ you pulls its whiskers! It'll never do it," she repeated
+ slowly, with a visible effort to recall the exact words of
+ some written agreement between herself and the cat, "without
+ you pulls its whiskers!"
+
+ "Much may be excused in a cat so treated," said Balbus as
+ they left the house and crossed to No. 70, leaving the
+ landlady curtesying on the doorstep, and still murmuring to
+ herself her parting words, as if they were a form of
+ blessing--"Not without you pulls its whiskers!"
+
+
+[Illustration: _From a crayon drawing by the Rev. H.C.
+Gaye_.]
+
+They secure one room at each of the following numbers--the square
+contains 20 doors on each side--Nine, Twenty-five, Fifty-two, and
+Seventy-three. They require three bedrooms and one day-room, and
+decide to take as day-room the one that gives them the least walking
+to do to get to it. The problem, of course, is to discover which room
+they adopted as the day-room. There are ten such "knots" in the book,
+and few, if any of them, can be untied without a good deal of thought.
+
+Owing, probably, to the strain of incessant work, Mr. Dodgson about
+this period began to be subject to a very peculiar, yet not very
+uncommon, optical delusion, which takes the form of seeing moving
+fortifications. Considering the fact that he spent a good twelve hours
+out of every twenty-four in reading and writing, and that he was now
+well over fifty years old, it was not surprising that nature should
+begin to rebel at last, and warn him of the necessity of occasional
+rest.
+
+Some verses on "Wonderland" by "One who loves Alice," appeared in the
+Christmas number of _Sylvia's Home Journal_, 1885. They were
+written by Miss M.E. Manners, and, as Lewis Carroll himself admired
+them, they will, I think, be read with interest:--
+
+ WONDERLAND.
+
+ How sweet those happy days gone by,
+ Those days of sunny weather,
+ When Alice fair, with golden hair,
+ And we--were young together;--
+ When first with eager gaze we scann'd
+ The page which told of Wonderland.
+
+ On hearthrug in the winter-time
+ We lay and read it over;
+ We read it in the summer's prime,
+ Amidst the hay and clover.
+ The trees, by evening breezes fann'd,
+ Murmured sweet tales of Wonderland.
+
+ We climbed the mantelpiece, and broke
+ The jars of Dresden china;
+ In Jabberwocky tongue we spoke,
+ We called the kitten "Dinah!"
+ And, oh! how earnestly we planned
+ To go ourselves to Wonderland.
+
+ The path was fringed with flowers rare,
+ With rainbow colours tinted;
+ The way was "up a winding stair,"
+ Our elders wisely hinted.
+ We did not wish to understand
+ _Bed_ was the road to Wonderland.
+
+ We thought we'd wait till we should grow
+ Stronger as well as bolder,
+ But now, alas! full well we know
+ We're only growing older.
+ The key held by a childish hand,
+ Fits best the door of Wonderland.
+
+ Yet still the Hatter drinks his tea,
+ The Duchess finds a moral,
+ And Tweedledum and Tweedledee
+ Forget in fright their quarrel.
+ The Walrus still weeps on the sand,
+ That strews the shores of Wonderland.
+
+ And other children feel the spell
+ Which once we felt before them,
+ And while the well-known tale we tell,
+ We watch it stealing o'er them:
+ Before their dazzled eyes expand
+ The glorious realms of Wonderland.
+
+ Yes, "time is fleet," and we have gained
+ Years more than twice eleven;
+ Alice, dear child, hast thou remained
+ "Exactually" seven?
+ With "proper aid," "two" could command
+ Time to go back in Wonderland.
+
+ Or have the years (untouched by charms),
+ With joy and sorrow laden,
+ Rolled by, and brought unto thy arms
+ A dainty little maiden?
+ Another Alice, who shall stand
+ By thee to hear of Wonderland.
+
+ Carroll! accept the heartfelt thanks
+ Of children of all ages,
+ Of those who long have left their ranks,
+ Yet still must love the pages
+ Written by him whose magic wand
+ Called up the scenes of Wonderland.
+
+ Long mayst thou live, the sound to hear
+ Which most thy heart rejoices,
+ Of children's laughter ringing clear,
+ And children's merry voices,
+ Until for thee an angel-hand
+ Draws back the veil of Wonderland.
+
+ One Who Loves "Alice."
+
+Three letters, written at the beginning of 1886 to Miss Edith Rix, to
+whom he had dedicated "A Tangled Tale," are interesting as showing the
+deeper side of his character:--
+
+ Guildford, _Jan_. 15, 1886.
+
+ My dear Edith,--I have been meaning for some time to write
+ to you about agnosticism, and other matters in your letter
+ which I have left unnoticed. And yet I do not know, much as
+ what you say interests me, and much as I should like to be
+ of use to any wandering seeker after truth, that I am at all
+ likely to say anything that will be new to you and of any
+ practical use.
+
+ The Moral Science student you describe must be a beautiful
+ character, and if, as you say, she lives a noble life, then,
+ even though she does not, as yet, see any God, for whose
+ sake she can do things, I don't think you need be unhappy
+ about her. "When thou wast under the fig tree, I saw thee,"
+ is often supposed to mean that Nathanael had been
+ _praying_, praying no doubt ignorantly and imperfectly,
+ but yet using the light he had: and it seems to have been
+ accepted as faith in the Messiah. More and more it seems to
+ me (I hope you won't be _very_ much shocked at me as an
+ ultra "Broad" Churchman) that what a person _is_ is of
+ more importance in God's sight than merely what propositions
+ he affirms or denies. _You_, at any rate, can do more
+ good among those new friends of yours by showing them what a
+ Christian _is_, than by telling them what a Christian
+ _believes_....
+
+ I have a deep dread of argument on religious topics: it has
+ many risks, and little chance of doing good. You and I will
+ never _argue_, I hope, on any controverted religious
+ question: though I do hope we may see the day when we may
+ freely _speak_ of such things, even where we happen to
+ hold different views. But even then I should have no
+ inclination, if we did differ, to conclude that my view was
+ the right one, and to try to convert you to it....
+
+ Now I come to your letter dated Dec. 22nd, and must scold
+ you for saying that my solution of the problem was "quite
+ different _to_ all common ways of doing it": if
+ _you_ think that's good English, well and good; but
+ _I_ must beg to differ to you, and to hope you will
+ _never_ write me a sentence similar from this again.
+ However, "worse remains behind"; and if you deliberately
+ intend in future, when writing to me about one of England's
+ greatest poets, to call him "Shelly," then all I can say is,
+ that you and I will have to quarrel! Be warned in time.
+
+ C. L. Dodgson.
+
+ CH. Ch., _Jan_. 26, 1886.
+
+ My Dear Edith,--I am interested by what you say of Miss--.
+ You will know, without my saying it, that if she, or any
+ other friend of yours with any troubles, were to like to
+ write to me, I would _very_ gladly try to help: with
+ all my ignorance and weakness, God has, I think, blessed my
+ efforts in that way: but then His strength is made perfect
+ in weakness....
+
+ Ch. Ch., _Feb_. 14, 1886.
+
+ My Dear Edith,... I think I've already noticed, in a way,
+ most of the rest of that letter--except what you say about
+ learning more things "after we are dead." _I_ certainly
+ like to think that may be so. But I have heard the other
+ view strongly urged, a good deal based on "then shall we
+ know even as we are known." But I can't believe that that
+ means we shall have _all_ knowledge given us in a
+ moment--nor can I fancy it would make me any happier: it is
+ the _learning_ that is the chief joy, here, at any
+ rate....
+
+ I find another remark anent "pupils"--a bold speculation
+ that my 1,000 pupils may really "go on" in the future life,
+ till they _have_ really outstripped Euclid. And,
+ please, what is _Euclid_ to be doing all that time? ...
+
+ One of the most dreadful things you have ever told me is
+ your students' theory of going and speaking to any one they
+ are interested in, without any introductions. This, joined
+ with what you say of some of them being interested in
+ "Alice," suggests the horrid idea of their some day walking
+ into this room and beginning a conversation. It is enough to
+ make one shiver, even to think of it!
+
+ Never mind if people do say "Good gracious!" when you help
+ old women: it _is_ being, in some degree, both "good"
+ _and_ "gracious," one may hope. So the remark wasn't so
+ inappropriate.
+
+ I fear I agree with your friend in not liking all sermons.
+ Some of them, one has to confess, are rubbish: but then I
+ release my attention from the preacher, and go ahead in any
+ line of thought he may have started: and his after-eloquence
+ acts as a kind of accompaniment--like music while one is
+ reading poetry, which often, to me, adds to the effect.
+
+ C. L. Dodgson.
+
+The "Alice" operetta, which Mr. Dodgson had despaired of, was at last
+to become a reality. Mr. Savile Clarke wrote on August 28th to ask his
+leave to dramatise the two books, and he gladly assented. He only made
+one condition, which was very characteristic of him, that there should
+be "no _suggestion_ even of coarseness in libretto or in stage
+business." The hint was hardly necessary, for Mr. Savile Clarke was
+not the sort of man to spoil his work, or to allow others to spoil it,
+by vulgarity. Several alterations were made in the books before they
+were suitable for a dramatic performance; Mr. Dodgson had to write a
+song for the ghosts of the oysters, which the Walrus and the Carpenter
+had devoured. He also completed "Tis the voice of the lobster," so as
+to make it into a song. It ran as follows:--
+
+ Tis the voice of the lobster; I heard him declare
+ "You have baked me too brown: I must sugar my hair."
+ As a duck with its eyelids, so he with his nose
+ Trims his belt and his buttons, and turns out his toes.
+ When the sands are all dry, he is gay as a lark,
+ And talks with the utmost contempt of the shark;
+ But when the tide rises, and sharks are around,
+ His words have a timid and tremulous sound.
+
+ I passed by his garden, and marked, with one eye,
+ How the owl and the panther were sharing a pie:
+ The panther took pie-crust, and gravy, and meat,
+ And the owl had the dish for his share of the treat.
+ When the plate was divided, the owl, as a boon,
+ Was kindly permitted to pocket the spoon:
+ But the panther obtained both the fork and the knife,
+ So, when _he_ lost his temper, the owl lost its life.
+
+The play, for the first few weeks at least, was a great success. Some
+notes in Mr. Dodgson's Diary which relate to it, show how he
+appreciated Mr. Savile Clarke's venture:--
+
+ _Dec. 30th._--To London with M--, and took her to
+ "Alice in Wonderland," Mr. Savile Clarke's play at the
+ Prince of Wales's Theatre. The first act (Wonderland) goes
+ well, specially the Mad Tea Party. Mr. Sydney Harcourt is a
+ capital Hatter, and little Dorothy d'Alcourt (aet. 61/2) a
+ delicious Dormouse. Phoebe Carlo is a splendid Alice. Her
+ song and dance with the Cheshire Cat (Master C. Adeson, who
+ played the Pirate King in "Pirates of Penzance") was a gem.
+ As a whole the play seems a success.
+
+ _Feb_. 11, 1887.--Went to the "Alice" play, where we
+ sat next a chatty old gentleman, who told me that the author
+ of "Alice" had sent Phoebe Carlo a book, and that she had
+ written to him to say that she would do her very best, and
+ further, that he is "an Oxford man"--all which I hope I
+ received with a sufficient expression of pleased interest.
+
+Shortly before the production of the play, a Miss Whitehead had drawn
+a very clever medley-picture, in which nearly all Tenniel's wonderful
+creations--the Dormouse, the White Knight, the Mad Hatter,
+&c.--appeared. This design was most useful as a "poster" to advertise
+the play. After the London run was over, the company made a tour of
+the provinces, where it met with a fair amount of success.
+
+[Illustration: Medley of Tenniel's Illustrations in "Alice."
+_From an etching by Miss Whitehead; used as a theatrical
+advertisement_.]
+
+At the end of 1886, "Alice's Adventures Underground," a facsimile of
+the original MS. book, afterwards developed into "Alice's Adventures
+in Wonderland," with thirty-seven illustrations by the author, was
+published by Macmillan & Co. A postscript to the Preface stated that
+any profits that might arise from the book would be given to
+Children's Hospitals and Convalescent Homes for Sick Children. Shortly
+before the book came out, Lewis Carroll wrote to Mrs. Hargreaves,
+giving a description of the difficulties that he had encountered in
+producing it:--
+
+ Christ Church, Oxford,
+
+ _November_ 11, 1886.
+
+ My Dear Mrs. Hargreaves,--Many thanks for your permission to
+ insert "Hospitals" in the Preface to your book. I have had
+ almost as many adventures in getting that unfortunate
+ facsimile finished, _Above_ ground, as your namesake
+ had _Under_ it!
+
+ First, the zincographer in London, recommended to me for
+ photographing the book, page by page, and preparing the
+ zinc-blocks, declined to undertake it unless I would entrust
+ the book to _him_, which I entirely refused to do. I
+ felt that it was only due to you, in return for your great
+ kindness in lending so unique a book, to be scrupulous in
+ not letting it be even _touched_ by the workmen's
+ hands. In vain I offered to come and reside in London with
+ the book, and to attend daily in the studio, to place it in
+ position to be photographed, and turn over the pages as
+ required. He said that could not be done because "other
+ authors' works were being photographed there, which must on
+ no account be seen by the public." I undertook not to look
+ at _anything_ but my own book; but it was no use: we
+ could not come to terms.
+
+ Then -- recommended me a certain Mr. X--, an excellent
+ photographer, but in so small a way of business that I
+ should have to _prepay_ him, bit by bit, for the
+ zinc-blocks: and _he_ was willing to come to Oxford,
+ and do it here. So it was all done in my studio, I remaining
+ in waiting all the time, to turn over the pages.
+
+ But I daresay I have told you so much of the story already.
+
+ Mr. X-- did a first-rate set of negatives, and took them
+ away with him to get the zinc-blocks made. These he
+ delivered pretty regularly at first, and there seemed to be
+ every prospect of getting the book out by Christmas, 1885.
+
+ On October 18, 1885, I sent your book to Mrs. Liddell, who
+ had told me your sisters were going to visit you and would
+ take it with them. I trust it reached you safely?
+
+ Soon after this--I having prepaid for the whole of the
+ zinc-blocks--the supply suddenly ceased, while twenty-two
+ pages were still due, and Mr. X-- disappeared!
+
+ My belief is that he was in hiding from his creditors. We
+ sought him in vain. So things went on for months. At one
+ time I thought of employing a detective to find him, but was
+ assured that "all detectives are scoundrels." The
+ alternative seemed to be to ask you to lend the book again,
+ and get the missing pages re-photographed. But I was most
+ unwilling to rob you of it again, and also afraid of the
+ risk of loss of the book, if sent by post--for even
+ "registered post" does not seem _absolutely_ safe.
+
+ In April he called at Macmillan's and left _eight_
+ blocks, and again vanished into obscurity.
+
+ This left us with fourteen pages (dotted up and down the
+ book) still missing. I waited awhile longer, and then put
+ the thing into the hands of a solicitor, who soon found the
+ man, but could get nothing but promises from him. "You will
+ never get the blocks," said the solicitor, "unless you
+ frighten him by a summons before a magistrate." To this at
+ last I unwillingly consented: the summons had to be taken
+ out at--(that is where this aggravating man is living),
+ and this entailed two journeys from Eastbourne--one to get
+ the summons (my _personal_ presence being necessary),
+ and the other to attend in court with the solicitor on the
+ day fixed for hearing the case. The defendant didn't appear;
+ so the magistrate said he would take the case in his
+ absence. Then I had the new and exciting experience of being
+ put into the witness-box, and sworn, and cross-examined by a
+ rather savage magistrate's clerk, who seemed to think that,
+ if he only bullied me enough, he would soon catch me out in
+ a falsehood! I had to give the magistrate a little lecture
+ on photo-zincography, and the poor man declared the case was
+ so complicated he must adjourn it for another week. But this
+ time, in order to secure the presence of our slippery
+ defendant, he issued a warrant for his apprehension, and the
+ constable had orders to take him into custody and lodge him
+ in prison, the night before the day when the case was to
+ come on. The news of _this_ effectually frightened him,
+ and he delivered up the fourteen negatives (he hadn't done
+ the blocks) before the fatal day arrived. I was rejoiced to
+ get them, even though it entailed the paying a second time
+ for getting the fourteen blocks done, and withdrew the
+ action.
+
+ The fourteen blocks were quickly done and put into the
+ printer's hands; and all is going on smoothly at last: and I
+ quite hope to have the book completed, and to be able to
+ send you a very special copy (bound in white vellum, unless
+ you would prefer some other style of binding) by the end of
+ the month.
+
+ Believe me always,
+
+ Sincerely yours,
+
+ C. L. Dodgson.
+
+"The Game of Logic" was Lewis Carroll's next book; it appeared about
+the end of February, 1887. As a method of teaching the first
+principles of Logic to children it has proved most useful; the
+subject, usually considered very difficult to a beginner, is made
+extremely easy by simplification of method, and both interesting and
+amusing by the quaint syllogisms that the author devised, such as--
+
+ No bald person needs a hair-brush;
+ No lizards have hair;
+ Therefore[1] No lizard needs a hair brush.
+
+ Caterpillars are not eloquent;
+ Jones is eloquent;
+ Jones is not a caterpillar.
+
+Meanwhile, with much interchange of correspondence between author and
+artist, the pictures for the new fairy tale, "Sylvie and Bruno," were
+being gradually evolved. Each of them was subjected by Lewis Carroll
+to the most minute criticism--hyper-criticism, perhaps, occasionally.
+A few instances of the sort of criticisms he used to make upon Mr.
+Furniss's work may be interesting; I have extracted them from a letter
+dated September 1, 1887. It will be seen that when he really admired a
+sketch he did not stint his praise:--
+
+ (1) "Sylvie helping beetle" [p. 193]. A quite charming
+ composition.
+
+ (3) "The Doctor" and "Eric." (Mr. Furniss's idea of their
+ appearance). No! The Doctor won't do _at all!_ He is a
+ smug London man, a great "ladies' man," who would hardly
+ talk anything but medical "shop." He is forty at least, and
+ can have had no love-affair for the last fifteen years. I
+ want him to be about twenty-five, powerful in frame,
+ poetical in face: capable of intelligent interest in any
+ subject, and of being a passionate lover. How would you draw
+ King Arthur when he first met Guinevere? Try _that_
+ type.
+
+ Eric's attitude is capital: but his face is a little too
+ near to the ordinary "masher." Please avoid _that_
+ inane creature; and please don't cut his hair short. That
+ fashion will be "out" directly.
+
+ (4) "Lady Muriel" (head); ditto (full length); "Earl."
+
+ I don't like _either_ face of Lady Muriel. I don't
+ think I could talk to her; and I'm quite sure I couldn't
+ fall in love with her. Her dress ("evening," of course) is
+ very pretty, I think.
+
+ I don't like the Earl's face either. He is proud of his
+ title, very formal, and one who would keep one "at arm's
+ length" always. And he is too prodigiously tall. I want a
+ gentle, genial old man; with whom one would feel at one's
+ ease in a moment.
+
+ (8) "Uggug becoming Porcupine" ("Sylvie and Bruno,
+ Concluded," page 388), is exactly my conception of it. I
+ expect this will be one of the most effective pictures in
+ the book. The faces of the people should express intense
+ _terror_.
+
+ (9) "The Professor" is altogether _delightful_. When
+ you get the text, you will see that you have hit the very
+ centre of the bull's-eye.
+
+ [A sketch of "Bruno"]. No, no! Please don't give us the (to
+ my mind) very ugly, quite modern costume, which shows with
+ such cruel distinctness a podgy, pot-bellied (excuse the
+ vulgarism) boy, who couldn't run a mile to save his life. I
+ want Bruno to be _strong_, but at the same time light
+ and active--with the figure of one of the little acrobats
+ one sees at the circus--not "Master Tommy," who habitually
+ gorges himself with pudding. Also that dress I dislike very
+ much. Please give him a short tunic, and _real_
+ knickerbockers--not the tight knee-breeches they are rapidly
+ shrinking to.
+
+ Very truly yours,
+
+ C. L. Dodgson.
+
+
+By Mr. Furniss's kind permission I am enabled to give an example of
+the other side of the correspondence, one of his letters to Mr.
+Dodgson, all the more interesting for the charming little sketch which
+it contains.
+
+With respect to the spider, Mr. Dodgson had written: "Some writer says
+that the full face of a spider, as seen under a magnifying-glass, is
+very striking."
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile of a letter from H. Furniss to
+Lewis Carroll, August 23, 1886_.]
+
+[Illustration: Sylvie and Bruno. _From a drawing by Henry
+Holiday_.]
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+(1888-1891)
+
+
+ A systematic life--"Memoria Technica"--Mr. Dodgson's
+ shyness--"A Lesson in Latin"--The "Wonderland"
+ Stamp-Case--"Wise Words about Letter-Writing"--Princess
+ Alice--"Sylvie and Bruno"--"The night cometh"--"The Nursery
+ 'Alice'"--Coventry Patmore--Telepathy--Resignation of Dr.
+ Liddell--A letter about Logic.
+
+An old bachelor is generally very precise and exact in his habits. He
+has no one but himself to look after, nothing to distract his
+attention from his own affairs; and Mr. Dodgson was the most precise
+and exact of old bachelors. He made a precis of every letter he wrote
+or received from the 1st of January, 1861, to the 8th of the same
+month, 1898. These precis were all numbered and entered in
+reference-books, and by an ingenious system of cross-numbering he was
+able to trace a whole correspondence, which might extend through
+several volumes. The last number entered in his book is 98,721.
+
+He had scores of green cardboard boxes, all neatly labelled, in which
+he kept his various papers. These boxes formed quite a feature of his
+study at Oxford, a large number of them being arranged upon a
+revolving bookstand. The lists, of various sorts, which he kept were
+innumerable; one of them, that of unanswered correspondents,
+generally held seventy or eighty names at a time, exclusive of
+autograph-hunters, whom he did not answer on principle. He seemed to
+delight in being arithmetically accurate about every detail of life.
+
+He always rose at the same early hour, and, if he was in residence at
+Christ Church, attended College Service. He spent the day according to
+a prescribed routine, which usually included a long walk into the
+country, very often alone, but sometimes with another Don, or perhaps,
+if the walk was not to be as long as usual, with some little
+girl-friend at his side. When he had a companion with him, he would
+talk the whole time, telling delightful stories, or explaining some
+new logical problem; if he was alone, he used to think out his books,
+as probably many another author has done and will do, in the course of
+a lonely walk. The only irregularity noticeable in his mode of life
+was the hour of retiring, which varied from 11 p.m. to four o'clock in
+the morning, according to the amount of work which he felt himself in
+the mood for.
+
+He had a wonderfully good memory, except for faces and dates. The
+former were always a stumbling-block to him, and people used to say
+(most unjustly) that he was intentionally short-sighted. One night he
+went up to London to dine with a friend, whom he had only recently
+met. The next morning a gentleman greeted him as he was walking. "I
+beg your pardon," said Mr. Dodgson, "but you have the advantage of me.
+I have no remembrance of having ever seen you before this moment."
+"That is very strange," the other replied, "for I was your host last
+night!" Such little incidents as this happened more than once. To help
+himself to remember dates, he devised a system of mnemonics, which he
+circulated among his friends. As it has never been published, and as
+some of my readers may find it useful, I reproduce it here.
+
+ My "Memoria Technica" is a modification of Gray's; but,
+ whereas he used both consonants and vowels to represent
+ digits, and had to content himself with a syllable of
+ gibberish to represent the date or whatever other number was
+ required, I use only consonants, and fill in with vowels _ad
+ libitum,_ and thus can always manage to make a real word of
+ whatever has to be represented.
+
+ The principles on which the necessary 20 consonants have
+ been chosen are as follows:--
+
+ 1. "b" and "c," the first two consonants in the alphabet.
+
+ 2. "d" from "duo," "w" from "two."
+
+ 3. "t" from "tres," the other may wait awhile.
+
+ 4. "f" from "four," "q" from "quattuor."
+
+ 5. "l" and "v," because "l" and "v" are the Roman symbols
+ for "fifty" and "five."
+
+ 6. "s" and "x" from "six."
+
+ 7. "p" and "m" from "septem."
+
+ 8. "h" from "huit," and "k" from the Greek "okto."
+
+ 9. "n" from "nine"; and "g" because it is so like a "9."
+
+ 0. "z" and "r" from "zero."
+
+ There is now one consonant still waiting for its digit,
+ viz., "j," and one digit waiting for its consonant, viz.,
+ "3," the conclusion is obvious.
+
+ The result may be tabulated thus:--
+
+ |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |0 |
+
+ |b |d |t |f |l |s |p |h |n |z |
+ |c |w |j |q |v |x |m |k |g |r |
+
+ When a word has been found, whose last consonants represent
+ the number required, the best plan is to put it as the last
+ word of a rhymed couplet, so that, whatever other words in
+ it are forgotten, the rhyme will secure the only really
+ important word.
+
+ Now suppose you wish to remember the date of the discovery
+ of America, which is 1492; the "1" may be left out as
+ obvious; all we need is "492."
+
+ Write it thus:--
+
+ 4 9 2
+ f n d
+ q g w
+
+ and try to find a word that contains "f" or "q," "n" or "g,"
+ "d" or "w." A word soon suggests itself--"found."
+
+ The poetic faculty must now be brought into play, and the
+ following couplet will soon be evolved:--
+
+ "Columbus sailed the world around,
+ Until America was F O U N D."
+
+ If possible, invent the couplets for yourself; you will
+ remember them better than any others.
+
+ _June_, 1888.
+
+The inventor found this "Memoria Technica" very useful in helping him
+to remember the dates of the different Colleges. He often, of course,
+had to show his friends the sights of Oxford, and the easy way in
+which, asked or unasked, he could embellish his descriptions with
+dates used to surprise those who did not know how the thing was done.
+The couplet for St. John's College ran as follows:--
+
+ "They must have a bevel
+ To keep them so LEVEL."
+
+The allusion is to the beautiful lawns, for which St. John's is
+famous.
+
+In his power of remembering anecdotes, and bringing them out just at
+the right moment, Mr. Dodgson was unsurpassed. A guest brought into
+Christ Church Common Room was usually handed over to him to be amused.
+He was not a good man to tell a story to--he had always heard it
+before; but as a _raconteur_ I never met his equal. And the best
+of it was that his stories never grew--except in number.
+
+One would have expected that a mind so clear and logical and definite
+would have fought shy of the feminine intellect, which is generally
+supposed to be deficient in those qualities; and so it is somewhat
+surprising to find that by far the greater number of his friends were
+ladies. He was quite prepared to correct them, however, when they were
+guilty of what seemed to him unreasoning conduct, as is shown by the
+following extract from a letter of his to a young lady who had asked
+him to try and find a place for a governess, without giving the
+latter's address:--
+
+ Some of my friends are business-men, and it is pleasant to
+ see how methodical and careful they are in transacting any
+ business-matter. If, for instance, one of them were to write
+ to me, asking me to look out for a place for a French
+ governess in whom he was interested, I should be sure to
+ admire the care with which he would give me _her name in
+ full_--(in extra-legible writing if it were an unusual
+ name)--as well as her address. Some of my friends are not
+ men of business.
+
+So many such requests were addressed to him that at one time he had a
+circular letter printed, with a list of people requiring various
+appointments or assistants, which he sent round to his friends.
+
+In one respect Lewis Carroll resembled the stoic philosophers, for no
+outward circumstance could upset the tranquillity of his mind. He
+lived, in fact, the life which Marcus Aurelius commends so highly, the
+life of calm contentment, based on the assurance that so long as we
+are faithful to ourselves, no seeming evils can really harm us. But in
+him there was one exception to this rule. During an argument he was
+often excited. The war of words, the keen and subtle conflict between
+trained minds--in this his soul took delight, in this he sought and
+found the joy of battle and of victory. Yet he would not allow his
+serenity to be ruffled by any foe whom he considered unworthy of his
+steel; he refused to argue with people whom he knew to be hopelessly
+illogical--definitely refused, though with such tact that no wound was
+given, even to the most sensitive.
+
+He was modest in the true sense of the term, neither overestimating
+nor underrating his own mental powers, and preferring to follow his
+own course without regarding outside criticism. "I never read anything
+about myself or my books," he writes in a letter to a friend; and the
+reason he used to give was that if the critics praised him he might
+become conceited, while, if they found fault, he would only feel hurt
+and angry. On October 25, 1888, he wrote in his Diary: "I see there is
+a leader in to-day's _Standard_ on myself as a writer; but I do
+not mean to read it. It is not healthy reading, I think."
+
+He hated publicity, and tried to avoid it in every way. "Do not tell
+any one, if you see me in the theatre," he wrote once to Miss Marion
+Terry. On another occasion, when he was dining out at Oxford, and some
+one, who did not know that it was a forbidden subject, turned the
+conversation on "Alice in Wonderland," he rose suddenly and fled from
+the house. I could multiply instances of this sort, but it would be
+unjust to his memory to insist upon the morbid way in which he
+regarded personal popularity. As compared with self-advertisement, it
+is certainly the lesser evil; but that it _is_ an evil, and a
+very painful one to its possessor, Mr. Dodgson fully saw. Of course it
+had its humorous side, as, for instance, when he was brought into
+contact with lion-hunters, autograph-collectors, _et hoc genus
+omne_. He was very suspicious of unknown correspondents who
+addressed questions to him; in later years he either did not answer
+them at all, or used a typewriter. Before he bought his typewriter, he
+would get some friend to write for him, and even to sign "Lewis
+Carroll" at the end of the letter. It used to give him great amusement
+to picture the astonishment of the recipients of these letters, if by
+any chance they ever came to compare his "autographs."
+
+On one occasion the secretary of a "Young Ladies' Academy" in the
+United States asked him to present some of his works to the School
+Library. The envelope was addressed to "Lewis Carroll, Christ Church,"
+an incongruity which always annoyed him intensely. He replied to the
+Secretary, "As Mr. Dodgson's books are all on Mathematical subjects,
+he fears that they would not be very acceptable in a school library."
+
+Some fourteen or fifteen years ago, the Fourth-class of the Girl's
+Latin School at Boston, U.S., started a magazine, and asked him if
+they might call it _The Jabberwock._ He wrote in reply:--
+
+ Mr. Lewis Carroll has much pleasure in giving to the editors
+ of the proposed magazine permission to use the title they
+ wish for. He finds that the Anglo-Saxon word "wocer" or
+ "wocor" signifies "offspring" or "fruit." Taking "jabber" in
+ its ordinary acceptation of "excited and voluble
+ discussion," this would give the meaning of "the result of
+ much excited discussion." Whether this phrase will have any
+ application to the projected periodical, it will be for the
+ future historian of American literature to determine. Mr.
+ Carroll wishes all success to the forthcoming magazine.
+
+From that time forward he took a great interest in the magazine, and
+thought very well of it. It used, I believe, to be regularly supplied
+to him. Only once did he express disapproval of anything it contained,
+and that was in 1888, when he felt it necessary to administer a rebuke
+for what he thought to be an irreverent joke. The sequel is given in
+the following extract from _The Jabberwock_ for June, 1888:--
+
+ A FRIEND WORTH HAVING.
+
+ _The Jabberwock_ has many friends, and perhaps a few
+ (very few, let us hope) enemies. But, of the former, the
+ friend who has helped us most on the road to success is Mr.
+ Lewis Carroll, the author of "Alice in Wonderland," &c. Our
+ readers will remember his kind letter granting us permission
+ to use the name "Jabberwock," and also giving the meaning of
+ that word. Since then we have received another letter from
+ him, in which he expresses both surprise and regret at an
+ anecdote which we published in an early number of our little
+ paper. We would assure Mr. Carroll, as well as our other
+ friends, that we had no intention of making light of a
+ serious matter, but merely quoted the anecdote to show what
+ sort of a book Washington's diary was.
