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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:36:51 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:36:51 -0700 |
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diff --git a/11401-h/11401-h.htm b/11401-h/11401-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..806d174 --- /dev/null +++ b/11401-h/11401-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1728 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= + "text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> + + <title>The Mirror of Literature, Issue 271.</title> + <style type="text/css"> + /*<![CDATA[*/ + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + blockquote {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center;} + pre {font-size: 0.7em;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + + .note, .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + + span.pagenum {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;} + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem p {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem p.i2 {margin-left: 1em;} + .poem p.i4 {margin-left: 2em;} + .poem p.i6 {margin-left: 3em;} + .poem p.i8 {margin-left: 4em;} + + .figure {padding: 1em; margin: 0; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; margin: auto;} + .figure img {border: none;} + .figure p + --> + /*]]>*/ + </style> +</head> + +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11401 ***</div> + + <hr class="full" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page145" name="page145"></a>[pg + 145]</span> + + <h1>THE MIRROR<br /> + OF<br /> + LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1> + <hr class="full" /> + + <table width="100%" summary="Banner"> + <tr> + <td align="left"><b>VOL. X, NO. 271.]</b></td> + + <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1827.</b></td> + + <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td> + </tr> + </table> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>The New Prison, Norwich.</h2> + + <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;"> + <a href="images/271-1.png"><img width="100%" src= + "images/271-1.png" alt="The New Prison, Norwich" /></a> + </div> + + <p>The old gaol in the city of Norwich, in the year 1823, being + found no longer secure, nor according to the new act of + parliament, admitting of sufficient room for the classification + of the prisoners, the magistrates came to a resolution of + erecting a new one outside the city, near St. Giles's gates; the + same was accordingly advertised in the Norwich papers, in which + architects were requested to send plans, elevations, and + sections, (in competition,) accompanied with an estimate of the + total expense of the new building. A great number of designs were + in consequence submitted, when the plan sent by Mr. Brown, of + Wells-street, Oxford-street, London, was adjudged to be the best: + his plan was therefore adopted and carried into execution, of + which the annexed engraving is a faithful representation, taken + from the tower of St. Giles's Church, in the city of Norwich. The + foundation stone was laid in 1824, and the building finished this + year, 1827. It is designed to hold 120 prisoners, besides the + necessary turnkeys and servants, and has cost the city + £23,000; the boundary wall is quadrangular, but is cut off + at the junction of the four angles by bastions, thereby giving to + the wall a greater stability; the whole circumference is 1,220 + feet, and encloses an area of one acre, two roods, and + thirty-four poles, being nearly one acre and three quarters of + ground.</p> + + <p>The bastion at the entrance contains on the ground floor a + porter's room, press room, hot and cold baths, and a room with an + oven for the purpose of purifying foul linen. The upper story + contains over the entrance gate the drop room: on each side are + receiving cells, two for males and two for females, a searching + room for the surgeon, and the prison wardrobe; directly over the + drop room on the lead flat is the place where the more heinous + malefactors expiate their crimes. The bastion on the right hand + contains a building, on the ground floor and in the centre of + which is the wash-house and laundry, and in front the drying + ground; at each end of this building are the airing grounds for + the sick prisoners, and on the second floor are the male and + female infirmaries, separated by a strong partition wall. The + left hand bastion contains the millhouse, stable, and a room for + the van which takes the prisoners <span class="pagenum"><a id= + "page146" name="page146"></a>[pg 146]</span> to the town hall in + the assize time; over these three rooms are the mill chamber and + hay-loft. The horizontal wind vane on the roof of this building + is to assist the prisoners when there is not a sufficiency of + them sentenced to the tread-wheels; by shutting the louvre boards + of the arms it then produces employment for the prisoners when + there is no corn in the mill to grind. In the remote bastion are + seen the tread-wheels on which the prisoners are employed in + keeping up a constant retrograde motion, which works the + machinery in the millhouse by means of an iron shaft with + universal joints concealed below the surface of the ground.</p> + + <p>Here are four prison wings in the building, the right hand one + contains in one ward common debtors, and in the other unconvicted + men felons, not capital. The second wing on the right contains on + one side unconvicted men felons, and unconvicted women felons for + capital offences on the other. In the first left hand wing there + is on the first side the master debtors, and on the other the + court of conscience debtors; the second wing on the left contains + on one side men misdemeanors, and on the other convicted men + felons. There are two day-rooms in each of the four wings, and + four condemned cells and four solitary ones in the back towers; + there is also fourteen airing yards between the four wings, six + of which are sunk three feet below the others, to enable the + governor from the inspection gallery of his house to overlook the + tread-wheels, millhouse, and infirmary; those yards are descended + by stone steps, in each there is a day room, and they are + appropriated to the following prisoners, namely, women debtors, + unconvicted women felons, not capital; convicted women felons, + women fines, men fines, and boys for misdemeanors. There is also + a level passage between each two of the sunk yards, one leading + to the infirmary, one to the millhouse, and the other to the + tread-wheels.</p> + + <p>In the governor's house there is in the basement story a + kitchen, scullery, and bakehouse, store room, beer-cellar, and + coal cellar; on the ground floor is the governor's office, living + room, committee room, and matron's room; on the second floor are + two bedrooms and the lower part of the chapel; and on the third + floor are two bedrooms and the gallery of the chapel. There are + likewise four bridge staircases, one from each prison wing + leading to passages in the governor's house, which communicates + with the chapel; the prisoners are not here able to see each + others' class, as they are separated by fourteen partitions, + being as many as there are yards in the prison, yet the governor + and minister have from their seats a complete view of every + person and every part. Around the governor's house is an enclosed + area, and above an inspection gallery, from which the governor is + enabled to see into every part of the prison. On the towers of + the four prison wings there are reservoirs for containing water, + which is thrown up by a pump worked by the prisoners at the + tread-wheel, whenever water is required, and by means of lead + pipes, it is then conveyed to every part of the prison. The whole + gaol is fire-proof, the floors being of stone, and the doors and + windows of iron.</p> + + <p>There is certainly a peculiar arrangement in the plan of this + gaol not to be met with in any other in the kingdom; there are + four yards between each of the wings excepting those two in the + approach to the governor's house; the middle yards which are + divided by a passage, have, as before stated, each of them a + day-room. The prisoners allotted to these yards have their + sleeping cells in the main wing, to which they are conducted + along a passage, at the end of those upper yards which join the + prison wing; the prisoners are therefore in their passage to and + from the sleeping cells, concealed from the others; should there + at any time be a greater number of prisoners belonging to the + ward on the ground floor than there are sleeping cells they are + then taken to the spare cells in the wards above through a door + at the end of the upper yard, and yet concealed from those + classes in the sunk yards. All our prison buildings hitherto + erected are hid from the sight by the high boundary wall that + encloses them, producing nothing interesting to the citizen or + the traveller but a monotonous façade. Mr. Brown has + obviated this in the gaol before us, by having raised towers on + the ends of the four wings, which, with the top of the governor's + house, mill, and infirmary, being seen rising above the boundary + wall and entrance front, produces to the eye of the spectator on + approaching the prison a <i>tout ensemble</i> truly imposing and + grand.</p> + + <p>ARCHITECTUS.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>LIVING AUTHORS.</h2> + + <center> + No. 1. + </center> + <hr /> + + <h3>BERNARD BARTON.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Sheltered, but not to social duties lost;</p> + + <p>Secluded, but not buried; and with song</p> + + <p>Cheering his days."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The productions of Mr. Barton are doubtless familiar to most + of our readers, and from them they have learnt much of + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page147" name="page147"></a>[pg + 147]</span> the amiable turn of the poet's character. Mr. + Barton's compositions afford indications of genuine feeling, of + deep affection, of benevolence, sympathy, taste, and integrity; + he seems to have an ear ever on the listen for the accents of + charity, patriotism, and religion; where human anguish causes the + tear to start, there he would fain be to soothe and alleviate. + Such is the character of the poet, and in the following sketch + such will be proved to be the character of the man.