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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11401 ***
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. X, NO. 271.] SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1827. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+The New Prison, Norwich.
+
+
+[Illustration: The New Prison, Norwich]
+
+
+The old gaol in the city of Norwich, in the year 1823, being found no
+longer secure, nor according to the new act of parliament, admitting of
+sufficient room for the classification of the prisoners, the magistrates
+came to a resolution of erecting a new one outside the city, near St.
+Giles's gates; the same was accordingly advertised in the Norwich
+papers, in which architects were requested to send plans, elevations,
+and sections, (in competition,) accompanied with an estimate of the
+total expense of the new building. A great number of designs were in
+consequence submitted, when the plan sent by Mr. Brown, of Wells-street,
+Oxford-street, London, was adjudged to be the best: his plan was
+therefore adopted and carried into execution, of which the annexed
+engraving is a faithful representation, taken from the tower of St.
+Giles's Church, in the city of Norwich. The foundation stone was laid in
+1824, and the building finished this year, 1827. It is designed to hold
+120 prisoners, besides the necessary turnkeys and servants, and has cost
+the city £23,000; the boundary wall is quadrangular, but is cut off at
+the junction of the four angles by bastions, thereby giving to the wall
+a greater stability; the whole circumference is 1,220 feet, and encloses
+an area of one acre, two roods, and thirty-four poles, being nearly one
+acre and three quarters of ground.
+
+The bastion at the entrance contains on the ground floor a porter's
+room, press room, hot and cold baths, and a room with an oven for the
+purpose of purifying foul linen. The upper story contains over the
+entrance gate the drop room: on each side are receiving cells, two for
+males and two for females, a searching room for the surgeon, and the
+prison wardrobe; directly over the drop room on the lead flat is the
+place where the more heinous malefactors expiate their crimes. The
+bastion on the right hand contains a building, on the ground floor and
+in the centre of which is the wash-house and laundry, and in front the
+drying ground; at each end of this building are the airing grounds for
+the sick prisoners, and on the second floor are the male and female
+infirmaries, separated by a strong partition wall. The left hand bastion
+contains the millhouse, stable, and a room for the van which takes the
+prisoners to the town hall in the assize time; over these three rooms
+are the mill chamber and hay-loft. The horizontal wind vane on the roof
+of this building is to assist the prisoners when there is not a
+sufficiency of them sentenced to the tread-wheels; by shutting the
+louvre boards of the arms it then produces employment for the prisoners
+when there is no corn in the mill to grind. In the remote bastion are
+seen the tread-wheels on which the prisoners are employed in keeping up
+a constant retrograde motion, which works the machinery in the millhouse
+by means of an iron shaft with universal joints concealed below the
+surface of the ground.
+
+Here are four prison wings in the building, the right hand one contains
+in one ward common debtors, and in the other unconvicted men felons, not
+capital. The second wing on the right contains on one side unconvicted
+men felons, and unconvicted women felons for capital offences on the
+other. In the first left hand wing there is on the first side the master
+debtors, and on the other the court of conscience debtors; the second
+wing on the left contains on one side men misdemeanors, and on the other
+convicted men felons. There are two day-rooms in each of the four wings,
+and four condemned cells and four solitary ones in the back towers;
+there is also fourteen airing yards between the four wings, six of which
+are sunk three feet below the others, to enable the governor from the
+inspection gallery of his house to overlook the tread-wheels, millhouse,
+and infirmary; those yards are descended by stone steps, in each there
+is a day room, and they are appropriated to the following prisoners,
+namely, women debtors, unconvicted women felons, not capital; convicted
+women felons, women fines, men fines, and boys for misdemeanors. There
+is also a level passage between each two of the sunk yards, one leading
+to the infirmary, one to the millhouse, and the other to the
+tread-wheels.
+
+In the governor's house there is in the basement story a kitchen,
+scullery, and bakehouse, store room, beer-cellar, and coal cellar; on
+the ground floor is the governor's office, living room, committee room,
+and matron's room; on the second floor are two bedrooms and the lower
+part of the chapel; and on the third floor are two bedrooms and the
+gallery of the chapel. There are likewise four bridge staircases, one
+from each prison wing leading to passages in the governor's house, which
+communicates with the chapel; the prisoners are not here able to see
+each others' class, as they are separated by fourteen partitions, being
+as many as there are yards in the prison, yet the governor and minister
+have from their seats a complete view of every person and every part.
+Around the governor's house is an enclosed area, and above an inspection
+gallery, from which the governor is enabled to see into every part of
+the prison. On the towers of the four prison wings there are reservoirs
+for containing water, which is thrown up by a pump worked by the
+prisoners at the tread-wheel, whenever water is required, and by means
+of lead pipes, it is then conveyed to every part of the prison. The
+whole gaol is fire-proof, the floors being of stone, and the doors and
+windows of iron.
+
+There is certainly a peculiar arrangement in the plan of this gaol not
+to be met with in any other in the kingdom; there are four yards between
+each of the wings excepting those two in the approach to the governor's
+house; the middle yards which are divided by a passage, have, as before
+stated, each of them a day-room. The prisoners allotted to these yards
+have their sleeping cells in the main wing, to which they are conducted
+along a passage, at the end of those upper yards which join the prison
+wing; the prisoners are therefore in their passage to and from the
+sleeping cells, concealed from the others; should there at any time be
+a greater number of prisoners belonging to the ward on the ground floor
+than there are sleeping cells they are then taken to the spare cells in
+the wards above through a door at the end of the upper yard, and yet
+concealed from those classes in the sunk yards. All our prison buildings
+hitherto erected are hid from the sight by the high boundary wall that
+encloses them, producing nothing interesting to the citizen or the
+traveller but a monotonous façade. Mr. Brown has obviated this in the
+gaol before us, by having raised towers on the ends of the four wings,
+which, with the top of the governor's house, mill, and infirmary, being
+seen rising above the boundary wall and entrance front, produces to the
+eye of the spectator on approaching the prison a _tout ensemble_ truly
+imposing and grand.
+
+ARCHITECTUS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+LIVING AUTHORS.
+
+No. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BERNARD BARTON.
+
+
+  "Sheltered, but not to social duties lost;
+  Secluded, but not buried; and with song
+  Cheering his days."
+
+
+The productions of Mr. Barton are doubtless familiar to most of our
+readers, and from them they have learnt much of the amiable turn of
+the poet's character. Mr. Barton's compositions afford indications of
+genuine feeling, of deep affection, of benevolence, sympathy, taste, and
+integrity; he seems to have an ear ever on the listen for the accents of
+charity, patriotism, and religion; where human anguish causes the tear
+to start, there he would fain be to soothe and alleviate. Such is the
+character of the poet, and in the following sketch such will be proved
+to be the character of the man.
+
+Bernard Barton was born in the vicinity of London, on the 31st of
+January, 1784. His father was in trade in the metropolis, whither he had
+come from his native place, Carlisle. Bernard had the misfortune to lose
+his mother one month after his birth: her maiden name was Mary Done, and
+she was a native of Rockcliffe, Cumberland; she died at the early age of
+thirty-two. The following lines _To a Profile_ evince the feelings with
+which our poet still cherishes her memory, or rather the recollection of
+what has been told him respecting her:--
+
+
+  "I knew thee not! then wherefore gaze
+    Upon thy silent shadow there,
+  Which so imperfectly portrays
+    The form thy features used to wear?
+  Yet have I often looked at thee,
+  As if those lips could speak to me.
+
+  I knew thee not! and thou couldst know,
+    At best, but little more of one
+  Whose pilgrimage on earth below
+    Commenced, just ere thy own was done;
+  For few and fleeting days were thine,
+  To hope or fear for lot of mine.
+
+  Yet few and fleeting as they were,
+    Fancy and feeling picture this,
+  They prompted many a fervent prayer,
+    Witnessed, perchance, a parting kiss;
+  And might not kiss, and prayer, from thee,
+  At such a period, profit me?
+
+  Whether they did or not, I owe
+    At least this tribute to thy worth;
+  Though little all I _can_ bestow,
+    Yet fond affection gives it birth;
+  And prompts me, as thy shade I view,
+  To bless thee, whom I never knew!"[1]
+
+
+His father died before Mr. Barton was seven years old; but his second
+marriage, which took place a few months before his death, provided an
+excellent parent for his children: to her, and to his two sisters,[2]
+both several years older than himself, our author owed infinite
+obligations.
+
+His education at one of the quaker seminaries was, of course, plain and
+circumscribed, being pretty much confined to useful, indeed necessary,
+branches of knowledge. But his father had been a man of greater natural
+and more cultivated intellect than many; he had read much, and on the
+abolition of slavery, in which he was one of Clarkson's earliest
+associates, he had, on several occasions, proved that he could write
+well, though, we believe, he was never avowedly an author. He had left
+no despicable collection of books, so that in his school vacations ample
+means were afforded to his son of indulging his taste for reading. A
+pleasing tribute to the memory of Mr. Barton's father will be found in
+his _Napoleon and other Poems_.
+
+In the year 1806, Mr. Barton took up his residence in the pleasant town
+of Woodbridge, in Suffolk, and commenced business as a merchant; but
+an unlooked-for domestic affliction of the severest kind was about to
+visit him, and his wordly prospects were to receive an irrecoverable
+shock,--the loss of his amiable wife, before they had been married
+a twelvemonth, and soon after the birth of her child! This excellent
+woman, to whom our poet was, for so short a time, united, gave rise to
+some of his best pieces, particularly to the poem beginning, _The heaven
+was cloudless_,[3] and that entitled _A Portrait, _in _Napoleon and
+other Poems_. In this last piece the poet no less beautifully than truly
+observes,--
+
+
+  To sympathies, which soothe and bless
+    Our life from day to day,
+  Which throw, with silent tenderness,
+    Fresh flowers across our way,
+  The heart must ever fondly cling:
+  But can the poet's sweetest string
+    Their loveliness display?
+  No--nor could Titian's self supply
+  Their living presence, once gone by.
+
+  The air, in which we breathe and live,
+    Eludes our touch and sight;
+  The fairest flowers their fragrance give
+    To stillness, and to night;
+  The softest sounds that music flings,
+  In passing, from her heaven-plumed wings,
+    Are trackless in their flight!
+  And thus life's sweetest bliss is known
+  To silent, grateful thought alone.
+
+
+This mournful event, combined with discouraging prospects of a
+mercantile nature, induced our author to retire from commercial pursuits
+on his own behalf; and in 1810 he obtained a situation as a clerk in the
+Woodbridge bank, which he still holds.
+
+Soon after Mr. Barton had entered upon his present situation, he
+began "to commit the sin of rhyme," and a new provincial paper being
+established about this time, it became the vehicle of his effusions: by
+degrees our young poet became bold enough to send a short piece now and
+then to a London paper, and at last, in 1812, ventured on an anonymous
+volume, entitled _Metrical Effusions_, 250 copies of which were printed
+by a bookseller of Woodbridge, and sold within the immediate circle of
+our author's acquaintance. In 1818, Mr. Barton printed, by subscription,
+an elegant volume, in elephant octavo, of _Poems by an Amateur_,
+of which 150 only were struck off, and none ever sold at the shops.
+Encouraged by the very flattering manner in which these impressions of
+his poems were received by his friends, our author at last ventured to
+publish, in a small volume, _Poems, by Bernard Barton_, which was very
+favourably noticed by the literary journals, and, being afterwards made
+still more known by an article in the _Edinburgh Review_, has now
+reached a _third_ edition. He afterwards published, in a handsome octavo
+volume, his _Napoleon and other Poems_; and subsequently a volume of
+poems, entitled _A Widow's Tale_, which appeared in an early month of
+the present year.
+
+Such has been the literary career of Bernard Barton. If it have not left
+behind it the brilliant track of other poetical comets, it has been less
+erratic in its course; and if it have not been irradiated by the full
+blaze of a noonday sun, it has nevertheless been illumined by the silver
+lustre of the queen of night; and his Parnassian vespers may be said to
+possess all the mild and soothing beauties of the evening star. If his
+muse have not always reached the sunward path of the soaring eagle,
+it is no extravagant praise to say, that she has often emulated the
+sublimity of his aërial flight. But the great charm thrown around the
+effusions of the Suffolk bard is that "lucid veil" of morality and
+religion which "covers but not conceals"--that "silver net-work,"
+through which his poetic "apples of gold" shine with an adventitious
+beauty, which even the gorgeous ornaments so profusely lavished by
+a Byron or a Moore would fail to invest them.
+
+
+  There is a fame which owes its spell
+    To popular applause alone;
+  Which seems on lip and tongue to dwell,
+    And finds--in others' breath--its own;
+  For such the eager worldling sighs,
+  And this the fickle world supplies.
+
+  There is a nobler fame--which draws
+    Its purer essence from the heart;
+  Which only seeks that calm applause
+    The virtuous and the wise impart:
+  Such fame beyond the grave shall live:
+  But this the world can never give.
+
+
+--B. BARTON.
+
+We have alluded to the amiable character of our poet; that his modesty
+is equal to his merit, the following extract, from a letter to a friend,
+will afford a pleasing evidence. Speaking of his literary career, he
+says, "it has been marked by an indulgence on the part of the public,
+and the dispensers of literary fame, which I never anticipated. When I
+consider that only about three years have elapsed since I avowed myself
+an author, I am really surprised at the notice my trivial productions
+have received, and the numerous acquaintance to which they have, by
+correspondence, introduced me. Much of this, I dare say, is owing to
+my quakerism; and to that, unquestionably, I was indebted for the
+article in the _Edinburgh Review_, and the more recent passing notice
+in the _Quarterly_. Still, as I do not believe that any _outré_ or
+_adventitious_ source of attraction would have alone procured me the
+attention I have found, I would hope it may partly have arisen from
+their simple, unaffected appeal to those quiet, domestic, secluded
+feelings, which endear the still undercurrent of existence--in short,
+to my being content to make the best I could of the homely and confined
+materials to which my situation has given me access, without affecting
+scholarship, or aiming at romantic embellishment. There is nothing like
+simple truth and nature, after all; and he who is satisfied with simply
+and faithfully describing what he actually sees, feels, and, thinks, may
+always hope to appeal successfully to the unsophisticated heart."[4]
+
+We here conclude our notice of the bard of Woodbridge; and should
+this brief account excite the interest of our readers to become better
+acquainted with this "living author," we refer them to the whole-length
+portrait painted by himself, and held up to view in every page of his
+poems.
+
+    [1] _Poems_, by B. Barton, p.190, 3rd edit.
+
+    [2] One of these sisters is the present _Mrs. Hack_, favourably
+        known as the authoress of several useful and highly interesting
+        works for children. See some introductory verses to her, prefixed
+        to the third edition of Mr. Barton's "Poems." His brother John
+        has also distinguished himself by one or two judicious pamphlets
+        on the situation and circumstances of the poor.
+
+    [3] _Poems_, by B. Barton, p. 133, 3rd edit.
+
+    [4] _Time's Telescope_, p. 18, vol. xi.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE GREAT FIRE OF 1666.