+
+ But now a third letter from our kind friend has come,
+ enclosing, to our delight, a poem, "A Lesson in Latin," the
+ pleasantest Latin lesson we have had this year.
+
+ The first two letters from Mr. Carroll were in a beautiful
+ literary hand, whereas the third is written with a
+ typewriter. It is to this fact that he refers in his letter,
+ which is as follows:--
+
+ "29, Bedford Street,
+ Covent Garden, LONDON,
+
+ _May_ 16, 1888.
+
+ Dear Young Friends,--After the Black Draught of serious
+ remonstrance which I ventured to send to you the other day,
+ surely a Lump of Sugar will not be unacceptable? The
+ enclosed I wrote this afternoon on purpose for you.
+
+ I hope you will grant it admission to the columns of _The
+ Jabberwock_, and not scorn it as a mere play upon words.
+
+ This mode of writing, is, of course, an American invention.
+ We never invent new machinery here; we do but use, to the
+ best of our ability, the machines you send us. For the one I
+ am now using, I beg you to accept my best thanks, and to
+ believe me
+
+ Your sincere friend,
+
+ Lewis Carroll."
+
+ Surely we can patiently swallow many Black Draughts, if we
+ are to be rewarded with so sweet a Lump of Sugar!
+
+ The enclosed poem, which has since been republished in
+ "Three Sunsets," runs as follows:
+
+ A LESSON IN LATIN.
+
+ Our Latin books, in motley row,
+ Invite us to the task--
+ Gay Horace, stately Cicero;
+ Yet there's one verb, when once we know,
+ No higher skill we ask:
+ This ranks all other lore above--
+ We've learned "amare" means "to love"!
+
+ So hour by hour, from flower to flower,
+ We sip the sweets of life:
+ Till ah! too soon the clouds arise,
+ And knitted brows and angry eyes
+ Proclaim the dawn of strife.
+ With half a smile and half a sigh,
+ "Amare! Bitter One!" we cry.
+
+ Last night we owned, with looks forlorn,
+ "Too well the scholar knows
+ There is no rose without a thorn "--
+ But peace is made! we sing, this morn,
+ "No thorn without a rose!"
+ Our Latin lesson is complete:
+ We've learned that Love is "Bitter-sweet"
+
+ Lewis Carroll.
+
+In October Mr. Dodgson invented a very ingenious little stamp-case,
+decorated with two "Pictorial Surprises," representing the "Cheshire
+Cat" vanishing till nothing but the grin was left, and the baby
+turning into a pig in "Alice's" arms. The invention was entered at
+Stationers' Hall, and published by Messrs. Emberlin and Son, of
+Oxford. As an appropriate accompaniment, he wrote "Eight or Nine Wise
+Words on Letter-Writing," a little booklet which is still sold along
+with the case. The "Wise Words," as the following extracts show, have
+the true "Carrollian" ring about them:--
+
+ Some American writer has said "the snakes in this district
+ may be divided into one species--the venomous." The same
+ principle applies here. Postage-stamp-cases may be divided
+ into one species--the "Wonderland."
+
+ Since I have possessed a "Wonderland-Stamp-Case," Life has
+ been bright and peaceful, and I have used no other. I
+ believe the Queen's Laundress uses no other.
+
+ My fifth Rule is, if your friend makes a severe remark,
+ either leave it unnoticed or make your reply distinctly less
+ severe: and, if he makes a friendly remark, tending towards
+ "making up" the little difference that has arisen between
+ you, let your reply be distinctly _more_ friendly. If,
+ in picking a quarrel, each party declined to go more than
+ _three-eighths_ of the way, and if, in making friends,
+ each was ready to go _five-eighths_ of the way--why,
+ there would be more reconciliations than quarrels! Which is
+ like the Irishman's remonstrance to his gad-about daughter:
+ "Shure, you're _always_ goin' out! You go out
+ _three_ times for wanst that you come in!"
+
+ My sixth Rule is, _don't try to have the last word!_
+ How many a controversy would be nipped in the bud, if each
+ was anxious to let the _other_ have the last word!
+ Never mind how telling a rejoinder you leave unuttered:
+ never mind your friend's supposing that you are silent from
+ lack of anything to say: let the thing drop, as soon as it
+ is possible without discourtesy: remember "Speech is
+ silvern, but silence is golden"! (N.B. If you are a
+ gentleman, and your friend a lady, this Rule is superfluous:
+ _you won't get the last word!_)
+
+ Remember the old proverb, "Cross-writing makes
+ cross-reading." "The _old_ proverb?" you say
+ inquiringly. "_How_ old?" Well, not so _very_
+ ancient, I must confess. In fact, I invented it while
+ writing this paragraph. Still, you know, "old" is a
+ _comparative_ term. I think you would be _quite_
+ justified in addressing a chicken, just out of the shell, as
+ "old boy!" _when compared_ with another chicken that
+ was only half-out!
+
+The pamphlet ends with an explanation of Lewis Carroll's method of
+using a correspondence-book, illustrated by a few imaginary pages from
+such a compilation, which are very humorous.
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile of programme of "Alice in
+Wonderland_."]
+
+At the end of the year the "Alice" operetta was again produced at the
+Globe Theatre, with Miss Isa Bowman as the heroine. "Isa makes a
+delightful Alice," Mr. Dodgson writes, "and Emsie [a younger sister]
+is wonderfully good as Dormouse and as Second Ghost [of an oyster!],
+when she sings a verse, and dances the Sailor's Hornpipe."
+
+[Illustration: "The Mad Tea-Party." _From a photograph by
+Elliott & Fry_.]
+
+The first of an incomplete series, "Curiosa Mathematica," was
+published for Mr. Dodgson by Messrs. Macmillan during the year. It was
+entitled "A New Theory of Parallels," and any one taking it up for the
+first time might be tempted to ask, Is the author serious, or is he
+simply giving us some _jeu d'esprit?_ A closer inspection,
+however, soon settles the question, and the reader, if mathematics be
+his hobby, is carried irresistibly along till he reaches the last
+page.
+
+The object which Mr. Dodgson set himself to accomplish was to prove
+Euclid I. 32 without assuming the celebrated 12th Axiom, a feat which
+calls up visions of the "Circle-Squarers."
+
+The work is divided into two parts: Book I. contains certain
+Propositions which require no disputable Axiom for their proof, and
+when once the few Definitions of "amount," &c., have become familiar
+it is easy reading. In Book II. the author introduces a new Axiom, or
+rather "Quasi-Axiom"--for it's _self-evident_ character is open
+to dispute. This Axiom is as follows:--
+
+ In any Circle the inscribed equilateral Tetragon (Hexagon in
+ editions 1st and 2nd) is greater than any one of the
+ Segments which lie outside it.
+
+Assuming the truth of this Axiom, Mr. Dodgson proves a series of
+Propositions, which lead up to and enable him to accomplish the feat
+referred to above.
+
+At the end of Book II. he places a proof (so far as finite magnitudes
+are concerned) of Euclid's Axiom, preceded by and dependent on the
+Axiom that "If two homogeneous magnitudes be both of them finite, the
+lesser may be so multiplied by a finite number as to exceed the
+greater." This Axiom, he says, he believes to be assumed by every
+writer who has attempted to prove Euclid's 12th Axiom. The proof
+itself is borrowed, with slight alterations, from Cuthbertson's
+"Euclidean Geometry."
+
+In Appendix I. there is an alternative Axiom which may be substituted
+for that which introduces Book II., and which will probably commend
+itself to many minds as being more truly axiomatic. To substitute
+this, however, involves some additions and alterations, which the
+author appends.
+
+Appendix II. is headed by the somewhat startling question, "Is
+Euclid's Axiom true?" and though true for finite magnitudes--the sense
+in which, no doubt, Euclid meant it to be taken--it is shown to be not
+universally true. In Appendix III. he propounds the question, "How
+should Parallels be defined?"
+
+Appendix IV., which deals with the theory of Parallels as it stands
+to-day, concludes with the following words:--
+
+ I am inclined to believe that if ever Euclid I. 32 is proved
+ without a new Axiom, it will be by some new and ampler
+ definition of the _Right Line_--some definition which
+ shall connote that mysterious property, which it must
+ somehow possess, which causes Euclid I. 32 to be true. Try
+ _that_ track, my gentle reader! It is not much trodden
+ as yet. And may success attend your search!
+
+In the Introduction, which, as is frequently the case, ought to be
+read _last_ in order to be appreciated properly, he relates his
+experiences with two of those "misguided visionaries," the
+circle-squarers. One of them had selected 3.2 as the value for
+"_pi_," and the other proved, to his own satisfaction at least,
+that it is correctly represented by 3! The Rev. Watson Hagger, to
+whose kindness, as I have already stated in my Preface, my readers are
+indebted for the several accounts of Mr. Dodgson's books on
+mathematics which appear in this Memoir, had a similar experience with
+one of these "cranks." This circle-squarer selected 3.125 as the value
+for "_pi_," and Mr. Hagger, who was fired with Mr. Dodgson's
+ambition to convince his correspondent of his error, failed as
+signally as Mr. Dodgson did.
+
+The following letter is interesting as showing that, strict
+Conservative though he was, he was not in religious matters
+narrow-minded; he held his own opinions strongly, but he would never
+condemn those of other people. He saw "good in everything," and there
+was but little exaggeration, be it said in all reverence, in the
+phrase which an old friend of his used in speaking of him to me: "Mr.
+Dodgson was as broad--as broad as _Christ_."
+
+ Christ Church, Oxford, _May_ 4, 1889.
+
+ Dear Miss Manners,--I hope to have a new book out very soon,
+ and had entered your name on the list of friends to whom
+ copies are to go; but, on second thoughts, perhaps you might
+ prefer that I should send it to your little sister (?)
+ (niece) Rachel, whom you mentioned in one of your letters.
+ It is to be called "The Nursery Alice," and is meant for
+ very young children, consisting of coloured enlargements of
+ twenty of the pictures in "Alice," with explanations such as
+ one would give in showing them to a little child.
+
+ I was much interested by your letter, telling me you belong
+ to the Society of Friends. Please do not think of _me_
+ as one to whom a "difference of creed" is a bar to
+ friendship. My sense of brother- and sisterhood is at least
+ broad enough to include _Christians_ of all
+ denominations; in fact, I have one valued friend (a lady who
+ seems to live to do good kind things) who is a Unitarian.
+
+ Shall I put "Rachel Manners" in the book?
+
+ Believe me, very sincerely yours,
+
+ C. L. Dodgson.
+
+From June 7th to June 10th he stayed at Hatfield.
+
+ Once at luncheon [he writes] I had the Duchess (of Albany)
+ as neighbour and once at breakfast, and had several other
+ chats with her, and found her very pleasant indeed. Princess
+ Alice is a sweet little girl. Her little brother (the Duke
+ of Albany) was entirely fascinating, a perfect little
+ prince, and the picture of good-humour. On Sunday afternoon
+ I had a pleasant half-hour with the children [Princess
+ Alice, the Duke of Albany, Honorable Mabel Palmer, Lady
+ Victoria Manners, and Lord Haddon], telling them "Bruno's
+ Picnic" and folding a fishing-boat for them. I got the
+ Duchess's leave to send the little Alice a copy of the
+ "Nursery Alice," and mean to send it with "Alice
+ Underground" for herself.
+
+Towards the end of the year Lewis Carroll had tremendously hard work,
+completing "Sylvie and Bruno." For several days on end he worked from
+breakfast until nearly ten in the evening without a rest. At last it
+was off his hands, and for a month or so he was (comparatively) an
+idle man. Some notes from his Diary, written during this period,
+follow:--
+
+ _Nov. 17th._--Met, for first time, an actual believer
+ in the "craze" that buying and selling are wrong (!) (he is
+ rather 'out of his mind'). The most curious thing was his
+ declaration that he himself _lives_ on that theory, and
+ never buys anything, and has no money! I thought of railway
+ travelling, and ventured to ask how he got from London to
+ Oxford? "On a bicycle!" And how he got the bicycle? "It was
+ given him!" So I was floored, and there was no time to think
+ of any other instances. The whole thing was so new to me
+ that, when he declared it to be _un-Christian_, I quite
+ forgot the text, "He that hath no sword, let him sell his
+ garment, and buy one."
+
+ _Dec. 19th._--Went over to Birmingham to see a
+ performance of "Alice" (Mrs. Freiligrath Kroeker's version)
+ at the High School. I rashly offered to tell "Bruno's
+ Picnic" afterwards to the little children, thinking I should
+ have an audience of 40 or 50, mostly children, instead of
+ which I had to tell it from the stage to an audience of
+ about 280, mostly older girls and grown-up people! However,
+ I got some of the children to come on the stage with me, and
+ the little Alice (Muriel Howard-Smith, aet. 11) stood by me,
+ which made it less awful. The evening began with some of
+ "Julius Caesar" in German. This and "Alice" were really
+ capitally acted, the White Queen being quite the best I have
+ seen (Miss B. Lloyd Owen). I was introduced to Alice and a
+ few more, and was quite sorry to hear afterwards that the
+ other performers wanted to shake hands.
+
+The publication of "Sylvie and Bruno" marks an epoch in its author's
+life, for it was the publication of all the ideals and sentiments
+which he held most dear. It was a book with a definite purpose; it
+would be more true to say with several definite purposes. For this
+very reason it is not an artistic triumph as the two "Alice" books
+undoubtedly are; it is on a lower literary level, there is no unity in
+the story. But from a higher standpoint, that of the Christian and the
+philanthropist, the book is the best thing he ever wrote. It is a
+noble effort to uphold the right, or what he thought to be the right,
+without fear of contempt or unpopularity. The influence which his
+earlier books had given him he was determined to use in asserting
+neglected truths.
+
+[Illustration: The Late Duke of Albany. _From a photograph
+by Lewis Carroll._]
+
+Of course the story has other features, delightful nonsense not
+surpassed by anything in "Wonderland," childish prattle with all the
+charm of reality about it, and pictures which may fairly be said to
+rival those of Sir John Tenniel. Had these been all, the book would
+have been a great success. As things are, there are probably hundreds
+of readers who have been scared by the religious arguments and
+political discussions which make up a large part of it, and who have
+never discovered that Sylvie is just as entrancing a personage as
+Alice when you get to know her.
+
+Perhaps the sentiment of the following poem, sent to Lewis Carroll by
+an anonymous correspondent, may also explain why some of "Alice's"
+lovers have given "Sylvie" a less warm welcome:--
+
+ TO SYLVIE.
+
+ Ah! Sylvie, winsome, wise and good!
+ Fain would I love thee as I should.
+ But, to tell the truth, my dear,--
+ And Sylvie loves the truth to hear,--
+ Though fair and pure and sweet thou art,
+ Thine elder sister has my heart!
+ I gave it her long, long ago
+ To have and hold; and well I know,
+ Brave Lady Sylvie, thou wouldst scorn
+ To accept a heart foresworn.
+
+ Lovers thou wilt have enow
+ Under many a greening bough--
+ Lovers yet unborn galore,
+ Like Alice all the wide world o'er;
+ But, darling, I am now too old
+ To change. And though I still shall hold
+ Thee, and that puckling sprite, thy brother,
+ Dear, I cannot _love_ another:
+ In this heart of mine I own
+ _She_ must ever reign alone!
+
+ _March_, 1890.
+
+ N.P.
+
+I do not know N.P.'s name and address, or I should have asked leave
+before giving publicity to the above verses. If these words meet his
+eye, I hope he will accept my most humble apologies for the liberty I
+have taken.
+
+At the beginning of 1894 a Baptist minister, preaching on the text,
+"No man liveth to himself," made use of "Sylvie and Bruno" to enforce
+his argument. After saying that he had been reading that book, he
+proceeded as follows:
+
+
+ A child was asked to define charity. He said it was "givin'
+ away what yer didn't want yerself." This was some people's
+ idea of self-sacrifice; but it was not Christ's. Then as to
+ serving others in view of reward: Mr. Lewis Carroll put this
+ view of the subject very forcibly in his "Sylvie and
+ Bruno"--an excellent book for youth; indeed, for men and
+ women too. He first criticised Archdeacon Paley's definition
+ of virtue (which was said to be "the doing good to mankind,
+ in obedience to the will of God, and for the sake of
+ everlasting happiness,") and then turned to such hymns as
+ the following:--
+
+ Whatever, Lord, we lend to Thee,
+ _Repaid a thousandfold shall be_,
+ Then gladly will we give to Thee,
+ Giver of all!
+
+ Mr. Carroll's comment was brief and to the point. He said:
+ "Talk of Original _Sin_! Can you have a stronger proof
+ of the Original Goodness there must be in this nation than
+ the fact that Religion has been preached to us, as a
+ commercial speculation, for a century, and that we still
+ believe in a God?" ["Sylvie and Bruno," Part i., pp. 276,
+ 277.] Of course it was quite true, as Mr. Carroll pointed
+ out, that our good deeds would be rewarded; but we ought to
+ do them because they were _good_, and not because the
+ reward was great.
+
+In the Preface to "Sylvie and Bruno," Lewis Carroll alluded to certain
+editions of Shakespeare which seemed to him unsuitable for children;
+it never seemed to strike him that his words might be read by
+children, and that thus his object very probably would be defeated,
+until this fact was pointed out to him in a letter from an unknown
+correspondent, Mr. J.C. Cropper, of Hampstead. Mr. Dodgson replied as
+follows:--
+
+ Dear Sir,--Accept my best thanks for your thoughtful and
+ valuable suggestion about the Preface to "Sylvie and Bruno."
+ The danger you point out had not occurred to me (I suppose I
+ had not thought of _children_ reading the Preface): but
+ it is a very real one, and I am very glad to have had my
+ attention called to it.
+
+ Believe me, truly yours,
+
+ Lewis Carroll.
+
+Mathematical controversy carried on by correspondence was a favourite
+recreation of Mr. Dodgson's, and on February 20, 1890, he wrote:--
+
+ I've just concluded a correspondence with a Cambridge man,
+ who is writing a Geometry on the "Direction" theory
+ (Wilson's plan), and thinks he has avoided Wilson's (what
+ _I_ think) fallacies. He _hasn't_, but I can't
+ convince him! My view of life is, that it's next to
+ impossible to convince _anybody_ of _anything_.
+
+The following letter is very characteristic. "Whatsoever thy hand
+findeth to do, do it with all thy might," was Mr. Dodgson's rule of
+life, and, as the end drew near, he only worked the harder:--
+
+ Christ Church, Oxford, _April_ 10, 1890.
+
+ My dear Atkinson,--Many and sincere thanks for your most
+ hospitable invitation, and for the very interesting photo of
+ the family group. The former I fear I must ask you to let me
+ defer _sine die_, and regard it as a pleasant dream,
+ not _quite_ hopeless of being some day realised. I keep
+ a list of such pleasant possibilities, and yours is now one
+ of ten similar kind offers of hospitality. But as life
+ shortens in, and the evening shadows loom in sight, one gets
+ to _grudge any_ time given to mere pleasure, which
+ might entail the leaving work half finished that one is
+ longing to do before the end comes.
+
+ There are several books I _greatly_ desire to get
+ finished for children. I am glad to find my working powers
+ are as good as they ever were. Even with the mathematical
+ book (a third edition) which I am now getting through the
+ press, I think nothing of working six hours at a stretch.
+
+ There is one text that often occurs to me, "The night
+ cometh, when no man can work." Kindest regards to Mrs.
+ Atkinson, and love to Gertrude.
+
+ Always sincerely yours,
+
+ C. L. Dodgson.
+
+ For the benefit of children aged "from nought to five," as
+ he himself phrased it, Lewis Carroll prepared a nursery
+ edition of "Alice." He shortened the text considerably, and
+ altered it so much that only the plot of the story remained
+ unchanged. It was illustrated by the old pictures, coloured
+ by Tenniel, and the cover was adorned by a picture designed
+ by Miss E. Gertrude Thomson. As usual, the Dedication takes
+ the form of an anagram, the solution of which is the name of
+ one of his later child-friends. "_The Nursery
+ 'Alice,_'" was published by Macmillan and Co., in March,
+ 1890.
+
+ On August 18th the following letter on the "Eight Hours
+ Movement" appeared in _The Standard:_--
+
+ Sir,--Supposing it were the custom, in a
+ certain town, to sell eggs in paper bags at so much per bag,
+ and that a fierce dispute had arisen between the egg vendors
+ and the public as to how many eggs each bag should be
+ understood to contain, the vendors wishing to be allowed to
+ make up smaller bags; and supposing the public were to say,
+ "In future we will pay you so much per egg, and you can make
+ up bags as you please," would any ground remain for further
+ dispute?
+
+ Supposing that employers of labour, when threatened with a
+ "strike" in case they should decline to reduce the number of
+ hours in a working day, were to reply, "In future we will
+ pay you so much per hour, and you can make up days as you
+ please," it does appear to me--being, as I confess, an
+ ignorant outsider--that the dispute would die out for want
+ of a _raison d'etre_, and that these disastrous
+ strikes, inflicting such heavy loss on employers and
+ employed alike, would become things of the past.
+
+ I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
+
+ Lewis Carroll.
+
+The remainder of the year was uneventful; a few notes from his Diary
+must represent it here:--
+
+ _Oct. 4th._--Called on Mr. Coventry Patmore (at
+ Hastings), and was very kindly received by him, and stayed
+ for afternoon tea and dinner. He showed me some interesting
+ pictures, including a charming little drawing, by Holman
+ Hunt, of one of his daughters when three years old. He gave
+ me an interesting account of his going, by Tennyson's
+ request, to his lodging to look for the MS. of "In
+ Memoriam," which he had left behind, and only finding it by
+ insisting on going upstairs, in spite of the landlady's
+ opposition, to search for it. Also he told me the story (I
+ think I have heard it before) of what Wordsworth told his
+ friends as the "one joke" of his life, in answer to a
+ passing carter who asked if he had seen his wife. "My good
+ friend, I didn't even know you had a wife!" He seems a very
+ hale and vigorous old man for nearly seventy, which I think
+ he gave as his age in writing to me.
+
+ _Oct. 31st._--This morning, thinking over the problem
+ of finding two squares whose sum is a square, I chanced on a
+ theorem (which seems _true_, though I cannot prove it),
+ that if x squared + y squared be even, its half is the sum of two squares.
+ A kindred theorem, that 2(x squared + y squared) is always the sum of two
+ squares, also seems true and unprovable.
+
+ _Nov. 5th.--_I have now proved the above two theorems.
+ Another pretty deduction from the theory of square numbers
+ is, that any number whose square is the sum of two squares,
+ is itself the sum of two squares.
+
+I have already mentioned Mr. Dodgson's habit of thinking out problems
+at night. Often new ideas would occur to him during hours of
+sleeplessness, and he had long wanted to hear of or invent some easy
+method of taking notes in the dark. At first he tried writing within
+oblongs cut out of cardboard, but the result was apt to be illegible.
+In 1891 he conceived the device of having a series of squares cut out
+in card, and inventing an alphabet, of which each letter was made of
+lines, which could be written along the edges of the squares, and
+dots, which could be marked at the corners. The thing worked well, and
+he named it the "Typhlograph," but, at the suggestion of one of his
+brother-students, this was subsequently changed into "Nyctograph."
+
+He spent the Long Vacation at Eastbourne, attending service every
+Sunday at Christ Church, according to his usual rule.
+
+ _Sept._ 6, 1891.--At the evening service at Christ
+ Church a curious thing happened, suggestive of telepathy.
+ Before giving out the second hymn the curate read out some
+ notices. Meanwhile I took my hymn-book, and said to myself
+ (I have no idea _why_), "It will be hymn 416," and I
+ turned to it. It was not one I recognised as having ever
+ heard; and, on looking at it, I said, "It is very prosaic;
+ it is a very unlikely one"--and it was really startling,
+ the next minute, to hear the curate announce "Hymn 416."
+
+In October it became generally known that Dean Liddell was going to
+resign at Christmas. This was a great blow to Mr. Dodgson, but little
+mitigated by the fact that the very man whom he himself would have
+chosen, Dr. Paget, was appointed to fill the vacant place. The old
+Dean was very popular in College; even the undergraduates, with whom
+he was seldom brought into contact, felt the magic of his commanding
+personality and the charm of his gracious, old-world manner. He was a
+man whom, once seen, it was almost impossible to forget.
+
+[Illustration: The Dean of Christ Church. _From a
+photograph by Hill & Saunders._]
+
+Shortly before the resignation of Dr. Liddell, the Duchess of Albany
+spent a few days at the Deanery. Mr. Dodgson was asked to meet her
+Royal Highness at luncheon, but was unable to go. Princess Alice and
+the little Duke of Albany, however, paid him a visit, and were
+initiated in the art of making paper pistols. He promised to send the
+Princess a copy of a book called "The Fairies," and the children,
+having spent a happy half-hour in his rooms, returned to the Deanery.
+This was one of the days which he "marked with a white stone." He sent
+a copy of "The Nursery 'Alice'" to the little Princess Alice, and
+received a note of thanks from her, and also a letter from her mother,
+in which she said that the book had taught the Princess to like
+reading, and to do it out of lesson-time. To the Duke he gave a copy
+of a book entitled "The Merry Elves." In his little note of thanks for
+this gift, the boy said, "Alice and I want you to love us both." Mr.
+Dodgson sent Princess Alice a puzzle, promising that if she found it
+out, he would give her a "golden chair from Wonderland."
+
+At the close of the year he wrote me a long letter, which I think
+worthy of reproducing here, for he spent a long time over it, and it
+contains excellent examples of his clear way of putting things.
+
+ _To S.D. Collingwood._
+
+ Ch. Ch., Oxford, _Dec_. 29, 1891.
+
+ My Dear Stuart,--(Rather a large note-sheet, isn't it? But
+ they do differ in size, you know.) I fancy this book of
+ science (which I have had a good while, without making any
+ use of it), may prove of some use to you, with your boys. [I
+ was a schoolmaster at that time.] Also this cycling-book (or
+ whatever it is to be called) may be useful in putting down
+ engagements, &c., besides telling you a lot about cycles.
+ There was no use in sending it to _me; my _cycling days
+ are over.
+
+ You ask me if your last piece of "Meritt" printing is dark
+ enough. I think not. I should say the rollers want fresh
+ inking. As to the _matter_ of your specimen--[it was a
+ poor little essay on killing animals for the purpose of
+ scientific recreations, _e.g._, collecting
+ butterflies]--I think you _cannot_ spend your time
+ better than in trying to set down clearly, in that
+ essay-form, your ideas on any subject that chances to
+ interest you; and _specially_ any theological subject
+ that strikes you in the course of your reading for Holy
+ Orders.
+
+ It will be most _excellent_ practice for you, against
+ the time when you try to compose sermons, to try thus to
+ realise exactly what it is you mean, and to express it
+ clearly, and (a much harder matter) to get into proper shape
+ the _reasons_ of your opinions, and to see whether they
+ do, or do not, tend to prove the conclusions you come to.
+ You have never studied technical Logic, at all, I fancy. [I
+ _had_, but I freely admit that the essay in question
+ proved that I had not then learnt to apply my principles to
+ practice.] It would have been a great help: but still it is
+ not indispensable: after all, it is only the putting into
+ rules of the way in which _every_ mind proceeds, when
+ it draws valid conclusions; and, by practice in careful
+ thinking, you may get to know "fallacies" when you meet with
+ them, without knowing the formal _rules_.
+
+ At present, when you try to give _reasons_, you are in
+ considerable danger of propounding fallacies. Instances
+ occur in this little essay of yours; and I hope it won't
+ offend your _amour propre_ very much, if an old uncle,
+ who has studied Logic for forty years, makes a few remarks
+ on it.
+
+ I am not going to enter _at all_ on the subject-matter
+ itself, or to say whether I agree, or not, with your
+ _conclusions_: but merely to examine, from a
+ logic-lecturer's point of view, your _premisses_ as
+ relating to them.
+
+ (1) "As the lower animals do not appear to have personality
+ or individual existence, I cannot see that any particular
+ one's life can be very important," &c. The word
+ "personality" is very vague: I don't know what you mean by
+ it. If you were to ask yourself, "What test should I use in
+ distinguishing what _has_, from what has _not_,
+ personality?" you might perhaps be able to express your
+ meaning more clearly. The phrase "individual existence" is
+ clear enough, and is in direct logical contradiction to the
+ phrase "particular one." To say, of anything, that it has
+ _not_ "individual existence," and yet that it _is_
+ a "particular one," involves the logical fallacy called a
+ "contradiction in terms."
+
+ (2) "In both cases" (animal and plant) "death is only the
+ conversion of matter from one form to another." The word
+ "form" is very vague--I fancy you use it in a sort of
+ _chemical_ sense (like saying "sugar is starch in
+ another form," where the change in nature is generally
+ believed to be a rearrangement of the very same atoms). If
+ you mean to assert that the difference between a live animal
+ and a dead animal, _i.e.,_ between animate and
+ sensitive matter, and the same matter when it becomes
+ inanimate and insensitive, is a mere rearrangement of the
+ same atoms, your premiss is intelligible. (It is a bolder
+ one than any biologists have yet advanced. The most
+ sceptical of them admits, I believe, that "vitality" is a
+ thing _per se. _However, that is beside my present
+ scope.) But this premiss is advanced to prove that it is of
+ no "consequence" to kill an animal. But, granting that the
+ conversion of sensitive into insensitive matter (and of
+ course _vice versa_) is a mere change of "form," and
+ _therefore_ of no "consequence"; granting this, we
+ cannot escape the including under this rule all similar
+ cases. If the _power_ of feeling pain, and the
+ _absence_ of that power, are only a difference of
+ "form," the conclusion is inevitable that the _feeling_
+ pain, and the _not_ feeling it, are _also_ only a
+ difference in form, _i.e.,_ to convert matter, which is
+ _not_ feeling pain, into matter _feeling_ pain, is
+ only to change its "form," and, if the process of "changing
+ form" is of no "consequence" in the case of sensitive and
+ insensitive matter, we must admit that it is _also_ of
+ no "consequence" in the case of pain-feeling and _not_
+ pain-feeling matter. This conclusion, I imagine, you neither
+ intended nor foresaw. The premiss, which you use, involves
+ the fallacy called "proving too much."
+
+ The best advice that could be given to you, when you begin
+ to compose sermons, would be what an old friend once gave to
+ a young man who was going out to be an Indian judge (in
+ India, it seems, the judge decides things, without a jury,
+ like our County Court judges). "Give _your decisions_
+ boldly and clearly; they will probably be _right_. But
+ do _not_ give your _reasons: they_ will probably
+ be _wrong"_ If your lot in life is to be in a
+ _country_ parish, it will perhaps not matter
+ _much_ whether the reasons given in your sermons do or
+ do not prove your conclusions. But even there you
+ _might_ meet, and in a town congregation you would be
+ _sure_ to meet, clever sceptics, who know well how to
+ argue, who will detect your fallacies and point them out to
+ those who are _not_ yet troubled with doubts, and thus
+ undermine _all_ their confidence in your teaching.
+
+ At Eastbourne, last summer, I heard a preacher advance the
+ astounding argument, "We believe that the Bible is true,
+ because our holy Mother, the Church, tells us it is." I pity
+ that unfortunate clergyman if ever he is bold enough to
+ enter any Young Men's Debating Club where there is some
+ clear-headed sceptic who has heard, or heard of, that
+ sermon. I can fancy how the young man would rub his hands,
+ in delight, and would say to himself, "Just see me get him
+ into a corner, and convict him of arguing in a circle!"
+
+ The bad logic that occurs in many and many a well-meant
+ sermon, is a real danger to modern Christianity. When
+ detected, it may seriously injure many believers, and fill
+ them with miserable doubts. So my advice to you, as a young
+ theological student, is "Sift your reasons _well_, and,
+ before you offer them to others, make sure that they prove
+ your conclusions."