</p> + + <p>Bernard Barton was born in the vicinity of London, on the 31st + of January, 1784. His father was in trade in the metropolis, + whither he had come from his native place, Carlisle. Bernard had + the misfortune to lose his mother one month after his birth: her + maiden name was Mary Done, and she was a native of Rockcliffe, + Cumberland; she died at the early age of thirty-two. The + following lines <i>To a Profile</i> evince the feelings with + which our poet still cherishes her memory, or rather the + recollection of what has been told him respecting her:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"I knew thee not! then wherefore gaze</p> + + <p class="i2">Upon thy silent shadow there,</p> + + <p>Which so imperfectly portrays</p> + + <p class="i2">The form thy features used to wear?</p> + + <p>Yet have I often looked at thee,</p> + + <p>As if those lips could speak to me.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>I knew thee not! and thou couldst know,</p> + + <p class="i2">At best, but little more of one</p> + + <p>Whose pilgrimage on earth below</p> + + <p class="i2">Commenced, just ere thy own was done;</p> + + <p>For few and fleeting days were thine,</p> + + <p>To hope or fear for lot of mine.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Yet few and fleeting as they were,</p> + + <p class="i2">Fancy and feeling picture this,</p> + + <p>They prompted many a fervent prayer,</p> + + <p class="i2">Witnessed, perchance, a parting kiss;</p> + + <p>And might not kiss, and prayer, from thee,</p> + + <p>At such a period, profit me?</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Whether they did or not, I owe</p> + + <p class="i2">At least this tribute to thy worth;</p> + + <p>Though little all I <i>can</i> bestow,</p> + + <p class="i2">Yet fond affection gives it birth;</p> + + <p>And prompts me, as thy shade I view,</p> + + <p>To bless thee, whom I never knew!"<a id="footnotetag1" + name="footnotetag1"></a><a href= + "#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>His father died before Mr. Barton was seven years old; but his + second marriage, which took place a few months before his death, + provided an excellent parent for his children: to her, and to his + two sisters,<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href= + "#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> both several years older than + himself, our author owed infinite obligations.</p> + + <p>His education at one of the quaker seminaries was, of course, + plain and circumscribed, being pretty much confined to useful, + indeed necessary, branches of knowledge. But his father had been + a man of greater natural and more cultivated intellect than many; + he had read much, and on the abolition of slavery, in which he + was one of Clarkson's earliest associates, he had, on several + occasions, proved that he could write well, though, we believe, + he was never avowedly an author. He had left no despicable + collection of books, so that in his school vacations ample means + were afforded to his son of indulging his taste for reading. A + pleasing tribute to the memory of Mr. Barton's father will be + found in his <i>Napoleon and other Poems</i>.</p> + + <p>In the year 1806, Mr. Barton took up his residence in the + pleasant town of Woodbridge, in Suffolk, and commenced business + as a merchant; but an unlooked-for domestic affliction of the + severest kind was about to visit him, and his wordly prospects + were to receive an irrecoverable shock,—the loss of his + amiable wife, before they had been married a twelvemonth, and + soon after the birth of her child! This excellent woman, to whom + our poet was, for so short a time, united, gave rise to some of + his best pieces, particularly to the poem beginning, <i>The + heaven was cloudless</i>,<a id="footnotetag3" name= + "footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> and that + entitled <i>A Portrait,</i> in <i>Napoleon and other Poems</i>. + In this last piece the poet no less beautifully than truly + observes,—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>To sympathies, which soothe and bless</p> + + <p class="i2">Our life from day to day,</p> + + <p>Which throw, with silent tenderness,</p> + + <p class="i2">Fresh flowers across our way,</p> + + <p>The heart must ever fondly cling:</p> + + <p>But can the poet's sweetest string</p> + + <p class="i2">Their loveliness display?</p> + + <p>No—nor could Titian's self supply</p> + + <p>Their living presence, once gone by.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>The air, in which we breathe and live,</p> + + <p class="i2">Eludes our touch and sight;</p> + + <p>The fairest flowers their fragrance give</p> + + <p class="i2">To stillness, and to night;</p> + + <p>The softest sounds that music flings,</p> + + <p>In passing, from her heaven-plumed wings,</p> + + <p class="i2">Are trackless in their flight!</p> + + <p>And thus life's sweetest bliss is known</p> + + <p>To silent, grateful thought alone.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>This mournful event, combined with discouraging prospects of a + mercantile nature, induced our author to retire from commercial + pursuits on his own behalf; and in 1810 he obtained a situation + as a clerk in the Woodbridge bank, which he still holds.</p> + + <p>Soon after Mr. Barton had entered upon his present situation, + he began "to commit <span class="pagenum"><a id="page148" name= + "page148"></a>[pg 148]</span> the sin of rhyme," and a new + provincial paper being established about this time, it became the + vehicle of his effusions: by degrees our young poet became bold + enough to send a short piece now and then to a London paper, and + at last, in 1812, ventured on an anonymous volume, entitled + <i>Metrical Effusions</i>, 250 copies of which were printed by a + bookseller of Woodbridge, and sold within the immediate circle of + our author's acquaintance. In 1818, Mr. Barton printed, by + subscription, an elegant volume, in elephant octavo, of <i>Poems + by an Amateur</i>, of which 150 only were struck off, and none + ever sold at the shops. Encouraged by the very flattering manner + in which these impressions of his poems were received by his + friends, our author at last ventured to publish, in a small + volume, <i>Poems, by Bernard Barton</i>, which was very + favourably noticed by the literary journals, and, being + afterwards made still more known by an article in the + <i>Edinburgh Review</i>, has now reached a <i>third</i> edition. + He afterwards published, in a handsome octavo volume, his + <i>Napoleon and other Poems</i>; and subsequently a volume of + poems, entitled <i>A Widow's Tale</i>, which appeared in an early + month of the present year.</p> + + <p>Such has been the literary career of Bernard Barton. If it + have not left behind it the brilliant track of other poetical + comets, it has been less erratic in its course; and if it have + not been irradiated by the full blaze of a noonday sun, it has + nevertheless been illumined by the silver lustre of the queen of + night; and his Parnassian vespers may be said to possess all the + mild and soothing beauties of the evening star. If his muse have + not always reached the sunward path of the soaring eagle, it is + no extravagant praise to say, that she has often emulated the + sublimity of his aërial flight. But the great charm thrown + around the effusions of the Suffolk bard is that "lucid veil" of + morality and religion which "covers but not conceals"—that + "silver net-work," through which his poetic "apples of gold" + shine with an adventitious beauty, which even the gorgeous + ornaments so profusely lavished by a Byron or a Moore would fail + to invest them.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>There is a fame which owes its spell</p> + + <p class="i2">To popular applause alone;</p> + + <p>Which seems on lip and tongue to dwell,</p> + + <p class="i2">And finds—in others' breath—its + own;</p> + + <p>For such the eager worldling sighs,</p> + + <p>And this the fickle world supplies.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>There is a nobler fame—which draws</p> + + <p class="i2">Its purer essence from the heart;</p> + + <p>Which only seeks that calm applause</p> + + <p class="i2">The virtuous and the wise impart:</p> + + <p>Such fame beyond the grave shall live:</p> + + <p>But this the world can never give.</p> + + <p>—B. BARTON.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>We have alluded to the amiable character of our poet; that his + modesty is equal to his merit, the following extract, from a + letter to a friend, will afford a pleasing evidence. Speaking of + his literary career, he says, "it has been marked by an + indulgence on the part of the public, and the dispensers of + literary fame, which I never anticipated. When I consider that + only about three years have elapsed since I avowed myself an + author, I am really surprised at the notice my trivial + productions have received, and the numerous acquaintance to which + they have, by correspondence, introduced me. Much of this, I dare + say, is owing to my quakerism; and to that, unquestionably, I was + indebted for the article in the <i>Edinburgh Review</i>, and the + more recent passing notice in the <i>Quarterly</i>. Still, as I + do not believe that any <i>outré</i> or + <i>adventitious</i> source of attraction would have alone + procured me the attention I have found, I would hope it may + partly have arisen from their simple, unaffected appeal to those + quiet, domestic, secluded feelings, which endear the still + undercurrent of existence—in short, to my being content to + make the best I could of the homely and confined materials to + which my situation has given me access, without affecting + scholarship, or aiming at romantic embellishment. There is + nothing like simple truth and nature, after all; and he who is + satisfied with simply and faithfully describing what he actually + sees, feels, and, thinks, may always hope to appeal successfully + to the unsophisticated heart."<a id="footnotetag4" name= + "footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p> + + <p>We here conclude our notice of the bard of Woodbridge; and + should this brief account excite the interest of our readers to + become better acquainted with this "living author," we refer them + to the whole-length portrait painted by himself, and held up to + view in every page of his poems.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.</h2> + <hr /> + + <h3>THE GREAT FIRE OF 1666.