+
+
+The fire of London broke out on Sunday morning, September 2, 1666,
+O.S.,  and being impelled by strong winds, raged with irresistible fury
+nearly four days and nights; nor was it entirely mastered till the fifth
+morning after it began. The conflagration commenced at the house of one
+Farryner, a baker, in Pudding-lane, near [New] Fish-street-hill, and
+within ten houses of Thames-street, into which it spread within a few
+hours; nearly the whole of the contiguous buildings being of timber,
+lath, and plaster, and the whole neighbourhood presenting little else
+than closely confined passages and narrow alleys. The fire quickly
+spread, and was not to be conquered by any human means, "Then, (says
+a contemporary writer,) then the city did shake indeed, and the
+inhabitants did tremble, and flew away in great amazement from their
+houses, lest the flames should devour them: _rattle, rattle, rattle_,
+was the noise which the fire struck upon the ear round about, as if
+there had been a thousand iron chariots beating upon the stones. You
+might see the houses _tumble, tumble, tumble_, from one end of the
+street to the other, with a great crash, leaving the foundations open
+to the view of the heavens."[5]
+
+The destructive fury of this conflagration was never, perhaps, exceeded
+in any part of the world, by any fire originating in accident. _Within
+the walls_, it consumed almost five-sixths of the whole city; and
+_without_ the walls it cleared a space nearly as extensive as the
+one-sixth part left unburnt within. Scarcely a single building that came
+within the range of the flames was left standing. Public buildings,
+churches, and dwelling-houses, were alike involved in one common fate.
+
+In the summary account of this vast devastation, given in one of the
+inscriptions on the Monument, and which was drawn up from the reports of
+the surveyors appointed after the fire, it is stated, that "The ruins of
+the city were 436 acres, [viz. 333 acres within the walls, and 63 in the
+liberties of the city;] that, of the six-and-twenty wards, it utterly
+destroyed fifteen, and left eight others shattered and half burnt;
+and that it consumed 400 streets, 13,200 dwelling-houses, 89 churches
+[besides chapels; 4 of] the city gates, Guildhall, many public
+structures, hospitals, schools, libraries, and a vast number of stately
+edifices." The immense property destroyed in this dreadful time cannot
+be estimated at less than _ten millions_ sterling. Amid all the
+confusion and multiplied dangers that arose from the fire, it does not
+appear that more than _six_ persons lost their lives. Calamitous as were
+the immediate consequences of this dreadful fire, its _remote effects_
+have proved an incalculable blessing to subsequent generations. To
+this conflagration may be attributed the complete destruction of the
+_plague_, which, the year before only, swept off 68,590 persons!! To
+this tremendous fire we owe most of our grand public structures--the
+regularity and beauty of our streets--and, finally, the great salubrity
+and extreme cleanliness of a large part of the city of London.
+
+In relation to this awful calamity we add the following remarks:--Heaven
+be praised (says Mr. Malcolm[6]) old London _was burnt_. Good reader,
+turn to the ancient prints, in order to see what it has been; observe
+those hovels convulsed; imagine the chambers within them, and wonder why
+the plague, the leprosy, and the sweating-sickness raged. Turn then to
+the prints illustrative of our present dwellings, and be happy. The
+misery of 1665 must have operated on the minds of the legislature and
+the citizens, when they rebuilt and inhabited their houses. The former
+enacted many salutary clauses for the preservation of health, and would
+have done more, had not the public rejected that which was for their
+benefit; those who preferred high habitations and narrow dark streets
+had them. It is only to be lamented that we are compelled to suffer for
+their folly. These errors are now frequently partially removed by the
+exertion of the Corporation of London; but a complete reformation is
+impossible. It is to the improved dwellings composed of brick, the
+wainscot or papered walls, the high ceilings, the boarded floors, and
+large windows, and cleanliness, that we are indebted for the general
+preservation of health since 1666. From that auspicious year the very
+existence of the natives of London improved; their bodies moved in a
+large space of pure air; and, finding every thing clean and new around
+them, they determined to keep them so. Previously-unknown luxuries and
+improvements in furniture were suggested; and a man of moderate fortune
+saw his house vie with, nay, superior to, the old palaces of his
+governors. When he paced his streets, he felt the genial western breeze
+pass him, rich with the perfumes of the country, instead of the stench
+described by Erasmus; and looking upward, he beheld the beautiful blue
+of the air, variegated with fleecy clouds, in place of projecting black
+beams and plaster, obscured by vapour and smoke.
+
+The streets of London must have been dangerously dark during the winter
+nights before it was burnt; lanterns with candles were very sparingly
+scattered, nor was light much better distributed even in the new streets
+previously to the 18th century. Globular lamps were introduced by
+Michael Cole, who obtained a patent in July, 1708.
+
+We conclude the illustrations of this day with a singular opinion of the
+author just quoted. Speaking of the burning of London, he says, "This
+subject may be allowed to be familiar to me, and I have perhaps had more
+than common means of judging; and I now declare it to be my full and
+decided opinion, that London _was burnt by government, to annihilate the
+plague_, which was grafted in every crevice of the hateful old houses
+composing it."
+
+    [5] The progress of the fire might have been stopped, but for the
+        foolish conduct of the Lord Mayor, who refused to give orders
+        for pulling down some houses, _without the consent of the
+        owners_. Buckets and engines were of no use, from the confined
+        state of the streets.
+
+    [6] "Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London in the
+        Eighteenth Century," vol. ii. p. 378.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SKETCH BOOK
+
+NO. XLV.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BEHIND THE SCENES; OR, A BREAKFAST IN NEWGATE.
+
+(_Concluded from page 134_.)
+
+
+No further delay was allowed. The sheriffs moved on, the ordinary, the
+culprits, and the officers did the same; and that class of attendants to
+which I belonged followed. I shall not easily forget the circumstances
+of this brief, but melancholy progress. The faltering step--the
+deep-drawn sigh--the mingling exclamations of anguish and devotion which
+marked the advance of the victims--the deep tones of the reverend
+gentleman who now commenced reading a portion of the burial service, and
+the tolling of the prison bell, which, as we proceeded through some of
+the most dreary passages of the gaol, burst on the ear, rendered the
+whole spectacle impressive beyond description. Few steps sufficed to
+conduct us to the small room, or entrance-hall, into which the debtor's
+door opens, and from this we saw the ladder which the criminals were to
+ascend, and the scaffold on which they were to die. I was on the alert
+to detect any sudden emotion which this spectacle might cause, but could
+not perceive that it had the slightest effect. The minds of the
+sufferers had been so prepared, that a partial view of the machine to
+which they were being conducted, seemed to give no additional shock. No
+further pause was deemed necessary. The clock was striking eight, and
+the ordinary and the youth first brought to the press-room, immediately
+passed up the ladder. To the two culprits that remained, the gentleman
+whom I have already mentioned offered his services, and filled up with
+a prayer the little interval which elapsed, before the second was
+conducted to the platform.
+
+I heard from without the murmur of awe, of expectation, and pity, which
+ran through the crowd in front of the prison, and stepping on a small
+erection to the left of the door, gained a momentary glimpse of a
+portion of the immense multitude, who, uncovered, and in breathless
+silence, gazed on the operations of the executioners. I retreated just
+as the third halter had been adjusted. The finisher of the law was in
+the act of descending, when the under-sheriff addressed him--
+
+Is everything quite ready?"
+
+"Yes, sir."
+
+"Then take care and draw the bolt out smartly.--Now, don't bungle it."
+
+"No, sir--you may depend upon it," was the answer. And the obsequious
+anxiety of the hangman to seem polite and obliging, his apparent zeal
+to give satisfaction, though very natural seemed to me not a little
+curious.
+
+Prayers, which had been interrupted for a moment, while the last awful
+ceremony was in progress, were resumed. As he read them, I saw the
+clergyman fix his eye on the executioner with a peculiar expression. He
+drew his handkerchief from his pocket, and passed it slightly over his
+upper lip. This was the fatal signal. A lumbering noise, occasioned by
+the falling of part of the apparatus, announced that it had been obeyed.
+
+In that moment, a rush from the scaffold forced me from the door.
+The sheriffs, the under-sheriff, the ordinary, the gentleman who had
+assisted him in preparing the sufferers for eternity, and several other
+persons quitted the platform as expeditiously as possible, that they
+might not behold the final agonies of the unhappy men. Sir Thomas took
+me by the arm as he passed, and signified that he wished me to accompany
+him. I did so. Again I marched through the passages which I had recently
+traversed. Two minutes brought me to the door of the room to which I had
+first been conducted. Here my friend accosted me with his natural
+firmness of tone, which before had been considerably subdued by humane
+emotions, and said--
+
+"You must breakfast with us."
+
+I started at the unsentimental idea of eating the moment after quitting
+so awful a spectacle, as that which I have attempted to describe. But
+I had not sufficient energy to resist the good will which rather
+unceremoniously handed me in. Here I found the other sheriff, the
+ordinary, the under-sheriff, the city-marshal, and one or two of the
+individuals I had previously met, already seated.
+
+"Well, it is all over," said Sir Thomas, as he took his seat at the
+table.
+
+"Yes, it is," said the ordinary, in the same tone which I had heard a
+few moments before, and admired as appropriately solemn. "It is all
+over, and--" putting his cup and saucer to the under-sheriff, who
+prepared to pour out the tea--"I am very glad of it."
+
+"I hope you do not mean the breakfast is all over," remarked the
+sheriff, whose wit I had previously admired, "for I have had none yet."
+
+The moment had not arrived at which humour like this could be duly
+appreciated, and I did not observe that any of the company gave even
+that sort of _note of face_ for a laugh which we had all used half an
+hour before.
+
+Our conversation turned naturally on the manner in which the sufferers
+had conducted themselves; on the wishes they had expressed, and the
+confessions they had made.
+
+But while I looked on the hospitably spread table, I could not help
+connecting operations rather different in their character, which must
+have been going on at the same moment. "In my mind's eye," I saw the
+attendants carrying the fowl and eggs to the breakfast table, while the
+sheriffs and their guests were conducting the sufferers to the scaffold.
+
+From what I have already said, it must be inferred that the first
+speeches which accomplished the circuit of the table, were of a very
+serious character. But, mingled with them, some common breakfast-table
+requests and civilities caught my attention, as singular from their
+association. The performance of duties the most important cannot relieve
+man from the necessity of claiming his "daily bread," and I do not know
+that it is any reproach to a clergyman that he is not distinguished by
+versatility of manner. The abrupt transition from the gravity of the
+pulpit to the flippancy of the bar I should not admire; but the
+consistency of the reverend gentleman here attracted my notice.
+I had been just listening to him while he repeated, with devotional
+elongation, the solemn words of the burial service; and when I heard him
+with the same elongation of sound, address himself to me--"Shall I
+trouble you to cut up the fowl--can I help you to some tongue, sir?"
+I confess that I felt tempted not to laugh, but to comment on the
+oddly-contrasted feelings which the same voice, thus variously exerted,
+inspired.
+
+Horror-struck, as I had been, at the first mention of the unfeeling word
+"breakfast," my excuse for staying was to see if others could eat. That
+_I_ should take food was quite out of the question. But the wing of a
+fowl having been put on my plate, I thought it would be rudeness to
+reject it. I began to eat, inwardly reflecting that my abstinence would
+nothing benefit those whose sufferings I had still in my memory; and
+improving on this reconciling thought, I presently detected myself
+holding my plate for a second supply. "O sentiment!" I mentally
+exclaimed, "what art thou when opposed to a breakfast?"
+
+By the time we had disposed of our first cup of tea, we had got through
+the pious reflections which each of us had to offer on the particular
+occasion which had brought us together, and conversation started in a
+livelier vein. The gentleman who had assisted the ordinary, by praying
+with the culprits, gaily remarked to him, with a benevolent chuckle on
+his face, that _they_ (meaning himself and the reverend gentleman) had
+succeeded in refuting the Unitarian principles which A---- (one of the
+sufferers) had for some time avowed. The look which answered this
+speech, reminded me, I know not why, of the _organist's_ comment on the
+_organ blower's_ assertion that _they_ had played famously well.
+
+"Ay," said the minister, "I knew it would be so. I told him so
+immediately after sentence. But, after all, what can we say for a
+recantation dictated by the dread of early death?"
+
+"Very true!" was my exclamation, as the reverend gentleman looked as if
+he expected me to say something.
+
+"At any rate," whispered a gentleman well-known in the city, with whom
+I had formerly done a little business in the funds, "it gives a man
+something of an _option_."
+
+This technical application of a favourite stock-exchange word produced a
+general smile round the table, and I could not help contributing to
+lengthen it by replying--
+
+"You mean, perhaps, that it gives him a _call_." But the lively sheriff,
+of whose witticisms I have already made honourable mention, cut me out
+of my share of applause altogether, as clean as a whistle, by instantly
+rejoining--
+
+"The _put_ you mean, for, in this case, the party was going for the
+_fall_."
+
+Of course there was no standing this, and we all joined in the laugh.
+
+We were however brought back to gravity through the alarm expressed by
+the minister, at the idea of his having taken cold through officiating
+that morning without his wig.  This introduced, I cannot tell how, some
+remarks on the head, which led to a disquisition on craniology. On this
+subject the witty sheriff was very amusing. _I_ said some tolerably
+lively things; but the ordinary beat us all hollow, when it was
+contended that the disposition and the mind might be known from the
+exterior of the skull, by remarking that he had now an additional reason
+to regret having come there without his wig.
+
+With this epigrammatic touch he took his leave, I and the rest of the
+company laughing heartily, and having eaten as heartily as we then
+laughed. The facetious sheriff now had it all his own way, and said
+several things, nearly, or perhaps, quite as good as those which I have
+already placed on record. We were thus pleasantly engaged, when the
+aide-de-camp of the gallant officer in the blue and gold,--one of the
+city marshal's-men, entered to announce that it was past nine o'clock,
+and to ask if any of the company chose to see the bodies taken down.
+
+"The bodies!" I repeated to myself, and the application of that word to
+those whom I had previously heard mentioned but by their names, recalled
+my thoughts which had somehow strayed from the business of the morning
+into unlooked-for cheerfulness, and presented, in that simple
+expression, an epitome of all that had moved my wonder, curiosity, and
+commiseration.
+
+Again we passed through those parts of the prison which I had twice
+before traversed. We advanced with a quicker step than when following
+those whom we now expected to see brought to us. But with all the
+expedition we could use, on reaching the room from which the scaffold
+could be seen, we found the "bodies" already there. Nor was this, in my
+opinion, the least striking scene which the morning brought under my
+observation. The dead men were extended side by side, on the stone
+floor. The few persons present gazed on them in silence, duly impressed
+with the melancholy spectacle. But in this part of the building a copper
+is established, in which a portion of the provisions for its inmates is
+prepared. There was a savoury smell of soup, which we could not help
+inhaling while we gazed on death. The cooks too were in attendance, and
+though they, as became them, did all in their power to look decorously
+dismal, well as they managed their faces, they could not so divest
+themselves of their professional peculiarities, as not to awaken
+thoughts which involuntarily turned to ludicrous or festive scenes.