+
+ I hope you won't give this letter of mine (which it has cost
+ me some time and thought to write) just a single reading and
+ then burn it; but that you will lay it aside. Perhaps, even
+ years hence, it may be of some use to you to read it again.
+
+ Believe me always
+
+ Your affectionate Uncle,
+
+ C. L. Dodgson.
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+(1892-1896)
+
+
+ Mr. Dodgson resigns the Curatorship--Bazaars--He lectures to
+ children--A mechanical "Humpty Dumpty"--A logical
+ controversy--Albert Chevalier--"Sylvie and Bruno
+ Concluded"--"Pillow Problems"--Mr. Dodgson's
+ generosity--College services--Religious difficulties--A
+ village sermon--Plans for the future--Reverence--"Symbolic
+ Logic."
+
+
+At Christ Church, as at other Colleges, the Common Room is an
+important feature. Open from eight in the morning until ten at night,
+it takes the place of a club, where the "dons" may see the newspapers,
+talk, write letters, or enjoy a cup of tea. After dinner, members of
+High Table, with their guests if any are present, usually adjourn to
+the Common Room for wine and dessert, while there is a smoking-room
+hard by for those who do not despise the harmless but unnecessary
+weed, and below are cellars, with a goodly store of choice old wines.
+
+The Curator's duties were therefore sufficiently onerous. They were
+doubly so in Mr. Dodgson's case, for his love of minute accuracy
+greatly increased the amount of work he had to do. It was his office
+to select and purchase wines, to keep accounts, to adjust selling
+price to cost price, to see that the two Common Room servants
+performed their duties, and generally to look after the comfort and
+convenience of the members.
+
+"Having heard," he wrote near the end of the year 1892, "that Strong
+was willing to be elected (as Curator), and Common Room willing to
+elect him, I most gladly resigned. The sense of relief at being free
+from the burdensome office, which has cost me a large amount of time
+and trouble, is very delightful. I was made Curator, December 8, 1882,
+so that I have held the office more than nine years."
+
+The literary results of his Curatorship were three very interesting
+little pamphlets, "Twelve Months in a Curatorship, by One who has
+tried it"; "Three years in a Curatorship, by One whom it has tried";
+and "Curiosissima Curatoria, by 'Rude Donatus,'" all printed for
+private circulation, and couched in the same serio-comic vein. As a
+logician he naturally liked to see his thoughts in print, for, just as
+the mathematical mind craves for a black-board and a piece of chalk,
+so the logical mind must have its paper and printing-press wherewith
+to set forth its deductions effectively.
+
+A few extracts must suffice to show the style of these pamphlets, and
+the opportunity offered for the display of humour.
+
+In the arrangement of the prices at which wines were to be sold to
+members of Common Room, he found a fine scope for the exercise of his
+mathematical talents and his sense of proportion. In one of the
+pamphlets he takes old Port and Chablis as illustrations.
+
+ The original cost of each is about 3s. a bottle; but the
+ present value of the old Port is about 11s. a bottle. Let us
+ suppose, then, that we have to sell to Common Room one
+ bottle of old Port and three of Chablis, the original cost
+ of the whole being 12s., and the present value 20s. These
+ are our data. We have now two questions to answer. First,
+ what sum shall we ask for the whole? Secondly, how shall we
+ apportion that sum between the two kinds of wine?
+
+The sum to be asked for the whole he decides, following precedent, is
+to be the present market-value of the wine; as to the second question,
+he goes on to say--
+
+ We have, as so often happens in the lives of distinguished
+ premiers, three courses before us: (1) to charge the
+ _present_ value for each kind of wine; (2) to put on a
+ certain percentage to the _original_ value of each
+ kind; (3) to make a compromise between these two courses.
+
+ Course 1 seems to me perfectly reasonable; but a very
+ plausible objection has been made to it--that it puts a
+ prohibitory price on the valuable wines, and that they would
+ remain unconsumed. This would not, however, involve any loss
+ to our finances; we could obviously realise the enhanced
+ values of the old wines by selling them to outsiders, if the
+ members of Common Room would not buy them. But I do not
+ advocate this course.
+
+ Course 2 would lead to charging 5s. a bottle for Port and
+ Chablis alike. The Port-drinker would be "in clover," while
+ the Chablis-drinker would probably begin getting his wine
+ direct from the merchant instead of from the Common Room
+ cellar, which would be a _reductio ad absurdum_ of the
+ tariff. Yet I have heard this course advocated, repeatedly,
+ as an abstract principle. "You ought to consider the
+ _original_ value only," I have been told. "You ought to
+ regard the Port-drinker as a private individual, who has
+ laid the wine in for himself, and who ought to have all the
+ advantages of its enhanced value. You cannot fairly ask him
+ for more than what you need to refill the bins with Port,
+ _plus_ the percentage thereon needed to meet the
+ contingent expenses." I have listened to such arguments, but
+ have never been convinced that the course is just. It seems
+ to me that the 8s. additional value which the bottle of Port
+ has acquired, is the property of _Common Room_, and
+ that Common Room has the power to give it to whom it
+ chooses; and it does not seem to me fair to give it all to
+ the Port-drinker. What merit is there in preferring Port to
+ Chablis, that could justify our selling the Port-drinker his
+ wine at less than half what he would have to give outside,
+ and charging the Chablis-drinker five-thirds of what he
+ would have to give outside? At all events, I, as a
+ Port-drinker, do not wish to absorb the whole advantage, and
+ would gladly share it with the Chablis-drinker. The course I
+ recommend is
+
+ Course 3, which is a compromise between 1 and 2, its
+ essential principle being to sell the new wines _above_
+ their value, in order to be able to sell the old
+ _below_ their value. And it is clearly desirable, as
+ far as possible, to make the reductions _where they will
+ be felt,_ and the additions _where they will not be
+ felt._ Moreover it seems to me that reduction is most
+ felt where it _goes down to the next round sum,_ and an
+ addition in the reverse case, _i.e.,_ when it _starts
+ from a round sum._ Thus, if we were to take 2d. off a 5s.
+ 8d. wine, and add it to a 4s. 4d.--thus selling them at 5s.
+ 6d. and 4s. 6d. the reduction would be welcomed, and the
+ addition unnoticed; and the change would be a popular one.
+
+The next extract shows with what light-hearted frivolity he could
+approach this tremendous subject of wine:--
+
+ The consumption of Madeira (B) has been during the past
+ year, zero. After careful calculation I estimate that, if
+ this rate of consumption be steadily maintained, our present
+ stock will last us an infinite number of years. And although
+ there may be something monotonous and dreary in the prospect
+ of such vast cycles spent in drinking second-class Madeira,
+ we may yet cheer ourselves with the thought of how
+ economically it can be done.
+
+To assist the Curator in the discharge of his duties, there was a Wine
+Committee, and for its guidance a series of rules was drawn up. The
+first runs as follows: "There shall be a Wine Committee, consisting of
+five persons, including the Curator, whose duty it shall be to assist
+the Curator in the management of the cellar." "Hence," wrote Mr.
+Dodgson, "logically it is the bounden duty of the Curator 'to assist
+himself.' I decline to say whether this clause has ever brightened
+existence for me--or whether, in the shades of evening, I may ever
+have been observed leaving the Common Room cellars with a small but
+suspicious-looking bundle, and murmuring, 'Assist thyself, assist
+thyself!'"
+
+Every Christmas at Christ Church the children of the College servants
+have a party in the Hall. This year he was asked to entertain them,
+and gladly consented to do so. He hired a magic lantern and a large
+number of slides, and with their help told the children the three
+following stories: (1) "The Epiphany"; (2) "The Children Lost in the
+Bush"; (3) "Bruno's Picnic."
+
+I have already referred to the services held in Christ Church for the
+College servants, at which Mr. Dodgson used frequently to preach. The
+way in which he regarded this work is very characteristic of the man.
+"Once more," he writes, "I have to thank my Heavenly Father for the
+great blessing and privilege of being allowed to speak for Him! May He
+bless my words to help some soul on its heavenward way." After one of
+these addresses he received a note from a member of the congregation,
+thanking him for what he had said. "It is very sweet," he said, "to
+get such words now and then; but there is danger in them if more such
+come, I must beg for silence."
+
+During the year Mr. Dodgson wrote the following letter to the Rev.
+C.A. Goodhart, Rector of Lambourne, Essex:--
+
+
+ Dear Sir,--Your kind, sympathising and most encouraging
+ letter about "Sylvie and Bruno" has deserved a better
+ treatment from me than to have been thus kept waiting more
+ than two years for an answer. But life is short; and one has
+ many other things to do; and I have been for years almost
+ hopelessly in arrears in correspondence. I keep a register,
+ so that letters which I intend to answer do somehow come to
+ the front at last.
+
+ In "Sylvie and Bruno" I took courage to introduce what I had
+ entirely avoided in the two "Alice" books--some reference to
+ subjects which are, after all, the _only_ subjects of real
+ interest in life, subjects which are so intimately bound up
+ with every topic of human interest that it needs more effort
+ to avoid them than to touch on them; and I felt that such a
+ book was more suitable to a clerical writer than one of mere
+ fun.
+
+ I hope I have not offended many (evidently I have not
+ offended _you_) by putting scenes of mere fun, and talk
+ about God, into the same book.
+
+ Only one of all my correspondents ever guessed there was
+ more to come of the book. She was a child, personally
+ unknown to me, who wrote to "Lewis Carroll" a sweet letter
+ about the book, in which she said, "I'm so glad it hasn't
+ got a regular wind-up, as it shows there is more to come!"
+
+ There is indeed "more to come." When I came to piece
+ together the mass of accumulated material I found it was
+ quite _double_ what could be put into one volume. So I
+ divided it in the middle; and I hope to bring out "Sylvie
+ and Bruno Concluded" next Christmas--if, that is, my
+ Heavenly Master gives me the time and the strength for the
+ task; but I am nearly 60, and have no right to count on
+ years to come.
+
+ In signing my real name, let me beg you not to let the
+ information go further--I have an _intense_ dislike to
+ personal publicity; and, the more people there are who know
+ nothing of "Lewis Carroll" save his books, the happier I am.
+
+ Believe me, sincerely yours,
+
+ Charles L. Dodgson.
+
+I have made no attempt to chronicle all the games and puzzles which
+Lewis Carroll invented. A list of such as have been published will be
+found in the Bibliographical chapter. He intended to bring out a book
+of "Original Games and Puzzles," with illustrations by Miss E.
+Gertrude Thomson. The MS. was, I believe, almost complete before his
+death, and one, at least, of the pictures had been drawn. On June 30th
+he wrote in his Diary, "Invented what I think is a new kind of riddle.
+A Russian had three sons. The first, named Rab, became a lawyer; the
+second, Ymra, became a soldier; the third became a sailor. What was
+his name?"
+
+The following letter written to a child-friend, Miss E. Drury,
+illustrates Lewis Carroll's hatred of bazaars:--
+
+ Ch. Ch., Oxford, _Nov_. 10, 1892.
+
+ My dear Emmie,--I object to _all_ bazaars on the general
+ principle that they are very undesirable schools for young
+ ladies, in which they learn to be "too fast" and forward,
+ and are more exposed to undesirable acquaintances than in
+ ordinary society. And I have, besides that, special
+ objections to bazaars connected with charitable or religious
+ purposes. It seems to me that they desecrate the religious
+ object by their undesirable features, and that they take the
+ reality out of all charity by getting people to think that
+ they are doing a good action, when their true motive is
+ amusement for themselves. Ruskin has put all this far better
+ than I can possibly do, and, if I can find the passage, and
+ find the time to copy it, I will send it you. But _time_ is
+ a very scarce luxury for me!
+
+ Always yours affectionately,
+
+ C.L. Dodgson.
+
+In his later years he used often to give lectures on various subjects
+to children. He gave a series on "Logic" at the Oxford Girls' High
+School, but he sometimes went further afield, as in the following
+instance:--
+
+
+ Went, as arranged with Miss A. Ottley, to the High School at
+ Worcester, on a visit. At half-past three I had an audience
+ of about a hundred little girls, aged, I should think, from
+ about six to fourteen. I showed them two arithmetic puzzles
+ on the black-board, and told them "Bruno's Picnic." At
+ half-past seven I addressed some serious words to a second
+ audience of about a hundred elder girls, probably from
+ fifteen to twenty--an experience of the deepest interest to
+ me.
+
+The illustration on the next page will be best explained by the
+following letter which I have received from Mr. Walter Lindsay, of
+Philadelphia, U.S.:--
+
+ Phila., _September_ 12, 1898.
+
+ Dear Sir,--I shall be very glad to furnish what information
+ I can with respect to the "Mechanical Humpty Dumpty" which I
+ constructed a few years ago, but I must begin by
+ acknowledging that, in one sense at least, I did not
+ "invent" the figure. The idea was first put into my head by
+ an article in the _Cosmopolitan_, somewhere about 1891, I
+ suppose, describing a similar contrivance. As a devoted
+ admirer of the "Alice" books, I determined to build a Humpty
+ Dumpty of my own; but I left the model set by the author of
+ the article mentioned, and constructed the figure on
+ entirely different lines. In the first place, the figure as
+ described in the magazine had very few movements, and not
+ very satisfactory ones at that; and in the second place, no
+ attempt whatever was made to reproduce, even in a general
+ way, the well-known appearance of Tenniel's drawing. Humpty,
+ when completed, was about two feet and a half high. His
+ face, of course, was white; the lower half of the egg was
+ dressed in brilliant blue. His stockings were grey, and the
+ famous cravat orange, with a zigzag pattern in blue. I am
+ sorry to say that the photograph hardly does him justice;
+ but he had travelled to so many different places during his
+ career, that he began to be decidedly out of shape before he
+ sat for his portrait.
+
+ [Illustration: The Mechanical "Humpty Dumpty."
+ _From a photograph._]
+
+ When Humpty was about to perform, a short "talk" was usually
+ given before the curtain rose, explaining the way in which
+ the Sheep put the egg on the shelf at the back of the little
+ shop, and how Alice went groping along to it. And then, just
+ as the explanation had reached the opening of the chapter on
+ Humpty Dumpty, the curtain rose, and Humpty was discovered,
+ sitting on the wall, and gazing into vacancy. As soon as the
+ audience had had time to recover, Alice entered, and the
+ conversation was carried on just as it is in the book.
+ Humpty Dumpty gesticulated with his arms, rolled his eyes,
+ raised his eyebrows, frowned, turned up his nose in scorn at
+ Alice's ignorance, and smiled from ear to ear when he shook
+ hands with her. Besides this, his mouth kept time with his
+ words all through the dialogue, which added very greatly to
+ his life-like appearance.
+
+ The effect of his huge face, as it changed from one
+ expression to another, was ludicrous in the extreme, and we
+ were often obliged to repeat sentences in the conversation
+ (to "go back to the last remark but one") because the
+ audience laughed so loudly over Humpty Dumpty's expression
+ of face that they drowned what he was trying to say. The
+ funniest effect was the change from the look of
+ self-satisfied complacency with which he accompanied the
+ words: "The king has promised me--" to that of towering rage
+ when Alice innocently betrays her knowledge of the secret.
+ At the close of the scene, when Alice has vainly endeavoured
+ to draw him into further conversation, and at last walks
+ away in disgust, Humpty loses his balance on the wall,
+ recovers himself, totters again, and then falls off
+ backwards; at the same time a box full of broken glass is
+ dropped on the floor behind the scenes, to represent the
+ "heavy crash," which "shook the forest from end to
+ end";--and the curtain falls.
+
+ Now, as to how it was all done. Humpty was made of barrel
+ hoops, and covered with stiff paper and muslin. His eyes
+ were round balls of rags, covered with muslin, drawn
+ smoothly, and with the pupil and iris marked on the front.
+ These eyes were pivoted to a board, fastened just behind the
+ eye-openings in the face. To the eyeballs were sewed strong
+ pieces of tape, which passed through screw-eyes on the edges
+ of the board, and so down to a row of levers which were
+ hinged in the lower part of the figure. One lever raised
+ both eyes upward, another moved them both to the left, and
+ so on. The eyebrows were of worsted and indiarubber knitted
+ together. They were fastened at the ends, and raised and
+ lowered by fine white threads passing through small holes in
+ the face, and also operated by levers. The arms projected
+ into the interior of the machine, and the gestures were made
+ by moving the short ends inside. The right hand contained a
+ spring clothes-pin, by which he was enabled to hold the
+ note-book in which Alice set down the celebrated problem--
+
+ 365
+ 1
+ ___
+ 364
+
+ The movement of the mouth, in talking, was produced by a
+ long tape, running down to a pedal, which was controlled by
+ the foot of the performer. And the smile consisted of long
+ strips of red tape, which were drawn out through slits at
+ the corners of the mouth by means of threads which passed
+ through holes in the sides of the head. The performer--who
+ was always your humble servant--stood on a box behind the
+ wall, his head just reaching the top of the egg, which was
+ open all the way up the back. At the lower end of the
+ figure, convenient to the hands of the performer, was the
+ row of levers, like a little keyboard; and by striking
+ different chords on the keys, any desired expression could
+ be produced on the face.
+
+ Of course, a performance of this kind without a good Alice
+ would be unutterably flat; but the little girl who played
+ opposite to Humpty, Miss Nellie K---, was so exactly the
+ counterpart of Alice, both in appearance and disposition,
+ that most children thought she was the original, right out
+ of the book.
+
+ Humpty still exists, but he has not seen active life for
+ some years. His own popularity was the cause of his
+ retirement; for having given a number of performances (for
+ Charity, of course), and delighted many thousands of
+ children of all ages, the demands upon his time, from
+ Sunday-schools and other institutions, became so numerous
+ that the performers were obliged to withdraw him in
+ self-defence. He was a great deal of trouble to build, but
+ the success he met with and the pleasure he gave more than
+ repaid me for the bother; and I am sure that any one else
+ who tries it will reach the same conclusion.
+
+ Yours sincerely,
+
+ Walter Lindsay.
+
+At the beginning of 1893 a fierce logical battle was being waged
+between Lewis Carroll and Mr. Cook Wilson, Professor of Logic at
+Oxford. The Professor, in spite of the countless arguments that Mr.
+Dodgson hurled at his head, would not confess that he had committed a
+fallacy.
+
+On February 5th the Professor appears to have conceded a point, for
+Mr. Dodgson writes: "Heard from Cook Wilson, who has long declined to
+read a paper which I sent January 12th, and which seems to me to prove
+the fallacy of a view of his about Hypotheticals. He now offers to
+read it, if _I_ will study a proof he sent, that another problem
+of mine had contradictory _data_. I have accepted his offer, and
+studied and answered his paper. So I now look forward hopefully to the
+result of his reading mine."
+
+The hopes which he entertained were doomed to be disappointed; the
+controversy bore no fruits save a few pamphlets and an enormous amount
+of correspondence, and finally the two antagonists had to agree to
+differ.
+
+As a rule Mr. Dodgson was a stern opponent of music-halls and
+music-hall singers; but he made one or two exceptions with regard to
+the latter. For Chevalier he had nothing but praise; he heard him at
+one of his recitals, for he never in his life entered a "Variety
+Theatre." I give the passage from his Diary:--
+
+ Went to hear Mr. Albert Chevalier's Recital. I only knew of
+ him as being now recognised as _facile princeps_ among
+ music-hall singers, and did not remember that I had seen him
+ twice or oftener on the stage--first as "Mr. Hobbs" in
+ "Little Lord Fauntleroy," and afterwards as a "horsy" young
+ man in a _matinee_ in which Violet Vanbrugh appeared. He was
+ decidedly _good_ as an actor; but as a comic singer (with
+ considerable powers of pathos as well) he is quite
+ first-rate. His chief merit seems to be the earnestness with
+ which he throws himself into the work. The songs (mostly his
+ own writing) were quite inoffensive, and very funny. I am
+ very glad to be able to think that his influence on public
+ taste is towards refinement and purity. I liked best "The
+ Future Mrs. 'Awkins," with its taking tune, and "My Old
+ Dutch," which revealed powers that, I should think, would
+ come out grandly in Robsonian parts, such as "The Porter's
+ Knot." "The Little Nipper" was also well worth hearing.
+
+Mr. Dodgson's views on Sunday Observance were old-fashioned, but he
+lived up to them, and did not try to force them upon people with whose
+actions he had no concern. They were purely matters of "private
+opinion" with him. On October 2nd he wrote to Miss E.G. Thomson, who
+was illustrating his "Three Sunsets":--
+
+ Would you kindly do _no_ sketches, or photos, for
+ _me_, on a Sunday? It is, in _my_ view (of
+ _course_ I don't condemn any one who differs from me)
+ inconsistent with keeping the day holy. I do _not_ hold
+ it to be the Jewish "Sabbath," but I _do_ hold it to be
+ "the Lord's Day," and so to be made very distinct from the
+ other days.
+
+In December, the Logical controversy being over for a time, Mr.
+Dodgson invented a new problem to puzzle his mathematical friends
+with, which was called "The Monkey and Weight Problem." A rope is
+supposed to be hung over a wheel fixed to the roof of a building; at
+one end of the rope a weight is fixed, which exactly counterbalances a
+monkey which is hanging on to the other end. Suppose that the monkey
+begins to climb the rope, what will be the result? The following
+extract from the Diary illustrates the several possible answers which
+may be given:--
+
+ Got Professor Clifton's answer to the "Monkey and Weight
+ Problem." It is very curious, the different views taken by
+ good mathematicians. Price says the weight goes _up_, with
+ increasing velocity; Clifton (and Harcourt) that it goes
+ _up_, at the same rate as the monkey; while Sampson says
+ that it goes _down_.
+
+On December 24th Mr. Dodgson received the first twelve copies of
+"Sylvie and Bruno Concluded," just about four years after the
+appearance of the first part of the story. In this second volume the
+two fairy children are as delightful as ever; it also contains what I
+think most people will agree to be the most beautiful poem Lewis
+Carroll ever wrote, "Say, what is the spell, when her fledglings are
+cheeping?" (p. 305). In the preface he pays a well-deserved compliment
+to Mr. Harry Furniss for his wonderfully clever pictures; he also
+explains how the book was written, showing that many of the amusing
+remarks of Bruno had been uttered by real children. He makes
+allusion to two books, which only his death prevented him from
+finishing--"Original Games and Puzzles," and a paper on "Sport,"
+viewed from the standpoint of the humanitarian. From a literary point
+of view the second volume of "Sylvie and Bruno" lacks unity; a fairy
+tale is all very well, and a novel also is all very well, but the
+combination of the two is surely a mistake. However, the reader who
+cares more for the spirit than the letter will not notice this
+blemish; to him "Sylvie and Bruno Concluded" will be interesting and
+helpful, as the revelation of a very beautiful personality.
+
+ You have made everything turn out just as I should have
+ chosen [writes a friend to whom he had sent a copy], and
+ made right all that disappointed me in the first part. I
+ have not only to thank you for writing an interesting book,
+ but for writing a helpful one too. I am sure that "Sylvie
+ and Bruno" has given me many thoughts that will help me all
+ life through. One cannot know "Sylvie" without being the
+ better for it. You may say that "Mister Sir" is not
+ consciously meant to be yourself, but I cannot help feeling
+ that he is. As "Mister Sir" talks, I hear your voice in
+ every word. I think, perhaps, that is why I like the book so
+ much.
+
+I have received an interesting letter from Mr. Furniss, bearing upon
+the subject of "Sylvie and Bruno," and Lewis Carroll's methods of
+work. The letter runs as follows:--
+
+ I have illustrated stories of most of our leading authors,
+ and I can safely say that Lewis Carroll was the only one who
+ cared to understand the illustrations to his own book. He
+ was the W. S. Gilbert for children, and, like Gilbert
+ producing one of his operas, Lewis Carroll took infinite
+ pains to study every detail in producing his extraordinary
+ and delightful books. Mr. Gilbert, as every one knows, has a
+ model of the stage; he puts up the scenery, draws every
+ figure, moves them about just as he wishes the real actors
+ to move about. Lewis Carroll was precisely the same. This,
+ of course, led to a great deal of work and trouble, and made
+ the illustrating of his books more a matter of artistic
+ interest than of professional profit. I was _seven years_
+ illustrating his last work, and during that time I had the
+ pleasure of many an interesting meeting with the fascinating
+ author, and I was quite repaid for the trouble I took, not
+ only by his generous appreciation of my efforts, but by the
+ liberal remuneration he gave for the work, and also by the
+ charm of having intercourse with the interesting, if
+ somewhat erratic genius.
+
+A book very different in character from "Sylvie and Bruno," but under
+the same well-known pseudonym, appeared about the same time. I refer
+to "Pillow Problems," the second part of the series entitled "Curiosa
+Mathematica."
+
+"Pillow Problems thought out during wakeful hours" is a collection of
+mathematical problems, which Mr. Dodgson solved while lying awake at
+night. A few there are to which the title is not strictly applicable,
+but all alike were worked out mentally before any diagram or word of
+the solution was committed to paper.
+
+The author says that his usual practice was to write down the
+_answer_ first of all, and afterwards the question and its
+solution. His motive, he says, for publishing these problems was not
+from any desire to display his powers of mental calculation. Those who
+knew him will readily believe this, though they will hardly be
+inclined to accept his own modest estimate of those powers.
+
+Still the book was intended, not for the select few who can scale the
+mountain heights of advanced mathematics, but for the much larger
+class of ordinary mathematicians, and they at least will be able to
+appreciate the gifted author, and to wonder how he could follow so
+clearly in his head the mental diagrams and intricate calculations
+involved in some of these "Pillow Problems."
+
+His chief motive in publishing the book was to show how, by a little
+determination, the mind "can be made to concentrate itself on some
+intellectual subject (not necessarily mathematics), and thus banish
+those petty troubles and vexations which most people experience, and
+which--unless the mind be otherwise occupied--_will_ persist in
+invading the hours of night." And this remedy, as he shows, serves a
+higher purpose still. In a paragraph which deserves quoting at length,
+as it gives us a momentary glimpse of his refined and beautiful
+character, he says:--
+
+ Perhaps I may venture for a moment to use a more serious
+ tone, and to point out that there are mental troubles, much
+ worse than mere worry, for which an absorbing object of
+ thought may serve as a remedy. There are sceptical thoughts,
+ which seem for the moment to uproot the firmest faith: there
+ are blasphemous thoughts, which dart unbidden into the most
+ reverent souls: there are unholy thoughts, which torture
+ with their hateful presence the fancy that would fain be
+ pure. Against all these some real mental work is a most
+ helpful ally. That "unclean spirit" of the parable, who
+ brought back with him seven others more wicked than himself,
+ only did so because he found the chamber "swept and
+ garnished," and its owner sitting with folded hands. Had he
+ found it all alive with the "busy hum" of active _work_,
+ there would have been scant welcome for him and his seven!
+
+It would have robbed the book of its true character if Lewis Carroll
+had attempted to improve on the work done in his head, and
+consequently we have the solutions exactly as he worked them out
+before setting them down on paper. Of the Problems themselves there is
+not much to be said here; they are original, and some of them (e.g.,
+No. 52) expressed in a style peculiarly the author's own. The subjects
+included in their range are Arithmetic, Algebra, Pure Geometry
+(Plane), Trigonometry, Algebraic Geometry, and Differential Calculus;
+and there is one Problem to which Mr. Dodgson says he "can proudly
+point," in "Transcendental Probabilities," which is here given: "A bag
+contains two counters, as to which nothing is known except that each
+is either black or white. Ascertain their colour without taking them
+out of the bag." The answer is, "One is black and the other white."
+For the solution the reader is referred to the book itself, a study of
+which will well repay him, apart from the chance he may have of
+discovering some mistake, and the consequent joy thereat!
+
+A few extracts from the Diary follow, written during the early part of
+1894:--
+
+ _Feb._ 1_st.--Dies notandus._ As Ragg was reading
+ Prayers, and Bayne and I were the only M.A.'s in the stalls,
+ I tried the experiment of going to the lectern and reading
+ the lesson. I did not hesitate much, but feel it too great a
+ strain on the nerves to be tried often. Then I went to the
+ Latin Chapel for Holy Communion. Only Paget (Dean) and Dr.
+ Huntley came: so, for the first time in my recollection, it
+ had to be given up. Then I returned to my rooms, and found
+ in _The Standard_ the very important communication from
+ Gladstone denying the rumour that he has decided upon
+ resigning the Premiership, but admitting that, owing to
+ failing powers, it may come at any moment. It will make a
+ complete change in the position of politics! Then I got,
+ from Cook Wilson, what I have been so long trying for--an
+ accepted transcript of the fallacious argument over which we
+ have had an (apparently) endless fight. I think the end is
+ near, _now_.
+
+ _Feb._ 4_th._--The idea occurred to me that it
+ might be a pleasant variation in Backgammon to throw
+ _three_ dice, and choose any two of the three numbers.
+ The average quality of the throws would be much raised. I
+ reckon that the chance of "6, 6" would be about two and a
+ half what it now is. It would also furnish a means, similar
+ to giving points in billiards, for equalising players: the
+ weaker might use three dice, the other using two. I think of
+ calling it "Thirdie Backgammon."
+
+ _March_ 31_st._--Have just got printed, as a
+ leaflet, "A Disputed Point in Logic"--the point Professor
+ Wilson and I have been arguing so long. This paper is wholly
+ in his own words, and puts the point very clearly. I think
+ of submitting it to all my logical friends.
+
+"A Disputed Point in Logic" appeared also, I believe, in
+_Mind_, July, 1894.
+
+This seems a fitting place in which to speak of a side of Mr.
+Dodgson's character of which he himself was naturally very
+reticent--his wonderful generosity. My own experience of him was of a
+man who was always ready to do one a kindness, even though it put him
+to great expense and inconvenience; but of course I did not know,
+during his lifetime, that my experience of him was the same as that of
+all his other friends. The income from his books and other sources,
+which might have been spent in a life of luxury and selfishness, he
+distributed lavishly where he saw it was needed, and in order to do
+this he always lived in the most simple way. To make others happy was
+the Golden Rule of his life. On August 31st he wrote, in a letter to a
+friend, Miss Mary Brown: "And now what am I to tell you about myself?
+To say I am quite well 'goes without saying' with me. In fact, my life
+is so strangely free from all trial and trouble that I cannot doubt my
+own happiness is one of the talents entrusted to me to 'occupy' with,
+till the Master shall return, by doing something to make other lives
+happy."
+
+In several instances, where friends in needy circumstances have
+written to him for loans of money, he has answered them, "I will not
+_lend_, but I will _give_ you the L100 you ask for." To help
+child-friends who wanted to go on the stage, or to take up music as a
+profession, he has introduced them to leading actors and actresses,
+paid for them having lessons in singing from the best masters, sent
+round circulars to his numerous acquaintances begging them to
+patronise the first concert or recital.
+
+In writing his books he never attempted to win popularity by acceding
+to the prejudices and frailties of the age--his one object was to make
+his books useful and helpful and ennobling. Like the great Master, in
+whose steps he so earnestly strove to follow, he "went about doing
+good." And one is glad to think that even his memory is being made to
+serve the same purpose. The "Alice" cots are a worthy sequel to his
+generous life.
+
+Even Mr. Dodgson, with all his boasted health, was not absolutely
+proof against disease, for on February 12, 1895, he writes:--
+
+ Tenth day of a rather bad attack of influenza of the ague
+ type. Last night the fever rose to a great height, partly
+ caused by a succession of _five_ visitors. One,
+ however, was of my own seeking--Dean Paget, to whom I was
+ thankful to be able to tell all I have had in my mind for a
+ year or more, as to our Chapel services _not_ being as
+ helpful as they could be made. The chief fault is extreme
+ _rapidity_. I long ago gave up the attempt to say the
+ Confession at that pace; and now I say it, and the Lord's
+ Prayer, close together, and never hear a word of the
+ Absolution. Also many of the Lessons are quite unedifying.