</h3> + + <p>The fire of London broke out on Sunday morning, September 2, + 1666, O.S., and being impelled by strong winds, raged with + irresistible fury nearly four days and nights; nor was it + entirely mastered till the fifth morning after it began. The + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page149" name="page149"></a>[pg + 149]</span> conflagration commenced at the house of one Farryner, + a baker, in Pudding-lane, near [New] Fish-street-hill, and within + ten houses of Thames-street, into which it spread within a few + hours; nearly the whole of the contiguous buildings being of + timber, lath, and plaster, and the whole neighbourhood presenting + little else than closely confined passages and narrow alleys. The + fire quickly spread, and was not to be conquered by any human + means, "Then, (says a contemporary writer,) then the city did + shake indeed, and the inhabitants did tremble, and flew away in + great amazement from their houses, lest the flames should devour + them: <i>rattle, rattle, rattle</i>, was the noise which the fire + struck upon the ear round about, as if there had been a thousand + iron chariots beating upon the stones. You might see the houses + <i>tumble, tumble, tumble</i>, from one end of the street to the + other, with a great crash, leaving the foundations open to the + view of the heavens."<a id="footnotetag5" name= + "footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a></p> + + <p>The destructive fury of this conflagration was never, perhaps, + exceeded in any part of the world, by any fire originating in + accident. <i>Within the walls</i>, it consumed almost five-sixths + of the whole city; and <i>without</i> the walls it cleared a + space nearly as extensive as the one-sixth part left unburnt + within. Scarcely a single building that came within the range of + the flames was left standing. Public buildings, churches, and + dwelling-houses, were alike involved in one common fate.</p> + + <p>In the summary account of this vast devastation, given in one + of the inscriptions on the Monument, and which was drawn up from + the reports of the surveyors appointed after the fire, it is + stated, that "The ruins of the city were 436 acres, [viz. 333 + acres within the walls, and 63 in the liberties of the city;] + that, of the six-and-twenty wards, it utterly destroyed fifteen, + and left eight others shattered and half burnt; and that it + consumed 400 streets, 13,200 dwelling-houses, 89 churches + [besides chapels; 4 of] the city gates, Guildhall, many public + structures, hospitals, schools, libraries, and a vast number of + stately edifices." The immense property destroyed in this + dreadful time cannot be estimated at less than <i>ten + millions</i> sterling. Amid all the confusion and multiplied + dangers that arose from the fire, it does not appear that more + than <i>six</i> persons lost their lives. Calamitous as were the + immediate consequences of this dreadful fire, its <i>remote + effects</i> have proved an incalculable blessing to subsequent + generations. To this conflagration may be attributed the complete + destruction of the <i>plague</i>, which, the year before only, + swept off 68,590 persons!! To this tremendous fire we owe most of + our grand public structures—the regularity and beauty of + our streets—and, finally, the great salubrity and extreme + cleanliness of a large part of the city of London.</p> + + <p>In relation to this awful calamity we add the following + remarks:—Heaven be praised (says Mr. Malcolm<a id= + "footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href= + "#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a>) old London <i>was burnt</i>. Good + reader, turn to the ancient prints, in order to see what it has + been; observe those hovels convulsed; imagine the chambers within + them, and wonder why the plague, the leprosy, and the + sweating-sickness raged. Turn then to the prints illustrative of + our present dwellings, and be happy. The misery of 1665 must have + operated on the minds of the legislature and the citizens, when + they rebuilt and inhabited their houses. The former enacted many + salutary clauses for the preservation of health, and would have + done more, had not the public rejected that which was for their + benefit; those who preferred high habitations and narrow dark + streets had them. It is only to be lamented that we are compelled + to suffer for their folly. These errors are now frequently + partially removed by the exertion of the Corporation of London; + but a complete reformation is impossible. It is to the improved + dwellings composed of brick, the wainscot or papered walls, the + high ceilings, the boarded floors, and large windows, and + cleanliness, that we are indebted for the general preservation of + health since 1666. From that auspicious year the very existence + of the natives of London improved; their bodies moved in a large + space of pure air; and, finding every thing clean and new around + them, they determined to keep them so. Previously-unknown + luxuries and improvements in furniture were suggested; and a man + of moderate fortune saw his house vie with, nay, superior to, the + old palaces of his governors. When he paced his streets, he felt + the genial western breeze pass him, rich with the perfumes of the + country, instead of the stench described by Erasmus; and looking + upward, he beheld the beautiful blue of the air, variegated with + fleecy clouds, in place of projecting black beams and plaster, + obscured by vapour and smoke.</p> + + <p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page150" name="page150"></a>[pg + 150]</span> The streets of London must have been dangerously dark + during the winter nights before it was burnt; lanterns with + candles were very sparingly scattered, nor was light much better + distributed even in the new streets previously to the 18th + century. Globular lamps were introduced by Michael Cole, who + obtained a patent in July, 1708.</p> + + <p>We conclude the illustrations of this day with a singular + opinion of the author just quoted. Speaking of the burning of + London, he says, "This subject may be allowed to be familiar to + me, and I have perhaps had more than common means of judging; and + I now declare it to be my full and decided opinion, that London + <i>was burnt by government, to annihilate the plague</i>, which + was grafted in every crevice of the hateful old houses composing + it."</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>THE SKETCH BOOK</h2> + + <center> + NO. XLV. + </center> + <hr /> + + <h3>BEHIND THE SCENES; OR, A BREAKFAST IN NEWGATE.</h3> + + <p>(<i>Concluded from page 134</i>.)</p> + + <p>No further delay was allowed. The sheriffs moved on, the + ordinary, the culprits, and the officers did the same; and that + class of attendants to which I belonged followed. I shall not + easily forget the circumstances of this brief, but melancholy + progress. The faltering step—the deep-drawn sigh—the + mingling exclamations of anguish and devotion which marked the + advance of the victims—the deep tones of the reverend + gentleman who now commenced reading a portion of the burial + service, and the tolling of the prison bell, which, as we + proceeded through some of the most dreary passages of the gaol, + burst on the ear, rendered the whole spectacle impressive beyond + description. Few steps sufficed to conduct us to the small room, + or entrance-hall, into which the debtor's door opens, and from + this we saw the ladder which the criminals were to ascend, and + the scaffold on which they were to die. I was on the alert to + detect any sudden emotion which this spectacle might cause, but + could not perceive that it had the slightest effect. The minds of + the sufferers had been so prepared, that a partial view of the + machine to which they were being conducted, seemed to give no + additional shock. No further pause was deemed necessary. The + clock was striking eight, and the ordinary and the youth first + brought to the press-room, immediately passed up the ladder. To + the two culprits that remained, the gentleman whom I have already + mentioned offered his services, and filled up with a prayer the + little interval which elapsed, before the second was conducted to + the platform.</p> + + <p>I heard from without the murmur of awe, of expectation, and + pity, which ran through the crowd in front of the prison, and + stepping on a small erection to the left of the door, gained a + momentary glimpse of a portion of the immense multitude, who, + uncovered, and in breathless silence, gazed on the operations of + the executioners. I retreated just as the third halter had been + adjusted. The finisher of the law was in the act of descending, + when the under-sheriff addressed him—</p> + + <p>Is everything quite ready?"</p> + + <p>"Yes, sir."</p> + + <p>"Then take care and draw the bolt out smartly.—Now, + don't bungle it."</p> + + <p>"No, sir—you may depend upon it," was the answer. And + the obsequious anxiety of the hangman to seem polite and + obliging, his apparent zeal to give satisfaction, though very + natural seemed to me not a little curious.</p> + + <p>Prayers, which had been interrupted for a moment, while the + last awful ceremony was in progress, were resumed. As he read + them, I saw the clergyman fix his eye on the executioner with a + peculiar expression. He drew his handkerchief from his pocket, + and passed it slightly over his upper lip. This was the fatal + signal. A lumbering noise, occasioned by the falling of part of + the apparatus, announced that it had been obeyed.</p> + + <p>In that moment, a rush from the scaffold forced me from the + door. The sheriffs, the under-sheriff, the ordinary, the + gentleman who had assisted him in preparing the sufferers for + eternity, and several other persons quitted the platform as + expeditiously as possible, that they might not behold the final + agonies of the unhappy men. Sir Thomas took me by the arm as he + passed, and signified that he wished me to accompany him. I did + so. Again I marched through the passages which I had recently + traversed. Two minutes brought me to the door of the room to + which I had first been conducted. Here my friend accosted me with + his natural firmness of tone, which before had been considerably + subdued by humane emotions, and said—</p> + + <p>"You must breakfast with us."</p> + + <p>I started at the unsentimental idea of eating the moment after + quitting so awful a spectacle, as that which I have attempted to + describe. But I had not sufficient energy to resist the good will + which rather unceremoniously handed me in. Here I found the other + sheriff, the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page151" name= + "page151"></a>[pg 151]</span> ordinary, the under-sheriff, the + city-marshal, and one or two of the individuals I had previously + met, already seated.