+Their very costume was at variance with the general gloom, and no
+sympathy could at once repress the jolly rotundity of their persons.
+
+I turned my eyes from them, wishing to give myself wholly up to
+religious meditation during the moments of my stay. Just then the
+executioner approach, ed. Sir Thomas desired him to remove the cap from
+the face of one of the sufferers. He prepared to comply--but his first
+act was to place his hand on the more prominent features and press them
+together. This, on inquiry being made, I learned was done that the
+bystanders might not be shocked by witnessing any distortion of
+countenance. Sir Thomas smiled at the anxiety of the man to make it
+appear that his work had been well performed. The cap was then
+withdrawn. There was nothing terrific in the aspect of the deceased.
+I recognized the features of the young man who had been so wildly,
+so violently agitated, when about to suffer. Now pain was at an end,
+apprehension was no more, and he seemed in the enjoyment of sweet
+repose. His countenance was tranquil as that of a sleeping infant, and
+happier than the infant, his rest was not in danger of being disturbed.
+While reflecting on the change which a single hour had sufficed to
+produce, I could hardly help regarding as idle the the sorrow, the pity,
+and the self-reproach for momentary forgetfulness of these, which I had
+felt and breathed within that period. I almost accused the sufferers of
+weakness, for showing themselves depressed as they had been, while I
+felt disposed, seeing their griefs were, to all appearance, terminated
+for ever, to demand with the poet,
+
+
+  "And what is death we so unwisely fear?"
+
+
+and to answer as he replies to himself,
+
+
+  "An end of all our busy tumults here."
+
+
+_Knight's Quarterly Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+JEU D'ESPRIT.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  A sanctified hermit was heard to complain
+  That raiment and food he no longer could gain.
+  "For," quoth he "in this village the famine's so great
+  That there's not enough left e'en a mousetrap to bait."
+
+  A neighbour who happened to bear his sad plaint
+  Addressed in the following manner the saint:
+  "The nation will keep thee to support splendour's throne,
+  And interest will pay thee, because thou'rt _alone_."--(a loan.)
+
+
+W.G.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+The Months.
+
+
+[Illustration: September]
+
+
+SEPTEMBER.
+
+
+  "Now sober Autumn, with lack lustre eye,
+  Shakes with a chiding blast the yellow leaf,
+      And hears the woodman's song
+      And early sportsman's foot."
+
+
+September is generally accounted the finest and most settled month in
+the year. The mornings and evenings are cool, but possess a delightful
+freshness, while the middle of the day is pleasantly warm and open.
+Hence the well-known proverb:
+
+
+  "September blows soft till the fruit's in the loft."
+
+
+The destruction of the partridge commences with this month, large coveys
+of which may now be seen about the stubble fields, and in the corn, if
+any be left standing. These birds get very shy towards the end of the
+month, in consequence of being repeatedly fired at. Sportsmen,
+therefore, prefer the early part of the season, before the birds get too
+wild. Partridges, while the corn is standing, have a secure retreat from
+their numerous enemies; but when the harvest is gathered in, they resort
+in the day-time to groves and covers. At night, however, they return to
+the stubble to avoid foxes and weasels, &c., and there nestle together.
+
+The swallow now takes his departure for milder regions, and many other
+of the small billed birds that feed on insects disappear when the cold
+weather commences. The _throstle_, the _red-wing_, and the _fieldfare_,
+which migrated in March, now return; and the _ring-ouzel_ arrives from
+the Welsh and Scottish Alps to winter in more sheltered situations. All
+these birds feed upon berries, of which there is a plentiful supply,
+in our woods, during a great part of their stay. The throstle and the
+red-wing are delicate eating. The Romans kept thousands of them together
+in aviaries, and fed them with a sort of paste made of bruised figs and
+flour, &c., to improve the delicacy and flavour of their flesh. These
+aviaries were so contrived as to admit but little light; and every
+object which might tend to remind them of their former liberty was
+carefully kept out of sight, such as the fields, the woods, the birds,
+or whatever might disturb the repose necessary for their improvement.
+Under this management, these birds fattened to the great profit of their
+proprietors, who sold them to Roman epicures for three _denarii_, or
+about two shillings each of our money.
+
+Towards the end of September the leaves of trees begin to put on their
+autumnal dress. Mr. Stillingfleet remarks, that, about the 25th, the
+leaves of the plane tree were tawny; of the hazel, yellow; of the oak,
+yellowish green; of the sycamore, dirty brown; of the maple, pale
+yellow; of the ash, a fine lemon-colour; of the elm, orange; of the
+hawthorn, tawny yellow; of the cherry, red; of the horn-beam, bright
+yellow; of the willow, still hoary. Yet, many of these tints cannot be
+considered complete, in some seasons, till the middle or latter end of
+October.
+
+When the harvest is gathered in, the husbandman prepares for seed-time;
+and the fields are again ploughed up for the winter corn, rye, and
+wheat, which are sown in September and October. The entrances to
+bee-hives are straightened, to prevent the access of wasps and other
+pilferers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ASTRONOMICAL OCCURRENCES
+
+_FOR SEPTEMBER, 1827_.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+The sun enters the cardinal and equinoctial sign _Libra_, on the 23rd at
+8 h. 24 min. evening, once more bringing our day and night to an equal
+length; when 8 deg. of _Gemini_ are due east, and 4 deg. of _Aquarius_
+due south, all the planets having a direct motion, and being below the
+horizon, Herschel excepted. The astrological aspects at this ingress are
+as follow:--Saturn is located in the third house; Mercury, Venus, and
+Mars in the fifth, the Sun, Moon, and Jupiter are in the sixth, while
+Herschel occupies the ninth.
+
+Mercury is in conjunction with Mars on the 4th, at 1 h. morning; on the
+6th with the fixed star, Regulus, or Corheoni; with Venus on the 18th,
+at midnight; and in superior conjunction with the Sun on the 24th, at
+9-1/2 h. evening.
+
+Venus rises at the beginning of the month about 4-1/2 h. morning, and
+towards the end at 5-1/2 h.
+
+Mars rises through the month at 31/2 h. morning.
+
+Jupiter is now gradually receding from our view, and will ere long be
+totally surrounded with the brighter beams of the Sun; his eclipses are
+therefore not visible.
+
+Saturn is apparently now fast approaching this part of our hemisphere;
+he rises on the 1st at 12-1/2 h. and on the 31st at 10-3/4 h. evening.
+
+Herschel culminates on the 1st at 9h. 6m. and on the 31st at 7h. 12m.
+
+If the reader will refer to page 131 of the 8th vol. of the MIRROR,
+he will find his attention invited to the relative positions of the
+principal northern stars and constellations for September last year:
+their present appearance is precisely similar. Pasche.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"THE WOODSMAN."
+
+
+A German newspaper contains a strange account--avouched with as much
+apparent accuracy almost as those which concerned the mermaids lately
+seen off our own coast, or the sea-serpent that visits the shores of
+America--of a conversion lately worked upon the morals of a famous
+robber, by a supernatural visitation in the forest of Wildeshausen. The
+hero of the tale, whose name is Conrad Braunsvelt, but who was better
+known by the cognomen of "The Woodsman," was drinking one evening
+at a small inn on the borders of the forest of Wildeshausen, when a
+traveller, well mounted, and carrying a portmanteau on his horse behind
+him, came up by the road which runs from the direction of Hanover. The
+stranger, after inquiring if he could be accommodated with a bed, led
+his horse away to the stable, and in doing this, left his portmanteau
+upon a bench within the house--which Conrad immediately, as a
+preliminary measure, tried the weight of. He had just discovered that
+the valise was unusually heavy, when the return of the traveller
+compelled him to desist; but his curiosity, without any farther effort,
+was not long ungratified; for the stranger soon opened it before him, as
+it seemed, to take out some articles which were necessary for his use at
+night; and displayed in the process several large bags--larger almost
+than the machine would have seemed able to contain--which were evidently
+full of gold or silver money. The cupidity of Conrad was excited by this
+view, and he would gladly have at once secured the prize even at the
+hazard of a personal struggle with the stranger; but the people of the
+inn (according to his account afterwards) were such as would have
+expected a portion of the spoil. For this reason, although unwillingly,
+and trusting himself to sleep little, lest by any chance the prey should
+escape him, he abandoned his design of robbery, for that night; and on
+the next morning, having learned which way the stranger travelled--for
+the latter exhibited no suspicions or apprehension of those about him,
+but spoke freely of his intended road, though he never mentioned
+anything of the charge he carried--having ascertained this fact, he
+allowed the rider to depart, and after a short time, followed by a
+shorter track through the forest, which was practicable only to persons
+on foot, and which would enable him, had he even started later, easily
+to overtake the mounted traveller. Now, knowing that his nearer road
+saved, as has been noticed, full a league of ground, the "Woodsman"
+moved on slowly; and accounted that, when he reached the point at which
+they were to meet, he should still have some time to wait for the
+stranger: on emerging, however, into the high road, he found him to his
+surprise _already_ approaching; and, what was still more extraordinary,
+mounted upon a _black_ horse, when that on which he had left the inn,
+had certainly seemed to be a brown. The portmanteau, however, which was
+all that Conrad looked to, was still behind the traveller, and on he
+came riding as if nothing at all was the matter: the "Woodsman" never
+hung back, or staid reflecting, but levelled his rifle, and called upon
+him to "Stand and deliver," or his next moment was his last. The
+traveller upon this pulled up his horse with an air of great coolness;
+and, looking upon Conrad, said something, which, as the robber since
+says, he verily believes was--"That he hoped he had not kept him
+_waiting_!"--or words to that purpose; but he was too busy at the time
+to pay much attention to discourse. "Do you know who it is you are going
+to rob though?" asked the stranger, addressing the "Woodsman" directly.
+"Not I," replied the latter, boldly: "but, if you were der Dyvel
+himself, descend from that horse, and deliver the bags of money that you
+have on you, or you shall die!" Upon this, the black rider said no more;
+but dismounted quietly, although he had pistols in his holsters; and
+Conrad, immediately taking the portmanteau from the horse's back, was so
+eager to be sure of the contents, that he drew his knife, and cut the
+fastenings on the spot. In the meantime, the traveller might have fallen
+upon him unawares, and to advantage, but the "Woodsman" endeavoured to
+keep an eye upon him, while he went on forcing the valise open as well
+as he could. At length the straps were all cut, and the robber thrust
+his hands in eagerly, making sure to find the bags which he had seen the
+preceding evening, for he had distinctly felt them from the outside.
+But, when he drew out his hands, there was in one only a _halter_, and
+in the other a piece of brass in the shape of a _gibbet_! And, at the
+same moment, a gripe was laid upon his arm; and a deep low voice, which
+seemed to be close beside him, pronounced the words, "_This shall be thy
+fate_!" When he turned round in horror and consternation, the horse, and
+the rider, and the portmanteau, all were gone; and he found himself
+within a few paces of the inn door which he had quitted in the morning,
+with the halter and the brass gibbet still remaining in his hand. The
+narrative states farther, that this horrible rencontre so affected
+Conrad Braunsvelt, that he forthwith delivered himself up to the rangers
+of the forest, and was sent to Cassel to await the pleasure of the Grand
+Duke. He is now confined in an asylum for repentant criminals, desirous
+of being restored to society; and his miraculous warning is noted in the
+records of the institution.--_Monthly Magazine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CAMBRIAN CONVIVIALITY.
+
+
+  "Cloth must we wear,
+  Eat beef, and drink beer,
+  Though the dead go to bier."
+
+_Old Ballad._
+
+
+There is something refreshing, and not a little inspiriting, in the
+scanty relics of those hearty customs and pastimes which imparted such a
+manly tone to the character of our ancestors; but now, like the ruined
+castle, or the old ivied abbey, they have become objects of admiration
+rather than sources of delight. Fifty years ago, the inhabitants of
+North Wales, a rude and blunt race even now, were far less sophisticated
+by modern refinement than they are at present; and it was then a common
+matter for the _Penteulu_, or head of the family, to dine in the large
+stone hall of the mansion--he and his own particular friends at a table,
+raised on a _Dais_--and his numerous tenants and dependants at another
+table running the whole length of the said hall. Then came the
+wassailing--worthy of the days of Arthur--wine for the upper table;
+ale, medd, (_mead_,) and spirits for the other; and after all came the
+friendly contest at some manly game--wrestling, racing, pitching the
+bar, or the like. At a period somewhat later, these boisterous pastimes
+began to degenerate; and the Welsh squire became more polished, but not,
+perhaps, more happy. Still the custom of inordinate potation fondly
+clung to him. Immediately contiguous to every mansion of any magnitude
+was erected a summerhouse, usually situated in a spot, selected for the
+beauty of the scene which it commanded; and to this _sanctum_ did the
+gentlemen retire after dinner, to enjoy, unrestrained by the presence of
+the ladies, a full indulgence in that boisterous carousal, which their
+bluff hearts so dearly loved. But these good and glorious customs have
+died the death, and gone the way, of all perishable things; _they_ are
+gone, as are those jovial souls who gave them life and buoyancy; but the
+eternal hills, which echoed to their merriment and glee--they remain
+unaltered by time, and unshaken by the storms which have passed over
+them.
+
+Yet is there still much jovial heartiness in the festive revelry of the
+mountaineers. One scene, in which I was a participator, I will endeavour
+to portray--it is impressed on my memory by more than one token of
+grateful reminiscence. It was in the summer of 1825 that I left London
+for a few weeks, and sought among my native hills a reparation of the
+wear and tear of half-a-dozen years of hard and unceasing toil. Two days
+after my arrival In Merionethshire was celebrated the birthday of Robert
+Williams Vaughan, Esq., of Nannau, the only son of Sir Robert Williams
+Vaughan, Bart., and member for the county; a gentleman of whom it may be
+truly said, that his heart is replete with every noble and benevolent
+attribute, and that his mind is dignified by practical wisdom, sound
+sense, and energy to direct, for the benefit of his dependents, the fine
+and Christian virtues which he possesses. "Come up to Nannau," is his
+encouraging address to the labourer, when the hardships of winter are
+pressing upon the poor: "Come up to Nannau, show me that you are willing
+to work, and I will give you your wages." It is for benevolence like
+this, well and usefully exercised, that Sir Robert Vaughan is especially
+remarkable, as well also for all those qualities which adorn and dignify
+the British country gentleman. Always careful of the welfare, habits,
+and comforts of the poor around him; patronizing the industry,
+ingenuity, and good conduct of his more humble countrymen, and
+ministering to the wants of the sick and the poor; hospitable in the
+extreme; kind, affable, and friendly to all, he fulfils in every respect
+the happy duties of the wealthy British landholder; and by his generous
+courtesy he has ensured to himself the perfect esteem of every person
+who knows him. Living in the midst of a cheerful and contented tenantry,
+the chieftain as it were of a devoted clan, the proprietor of Nannau may
+be truly termed a happy man. The empty blandishments of the world have
+no charms for him, nor have its ephemeral pleasures any allurement; for,
+like the gallant knight of Peugwern, when invited by Henry the Seventh
+to share the honors of his court, for services rendered at Bosworth
+Field, he would meekly but promptly reply, "Sire! I love to dwell among
+mine own people." Such is Sir Robert Vaughan of Nannau, whose memory
+will be long and fondly cherished by those who have enjoyed his
+friendship, and witnessed his calm, manly, and useful virtues.