+
+On July 11th he wrote to my brother on the subject of a paper about
+Eternal Punishment, which was to form the first of a series of essays
+on Religious Difficulties:--
+
+ I am sending you the article on "Eternal Punishment" as it
+ is. There is plenty of matter for consideration, as to which
+ I shall be glad to know your views.
+
+ Also if there are other points, connected with religion,
+ where you feel that perplexing difficulties exist, I should
+ be glad to know of them in order to see whether I can see my
+ way to saying anything helpful.
+
+ But I had better add that I do not want to deal with any
+ such difficulties, _unless_ they tend to affect _life.
+ Speculative_ difficulties which do not affect conduct, and
+ which come into collision with any of the principles which I
+ intend to state as axioms, lie outside the scope of my book.
+ These axioms are:--
+
+ (1) Human conduct is capable of being _right_, and of
+ being _wrong_.
+
+ (2) I possess Free-Will, and am able to choose between
+ right and wrong.
+
+ (3) I have in some cases chosen wrong.
+
+ (4) I am responsible for choosing wrong.
+
+ (5) I am responsible to a person.
+
+ (6) This person is perfectly good.
+
+ I call them axioms, because I have no _proofs_ to offer for
+ them. There will probably be others, but these are all I can
+ think of just now.
+
+The Rev. H. Hopley, Vicar of Westham, has sent me the following
+interesting account of a sermon Mr. Dodgson preached at his church:--
+
+ In the autumn of 1895 the Vicar of Eastbourne was to have
+ preached my Harvest Sermon at Westham, a village five miles
+ away; but something or other intervened, and in the middle
+ of the week I learned he could not come. A mutual friend
+ suggested my asking Mr. Dodgson, who was then in Eastbourne,
+ to help me, and I went with him to his rooms. I was quite a
+ stranger to Mr. Dodgson; but knowing from hearsay how
+ reluctant he usually was to preach, I apologised and
+ explained my position--with Sunday so near at hand. After a
+ moment's hesitation he consented, and in a most genial
+ manner made me feel quite at ease as to the abruptness of my
+ petition. On the morrow he came over to my vicarage, and
+ made friends with my daughters, teaching them some new
+ manner of playing croquet [probably Castle Croquet], and
+ writing out for them puzzles and anagrams that he had
+ composed.
+
+ The following letter was forwarded on the Saturday:--
+
+ "7, Lushington Road, Eastbourne,
+
+ _September_ 26, 1895.
+
+ Dear Mr. Hopley,--I think you will excuse the liberty
+ I am taking in asking you to give me some food after the
+ service on Sunday, so that I may have no need to catch the
+ train, but can walk back at leisure. This will save me from
+ the worry of trying to conclude at an exact minute, and
+ you, perhaps, from the trouble of finding short hymns, to save
+ time. It will not, I hope, cause your cook any trouble, as
+ my regular rule here is _cold_ dinner on Sundays. This not
+ from any "Sabbatarian" theory, but from the wish to let our
+ _employes_ have the day _wholly_ at their own disposal.
+
+ I beg Miss Hopley's acceptance of the enclosed papers--
+ (puzzles and diagrams.)
+
+ Believe me, very truly yours,
+
+ C.L. Dodgson."
+
+ On Sunday our grand old church was crowded, and, although
+ our villagers are mostly agricultural labourers, yet they
+ breathlessly listened to a sermon forty minutes long, and
+ apparently took in every word of it. It was quite extempore,
+ in very simple words, and illustrated by some delightful and
+ most touching stories of children. I only wish there had
+ been a shorthand-writer there.
+
+ In the vestry after service, while he was signing his name
+ in the Preachers' Book, a church officer handed him a bit of
+ paper. "Mr. Dodgson, would you very kindly write your name
+ on that?" "Sir!" drawing himself up sternly--"Sir, I never
+ do that for any one"--and then, more kindly, "You see, if I
+ did it for one, I must do it for all."
+
+An amusing incident in Mr. Dodgson's life is connected with the
+well-known drama, "Two Little Vagabonds." I give the story as he wrote
+it in his Diary:--
+
+ _Nov._ 28_th.--Matinee_ at the Princess's of "Two Little
+ Vagabonds," a very sensational melodrama, capitally acted.
+ "Dick" and "Wally" were played by Kate Tyndall and Sydney
+ Fairbrother, whom I guess to be about fifteen and twelve.
+ Both were excellent, and the latter remarkable for the
+ perfect realism of her acting. There was some beautiful
+ religious dialogue between "Wally" and a hospital nurse--
+ most reverently spoken, and reverently received by the
+ audience.
+
+ _Dec._ 17_th._--I have given books to Kate Tyndall and
+ Sydney Fairbrother, and have heard from them, and find I was
+ entirely mistaken in taking them for children. Both are
+ married women!
+
+The following is an extract from a letter written in 1896 to one of
+his sisters, in allusion to a death which had recently occurred in the
+family:--
+
+ It is getting increasingly difficult now to remember _which_
+ of one's friends remain alive, and _which_ have gone "into
+ the land of the great departed, into the silent land." Also,
+ such news comes less and less as a shock, and more and more
+ one realises that it is an experience each of _us_ has to
+ face before long. That fact is getting _less_ dreamlike to
+ me now, and I sometimes think what a grand thing it will be
+ to be able to say to oneself, "Death is _over_ now; there is
+ not _that_ experience to be faced again."
+
+ I am beginning to think that, if the _books I_ am still
+ hoping to write are to be done _at all,_ they must be done
+ _now_, and that I am _meant_ thus to utilise the splendid
+ health I have had, unbroken, for the last year and a half,
+ and the working powers that are fully as great as, if not
+ greater, than I have ever had. I brought with me here (this
+ letter was written from Eastbourne) the MS., such as it is
+ (very fragmentary and unarranged) for the book about
+ religious difficulties, and I meant, when I came here, to
+ devote myself to that, but I have changed my plan. It seems
+ to me that _that_ subject is one that hundreds of living men
+ could do, if they would only try, _much_ better than I
+ could, whereas there is no living man who could (or at any
+ rate who would take the trouble to) arrange and finish and
+ publish the second part of the "Logic." Also, I _have_ the
+ Logic book in my head; it will only need three or four
+ months to write out, and I have _not_ got the other book in
+ my head, and it might take years to think out. So I have
+ decided to get Part ii. finished _first_, and I am working
+ at it day and night. I have taken to early rising, and
+ sometimes sit down to my work before seven, and have one and
+ a half hours at it before breakfast. The book will be a
+ great novelty, and will help, I fully believe, to make the
+ study of Logic _far_ easier than it now is. And it will, I
+ also believe, be a help to religious thought by giving
+ _clearness_ of conception and of expression, which may
+ enable many people to face, and conquer, many religious
+ difficulties for themselves. So I do really regard it as
+ work for _God_.
+
+Another letter, written a few months later to Miss Dora Abdy, deals
+with the subject of "Reverence," which Mr. Dodgson considered a virtue
+not held in sufficient esteem nowadays:--
+
+ My Dear Dora,--In correcting the proofs of "Through the
+ Looking-Glass" (which is to have "An Easter Greeting"
+ inserted at the end), I am reminded that in that letter (I
+ enclose a copy), I had tried to express my thoughts on the
+ very subject we talked about last night--the relation of
+ _laughter_ to religious thought. One of the hardest things
+ in the world is to convey a meaning accurately from one mind
+ to another, but the _sort_ of meaning I want to convey to
+ other minds is that while the laughter of _joy_ is in full
+ harmony with our deeper life, the laughter of amusement
+ should be kept apart from it. The danger is too great of
+ thus learning to look at solemn things in a spirit of
+ _mockery_, and to seek in them opportunities for exercising
+ _wit_. That is the spirit which has spoiled, for me, the
+ beauty of some of the Bible. Surely there is a deep meaning
+ in our prayer, "Give us an heart to love and _dread_ Thee."
+ We do not mean _terror_: but a dread that will harmonise
+ with love; "respect" we should call it as towards a human
+ being, "reverence" as towards God and all religious things.
+
+ Yours affectionately,
+
+ C.L. Dodgson.
+
+In his "Game of Logic" Lewis Carroll introduced an original method of
+working logical problems by means of diagrams; this method he
+superseded in after years for a much simpler one, the method of
+"Subscripts."
+
+In "Symbolic Logic, Part i." (London: Macmillan, 1896) he employed
+both methods. The Introduction is specially addressed "to Learners,"
+whom Lewis Carroll advises to read the book straight through, without
+_dipping_.
+
+ This Rule [he says] is very desirable with other kinds of
+ books--such as novels, for instance, where you may easily
+ spoil much of the enjoyment you would otherwise get from the
+ story by dipping into it further on, so that what the author
+ meant to be a pleasant surprise comes to you as a matter of
+ course. Some people, I know, make a practice of looking into
+ vol. iii. first, just to see how the story ends; and perhaps
+ it _is_ as well just to know that all ends
+ _happily_--that the much persecuted lovers _do_
+ marry after all, that he is proved to be quite innocent of
+ the murder, that the wicked cousin is completely foiled in
+ his plot, and gets the punishment he deserves, and that the
+ rich uncle in India (_Qu._ Why in _India? Ans._
+ Because, somehow, uncles never _can_ get rich anywhere
+ else) dies at exactly the right moment--before taking the
+ trouble to read vol i. This, I say, is _just_
+ permissible with a _novel_, where vol. iii. has a
+ _meaning_, even for those who have not read the earlier
+ part of the story; but with a _scientific_ book, it is
+ sheer insanity. You will find the latter part
+ _hopelessly_ unintelligible, if you read it before
+ reaching it in regular course.
+
+
+
+* * * * *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+(1897-1898)
+
+
+ Logic-lectures--Irreverent anecdotes--Tolerance of his
+ religious views--A mathematical discovery--"The Little
+ Minister" Sir George Baden-Powell--Last illness--"Thy will
+ be done"--"Wonderland" at last!--Letters from friends "Three
+ Sunsets"--"Of such is the kingdom of Heaven."
+
+The year 1897, the last complete year which he was destined to spend,
+began for Mr. Dodgson at Guildford. On January 3rd he preached in the
+morning at the beautiful old church of S. Mary's, the church which he
+always attended when he was staying with his sisters at the Chestnuts.
+
+On the 5th he began a course of Logic Lectures at Abbot's Hospital.
+The Rev. A. Kingston, late curate of Holy Trinity and S. Mary's
+Parishes, Guildford, had requested him to do this, and he had given
+his promise if as many as six people could be got together to hear
+him. Mr. Kingston canvassed the town so well that an audience of about
+thirty attended the first lecture.
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Carroll. _From a photograph._]
+
+A long Sunday walk was always a feature of Mr. Dodgson's life in the
+vacations. In earlier years the late Mr. W. Watson was his usual
+companion at Guildford. The two men were in some respects very much
+alike; a peculiar gentleness of character, a winning charm of manner
+which no one could resist, distinguished them both. After Mr. Watson's
+death his companion was usually one of the following Guildford
+clergymen: the Rev. J.H. Robson, LL.D., the Rev. H.R. Ware, and the
+Rev. A. Kingston.
+
+On the 26th Mr. Dodgson paid a visit to the Girls' High School, to
+show the pupils some mathematical puzzles, and to teach the elder ones
+his "Memoria Technica." On the 28th he returned to Oxford, so as to be
+up in time for term.
+
+I have said that he always refused invitations to dinner; accordingly
+his friends who knew of this peculiarity, and wished to secure him for
+a special evening, dared not actually invite him, but wrote him little
+notes stating that on such and such days they would be dining at home.
+Thus there is an entry in his Journal for February 10th:
+
+ "Dined with Mrs. G--(She had not sent an
+ 'invitation'--only 'information')."
+
+His system of symbolic logic enabled him to work out the most complex
+problems with absolute certainty in a surprisingly short time. Thus he
+wrote on the 15th: "Made a splendid logic-problem, about
+"great-grandsons" (modelled on one by De Morgan). My method of
+solution is quite new, and I greatly doubt if any one will solve the
+Problem. I have sent it to Cook Wilson."
+
+On March 7th he preached in the University Church, the first occasion
+on which he had done so:--
+
+ There is now [he writes] a system established of a course of
+ six sermons at S. Mary's each year, for University men
+ _only_, and specially meant for undergraduates. They
+ are preached, preceded by a few prayers and a hymn, at
+ half-past eight. This evening ended the course for this
+ term: and it was my great privilege to preach. It has been
+ the most formidable sermon I have ever had to preach, and it
+ is a _great_ relief to have it over. I took, as text,
+ Job xxviii. 28, "And unto man he said, The fear of the Lord,
+ that is wisdom"--and the prayer in the Litany "Give us an
+ heart to love and dread thee." It lasted three-quarters of
+ an hour.
+
+One can imagine how he would have treated the subject. The views which
+he held on the subject of reverence were, so at least it appears to
+me, somewhat exaggerated; they are well expressed in a letter which he
+wrote to a friend of his, during the year, and which runs as
+follows:--
+
+ Dear--, After changing my mind several times, I have at
+ last decided to venture to ask a favour of you, and to trust
+ that you will not misinterpret my motives in doing so.
+
+ The favour I would ask is, that you will not tell me any
+ more stories, such as you did on Friday, of remarks which
+ children are said to have made on very sacred subjects--
+ remarks which most people would recognise as irreverent, if
+ made by _grown-up people_, but which are assumed to be
+ innocent when made by children who are unconscious of any
+ irreverence, the strange conclusion being drawn that they
+ are therefore innocent when _repeated_ by a grown-up person.
+
+ The misinterpretation I would guard against is, your
+ supposing that I regard such repetition as always _wrong_ in
+ any grown-up person. Let me assure you that I do _not_ so
+ regard it. I am always willing to believe that those who
+ repeat such stories differ wholly from myself in their views
+ of what is, and what is not, fitting treatment of sacred
+ things, and I fully recognise that what would certainly be
+ wrong in _me_, is not necessarily so in _them_.
+
+ So I simply ask it as a personal favour to myself. The
+ hearing of that anecdote gave me so much pain, and spoiled
+ so much the pleasure of my tiny dinner-party, that I feel
+ sure you will kindly spare me such in future.
+
+ One further remark. There are quantities of such anecdotes
+ going about. I don't in the least believe that 5 per cent.
+ of them were ever said by _children_. I feel sure that most
+ of them are concocted by people who _wish_ to bring sacred
+ subjects into ridicule--sometimes by people who _wish_ to
+ undermine the belief that others have in religious truths:
+ for there is no surer way of making one's beliefs _unreal_
+ than by learning to associate them with ludicrous ideas.
+
+ Forgive the freedom with which I have said all this.
+
+ Sincerely yours,
+
+ C.L. Dodgson.
+
+The entry in the Diary for April 11th (Sunday) is interesting:--
+
+ Went my eighteen-mile round by Besilsleigh. From my rooms
+ back to them again, took me five hours and twenty-seven
+ minutes. Had "high tea" at twenty minutes past seven. This
+ entails only leaving a plate of cold meat, and gives much
+ less trouble than hot dinner at six.
+
+ Dinner at six has been my rule since January 31st, when it
+ began--I then abandoned the seven o'clock Sunday dinner, of
+ which I entirely disapprove. It has prevented, for two
+ terms, the College Servants' Service.
+
+On May 12th he wrote:--
+
+ As the Prince of Wales comes this afternoon to open the Town
+ Hall, I went round to the Deanery to invite them to come
+ through my rooms upon the roof, to see the procession
+ arrive.... A party of about twenty were on my roof in the
+ afternoon, including Mrs. Moberly, Mrs. Driver, and Mrs.
+ Baynes, and most, if not all, of the children in Christ
+ Church. Dinner in Hall at eight. The Dean had the Prince on
+ his right, and Lord Salisbury on his left. My place was almost
+ _vis-a-vis_ with the Prince. He and the Dean were the
+ only speakers. We did not get out of Hall till nearly ten.
+
+In June he bought a "Whiteley Exerciser," and fixed it up in his
+rooms. One would have thought that he would have found his long walks
+sufficient exercise (an eighteen-mile round was, as we have seen, no
+unusual thing for him to undertake), but apparently it was not so. He
+was so pleased with the "Exerciser," that he bought several more of
+them, and made presents of them to his friends.
+
+As an instance of his broad-mindedness, the following extract from his
+Diary for June 20th is interesting. It must be premised that E--was a
+young friend of his who had recently become a member of the Roman
+Catholic Church, and that their place of worship in Oxford is
+dedicated to S. Aloysius.
+
+ I went with E-- to S. Aloysius. There was much beauty in the
+ service, part of which consisted in a procession, with
+ banner, all round the church, carrying the Host, preceded by
+ a number of girls in white, with veils (who had all had
+ their first communion that morning), strewing flowers. Many
+ of them were quite little things of about seven. The sermon
+ (by Father Richardson) was good and interesting, and in a
+ very loyal tone about the Queen.
+
+A letter he wrote some years before to a friend who had asked him
+about his religious opinions reveals the same catholicity of mind:--
+
+ I am a member of the English Church, and have taken Deacon's
+ Orders, but did not think fit (for reasons I need not go
+ into) to take Priest's Orders. My dear father was what is
+ called a "High Churchman," and I naturally adopted those
+ views, but have always felt repelled by the yet higher
+ development called "Ritualism."
+
+ But I doubt if I am fully a "High Churchman" now. I find
+ that as life slips away (I am over fifty now), and the life
+ on the other side of the great river becomes more and more
+ the reality, of which _this_ is only a shadow, that the
+ petty distinctions of the many creeds of Christendom tend to
+ slip away as well--leaving only the great truths which all
+ Christians believe alike. More and more, as I read of the
+ Christian religion, as Christ preached it, I stand amazed at
+ the forms men have given to it, and the fictitious barriers
+ they have built up between themselves and their brethren. I
+ believe that when you and I come to lie down for the last
+ time, if only we can keep firm hold of the great truths
+ Christ taught us--our own utter worthlessness and His
+ infinite worth; and that He has brought us back to our one
+ Father, and made us His brethren, and so brethren to one
+ another--we shall have all we need to guide us through the
+ shadows.
+
+ Most assuredly I accept to the full the doctrines you refer
+ to--that Christ died to save us, that we have no other way
+ of salvation open to us but through His death, and that it
+ is by faith in Him, and through no merit of ours, that we
+ are reconciled to God; and most assuredly I can cordially
+ say, "I owe all to Him who loved me, and died on the Cross
+ of Calvary."
+
+He spent the Long Vacation at Eastbourne as usual, frequently walking
+over to Hastings, which is about twenty miles off. A good many of his
+mornings were spent in giving lectures and telling stories at schools.
+
+A letter to the widow of an old college friend reveals the
+extraordinary sensitiveness of his nature:--
+
+ 2, Bedford Well Road, Eastbourne,
+
+ _August_ 2, 1897.
+
+ My Dear Mrs. Woodhouse,--Your letter, with its mournful
+ news, followed me down here, and I only got it on Saturday
+ night; so I was not able to be with you in thought when the
+ mortal remains of my dear old friend were being committed to
+ the ground; to await the time when our Heavenly Father shall
+ have accomplished the number of His elect, and when you and
+ I shall once more meet the loved ones from whom we are, for
+ a little while only--what a little while even a long human
+ life lasts!--parted in sorrow, yet _not_ sorrowing as
+ those without hope.
+
+ You will be sure without words of mine, that you have my
+ true and deep sympathy. Of all the friends I made at Ch.
+ Ch., your husband was the very _first_ who spoke to
+ me--across the dinner-table in Hall. That is forty-six years
+ ago, but I remember, as if it were only yesterday, the
+ kindly smile with which he spoke....
+
+September 27th and 28th are marked in his Diary "with a white
+stone":--
+
+ _Sept. 27th.--Dies notandus._ Discovered rule for
+ dividing a number by 9, by mere addition and subtraction. I
+ felt sure there must be an analogous one for 11, and found
+ it, and proved first rule by algebra, after working about
+ nine hours!
+
+ _Sept. 28th.--Dies creta notandus._ I have actually
+ _superseded_ the rules discovered yesterday! My new
+ rules require to ascertain the 9-remainder, and the
+ 11-remainder, which the others did _not_ require; but
+ the new ones are much the quickest. I shall send them to
+ _The Educational Times_, with date of discovery.
+
+On November 4th he wrote:--
+
+ Completed a rule for dividing a given number by any divisor
+ that is within 10 of a power of 10, either way. The
+ _principle_ of it is not my discovery, but was sent me
+ by Bertram Collingwood--a rule for dividing by a divisor
+ which is within 10 of a power of 10, _below_ it.
+
+My readers will not be surprised to learn that only eight days after
+this he had superseded his rule:--
+
+ An inventive morning! After waking, and before I had
+ finished dressing, I had devised a new and much neater form
+ in which to work my Rules for Long Division, and also
+ decided to bring out my "Games and Puzzles," and Part iii.
+ of "Curiosa Mathematica," in _Numbers_, in paper covers,
+ paged consecutively, to be ultimately issued in boards.
+
+On November 20th he spent the day in London, with the object of seeing
+"The Little Minister" at the Haymarket. "A beautiful play, beautifully
+acted," he calls it, and says that he should like to see it "again and
+again." He especially admired the acting of Mrs. Cyril Maude (Miss
+Winifred Emery) as Lady Babbie. This was the last theatrical
+performance he ever witnessed.
+
+He apparently kept rough notes for his Diary, and only wrote it up
+every few weeks, as there are no entries at all for 1898, nor even for
+the last week of 1897. The concluding page runs as follows:--
+
+ _Dec. (W.) 10 a.m._--I am in my large room, with no fire,
+ and open window--temperature 54 degrees.
+
+ _Dec. 17 (F.)._--Maggie [one of his sisters], and our nieces
+ Nella and Violet, came to dinner.
+
+ _Dec. 19 (Sun.)._--Sat up last night till 4 a.m., over a
+ tempting problem, sent me from New York, "to find 3 equal
+ rational-sided rt.-angled _triangles_." I found _two_,
+ whose sides are 20, 21, 29; 12, 35, 37; but could not find
+ _three_.
+
+ _Dec. 23(Th.)._--I start for Guildford by the 2.7 today.
+
+As my story of Lewis Carroll's life draws near its end, I have
+received some "Stray Reminiscences" from Sir George Baden-Powell,
+M.P., which, as they refer to several different periods of time, are
+as appropriate here as in any other part of the book. The Rev. E.H.
+Dodgson, referred to in these reminiscences, is a younger brother of
+Lewis Carroll's; he spent several years of his life upon the remote
+island of Tristan d'Acunha, where there were only about seventy or
+eighty inhabitants besides himself. About once a year a ship used to
+call, when the island-folk would exchange their cattle for cloth,
+corn, tea, &c., which they could not produce themselves. The island is
+volcanic in origin, and is exposed to the most terrific gales; the
+building used as a church stood at some distance from Mr. Dodgson's
+dwelling, and on one occasion the wind was so strong that he had to
+crawl on his hands and knees for the whole distance that separated
+the two buildings.
+
+ My first introduction (writes Sir George Baden-Powell) to
+ the author of "Through the Looking-Glass" was about the year
+ 1870 or 1871, and under appropriate conditions! I was then
+ coaching at Oxford with the well-known Rev. E. Hatch, and
+ was on friendly terms with his bright and pretty children.
+ Entering his house one day, and facing the dining-room, I
+ heard mysterious noises under the table, and saw the cloth
+ move as if some one were hiding. Children's legs revealed it
+ as no burglar, and there was nothing for it but to crawl
+ upon them, roaring as a lion. Bursting in upon them in their
+ strong-hold under the table, I was met by the staid but
+ amused gaze of a reverend gentleman. Frequently afterwards
+ did I see and hear "Lewis Carroll" entertaining the
+ youngsters in his inimitable way.
+
+ We became friends, and greatly did I enjoy intercourse with
+ him over various minor Oxford matters. In later years, at one
+ time I saw much of him, in quite another _role_--namely
+ that of ardent sympathy with the, as he thought, ill-treated
+ and deserted islanders of Tristan d'Acunha. His brother, it
+ will be remembered, had voluntarily been left at that island
+ with a view to ministering to the spiritual and educational
+ needs of the few settlers, and sent home such graphic
+ accounts and urgent demands for aid, that "Lewis Carroll"
+ spared no pains to organise assistance and relief. At his
+ instance I brought the matter before Government and the
+ House of Commons, and from that day to this frequent
+ communication has been held with the islanders, and material
+ assistance has been rendered them--thanks to the warm heart
+ of "Lewis Carroll."
+
+On December 23, 1897, as the note in his Diary states, he went down,
+in accordance with his usual custom, to Guildford, to spend Christmas
+with his sisters at the Chestnuts. He seemed to be in his ordinary
+health, and in the best of spirits, and there was nothing to show that
+the end was so near.
+
+[Illustration: The Chestnuts, Guildford. _From a
+photograph._]
+
+At Guildford he was hard at work upon the second part of his "Symbolic
+Logic," spending most of the day over this task. This book, alas! he
+was not destined to finish, which is the more to be regretted as it
+will be exceedingly difficult for any one else to take up the thread
+of the argument, even if any one could be found willing to give the
+great amount of time and trouble which would be needed.
+
+On January 5th my father, the Rev. C.S. Collingwood, Rector of
+Southwick, near Sunderland, died after a very short illness. The
+telegram which brought Mr. Dodgson the news of this contained the
+request that he would come at once. He determined to travel north the
+next day--but it was not to be so. An attack of influenza, which began
+only with slight hoarseness, yet enough to prevent him from following
+his usual habit of reading family prayers, was pronounced next morning
+to be sufficiently serious to forbid his undertaking a journey. At
+first his illness seemed a trifle, but before a week had passed
+bronchial symptoms had developed, and Dr. Gabb, the family physician,
+ordered him to keep his bed. His breathing rapidly became hard and
+laborious, and he had to be propped up with pillows. A few days before
+his death he asked one of his sisters to read him that well-known
+hymn, every verse of which ends with 'Thy Will be done.' To another he
+said that his illness was a great trial of his patience. How great a
+trial it must have been it is hard for us to understand. With the work
+he had set himself still uncompleted, with a sense of youth and
+joyousness, which sixty years of the battle of life had in no way
+dulled, Lewis Carroll had to face death. He seemed to know that the
+struggle was over. "Take away those pillows," he said on the 13th, "I
+shall need them no more." The end came about half-past two on the
+afternoon of the 14th. One of his sisters was in the room at the time,
+and she only noticed that the hard breathing suddenly ceased. The
+nurse, whom she summoned, at first hoped that this was a sign that he
+had taken a turn for the better. And so, indeed, he had--he had passed
+from a world of incompleteness and disappointment, to another where
+God is putting his beautiful soul to nobler and grander work than was
+possible for him here, where he is learning to comprehend those
+difficulties which used to puzzle him so much, and where that infinite
+Love, which he mirrored so wonderfully in his own life, is being
+revealed to him "face to face."
+
+In accordance with his expressed wish, the funeral was simple in the
+extreme--flowers, and flowers only, adorned the plain coffin. There
+was no hearse to drag it up the steep incline that leads to the
+beautiful cemetery where he lies. The service was taken by Dean Paget
+and Canon Grant, Rector of Holy Trinity and S. Mary's, Guildford. The
+mourners who followed him in the quiet procession were few--but the
+mourners who were not there, and many of whom had never seen him--who
+shall tell _their_ number?
+
+After the grave had been filled up, the wreaths which had covered the
+coffin were placed upon it. Many were from "child-friends" and bore
+such inscriptions as "From two of his child-friends"--"To the sweetest
+soul that ever looked with human eyes," &c. Then the mourners left him
+alone there--up on the pleasant downs where he had so often walked.
+
+A marble cross, under the shadow of a pine, marks the spot, and
+beneath his own name they have engraved the name of "Lewis Carroll,"
+that the children who pass by may remember their friend, who is
+now--himself a child in all that makes childhood most attractive--in
+that "Wonderland" which outstrips all our dreams and hopes.
+
+I cannot forbear quoting from Professor Sanday's sermon at Christ
+Church on the Sunday after his death:--
+
+ The world will think of Lewis Carroll as one who opened out
+ a new vein in literature, a new and a delightful vein, which
+ added at once mirth and refinement to life.... May we not
+ say that from our courts at Christ Church there has flowed
+ into the literature of our time a rill, bright and
+ sparkling, health-giving and purifying, wherever its waters
+ extend?
+
+[Illustration: Lewis Carroll's grave. _From a photograph._]
+
+On the following Sunday Dean Paget, in the course of a sermon on the
+"Virtue of Simplicity," said:--
+
+ We may differ, according to our difference of taste or
+ temperament, in appraising Charles Dodgson's genius; but
+ that that great gift was his, that his best work ranks with
+ the very best of its kind, this has been owned with a
+ recognition too wide and spontaneous to leave room for
+ doubt. The brilliant, venturesome imagination, defying
+ forecast with ever-fresh surprise; the sense of humour in
+ its finest and most naive form; the power to touch with
+ lightest hand the undercurrent of pathos in the midst of
+ fun; the audacity of creative fancy, and the delicacy of
+ insight--these are rare gifts; and surely they were his.
+ Yes, but it was his simplicity of mind and heart that raised
+ them all, not only in his work but in his life, in all his
+ ways, in the man as we knew him, to something higher than
+ any mere enumeration of them tells: that almost curious
+ simplicity, at times, that real and touching child-likeness
+ that marked him in all fields of thought, appearing in his
+ love of children and in their love of him, in his dread of
+ giving pain to any living creature, in a certain
+ disproportion, now and then, of the view he took of
+ things--yes, and also in that deepest life, where the pure
+ in heart and those who become as little children see the
+ very truth and walk in the fear and love of God.
+
+Some extracts from the numerous sympathetic letters received by Mr.
+Dodgson's brothers and sisters will show how greatly his loss was
+felt. Thus Canon Jelf writes:--
+
+ It was quite a shock to me to see in the paper to-day the
+ death of your dear, good brother, to whom we owe so much of
+ the brightening of our lives with pure, innocent fun.
+ Personally I feel his loss very much indeed. We were
+ together in old Ch. Ch. days from 1852 onwards; and he was
+ always such a loyal, faithful friend to me. I rejoice to
+ think of the _serious_ talks we had together--of the grand,
+ brave way in which he used the opportunities he had as a man
+ of humour, to reach the consciences of a host of readers--of
+ his love for children--his simplicity of heart--of his care
+ for servants--his spiritual care for them. Who can doubt
+ that he was fully prepared for a change however sudden--for
+ the one clear call which took him away from us? Yet the
+ world seems darker for his going; we can only get back our
+ brightness by realising Who gave him all his talent, all his
+ mirth of heart--the One who never leaves us. In deep
+ sympathy,
+
+ Yours very sincerely,
+
+ George E. Jelf.
+
+ P.S.--When you have time tell me a little about him; he was
+ so dear to me.
+
+Mr. Frederic Harrison writes as follows:--
+
+ The occasional visits that I received from your late brother
+ showed me a side of his nature which to my mind was more
+ interesting and more worthy of remembrance even than his
+ wonderful and delightful humour--I mean his intense sympathy
+ with all who suffer and are in need.
+
+ He came to see me several times on sundry errands of mercy,
+ and it has been a lesson to me through life to remember his
+ zeal to help others in difficulty, his boundless generosity,
+ and his inexhaustible patience with folly and error.
+
+ My young daughter, like all young people in civilised
+ countries, was brought up on his beautiful fancies and
+ humours. But for my part I remember him mainly as a sort of
+ missionary to all in need. We all alike grieve, and offer
+ you our heartfelt sympathy.
+
+ I am, faithfully yours,
+
+ Frederic Harrison.