</p> + + <p>"Well, it is all over," said Sir Thomas, as he took his seat + at the table.</p> + + <p>"Yes, it is," said the ordinary, in the same tone which I had + heard a few moments before, and admired as appropriately solemn. + "It is all over, and—" putting his cup and saucer to the + under-sheriff, who prepared to pour out the tea—"I am very + glad of it."</p> + + <p>"I hope you do not mean the breakfast is all over," remarked + the sheriff, whose wit I had previously admired, "for I have had + none yet."</p> + + <p>The moment had not arrived at which humour like this could be + duly appreciated, and I did not observe that any of the company + gave even that sort of <i>note of face</i> for a laugh which we + had all used half an hour before.</p> + + <p>Our conversation turned naturally on the manner in which the + sufferers had conducted themselves; on the wishes they had + expressed, and the confessions they had made.</p> + + <p>But while I looked on the hospitably spread table, I could not + help connecting operations rather different in their character, + which must have been going on at the same moment. "In my mind's + eye," I saw the attendants carrying the fowl and eggs to the + breakfast table, while the sheriffs and their guests were + conducting the sufferers to the scaffold.</p> + + <p>From what I have already said, it must be inferred that the + first speeches which accomplished the circuit of the table, were + of a very serious character. But, mingled with them, some common + breakfast-table requests and civilities caught my attention, as + singular from their association. The performance of duties the + most important cannot relieve man from the necessity of claiming + his "daily bread," and I do not know that it is any reproach to a + clergyman that he is not distinguished by versatility of manner. + The abrupt transition from the gravity of the pulpit to the + flippancy of the bar I should not admire; but the consistency of + the reverend gentleman here attracted my notice. I had been just + listening to him while he repeated, with devotional elongation, + the solemn words of the burial service; and when I heard him with + the same elongation of sound, address himself to me—"Shall + I trouble you to cut up the fowl—can I help you to some + tongue, sir?" I confess that I felt tempted not to laugh, but to + comment on the oddly-contrasted feelings which the same voice, + thus variously exerted, inspired.</p> + + <p>Horror-struck, as I had been, at the first mention of the + unfeeling word "breakfast," my excuse for staying was to see if + others could eat. That <i>I</i> should take food was quite out of + the question. But the wing of a fowl having been put on my plate, + I thought it would be rudeness to reject it. I began to eat, + inwardly reflecting that my abstinence would nothing benefit + those whose sufferings I had still in my memory; and improving on + this reconciling thought, I presently detected myself holding my + plate for a second supply. "O sentiment!" I mentally exclaimed, + "what art thou when opposed to a breakfast?"</p> + + <p>By the time we had disposed of our first cup of tea, we had + got through the pious reflections which each of us had to offer + on the particular occasion which had brought us together, and + conversation started in a livelier vein. The gentleman who had + assisted the ordinary, by praying with the culprits, gaily + remarked to him, with a benevolent chuckle on his face, that + <i>they</i> (meaning himself and the reverend gentleman) had + succeeded in refuting the Unitarian principles which + A—— (one of the sufferers) had for some time avowed. + The look which answered this speech, reminded me, I know not why, + of the <i>organist's</i> comment on the <i>organ blower's</i> + assertion that <i>they</i> had played famously well.</p> + + <p>"Ay," said the minister, "I knew it would be so. I told him so + immediately after sentence. But, after all, what can we say for a + recantation dictated by the dread of early death?"</p> + + <p>"Very true!" was my exclamation, as the reverend gentleman + looked as if he expected me to say something.</p> + + <p>"At any rate," whispered a gentleman well-known in the city, + with whom I had formerly done a little business in the funds, "it + gives a man something of an <i>option</i>."</p> + + <p>This technical application of a favourite stock-exchange word + produced a general smile round the table, and I could not help + contributing to lengthen it by replying—</p> + + <p>"You mean, perhaps, that it gives him a <i>call</i>." But the + lively sheriff, of whose witticisms I have already made + honourable mention, cut me out of my share of applause + altogether, as clean as a whistle, by instantly + rejoining—</p> + + <p>"The <i>put</i> you mean, for, in this case, the party was + going for the <i>fall</i>."</p> + + <p>Of course there was no standing this, and we all joined in the + laugh.</p> + + <p>We were however brought back to gravity through the alarm + expressed by the minister, at the idea of his having <span class= + "pagenum"><a id="page152" name="page152"></a>[pg 152]</span> + taken cold through officiating that morning without his wig. This + introduced, I cannot tell how, some remarks on the head, which + led to a disquisition on craniology. On this subject the witty + sheriff was very amusing. <i>I</i> said some tolerably lively + things; but the ordinary beat us all hollow, when it was + contended that the disposition and the mind might be known from + the exterior of the skull, by remarking that he had now an + additional reason to regret having come there without his + wig.</p> + + <p>With this epigrammatic touch he took his leave, I and the rest + of the company laughing heartily, and having eaten as heartily as + we then laughed. The facetious sheriff now had it all his own + way, and said several things, nearly, or perhaps, quite as good + as those which I have already placed on record. We were thus + pleasantly engaged, when the aide-de-camp of the gallant officer + in the blue and gold,—one of the city marshal's-men, + entered to announce that it was past nine o'clock, and to ask if + any of the company chose to see the bodies taken down.</p> + + <p>"The bodies!" I repeated to myself, and the application of + that word to those whom I had previously heard mentioned but by + their names, recalled my thoughts which had somehow strayed from + the business of the morning into unlooked-for cheerfulness, and + presented, in that simple expression, an epitome of all that had + moved my wonder, curiosity, and commiseration.</p> + + <p>Again we passed through those parts of the prison which I had + twice before traversed. We advanced with a quicker step than when + following those whom we now expected to see brought to us. But + with all the expedition we could use, on reaching the room from + which the scaffold could be seen, we found the "bodies" already + there. Nor was this, in my opinion, the least striking scene + which the morning brought under my observation. The dead men were + extended side by side, on the stone floor. The few persons + present gazed on them in silence, duly impressed with the + melancholy spectacle. But in this part of the building a copper + is established, in which a portion of the provisions for its + inmates is prepared. There was a savoury smell of soup, which we + could not help inhaling while we gazed on death. The cooks too + were in attendance, and though they, as became them, did all in + their power to look decorously dismal, well as they managed their + faces, they could not so divest themselves of their professional + peculiarities, as not to awaken thoughts which involuntarily + turned to ludicrous or festive scenes. Their very costume was at + variance with the general gloom, and no sympathy could at once + repress the jolly rotundity of their persons.</p> + + <p>I turned my eyes from them, wishing to give myself wholly up + to religious meditation during the moments of my stay. Just then + the executioner approach, ed. Sir Thomas desired him to remove + the cap from the face of one of the sufferers. He prepared to + comply—but his first act was to place his hand on the more + prominent features and press them together. This, on inquiry + being made, I learned was done that the bystanders might not be + shocked by witnessing any distortion of countenance. Sir Thomas + smiled at the anxiety of the man to make it appear that his work + had been well performed. The cap was then withdrawn. There was + nothing terrific in the aspect of the deceased. I recognized the + features of the young man who had been so wildly, so violently + agitated, when about to suffer. Now pain was at an end, + apprehension was no more, and he seemed in the enjoyment of sweet + repose. His countenance was tranquil as that of a sleeping + infant, and happier than the infant, his rest was not in danger + of being disturbed. While reflecting on the change which a single + hour had sufficed to produce, I could hardly help regarding as + idle the the sorrow, the pity, and the self-reproach for + momentary forgetfulness of these, which I had felt and breathed + within that period. I almost accused the sufferers of weakness, + for showing themselves depressed as they had been, while I felt + disposed, seeing their griefs were, to all appearance, terminated + for ever, to demand with the poet,</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"And what is death we so unwisely fear?"</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>and to answer as he replies to himself,</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"An end of all our busy tumults here."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><i>Knight's Quarterly Magazine.</i></p> + <hr /> + + <h3>JEU D'ESPRIT.</h3> + + <p>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>A sanctified hermit was heard to complain</p> + + <p>That raiment and food he no longer could gain.</p> + + <p>"For," quoth he "in this village the famine's so great</p> + + <p>That there's not enough left e'en a mousetrap to + bait."</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>A neighbour who happened to bear his sad plaint</p> + + <p>Addressed in the following manner the saint:</p> + + <p>"The nation will keep thee to support splendour's + throne,</p> + + <p>And interest will pay thee, because thou'rt + <i>alone</i>."—(a loan.)