+
+We sat down to dinner, about forty in number, occupying two tables
+placed parallel to each other, in the spacious dining-room of the
+mansion. Choice fish of every kind; venison from Nannau Park, celebrated
+for the delicious flavour of its fat bucks; mountain-mutton, from the
+fertile pastures of Llanfachreth; the noble sirloin, and, in fact, every
+substantial delicacy that wealth could procure, pressed even to groaning
+the broad tables of our host; while the harper in the hall twanged his
+instrument with a force and a fury, that plainly showed his previous
+intimacy with the good cheer of the place. But noble and magnificent
+as our entertainment was in the eating department, it was infinitely
+surpassed by that which was devoted to the orgies of Bacchus. No sooner
+was the brief and scarcely audible grace pronounced by the chaplain,
+than in marched old Pearson, the gray-headed butler, bearing in each
+hand a goblet, in form like an acorn, and fashioned of the dark polished
+oak of the far-famed Spirits-Blasted Tree,[7] richly ornamented with
+appropriate silver emblems. One of these was placed reversed by the side
+of the president and _croupier_ of each table, and presently afterwards
+flanked by a huge silver tankard of foaming ale, strong enough almost to
+blow into the air a first-rate man-of-war. Filling this goblet, which
+held very nearly a pint, the president made his speech to the health and
+happiness of the young 'squire, and draining it dry, passed it on to his
+left-hand neighbour. The _croupier_ did the same, and like the great
+bear of Bradwardine, did the acorn of Nannau begin to make its rounds,
+in a manner quite as fearful to me as was the terrific approach of the
+bear aforesaid to the heir of Waverley Honor. Unfortunately for me, I
+sat between two determined and well-seasoned topers, who took especial
+care that I should not only fill to each toast, but drain the cup to
+the very bottom; so that, novice as I was in this sort of hilarity, I
+found myself, in a very short time, lying down under a laburnum tree
+in the lawn, and composing myself very comfortably--no, not _very_
+comfortably--to sleep. I had my sleep, however; and when I awoke and
+re-entered the house, a merry group of guests had surrounded the harper
+in the hall, and were singing Penillion at full stretch, to the now
+unsteady and somewhat discordant accompaniment of the minstrel; the
+laugh was of course against me, but good-nature, rather than contempt,
+characterised the bantering, and I bore it all in good part. The party
+broke up about eleven, and before midnight I was at home, after a
+magnificent walk of three miles, over the mountains, in the moonlight.
+_The Inspector._
+
+    [7] This was an old blasted oak, standing a few years ago in Nannau
+        Park, to the infinite horrification of the honest mountaineers.
+        Tradition had imbued it with a terrible and awful influence--for,
+        some four or five hundred years ago, the gigantic skeleton of a
+        warrior was found incased in its trunk, and grasping with its
+        bony fingers a long and ponderous sword. It was blown down one
+        stormy night, and the wood has been manufactured into a variety
+        of articles.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR, AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NEW SOUTH WALES.
+
+
+The following observations, recorded in Mr. Cunningham's _Two Years in
+New South Wales_, are as valuable as they are interesting; for hitherto
+we have known but little of the natural history of that country:--
+
+_Trees_.--Trees here appear to follow the same laws as other vegetable
+substances, regarding the effects they produce upon the soil wherein
+they grow. It has long been remarked in America, that on the forests
+being cut down, young trees of a different species sprout up in place of
+the old ones; and here the same remark, in a great measure, holds
+good,--acacias very commonly making their appearance on land that has
+been once under cultivation, and afterwards permitted to relapse into a
+state of nature. From this circumstance it should seem, that trees, like
+other vegetables, extract a particular substance from the ground, which
+substance it is necessary should be restored before the same species of
+tree can be readily grown a second time,--a restoration to be effected,
+perhaps, by such chemical changes in the constituent particles of the
+soil as may arise from the cultivation of other species.
+
+_Fruits_.--Of native fruits, we possess raspberries equal in flavour and
+not otherwise distinguishable from the English. They grow plentifully
+on the alluvial banks of Hunter's river, and supply a yearly Christmas
+feast to the birds. Oar native currants are strongly acidulous, like the
+cranberry, and make an excellent preserve when mixed with the raspberry.
+They grow on low shrubs not higher than the whortleberry bush. Our
+cherries are destitute both of pleasant taste and flavour, and have
+the stone adhering to their outside. Our native pears are tolerably
+tempting to the look, but defy both mastication and digestion, being the
+pendulous seed-pods of a tree here, and their outer husks of such a hard
+woody consistence, as to put the edge of even a well-tempered knife to
+proof of its qualities in slicing them down. The burwan is a nut much
+relished by our natives, who prepare it by roasting and immersion in a
+running stream, to free it from its poisonous qualities. The jibbong is
+another tasteless fruit, as well as the _five-corners_, much relished by
+children. The wild potato strongly resembles the species now in use in
+Europe, but the stem and leaf are essentially different. It grows on the
+loose flooded alluvial margins of the rivers, and at one period of the
+year composes the chief sustenance of the natives, having the watery
+look and taste of the yam. Of foreign fruits now climatized we possess a
+great variety. Here are oranges, lemons, citrons, nectarines, apricots,
+peaches, plums, cherries, figs, loquats, grenadillos, quinces, pears,
+apples, mulberries, pomegranates, grapes, olives, raspberries,
+strawberries, bananas, guavas, pineapples, and English and Cape
+gooseberries and currants. Of shell-fruits we have the almond, walnut,
+chestnut, and filbert; and of other garden fruits, strawberries, melons,
+peppers, &c.
+
+Melons and pumpkins will absolutely overrun you, if you do not give them
+most bounteous scope, and you need want neither water nor musk-melons
+for six or eight months yearly on an average, if you duly time the
+sowings. Nothing can exceed their rich juiciness and flavour, and the
+rapidity of their growth is almost miraculous, when a few showers of
+rain temper the hot days. The pumpkin makes an excellent substitute for
+the apple in a pie, when soured and sweetened to a proper temper by
+lemons and sugar. The black children absolutely dance and scream when
+they see one, pumpkin and sugar being their delight. To the half of a
+shrivelled pumpkin hanging at the door of my tent on my first essay in
+settling, one of our sooty satyrs could do nothing for some minutes but
+fidget and skip; and with his eyes sparkling, and countenance beaming
+with ecstacy, exclaim, "Dam my eye, _pambucan_; dam my eye, _pambucan_!"
+such being the nearest point they can attain to the right pronunciation
+of their favourite _fruit_.
+
+_Birds_.--We are not moved here with the deep mellow note of the
+blackbird, poured out from beneath some low stunted bush; nor thrilled
+with the wild warblings of the thrush, perched on the top of some tall
+sapling; nor charmed with the blithe carol of the lark as we proceed
+early afield; none of our birds at all rivalling these divine songsters
+in realising the poetical idea of the "music of the grove;" while
+"parrots' chattering" must supply the place of "nightingales' singing"
+in the future amorous lays of our sighing Celadons. We have our lark
+certainly, but both his appearance and note are a most wretched parody
+upon the bird our English poets have made so many fine similes about.
+He will mount from the ground, and rise fluttering upward in the same
+manner, and with a few of the starting notes of the English lark; but
+on reaching the height of thirty feet or so, down he drops suddenly and
+mutely, diving into concealment among the long grass, as if ashamed of
+his pitiful attempt. For the pert, frisky robin, pattering and pecking
+against the windows in the dull days of winter, we have the lively
+"superb warbler," with his blue shining plumage and his long tapering
+tail, picking up the crumbs at our doors; while the pretty little
+redbills, of the size and form of the goldfinch, constitute the sparrow
+of our clime, flying in flocks about our houses, and building their soft
+downy pigmy nests in the orange, peach, and lemon trees surrounding
+them. Nor are we without our rural noters of the time, to call us to
+our early task, and warn us of evening's close. The loud and discordant
+noise of the _laughing jackass_, (or _settler's clock_, as he is
+called,) as he takes up his roost on the withered bough of one of our
+tallest trees, acquaints us that the sun has just dipped behind the
+hills, and that it is time to trudge homewards; while the plaintive
+notes of the curlew, and the wild and dismal screechings of the flying
+squirrel, skimming from branch to branch, whisper us to retire to our
+bedchambers. In the morning, again, the dull monotonous double note of
+the _whee-whee_, (so named from the sound of its calls,) chiming in at
+as regular intervals as the tick of a clock, warns us to rub our eyes
+and con over the tasks of the impending day, as it is but half an hour
+to dawn; till again the loud laughter of the _jackass_ summons us to
+turn out, and take a peep at the appearance of the morning, which just
+begins to glimmer beyond the dusky outline of the eastern hills.
+
+_Animals_.--Our wild animals are numerous, but few of them carnivorous,
+and none of a size to endanger human life. The _native dog_ is generally
+believed to be an importation, being deficient of the false uterus or
+pouch characterising all our other quadrupeds. He closely resembles the
+Chinese dog in form and appearance, being either of a reddish or dark
+colour, with shaggy hair, long bushy tail, prick ears, large head, and
+slightly tapering nose; in size he reminds one of a shepherd's dog,
+running with considerable speed, and snapping in attack or defence. He
+does not bark, but howls in melancholy sort, when prowling in quest of
+prey, and has a strong and peculiar odour, which makes European dogs shy
+at first of attacking him, doubtless intimidated too by his snapping
+mode of fighting; for it is observed of poodles, and all which snap,
+that few other dogs are fond of engaging them. He is most destructive on
+breaking in among a flock of sheep, as he bites a piece out of every one
+he seizes; not holding fast and worrying dead like the fox, but snapping
+at all he can overtake, till twenty or thirty may be killed by one dog,
+there being something so peculiarly venomous in their bite that few
+recover from it. Their cross with the tame dog forms a very useful breed
+for emu-hunting, and many even of the pure ones are caught young, tamed
+by the natives, and bred up to hunt emus and kangaroos. They have as
+many pups as the tame dog, littering either in some hollow log, deserted
+ant-hill, hole in the ground, or thick brush. They will hunt, kill, and
+devour a tame dog also, if a troop of them can catch him alone. A
+settler in the interior informed me, that, while out hunting one
+morning, he observed his dog running direct towards him at full speed,
+with two large native dogs close at his heels; and so eager were they to
+seize their prey, that his own dog was actually sheltered between his
+legs, and the native dogs within pistol-shot, before they perceived
+their danger. Hence he was enabled to shoot one of them. The native cat
+is the only other carnivorous animal we possess; but its depredations
+extend no farther than the poultry-yard. It is small and long-bodied,
+with a long tail, claws like a common cat, a nose like a pig, striped
+down the sides with brown and black, and dotted over with white spots.
+It climbs trees and preys on birds while they sleep, being a night
+animal.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FARM-HOUSES ON THE SNEEUWBERG MOUNTAINS.
+
+
+The farm-houses in the Sneeuwberg, and in most of the colder districts
+of the colony, are usually of the following description:--The house
+resembles a large barn divided into two or three apartments. One of these
+is the kitchen, which also serves for the sitting and eating apartment.
+In the others the family sleep; while, in the outer one already
+mentioned, visiters and travellers are accommodated with a rush mat, a
+feather bed, and a coverlet spread on the clay floor. In this situation
+I have often enjoyed, after a fatiguing day's ride, the most balmy
+repose; while a swarthy train of slaves and Hottentots were moving round
+the embers of the fire, wrapped in their sheepskin mantles, and dogs,
+cats, and fowls were trampling over my body. The more wealthy and long
+settled families, however, usually have the kitchen separate from their
+sitting-room. In such houses curtained beds, and other articles of
+decent furniture, are not unfrequently found; but the poorer classes
+are content with a few thong-bottomed chairs and stools, two or three
+wagon-chests, and a couple of deal tables. At one of the latter sits
+the mistress of the house, with a tea-urn and a chafing-dish before her,
+dealing out every now and then _tea-water_, or coffee, and elevating
+her sharp shrill voice occasionally to keep the dilatory slaves and
+Hottentots at their duty. In this same apartment is also invariably to
+be seen the carcass of a sheep killed in the morning, and hung up under
+the eye of the mistress, to be served out frugally for the day's
+provision as it may be required. The houses, being without any ceiling,
+are open to the thatch; and the rafters are generally hung full of the
+ears of Indian corn, leaves or rolls of tobacco, slices of dried meat,
+called _bill tongue_, &c. The last is a sort of ham from the muscular
+part of the thigh of the ox, or the larger species of antelopes; it is
+very convenient for carrying on journeys, and is found in the boor's
+houses in every part of the colony. It is cut into very thin slices, and
+eaten with bread and butter, or with bread and the melted fat of the
+sheep's tail, which is a common substitute for butter; either way it is
+no contemptible dish when one is a little hungry, and many a time I have
+heartily enjoyed it.
+
+A traveller, on arriving, if it does not happen to be meal-time, is
+always presented with a cup of tea, without sugar, milk, or bread;
+unless occasionally, when you may be favoured with a small piece of
+sugar-candy out of a tin snuff-box, to be kept in your mouth to sweeten
+the bitter beverage as it passes. When their tea and coffee are
+exhausted, a succedaneum is found in roasted grain, prepared in the
+same way as Hunt's radical coffee, which, if not very palatable, is
+nevertheless a refreshment to a thirsty and weary traveller. They never
+think of asking you to eat unless at meal-time; but then you are
+expected to draw in your chair, and help yourself, without invitation,
+in the same easy manner as one of the family. The dishes consist for
+the most part of mutton stewed in sheep's-tail fat, or boiled to rags;
+sometimes with very palatable soup, and a dish of boiled corn, maize, or
+pumpkin. Cayenne-pepper, vinegar, and few home-made pickles, are also
+usually produced to relish the simple fare, which, served up twice a
+day, forms, with tea-water and the _soopie_, or dram of Cape brandy,
+the amount of their luxuries. In this quarter of the colony, however, I
+found every where excellent bread; and, upon the whole, the farmers of
+Bruintjes-Hoogte and the Sneeuwberg appeared in much more independent
+and comfortable circumstances than those along the coast.
+
+_Thompson's Southern Africa._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HOSPITAL FOR THE DUMB.
+
+
+The Banian hospital at Surat is a most remarkable institution; it
+consists of a large plot of ground, enclosed with high walls, divided
+into several courts or wards, for the accommodation of animals; in
+sickness they are attended with the tenderest care, and find a peaceful
+asylum for the infirmities of age. When an animal breaks a limb, or
+is otherwise disabled from serving his master, he carries him to the
+hospital, and, indifferent to what nation or caste the owner may belong,
+the patient is never refused admittance. If he recover, he cannot be
+reclaimed, but must remain in the hospital for life, subject to the duty
+of drawing water for those pensioners debilitated by age or disease from
+procuring it for themselves. At my visit, the hospital contained horses,
+mules, oxen, sheep, goats, monkeys, poultry, pigeons, and a variety of
+birds, with an aged tortoise, who was known to have been there for
+seventy-five years. The most extraordinary ward was that appropriated
+to rats, mice, bugs, and other noxious vermin. The overseers of the
+hospital frequently hire beggars from the streets, for a stipulated
+sum, to pass a night among the fleas, lice, and bugs, on the express
+condition of suffering them to enjoy their feast without molestation.