+
+His old friend and tutor. Dr. Price, writes:--
+
+ ... I feel his removal from among us as the loss of an old
+ and dear friend and pupil, to whom I have been most warmly
+ attached ever since he was with me at Whitby, reading
+ mathematics, in, I think, 1853--44 years ago! And 44 years
+ of uninterrupted friendship .... I was pleased to read
+ yesterday in _The Times_ newspaper the kindly obituary
+ notice: perfectly just and true; appreciative, as it should
+ be, as to the unusual combination of deep mathematical
+ ability and taste with the genius that led to the writing of
+ "Alice's Adventures."
+
+ Only the other day [writes a lady friend] he wrote to me
+ about his admiration for my dear husband, and he ended his
+ letter thus: "I trust that when _my_ time comes, I may be
+ found, like him, working to the last, and ready for the
+ Master's call"--and truly so he was.
+
+A friend at Oxford writes:--
+
+ Mr. Dodgson was ever the kindest and gentlest of friends,
+ bringing sunshine into the house with him. We shall mourn
+ his loss deeply, and my two girls are quite overcome with
+ grief. All day memories of countless acts of kindness shown
+ to me, and to people I have known, have crowded my mind, and
+ I feel it almost impossible to realise that he has passed
+ beyond the reach of our gratitude and affection.
+
+The following are extracts from letters written by some of his
+"child-friends," now grown up:--
+
+ How beautiful to think of the track of light and love he has
+ left behind him, and the amount of happiness he brought into
+ the lives of all those he came in contact with! I shall
+ never forget all his kindness to us, from the time he first
+ met us as little mites in the railway train, and one feels
+ glad to have had the privilege of knowing him.
+
+One of Mr. Dodgson's oldest "child-friends" writes:--
+
+ He was to me a dear and true friend, and it has been my
+ great privilege to see a good deal of him ever since I was a
+ tiny child, and especially during the last two years. I
+ cannot tell you how much we shall miss him here. Ch. Ch.
+ without Mr. Dodgson will be a strange place, and it is
+ difficult to realise it even while we listen to the special
+ solemn anthems and hymns to his memory in our cathedral.
+
+One who had visited him at Guildford, writes:--
+
+ It must be quite sixteen years now since he first made
+ friends with my sister and myself as children on the beach
+ at Eastbourne, and since then his friendship has been and
+ must always be one of my most valued possessions. It
+ culminated, I think, in the summer of 1892--the year when he
+ brought me to spend a very happy Sunday at Guildford. I had
+ not seen him before, that year, for some time; and it was
+ then, I think, that the childish delight in his kindness,
+ and pride in his friendship, changed into higher love and
+ reverence, when in our long walks over the downs I saw more
+ and more into the great tenderness and gentleness of his
+ nature.
+
+Shortly after Mr. Dodgson's death, his "Three Sunsets" was published
+by Messrs. Macmillan. The twelve "Fairy Fancies," which illustrate it,
+were drawn by Miss E. G. Thomson. Though they are entirely unconnected
+with the text, they are so thoroughly in accordance with the author's
+delicate refinement, and so beautiful in themselves, that they do not
+strike one as inappropriate.
+
+Some of the verses are strangely in keeping with the time at which
+they are published.
+
+ I could not see, for blinding tears,
+ The glories of the west:
+ A heavenly music filled my ears,
+ A heavenly peace my breast.
+ "Come unto me, come unto me--
+ All ye that labour, unto me--
+ Ye heavy-laden, come to me--
+ And I will give you rest."
+
+One cannot read this little volume without feeling that the shadow of
+some disappointment lay over Lewis Carroll's life. Such I believe to
+have been the case, and it was this that gave him his wonderful
+sympathy with all who suffered. But those who loved him would not wish
+to lift the veil from these dead sanctities, nor would any purpose be
+served by so doing. The proper use of sympathy is not to weep over
+sorrows that are over, and whose very memory is perhaps obliterated
+for him in the first joy of possessing new and higher faculties.
+
+Before leaving the subject of this book, I should like to draw
+attention to a few lines on "woman's mission," lines full of the
+noblest chivalry, reminding one of Tennyson's "Idylls of the King":--
+
+ In the darkest path of man's despair,
+ Where War and Terror shake the troubled earth,
+ Lies woman's mission; with unblenching brow
+ To pass through scenes of horror and affright
+ Where men grow sick and tremble: unto her
+ All things are sanctified, for all are good.
+ Nothing so mean, but shall deserve her care:
+ Nothing so great, but she may bear her part.
+ No life is vain: each hath his place assigned:
+ Do thou thy task, and leave the rest to God.
+
+Of the unpublished works which Mr. Dodgson left behind him, I may
+mention "Original Games and Puzzles"; "Symbolic Logic, Part ii.," and
+a portion of a mathematical book, the proofs of which are now in the
+hands of the Controller of the Oxford University Press.
+
+I will conclude this chapter with a poem which
+appeared in _Punch_ for January 29th, a fortnight
+after Lewis Carroll's death. It expresses, with
+all the grace and insight of the true poet, what
+I have tried, so feebly and ineffectually, to
+say:--
+
+ LEWIS CARROLL.
+
+ _Born_ 1832. _Died January_ 14, 1898.
+
+ Lover of children! Fellow-heir with those
+ Of whom the imperishable kingdom is!
+ Beyond all dreaming now your spirit knows
+ The unimagined mysteries.
+
+ Darkly as in a glass our faces look
+ To read ourselves, if so we may, aright;
+ You, like the maiden in your faerie book--
+ You step behind and see the light!
+
+ The heart you wore beneath your pedant's cloak
+ Only to children's hearts you gave away;
+ Yet unaware in half the world you woke
+ The slumbering charm of childhood's day.
+
+ We older children, too, our loss lament,
+ We of the "Table Round," remembering well
+ How he, our comrade, with his pencil lent
+ Your fancy's speech a firmer spell.
+
+ Master of rare woodcraft, by sympathy's
+ Sure touch he caught your visionary gleams,
+ And made your fame, the dreamer's, one with his.
+ The wise interpreter of dreams.
+
+ Farewell! But near our hearts we have you yet,
+ Holding our heritage with loving hand,
+ Who may not follow where your feet are set
+ Upon the ways of Wonderland.[025]
+
+[Illustration: Lorina and Alice Liddell. _From a photograph
+by Lewis Carroll._]
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+CHILD FRIENDS
+
+ Mr. Dodgson's fondness for children--Miss Isabel
+ Standen--Puzzles--"Me and Myself"--A double
+ acrostic--"Father William"--Of drinking healths--Kisses by
+ post--Tired in the face--The unripe
+ plum--Eccentricities--"Sylvie and Bruno"--"Mr. Dodgson is
+ going on _well_."
+
+This chapter, and the next will deal with Mr. Dodgson's friendships
+with children. It would have been impossible to arrange them in
+chronological sequence in the earlier part of this book, and the fact
+that they exhibit a very important and distinct side of his nature
+seems to justify me in assigning them a special and individual
+position.
+
+For the contents of these two chapters, both my readers and myself owe
+a debt of gratitude to those child-friends of his, without whose
+ever-ready help this book could never have been written.
+
+From very early college days began to emerge that beautiful side of
+Lewis Carroll's character which afterwards was to be, next to his fame
+as an author, the one for which he was best known--his attitude
+towards children, and the strong attraction they had for him. I shall
+attempt to point out the various influences which led him in this
+direction; but if I were asked for one comprehensive word wide
+enough to explain this tendency of his nature, I would answer
+unhesitatingly--Love. My readers will remember a beautiful verse in
+"Sylvie and Bruno"; trite though it is, I cannot forbear to quote it--
+
+ Say, whose is the skill that paints valley and hill,
+ Like a picture so fair to the sight?
+ That flecks the green meadow with sunshine and shadow,
+ Till the little lambs leap with delight?
+ 'Tis a secret untold to hearts cruel and cold,
+ Though 'tis sung by the angels above,
+ In notes that ring clear for the ears that can hear,
+ And the name of the secret is Love!
+
+That "secret"--an open secret for him--explains this side of his
+character. As _he_ read everything in its light, so it is only in
+its light that _we_ can properly understand _him_. I think
+that the following quotation from a letter to the Rev. F. H. Atkinson,
+accompanying a copy of "Alice" for his little daughter Gertrude,
+sufficiently proves the truth of what I have just stated:--
+
+ Many thanks to Mrs. Atkinson and to you for the sight of the
+ tinted photograph of your Gertrude. As you say, the picture
+ speaks for itself, and I can see exactly what sort of a
+ child she is, in proof of which I send her my love and a
+ kiss herewith. It is possible I may be the first (unseen)
+ gentleman from whom she has had so ridiculous a message; but
+ I can't say she is the first unseen child to whom I have
+ sent one! I think the most precious message of the kind I
+ ever got from a child I never saw (and never shall see in
+ this world) was to the effect that she liked me when she
+ read about Alice, "but please tell him, whenever I read that
+ Easter letter he sent me I _do_ love him!" She was in a
+ hospital, and a lady friend who visited there had asked me
+ to send the letter to her and some other sick children.
+
+And now as to the secondary causes which attracted him to children.
+First, I think children appealed to him because he was pre-eminently a
+teacher, and he saw in their unspoiled minds the best material for him
+to work upon. In later years one of his favourite recreations was to
+lecture at schools on logic; he used to give personal attention to
+each of his pupils, and one can well imagine with what eager
+anticipation the children would have looked forward to the visits of a
+schoolmaster who knew how to make even the dullest subjects
+interesting and amusing.
+
+Again, children appealed to his aesthetic faculties, for he was a keen
+admirer of the beautiful in every form. Poetry, music, the drama, all
+delighted him, but pictures more than all put together. I remember his
+once showing me "The Lady with the Lilacs," which Arthur Hughes had
+painted for him, and how he dwelt with intense pleasure on the
+exquisite contrasts of colour which it contained--the gold hair of a
+girl standing out against the purple of lilac-blossom. But with those
+who find in such things as these a complete satisfaction of their
+desire for the beautiful he had no sympathy; for no imperfect
+representations of life could, for him, take the place of life itself,
+life as God has made it--the babbling of the brook, the singing of the
+birds, the laughter and sweet faces of the children. And yet,
+recognising, as he did, what Mr. Pater aptly terms "the curious
+perfection of the human form," in man, as in nature, it was the soul
+that attracted him more than the body. His intense admiration, one
+might almost call it adoration, for the white innocence and
+uncontaminated spirituality of childhood emerges most clearly in
+"Sylvie and Bruno." He says very little of the personal beauty of his
+heroine; he might have asked, with Mr. Francis Thompson--
+
+ How can I tell what beauty is her dole,
+ Who cannot see her countenance for her soul?
+
+So entirely occupied is he with her gentleness, her pity, her
+sincerity, and her love.
+
+Again, the reality of children appealed strongly to the simplicity and
+genuineness of his own nature. I believe that he understood children
+even better than he understood men and women; civilisation has made
+adult humanity very incomprehensible, for convention is as a veil
+which hides the divine spark that is in each of us, and so this
+strange thing has come to be, that the imperfect mirrors perfection
+more completely than the perfected, that we see more of God in the
+child than in the man.
+
+And in those moments of depression of which he had his full share,
+when old age seemed to mock him with all its futility and feebleness,
+it was the thought that the children still loved him which nerved him
+again to continue his life-work, which renewed his youth, so that to
+his friends he never seemed an old man. Even the hand of death itself
+only made his face look more boyish--the word is not too strong. "How
+wonderfully young your brother looks!" were the first words the doctor
+said, as he returned from the room where Lewis Carroll's body lay, to
+speak to the mourners below. And so he loved children because their
+friendship was the true source of his perennial youth and unflagging
+vigour. This idea is expressed in the following poem--an acrostic,
+which he wrote for a friend some twenty years ago:--
+
+ Around my lonely hearth, to-night,
+ Ghostlike the shadows wander:
+ Now here, now there, a childish sprite,
+ Earthborn and yet as angel bright,
+ Seems near me as I ponder.
+
+ Gaily she shouts: the laughing air
+ Echoes her note of gladness--
+ Or bends herself with earnest care
+ Round fairy-fortress to prepare
+ Grim battlement or turret-stair--
+ In childhood's merry madness!
+
+ New raptures still hath youth in store:
+ Age may but fondly cherish
+ Half-faded memories of yore--
+ Up, craven heart! repine no more!
+ Love stretches hands from shore to shore:
+ Love is, and shall not perish!
+
+His first child-friend, so far as I know, was Miss Alice Liddell, the
+little companion whose innocent talk was one of the chief pleasures of
+his early life at Oxford, and to whom he told the tale that was to
+make him famous. In December, 1885, Miss M.E. Manners presented him
+with a little volume, of which she was the authoress, "Aunt Agatha Ann
+and Other Verses," and which contained a poem (which I quoted in
+Chapter VI.), about "Alice." Writing to acknowledge this gift, Lewis
+Carroll said:--
+
+ Permit me to offer you my sincere thanks for the very sweet
+ verses you have written about my dream-child (named after a
+ real Alice, but none the less a dream-child) and her
+ Wonderland. That children love the book is a very precious
+ thought to me, and, next to their love, I value the sympathy
+ of those who come with a child's heart to what I have tried
+ to write about a child's thoughts. Next to what conversing
+ with an angel _might_ be--for it is hard to imagine
+ it--comes, I think, the privilege of having a real child's
+ thoughts uttered to one. I have known some few _real_
+ children (you have too, I am sure), and their friendship is
+ a blessing and a help in life.
+
+[Illustration: Alice Liddell. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll._]
+
+It is interesting to note how in "Sylvie and Bruno" his idea of the
+thoughts of a child has become deeper and more spiritual. Yet in the
+earlier tale, told "all in a golden afternoon," to the plash of oars
+and the swish of a boat through the waters of Cherwell or Thames, the
+ideal child is strangely beautiful; she has all Sylvie's genuineness
+and honesty, all her keen appreciation of the interest of life; only
+there lacks that mysterious charm of deep insight into the hidden
+forces of nature, the gentle power that makes the sky "such a darling
+blue," which almost links Sylvie with the angels.
+
+Another of Lewis Carroll's early favourites was Miss Alexandra (Xie)
+Kitchin, daughter of the Dean of Durham. Her father was for fifteen
+years the Censor of the unattached members of the University of
+Oxford, so that Mr. Dodgson had plenty of opportunities of
+photographing his little friend, and it is only fair to him to say
+that he did not neglect them.
+
+It would be futile to attempt even a bare list of the children whom he
+loved, and who loved him; during forty years of his life he was
+constantly adding to their number. Some remained friends for life, but
+in a large proportion of cases the friendship ended with the end of
+childhood. To one of those few, whose affection for him had not waned
+with increasing years, he wrote:--
+
+ I always feel specially grateful to friends who, like you,
+ have given me a child-friendship and a woman-friendship.
+ About nine out of ten, I think, of my child-friendships get
+ ship-wrecked at the critical point, "where the stream and
+ river meet," and the child-friends, once so affectionate,
+ become uninteresting acquaintances, whom I have no wish to
+ set eyes on again.
+
+[Illustration: Xie Kitchin. _From a photograph by Lewis
+Carroll._]
+
+These friendships usually began all very much in the same way. A
+chance meeting on the sea-shore, in the street, at some friend's
+house, led to conversation; then followed a call on the parents, and
+after that all sorts of kindnesses on Lewis Carroll's part, presents
+of books, invitations to stay with him at Oxford, or at Eastbourne,
+visits with him to the theatre. For the amusement of his little guests
+he kept a large assortment of musical-boxes, and an organette which
+had to be fed with paper tunes. On one occasion he ordered about
+twelve dozen of these tunes "on approval," and asked one of the other
+dons, who was considered a judge of music, to come in and hear them
+played over. In addition to these attractions there were clock-work
+bears, mice, and frogs, and games and puzzles in infinite variety.
+
+One of his little friends, Miss Isabel Standen, has sent me the
+following account of her first meeting with him:--
+
+ We met for the first time in the Forbury Gardens, Reading.
+ He was, I believe, waiting for a train. I was playing with
+ my brothers and sisters in the Gardens. I remember his
+ taking me on his knee and showing me puzzles, one of which
+ he refers to in the letter (given below. This puzzle was, by
+ the way, a great favourite of his; the problem is to draw
+ three interlaced squares without going over the same lines
+ twice, or taking the pen off the paper), which is so
+ thoroughly characteristic of him in its quaint humour:--
+
+
+ "The Chestnuts, Guildford,
+
+ _August _22, 1869.
+
+ My Dear Isabel,--Though I have only been acquainted
+ with you for fifteen minutes, yet, as there is no one
+ else in Reading I have known so long, I hope you will
+ not mind my troubling you. Before I met you in the
+ Gardens yesterday I bought some old books at a shop in
+ Reading, which I left to be called for, and had not
+ time to go back for them. I didn't even remark the name
+ of the shop, but I can tell _where_ it was, and if
+ you know the name of the woman who keeps the shop, and
+ would put it into the blank I have left in this note,
+ and direct it to her I should be much obliged ... A
+ friend of mine, called Mr. Lewis Carroll, tells me he
+ means to send you a book. He is a _very_ dear
+ friend of mine. I have known him all my life (we are
+ the same age) and have _never_ left him. Of course
+ he was with me in the Gardens, not a yard off--even
+ while I was drawing those puzzles for you. I wonder if
+ you saw him?
+
+ Your fifteen-minute friend,
+
+ C.L. Dodgson.
+
+ Have you succeeded in drawing the three squares?"
+
+
+Another favourite puzzle was the following--I give it in his own
+words:--
+
+ A is to draw a fictitious map divided into counties.
+
+ B is to colour it (or rather mark the counties with
+ _names_ of colours) using as few colours as possible.
+
+ Two adjacent counties must have _different_ colours.
+
+ A's object is to force B to use as _many_ colours as
+ possible.
+
+ How many can he force B to use?
+
+One of his most amusing letters was to a little girl called Magdalen,
+to whom he had given a copy of his "Hunting of the Snark":--
+
+ Christ Church, _December_ 15, 1875.
+
+ My dear Magdalen,--I want to explain to you why I did not
+ call yesterday. I was sorry to miss you, but you see I had
+ so many conversations on the way. I tried to explain to the
+ people in the street that I was going to see you, but they
+ wouldn't listen; they said they were in a hurry, which was
+ rude. At last I met a wheelbarrow that I thought would
+ attend to me, but I couldn't make out what was in it. I saw
+ some features at first, then I looked through a telescope,
+ and found it was a countenance; then I looked through a
+ microscope, and found it was a face! I thought it was father
+ like me, so I fetched a large looking-glass to make sure,
+ and then to my great joy I found it was me. We shook hands,
+ and were just beginning to talk, when myself came up and
+ joined us, and we had quite a pleasant conversation. I said,
+ "Do you remember when we all met at Sandown?" and myself
+ said, "It was very jolly there; there was a child called
+ Magdalen," and me said, "I used to like her a little; not
+ much, you know--only a little." Then it was time for us to
+ go to the train, and who do you think came to the station to
+ see us off? You would never guess, so I must tell you. They
+ were two very dear friends of mine, who happen to be here
+ just now, and beg to be allowed to sign this letter as your
+ affectionate friends,
+
+ Lewis Carroll and C.L. Dodgson.
+
+Another child-friend, Miss F. Bremer, writes as follows:--
+
+ Our acquaintance began in a somewhat singular manner. We
+ were playing on the Fort at Margate, and a gentleman on a
+ seat near asked us if we could make a paper boat, with a
+ seat at each end, and a basket in the middle for fish! We
+ were, of course, enchanted with the idea, and our new
+ friend--after achieving the feat--gave us his card, which we
+ at once carried to our mother. He asked if he might call
+ where we were staying, and then presented my elder sister
+ with a copy of "Alice in Wonderland," inscribed "From the
+ Author." He kindly organised many little excursions for
+ us--chiefly in the pursuit of knowledge. One memorable visit
+ to a light house is still fresh in our memories.
+
+It was while calling one day upon Mrs. Bremer that he scribbled off
+the following double acrostic on the names of her two daughters--
+
+ DOUBLE ACROSTIC--FIVE LETTERS.
+
+ Two little girls near London dwell,
+ More naughty than I like to tell.
+
+ 1.
+ Upon the lawn the hoops are seen:
+ The balls are rolling on the green. T ur F
+
+ 2.
+ The Thames is running deep and wide:
+ And boats are rowing on the tide. R ive R
+
+ 3.
+ In winter-time, all in a row,
+ The happy skaters come and go. I c E
+
+ 4.
+ "Papa!" they cry, "Do let us stay!"
+ He does not speak, but says they may. N o D
+
+ 5.
+ "There is a land," he says, "my dear,
+ Which is too hot to skate, I fear." A fric A
+
+At Margate also he met Miss Adelaide Paine, who afterwards became one
+of his greatest favourites. He could not bear to see the healthy
+pleasures of childhood spoiled by conventional restraint. "One piece
+of advice given to my parents," writes Miss Paine, "gave me very great
+glee, and that was not to make little girls wear gloves at the
+seaside; they took the advice, and I enjoyed the result."
+_Apropos_ of this I may mention that, when staying at Eastbourne,
+he never went down to the beach without providing himself with a
+supply of safety-pins. Then if he saw any little girl who wanted to
+wade in the sea, but was afraid of spoiling her frock, he would
+gravely go up to her and present her with a safety-pin, so that she
+might fasten up her skirts out of harm's way.
+
+Tight boots were a great aversion of his, especially for children. One
+little girl who was staying with him at Eastbourne had occasion to buy
+a new pair of boots. Lewis Carroll gave instructions to the bootmaker
+as to how they were to be made, so as to be thoroughly comfortable,
+with the result that when they came home they were more useful than
+ornamental, being very nearly as broad as they were long! Which shows
+that even hygienic principles may be pushed too far.
+
+The first meeting with Miss Paine took place in 1876. When Lewis
+Carroll returned to Christ Church he sent her a copy of "The Hunting
+of the Snark," with the following acrostic written in the fly-leaf:--
+
+ 'A re you deaf, Father William?' the young man said,
+ 'D id you hear what I told you just now?
+ E xcuse me for shouting! Don't waggle your head
+ L ike a blundering, sleepy old cow!
+ A little maid dwelling in Wallington Town,
+ I s my friend, so I beg to remark:
+ D o you think she'd be pleased if a book were sent down
+ E ntitled "The Hunt of the Snark?"'
+
+ 'P ack it up in brown paper!' the old man cried,
+ 'A nd seal it with olive-and-dove.
+ I command you to do it!' he added with pride,
+ 'N or forget, my good fellow, to send her beside
+ E aster Greetings, and give her my love.'
+
+This was followed by a letter, dated June 7, 1876:--
+
+ My dear Adelaide,--Did you try if the letters at the
+ beginnings of the lines about Father William would spell
+ anything? Sometimes it happens that you can spell out words
+ that way, which is very curious.
+
+ I wish you could have heard him when he shouted out "Pack it
+ up in brown paper!" It quite shook the house. And he threw
+ one of his shoes at his son's head (just to make him attend,
+ you know), but it missed him.
+
+ He was glad to hear you had got the book safe, but his eyes
+ filled with tears as he said, "I sent _her_ my love,
+ but she never--" he couldn't say any more, his mouth was so
+ full of bones (he was just finishing a roast goose).
+
+Another letter to Miss Paine is very characteristic of his quaint humour:--
+
+ Christ Church, Oxford, _March_ 8, 1880.
+
+ My dear Ada,--(Isn't that your short name? "Adelaide" is all
+ very well, but you see when one's _dreadfully_ busy one
+ hasn't time to write such long words--particularly when it
+ takes one half an hour to remember how to spell it--and even
+ then one has to go and get a dictionary to see if one has
+ spelt it right, and of course the dictionary is in another
+ room, at the top of a high bookcase--where it has been for
+ months and months, and has got all covered with dust--so
+ one has to get a duster first of all, and nearly choke
+ oneself in dusting it--and when one _has_ made out at
+ last which is dictionary and which is dust, even _then_
+ there's the job of remembering which end of the alphabet "A"
+ comes--for one feels pretty certain it isn't in the
+ _middle_--then one has to go and wash one's hands
+ before turning over the leaves--for they've got so thick
+ with dust one hardly knows them by sight--and, as likely as
+ not, the soap is lost, and the jug is empty, and there's no
+ towel, and one has to spend hours and hours in finding
+ things--and perhaps after all one has to go off to the shop
+ to buy a new cake of soap--so, with all this bother, I hope
+ you won't mind my writing it short and saying, "My dear
+ Ada"). You said in your last letter you would like a
+ likeness of me: so here it is, and I hope you will like
+ it--I won't forget to call the next time but one I'm in
+ Wallington.
+
+ Your very affectionate friend,
+
+ Lewis Carroll.
+
+It was quite against Mr. Dodgson's usual rule to give away photographs
+of himself; he hated publicity, and the above letter was accompanied
+by another to Mrs. Paine, which ran as follows:--
+
+ I am very unwilling, usually, to give my photograph, for I
+ don't want people, who have heard of Lewis Carroll, to be
+ able to recognise him in the street--but I can't refuse Ada.
+ Will you kindly take care, if any of your ordinary
+ acquaintances (I don't speak of intimate friends) see it,
+ that they are _not_ told anything about the name of
+ "Lewis Carroll"?
+
+He even objected to having his books discussed in his presence; thus
+he writes to a friend:--
+
+ Your friend, Miss--was very kind and complimentary about my
+ books, but may I confess that I would rather have them
+ ignored? Perhaps I am too fanciful, but I have somehow taken
+ a dislike to being talked to about them; and consequently
+ have some trials to bear in society, which otherwise would
+ be no trials at all.... I don't think any of my many little
+ stage-friends have any shyness at all about being talked to
+ of their performances. _They_ thoroughly enjoy the
+ publicity that I shrink from.
+
+
+The child to whom the three following letters were addressed, Miss
+Gaynor Simpson, was one of Lewis Carroll's Guildford friends. The
+correct answer to the riddle propounded in the second letter is
+"Copal":--
+
+ _December_ 27, 1873.
+
+ My dear Gaynor,--My name is spelt with a "G," that is to say
+ "_Dodgson_." Any one who spells it the same as that
+ wretch (I mean of course the Chairman of Committees in the
+ House of Commons) offends me _deeply_, and _for
+ ever!_ It is a thing I _can_ forget, but _never
+ can forgive! _If you do it again, I shall call you
+ "'aynor." Could you live happy with such a name?
+
+ As to dancing, my dear, I _never_ dance, unless I am
+ allowed to do it _in my own peculiar way. _There is no
+ use trying to describe it: it has to be seen to be believed.
+ The last house I tried it in, the floor broke through. But
+ then it was a poor sort of floor--the beams were only six
+ inches thick, hardly worth calling beams at all: stone
+ arches are much more sensible, when any dancing, _of my
+ peculiar kind_, is to be done. Did you ever see the
+ Rhinoceros, and the Hippopotamus, at the Zooelogical Gardens,
+ trying to dance a minuet together? It is a touching sight.
+
+ Give any message from me to Amy that you think will be most
+ likely to surprise her, and, believe me,
+
+ Your affectionate friend,
+
+ Lewis Carroll.
+
+
+ My dear Gaynor,--So you would like to know the answer to
+ that riddle? Don't be in a hurry to tell it to Amy and
+ Frances: triumph over them for a while!
+
+ My first lends its aid when you plunge into trade.
+
+ _Gain_. Who would go into trade if there were no gain
+ in it?
+
+ My second in jollifications--
+
+ _Or_ [The French for "gold"--] Your jollifications
+ would be _very_ limited if you had no money.
+
+ My whole, laid on thinnish, imparts a neat finish
+ To pictorial representations.
+
+ _Gaynor_. Because she will be an ornament to the
+ Shakespeare Charades--only she must be "laid on thinnish,"
+ that is, _there musn't be too much of her._
+
+ Yours affectionately,
+
+ C. L. Dodgson.
+
+
+ My dear Gaynor,--Forgive me for having sent you a
+ sham answer to begin with.
+
+ My first--_Sea_. It carries the ships of the merchants.
+
+ My second--_Weed_. That is, a cigar, an article much used
+ in jollifications.
+
+ My whole--_Seaweed_. Take a newly painted oil-picture;
+ lay it on its back on the floor, and spread over it, "thinnish,"
+ some wet seaweed. You will find you have "finished" that
+ picture.
+
+ Yours affectionately,
+
+ C.L. Dodgson.
+
+Lewis Carroll during the last fifteen years of his life always spent
+the Long Vacation at Eastbourne; in earlier times, Sandown, a pleasant
+little seaside resort in the Isle of Wight, was his summer abode. He
+loved the sea both for its own sake and because of the number of
+children whom he met at seaside places. Here is another "first
+meeting"; this time it is at Sandown, and Miss Gertrude Chataway is
+the narrator:--
+
+ I first met Mr. Lewis Carroll on the sea-shore at Sandown in
+ the Isle of Wight, in the summer of 1875, when I was quite a
+ little child.
+
+ We had all been taken there for change of air, and next door
+ there was an old gentlemen--to me at any rate he seemed
+ old--who interested me immensely. He would come on to his
+ balcony, which joined ours, sniffing the sea-air with his
+ head thrown back, and would walk right down the steps on to
+ the beach with his chin in air, drinking in the fresh
+ breezes as if he could never have enough. I do not know why
+ this excited such keen curiosity on my part, but I remember
+ well that whenever I heard his footstep I flew out to see
+ him coming, and when one day he spoke to me my joy was
+ complete.
+
+ Thus we made friends, and in a very little while I was as
+ familiar with the interior of his lodgings as with our own.
+
+ I had the usual child's love for fairy-tales and marvels,
+ and his power of telling stories naturally fascinated me. We
+ used to sit for hours on the wooden steps which led from our
+ garden on to the beach, whilst he told the most lovely tales
+ that could possibly be imagined, often illustrating the
+ exciting situations with a pencil as he went along.
+
+ One thing that made his stories particularly charming to a
+ child was that he often took his cue from her remarks--a
+ question would set him off on quite a new trail of ideas, so
+ that one felt that one had somehow helped to make the story,
+ and it seemed a personal possession It was the most lovely
+ nonsense conceivable, and I naturally revelled in it. His
+ vivid imagination would fly from one subject to another, and
+ was never tied down in any way by the probabilities of life.
+
+ To _me_ it was of course all perfect, but it is
+ astonishing that _he_ never seemed either tired or to
+ want other society. I spoke to him once of this since I have
+ been grown up, and he told me it was the greatest pleasure
+ he could have to converse freely with a child, and feel the
+ depths of her mind.
+
+ He used to write to me and I to him after that summer, and
+ the friendship, thus begun, lasted. His letters were one of
+ the greatest joys of my childhood.
+
+ I don't think that he ever really understood that we, whom
+ he had known as children, could not always remain such. I
+ stayed with him only a few years ago, at Eastbourne, and
+ felt for the time that I was once more a child. He never
+ appeared to realise that I had grown up, except when I
+ reminded him of the fact, and then he only said, "Never
+ mind: you will always be a child to me, even when your hair
+ is grey."
+
+Some of the letters, to which Miss Chataway refers in these
+reminiscences, I am enabled, through her kindness, to give below:--
+
+ Christ Church, Oxford, _October_ 13, 1875.
+
+ My dear Gertrude,--I never give birthday _presents_,
+ but you see I _do_ sometimes write a birthday
+ _letter_: so, as I've just arrived here, I am writing
+ this to wish you many and many a happy return of your
+ birthday to-morrow. I will drink your health, if only I can
+ remember, and if you don't mind--but perhaps you object? You
+ see, if I were to sit by you at breakfast, and to drink your
+ tea, you wouldn't like _that_, would you? You would say
+ "Boo! hoo! Here's Mr. Dodgson's drunk all my tea, and I
+ haven't got any left!" So I am very much afraid, next time
+ Sybil looks for you, she'll find you sitting by the sad
+ sea-wave, and crying "Boo! hoo! Here's Mr. Dodgson has drunk
+ my health, and I haven't got any left!" And how it will
+ puzzle Dr. Maund, when he is sent for to see you! "My dear
+ Madam, I'm very sorry to say your little girl has got _no
+ health at all_! I never saw such a thing in my life!"