</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>W.G.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page153" name="page153"></a>[pg + 153]</span></p> + + <h2>The Months.</h2> + + <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;"> + <a href="images/271-2.png"><img width="100%" src= + "images/271-2.png" alt="September" /></a> + </div> + + <h3>SEPTEMBER.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Now sober Autumn, with lack lustre eye,</p> + + <p>Shakes with a chiding blast the yellow leaf,</p> + + <p class="i4">And hears the woodman's song</p> + + <p class="i4">And early sportsman's foot."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>September is generally accounted the finest and most settled + month in the year. The mornings and evenings are cool, but + possess a delightful freshness, while the middle of the day is + pleasantly warm and open. Hence the well-known proverb:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"September blows soft till the fruit's in the loft."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The destruction of the partridge commences with this month, + large coveys of which may now be seen about the stubble fields, + and in the corn, if any be left standing. These birds get very + shy towards the end of the month, in consequence of being + repeatedly fired at. Sportsmen, therefore, prefer the early part + of the season, before the birds get too wild. Partridges, while + the corn is standing, have a secure retreat from their numerous + enemies; but when the harvest is gathered in, they resort in the + day-time to groves and covers. At night, however, they return to + the stubble to avoid foxes and weasels, &c., and there nestle + together.</p> + + <p>The swallow now takes his departure for milder regions, and + many other of the small billed birds that feed on insects + disappear when the cold weather commences. The <i>throstle</i>, + the <i>red-wing</i>, and the <i>fieldfare</i>, which migrated in + March, now return; and the <i>ring-ouzel</i> arrives from the + Welsh and Scottish Alps to winter in more sheltered situations. + All these birds feed upon berries, of which there is a plentiful + supply, in our woods, during a great part of their stay. The + throstle and the red-wing are delicate eating. The Romans kept + thousands of them together in aviaries, and fed them with a sort + of paste made of bruised figs and flour, &c., to improve the + delicacy and flavour of their flesh. These aviaries were so + contrived as to admit but little light; and every object which + might tend to remind them of their former liberty was carefully + kept out of sight, such as the fields, the woods, the birds, or + whatever might disturb the repose necessary for their + improvement. Under this management, these birds fattened to the + great profit of their proprietors, who sold them to Roman + epicures for three <i>denarii</i>, or about two shillings each of + our money.</p> + + <p>Towards the end of September the leaves of trees begin to put + on their autumnal dress. Mr. Stillingfleet remarks, that, about + the 25th, the leaves of the plane tree were tawny; of the hazel, + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page154" name="page154"></a>[pg + 154]</span> yellow; of the oak, yellowish green; of the sycamore, + dirty brown; of the maple, pale yellow; of the ash, a fine + lemon-colour; of the elm, orange; of the hawthorn, tawny yellow; + of the cherry, red; of the horn-beam, bright yellow; of the + willow, still hoary. Yet, many of these tints cannot be + considered complete, in some seasons, till the middle or latter + end of October.</p> + + <p>When the harvest is gathered in, the husbandman prepares for + seed-time; and the fields are again ploughed up for the winter + corn, rye, and wheat, which are sown in September and October. + The entrances to bee-hives are straightened, to prevent the + access of wasps and other pilferers.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>ASTRONOMICAL OCCURRENCES</h3> + + <center> + <i>FOR SEPTEMBER, 1827.</i> + </center> + + <p>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</p> + + <p>The sun enters the cardinal and equinoctial sign <i>Libra</i>, + on the 23rd at 8 h. 24 min. evening, once more bringing our day + and night to an equal length; when 8 deg. of <i>Gemini</i> are + due east, and 4 deg. of <i>Aquarius</i> due south, all the + planets having a direct motion, and being below the horizon, + Herschel excepted. The astrological aspects at this ingress are + as follow:—Saturn is located in the third house; Mercury, + Venus, and Mars in the fifth, the Sun, Moon, and Jupiter are in + the sixth, while Herschel occupies the ninth.</p> + + <p>Mercury is in conjunction with Mars on the 4th, at 1 h. + morning; on the 6th with the fixed star, Regulus, or Corheoni; + with Venus on the 18th, at midnight; and in superior conjunction + with the Sun on the 24th, at 9-1/2 h. evening.</p> + + <p>Venus rises at the beginning of the month about 4-1/2 h. + morning, and towards the end at 5-1/2 h.</p> + + <p>Mars rises through the month at 31/2 h. morning.</p> + + <p>Jupiter is now gradually receding from our view, and will ere + long be totally surrounded with the brighter beams of the Sun; + his eclipses are therefore not visible.</p> + + <p>Saturn is apparently now fast approaching this part of our + hemisphere; he rises on the 1st at 12-1/2 h. and on the 31st at + 10-3/4 h. evening.</p> + + <p>Herschel culminates on the 1st at 9h. 6m. and on the 31st at + 7h. 12m.</p> + + <p>If the reader will refer to page 131 of the 8th vol. of the + MIRROR, he will find his attention invited to the relative + positions of the principal northern stars and constellations for + September last year: their present appearance is precisely + similar. Pasche.</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS</h2> + <hr /> + + <h3>"THE WOODSMAN."</h3> + + <p>A German newspaper contains a strange account—avouched + with as much apparent accuracy almost as those which concerned + the mermaids lately seen off our own coast, or the sea-serpent + that visits the shores of America—of a conversion lately + worked upon the morals of a famous robber, by a supernatural + visitation in the forest of Wildeshausen. The hero of the tale, + whose name is Conrad Braunsvelt, but who was better known by the + cognomen of "The Woodsman," was drinking one evening at a small + inn on the borders of the forest of Wildeshausen, when a + traveller, well mounted, and carrying a portmanteau on his horse + behind him, came up by the road which runs from the direction of + Hanover. The stranger, after inquiring if he could be + accommodated with a bed, led his horse away to the stable, and in + doing this, left his portmanteau upon a bench within the + house—which Conrad immediately, as a preliminary measure, + tried the weight of. He had just discovered that the valise was + unusually heavy, when the return of the traveller compelled him + to desist; but his curiosity, without any farther effort, was not + long ungratified; for the stranger soon opened it before him, as + it seemed, to take out some articles which were necessary for his + use at night; and displayed in the process several large + bags—larger almost than the machine would have seemed able + to contain—which were evidently full of gold or silver + money. The cupidity of Conrad was excited by this view, and he + would gladly have at once secured the prize even at the hazard of + a personal struggle with the stranger; but the people of the inn + (according to his account afterwards) were such as would have + expected a portion of the spoil. For this reason, although + unwillingly, and trusting himself to sleep little, lest by any + chance the prey should escape him, he abandoned his design of + robbery, for that night; and on the next morning, having learned + which way the stranger travelled—for the latter exhibited + no suspicions or apprehension of those about him, but spoke + freely of his intended road, though he never mentioned anything + of the charge he carried—having ascertained this fact, he + allowed the rider <span class="pagenum"><a id="page155" name= + "page155"></a>[pg 155]</span> to depart, and after a short time, + followed by a shorter track through the forest, which was + practicable only to persons on foot, and which would enable him, + had he even started later, easily to overtake the mounted + traveller. Now, knowing that his nearer road saved, as has been + noticed, full a league of ground, the "Woodsman" moved on slowly; + and accounted that, when he reached the point at which they were + to meet, he should still have some time to wait for the stranger: + on emerging, however, into the high road, he found him to his + surprise <i>already</i> approaching; and, what was still more + extraordinary, mounted upon a <i>black</i> horse, when that on + which he had left the inn, had certainly seemed to be a brown. + The portmanteau, however, which was all that Conrad looked to, + was still behind the traveller, and on he came riding as if + nothing at all was the matter: the "Woodsman" never hung back, or + staid reflecting, but levelled his rifle, and called upon him to + "Stand and deliver," or his next moment was his last. The + traveller upon this pulled up his horse with an air of great + coolness; and, looking upon Conrad, said something, which, as the + robber since says, he verily believes was—"That he hoped he + had not kept him <i>waiting</i>!"—or words to that purpose; + but he was too busy at the time to pay much attention to + discourse. "Do you know who it is you are going to rob though?" + asked the stranger, addressing the "Woodsman" directly. "Not I," + replied the latter, boldly: "but, if you were der Dyvel himself, + descend from that horse, and deliver the bags of money that you + have on you, or you shall die!" Upon this, the black rider said + no more; but dismounted quietly, although he had pistols in his + holsters; and Conrad, immediately taking the portmanteau from the + horse's back, was so eager to be sure of the contents, that he + drew his knife, and cut the fastenings on the spot. In the + meantime, the traveller might have fallen upon him unawares, and + to advantage, but the "Woodsman" endeavoured to keep an eye upon + him, while he went on forcing the valise open as well as he + could. At length the straps were all cut, and the robber thrust + his hands in eagerly, making sure to find the bags which he had + seen the preceding evening, for he had distinctly felt them from + the outside. But, when he drew out his hands, there was in one + only a <i>halter</i>, and in the other a piece of brass in the + shape of a <i>gibbet</i>! And, at the same moment, a gripe was + laid upon his arm; and a deep low voice, which seemed to be close + beside him, pronounced the words, "<i>This shall be thy + fate</i>!" When he turned round in horror and consternation, the + horse, and the rider, and the portmanteau, all were gone; and he + found himself within a few paces of the inn door which he had + quitted in the morning, with the halter and the brass gibbet + still remaining in his hand. The narrative states farther, that + this horrible rencontre so affected Conrad Braunsvelt, that he + forthwith delivered himself up to the rangers of the forest, and + was sent to Cassel to await the pleasure of the Grand Duke. He is + now confined in an asylum for repentant criminals, desirous of + being restored to society; and his miraculous warning is noted in + the records of the institution.