+
+_Forbes's Oriental Memoirs._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Useful Domestic Hints
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NORFOLK PUNCH. NO. 1.
+
+
+In twenty quarts of French brandy put the peels of thirty lemons and
+thirty oranges, pared so thin that not the least of the white is left;
+infuse twelve hours. Have ready thirty quarts of cold water that has
+been boiled; put to it fifteen pounds of double-refined sugar; and when
+well mixed, pour it upon the brandy and peels, adding the juice of the
+oranges and of twenty-four lemons; mix well. Then strain, through a fine
+hair-sieve, into a very clean barrel that has held spirits, and put two
+quarts of new milk. Stir, and then bung it close; let it stand six weeks
+in a warm cellar; bottle the liquor for use, taking great care that the
+bottles are perfectly clean and dry, and the corks of the best quality
+and well put in. This liquor will keep many years, and improves by
+age.--_The Vintner's Guide._
+
+
+NORFOLK PUNCH. NO. 2.
+
+
+Pare six lemons and three Seville oranges very thin; squeeze the juice
+into a large jar; put to it two quarts of brandy, one of white wine, and
+one of milk, and one pound and a quarter of sugar. Let it be mixed, and
+then covered for twenty-four hours. Strain through a jelly-bag till
+clear, then bottle it.--_Ibid._
+
+
+TO MANAGE AND IMPROVE RED PORT WINE WHEN POOR AND THIN.
+
+
+If your wines be sound, but wanting in body, colour, and flavour, draw
+out thirty or forty gallons, and return the same quantity of young and
+rich wines, such its are generally brought to this country for that
+purpose; to a can of which put a quart of colouring, with a bottle of
+wine or brandy, in which half an ounce of powdered cochineal has been
+previously mixed. Whisk it well together, and put it in your cask,
+stirring it well about with a staff; and if not bright in about a week
+or ten days, you may fine it for use; previous to which, put in at
+different times a gallon of good brandy. If Port wines are short of
+body, put a gallon or two of brandy into each pipe, as you see
+necessary. If the wines be in your own stock, put it in by a quart or
+two at a time, as it feeds the wine better in this way than putting it
+in all at once; but, if your wines are in a bonded cellar, procure a
+funnel that will go down to the bottom of the cask, that the brandy may
+be completely incorporated with the wine. When your Port is thus made
+fine and pleasant, bottle it off, taking care to pack it in a temperate
+place with saw-dust or dry sand, after which it will not be proper to
+drink for at least two months. When laying your wines down in bottles
+you should never use new deal saw-dust, as that causes it to fret too
+much, and often communicates a strong turpentine smell through the corks
+to the wine.--_Ibid._
+
+
+RED CURRANT WINE.
+
+
+Take seventy pounds of red currants, bruised and pressed, good moist
+sugar forty-five pounds, water sufficient to fill up a fifteen-gallon
+cask, ferment; this produces a very pleasant red wine, rather tart, but
+keeps well.--_Ibid._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+The Gatherer.
+
+"I am but a _Gatherer_ and disposer of other men's stuff."--_Wotton_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ON CRANIOLOGY.
+
+
+  In days of yore,
+  Laid wit and lore,
+    And wisdom in the wig;
+  But now the skull
+  Contains them all,
+    The peruke is too big.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"According to Julius Africanus," says Gibbon, "the world was created on
+the _first of September_--an opinion almost too foolish to be recorded."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the memoirs of the celebrated French actor, Preville, we find the
+following letter, addressed by the manager of a strolling company to his
+prompter:--
+
+"At last, my dear boy, here we are safe in Provins. The coach-office
+undertook to deliver the boxes of snow and hail. The winds and tempest
+came later than we expected--we even lost a zephyr. The thunder got
+broke on the road, and we have been forced to have fresh sodder for the
+two lightnings. Our divinities are well, with the exception of Love, who
+has got the small-pox; the Graces have been inoculated; we were obliged
+to leave them behind on the road, with the brick wall, which being wrapt
+round the sun to keep it from getting soiled, was rubbed to pieces by
+the sharp rays. Our rivers and sea are coming by water; and pray, when
+you come yourself, do not forget to bring lots of clouds with you, and a
+new moon. A torrent too will be wanted, for our last has most unluckily
+got burnt. I am anxious for a full account of all your purchases, to
+which you must add two yards of weeping willows. Above all, bring me a
+drawbridge, a fortress, and my linen, if it was not turned into tinder
+for the last sea-fight. Ever yours."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction., by Various
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11401 ***
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+  <title>The Mirror of Literature, Issue 271.</title>
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11401 ***</div>
+
+  <hr class="full" />
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page145" name="page145"></a>[pg
+  145]</span>
+
+  <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+  OF<br />
+  LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <table width="100%" summary="Banner">
+    <tr>
+      <td align="left"><b>VOL. X, NO. 271.]</b></td>
+
+      <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1827.</b></td>
+
+      <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>The New Prison, Norwich.</h2>
+
+  <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+    <a href="images/271-1.png"><img width="100%" src=
+    "images/271-1.png" alt="The New Prison, Norwich" /></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The old gaol in the city of Norwich, in the year 1823, being
+  found no longer secure, nor according to the new act of
+  parliament, admitting of sufficient room for the classification
+  of the prisoners, the magistrates came to a resolution of
+  erecting a new one outside the city, near St. Giles's gates; the
+  same was accordingly advertised in the Norwich papers, in which
+  architects were requested to send plans, elevations, and
+  sections, (in competition,) accompanied with an estimate of the
+  total expense of the new building. A great number of designs were
+  in consequence submitted, when the plan sent by Mr. Brown, of
+  Wells-street, Oxford-street, London, was adjudged to be the best:
+  his plan was therefore adopted and carried into execution, of
+  which the annexed engraving is a faithful representation, taken
+  from the tower of St. Giles's Church, in the city of Norwich. The
+  foundation stone was laid in 1824, and the building finished this
+  year, 1827. It is designed to hold 120 prisoners, besides the
+  necessary turnkeys and servants, and has cost the city
+  &pound;23,000; the boundary wall is quadrangular, but is cut off
+  at the junction of the four angles by bastions, thereby giving to
+  the wall a greater stability; the whole circumference is 1,220
+  feet, and encloses an area of one acre, two roods, and
+  thirty-four poles, being nearly one acre and three quarters of
+  ground.</p>
+
+  <p>The bastion at the entrance contains on the ground floor a
+  porter's room, press room, hot and cold baths, and a room with an
+  oven for the purpose of purifying foul linen. The upper story
+  contains over the entrance gate the drop room: on each side are
+  receiving cells, two for males and two for females, a searching
+  room for the surgeon, and the prison wardrobe; directly over the
+  drop room on the lead flat is the place where the more heinous
+  malefactors expiate their crimes. The bastion on the right hand
+  contains a building, on the ground floor and in the centre of
+  which is the wash-house and laundry, and in front the drying
+  ground; at each end of this building are the airing grounds for
+  the sick prisoners, and on the second floor are the male and
+  female infirmaries, separated by a strong partition wall. The
+  left hand bastion contains the millhouse, stable, and a room for
+  the van which takes the prisoners <span class="pagenum"><a id=
+  "page146" name="page146"></a>[pg 146]</span> to the town hall in
+  the assize time; over these three rooms are the mill chamber and
+  hay-loft. The horizontal wind vane on the roof of this building
+  is to assist the prisoners when there is not a sufficiency of
+  them sentenced to the tread-wheels; by shutting the louvre boards
+  of the arms it then produces employment for the prisoners when
+  there is no corn in the mill to grind. In the remote bastion are
+  seen the tread-wheels on which the prisoners are employed in
+  keeping up a constant retrograde motion, which works the
+  machinery in the millhouse by means of an iron shaft with
+  universal joints concealed below the surface of the ground.</p>
+
+  <p>Here are four prison wings in the building, the right hand one
+  contains in one ward common debtors, and in the other unconvicted
+  men felons, not capital. The second wing on the right contains on
+  one side unconvicted men felons, and unconvicted women felons for
+  capital offences on the other. In the first left hand wing there
+  is on the first side the master debtors, and on the other the
+  court of conscience debtors; the second wing on the left contains
+  on one side men misdemeanors, and on the other convicted men
+  felons. There are two day-rooms in each of the four wings, and
+  four condemned cells and four solitary ones in the back towers;
+  there is also fourteen airing yards between the four wings, six
+  of which are sunk three feet below the others, to enable the
+  governor from the inspection gallery of his house to overlook the
+  tread-wheels, millhouse, and infirmary; those yards are descended
+  by stone steps, in each there is a day room, and they are
+  appropriated to the following prisoners, namely, women debtors,
+  unconvicted women felons, not capital; convicted women felons,
+  women fines, men fines, and boys for misdemeanors. There is also
+  a level passage between each two of the sunk yards, one leading
+  to the infirmary, one to the millhouse, and the other to the
+  tread-wheels.</p>
+
+  <p>In the governor's house there is in the basement story a
+  kitchen, scullery, and bakehouse, store room, beer-cellar, and
+  coal cellar; on the ground floor is the governor's office, living
+  room, committee room, and matron's room; on the second floor are
+  two bedrooms and the lower part of the chapel; and on the third
+  floor are two bedrooms and the gallery of the chapel. There are
+  likewise four bridge staircases, one from each prison wing
+  leading to passages in the governor's house, which communicates
+  with the chapel; the prisoners are not here able to see each
+  others' class, as they are separated by fourteen partitions,
+  being as many as there are yards in the prison, yet the governor
+  and minister have from their seats a complete view of every
+  person and every part. Around the governor's house is an enclosed
+  area, and above an inspection gallery, from which the governor is
+  enabled to see into every part of the prison. On the towers of
+  the four prison wings there are reservoirs for containing water,
+  which is thrown up by a pump worked by the prisoners at the
+  tread-wheel, whenever water is required, and by means of lead
+  pipes, it is then conveyed to every part of the prison. The whole
+  gaol is fire-proof, the floors being of stone, and the doors and
+  windows of iron.</p>
+
+  <p>There is certainly a peculiar arrangement in the plan of this
+  gaol not to be met with in any other in the kingdom; there are
+  four yards between each of the wings excepting those two in the
+  approach to the governor's house; the middle yards which are
+  divided by a passage, have, as before stated, each of them a
+  day-room. The prisoners allotted to these yards have their
+  sleeping cells in the main wing, to which they are conducted
+  along a passage, at the end of those upper yards which join the
+  prison wing; the prisoners are therefore in their passage to and
+  from the sleeping cells, concealed from the others; should there
+  at any time be a greater number of prisoners belonging to the
+  ward on the ground floor than there are sleeping cells they are
+  then taken to the spare cells in the wards above through a door
+  at the end of the upper yard, and yet concealed from those
+  classes in the sunk yards. All our prison buildings hitherto
+  erected are hid from the sight by the high boundary wall that
+  encloses them, producing nothing interesting to the citizen or
+  the traveller but a monotonous fa&ccedil;ade. Mr. Brown has
+  obviated this in the gaol before us, by having raised towers on
+  the ends of the four wings, which, with the top of the governor's
+  house, mill, and infirmary, being seen rising above the boundary
+  wall and entrance front, produces to the eye of the spectator on
+  approaching the prison a <i>tout ensemble</i> truly imposing and
+  grand.</p>
+
+  <p>ARCHITECTUS.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>LIVING AUTHORS.</h2>
+
+  <center>
+    No. 1.
+  </center>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>BERNARD BARTON.</h3>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"Sheltered, but not to social duties lost;</p>
+
+      <p>Secluded, but not buried; and with song</p>
+
+      <p>Cheering his days."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The productions of Mr. Barton are doubtless familiar to most
+  of our readers, and from them they have learnt much of
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page147" name="page147"></a>[pg
+  147]</span> the amiable turn of the poet's character. Mr.
+  Barton's compositions afford indications of genuine feeling, of
+  deep affection, of benevolence, sympathy, taste, and integrity;
+  he seems to have an ear ever on the listen for the accents of
+  charity, patriotism, and religion; where human anguish causes the
+  tear to start, there he would fain be to soothe and alleviate.
+  Such is the character of the poet, and in the following sketch
+  such will be proved to be the character of the man.</p>
+
+  <p>Bernard Barton was born in the vicinity of London, on the 31st
+  of January, 1784. His father was in trade in the metropolis,
+  whither he had come from his native place, Carlisle. Bernard had
+  the misfortune to lose his mother one month after his birth: her
+  maiden name was Mary Done, and she was a native of Rockcliffe,
+  Cumberland; she died at the early age of thirty-two. The
+  following lines <i>To a Profile</i> evince the feelings with
+  which our poet still cherishes her memory, or rather the
+  recollection of what has been told him respecting her:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"I knew thee not! then wherefore gaze</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Upon thy silent shadow there,</p>
+
+      <p>Which so imperfectly portrays</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">The form thy features used to wear?</p>
+
+      <p>Yet have I often looked at thee,</p>
+
+      <p>As if those lips could speak to me.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>I knew thee not! and thou couldst know,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">At best, but little more of one</p>
+
+      <p>Whose pilgrimage on earth below</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Commenced, just ere thy own was done;</p>
+
+      <p>For few and fleeting days were thine,</p>
+
+      <p>To hope or fear for lot of mine.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Yet few and fleeting as they were,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Fancy and feeling picture this,</p>
+
+      <p>They prompted many a fervent prayer,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Witnessed, perchance, a parting kiss;</p>
+
+      <p>And might not kiss, and prayer, from thee,</p>
+
+      <p>At such a period, profit me?</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Whether they did or not, I owe</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">At least this tribute to thy worth;</p>
+
+      <p>Though little all I <i>can</i> bestow,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Yet fond affection gives it birth;</p>
+
+      <p>And prompts me, as thy shade I view,</p>
+
+      <p>To bless thee, whom I never knew!"<a id="footnotetag1"
+      name="footnotetag1"></a><a href=
+      "#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>His father died before Mr. Barton was seven years old; but his
+  second marriage, which took place a few months before his death,
+  provided an excellent parent for his children: to her, and to his
+  two sisters,<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href=
+  "#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> both several years older than
+  himself, our author owed infinite obligations.</p>
+
+  <p>His education at one of the quaker seminaries was, of course,
+  plain and circumscribed, being pretty much confined to useful,
+  indeed necessary, branches of knowledge. But his father had been
+  a man of greater natural and more cultivated intellect than many;
+  he had read much, and on the abolition of slavery, in which he
+  was one of Clarkson's earliest associates, he had, on several
+  occasions, proved that he could write well, though, we believe,
+  he was never avowedly an author. He had left no despicable
+  collection of books, so that in his school vacations ample means
+  were afforded to his son of indulging his taste for reading. A
+  pleasing tribute to the memory of Mr. Barton's father will be
+  found in his <i>Napoleon and other Poems</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>In the year 1806, Mr. Barton took up his residence in the
+  pleasant town of Woodbridge, in Suffolk, and commenced business
+  as a merchant; but an unlooked-for domestic affliction of the
+  severest kind was about to visit him, and his wordly prospects
+  were to receive an irrecoverable shock,&mdash;the loss of his
+  amiable wife, before they had been married a twelvemonth, and
+  soon after the birth of her child! This excellent woman, to whom
+  our poet was, for so short a time, united, gave rise to some of
+  his best pieces, particularly to the poem beginning, <i>The
+  heaven was cloudless</i>,<a id="footnotetag3" name=
+  "footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> and that
+  entitled <i>A Portrait,</i> in <i>Napoleon and other Poems</i>.