+ "Oh, I can easily explain it!" your mother will say. "You
+ see she would go and make friends with a strange gentleman,
+ and yesterday he drank her health!" "Well, Mrs. Chataway,"
+ he will say, "the only way to cure her is to wait till his
+ next birthday, and then for _her_ to drink _his_
+ health."
+
+ And then we shall have changed healths. I wonder how you'll
+ like mine! Oh, Gertrude, I wish you wouldn't talk such
+ nonsense!...
+
+ Your loving friend,
+
+ Lewis Carroll.
+
+
+ Christ Church, Oxford, _Dec_. 9, 1875.
+
+ My dear Gertrude,--This really will _not_ do, you know,
+ sending one more kiss every time by post: the parcel gets so
+ heavy it is quite expensive. When the postman brought in the
+ last letter, he looked quite grave. "Two pounds to pay,
+ sir!" he said. "_Extra weight_, sir!" (I think he
+ cheats a little, by the way. He often makes me pay two
+ _pounds_, when I think it should be _pence_). "Oh,
+ if you please, Mr. Postman!" I said, going down gracefully
+ on one knee (I wish you could see me go down on one knee to
+ a postman--it's a very pretty sight), "do excuse me just
+ this once! It's only from a little girl!"
+
+ "Only from a little girl!" he growled. "What are little
+ girls made of?" "Sugar and spice," I began to say, "and all
+ that's ni--" but he interrupted me. "No! I don't mean
+ _that_. I mean, what's the good of little girls, when
+ they send such heavy letters?" "Well, they're not
+ _much_ good, certainly," I said, rather sadly.
+
+ "Mind you don't get any more such letters," he said, "at
+ least, not from that particular little girl. _I know her
+ well, and she's a regular bad one!"_ That's not true, is
+ it? I don't believe he ever saw you, and you're not a bad
+ one, are you? However, I promised him we would send each
+ other _very_ few more letters--"Only two thousand four
+ hundred and seventy, or so," I said. "Oh!" he said, "a
+ little number like _that_ doesn't signify. What I meant
+ is, you mustn't send _many_."
+
+ So you see we must keep count now, and when we get to two
+ thousand four hundred and seventy, we mustn't write any
+ more, unless the postman gives us leave.
+
+ I sometimes wish I was back on the shore at Sandown; don't
+ you?
+
+ Your loving friend,
+
+ Lewis Carroll.
+
+ Why is a pig that has lost its tail like a little girl on
+ the sea-shore?
+
+ Because it says, "I should like another tale, please!"
+
+
+ Christ Church, Oxford, _July_ 21, 1876.
+
+ My dear Gertrude,--Explain to me how I am to enjoy Sandown
+ without _you_. How can I walk on the beach alone? How
+ can I sit all alone on those wooden steps? So you see, as I
+ shan't be able to do without you, you will have to come. If
+ Violet comes, I shall tell her to invite you to stay with
+ her, and then I shall come over in the Heather-Bell and
+ fetch you.
+
+ If I ever _do_ come over, I see I couldn't go back the
+ same day, so you will have to engage me a bed somewhere in
+ Swanage; and if you can't find one, I shall expect
+ _you_ to spend the night on the beach, and give up your
+ room to _me_. Guests of course must be thought of
+ before children; and I'm sure in these warm nights the beach
+ will be quite good enough for _you_. If you _did_
+ feel a little chilly, of course you could go into a
+ bathing-machine, which everybody knows is _very_
+ comfortable to sleep in--you know they make the floor of
+ soft wood on purpose. I send you seven kisses (to last a
+ week) and remain
+
+ Your loving friend,
+
+ Lewis Carroll.
+
+
+ Christ church, Oxford, _October_ 28, 1876.
+
+ My dearest Gertrude,--You will be sorry, and surprised, and
+ puzzled, to hear what a queer illness I have had ever since
+ you went. I sent for the doctor, and said, "Give me some
+ medicine, for I'm tired." He said, "Nonsense and stuff! You
+ don't want medicine: go to bed!" I said, "No; it isn't the
+ sort of tiredness that wants bed. I'm tired in the
+ _face_." He looked a little grave, and said, "Oh, it's
+ your _nose_ that's tired: a person often talks too
+ much when he thinks he nose a great deal." I said, "No; it
+ isn't the nose. Perhaps it's the _hair_." Then he
+ looked rather grave, and said, "_Now_ I understand:
+ you've been playing too many hairs on the piano-forte." "No,
+ indeed I haven't!" I said, "and it isn't exactly the
+ _hair_: it's more about the nose and chin." Then he
+ looked a good deal graver, and said, "Have you been walking
+ much on your chin lately?" I said, "No." "Well!" he said,
+ "it puzzles me very much. Do you think that it's in the
+ lips?" "Of course!" I said. "That's exactly what it is!"
+ Then he looked very grave indeed, and said, "I think you
+ must have been giving too many kisses." "Well," I said, "I
+ did give _one_ kiss to a baby child, a little friend of
+ mine." "Think again," he said; "are you sure it was only
+ _one_?" I thought again, and said, "Perhaps it was
+ eleven times." Then the doctor said, "You must not give her
+ _any_ more till your lips are quite rested again." "But
+ what am I to do?" I said, "because you see, I owe her a
+ hundred and eighty-two more." Then he looked so grave that
+ the tears ran down his cheeks, and he said, "You may send
+ them to her in a box." Then I remembered a little box that I
+ once bought at Dover, and thought I would some day give it
+ to _some_ little girl or other. So I have packed them
+ all in it very carefully. Tell me if they come safe, or if
+ any are lost on the way.
+
+
+ Reading Station, _April_ 13, 1878.
+
+ My dear Gertrude,--As I have to wait here for half an
+ hour, I have been studying Bradshaw (most things, you know,
+ ought to be studied: even a trunk is studded with nails),
+ and the result is that it seems I could come, any day next
+ week, to Winckfield, so as to arrive there about one; and
+ that, by leaving Winckfield again about half-past six, I
+ could reach Guildford again for dinner. The next question
+ is, _How far is it from Winckfield to Rotherwick?_ Now
+ do not deceive me, you wretched child! If it is more than a
+ hundred miles, I can't come to see you, and there is no use
+ to talk about it. If it is less, the next question is,
+ _How much less?_ These are serious questions, and you
+ must be as serious as a judge in answering them. There
+ mustn't be a smile in your pen, or a wink in your ink
+ (perhaps you'll say, "There can't be a _wink_ in
+ _ink_: but there _may_ be _ink_ in a
+ _wink_"--but this is trifling; you mustn't make jokes
+ like that when I tell you to be serious) while you write to
+ Guildford and answer these two questions. You might as well
+ tell me at the same time whether you are still living at
+ Rotherwick--and whether you are at home--and whether you get
+ my letter--and whether you're still a child, or a grown-up
+ person--and whether you're going to the seaside next
+ summer--and anything else (except the alphabet and the
+ multiplication table) that you happen to know. I send you
+ 10,000,000 kisses, and remain.
+
+ Your loving friend,
+
+ C. L. Dodgson.
+
+
+ The Chestnuts, Guildford, _April_ 19, 1878.
+
+ My dear Gertrude,--I'm afraid it's "no go"--I've had such a
+ bad cold all the week that I've hardly been out for some
+ days, and I don't think it would be wise to try the
+ expedition this time, and I leave here on Tuesday. But after
+ all, what does it signify? Perhaps there are ten or twenty
+ gentlemen, all living within a few miles of Rotherwick, and
+ any one of them would do just as well! When a little girl is
+ hoping to take a plum off a dish, and finds that she can't
+ have that one, because it's bad or unripe, what does she do?
+ Is she sorry, or disappointed? Not a bit! She just takes
+ another instead, and grins from one little ear to the other
+ as she puts it to her lips! This is a little fable to do you
+ good; the little girl means _you_--the bad plum means
+ _me_--the other plum means some other friend--and all
+ that about the little girl putting plums to her lips
+ means--well, it means--but you know you can't expect
+ _every bit_ of a fable to mean something! And the
+ little girl grinning means that dear little smile of yours,
+ that just reaches from the tip of one ear to the tip of the
+ other!
+
+ Your loving friend,
+
+ C.L. Dodgson.
+
+ I send you 4-3/4 kisses.
+
+The next letter is a good example of the dainty little notes Lewis
+Carroll used to scribble off on any scrap of paper that lay to his
+hand:--
+
+ Chestnuts, Guildford, _January_ 15, 1886.
+
+ Yes, my child, if all be well, I shall hope, and you may
+ fear, that the train reaching Hook at two eleven, will
+ contain
+
+ Your loving friend,
+
+ C.L. Dodgson.
+
+Only a few years ago, illness prevented him from fulfilling his usual
+custom of spending Christmas with his sisters at Guildford. This is
+the allusion in the following letter:--
+
+ My dear old Friend,--(The friendship is old, though the
+ child is young.) I wish a very happy New Year, and many of
+ them, to you and yours; but specially to you, because I know
+ you best and love you most. And I pray God to bless you,
+ dear child, in this bright New Year, and many a year to
+ come. ... I write all this from my sofa, where I have been
+ confined a prisoner for six weeks, and as I dreaded the
+ railway journey, my doctor and I agreed that I had better
+ not go to spend Christmas with my sisters at Guildford. So I
+ had my Christmas dinner all alone, in my room here, and
+ (pity me, Gertrude!) it wasn't a Christmas dinner at all--I
+ suppose the cook thought I should not care for roast beef or
+ plum pudding, so he sent me (he has general orders to send
+ either fish and meat, or meat and pudding) some fried sole
+ and some roast mutton! Never, never have I dined before, on
+ Christmas Day, without _plum pudding_. Wasn't it sad?
+ Now I think you must be content; this is a longer letter
+ than most will get. Love to Olive. My clearest memory of her
+ is of a little girl calling out "Good-night" from her room,
+ and of your mother taking me in to see her in her bed, and
+ wish her good-night. I have a yet clearer memory (like a
+ dream of fifty years ago) of a little bare-legged girl in a
+ sailor's jersey, who used to run up into my lodgings by the
+ sea. But why should I trouble you with foolish reminiscences
+ of _mine_ that _cannot_ interest you?
+
+ Yours always lovingly,
+
+ C. L. Dodgson.
+
+It was a writer in _The National Review_ who, after eulogising
+the talents of Lewis Carroll, and stating that _he_ would never
+be forgotten, added the harsh prophecy that "future generations will
+not waste a single thought upon the Rev. C.L. Dodgson."
+
+If this prediction is destined to be fulfilled, I think my readers
+will agree with me that it will be solely on account of his
+extraordinary diffidence about asserting himself. But such an
+unnatural division of Lewis Carroll, the author, from the Rev. C.L.
+Dodgson, the man, is forced in the extreme. His books are simply the
+expression of his normal habit of mind, as these letters show. In
+literature, as in everything else, he was absolutely natural.
+
+To refer to such criticisms as this (I am thankful to say they have
+been very few) is not agreeable; but I feel that it is owing to Mr.
+Dodgson to do what I can to vindicate the real unity which underlay
+both his life and all his writings.
+
+Of many anecdotes which might be adduced to show the lovable character
+of the man, the following little story has reached me through one of
+his child-friends:--
+
+ My sister and I [she writes] were spending a day of
+ delightful sightseeing in town with him, on our way to his
+ home at Guildford, where we were going to pass a day or two
+ with him. We were both children, and were much interested
+ when he took us into an American shop where the cakes for
+ sale were cooked by a very rapid process before your eyes,
+ and handed to you straight from the cook's hands. As the
+ preparation of them could easily be seen from outside the
+ window, a small crowd of little ragamuffins naturally
+ assembled there, and I well remember his piling up seven of
+ the cakes on one arm, and himself taking them out and doling
+ them round to the seven hungry little youngsters. The simple
+ kindness of his act impressed its charm on his child-friends
+ inside the shop as much as on his little stranger friends
+ outside.
+
+It was only to those who had but few personal dealings with him that
+he seemed stiff and "donnish"; to his more intimate acquaintances, who
+really understood him, each little eccentricity of manner or of habits
+was a delightful addition to his charming and interesting personality.
+That he was, in some respects, eccentric cannot be denied; for
+instance he hardly ever wore an overcoat, and always wore a tall hat,
+whatever might be the climatic conditions. At dinner in his rooms
+small pieces of cardboard took the place of table-mats; they answered
+the purpose perfectly well, he said, and to buy anything else would be
+a mere waste of money. On the other hand, when purchasing books for
+himself, or giving treats to the children he loved, he never seemed to
+consider expense at all.
+
+He very seldom sat down to write, preferring to stand while thus
+engaged. When making tea for his friends, he used, in order, I
+suppose, to expedite the process, to walk up and down the room waving
+the teapot about, and telling meanwhile those delightful anecdotes of
+which he had an inexhaustible supply.
+
+Great were his preparations before going a journey; each separate
+article used to be carefully wrapped up in a piece of paper all to
+itself, so that his trunks contained nearly as much paper as of the
+more useful things. The bulk of the luggage was sent on a day or two
+before by goods train, while he himself followed on the appointed day,
+laden only with his well-known little black bag, which he always
+insisted on carrying himself.
+
+He had a strong objection to staring colours in dress, his favourite
+combination being pink and grey. One little girl who came to stay with
+him was absolutely forbidden to wear a red frock, of a somewhat
+pronounced hue, while out in his company.
+
+At meals he was very abstemious always, while he took nothing in the
+middle of the day except a glass of wine and a biscuit. Under these
+circumstances it is not very surprising that the healthy appetites of
+his little friends filled him with wonder, and even with alarm. When
+he took a certain one of them out with him to a friend's house to
+dinner, he used to give the host or hostess a gentle warning, to the
+mixed amazement and indignation of the child, "Please be careful,
+because she eats a good deal too much."
+
+Another peculiarity, which I have already referred to, was his
+objection to being invited to dinners or any other social gatherings;
+he made a rule of never accepting invitations. "Because you have
+invited me, therefore I cannot come," was the usual form of his
+refusal. I suppose the reason of this was his hatred of the
+interference with work which engagements of this sort occasion.
+
+He had an extreme horror of infection, as will appear from the
+following illustration. Miss Isa Bowman and her sister, Nellie, were
+at one time staying with him at Eastbourne, when news came from home
+that their youngest sister had caught the scarlet fever. From that day
+every letter which came from Mrs. Bowman to the children was held up
+by Mr. Dodgson, while the two little girls, standing at the opposite
+end of the room, had to read it as best they could. Mr. Dodgson, who
+was the soul of honour, used always to turn his head to one side
+during these readings, lest he might inadvertently see some words that
+were not meant for his eyes.
+
+Some extracts from letters of his to a child-friend, who prefers to
+remain anonymous, follow:
+
+ _November_ 30, 1879.
+
+ I have been awfully busy, and I've had to write _heaps_
+ of letters--wheelbarrows full, almost. And it tires me so
+ that generally I go to bed again the next minute after I get
+ up: and sometimes I go to bed again a minute _before_ I
+ get up! Did you ever hear of any one being so tired as
+ _that?_...
+
+
+ _November_ 7, 1882.
+
+ My dear E--, How often you must find yourself in want of a
+ pin! For instance, you go into a shop, and you say to the
+ man, "I want the largest penny bun you can let me have for a
+ halfpenny." And perhaps the man looks stupid, and doesn't
+ quite understand what you mean. Then how convenient it is to
+ have a pin ready to stick into the back of his hand, while
+ you say, "Now then! Look sharp, stupid!"... and even when
+ you don't happen to want a pin, how often you think to
+ yourself, "They say Interlacken is a very pretty place. I
+ wonder what it looks like!" (That is the place that is
+ painted on this pincushion.)
+
+ When you don't happen to want either a pin or pictures, it
+ may just remind you of a friend who sometimes thinks of his
+ dear little friend E--, and who is just now thinking of the
+ day he met her on the parade, the first time she had been
+ allowed to come out alone to look for him....
+
+
+ _December_ 26, 1886.
+
+ My dear E--, Though rushing, rapid rivers roar between us
+ (if you refer to the map of England, I think you'll find
+ that to be correct), we still remember each other, and feel
+ a sort of shivery affection for each other....
+
+
+ _March_ 31, 1890.
+
+ I _do_ sympathise so heartily with you in what you say
+ about feeling shy with children when you have to entertain
+ them! Sometimes they are a real _terror_ to
+ me--especially boys: little girls I can now and then get on
+ with, when they're few enough. They easily become "de trop."
+ But with little _boys_ I'm out of my element
+ altogether. I sent "Sylvie and Bruno" to an Oxford friend,
+ and, in writing his thanks, he added, "I think I must bring
+ my little boy to see you." So I wrote to say "_don't_,"
+ or words to that effect: and he wrote again that he could
+ hardly believe his eyes when he got my note. He thought I
+ doted on _all_ children. But I'm _not_
+ omnivorous!--like a pig. I pick and choose....
+
+ You are a lucky girl, and I am rather inclined to envy you,
+ in having the leisure to read Dante--_I_ have never
+ read a page of him; yet I am sure the "Divina Commedia" is
+ one of the grandest books in the world--though I am
+ _not_ sure whether the reading of it would _raise_
+ one's life and give it a nobler purpose, or simply be a
+ grand poetical treat. That is a question you are beginning
+ to be able to answer: I doubt if _I_ shall ever (at
+ least in this life) have the opportunity of reading it; my
+ life seems to be all torn into little bits among the host of
+ things I want to do! It seems hard to settle what to do
+ _first. One_ piece of work, at any rate, I am clear
+ ought to be done this year, and it will take months of hard
+ work: I mean the second volume of "Sylvie and Bruno." I
+ fully _mean_, if I have life and health till Xmas next,
+ to bring it out then. When one is close on sixty years old,
+ it seems presumptuous to count on years and years of work
+ yet to be done....
+
+ She is rather the exception among the hundred or so of
+ child-friends who have brightened my life. Usually the child
+ becomes so entirely a different being as she grows into a
+ woman, that our friendship has to change too: and
+ _that_ it usually does by gliding down from a loving
+ intimacy into an acquaintance that merely consists of a
+ smile and a bow when we meet!...
+
+
+ _January_ 1, 1895.
+
+ ... You are quite correct in saying it is a long time since
+ you have heard from me: in fact, I find that I have not
+ written to you since the 13th of last November. But what of
+ that? You have access to the daily papers. Surely you can
+ find out negatively, that I am all right! Go carefully
+ through the list of bankruptcies; then run your eye down the
+ police cases; and, if you fail to find my name anywhere, you
+ can say to your mother in a tone of calm satisfaction, "Mr.
+ Dodgson is going on _well_."
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+(THE SAME--_continued_.)
+
+ Books for children--"The Lost Plum-Cake"--"An Unexpected
+ Guest"--Miss Isa Bowman--Interviews--"Matilda Jane"--Miss
+ Edith Rix--Miss Kathleen Eschwege.
+
+Lewis Carroll's own position as an author did not prevent him from
+taking a great interest in children's books and their writers. He had
+very strong ideas on what was or was not suitable in such books, but,
+when once his somewhat exacting taste was satisfied, he was never
+tired of recommending a story to his friends. His cousin, Mrs. Egerton
+Allen, who has herself written several charming tales for young
+readers, has sent me the following letter which she received from him
+some years ago:--
+
+ Dear Georgie,--_Many_ thanks. The book was at Ch. Ch.
+ I've done an unusual thing, in thanking for a book, namely,
+ _waited to read it_. I've read it _right through_!
+ In fact, I found it very refreshing, when jaded with my own
+ work at "Sylvie and Bruno" (coming out at Xmas, I hope) to
+ lie down on the sofa and read a chapter of "Evie." I like it
+ very much: and am so glad to have helped to bring it out. It
+ would have been a real loss to the children of England, if
+ you had burned the MS., as you once thought of doing....
+
+[Illustration: Xie Kitchin as a Chinaman. _From a
+photograph by Lewis Carroll_.]
+
+The very last words of his that appeared in print took the form of a
+preface to one of Mrs. Allen's tales, "The Lost Plum-Cake," (Macmillan
+& Co., 1898). So far as I know, this was the only occasion on which he
+wrote a preface for another author's book, and his remarks are doubly
+interesting as being his last service to the children whom he loved.
+No apology, then, is needed for quoting from them here:--
+
+ Let me seize this opportunity of saying one earnest word to
+ the mothers in whose hands this little book may chance to
+ come, who are in the habit of taking their children to
+ church with them. However well and reverently those dear
+ little ones have been taught to behave, there is no doubt
+ that so long a period of enforced quietude is a severe tax
+ on their patience. The hymns, perhaps, tax it least: and
+ what a pathetic beauty there is in the sweet fresh voices of
+ the children, and how earnestly they sing! I took a little
+ girl of six to church with me one day: they had told me she
+ could hardly read at all--but she made me find all the
+ places for her! And afterwards I said to her elder sister
+ "What made you say Barbara couldn't read? Why, I heard her
+ joining in, all through the hymn!" And the little sister
+ gravely replied, "She knows the _tunes_, but not the
+ _words_." Well, to return to my subject--children in
+ church. The lessons, and the prayers, are not wholly beyond
+ them: often they can catch little bits that come within the
+ range of their small minds. But the sermons! It goes to
+ one's heart to see, as I so often do, little darlings of
+ five or six years old, forced to sit still through a weary
+ half-hour, with nothing to do, and not one word of the
+ sermon that they can understand. Most heartily can I
+ sympathise with the little charity-girl who is said to have
+ written to some friend, "I think, when I grows up, I'll
+ never go to church no more. I think I'se getting sermons
+ enough to last me all my life!" But need it be so? Would it
+ be so _very_ irreverent to let your child have a
+ story-book to read during the sermon, to while away that
+ tedious half-hour, and to make church-going a bright and
+ happy memory, instead of rousing the thought, "I'll never go
+ to church no more"? I think not. For my part, I should love
+ to see the experiment tried. I am quite sure it would be a
+ success. My advice would be to _keep_ some books
+ for that special purpose. I would call such books
+ "Sunday-treats"--and your little boy or girl would soon
+ learn to look forward with eager hope to that half-hour,
+ once so tedious. If I were the preacher, dealing with some
+ subject too hard for the little ones, I should love to see
+ them all enjoying their picture-books. And if _this_
+ little book should ever come to be used as a "Sunday-treat"
+ for some sweet baby reader, I don't think it could serve a
+ better purpose.
+
+ Lewis Carroll.
+
+Miss M.E. Manners was another writer for children whose books pleased
+him. She gives an amusing account of two visits which he paid to her
+house in 1889:--
+
+ _An Unexpected Guest._
+
+
+ "Mr. Dobson wants to see you, miss."
+
+ I was in the kitchen looking after the dinner, and did not
+ feel that I particularly wished to see anybody.
+
+ "He wants a vote, or he is an agent for a special kind of
+ tea," thought I. "I don't know him; ask him to send a
+ message."
+
+ Presently the maid returned--
+
+ "He says he is Mr. Dodgson, of Oxford."
+
+ "Lewis Carroll!" I exclaimed; and somebody else had to
+ superintend the cooking that day.
+
+ My apologies were soon made and cheerfully accepted. I
+ believe I was unconventional enough to tell the exact truth
+ concerning my occupation, and matters were soon on a
+ friendly footing. Indeed I may say at once that the stately
+ college don we have heard so much about never made his
+ appearance during our intercourse with him.
+
+ He did not talk "Alice," of course; authors don't generally
+ _talk_ their books, I imagine; but it was undoubtedly
+ Lewis Carroll who was present with us.
+
+ A portrait of Ellen Terry on the wall had attracted his
+ attention, and one of the first questions he asked was, "Do
+ you ever go to the theatre?" I explained that such things
+ were done, occasionally, even among Quakers, but they were
+ not considered quite orthodox.
+
+ "Oh, well, then you will not be shocked, and I may venture
+ to produce my photographs." And out into the hall he went,
+ and soon returned with a little black bag containing
+ character portraits of his child-friends, Isa and Nellie
+ Bowman.
+
+ "Isa used to be Alice until she grew too big," he said.
+ "Nellie was one of the oyster-fairies, and Emsie, the tiny
+ one of all, was the Dormouse."
+
+ "When 'Alice' was first dramatised," he said, "the poem of
+ the 'Walrus and the Carpenter' fell rather flat, for people
+ did not know when it was finished, and did not clap in the
+ right place; so I had to write a song for the ghosts of the
+ oysters to sing, which made it all right."
+
+[Illustration: Alice and the Dormouse. _From a photograph
+by Elliott & Fry_.]
+
+ He was then on his way to London, to fetch Isa to stay with
+ him at Eastbourne. She was evidently a great favourite, and
+ had visited him before. Of that earlier time he said:--
+
+ "When people ask me why I have never married, I tell them I
+ have never met the young lady whom I could endure for a
+ fortnight--but Isa and I got on so well together that I said
+ I should keep her a month, the length of the honeymoon, and
+ we didn't get tired of each other."
+
+ Nellie afterwards joined her sister "for a few days," but
+ the days spread to some weeks, for the poor little dormouse
+ developed scarlet fever, and the elder children had to be
+ kept out of harm's way until fear of infection was over.
+
+ Of Emsie he had a funny little story to tell. He had taken
+ her to the Aquarium, and they had been watching the seals
+ coming up dripping out of the water. With a very pitiful
+ look she turned to him and said, "Don't they give them any
+ towels?" [The same little girl commiserated the bear,
+ because it had got no tail.]
+
+ Asked to stay to dinner, he assured us that he never took
+ anything in the middle of the day but a glass of wine and a
+ biscuit; but he would be happy to sit down with us, which he
+ accordingly did and kindly volunteered to carve for us. His
+ offer was gladly accepted, but the appearance of a rather
+ diminutive piece of neck of mutton was somewhat of a puzzle
+ to him. He had evidently never seen such a joint in his life
+ before, and had frankly to confess that he did not know how
+ to set about carving it. Directions only made things worse,
+ and he bravely cut it to pieces in entirely the wrong
+ fashion, relating meanwhile the story of a shy young man who
+ had been asked to carve a fowl, the joints of which had been
+ carefully wired together beforehand by his too attentive
+ friends.
+
+ The task and the story being both finished, our visitor
+ gazed on the mangled remains, and remarked quaintly: "I
+ think it is just as well I don't want anything, for I don't
+ know where I should find it."
+
+ At least one member of the party felt she could have managed
+ matters better; but that was a point of very little
+ consequence.
+
+ A day or two after the first call came a note saying that he
+ would be taking Isa home before long, and if we would like
+ to see her he would stop on the way again.
+
+ Of course we were only too delighted to have the
+ opportunity, and, though the visit was postponed more than
+ once, it did take place early in August, when he brought
+ both Isa and Nellie up to town to see a performance of
+ "Sweet Lavender." It is needless to remark that we took
+ care, this time, to be provided with something at once
+ substantial and carvable.
+
+ The children were bright, healthy, happy and childlike
+ little maidens, quite devoted to their good friend, whom
+ they called "Uncle"; and very interesting it was to see them
+ together.
+
+ But he did not allow any undue liberties either, as a little
+ incident showed.
+
+ He had been describing a particular kind of collapsible
+ tumbler, which you put in your pocket and carried with you
+ for use on a railway journey.
+
+ "There now," he continued, turning to the children, "I
+ forgot to bring it with me after all."
+
+ "Oh Goosie," broke in Isa; "you've been talking about that
+ tumbler for days, and now you have forgotten it."
+
+ He pulled himself up, and looked at her steadily with an air
+ of grave reproof.
+
+ Much abashed, she hastily substituted a very subdued "Uncle"
+ for the objectionable "Goosie," and the matter dropped.
+
+ The principal anecdote on this occasion was about a dog
+ which had been sent into the sea after sticks. He brought
+ them back very properly for some time, and then there
+ appeared to be a little difficulty, and he returned swimming
+ in a very curious manner. On closer inspection it appeared
+ that he had caught hold of his own tail by mistake, and was
+ bringing it to land in triumph.
+
+ This was told with the utmost gravity, and though we had
+ been requested beforehand not to mention "Lewis Carroll's"
+ books, the temptation was too strong. I could not help
+ saying to the child next me--
+
+ "That was like the Whiting, wasn't it?"
+
+ Our visitor, however, took up the remark, and seemed quite
+ willing to talk about it.
+
+ "When I wrote that," he said, "I believed that whiting
+ really did have their tails in their mouths, but I have
+ since been told that fishmongers put the tail through the
+ eye, not in the mouth at all."
+
+He was not a very good carver, for Miss Bremer also describes a little
+difficulty he had--this time with the pastry: "An amusing incident
+occurred when he was at lunch with us. He was requested to serve some
+pastry, and, using a knife, as it was evidently rather hard, the knife
+penetrated the d'oyley beneath--and his consternation was extreme when
+he saw the slice of linen and lace he served as an addition to the
+tart!"
+
+It was, I think, through her connection with the "Alice" play that Mr.
+Dodgson first came to know Miss Isa Bowman. Her childish friendship
+for him was one of the joys of his later years, and one of the last
+letters he wrote was addressed to her. The poem at the beginning of
+"Sylvie and Bruno" is an acrostic on her name--
+
+ Is all our Life, then, but a dream,
+ Seen faintly in the golden gleam
+ Athwart Times's dark, resistless stream?
+
+ Bowed to the earth with bitter woe,
+ Or laughing at some raree-show,
+ We flutter idly to and fro.
+
+ Man's little Day in haste we spend,
+ And, from the merry noontide, send
+ No glance to meet the silent end.
+
+Every one has heard of Lewis Carroll's hatred of interviewers; the
+following letter to Miss Manners makes one feel that in some cases, at
+least, his feeling was justifiable:--
+
+ If your Manchester relatives ever go to the play, tell them
+ they ought to see Isa as "Cinderella"--she is evidently a
+ success. And she has actually been "interviewed" by one of
+ those dreadful newspapers reporters, and the "interview" is
+ published with her picture! And such rubbish he makes her
+ talk! She tells him that something or other was "tacitly
+ conceded": and that "I love to see a great actress give
+ expression to the wonderful ideas of the immortal master!"
+
+ (N.B.--I never let her talk like that when she is with _me_!)
+
+ Emsie recovered in time to go to America, with her mother
+ and Isa and Nellie: and they all enjoyed the trip much; and
+ Emsie has a London engagement.
+
+Only once was an interviewer bold enough to enter Lewis Carroll's
+_sanctum_. The story has been told in _The Guardian_ (January 19,
+1898), but will bear repetition:--
+
+ Not long ago Mr. Dodgson happened to get into correspondence
+ with a man whom he had never seen, on some question of
+ religious difficulty, and he invited him to come to his
+ rooms and have a talk on the subject. When, therefore, a Mr.
+ X-- was announced to him one morning, he advanced to meet
+ him with outstretched hand and smiles of welcome. "Come in
+ Mr. X--, I have been expecting you." The delighted visitor
+ thought this a promising beginning, and immediately pulled
+ out a note-book and pencil, and proceeded to ask "the usual
+ questions." Great was Mr. Dodgson's disgust! Instead of his
+ expected friend, here was another man of the same name, and
+ one of the much-dreaded interviewers, actually sitting in
+ his chair! The mistake was soon explained, and the
+ representative of the Press was bowed out as quickly as he
+ had come in.