—<i>Monthly + Magazine</i>.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>CAMBRIAN CONVIVIALITY.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Cloth must we wear,</p> + + <p>Eat beef, and drink beer,</p> + + <p>Though the dead go to bier."</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><i>Old Ballad.</i></p> + + <p>There is something refreshing, and not a little inspiriting, + in the scanty relics of those hearty customs and pastimes which + imparted such a manly tone to the character of our ancestors; but + now, like the ruined castle, or the old ivied abbey, they have + become objects of admiration rather than sources of delight. + Fifty years ago, the inhabitants of North Wales, a rude and blunt + race even now, were far less sophisticated by modern refinement + than they are at present; and it was then a common matter for the + <i>Penteulu</i>, or head of the family, to dine in the large + stone hall of the mansion—he and his own particular friends + at a table, raised on a <i>Dais</i>—and his numerous + tenants and dependants at another table running the whole length + of the said hall. Then came the wassailing—worthy of the + days of Arthur—wine for the upper table; ale, medd, + (<i>mead</i>,) and spirits for the other; and after all came the + friendly contest at some manly game—wrestling, racing, + pitching the bar, or the like. At a period somewhat later, these + boisterous pastimes began to degenerate; and the Welsh squire + became more polished, but not, perhaps, more happy. Still the + custom of inordinate potation fondly clung to him. Immediately + contiguous to every mansion of any magnitude was erected a + summerhouse, usually situated in a spot, selected for the beauty + of the scene which it commanded; and to this <i>sanctum</i> did + the gentlemen retire after dinner, to enjoy, unrestrained by the + presence of the ladies, a full indulgence in that boisterous + carousal, which their bluff hearts so dearly loved. But these + good and glorious customs have died the death, and gone the + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page156" name="page156"></a>[pg + 156]</span> way, of all perishable things; <i>they</i> are gone, + as are those jovial souls who gave them life and buoyancy; but + the eternal hills, which echoed to their merriment and + glee—they remain unaltered by time, and unshaken by the + storms which have passed over them.</p> + + <p>Yet is there still much jovial heartiness in the festive + revelry of the mountaineers. One scene, in which I was a + participator, I will endeavour to portray—it is impressed + on my memory by more than one token of grateful reminiscence. It + was in the summer of 1825 that I left London for a few weeks, and + sought among my native hills a reparation of the wear and tear of + half-a-dozen years of hard and unceasing toil. Two days after my + arrival In Merionethshire was celebrated the birthday of Robert + Williams Vaughan, Esq., of Nannau, the only son of Sir Robert + Williams Vaughan, Bart., and member for the county; a gentleman + of whom it may be truly said, that his heart is replete with + every noble and benevolent attribute, and that his mind is + dignified by practical wisdom, sound sense, and energy to direct, + for the benefit of his dependents, the fine and Christian virtues + which he possesses. "Come up to Nannau," is his encouraging + address to the labourer, when the hardships of winter are + pressing upon the poor: "Come up to Nannau, show me that you are + willing to work, and I will give you your wages." It is for + benevolence like this, well and usefully exercised, that Sir + Robert Vaughan is especially remarkable, as well also for all + those qualities which adorn and dignify the British country + gentleman. Always careful of the welfare, habits, and comforts of + the poor around him; patronizing the industry, ingenuity, and + good conduct of his more humble countrymen, and ministering to + the wants of the sick and the poor; hospitable in the extreme; + kind, affable, and friendly to all, he fulfils in every respect + the happy duties of the wealthy British landholder; and by his + generous courtesy he has ensured to himself the perfect esteem of + every person who knows him. Living in the midst of a cheerful and + contented tenantry, the chieftain as it were of a devoted clan, + the proprietor of Nannau may be truly termed a happy man. The + empty blandishments of the world have no charms for him, nor have + its ephemeral pleasures any allurement; for, like the gallant + knight of Peugwern, when invited by Henry the Seventh to share + the honors of his court, for services rendered at Bosworth Field, + he would meekly but promptly reply, "Sire! I love to dwell among + mine own people." Such is Sir Robert Vaughan of Nannau, whose + memory will be long and fondly cherished by those who have + enjoyed his friendship, and witnessed his calm, manly, and useful + virtues.</p> + + <p>We sat down to dinner, about forty in number, occupying two + tables placed parallel to each other, in the spacious dining-room + of the mansion. Choice fish of every kind; venison from Nannau + Park, celebrated for the delicious flavour of its fat bucks; + mountain-mutton, from the fertile pastures of Llanfachreth; the + noble sirloin, and, in fact, every substantial delicacy that + wealth could procure, pressed even to groaning the broad tables + of our host; while the harper in the hall twanged his instrument + with a force and a fury, that plainly showed his previous + intimacy with the good cheer of the place. But noble and + magnificent as our entertainment was in the eating department, it + was infinitely surpassed by that which was devoted to the orgies + of Bacchus. No sooner was the brief and scarcely audible grace + pronounced by the chaplain, than in marched old Pearson, the + gray-headed butler, bearing in each hand a goblet, in form like + an acorn, and fashioned of the dark polished oak of the far-famed + Spirits-Blasted Tree,<a id="footnotetag7" name= + "footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> richly + ornamented with appropriate silver emblems. One of these was + placed reversed by the side of the president and <i>croupier</i> + of each table, and presently afterwards flanked by a huge silver + tankard of foaming ale, strong enough almost to blow into the air + a first-rate man-of-war. Filling this goblet, which held very + nearly a pint, the president made his speech to the health and + happiness of the young 'squire, and draining it dry, passed it on + to his left-hand neighbour. The <i>croupier</i> did the same, and + like the great bear of Bradwardine, did the acorn of Nannau begin + to make its rounds, in a manner quite as fearful to me as was the + terrific approach of the bear aforesaid to the heir of Waverley + Honor. Unfortunately for me, I sat between two determined and + well-seasoned topers, who took especial care that I should not + only fill to each toast, but drain the cup to the very bottom; so + that, novice as I was in this sort of hilarity, I found myself, + in a very short time, lying down under a laburnum tree in the + lawn, and composing myself very comfortably—no, + <span class="pagenum"><a id="page157" name="page157"></a>[pg + 157]</span> not <i>very</i> comfortably—to sleep. I had my + sleep, however; and when I awoke and re-entered the house, a + merry group of guests had surrounded the harper in the hall, and + were singing Penillion at full stretch, to the now unsteady and + somewhat discordant accompaniment of the minstrel; the laugh was + of course against me, but good-nature, rather than contempt, + characterised the bantering, and I bore it all in good part. The + party broke up about eleven, and before midnight I was at home, + after a magnificent walk of three miles, over the mountains, in + the moonlight. <i>The Inspector.</i></p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>THE SELECTOR, AND LITERARY NOTICES OF <i>NEW WORKS</i>.</h2> + <hr /> + + <h3>NEW SOUTH WALES.</h3> + + <p>The following observations, recorded in Mr. Cunningham's + <i>Two Years in New South Wales</i>, are as valuable as they are + interesting; for hitherto we have known but little of the natural + history of that country:—</p> + + <p><i>Trees</i>.—Trees here appear to follow the same laws + as other vegetable substances, regarding the effects they produce + upon the soil wherein they grow. It has long been remarked in + America, that on the forests being cut down, young trees of a + different species sprout up in place of the old ones; and here + the same remark, in a great measure, holds good,—acacias + very commonly making their appearance on land that has been once + under cultivation, and afterwards permitted to relapse into a + state of nature. From this circumstance it should seem, that + trees, like other vegetables, extract a particular substance from + the ground, which substance it is necessary should be restored + before the same species of tree can be readily grown a second + time,—a restoration to be effected, perhaps, by such + chemical changes in the constituent particles of the soil as may + arise from the cultivation of other species.</p> + + <p><i>Fruits</i>.