+  In this last piece the poet no less beautifully than truly
+  observes,&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>To sympathies, which soothe and bless</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Our life from day to day,</p>
+
+      <p>Which throw, with silent tenderness,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Fresh flowers across our way,</p>
+
+      <p>The heart must ever fondly cling:</p>
+
+      <p>But can the poet's sweetest string</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Their loveliness display?</p>
+
+      <p>No&mdash;nor could Titian's self supply</p>
+
+      <p>Their living presence, once gone by.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>The air, in which we breathe and live,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Eludes our touch and sight;</p>
+
+      <p>The fairest flowers their fragrance give</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">To stillness, and to night;</p>
+
+      <p>The softest sounds that music flings,</p>
+
+      <p>In passing, from her heaven-plumed wings,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Are trackless in their flight!</p>
+
+      <p>And thus life's sweetest bliss is known</p>
+
+      <p>To silent, grateful thought alone.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>This mournful event, combined with discouraging prospects of a
+  mercantile nature, induced our author to retire from commercial
+  pursuits on his own behalf; and in 1810 he obtained a situation
+  as a clerk in the Woodbridge bank, which he still holds.</p>
+
+  <p>Soon after Mr. Barton had entered upon his present situation,
+  he began "to commit <span class="pagenum"><a id="page148" name=
+  "page148"></a>[pg 148]</span> the sin of rhyme," and a new
+  provincial paper being established about this time, it became the
+  vehicle of his effusions: by degrees our young poet became bold
+  enough to send a short piece now and then to a London paper, and
+  at last, in 1812, ventured on an anonymous volume, entitled
+  <i>Metrical Effusions</i>, 250 copies of which were printed by a
+  bookseller of Woodbridge, and sold within the immediate circle of
+  our author's acquaintance. In 1818, Mr. Barton printed, by
+  subscription, an elegant volume, in elephant octavo, of <i>Poems
+  by an Amateur</i>, of which 150 only were struck off, and none
+  ever sold at the shops. Encouraged by the very flattering manner
+  in which these impressions of his poems were received by his
+  friends, our author at last ventured to publish, in a small
+  volume, <i>Poems, by Bernard Barton</i>, which was very
+  favourably noticed by the literary journals, and, being
+  afterwards made still more known by an article in the
+  <i>Edinburgh Review</i>, has now reached a <i>third</i> edition.
+  He afterwards published, in a handsome octavo volume, his
+  <i>Napoleon and other Poems</i>; and subsequently a volume of
+  poems, entitled <i>A Widow's Tale</i>, which appeared in an early
+  month of the present year.</p>
+
+  <p>Such has been the literary career of Bernard Barton. If it
+  have not left behind it the brilliant track of other poetical
+  comets, it has been less erratic in its course; and if it have
+  not been irradiated by the full blaze of a noonday sun, it has
+  nevertheless been illumined by the silver lustre of the queen of
+  night; and his Parnassian vespers may be said to possess all the
+  mild and soothing beauties of the evening star. If his muse have
+  not always reached the sunward path of the soaring eagle, it is
+  no extravagant praise to say, that she has often emulated the
+  sublimity of his a&euml;rial flight. But the great charm thrown
+  around the effusions of the Suffolk bard is that "lucid veil" of
+  morality and religion which "covers but not conceals"&mdash;that
+  "silver net-work," through which his poetic "apples of gold"
+  shine with an adventitious beauty, which even the gorgeous
+  ornaments so profusely lavished by a Byron or a Moore would fail
+  to invest them.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>There is a fame which owes its spell</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">To popular applause alone;</p>
+
+      <p>Which seems on lip and tongue to dwell,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And finds&mdash;in others' breath&mdash;its
+      own;</p>
+
+      <p>For such the eager worldling sighs,</p>
+
+      <p>And this the fickle world supplies.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>There is a nobler fame&mdash;which draws</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Its purer essence from the heart;</p>
+
+      <p>Which only seeks that calm applause</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">The virtuous and the wise impart:</p>
+
+      <p>Such fame beyond the grave shall live:</p>
+
+      <p>But this the world can never give.</p>
+
+      <p>&mdash;B. BARTON.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>We have alluded to the amiable character of our poet; that his
+  modesty is equal to his merit, the following extract, from a
+  letter to a friend, will afford a pleasing evidence. Speaking of
+  his literary career, he says, "it has been marked by an
+  indulgence on the part of the public, and the dispensers of
+  literary fame, which I never anticipated. When I consider that
+  only about three years have elapsed since I avowed myself an
+  author, I am really surprised at the notice my trivial
+  productions have received, and the numerous acquaintance to which
+  they have, by correspondence, introduced me. Much of this, I dare
+  say, is owing to my quakerism; and to that, unquestionably, I was
+  indebted for the article in the <i>Edinburgh Review</i>, and the
+  more recent passing notice in the <i>Quarterly</i>. Still, as I
+  do not believe that any <i>outr&eacute;</i> or
+  <i>adventitious</i> source of attraction would have alone
+  procured me the attention I have found, I would hope it may
+  partly have arisen from their simple, unaffected appeal to those
+  quiet, domestic, secluded feelings, which endear the still
+  undercurrent of existence&mdash;in short, to my being content to
+  make the best I could of the homely and confined materials to
+  which my situation has given me access, without affecting
+  scholarship, or aiming at romantic embellishment. There is
+  nothing like simple truth and nature, after all; and he who is
+  satisfied with simply and faithfully describing what he actually
+  sees, feels, and, thinks, may always hope to appeal successfully
+  to the unsophisticated heart."<a id="footnotetag4" name=
+  "footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>We here conclude our notice of the bard of Woodbridge; and
+  should this brief account excite the interest of our readers to
+  become better acquainted with this "living author," we refer them
+  to the whole-length portrait painted by himself, and held up to
+  view in every page of his poems.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>THE GREAT FIRE OF 1666.</h3>
+
+  <p>The fire of London broke out on Sunday morning, September 2,
+  1666, O.S., and being impelled by strong winds, raged with
+  irresistible fury nearly four days and nights; nor was it
+  entirely mastered till the fifth morning after it began. The
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page149" name="page149"></a>[pg
+  149]</span> conflagration commenced at the house of one Farryner,
+  a baker, in Pudding-lane, near [New] Fish-street-hill, and within
+  ten houses of Thames-street, into which it spread within a few
+  hours; nearly the whole of the contiguous buildings being of
+  timber, lath, and plaster, and the whole neighbourhood presenting
+  little else than closely confined passages and narrow alleys. The
+  fire quickly spread, and was not to be conquered by any human
+  means, "Then, (says a contemporary writer,) then the city did
+  shake indeed, and the inhabitants did tremble, and flew away in
+  great amazement from their houses, lest the flames should devour
+  them: <i>rattle, rattle, rattle</i>, was the noise which the fire
+  struck upon the ear round about, as if there had been a thousand
+  iron chariots beating upon the stones. You might see the houses
+  <i>tumble, tumble, tumble</i>, from one end of the street to the
+  other, with a great crash, leaving the foundations open to the
+  view of the heavens."<a id="footnotetag5" name=
+  "footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>The destructive fury of this conflagration was never, perhaps,
+  exceeded in any part of the world, by any fire originating in
+  accident. <i>Within the walls</i>, it consumed almost five-sixths
+  of the whole city; and <i>without</i> the walls it cleared a
+  space nearly as extensive as the one-sixth part left unburnt
+  within. Scarcely a single building that came within the range of
+  the flames was left standing. Public buildings, churches, and
+  dwelling-houses, were alike involved in one common fate.</p>
+
+  <p>In the summary account of this vast devastation, given in one
+  of the inscriptions on the Monument, and which was drawn up from
+  the reports of the surveyors appointed after the fire, it is
+  stated, that "The ruins of the city were 436 acres, [viz. 333
+  acres within the walls, and 63 in the liberties of the city;]
+  that, of the six-and-twenty wards, it utterly destroyed fifteen,
+  and left eight others shattered and half burnt; and that it
+  consumed 400 streets, 13,200 dwelling-houses, 89 churches
+  [besides chapels; 4 of] the city gates, Guildhall, many public
+  structures, hospitals, schools, libraries, and a vast number of
+  stately edifices." The immense property destroyed in this
+  dreadful time cannot be estimated at less than <i>ten
+  millions</i> sterling. Amid all the confusion and multiplied
+  dangers that arose from the fire, it does not appear that more
+  than <i>six</i> persons lost their lives. Calamitous as were the
+  immediate consequences of this dreadful fire, its <i>remote
+  effects</i> have proved an incalculable blessing to subsequent
+  generations. To this conflagration may be attributed the complete
+  destruction of the <i>plague</i>, which, the year before only,
+  swept off 68,590 persons!! To this tremendous fire we owe most of
+  our grand public structures&mdash;the regularity and beauty of
+  our streets&mdash;and, finally, the great salubrity and extreme
+  cleanliness of a large part of the city of London.</p>
+
+  <p>In relation to this awful calamity we add the following
+  remarks:&mdash;Heaven be praised (says Mr. Malcolm<a id=
+  "footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href=
+  "#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a>) old London <i>was burnt</i>. Good
+  reader, turn to the ancient prints, in order to see what it has
+  been; observe those hovels convulsed; imagine the chambers within
+  them, and wonder why the plague, the leprosy, and the
+  sweating-sickness raged. Turn then to the prints illustrative of
+  our present dwellings, and be happy. The misery of 1665 must have
+  operated on the minds of the legislature and the citizens, when
+  they rebuilt and inhabited their houses. The former enacted many
+  salutary clauses for the preservation of health, and would have
+  done more, had not the public rejected that which was for their
+  benefit; those who preferred high habitations and narrow dark
+  streets had them. It is only to be lamented that we are compelled
+  to suffer for their folly. These errors are now frequently
+  partially removed by the exertion of the Corporation of London;
+  but a complete reformation is impossible. It is to the improved
+  dwellings composed of brick, the wainscot or papered walls, the
+  high ceilings, the boarded floors, and large windows, and
+  cleanliness, that we are indebted for the general preservation of
+  health since 1666. From that auspicious year the very existence
+  of the natives of London improved; their bodies moved in a large
+  space of pure air; and, finding every thing clean and new around
+  them, they determined to keep them so. Previously-unknown
+  luxuries and improvements in furniture were suggested; and a man
+  of moderate fortune saw his house vie with, nay, superior to, the
+  old palaces of his governors. When he paced his streets, he felt
+  the genial western breeze pass him, rich with the perfumes of the
+  country, instead of the stench described by Erasmus; and looking
+  upward, he beheld the beautiful blue of the air, variegated with
+  fleecy clouds, in place of projecting black beams and plaster,
+  obscured by vapour and smoke.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page150" name="page150"></a>[pg
+  150]</span> The streets of London must have been dangerously dark
+  during the winter nights before it was burnt; lanterns with
+  candles were very sparingly scattered, nor was light much better
+  distributed even in the new streets previously to the 18th
+  century. Globular lamps were introduced by Michael Cole, who
+  obtained a patent in July, 1708.</p>
+
+  <p>We conclude the illustrations of this day with a singular
+  opinion of the author just quoted. Speaking of the burning of
+  London, he says, "This subject may be allowed to be familiar to
+  me, and I have perhaps had more than common means of judging; and
+  I now declare it to be my full and decided opinion, that London
+  <i>was burnt by government, to annihilate the plague</i>, which
+  was grafted in every crevice of the hateful old houses composing
+  it."</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>THE SKETCH BOOK</h2>
+
+  <center>
+    NO. XLV.
+  </center>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>BEHIND THE SCENES; OR, A BREAKFAST IN NEWGATE.</h3>
+
+  <p>(<i>Concluded from page 134</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p>No further delay was allowed. The sheriffs moved on, the
+  ordinary, the culprits, and the officers did the same; and that
+  class of attendants to which I belonged followed. I shall not
+  easily forget the circumstances of this brief, but melancholy
+  progress. The faltering step&mdash;the deep-drawn sigh&mdash;the
+  mingling exclamations of anguish and devotion which marked the
+  advance of the victims&mdash;the deep tones of the reverend
+  gentleman who now commenced reading a portion of the burial
+  service, and the tolling of the prison bell, which, as we
+  proceeded through some of the most dreary passages of the gaol,
+  burst on the ear, rendered the whole spectacle impressive beyond
+  description. Few steps sufficed to conduct us to the small room,
+  or entrance-hall, into which the debtor's door opens, and from
+  this we saw the ladder which the criminals were to ascend, and
+  the scaffold on which they were to die. I was on the alert to
+  detect any sudden emotion which this spectacle might cause, but
+  could not perceive that it had the slightest effect. The minds of
+  the sufferers had been so prepared, that a partial view of the
+  machine to which they were being conducted, seemed to give no
+  additional shock. No further pause was deemed necessary. The
+  clock was striking eight, and the ordinary and the youth first
+  brought to the press-room, immediately passed up the ladder. To
+  the two culprits that remained, the gentleman whom I have already
+  mentioned offered his services, and filled up with a prayer the
+  little interval which elapsed, before the second was conducted to
+  the platform.</p>
+
+  <p>I heard from without the murmur of awe, of expectation, and
+  pity, which ran through the crowd in front of the prison, and
+  stepping on a small erection to the left of the door, gained a
+  momentary glimpse of a portion of the immense multitude, who,
+  uncovered, and in breathless silence, gazed on the operations of
+  the executioners. I retreated just as the third halter had been
+  adjusted. The finisher of the law was in the act of descending,
+  when the under-sheriff addressed him&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>Is everything quite ready?"</p>
+
+  <p>"Yes, sir."</p>
+
+  <p>"Then take care and draw the bolt out smartly.&mdash;Now,
+  don't bungle it."</p>
+
+  <p>"No, sir&mdash;you may depend upon it," was the answer. And
+  the obsequious anxiety of the hangman to seem polite and
+  obliging, his apparent zeal to give satisfaction, though very
+  natural seemed to me not a little curious.</p>
+
+  <p>Prayers, which had been interrupted for a moment, while the
+  last awful ceremony was in progress, were resumed. As he read
+  them, I saw the clergyman fix his eye on the executioner with a
+  peculiar expression. He drew his handkerchief from his pocket,
+  and passed it slightly over his upper lip. This was the fatal
+  signal. A lumbering noise, occasioned by the falling of part of
+  the apparatus, announced that it had been obeyed.</p>
+
+  <p>In that moment, a rush from the scaffold forced me from the
+  door. The sheriffs, the under-sheriff, the ordinary, the
+  gentleman who had assisted him in preparing the sufferers for
+  eternity, and several other persons quitted the platform as
+  expeditiously as possible, that they might not behold the final
+  agonies of the unhappy men. Sir Thomas took me by the arm as he
+  passed, and signified that he wished me to accompany him. I did
+  so. Again I marched through the passages which I had recently
+  traversed. Two minutes brought me to the door of the room to
+  which I had first been conducted. Here my friend accosted me with
+  his natural firmness of tone, which before had been considerably
+  subdued by humane emotions, and said&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>"You must breakfast with us."</p>
+
+  <p>I started at the unsentimental idea of eating the moment after
+  quitting so awful a spectacle, as that which I have attempted to
+  describe. But I had not sufficient energy to resist the good will
+  which rather unceremoniously handed me in. Here I found the other
+  sheriff, the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page151" name=
+  "page151"></a>[pg 151]</span> ordinary, the under-sheriff, the
+  city-marshal, and one or two of the individuals I had previously
+  met, already seated.</p>
+
+  <p>"Well, it is all over," said Sir Thomas, as he took his seat
+  at the table.</p>
+
+  <p>"Yes, it is," said the ordinary, in the same tone which I had
+  heard a few moments before, and admired as appropriately solemn.