+
+It was while Isa and one of her sisters were staying at Eastbourne
+that the visit to America was mooted. Mr. Dodgson suggested that it
+would be well for them to grow gradually accustomed to seafaring, and
+therefore proposed to take them by steamer to Hastings. This plan was
+carried out, and the weather was unspeakably bad--far worse than
+anything they experienced in their subsequent trip across the
+Atlantic. The two children, who were neither of them very good
+sailors, experienced sensations that were the reverse of pleasant. Mr.
+Dodgson did his best to console them, while he continually repeated,
+"Crossing the Atlantic will be much worse than this."
+
+However, even this terrible lesson on the horrors of the sea did not
+act as a deterrent; it was as unsuccessful as the effort of the old
+lady in one of his stories: "An old lady I once knew tried to check
+the military ardour of a little boy by showing him a picture of a
+battlefield, and describing some of its horrors. But the only answer
+she got was, 'I'll be a soldier. Tell it again!'"
+
+The Bowman children sometimes came over to visit him at Oxford, and he
+used to delight in showing them over the colleges, and pointing out
+the famous people whom they encountered. On one of these occasions he
+was walking with Maggie, then a mere child, when they met the Bishop
+of Oxford, to whom Mr. Dodgson introduced his little guest. His
+lordship asked her what she thought of Oxford. "I think," said the
+little actress, with quite a professional _aplomb,_ "it's the
+best place in the Provinces!" At which the Bishop was much amused.
+After the child had returned to town, the Bishop sent her a copy of a
+little book called "Golden Dust," inscribed "From W. Oxon," which
+considerably mystified her, as she knew nobody of that name!
+
+Another little stage-friend of Lewis Carroll's was Miss Vera Beringer,
+the "Little Lord Fauntleroy," whose acting delighted all theatre-goers
+eight or nine years ago. Once, when she was spending a holiday in the
+Isle of Man, he sent her the following lines:--
+
+ There was a young lady of station,
+ "I love man" was her sole exclamation;
+ But when men cried, "You flatter,"
+ She replied, "Oh! no matter,
+ Isle of Man is the true explanation."
+
+Many of his friendships with children began in a railway carriage, for
+he always took about with him a stock of puzzles when he travelled, to
+amuse any little companions whom chance might send him. Once he was in
+a carriage with a lady and her little daughter, both complete
+strangers to him. The child was reading "Alice in Wonderland," and
+when she put her book down, he began talking to her about it. The
+mother soon joined in the conversation, of course without the least
+idea who the stranger was with whom she was talking. "Isn't it sad,"
+she said, "about poor Mr. Lewis Carroll? He's gone mad, you know."
+"Indeed," replied Mr. Dodgson, "I had never heard that." "Oh, I assure
+you it is quite true," the lady answered. "I have it on the best
+authority." Before Mr. Dodgson parted with her, he obtained her leave
+to send a present to the little girl, and a few days afterwards she
+received a copy of "Through the Looking-Glass," inscribed with her
+name, and "From the Author, in memory of a pleasant journey."
+
+When he gave books to children, he very often wrote acrostics on their
+names on the fly-leaf. One of the prettiest was inscribed in a copy of
+Miss Yonge's "Little Lucy's Wonderful Globe," which he gave to Miss
+Ruth Dymes:--
+
+ R ound the wondrous globe I wander wild,
+ U p and down-hill--Age succeeds to youth--
+ T oiling all in vain to find a child
+ H alf so loving, half so dear as Ruth.
+
+In another book, given to her sister Margaret, he
+wrote:--
+
+ M aidens, if a maid you meet
+ A lways free from pout and pet,
+ R eady smile and temper sweet,
+ G reet my little Margaret.
+ A nd if loved by all she be
+ R ightly, not a pampered pet,
+ E asily you then may see
+ 'Tis my little Margaret.
+
+Here are two letters to children, the one interesting as a specimen of
+pure nonsense of the sort which children always like, the other as
+showing his dislike of being praised. The first was written to Miss
+Gertrude Atkinson, daughter of an old College friend, but otherwise
+unknown to Lewis Carroll except by her photograph:--
+
+ My dear Gertrude,--So many things have happened since we met
+ last, really I don't know _which_ to begin talking
+ about! For instance, England has been conquered by William
+ the Conqueror. We haven't met since _that_ happened,
+ you know. How did you like it? Were you frightened?
+
+ And one more thing has happened: I have got your
+ photograph. Thank you very much for it. I like it "awfully."
+ Do they let you say "awfully"? or do they say, "No, my dear;
+ little girls mustn't say 'awfully'; they should say 'very
+ much indeed'"?
+
+ I wonder if you will ever get as far as Jersey? If not, how
+ _are_ we to meet?
+
+ Your affectionate friend,
+
+ C.L. Dodgson.
+
+From the second letter, to Miss Florence Jackson, I take the following
+extract:--
+
+ I have two reasons for sending you this fable; one is, that
+ in a letter you wrote me you said something about my being
+ "clever"; and the other is that, when you wrote again you
+ said it again! And _each_ time I thought, "Really, I
+ _must_ write and ask her _not_ to say such things;
+ it is not wholesome reading for me."
+
+ The fable is this. The cold, frosty, bracing air is the
+ treatment one gets from the world generally--such as
+ contempt, or blame, or neglect; all those are very
+ wholesome. And the hot dry air, that you breathe when you
+ rush to the fire, is the praise that one gets from one's
+ young, happy, rosy, I may even say _florid_ friends!
+ And that's very bad for me, and gives pride--fever, and
+ conceit--cough, and such-like diseases. Now I'm sure you
+ don't want me to be laid up with all these diseases; so
+ please don't praise me _any_ more!
+
+The verses to "Matilda Jane" certainly deserve a place in this
+chapter. To make their meaning clear, I must state that Lewis Carroll
+wrote them for a little cousin of his, and that Matilda Jane was the
+somewhat prosaic name of her doll. The poem expresses finely the
+blind, unreasoning devotion which the infant mind professes for
+inanimate objects:--
+
+ Matilda Jane, you never look
+ At any toy or picture-book;
+ I show you pretty things in vain,
+ You must be blind, Matilda Jane!
+
+ I ask you riddles, tell you tales,
+ But all our conversation fails;
+ You never answer me again,
+ I fear you're dumb, Matilda Jane!
+
+ Matilda, darling, when I call
+ You never seem to hear at all;
+ I shout with all my might and main,
+ But you're _so_ deaf, Matilda Jane!
+
+ Matilda Jane, you needn't mind,
+ For though you're deaf, and dumb, and blind,
+ There's some one loves you, it is plain,
+ And that is _me_, Matilda Jane!
+
+In an earlier chapter I gave some of Mr. Dodgson's letters to Miss
+Edith Rix; the two which follow, being largely about children, seem
+more appropriate here:--
+
+ My dear Edith,--Would you tell your mother I was aghast at
+ seeing the address of her letter to me: and I would much
+ prefer "Rev. C.L. Dodgson, Ch. Ch., Oxford." When a letter
+ comes addressed "Lewis Carroll, Ch. Ch.," it either goes to
+ the Dead Letter Office, or it impresses on the minds of all
+ letter-carriers, &c., through whose hands it goes, the very
+ fact I least want them to know.
+
+ Please offer to your sister all the necessary apologies for
+ the liberty I have taken with her name. My only excuse is,
+ that I know no other; and how _am_ I to guess what the
+ full name is? It _may_ be Carlotta, or Zealot, or
+ Ballot, or Lotus-blossom (a very pretty name), or even
+ Charlotte. Never have I sent anything to a young lady of
+ whom I have a more shadowy idea. Name, an enigma; age,
+ somewhere between 1 and 19 (you've no idea how bewildering
+ it is, alternately picturing her as a little toddling thing
+ of 5, and a tall girl of 15!); disposition--well, I
+ _have_ a fragment of information on _that_
+ question--your mother says, as to my coming, "It must be
+ when Lottie is at home, or she would never forgive us."
+ Still, I _cannot_ consider the mere fact that she is of
+ an unforgiving disposition as a complete view of her
+ character. I feel sure she has some other qualities besides.
+
+ Believe me,
+
+ Yrs affectionately,
+
+ C.L. Dodgson.
+
+
+ My dear child,--It seems quite within the bounds of
+ possibility, if we go on long in this style, that our
+ correspondence may at last assume a really friendly tone. I
+ don't of course say it will actually do so--that would be
+ too bold a prophecy, but only that it may tend to shape
+ itself in that direction.
+
+ Your remark, that slippers for elephants _could_ be
+ made, only they would not be slippers, but boots, convinces
+ me that there is a branch of your family in _Ireland_.
+ Who are (oh dear, oh dear, I am going distracted! There's a
+ lady in the opposite house who simply sings _all_ day.
+ All her songs are wails, and their tunes, such as they have,
+ are much the same. She has one strong note in her voice, and
+ she knows it! I _think_ it's "A natural," but I haven't
+ much ear. And when she gets to that note, she howls!) they?
+ The O'Rixes, I suppose?
+
+ About your uninteresting neighbours, I sympathise with you
+ much; but oh, I wish I had you here, that I might teach you
+ _not_ to say "It is difficult to visit one's district
+ regularly, like every one else does!"
+
+ And now I come to the most interesting part of your letter--
+ May you treat me as a perfect friend, and write anything you
+ like to me, and ask my advice? Why, _of course_ you
+ may, my child! What else am I good for? But oh, my dear
+ child-friend, you cannot guess how such words sound to
+ _me_! That any one should look up to _me_, or
+ think of asking _my_ advice--well, it makes one feel
+ humble, I think, rather than proud--humble to remember,
+ while others think so well of me, what I really _am_,
+ in myself. "Thou, that teachest another, teachest thou not
+ thyself?" Well, I won't talk about myself, it is not a
+ healthy topic. Perhaps it may be true of _any_ two
+ people, that, if one could see the other through and
+ through, love would perish. I don't know. Anyhow, I like to
+ _have_ the love of my child-friends, tho' I know I
+ don't deserve it. Please write as freely as _ever_ you
+ like.
+
+ I went up to town and fetched Phoebe down here on Friday in
+ last week; and we spent _most_ of Saturday upon the
+ beach--Phoebe wading and digging, and "as happy as a bird
+ upon the wing" (to quote the song she sang when first I saw
+ her). Tuesday evening brought a telegram to say she was
+ wanted at the theatre next morning. So, instead of going to
+ bed, Phoebe packed her things, and we left by the last
+ train, reaching her home by a quarter to 1 a.m. However,
+ even four days of sea-air, and a new kind of happiness, did
+ her good, I think. I am rather lonely now she is gone. She
+ is a very sweet child, and a thoughtful child, too. It was
+ very touching to see (we had a little Bible-reading every
+ day: I tried to remember that my little friend had a soul to
+ be cared for, as well as a body) the far-away look in her
+ eyes, when we talked of God and of heaven--as if her angel,
+ who beholds His face continually, were whispering to her.
+
+ Of course, there isn't _much_ companionship possible,
+ after all, between an old man's mind and a little child's,
+ but what there is is sweet--and wholesome, I think.
+
+Three letters of his to a child-friend, Miss Kathleen Eschwege, now
+Mrs. Round, illustrate one of those friendships which endure: the sort
+of friendship that he always longed for, and so often failed to
+secure:--
+
+[Illustrations and: Facsimile of a "Looking-Glass
+Letter" from Lewis Carroll to Miss Edith Ball.]
+
+ Ch. Ch., Oxford, _October_ 24, 1879.
+
+ My dear Kathleen,--I was really pleased to get your letter,
+ as I had quite supposed I should never see or hear of you
+ again. You see I knew only your Christian name--not the
+ ghost of a surname, or the shadow of an address--and I was
+ not prepared to spend my little all in advertisements--"If
+ the young lady, who was travelling on the G.W. Railway, &c."
+ --or to devote the remainder of my life to going about
+ repeating "Kathleen," like that young woman who came from
+ some foreign land to look for her lover, but only knew that
+ he was called "Edward" (or "Richard" was it? I dare say you
+ know History better than I do) and that he lived in England;
+ so that naturally it took her some time to find him. All I
+ knew was that _you_ could, if you chose, write to me
+ through Macmillan: but it is three months since we met, so I
+ was _not_ expecting it, and it was a pleasant surprise.
+
+ Well, so I hope I may now count you as one of my
+ child-friends. I am fond of children (except boys), and have
+ more child-friends than I could possibly count on my
+ fingers, even if I were a centipede (by the way, _have_
+ they fingers? I'm afraid they're only feet, but, of course,
+ they use them for the same purpose, and that is why no other
+ insects, _except centipedes_, ever succeed in doing
+ _Long Multiplication_), and I have several not so very
+ far from you--one at Beckenham, two at Balham, two at Herne
+ Hill, one at Peckham--so there is every chance of my being
+ somewhere near you _before the year_ 1979. If so, may I
+ call? I am _very_ sorry your neck is no better, and I
+ wish they would take you to Margate: Margate air will make
+ _any_ body well of _any_ thing.
+
+ It seems you have already got my two books about "Alice."
+ Have you also got "The Hunting of the Snark"? If not, I
+ should be very glad to send you one. The pictures (by Mr.
+ Holiday) are pretty: and you needn't read the verses unless
+ you like.
+
+ How do you pronounce your surname? "esk-weej"? or how? Is it
+ a German name?
+
+ If you can do "Doublets," with how many links do you turn
+ KATH into LEEN?
+
+ With kind remembrances to your mother, I am
+
+ Your affectionate friend,
+
+ Charles L. Dodgson
+
+ (_alias_ "Lewis Carroll").
+
+
+ Ch. Ch., Oxford, _January_ 20, 1892.
+
+ My dear Kathleen,--Some months ago I heard, from my cousin,
+ May Wilcox, that you were engaged to be married. And, ever
+ since, I have cherished the intention of writing to offer my
+ congratulations. Some might say, "Why not write _at
+ once?"_ To such unreasoning creatures, the obvious reply
+ is, "When you have bottled some peculiarly fine Port, do you
+ usually begin to drink it _at once?"_ Is not that a
+ beautiful simile? Of course, I need not remark that my
+ congratulations are like fine old Port--only finer, and
+ _older!_
+
+ Accept, my dear old friend, my _heartiest_ wishes for
+ happiness, of all sorts and sizes, for yourself, and for him
+ whom you have chosen as your other self. And may you love
+ one another with a love second only to your love for God--a
+ love that will last through bright days and dark days, in
+ sickness and in health, through life and through death.
+
+ A few years ago I went, in the course of about three months,
+ to the weddings of three of my old child-friends. But
+ weddings are not very exhilarating scenes for a miserable
+ old bachelor; and I think you'll have to excuse me from
+ attending _yours_.
+
+ However, I have so far concerned myself in it that I
+ actually _dreamed_ about it a few nights ago! I dreamed
+ that you had had a photograph done of the wedding-party, and
+ had sent me a copy of it. At one side stood a group of
+ ladies, among whom I made out the faces of Dolly and Ninty;
+ and in the foreground, seated in a boat, were two people, a
+ gentleman and a lady I _think_ (could they have been
+ the bridegroom and the bride?) engaged in the natural and
+ usual occupation for a riverside picnic--pulling a Christmas
+ cracker! I have no idea what put such an idea into my head.
+ _I_ never saw crackers used in such a scene!
+
+ I hope your mother goes on well. With kindest regards to her
+ and your father, and love to your sisters--and to yourself
+ too, if HE doesn't object!--I am,
+
+ Yours affectionately,
+
+ C.L. Dodgson.
+
+ P.S.--I never give wedding-presents; so please regard the
+ enclosed as an _unwedding_ present.
+
+
+ Ch. Ch., Oxford, _December_ 8, 1897.
+
+ My dear Kathleen,--Many thanks for the photo of yourself and
+ your _fiance_, which duly reached me January 23, 1892.
+ Also for a wedding-card, which reached me August 28, 1892.
+ Neither of these favours, I fear, was ever acknowledged. Our
+ only communication since, has been, that on December 13,
+ 1892, I sent you a biscuit-box adorned with "Looking-Glass"
+ pictures. This _you_ never acknowledged; so I was
+ properly served for my negligence. I hope your little
+ daughter, of whose arrival Mrs. Eschwege told me in
+ December, 1893, has been behaving well? How quickly the
+ years slip by! It seems only yesterday that I met, on the
+ railway, a little girl who was taking a sketch of Oxford!
+
+ Your affectionate old friend,
+
+ C.L. Dodgson.
+
+The following verses were inscribed in a copy of "Alice's Adventures,"
+presented to the three Miss Drurys in August, 1869:--
+
+_To three puzzled little girls, from the Author._
+
+ Three little maidens weary of the rail,
+ Three pairs of little ears listening to a tale,
+ Three little hands held out in readiness,
+ For three little puzzles very hard to guess.
+ Three pairs of little eyes, open wonder-wide,
+ At three little scissors lying side by side.
+ Three little mouths that thanked an unknown Friend,
+ For one little book, he undertook to send.
+ Though whether they'll remember a friend, or book, or day--
+ In three little weeks is very hard to say.
+
+He took the same three children to German Reed's entertainment, where
+the triple bill consisted of "Happy Arcadia," "All Abroad," and "Very
+Catching." A few days afterwards he sent them "Phantasmagoria," with a
+little poem on the fly-leaf to remind them of their treat:--
+
+ Three little maids, one winter day,
+ While others went to feed,
+ To sing, to laugh, to dance, to play,
+ More wisely went to--Reed.
+
+ Others, when lesson-time's begun,
+ Go, half inclined to cry,
+ Some in a walk, some in a run;
+ But _these_ went in a--Fly.
+
+ I give to other little maids
+ A smile, a kiss, a look,
+ Presents whose memory quickly fades,
+ I give to these--a Book.
+
+ _Happy Arcadia _may blind,
+ While _all abroad,_ their eyes;
+ At home, this book (I trust) they'll find
+ A _very catching_ prize.
+
+The next three letters were addressed to two of Mr. Arthur Hughes'
+children. They are good examples of the wild and delightful nonsense
+with which Lewis Carroll used to amuse his little friends:--
+
+ My dear Agnes,--You lazy thing! What? I'm to divide the
+ kisses myself, am I? Indeed I won't take the trouble to do
+ anything of the sort! But I'll tell _you_ how to do it.
+ First, you must take _four_ of the kisses, and--and
+ that reminds me of a very curious thing that happened to me
+ at half-past four yesterday. Three visitors came knocking at
+ my door, begging me to let them in. And when I opened the
+ door, who do you think they were? You'll never guess. Why,
+ they were three cats! Wasn't it curious? However, they all
+ looked so cross and disagreeable that I took up the first
+ thing I could lay my hand on (which happened to be the
+ rolling-pin) and knocked them all down as flat as pan-cakes!
+ "If _you_ come knocking at _my_ door," I said,
+ "_I_ shall come knocking at _your_ heads." "That
+ was fair, wasn't it?"
+
+ Yours affectionately,
+
+ Lewis Carroll.
+
+
+ My dear Agnes,--About the cats, you know. Of course I didn't
+ leave them lying flat on the ground like dried flowers: no,
+ I picked them up, and I was as kind as I could be to them. I
+ lent them the portfolio for a bed--they wouldn't have been
+ comfortable in a real bed, you know: they were too thin--but
+ they were _quite_ happy between the sheets of
+ blotting-paper--and each of them had a pen-wiper for a
+ pillow. Well, then I went to bed: but first I lent them the
+ three dinner-bells, to ring if they wanted anything in the
+ night.
+
+ You know I have _three_ dinner-bells--the first (which
+ is the largest) is rung when dinner is _nearly_ ready;
+ the second (which is rather larger) is rung when it is quite
+ ready; and the third (which is as large as the other two put
+ together) is rung all the time I am at dinner. Well, I told
+ them they might ring if they happened to want anything--and,
+ as they rang _all_ the bells _all_ night, I
+ suppose they did want something or other, only I was too
+ sleepy to attend to them.
+
+ In the morning I gave them some rat-tail jelly and buttered
+ mice for breakfast, and they were as discontented as they
+ could be. They wanted some boiled pelican, but of course I
+ knew it wouldn't be good _for_ them. So all I said was
+ "Go to Number Two, Finborough Road, and ask for Agnes
+ Hughes, and if it's _really_ good for you, she'll give
+ you some." Then I shook hands with them all, and wished them
+ all goodbye, and drove them up the chimney. They seemed very
+ sorry to go, and they took the bells and the portfolio with
+ them. I didn't find this out till after they had gone, and
+ then I was sorry too, and wished for them back again. What
+ do I mean by "them"? Never mind.
+
+ How are Arthur, and Amy, and Emily? Do they still go up and
+ down Finborough Road, and teach the cats to be kind to mice?
+ I'm _very_ fond of all the cats in Finborough Road.
+
+ Give them my love.
+ Who do I mean by "them"?
+ Never mind.
+
+ Your affectionate friend,
+
+ Lewis Carroll.
+
+[Illustration: Arthur Hughes and his daughter Agnes. _From
+a photograph by Lewis Carroll._]
+
+ My dear Amy,--How are you getting on, I wonder, with
+ guessing those puzzles from "Wonderland"? If you think
+ you've found out any of the answers, you may send them to
+ me; and if they're wrong, I won't tell you they're right!
+
+ You asked me after those three cats. Ah! The dear creatures!
+ Do you know, ever since that night they first came, they
+ have _never left me?_ Isn't it kind of them? Tell Agnes
+ this. She will be interested to hear it. And they _are_
+ so kind and thoughtful! Do you know, when I had gone out for
+ a walk the other day, they got _all_ my books out of
+ the bookcase, and opened them on the floor, to be ready for
+ me to read. They opened them all at page 50, because they
+ thought that would be a nice useful page to begin at. It was
+ rather unfortunate, though: because they took my bottle of
+ gum, and tried to gum pictures upon the ceiling (which they
+ thought would please me), and by accident they spilt a
+ quantity of it all over the books. So when they were shut up
+ and put by, the leaves all stuck together, and I can never
+ read page 50 again in any of them!
+
+ However, they meant it very kindly, so I wasn't angry. I
+ gave them each a spoonful of ink as a treat; but they were
+ ungrateful for that, and made dreadful faces. But, of
+ course, as it was given them as a treat, they had to drink
+ it. One of them has turned black since: it was a white cat
+ to begin with.
+
+ Give my love to any children you happen to meet. Also I send
+ two kisses and a half, for you to divide with Agnes, Emily,
+ and Godfrey. Mind you divide them fairly.
+
+ Yours affectionately,
+
+ C.L. Dodgson.
+
+The intelligent reader will make a discovery about the first of the
+two following letters, which Miss Maggie Cunningham, the
+"child-friend" to whom both were addressed, perhaps did not hit upon
+at once. Mr. Dodgson wrote these two letters in 1868:--
+
+ Dear Maggie,--I found that _the friend, _that the
+ little girl asked me to write to, lived at Ripon, and not at
+ Land's End--a nice sort of place to invite to! It looked
+ rather suspicious to me--and soon after, by dint of
+ incessant inquiries, I found out that _she_ was called
+ Maggie, and lived in a Crescent! Of course I declared,
+ "After that" (the language I used doesn't matter), "I will
+ _not_ address her, that's flat! So do not expect me to
+ flatter."
+
+ Well, I hope you will soon see your beloved Pa come
+ back--for consider, should you be quite content with only
+ Jack? Just suppose they made a blunder! (Such things happen
+ now and then.) Really, now, I shouldn't wonder if your
+ "John" came home again, and your father stayed at school! A
+ most awkward thing, no doubt. How would you receive him?
+ You'll say, perhaps, "you'd turn him out." That would answer
+ well, so far as concerns the boy, you know--but consider
+ your Papa, learning lessons in a row of great inky
+ schoolboys! This (though unlikely) might occur: "Haly" would
+ be grieved to miss him (don't mention it to _her_).
+
+ No _carte_ has yet been done of me, that does real
+ justice to my _smile_; and so I hardly like, you see,
+ to send you one. However, I'll consider if I will or
+ not--meanwhile, I send a little thing to give you an idea of
+ what I look like when I'm lecturing. The merest sketch, you
+ will allow--yet still I think there's something grand in the
+ expression of the brow and in the action of the hand.
+
+ Have you read my fairy tale in _Aunt Judy's Magazine?_
+ If you have you will not fail to discover what I mean when I
+ say "Bruno yesterday came to remind me that _he_ was my
+ god-son!"--on the ground that I "gave him a name"!
+
+ Your affectionate friend,
+
+ C.L. Dodgson.
+
+ P.S.--I would send, if I were not too shy, the same message
+ to "Haly" that she (though I do not deserve it, not I!) has
+ sent through her sister to me. My best love to yourself--to
+ your Mother my kindest regards--to your small, fat,
+ impertinent, ignorant brother my hatred. I think that is
+ all.
+
+[Illustration: What I look like when I'm Lecturing. _From a
+drawing, by Lewis Carroll._]
+
+ My dear Maggie,--I am a very bad correspondent, I fear, but
+ I hope you won't leave off writing to me on that account. I
+ got the little book safe, and will do my best about putting
+ my name in, if I can only manage to remember what day my
+ birthday is--but one forgets these things so easily.
+
+ Somebody told me (a little bird, I suppose) that you had
+ been having better photographs done of yourselves. If so, I
+ hope you will let me buy copies. Fanny will pay you for
+ them. But, oh Maggie, how _can_ you ask for a better
+ one of me than the one I sent! It is one of the best ever
+ done! Such grace, such dignity, such benevolence, such--as a
+ great secret (please don't repeat it) the _Queen_ sent
+ to ask for a copy of it, but as it is against my rule to
+ give in such a case, I was obliged to answer--
+
+ "Mr. Dodgson presents his compliments to her Majesty, and
+ regrets to say that his rule is never to give his photograph
+ except to _young_ ladies." I am told she was annoyed
+ about it, and said, "I'm not so old as all that comes to!"
+ and one doesn't like to annoy Queens; but really I couldn't
+ help it, you know.
+
+I will conclude this chapter with some reminiscences of Lewis Carroll,
+which have been kindly sent me by an old child-friend of his, Mrs.
+Maitland, daughter of the late Rev. E.A. Litton, Rector of Naunton,
+and formerly Fellow of Oriel College and Vice-Principal of Saint
+Edmund's Hall:--
+
+ To my mind Oxford will be never quite the same again now
+ that so many of the dear old friends of one's childhood have
+ "gone over to the great majority."
+
+ Often, in the twilight, when the flickering firelight danced
+ on the old wainscotted wall, have we--father and I--chatted
+ over the old Oxford days and friends, and the merry times we
+ all had together in Long Wall Street. I was a nervous, thin,
+ remarkably ugly child then, and for some years I was left
+ almost entirely to the care of Mary Pearson, my own
+ particular attendant. I first remember Mr. Dodgson when I
+ was about seven years old, and from that time until we went
+ to live in Gloucestershire he was one of my most delightful
+ friends.
+
+ I shall never forget how Mr. Dodgson and I sat once under a
+ dear old tree in the Botanical Gardens, and how he told me,
+ for the first time, Hans Andersen's story of the "Ugly
+ Duckling." I cannot explain the charm of Mr. Dodgson's way
+ of telling stories; as he spoke, the characters seemed to be
+ real flesh and blood. This particular story made a great
+ impression upon me, and interested me greatly, as I was very
+ sensitive about my ugly little self. I remember his
+ impressing upon me that it was better to be good and
+ truthful and to try not to think of oneself than to be a
+ pretty, selfish child, spoiled and disagreeable; and, after
+ telling me this story, he gave me the name of "Ducky."
+ "Never mind, little Ducky," he used often to say, "perhaps
+ some day you will turn out a swan."
+
+ I always attribute my love for animals to the teaching of
+ Mr. Dodgson: his stories about them, his knowledge of their
+ lives and histories, his enthusiasm about birds and
+ butterflies enlivened many a dull hour. The monkeys in the
+ Botanical Gardens were our special pets, and when we fed
+ them with nuts and biscuits he seemed to enjoy the fun as
+ much as I did.
+
+ Every day my nurse and I used to take a walk in Christ
+ Church Meadows, and often we would sit down on the soft
+ grass, with the dear old Broad Walk quite close, and, when
+ we raised our eyes, Merton College, with its walls covered
+ with Virginian creeper. And how delighted we used to be to
+ see the well-known figure in cap and gown coming, so
+ swiftly, with his kind smile ready to welcome the "Ugly
+ Duckling." I knew, as he sat beside me, that a book of fairy
+ tales was hidden in his pocket, or that he would have some
+ new game or puzzle to show me--and he would gravely accept a
+ tiny daisy-bouquet for his coat with as much courtesy as if
+ it had been the finest hot-house _boutonniere_.
+
+ Two or three times I went fishing with him from the bank
+ near the Old Mill, opposite Addison's Walk, and he quite
+ entered into my happiness when a small fish came wriggling
+ up at the end of my bent pin, just ready for the dinner of
+ the little white kitten "Lily," which he had given me.
+
+ My hair was a great trouble to me, as a child, for it would
+ tangle, and Mary was not too patient with me, as I twisted
+ about while she was trying to dress it. One day I received a
+ long blue envelope addressed to myself, which contained a
+ story-letter, full of drawings, from Mr. Dodgson. The first
+ picture was of a little girl--with her hat off and her
+ tumbled hair very much in evidence--asleep on a rustic bench
+ under a big tree by the riverside, and two birds, holding
+ what was evidently a very important conversation, above in
+ the branches, their heads on one side, eyeing the sleeping
+ child. Then there was a picture of the birds flying up to
+ the child with twigs and straw in their beaks, preparing to
+ build their nest in her hair. Next came the awakening, with
+ the nest completed, and the mother-bird sitting on it; while
+ the father-bird flew round the frightened child. And then,
+ lastly, hundreds of birds--the air thick with them--the
+ child fleeing, small boys with tin trumpets raised to their
+ lips to add to the confusion, and Mary, armed with a basket
+ of brushes and combs, bringing up the rear! After this,
+ whenever I was restive while my hair was being arranged,
+ Mary would show me the picture of the child with the nest on
+ her head, and I at once became "as quiet as a lamb."
+
+ I had a daily governess, a dear old soul, who used to come
+ every morning to teach me. I disliked particularly the
+ large-lettered copies which she used to set me; and as I
+ confided this to Mr. Dodgson, he came and gave me some
+ copies himself. The only ones which I can remember were
+ "Patience and water-gruel cure gout" (I always wondered what
+ "gout" might be) and "Little girls should be seen and not
+ heard" (which I thought unkind). These were written many
+ times over, and I had to present the pages to him, without
+ one blot or smudge, at the end of the week.
+
+ One of the Fellows of Magdalen College at that time was a
+ Mr. Saul, a friend of my father's and of Mr. Dodgson, and a
+ great lover of music--his rooms were full of musical
+ instruments of every sort. Mr. Dodgson and father and I all
+ went one afternoon to pay him a visit. At that time he was
+ much interested in the big drum, and we found him when we
+ arrived in full practice, with his music-book open before
+ him. He made us all join in the concert. Father undertook
+ the 'cello, and Mr. Dodgson hunted up a comb and some paper,
+ and, amidst much fun and laughter, the walls echoed with the
+ finished roll, or shake, of the big drum--a roll that was
+ Mr. Saul's delight.
+
+ My father died on August 27, 1897, and Mr. Dodgson on
+ January 14, 1898. And we, who are left behind in this cold,
+ weary world can only hope we may some day meet them again.
+ Till then, oh! Father, and my dear old childhood's friend,
+ _requiescalis in pace!_
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+"NOTES ON THE FIRST TWO BOOKS OF EUCLID." 1860
+ Oxford: Parker. 8vo. 6d
+
+
+"PHOTOGRAPHS." (?)1860
+ (Printed for private circulation; a
+ list of negatives taken by the Rev. C. L.
+ Dodgson.) Pp. 4, 4to
+
+
+"A SYLLABUS OF PLANE ALGEBRAICAL GEOMETRY," 1860
+ systematically arranged, with formal definitions,
+ postulates, and axioms. By Charles Lutwidge
+ Dodgson. Part I. Containing Points, Right Lines,
+ Rectilinear Figures, Pencils and Circles.