—Of native fruits, we possess raspberries + equal in flavour and not otherwise distinguishable from the + English. They grow plentifully on the alluvial banks of Hunter's + river, and supply a yearly Christmas feast to the birds. Oar + native currants are strongly acidulous, like the cranberry, and + make an excellent preserve when mixed with the raspberry. They + grow on low shrubs not higher than the whortleberry bush. Our + cherries are destitute both of pleasant taste and flavour, and + have the stone adhering to their outside. Our native pears are + tolerably tempting to the look, but defy both mastication and + digestion, being the pendulous seed-pods of a tree here, and + their outer husks of such a hard woody consistence, as to put the + edge of even a well-tempered knife to proof of its qualities in + slicing them down. The burwan is a nut much relished by our + natives, who prepare it by roasting and immersion in a running + stream, to free it from its poisonous qualities. The jibbong is + another tasteless fruit, as well as the <i>five-corners</i>, much + relished by children. The wild potato strongly resembles the + species now in use in Europe, but the stem and leaf are + essentially different. It grows on the loose flooded alluvial + margins of the rivers, and at one period of the year composes the + chief sustenance of the natives, having the watery look and taste + of the yam. Of foreign fruits now climatized we possess a great + variety. Here are oranges, lemons, citrons, nectarines, apricots, + peaches, plums, cherries, figs, loquats, grenadillos, quinces, + pears, apples, mulberries, pomegranates, grapes, olives, + raspberries, strawberries, bananas, guavas, pineapples, and + English and Cape gooseberries and currants. Of shell-fruits we + have the almond, walnut, chestnut, and filbert; and of other + garden fruits, strawberries, melons, peppers, &c.</p> + + <p>Melons and pumpkins will absolutely overrun you, if you do not + give them most bounteous scope, and you need want neither water + nor musk-melons for six or eight months yearly on an average, if + you duly time the sowings. Nothing can exceed their rich + juiciness and flavour, and the rapidity of their growth is almost + miraculous, when a few showers of rain temper the hot days. The + pumpkin makes an excellent substitute for the apple in a pie, + when soured and sweetened to a proper temper by lemons and sugar. + The black children absolutely dance and scream when they see one, + pumpkin and sugar being their delight. To the half of a + shrivelled pumpkin hanging at the door of my tent on my first + essay in settling, one of our sooty satyrs could do nothing for + some minutes but fidget and skip; and with his eyes sparkling, + and countenance beaming with ecstacy, exclaim, "Dam my eye, + <i>pambucan</i>; dam my eye, <i>pambucan</i>!" such being the + nearest point they can attain to the right pronunciation of their + favourite <i>fruit</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Birds</i>.—We are not moved here with the deep mellow + note of the blackbird, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page158" + name="page158"></a>[pg 158]</span> poured out from beneath some + low stunted bush; nor thrilled with the wild warblings of the + thrush, perched on the top of some tall sapling; nor charmed with + the blithe carol of the lark as we proceed early afield; none of + our birds at all rivalling these divine songsters in realising + the poetical idea of the "music of the grove;" while "parrots' + chattering" must supply the place of "nightingales' singing" in + the future amorous lays of our sighing Celadons. We have our lark + certainly, but both his appearance and note are a most wretched + parody upon the bird our English poets have made so many fine + similes about. He will mount from the ground, and rise fluttering + upward in the same manner, and with a few of the starting notes + of the English lark; but on reaching the height of thirty feet or + so, down he drops suddenly and mutely, diving into concealment + among the long grass, as if ashamed of his pitiful attempt. For + the pert, frisky robin, pattering and pecking against the windows + in the dull days of winter, we have the lively "superb warbler," + with his blue shining plumage and his long tapering tail, picking + up the crumbs at our doors; while the pretty little redbills, of + the size and form of the goldfinch, constitute the sparrow of our + clime, flying in flocks about our houses, and building their soft + downy pigmy nests in the orange, peach, and lemon trees + surrounding them. Nor are we without our rural noters of the + time, to call us to our early task, and warn us of evening's + close. The loud and discordant noise of the <i>laughing + jackass</i>, (or <i>settler's clock</i>, as he is called,) as he + takes up his roost on the withered bough of one of our tallest + trees, acquaints us that the sun has just dipped behind the + hills, and that it is time to trudge homewards; while the + plaintive notes of the curlew, and the wild and dismal + screechings of the flying squirrel, skimming from branch to + branch, whisper us to retire to our bedchambers. In the morning, + again, the dull monotonous double note of the <i>whee-whee</i>, + (so named from the sound of its calls,) chiming in at as regular + intervals as the tick of a clock, warns us to rub our eyes and + con over the tasks of the impending day, as it is but half an + hour to dawn; till again the loud laughter of the <i>jackass</i> + summons us to turn out, and take a peep at the appearance of the + morning, which just begins to glimmer beyond the dusky outline of + the eastern hills.</p> + + <p><i>Animals</i>.—Our wild animals are numerous, but few + of them carnivorous, and none of a size to endanger human life. + The <i>native dog</i> is generally believed to be an importation, + being deficient of the false uterus or pouch characterising all + our other quadrupeds. He closely resembles the Chinese dog in + form and appearance, being either of a reddish or dark colour, + with shaggy hair, long bushy tail, prick ears, large head, and + slightly tapering nose; in size he reminds one of a shepherd's + dog, running with considerable speed, and snapping in attack or + defence. He does not bark, but howls in melancholy sort, when + prowling in quest of prey, and has a strong and peculiar odour, + which makes European dogs shy at first of attacking him, + doubtless intimidated too by his snapping mode of fighting; for + it is observed of poodles, and all which snap, that few other + dogs are fond of engaging them. He is most destructive on + breaking in among a flock of sheep, as he bites a piece out of + every one he seizes; not holding fast and worrying dead like the + fox, but snapping at all he can overtake, till twenty or thirty + may be killed by one dog, there being something so peculiarly + venomous in their bite that few recover from it. Their cross with + the tame dog forms a very useful breed for emu-hunting, and many + even of the pure ones are caught young, tamed by the natives, and + bred up to hunt emus and kangaroos. They have as many pups as the + tame dog, littering either in some hollow log, deserted ant-hill, + hole in the ground, or thick brush. They will hunt, kill, and + devour a tame dog also, if a troop of them can catch him alone. A + settler in the interior informed me, that, while out hunting one + morning, he observed his dog running direct towards him at full + speed, with two large native dogs close at his heels; and so + eager were they to seize their prey, that his own dog was + actually sheltered between his legs, and the native dogs within + pistol-shot, before they perceived their danger. Hence he was + enabled to shoot one of them. The native cat is the only other + carnivorous animal we possess; but its depredations extend no + farther than the poultry-yard. It is small and long-bodied, with + a long tail, claws like a common cat, a nose like a pig, striped + down the sides with brown and black, and dotted over with white + spots. It climbs trees and preys on birds while they sleep, being + a night animal.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>FARM-HOUSES ON THE SNEEUWBERG MOUNTAINS.</h3> + + <p>The farm-houses in the Sneeuwberg, and in most of the colder + districts of the colony, are usually of the following + description:—The house resembles a large barn divided into + two or three apartments. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page159" + name="page159"></a>[pg 159]</span> One of these is the kitchen, + which also serves for the sitting and eating apartment. In the + others the family sleep; while, in the outer one already + mentioned, visiters and travellers are accommodated with a rush + mat, a feather bed, and a coverlet spread on the clay floor. In + this situation I have often enjoyed, after a fatiguing day's + ride, the most balmy repose; while a swarthy train of slaves and + Hottentots were moving round the embers of the fire, wrapped in + their sheepskin mantles, and dogs, cats, and fowls were trampling + over my body. The more wealthy and long settled families, + however, usually have the kitchen separate from their + sitting-room. In such houses curtained beds, and other articles + of decent furniture, are not unfrequently found; but the poorer + classes are content with a few thong-bottomed chairs and stools, + two or three wagon-chests, and a couple of deal tables. At one of + the latter sits the mistress of the house, with a tea-urn and a + chafing-dish before her, dealing out every now and then + <i>tea-water</i>, or coffee, and elevating her sharp shrill voice + occasionally to keep the dilatory slaves and Hottentots at their + duty. In this same apartment is also invariably to be seen the + carcass of a sheep killed in the morning, and hung up under the + eye of the mistress, to be served out frugally for the day's + provision as it may be required. The houses, being without any + ceiling, are open to the thatch; and the rafters are generally + hung full of the ears of Indian corn, leaves or rolls of tobacco, + slices of dried meat, called <i>bill tongue</i>, &c. The last + is a sort of ham from the muscular part of the thigh of the ox, + or the larger species of antelopes; it is very convenient for + carrying on journeys, and is found in the boor's houses in every + part of the colony. It is cut into very thin slices, and eaten + with bread and butter, or with bread and the melted fat of the + sheep's tail, which is a common substitute for butter; either way + it is no contemptible dish when one is a little hungry, and many + a time I have heartily enjoyed it.