+  "It is all over, and&mdash;" putting his cup and saucer to the
+  under-sheriff, who prepared to pour out the tea&mdash;"I am very
+  glad of it."</p>
+
+  <p>"I hope you do not mean the breakfast is all over," remarked
+  the sheriff, whose wit I had previously admired, "for I have had
+  none yet."</p>
+
+  <p>The moment had not arrived at which humour like this could be
+  duly appreciated, and I did not observe that any of the company
+  gave even that sort of <i>note of face</i> for a laugh which we
+  had all used half an hour before.</p>
+
+  <p>Our conversation turned naturally on the manner in which the
+  sufferers had conducted themselves; on the wishes they had
+  expressed, and the confessions they had made.</p>
+
+  <p>But while I looked on the hospitably spread table, I could not
+  help connecting operations rather different in their character,
+  which must have been going on at the same moment. "In my mind's
+  eye," I saw the attendants carrying the fowl and eggs to the
+  breakfast table, while the sheriffs and their guests were
+  conducting the sufferers to the scaffold.</p>
+
+  <p>From what I have already said, it must be inferred that the
+  first speeches which accomplished the circuit of the table, were
+  of a very serious character. But, mingled with them, some common
+  breakfast-table requests and civilities caught my attention, as
+  singular from their association. The performance of duties the
+  most important cannot relieve man from the necessity of claiming
+  his "daily bread," and I do not know that it is any reproach to a
+  clergyman that he is not distinguished by versatility of manner.
+  The abrupt transition from the gravity of the pulpit to the
+  flippancy of the bar I should not admire; but the consistency of
+  the reverend gentleman here attracted my notice. I had been just
+  listening to him while he repeated, with devotional elongation,
+  the solemn words of the burial service; and when I heard him with
+  the same elongation of sound, address himself to me&mdash;"Shall
+  I trouble you to cut up the fowl&mdash;can I help you to some
+  tongue, sir?" I confess that I felt tempted not to laugh, but to
+  comment on the oddly-contrasted feelings which the same voice,
+  thus variously exerted, inspired.</p>
+
+  <p>Horror-struck, as I had been, at the first mention of the
+  unfeeling word "breakfast," my excuse for staying was to see if
+  others could eat. That <i>I</i> should take food was quite out of
+  the question. But the wing of a fowl having been put on my plate,
+  I thought it would be rudeness to reject it. I began to eat,
+  inwardly reflecting that my abstinence would nothing benefit
+  those whose sufferings I had still in my memory; and improving on
+  this reconciling thought, I presently detected myself holding my
+  plate for a second supply. "O sentiment!" I mentally exclaimed,
+  "what art thou when opposed to a breakfast?"</p>
+
+  <p>By the time we had disposed of our first cup of tea, we had
+  got through the pious reflections which each of us had to offer
+  on the particular occasion which had brought us together, and
+  conversation started in a livelier vein. The gentleman who had
+  assisted the ordinary, by praying with the culprits, gaily
+  remarked to him, with a benevolent chuckle on his face, that
+  <i>they</i> (meaning himself and the reverend gentleman) had
+  succeeded in refuting the Unitarian principles which
+  A&mdash;&mdash; (one of the sufferers) had for some time avowed.
+  The look which answered this speech, reminded me, I know not why,
+  of the <i>organist's</i> comment on the <i>organ blower's</i>
+  assertion that <i>they</i> had played famously well.</p>
+
+  <p>"Ay," said the minister, "I knew it would be so. I told him so
+  immediately after sentence. But, after all, what can we say for a
+  recantation dictated by the dread of early death?"</p>
+
+  <p>"Very true!" was my exclamation, as the reverend gentleman
+  looked as if he expected me to say something.</p>
+
+  <p>"At any rate," whispered a gentleman well-known in the city,
+  with whom I had formerly done a little business in the funds, "it
+  gives a man something of an <i>option</i>."</p>
+
+  <p>This technical application of a favourite stock-exchange word
+  produced a general smile round the table, and I could not help
+  contributing to lengthen it by replying&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>"You mean, perhaps, that it gives him a <i>call</i>." But the
+  lively sheriff, of whose witticisms I have already made
+  honourable mention, cut me out of my share of applause
+  altogether, as clean as a whistle, by instantly
+  rejoining&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>"The <i>put</i> you mean, for, in this case, the party was
+  going for the <i>fall</i>."</p>
+
+  <p>Of course there was no standing this, and we all joined in the
+  laugh.</p>
+
+  <p>We were however brought back to gravity through the alarm
+  expressed by the minister, at the idea of his having <span class=
+  "pagenum"><a id="page152" name="page152"></a>[pg 152]</span>
+  taken cold through officiating that morning without his wig. This
+  introduced, I cannot tell how, some remarks on the head, which
+  led to a disquisition on craniology. On this subject the witty
+  sheriff was very amusing. <i>I</i> said some tolerably lively
+  things; but the ordinary beat us all hollow, when it was
+  contended that the disposition and the mind might be known from
+  the exterior of the skull, by remarking that he had now an
+  additional reason to regret having come there without his
+  wig.</p>
+
+  <p>With this epigrammatic touch he took his leave, I and the rest
+  of the company laughing heartily, and having eaten as heartily as
+  we then laughed. The facetious sheriff now had it all his own
+  way, and said several things, nearly, or perhaps, quite as good
+  as those which I have already placed on record. We were thus
+  pleasantly engaged, when the aide-de-camp of the gallant officer
+  in the blue and gold,&mdash;one of the city marshal's-men,
+  entered to announce that it was past nine o'clock, and to ask if
+  any of the company chose to see the bodies taken down.</p>
+
+  <p>"The bodies!" I repeated to myself, and the application of
+  that word to those whom I had previously heard mentioned but by
+  their names, recalled my thoughts which had somehow strayed from
+  the business of the morning into unlooked-for cheerfulness, and
+  presented, in that simple expression, an epitome of all that had
+  moved my wonder, curiosity, and commiseration.</p>
+
+  <p>Again we passed through those parts of the prison which I had
+  twice before traversed. We advanced with a quicker step than when
+  following those whom we now expected to see brought to us. But
+  with all the expedition we could use, on reaching the room from
+  which the scaffold could be seen, we found the "bodies" already
+  there. Nor was this, in my opinion, the least striking scene
+  which the morning brought under my observation. The dead men were
+  extended side by side, on the stone floor. The few persons
+  present gazed on them in silence, duly impressed with the
+  melancholy spectacle. But in this part of the building a copper
+  is established, in which a portion of the provisions for its
+  inmates is prepared. There was a savoury smell of soup, which we
+  could not help inhaling while we gazed on death. The cooks too
+  were in attendance, and though they, as became them, did all in
+  their power to look decorously dismal, well as they managed their
+  faces, they could not so divest themselves of their professional
+  peculiarities, as not to awaken thoughts which involuntarily
+  turned to ludicrous or festive scenes. Their very costume was at
+  variance with the general gloom, and no sympathy could at once
+  repress the jolly rotundity of their persons.</p>
+
+  <p>I turned my eyes from them, wishing to give myself wholly up
+  to religious meditation during the moments of my stay. Just then
+  the executioner approach, ed. Sir Thomas desired him to remove
+  the cap from the face of one of the sufferers. He prepared to
+  comply&mdash;but his first act was to place his hand on the more
+  prominent features and press them together. This, on inquiry
+  being made, I learned was done that the bystanders might not be
+  shocked by witnessing any distortion of countenance. Sir Thomas
+  smiled at the anxiety of the man to make it appear that his work
+  had been well performed. The cap was then withdrawn. There was
+  nothing terrific in the aspect of the deceased. I recognized the
+  features of the young man who had been so wildly, so violently
+  agitated, when about to suffer. Now pain was at an end,
+  apprehension was no more, and he seemed in the enjoyment of sweet
+  repose. His countenance was tranquil as that of a sleeping
+  infant, and happier than the infant, his rest was not in danger
+  of being disturbed. While reflecting on the change which a single
+  hour had sufficed to produce, I could hardly help regarding as
+  idle the the sorrow, the pity, and the self-reproach for
+  momentary forgetfulness of these, which I had felt and breathed
+  within that period. I almost accused the sufferers of weakness,
+  for showing themselves depressed as they had been, while I felt
+  disposed, seeing their griefs were, to all appearance, terminated
+  for ever, to demand with the poet,</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"And what is death we so unwisely fear?"</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>and to answer as he replies to himself,</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"An end of all our busy tumults here."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>Knight's Quarterly Magazine.</i></p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>JEU D'ESPRIT.</h3>
+
+  <p>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>A sanctified hermit was heard to complain</p>
+
+      <p>That raiment and food he no longer could gain.</p>
+
+      <p>"For," quoth he "in this village the famine's so great</p>
+
+      <p>That there's not enough left e'en a mousetrap to
+      bait."</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>A neighbour who happened to bear his sad plaint</p>
+
+      <p>Addressed in the following manner the saint:</p>
+
+      <p>"The nation will keep thee to support splendour's
+      throne,</p>
+
+      <p>And interest will pay thee, because thou'rt
+      <i>alone</i>."&mdash;(a loan.)</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>W.G.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page153" name="page153"></a>[pg
+  153]</span></p>
+
+  <h2>The Months.</h2>
+
+  <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+    <a href="images/271-2.png"><img width="100%" src=
+    "images/271-2.png" alt="September" /></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <h3>SEPTEMBER.</h3>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"Now sober Autumn, with lack lustre eye,</p>
+
+      <p>Shakes with a chiding blast the yellow leaf,</p>
+
+      <p class="i4">And hears the woodman's song</p>
+
+      <p class="i4">And early sportsman's foot."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>September is generally accounted the finest and most settled
+  month in the year. The mornings and evenings are cool, but
+  possess a delightful freshness, while the middle of the day is
+  pleasantly warm and open. Hence the well-known proverb:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"September blows soft till the fruit's in the loft."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The destruction of the partridge commences with this month,
+  large coveys of which may now be seen about the stubble fields,
+  and in the corn, if any be left standing. These birds get very
+  shy towards the end of the month, in consequence of being
+  repeatedly fired at. Sportsmen, therefore, prefer the early part
+  of the season, before the birds get too wild. Partridges, while
+  the corn is standing, have a secure retreat from their numerous
+  enemies; but when the harvest is gathered in, they resort in the
+  day-time to groves and covers. At night, however, they return to
+  the stubble to avoid foxes and weasels, &amp;c., and there nestle
+  together.</p>
+
+  <p>The swallow now takes his departure for milder regions, and
+  many other of the small billed birds that feed on insects
+  disappear when the cold weather commences. The <i>throstle</i>,
+  the <i>red-wing</i>, and the <i>fieldfare</i>, which migrated in
+  March, now return; and the <i>ring-ouzel</i> arrives from the
+  Welsh and Scottish Alps to winter in more sheltered situations.
+  All these birds feed upon berries, of which there is a plentiful
+  supply, in our woods, during a great part of their stay. The
+  throstle and the red-wing are delicate eating. The Romans kept
+  thousands of them together in aviaries, and fed them with a sort
+  of paste made of bruised figs and flour, &amp;c., to improve the
+  delicacy and flavour of their flesh. These aviaries were so
+  contrived as to admit but little light; and every object which
+  might tend to remind them of their former liberty was carefully
+  kept out of sight, such as the fields, the woods, the birds, or
+  whatever might disturb the repose necessary for their
+  improvement. Under this management, these birds fattened to the
+  great profit of their proprietors, who sold them to Roman
+  epicures for three <i>denarii</i>, or about two shillings each of
+  our money.</p>
+
+  <p>Towards the end of September the leaves of trees begin to put
+  on their autumnal dress. Mr. Stillingfleet remarks, that, about
+  the 25th, the leaves of the plane tree were tawny; of the hazel,
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page154" name="page154"></a>[pg
+  154]</span> yellow; of the oak, yellowish green; of the sycamore,
+  dirty brown; of the maple, pale yellow; of the ash, a fine
+  lemon-colour; of the elm, orange; of the hawthorn, tawny yellow;
+  of the cherry, red; of the horn-beam, bright yellow; of the
+  willow, still hoary. Yet, many of these tints cannot be
+  considered complete, in some seasons, till the middle or latter
+  end of October.</p>
+
+  <p>When the harvest is gathered in, the husbandman prepares for
+  seed-time; and the fields are again ploughed up for the winter
+  corn, rye, and wheat, which are sown in September and October.
+  The entrances to bee-hives are straightened, to prevent the
+  access of wasps and other pilferers.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>ASTRONOMICAL OCCURRENCES</h3>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>FOR SEPTEMBER, 1827.</i>
+  </center>
+
+  <p>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p>The sun enters the cardinal and equinoctial sign <i>Libra</i>,
+  on the 23rd at 8 h. 24 min. evening, once more bringing our day
+  and night to an equal length; when 8 deg. of <i>Gemini</i> are
+  due east, and 4 deg. of <i>Aquarius</i> due south, all the
+  planets having a direct motion, and being below the horizon,
+  Herschel excepted. The astrological aspects at this ingress are
+  as follow:&mdash;Saturn is located in the third house; Mercury,
+  Venus, and Mars in the fifth, the Sun, Moon, and Jupiter are in
+  the sixth, while Herschel occupies the ninth.</p>
+
+  <p>Mercury is in conjunction with Mars on the 4th, at 1 h.
+  morning; on the 6th with the fixed star, Regulus, or Corheoni;
+  with Venus on the 18th, at midnight; and in superior conjunction
+  with the Sun on the 24th, at 9-1/2 h. evening.</p>
+
+  <p>Venus rises at the beginning of the month about 4-1/2 h.