+ Oxford: Parker. Pp. xvi + 164, 8vo. Cloth, paper label. 5s
+
+
+"RULES FOR COURT CIRCULAR." 1860
+ (A new game, invented by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson.)
+ Pp. 4. (Reprinted in 1862).
+
+
+"THE FORMULAE OF PLANE TRIGONOMETRY," 1861
+ printed with symbols (instead of words) to express the
+ "goniometrical ratios." By Charles Lutwidge Dodgson.
+ Oxford: Parker. Pp. 19, 4to. Stitched, 1s.
+
+
+"NOTES ON THE FIRST PART OF ALGEBRA." 1861
+ Oxford: Parker. 8vo. 6d
+
+
+"INDEX TO 'IN MEMORIAM.'" 1862
+ [Suggested and edited by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson;
+ much of the actual work of compilation was
+ done by his sisters]
+ London: Moxon.
+
+
+"THE ENUNCIATIONS OF EUCLID, Books I. and II." 1863
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"GENERAL LIST OF (MATHEMATICAL) SUBJECTS, AND 1863
+ CYCLE FOR WORKING EXAMPLES."
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"CROQUET CASTLES." 1863
+ (A new game invented by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson).
+ London(?) Pp. 4. (Reprinted, with additions
+ and alterations, in 1866 at Oxford.)
+
+
+"THE NEW EXAMINATION STATUTE." 1864
+ (A letter to the Vice-Chancellor.)
+ Pp. 2, 4 to. Oxford.
+
+
+"A GUIDE TO THE MATHEMATICAL STUDENT IN READING, 1864
+ REVIEWING, AND WORKING EXAMPLES." By Charles
+ Lutwidge Dodgson. Part I. Pure Mathematics.
+ Oxford: Parker. Two leaves and pp. 27, 8vo.
+ Stitched, 1s.
+
+
+"THE DYNAMICS OF A PARTI-CLE, with an Excursus on 1865
+ the New Method of Evaluation as applied to pi."
+ Oxford: Vincent. Pp. 28, 8vo. (Three editions).
+
+
+"ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND." By Lewis 1865
+ Carroll, with forty-two illustrations by John
+ Tenniel. London: Macmillan. Pp. 192, cr. 8vo.
+ Cloth, gilt edges. 6s.
+ The 1st edition (recalled) was printed in Oxford,
+ and is very rare; all subsequent editions (1865
+ onwards) by Richard Clay in London. Now in its
+ 86th thousand. [People's Edition, price 2s. 6d.;
+ first published in 1887. Now in its 70th
+ thousand.]
+
+
+"CONDENSATION OF DETERMINANTS," being a new and 1866
+ brief method for computing their arithmetical
+ values. By the Rev. C.L. Dodgson. From "The
+ Proceedings of the Royal Society, No. 84, 1866."
+ London: Taylor and Francis. Pp. 8, 8vo.
+
+
+"AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON DETERMINANTS." 1867
+ London: Macmillan. (Printed in Oxford.)
+ Pp. viii + 143, 4to. Cloth. 10s. 6d.
+
+
+"THE FIFTH BOOK OF EUCLID TREATED ALGEBRAICALLY, 1868
+ SO FAR AS IT RELATES TO COMMENSURABLE MAGNITUDES."
+ With notes. By Charles L. Dodgson. Oxford and
+ London: Parker. Two leaves and pp. 37, 8vo. In
+ wrapper, 1s. 6d.
+
+
+"ALGEBRAICAL FORMULAE FOR RESPONSIONS." 1868
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"THE TELEGRAPH CIPHER." (?)1868
+ (Invented, in 1868, by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson.)
+
+
+"PHANTASMAGORIA AND OTHER POEMS." 1869
+ By Lewis Carroll.
+ London: Macmillan. (Printed in Oxford.)
+ Pp. viii + 202, small 8vo. Cloth, gilt edges.
+
+
+"AVENTURES D'ALICE AU PAYS DE MERVEILLES." 1869
+ Par Lewis Carroll, ouvrage illustre de 42 vignettes
+ par John Tenniel. Traduit de l'anglais, par H. Bue.
+ London: Macmillan. Pp. 196, cr. 8vo. Cloth, gilt
+ edges. 6s. (Now in its 2nd thousand.)
+
+
+"ALICE'S ABENTEUER IM WUNDERLAND." Von Lewis 1869
+ Carroll, mit zweiundvierzig Illustrationen von
+ John Tenniel. Uebersetzt von Antonie Zimmermann.
+ London: Macmillan. Pp. 178, cr. 8vo. Cloth, gilt
+ edges. 6s.
+
+
+"GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY." 1870
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"ALGEBRAICAL FORMULAE AND RULES." 1870
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"ARITHMETICAL FORMULAE AND RULES." 1870
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"TO ALL CHILD READERS OF 'ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN 1871
+ WONDERLAND.'" Pp. 4
+
+
+"THROUGH THE LOOKING-GLASS AND WHAT ALICE FOUND 1871
+ THERE." By Lewis Carroll. With fifty illustrations
+ by John Tenniel.
+ London: Macmillan. Pp. 224., cr. 8vo. Cloth,
+ gilt edges. 6s. Now in its 61st thousand
+ [People's edition. Price 2s. 6d. First
+ published in 1887. Now in its 46th thousand.]
+
+
+"LE AVVENTURE D'ALICE NEL PAESE DELLA MERAVIGLIE." 1872
+ Per Lewis Carroll. Tradotte dall'inglese da T.
+ Pietrocola-Rossetti. Con 42 vignette di Giovanni
+ Tenniel.
+ London: Macmillan. Pp. 189, cr. 8vo.
+ Cloth, gilt edges. 6s.
+
+
+CIRCULAR TO HOSPITALS OFFERING COPIES OF THE TWO 1872
+ "ALICE" BOOKS.
+ London: Macmillan.
+
+
+"SYMBOLS, &c., TO BE USED IN EUCLID, 1872
+ Books I. and II."
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"NUMBER OF PROPOSITIONS IN EUCLID." Oxford: 1872
+ Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"THE NEW BELFRY OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD." A 1872
+ Monograph. By D.C.L.
+ Oxford: Parker. Pp. 2 + 31, cr. 8vo.
+ In wrapper. 6d. (Five editions.)
+
+
+"ENUNCIATIONS, EUCLID, I.-VI." 1873
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"OBJECTIONS, SUBMITTED TO THE GOVERNING BODY of 1873
+ Christ Church, Oxford, against certain proposed
+ alterations in the Great Quadrangle."
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press. Pp. 4, 4to.
+ [Printed for Private Circulation.]
+
+
+"THE VISION OF THE THREE T's." A Threnody. By the 1873
+ Author of "The New Belfry."
+ Oxford. Parker. Pp. 37 + 3, 8vo. In wrapper, 9d.
+ (Three editions.)
+
+
+"A DISCUSSION OF THE VARIOUS MODES OF PROCEDURE IN 1873
+ CONDUCTING ELECTIONS."
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"EUCLID, BOOK V. PROVED ALGEBRAICALLY," so far as 1874
+ it relates to Commensurable Magnitudes. To which
+ is prefixed a summary of all the necessary
+ algebraical operations, arranged in order of
+ difficulty. By Charles L. Dodgson.
+ Oxford: Parker.
+ Pp. viii + 62, 8vo. Cloth. 3s. 6d.
+
+
+"SUGGESTIONS AS TO THE BEST METHOD OF TAKING VOTES, 1874
+ where more than two Issues are to be voted on."
+ Oxford: Hall and Stacy. Pp. 8, 8vo.
+
+
+"THE BLANK CHEQUE." A Fable. By the Author of "The 1874
+ New Belfry," and "The Vision of The Three T's"
+ Oxford: Parker. Pp. 14 + 2, cr. 8vo. In wrapper. 4d.
+
+
+"PRELIMINARY ALGEBRA, AND EUCLID Book V." 1874
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"THE DYNAMICS OF A PARTI-CLE." 1874
+ Oxford: Parker. Pp. 24, cr. 8vo. In wrapper. 6d.
+
+
+"THE NEW METHOD OF EVALUATION AS APPLIED TO pi." 1874
+ Oxford: Parker. Pp. 16, cr. 8vo. In wrapper. 4d.
+
+
+"FACTS, FIGURES, AND FANCIES," relating to the 1874
+ Elections to the Hebdomadal Council, the Offer of
+ the Clarendon Trustees, and the Proposal to
+ convert the Parks into Cricket-Grounds.
+ Oxford: Parker. Pp. 29 + 3, cr. 8vo. In wrapper. 8d.
+
+
+"NOTES BY AN OXFORD CHIEL." 1874
+ Oxford: Parker. Cr. 8vo. Cloth, gilt edges.
+ [This book consists of the following six pamphlets
+ bound together--"The New Method of Evaluation,"
+ "The Dynamics of a Particle," "Facts, Figures, and
+ Fancies," "The New Belfry," "The Vision of the
+ Three T's," and "The Blank Cheque."]
+
+
+"EXAMPLES IN ARITHMETIC." 1874
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"EUCLID, BOOKS I. and II." Edited by Charles L. 1875
+ Dodgson.
+ Oxford: Parker. Diagram, Title, Preface,
+ and pp. 102, cr. 8vo. Cloth.
+ [The book was circulated privately among
+ Mathematical friends for hints. "Not yet
+ published" was printed above title.]
+
+
+"THE PROFESSORSHIP OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY." 1876
+ (Three leaflets.)
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"A METHOD OF TAKING VOTES OF MORE THAN TWO 1876
+ ISSUES."
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+ Pp. 20, cr. 8vo.
+ [A note on the title-page runs as follows: "As I
+ hope to investigate this subject further, and to
+ publish a more complete pamphlet on the subject, I
+ shall feel greatly obliged if you will enter in
+ this copy any remarks that occur to you, and
+ return it to me any time before--"]
+
+
+LETTER AND QUESTIONS TO HOSPITALS. Oxford: 1876
+ Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"AN EASTER GREETING." [Reprinted in London, by 1876
+ Macmillan & Co., in 1880.]
+
+
+"FAME'S PENNY TRUMPET." Not published. 1876
+ Oxford: Baxter. Pp. 4, 4to.
+ [Afterwards published in "Rhyme? and Reason?"]
+
+
+"THE HUNTING OF THE SNARK." An Agony, in Eight 1876
+ Fits. By Lewis Carroll. With nine illustrations by
+ Henry Holiday.
+ London: Macmillan. Pp. xi + 83, 8vo. Cloth,
+ gilt edges. 4s.. 6d.
+
+
+"THE RESPONSIONS OF HILARY TERM, 1877." 1877
+ (A letter to the Vice-Chancellor.)
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"A CHARADE." (Written with a cyclostyle.) Pp. 4. 1878
+
+
+"WORD-LINKS." (A game, afterwards called 1878
+ "DOUBLETS," invented by the Rev. C.L. Dodgson.)
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press. Pp. 4,
+ 8vo.[There is also a form written with a
+ cyclostyle.]
+
+
+"DOUBLETS." A Word-Puzzle. By Lewis Carroll. 1879
+ London: Macmillan. Pp. 73, 8vo. Cloth. 2s. (2nd
+ edition, 1880.)
+
+
+"EUCLID AND HIS MODERN RIVALS." 1879
+ London: Macmillan. 8vo. Cloth. 6s.
+ (2nd edition, 1885. Pp. xxxi + 275.)
+
+
+"DOUBLETS." A Word-Puzzle. By Lewis Carroll. 1880
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press. Pp. 8.
+ 8vo. [This Puzzle appeared in Vanity Fair, April
+ 19, 1879.]
+
+
+"LETTER FROM MABEL TO EMILY." To illustrate common 1880
+ errors in letter-writing. (Written with a
+ cyclostyle.)
+
+
+"LIZE'S AVONTUREN IN HET WONDERLAND." (?)1881
+ Naar het Engelsch. [A Dutch version of "Alice
+ in Wonderland."]
+ Nijmegen. 4to.
+
+
+"ON CATCHING COLD." (A pamphlet, consisting of 1881
+ extracts from two books by Dr. Inman.)
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"JABBERWOCKY." (Lewis Carroll's Poem, with A.A. 1881
+ Vansittart's Latin rendering.)
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+NOTICE RE CONCORDANCE TO "IN MEMORIAM." 1881
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"LANRICK." A Game for Two Players. 1881
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+A CIRCULAR ABOUT THE "SCHOOL OF DRAMATIC ART." 1882
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"AN ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONSIONS-LISTS FROM 1882
+ MICHAELMAS, 1873, to Michaelmas, 1881."
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+CIRCULAR ASKING FOR SUGGESTIONS FOR A GIRLS' 1882
+ EDITION OF SHAKESPEARE.
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+ [Two different forms, one pp. 2, the other pp. 4.]
+
+
+"EUCLID, BOOKS I. and II." 1882
+ London: Macmillan. Printed in Oxford.
+ Pp. xi + 108. 8vo. Cloth. 2s.
+ [Seven editions were subsequently published.]
+
+
+"DREAMLAND." A Song. Words by Lewis Carroll; music 1882
+ by Rev. C. E. Hutchinson.
+ Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+
+
+"MISCHMASCH." (A game invented by the Rev. C. L. 1882
+ Dodgson.) Oxford: Printed at the University Press.
+ Two editions.
+
+
+"RHYME? AND REASON?" By Lewis Carroll. With 1883
+ sixty-five illustrations by Arthur B. Frost, and
+ nine by Henry Holiday.
+ London: Macmillan. Pp. xii + 214, cr. 8vo.
+ Cloth, 7s. (Now in its 6th thousand.)
+ [This book is a reprint, with a few additions, of
+ "The Hunting of the Snark," and of the comic
+ portions of "Phantasmagoria and Other Poems."]
+
+
+"LAWN TENNIS TOURNAMENTS: THE TRUE METHOD OF 1883
+ ASSIGNING PRIZES, with a Proof of the Fallacy of
+ the Present Method."
+ London: Macmillan. Printed in Oxford. 8vo.
+
+
+"RULES FOR RECKONING POSTAGE." 1883
+ Oxford: Baxter.
+
+
+"TWELVE MONTHS IN A CURATORSHIP." 1884
+ By One who has tried it.
+ Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter.
+ Pp. 52, 8vo
+
+
+SUPPLEMENT TO DITTO. 1884
+ Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 8, 8vo
+
+
+POSTSCRIPT TO DITTO. 1884
+ Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 2, 8vo.
+
+
+"CHRISTMAS GREETINGS." 1884
+ London: Macmillan.
+
+
+"THE PROFITS OF AUTHORSHIP." By Lewis Carroll. 1884
+ London: Macmillan. 8vo. 6d.
+
+
+"THE PRINCIPLES OF PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION." 1884
+ London: Harrison. Pp. 56, 8vo. (Reprinted in
+ 1885.)
+
+
+SUPPLEMENT TO DITTO. 1885
+ Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 8, 8vo.
+ Two editions.
+
+
+POSTSCRIPT TO SUPPLEMENT TO DITTO. 1885
+ Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 8vo.
+ Two editions.
+
+
+SUPPLEMENT TO FIRST EDITION OF "EUCLID AND HIS 1885
+ MODERN RIVALS." London: Macmillan. 8vo. 1s
+
+
+"A TANGLED TALE." By Lewis Carroll. With six 1885
+ illustrations by Arthur B. Frost. London:
+ Macmillan. Printed in Oxford. Pp. 152, cr. 8vo.
+ Cloth, gilt edges. 4s. 6d. (Now in its 4th
+ thousand.)
+ [First appeared in Monthly Packet, April,
+ 1882-November, 1884. There are also separate
+ reprints of each "Knot," and of the Answers to
+ "Knots" I. and II.]
+
+
+"PROPOSED PROCURATORIAL CYCLE." 1885
+ Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 4to.
+
+
+"THE PROCURATORIAL CYCLE. FURTHER REMARKS." 1885
+ Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 3, 4to.
+
+
+"SUGGESTIONS AS TO THE ELECTION OF PROCTORS." 1885
+ Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 4to.
+ (Reprinted, with additions, in 1886)
+
+
+"ALICE'S ADVENTURES UNDER GROUND." By Lewis 1886
+ Carroll. With thirty-seven illustrations by the
+ author.
+ London: Macmillan. Pp. viii + 95, cr. 8vo. Cloth,
+ gilt edges. 4s. (Now in its 4th thousand.)
+ [This book is a facsimile of the original
+ Manuscript story, afterwards developed into "Alice
+ in Wonderland."]
+
+
+"THREE YEARS IN A CURATORSHIP." 1886
+ By one whom it has tried.
+ Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 32, cr. 8vo.
+
+
+"REMARKS ON THE REPORT OF THE FINANCE COMMITTEE." 1886
+ Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 8, cr. 8vo.
+
+
+"REMARKS ON MR. SAMPSON'S PROPOSAL." 1886
+ Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, cr. 8vo.
+
+
+"OBSERVATIONS ON MR. SAMPSON'S PROPOSAL." 1889
+ Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 12, 8vo.
+
+
+"FIRST PAPER ON LOGIC." 1886
+ Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 2, 8vo.
+
+
+"FOURTH PAPER ON LOGIC." 1886
+ Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 3, 8vo.
+
+
+"FIFTH PAPER ON LOGIC." 1887
+ Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 8vo.
+
+
+"SIXTH PAPER ON LOGIC." 1887
+ Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, 8vo.
+
+
+"QUESTIONS IN LOGIC." 1887
+ Oxford: Printed by E. Baxter. Pp. 4, fcap. fol.
+
+
+"ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND; AND THROUGH THE 1887
+ LOOKING-GLASS." People's editions, 1 vol.
+ London: Macmillan. Cr. 8vo. Cloth. 4s. 6d.
+
+
+"THE GAME OF LOGIC." By Lewis Carroll. 1887
+ London: Macmillan. Pp. 96, cr. 8vo. Cloth. 3s.
+
+
+"CURIOSA MATHEMATICA, Part I. A New Theory of 1888
+ Parallels." By C. L. Dodgson.
+ London: Macmillan. Pp. 75. 8vo. Cloth. 2s.
+ (Reprinted in 1889, 1890, and 1895.)
+
+
+"MEMORIA TECHNICA." [Written with a cyclostyle.] 1888
+ Pp. 4
+
+
+"CIRCULAR BILLIARDS FOR TWO PLAYERS." Invented, in (?)1889
+ 1889, by Lewis Carroll. Two editions
+
+
+"SYLVIE AND BRUNO." By Lewis Carroll. With 1889
+ forty-six illustrations by Harry Furniss.
+ London: Macmillan. Pp. xxiii + 400, cr. 8vo.
+ Cloth, gilt edges. (Now in its 13th thousand.)
+ [The picture on p. 77 was drawn by Miss Alice Havers.]
+
+
+"THE NURSERY 'ALICE.'" Containing twenty coloured 1890
+ enlargements from Tenniel's illustrations to
+ "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland." With text
+ adapted to nursery readers by Lewis Carroll. The
+ cover designed and coloured by E. Gertrude
+ Thomson. London: Macmillan. Pp. 56, 4to. Boards.
+ 4s. (Now in its 11th thousand.)
+
+
+"EIGHT OR NINE WISE WORDS ABOUT LETTER-WRITING." 1890
+ By Lewis Carroll. Oxford: Emberlin and Son. (Now
+ in its 5th edition.) [This pamphlet is sold with
+ the "Wonderland" Postage-Stamp Case, published by
+ Messrs. Emberlin and Son.]
+
+
+"THE STRANGER CIRCULAR." (A leaflet sent by Mr. 1890
+ Dodgson to people who wrote to him about his
+ "Lewis Carroll" books, addressing the envelope to
+ Rev. C. L. Dodgson.)
+ Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+CIRCULAR, asking friends to send addresses of 1890
+ stationers likely to sell the
+ "Wonderland" Postage-Stamp Case.
+ Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+CIRCULAR SENT TO VARIOUS HOSPITALS, offering free 1890
+ copies of Lewis Carroll's books.
+ Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+LIST OF INSTITUTIONS to which above was to be sent. 1890
+ Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+CIRCULAR, ADDRESSED TO THE GOVERNING BODY OF 1891
+ CHRIST CHURCH, Oxford, about the proposal to
+ invite M.A.'s to dine at High Table.
+
+
+"A POSTAL PROBLEM." June, 1891. 1891
+
+
+DITTO, Supplement. 1891
+
+
+A CIRCULAR ABOUT RESIGNATION OF CURATORSHIP. 1892
+ Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+A CIRCULAR ABOUT "UNPARLIAMENTARY" WORDS 1892
+ used by some competitors in the "Syzygies"
+ competition in The Lady.
+ Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+"CURIOSISSIMA CURATORIA." By 'Rude Donatus.' 1892
+ (A Pamphlet sent to all resident members of Christ
+ Church Common Room.)
+ Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+"EIGHTH PAPER ON LOGIC." 1892
+ Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+ [A revised version of one page was
+ printed in same year.]
+
+
+"NINTH PAPER ON LOGIC." 1892
+ Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+"NOTES TO LOGIC PAPERS EIGHT AND NINE." 1892
+ Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+"CURIOSA MATHEMATICA, Part III. PILLOW PROBLEMS," 1893
+ thought out during wakeful hours, by C. L.
+ Dodgson.
+ London, Macmillan: Printed in Oxford. Pp.
+ xvii + 109, 8vo. Cloth, 1st and 2nd editions.
+ (Reprinted in 1894, 1895.)
+
+
+"SYZYGIES AND LANRICK." By Lewis Carroll. 1893
+ London: The Lady office. Pp. 26. 6d.
+
+
+"SYLVIE AND BRUNO CONCLUDED." By Lewis Carroll. 1893
+ With forty-six illustrations by Harry Furniss.
+ London: Macmillan. Pp. xxi + 423, cr. 8vo. Cloth,
+ gilt edges. 7s.6d. (Now in its 3rd thousand.) [The
+ picture on p. 409 was drawn by Miss Alice Havers.]
+
+
+"A DISPUTED POINT IN LOGIC." 1894
+
+
+"WHAT THE TORTOISE SAID TO ACHILLES." (Reprinted 1894
+ from Mind, December, 1894.) Pp. 4.
+
+
+"A FASCINATING MENTAL RECREATION FOR THE YOUNG." (?)1895
+ (A circular about Symbolic Logic, signed "Lewis
+ Carroll.")
+
+
+"RESIDENT WOMEN-STUDENTS." 1896
+ (A circular, signed "Charles L Dodgson.")
+ Oxford: Printed by Sheppard.
+
+
+"SYMBOLIC LOGIC. Part I. Elementary." By Lewis 1896
+ Carroll.
+ London: Macmillan. Pp. xxxi + 192, cr.
+ 8vo. Cloth. 2s. (Now in its 4th edition.)
+
+
+"THREE SUNSETS AND OTHER POEMS." By Lewis Carroll. 1898
+ With twelve Fairy-Fancies by E. Gertrude Thomson.
+ London: Macmillan. Pp. 68, fcap. 4to. Cloth, gilt
+ edges. 4s. [This book is a reprint, with
+ additions, of the serious portions of
+ "Phantasmagoria and Other Poems."]
+
+
+"TO MY CHILD-FRIEND." (A poem, reprinted in "The No date
+ Game of Logic.") Pp. 2
+
+
+"THE ALPHABET-CIPHER." No date
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+A
+
+
+Abdy, Miss Dora,
+
+Albany, The Duchess of,
+
+"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,"
+
+"Alice's Adventures Underground,"
+
+"Alice" Operetta, The,
+
+Alice, Princess,
+
+"Alice, The Nursery,"
+
+Allen, Mrs. Egerton,
+
+Anderson, Mrs.,
+
+Atkinson, Miss G.,
+
+Atkinson, Rev. F. H.,
+
+
+
+B
+
+
+Baden-Powell, Sir George,
+
+Bayne, Rev. T. Vere,
+
+Bennie, Mrs.,
+
+"Blank Cheque, The,"
+
+Bowman, Miss Isa,
+
+Bremer, Miss,
+
+"Bruno's Revenge,"
+
+
+
+C
+
+
+Calverley, C. S.,
+
+Chataway, Miss G.,
+
+Chevalier, Albert,
+
+Circle-squarers,
+
+_College Rhymes,_
+
+College Servants,
+
+_Comic Times, The,_
+
+Cook Wilson, Professor,
+
+Croft,
+
+Cunningham, Miss M.,
+
+
+
+D
+
+
+Daresbury,
+
+"Deserted Parks, The,"
+
+"Determinants, An Elementary Treatise On,"
+
+Dodgson, Archdeacon,
+
+Dodgson, Captain,
+
+Dodgson, Mrs.,
+
+"Dotheboys Hall,"
+
+"Dreamland,"
+
+Drury, Miss
+
+Dymes, Miss
+
+"Dynamics of a Parti-cle, The"
+
+
+
+E
+
+
+Egerton, Lord Francis
+
+Elphin, The Bishop of
+
+Elsdon
+
+Eschwege, Miss K.
+
+Eternal Punishment
+
+"Euclid and His Modern Rivals"
+
+"Euclid, Books I. and II."
+
+"Euclid, Book V."
+
+Exhibition, The Great
+
+
+
+F
+
+
+"Facts, Figures, and Fancies"
+
+Freiligrath Kroeker, Mrs.
+
+Frost, A.B.
+
+Furniss, Harry
+
+
+
+G
+
+
+"Game of Logic, The"
+
+Gatty, Mrs.
+
+General Elections
+
+
+
+H
+
+
+Harrison, Frederic
+
+Holiday, Henry
+
+Hopley, Rev. H.
+
+Hughes, Arthur
+
+Hughes, Miss Agnes
+
+"Hunting of the Snark, The"
+
+Hutchinson, Rev. C.E.
+
+
+
+J
+
+
+_Jabberwock, The_
+
+Jackson, Miss F.
+
+Jelf, Canon
+
+Jowett, Dr.
+
+
+
+K
+
+
+Kean, Mrs.
+
+Kingsley, Henry
+
+Kitchin, Miss Alexandra (Xie)
+
+
+
+L
+
+
+"Lays of Sorrow"
+
+Liddell, Dr.
+
+Liddell, Miss Alice
+
+Liddon, Canon
+
+"Little Minister, The"
+
+Longley, Archbishop
+
+
+
+M
+
+
+Macdonald, George
+
+Maitland, Mrs.
+
+Manners, Miss M.E.
+
+Maurier, George du
+
+Mechanical "Humpty Dumpty," The
+
+"Memoria Technica"
+
+_Misch-Masch_
+
+Moscow
+
+
+
+N
+
+
+Natural Science
+
+"New Belfry, The"
+
+"New Method of Evaluation, The"
+
+"New Theory of Parallels, The"
+
+Nijni Novgorod
+
+"Notes by an Oxford Chiel"
+
+
+
+P
+
+
+Paget, Dean
+
+Paget, Sir James
+
+Paine, Miss Adelaide
+
+Patmore, Coventry
+
+Paton, Sir Noel
+
+"Phantasmagoria"
+
+"Pillow Problems"
+
+Potsdam
+
+Price, Professor
+
+"Profits of Authorship, The"
+
+Pusey, Dr.
+
+
+
+R
+
+
+_Rectory Umbrella, The_
+
+"Rhyme? and Reason?"
+
+Richmond
+
+Rix, Miss Edith
+
+Rugby
+
+Ruskin, John
+
+
+
+S
+
+
+Salisbury, The Marquis of
+
+St. Petersburg
+
+Sanday, Professor
+
+Simpson, Miss Gaynor
+
+Smedley, Frank
+
+Standen, Miss Isabel
+
+"Sylvie and Bruno"
+
+"Sylvie and Bruno Concluded"
+
+"Symbolic Logic, Part I."
+
+"Syzygies"
+
+
+
+T
+
+
+Tait, Archbishop
+
+"Tangled Tale, A"
+
+Taylor, Tom
+
+Tenniel, Sir John
+
+Tennyson, Alfred
+
+Terry, Miss Ellen
+
+Terry, Miss Kate
+
+Thackeray, W.M.
+
+Thomson, Miss E.G.
+
+"Three Sunsets"
+
+"Through the Looking-Glass"
+
+_Train, The_
+
+"Twelve Months in a Curatorship"
+
+
+
+V
+
+
+Vansittart, A.A.
+
+"Vision of The Three T's, The"
+
+Vivisection
+
+
+
+W
+
+
+Wilberforce, Bishop
+
+"Wise Words on Letter-Writing"
+
+"Wonderland" Stamp-Case, The
+
+Woodhouse, Rev. G.C.
+
+
+
+Y
+
+
+Yates, Edmund
+
+Yonge, Miss Charlotte M.
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES.
+
+
+[Footnote 001: Perhaps an incorrect expression, as it was only the
+second attempt.]
+
+
+[Footnote 002: The science of taking medicine in infinitely small
+doses.]
+
+
+[Footnote 003:
+
+ 1
+_________________________
+1000000000000000000000000
+
+]
+
+[Footnote 004: A Man's history of his own life.]
+
+
+[Footnote 005: The author of "The Bandy-legged Butterfly."]
+
+
+[Footnote 006: Afterwards President of the Society for the Prevention
+of Cruelty to Animals.]
+
+
+
+[Footnote 007: Or a pulling by the ear.]
+
+
+[Footnote 008: This Rectory has been supposed to have been built in
+the time of Edward VI., but recent discoveries clearly assign its
+origin to a much earlier period. A stone has been found in an island
+formed by the river Tees on which is inscribed the letter "A," which
+is justly conjectured to stand for the name of the great King Alfred,
+in whose reign this house was probably built.]
+
+
+[Footnote 009: The poet entreats pardon for having represented a
+donkey under this dignified name.]
+
+
+[Footnote 010: With reference to these remarkable animals see "Moans
+from the Miserable," page 12.]
+
+
+[Footnote 011: A full account of the history and misfortunes of these
+interesting creatures may be found in the first "Lay of Sorrow," page
+36.]
+
+
+[Footnote 012: It is a singular fact that a donkey makes a point of
+returning any kicks offered to it.]
+
+
+[Footnote 013: This valiant knight, besides having a heart of steel
+and nerves of iron, has been lately in the habit of carrying a brick
+in his eye.]
+
+
+[Footnote 014: She was sister to both.]
+
+
+[Footnote 015: The reader will probably be at a loss to discover the
+nature of this triumph, as no object was gained, and the donkey was
+obviously the victor; on this point, however, we are sorry to say, we
+can offer no good explanation.]
+
+
+[Footnote 016: Much more acceptable to a true knight than "corn-land"
+which the Roman people were so foolish as to give to their daring
+champion, Horatius.]
+
+
+[Footnote 017: Lewis Carroll composed this poem while staying with his
+cousins, the Misses Wilcox, at Whitburn, near Sunderland. To while
+away an evening the whole party sat down to a game of verse-making,
+and "Jabberwocky" was his contribution.]
+
+
+[Footnote 018: Coesper from coena and vesper.]
+
+
+[Footnote 019: Lubriciles, from lubricus and graciles. See the
+commentary in "Humpty Dumpty's square," which will also explain
+ultravia, and, if it requires explanation, moestenui.]
+
+
+[Footnote 020: Sanguis meus: Verg. Aen. vi. 836--"Projice tela
+manu, sanguis meus!"]
+
+
+[Footnote 021: Egnia: "muffish"--segnis; therefore "uffish" =
+egnis. This is a conjectural analogy, but I can suggest no better
+solution.]
+
+
+[Footnote 022: Susuffrus: "whiffling," susurrus: "whistling."]
+
+
+[Footnote 023: Spicula: see the picture.]
+
+
+[Footnote 024: Burbur: apparently a labial variation of murmur,
+stronger but more dissonant.]
+
+
+[Footnote 025: This poem is reproduced here by the kind permission of
+the proprietors of Punch.]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll
+by Stuart Dodgson Collingwood
+
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