</p> + + <p>A traveller, on arriving, if it does not happen to be + meal-time, is always presented with a cup of tea, without sugar, + milk, or bread; unless occasionally, when you may be favoured + with a small piece of sugar-candy out of a tin snuff-box, to be + kept in your mouth to sweeten the bitter beverage as it passes. + When their tea and coffee are exhausted, a succedaneum is found + in roasted grain, prepared in the same way as Hunt's radical + coffee, which, if not very palatable, is nevertheless a + refreshment to a thirsty and weary traveller. They never think of + asking you to eat unless at meal-time; but then you are expected + to draw in your chair, and help yourself, without invitation, in + the same easy manner as one of the family. The dishes consist for + the most part of mutton stewed in sheep's-tail fat, or boiled to + rags; sometimes with very palatable soup, and a dish of boiled + corn, maize, or pumpkin. Cayenne-pepper, vinegar, and few + home-made pickles, are also usually produced to relish the simple + fare, which, served up twice a day, forms, with tea-water and the + <i>soopie</i>, or dram of Cape brandy, the amount of their + luxuries. In this quarter of the colony, however, I found every + where excellent bread; and, upon the whole, the farmers of + Bruintjes-Hoogte and the Sneeuwberg appeared in much more + independent and comfortable circumstances than those along the + coast.</p> + + <p><i>Thompson's Southern Africa.</i></p> + <hr /> + + <h3>HOSPITAL FOR THE DUMB.</h3> + + <p>The Banian hospital at Surat is a most remarkable institution; + it consists of a large plot of ground, enclosed with high walls, + divided into several courts or wards, for the accommodation of + animals; in sickness they are attended with the tenderest care, + and find a peaceful asylum for the infirmities of age. When an + animal breaks a limb, or is otherwise disabled from serving his + master, he carries him to the hospital, and, indifferent to what + nation or caste the owner may belong, the patient is never + refused admittance. If he recover, he cannot be reclaimed, but + must remain in the hospital for life, subject to the duty of + drawing water for those pensioners debilitated by age or disease + from procuring it for themselves. At my visit, the hospital + contained horses, mules, oxen, sheep, goats, monkeys, poultry, + pigeons, and a variety of birds, with an aged tortoise, who was + known to have been there for seventy-five years. The most + extraordinary ward was that appropriated to rats, mice, bugs, and + other noxious vermin. The overseers of the hospital frequently + hire beggars from the streets, for a stipulated sum, to pass a + night among the fleas, lice, and bugs, on the express condition + of suffering them to enjoy their feast without molestation.</p> + + <p><i>Forbes's Oriental Memoirs.</i></p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>Useful Domestic Hints</h2> + <hr /> + + <h3>NORFOLK PUNCH. NO. 1.</h3> + + <p>In twenty quarts of French brandy put the peels of thirty + lemons and thirty <span class="pagenum"><a id="page160" name= + "page160"></a>[pg 160]</span> oranges, pared so thin that not the + least of the white is left; infuse twelve hours. Have ready + thirty quarts of cold water that has been boiled; put to it + fifteen pounds of double-refined sugar; and when well mixed, pour + it upon the brandy and peels, adding the juice of the oranges and + of twenty-four lemons; mix well. Then strain, through a fine + hair-sieve, into a very clean barrel that has held spirits, and + put two quarts of new milk. Stir, and then bung it close; let it + stand six weeks in a warm cellar; bottle the liquor for use, + taking great care that the bottles are perfectly clean and dry, + and the corks of the best quality and well put in. This liquor + will keep many years, and improves by age.—<i>The Vintner's + Guide.</i></p> + + <h3>NORFOLK PUNCH. NO. 2.</h3> + + <p>Pare six lemons and three Seville oranges very thin; squeeze + the juice into a large jar; put to it two quarts of brandy, one + of white wine, and one of milk, and one pound and a quarter of + sugar. Let it be mixed, and then covered for twenty-four hours. + Strain through a jelly-bag till clear, then bottle + it.—<i>Ibid.</i></p> + + <h3>TO MANAGE AND IMPROVE RED PORT WINE WHEN POOR AND THIN.</h3> + + <p>If your wines be sound, but wanting in body, colour, and + flavour, draw out thirty or forty gallons, and return the same + quantity of young and rich wines, such its are generally brought + to this country for that purpose; to a can of which put a quart + of colouring, with a bottle of wine or brandy, in which half an + ounce of powdered cochineal has been previously mixed. Whisk it + well together, and put it in your cask, stirring it well about + with a staff; and if not bright in about a week or ten days, you + may fine it for use; previous to which, put in at different times + a gallon of good brandy. If Port wines are short of body, put a + gallon or two of brandy into each pipe, as you see necessary. If + the wines be in your own stock, put it in by a quart or two at a + time, as it feeds the wine better in this way than putting it in + all at once; but, if your wines are in a bonded cellar, procure a + funnel that will go down to the bottom of the cask, that the + brandy may be completely incorporated with the wine. When your + Port is thus made fine and pleasant, bottle it off, taking care + to pack it in a temperate place with saw-dust or dry sand, after + which it will not be proper to drink for at least two months. + When laying your wines down in bottles you should never use new + deal saw-dust, as that causes it to fret too much, and often + communicates a strong turpentine smell through the corks to the + wine.—<i>Ibid.</i></p> + + <h3>RED CURRANT WINE.</h3> + + <p>Take seventy pounds of red currants, bruised and pressed, good + moist sugar forty-five pounds, water sufficient to fill up a + fifteen-gallon cask, ferment; this produces a very pleasant red + wine, rather tart, but keeps well.—<i>Ibid.</i></p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <h2>The Gatherer.</h2> + + <p>"I am but a <i>Gatherer</i> and disposer of other men's + stuff."—<i>Wotton</i>.</p> + <hr /> + + <h3>ON CRANIOLOGY.</h3> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>In days of yore,</p> + + <p>Laid wit and lore,</p> + + <p class="i2">And wisdom in the wig;</p> + + <p>But now the skull</p> + + <p>Contains them all,</p> + + <p class="i2">The peruke is too big.</p> + </div> + </div> + <hr /> + + <p>"According to Julius Africanus," says Gibbon, "the world was + created on the <i>first of September</i>—an opinion almost + too foolish to be recorded."</p> + <hr /> + + <p>In the memoirs of the celebrated French actor, Preville, we + find the following letter, addressed by the manager of a + strolling company to his prompter:—</p> + + <p>"At last, my dear boy, here we are safe in Provins. The + coach-office undertook to deliver the boxes of snow and hail. The + winds and tempest came later than we expected—we even lost + a zephyr. The thunder got broke on the road, and we have been + forced to have fresh sodder for the two lightnings. Our + divinities are well, with the exception of Love, who has got the + small-pox; the Graces have been inoculated; we were obliged to + leave them behind on the road, with the brick wall, which being + wrapt round the sun to keep it from getting soiled, was rubbed to + pieces by the sharp rays. Our rivers and sea are coming by water; + and pray, when you come yourself, do not forget to bring lots of + clouds with you, and a new moon. A torrent too will be wanted, + for our last has most unluckily got burnt. I am anxious for a + full account of all your purchases, to which you must add two + yards of weeping willows. Above all, bring me a drawbridge, a + fortress, and my linen, if it was not turned into tinder for the + last sea-fight. Ever yours."</p> + <hr class="full" /> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>: + <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Poems</i>, by B. Barton, p.190, 3rd edit.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>: + <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a> + + <p>One of these sisters is the present <i>Mrs. Hack</i>, + favourably known as the authoress of several useful and highly + interesting works for children. See some introductory verses to + her, prefixed to the third edition of Mr. Barton's "Poems." His + brother John has also distinguished himself by one or two + judicious pamphlets on the situation and circumstances of the + poor.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>: + <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Poems</i>, by B. Barton, p. 133, 3rd edit.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a> <b>Footnote 4</b>: + <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a> + + <p><i>Time's Telescope</i>, p. 18, vol. xi.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a> <b>Footnote 5</b>: + <a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a> + + <p>The progress of the fire might have been stopped, but for + the foolish conduct of the Lord Mayor, who refused to give + orders for pulling down some houses, <i>without the consent of + the owners</i>. Buckets and engines were of no use, from the + confined state of the streets.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a> <b>Footnote 6</b>: + <a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a> + + <p>"Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London in the + Eighteenth Century," vol. ii. p. 378.</p> + </blockquote> + + <blockquote class="footnote"> + <a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a> <b>Footnote 7</b>: + <a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a> + + <p>This was an old blasted oak, standing a few years ago in + Nannau Park, to the infinite horrification of the honest + mountaineers. Tradition had imbued it with a terrible and awful + influence—for, some four or five hundred years ago, the + gigantic skeleton of a warrior was found incased in its trunk, + and grasping with its bony fingers a long and ponderous sword. + It was blown down one stormy night, and the wood has been + manufactured into a variety of articles.]</p> + </blockquote> + <hr class="full" /> + + <p><i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near + Somerset-House,) and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i></p> + <hr class="full" /> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11401 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/11401-h/images/271-1.png b/11401-h/images/271-1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e488c11 --- /dev/null +++ b/11401-h/images/271-1.png diff --git a/11401-h/images/271-2.png b/11401-h/images/271-2.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..11c7104 --- /dev/null +++ b/11401-h/images/271-2.png |