+  morning, and towards the end at 5-1/2 h.</p>
+
+  <p>Mars rises through the month at 31/2 h. morning.</p>
+
+  <p>Jupiter is now gradually receding from our view, and will ere
+  long be totally surrounded with the brighter beams of the Sun;
+  his eclipses are therefore not visible.</p>
+
+  <p>Saturn is apparently now fast approaching this part of our
+  hemisphere; he rises on the 1st at 12-1/2 h. and on the 31st at
+  10-3/4 h. evening.</p>
+
+  <p>Herschel culminates on the 1st at 9h. 6m. and on the 31st at
+  7h. 12m.</p>
+
+  <p>If the reader will refer to page 131 of the 8th vol. of the
+  MIRROR, he will find his attention invited to the relative
+  positions of the principal northern stars and constellations for
+  September last year: their present appearance is precisely
+  similar. Pasche.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>"THE WOODSMAN."</h3>
+
+  <p>A German newspaper contains a strange account&mdash;avouched
+  with as much apparent accuracy almost as those which concerned
+  the mermaids lately seen off our own coast, or the sea-serpent
+  that visits the shores of America&mdash;of a conversion lately
+  worked upon the morals of a famous robber, by a supernatural
+  visitation in the forest of Wildeshausen. The hero of the tale,
+  whose name is Conrad Braunsvelt, but who was better known by the
+  cognomen of "The Woodsman," was drinking one evening at a small
+  inn on the borders of the forest of Wildeshausen, when a
+  traveller, well mounted, and carrying a portmanteau on his horse
+  behind him, came up by the road which runs from the direction of
+  Hanover. The stranger, after inquiring if he could be
+  accommodated with a bed, led his horse away to the stable, and in
+  doing this, left his portmanteau upon a bench within the
+  house&mdash;which Conrad immediately, as a preliminary measure,
+  tried the weight of. He had just discovered that the valise was
+  unusually heavy, when the return of the traveller compelled him
+  to desist; but his curiosity, without any farther effort, was not
+  long ungratified; for the stranger soon opened it before him, as
+  it seemed, to take out some articles which were necessary for his
+  use at night; and displayed in the process several large
+  bags&mdash;larger almost than the machine would have seemed able
+  to contain&mdash;which were evidently full of gold or silver
+  money. The cupidity of Conrad was excited by this view, and he
+  would gladly have at once secured the prize even at the hazard of
+  a personal struggle with the stranger; but the people of the inn
+  (according to his account afterwards) were such as would have
+  expected a portion of the spoil. For this reason, although
+  unwillingly, and trusting himself to sleep little, lest by any
+  chance the prey should escape him, he abandoned his design of
+  robbery, for that night; and on the next morning, having learned
+  which way the stranger travelled&mdash;for the latter exhibited
+  no suspicions or apprehension of those about him, but spoke
+  freely of his intended road, though he never mentioned anything
+  of the charge he carried&mdash;having ascertained this fact, he
+  allowed the rider <span class="pagenum"><a id="page155" name=
+  "page155"></a>[pg 155]</span> to depart, and after a short time,
+  followed by a shorter track through the forest, which was
+  practicable only to persons on foot, and which would enable him,
+  had he even started later, easily to overtake the mounted
+  traveller. Now, knowing that his nearer road saved, as has been
+  noticed, full a league of ground, the "Woodsman" moved on slowly;
+  and accounted that, when he reached the point at which they were
+  to meet, he should still have some time to wait for the stranger:
+  on emerging, however, into the high road, he found him to his
+  surprise <i>already</i> approaching; and, what was still more
+  extraordinary, mounted upon a <i>black</i> horse, when that on
+  which he had left the inn, had certainly seemed to be a brown.
+  The portmanteau, however, which was all that Conrad looked to,
+  was still behind the traveller, and on he came riding as if
+  nothing at all was the matter: the "Woodsman" never hung back, or
+  staid reflecting, but levelled his rifle, and called upon him to
+  "Stand and deliver," or his next moment was his last. The
+  traveller upon this pulled up his horse with an air of great
+  coolness; and, looking upon Conrad, said something, which, as the
+  robber since says, he verily believes was&mdash;"That he hoped he
+  had not kept him <i>waiting</i>!"&mdash;or words to that purpose;
+  but he was too busy at the time to pay much attention to
+  discourse. "Do you know who it is you are going to rob though?"
+  asked the stranger, addressing the "Woodsman" directly. "Not I,"
+  replied the latter, boldly: "but, if you were der Dyvel himself,
+  descend from that horse, and deliver the bags of money that you
+  have on you, or you shall die!" Upon this, the black rider said
+  no more; but dismounted quietly, although he had pistols in his
+  holsters; and Conrad, immediately taking the portmanteau from the
+  horse's back, was so eager to be sure of the contents, that he
+  drew his knife, and cut the fastenings on the spot. In the
+  meantime, the traveller might have fallen upon him unawares, and
+  to advantage, but the "Woodsman" endeavoured to keep an eye upon
+  him, while he went on forcing the valise open as well as he
+  could. At length the straps were all cut, and the robber thrust
+  his hands in eagerly, making sure to find the bags which he had
+  seen the preceding evening, for he had distinctly felt them from
+  the outside. But, when he drew out his hands, there was in one
+  only a <i>halter</i>, and in the other a piece of brass in the
+  shape of a <i>gibbet</i>! And, at the same moment, a gripe was
+  laid upon his arm; and a deep low voice, which seemed to be close
+  beside him, pronounced the words, "<i>This shall be thy
+  fate</i>!" When he turned round in horror and consternation, the
+  horse, and the rider, and the portmanteau, all were gone; and he
+  found himself within a few paces of the inn door which he had
+  quitted in the morning, with the halter and the brass gibbet
+  still remaining in his hand. The narrative states farther, that
+  this horrible rencontre so affected Conrad Braunsvelt, that he
+  forthwith delivered himself up to the rangers of the forest, and
+  was sent to Cassel to await the pleasure of the Grand Duke. He is
+  now confined in an asylum for repentant criminals, desirous of
+  being restored to society; and his miraculous warning is noted in
+  the records of the institution.&mdash;<i>Monthly
+  Magazine</i>.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>CAMBRIAN CONVIVIALITY.</h3>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"Cloth must we wear,</p>
+
+      <p>Eat beef, and drink beer,</p>
+
+      <p>Though the dead go to bier."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>Old Ballad.</i></p>
+
+  <p>There is something refreshing, and not a little inspiriting,
+  in the scanty relics of those hearty customs and pastimes which
+  imparted such a manly tone to the character of our ancestors; but
+  now, like the ruined castle, or the old ivied abbey, they have
+  become objects of admiration rather than sources of delight.
+  Fifty years ago, the inhabitants of North Wales, a rude and blunt
+  race even now, were far less sophisticated by modern refinement
+  than they are at present; and it was then a common matter for the
+  <i>Penteulu</i>, or head of the family, to dine in the large
+  stone hall of the mansion&mdash;he and his own particular friends
+  at a table, raised on a <i>Dais</i>&mdash;and his numerous
+  tenants and dependants at another table running the whole length
+  of the said hall. Then came the wassailing&mdash;worthy of the
+  days of Arthur&mdash;wine for the upper table; ale, medd,
+  (<i>mead</i>,) and spirits for the other; and after all came the
+  friendly contest at some manly game&mdash;wrestling, racing,
+  pitching the bar, or the like. At a period somewhat later, these
+  boisterous pastimes began to degenerate; and the Welsh squire
+  became more polished, but not, perhaps, more happy. Still the
+  custom of inordinate potation fondly clung to him. Immediately
+  contiguous to every mansion of any magnitude was erected a
+  summerhouse, usually situated in a spot, selected for the beauty
+  of the scene which it commanded; and to this <i>sanctum</i> did
+  the gentlemen retire after dinner, to enjoy, unrestrained by the
+  presence of the ladies, a full indulgence in that boisterous
+  carousal, which their bluff hearts so dearly loved. But these
+  good and glorious customs have died the death, and gone the
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page156" name="page156"></a>[pg
+  156]</span> way, of all perishable things; <i>they</i> are gone,
+  as are those jovial souls who gave them life and buoyancy; but
+  the eternal hills, which echoed to their merriment and
+  glee&mdash;they remain unaltered by time, and unshaken by the
+  storms which have passed over them.</p>
+
+  <p>Yet is there still much jovial heartiness in the festive
+  revelry of the mountaineers. One scene, in which I was a
+  participator, I will endeavour to portray&mdash;it is impressed
+  on my memory by more than one token of grateful reminiscence. It
+  was in the summer of 1825 that I left London for a few weeks, and
+  sought among my native hills a reparation of the wear and tear of
+  half-a-dozen years of hard and unceasing toil. Two days after my
+  arrival In Merionethshire was celebrated the birthday of Robert
+  Williams Vaughan, Esq., of Nannau, the only son of Sir Robert
+  Williams Vaughan, Bart., and member for the county; a gentleman
+  of whom it may be truly said, that his heart is replete with
+  every noble and benevolent attribute, and that his mind is
+  dignified by practical wisdom, sound sense, and energy to direct,
+  for the benefit of his dependents, the fine and Christian virtues
+  which he possesses. "Come up to Nannau," is his encouraging
+  address to the labourer, when the hardships of winter are
+  pressing upon the poor: "Come up to Nannau, show me that you are
+  willing to work, and I will give you your wages." It is for
+  benevolence like this, well and usefully exercised, that Sir
+  Robert Vaughan is especially remarkable, as well also for all
+  those qualities which adorn and dignify the British country
+  gentleman. Always careful of the welfare, habits, and comforts of
+  the poor around him; patronizing the industry, ingenuity, and
+  good conduct of his more humble countrymen, and ministering to
+  the wants of the sick and the poor; hospitable in the extreme;
+  kind, affable, and friendly to all, he fulfils in every respect
+  the happy duties of the wealthy British landholder; and by his
+  generous courtesy he has ensured to himself the perfect esteem of
+  every person who knows him. Living in the midst of a cheerful and
+  contented tenantry, the chieftain as it were of a devoted clan,
+  the proprietor of Nannau may be truly termed a happy man. The
+  empty blandishments of the world have no charms for him, nor have
+  its ephemeral pleasures any allurement; for, like the gallant
+  knight of Peugwern, when invited by Henry the Seventh to share
+  the honors of his court, for services rendered at Bosworth Field,
+  he would meekly but promptly reply, "Sire! I love to dwell among
+  mine own people." Such is Sir Robert Vaughan of Nannau, whose
+  memory will be long and fondly cherished by those who have
+  enjoyed his friendship, and witnessed his calm, manly, and useful
+  virtues.</p>
+
+  <p>We sat down to dinner, about forty in number, occupying two
+  tables placed parallel to each other, in the spacious dining-room
+  of the mansion. Choice fish of every kind; venison from Nannau
+  Park, celebrated for the delicious flavour of its fat bucks;
+  mountain-mutton, from the fertile pastures of Llanfachreth; the
+  noble sirloin, and, in fact, every substantial delicacy that
+  wealth could procure, pressed even to groaning the broad tables
+  of our host; while the harper in the hall twanged his instrument
+  with a force and a fury, that plainly showed his previous
+  intimacy with the good cheer of the place. But noble and
+  magnificent as our entertainment was in the eating department, it
+  was infinitely surpassed by that which was devoted to the orgies
+  of Bacchus. No sooner was the brief and scarcely audible grace
+  pronounced by the chaplain, than in marched old Pearson, the
+  gray-headed butler, bearing in each hand a goblet, in form like
+  an acorn, and fashioned of the dark polished oak of the far-famed
+  Spirits-Blasted Tree,<a id="footnotetag7" name=
+  "footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> richly
+  ornamented with appropriate silver emblems. One of these was
+  placed reversed by the side of the president and <i>croupier</i>
+  of each table, and presently afterwards flanked by a huge silver
+  tankard of foaming ale, strong enough almost to blow into the air
+  a first-rate man-of-war. Filling this goblet, which held very
+  nearly a pint, the president made his speech to the health and
+  happiness of the young 'squire, and draining it dry, passed it on
+  to his left-hand neighbour. The <i>croupier</i> did the same, and
+  like the great bear of Bradwardine, did the acorn of Nannau begin
+  to make its rounds, in a manner quite as fearful to me as was the
+  terrific approach of the bear aforesaid to the heir of Waverley
+  Honor. Unfortunately for me, I sat between two determined and
+  well-seasoned topers, who took especial care that I should not
+  only fill to each toast, but drain the cup to the very bottom; so
+  that, novice as I was in this sort of hilarity, I found myself,
+  in a very short time, lying down under a laburnum tree in the
+  lawn, and composing myself very comfortably&mdash;no,
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page157" name="page157"></a>[pg
+  157]</span> not <i>very</i> comfortably&mdash;to sleep. I had my
+  sleep, however; and when I awoke and re-entered the house, a
+  merry group of guests had surrounded the harper in the hall, and
+  were singing Penillion at full stretch, to the now unsteady and
+  somewhat discordant accompaniment of the minstrel; the laugh was
+  of course against me, but good-nature, rather than contempt,
+  characterised the bantering, and I bore it all in good part. The
+  party broke up about eleven, and before midnight I was at home,
+  after a magnificent walk of three miles, over the mountains, in
+  the moonlight. <i>The Inspector.</i></p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>THE SELECTOR, AND LITERARY NOTICES OF <i>NEW WORKS</i>.</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>NEW SOUTH WALES.</h3>
+
+  <p>The following observations, recorded in Mr. Cunningham's
+  <i>Two Years in New South Wales</i>, are as valuable as they are
+  interesting; for hitherto we have known but little of the natural
+  history of that country:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p><i>Trees</i>.&mdash;Trees here appear to follow the same laws
+  as other vegetable substances, regarding the effects they produce
+  upon the soil wherein they grow. It has long been remarked in
+  America, that on the forests being cut down, young trees of a
+  different species sprout up in place of the old ones; and here
+  the same remark, in a great measure, holds good,&mdash;acacias
+  very commonly making their appearance on land that has been once
+  under cultivation, and afterwards permitted to relapse into a
+  state of nature. From this circumstance it should seem, that
+  trees, like other vegetables, extract a particular substance from
+  the ground, which substance it is necessary should be restored
+  before the same species of tree can be readily grown a second
+  time,&mdash;a restoration to be effected, perhaps, by such
+  chemical changes in the constituent particles of the soil as may
+  arise from the cultivation of other species.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Fruits</i>.&mdash;Of native fruits, we possess raspberries
+  equal in flavour and not otherwise distinguishable from the
+  English. They grow plentifully on the alluvial banks of Hunter's
+  river, and supply a yearly Christmas feast to the birds. Oar
+  native currants are strongly acidulous, like the cranberry, and
+  make an excellent preserve when mixed with the raspberry. They
+  grow on low shrubs not higher than the whortleberry bush. Our
+  cherries are destitute both of pleasant taste and flavour, and
+  have the stone adhering to their outside. Our native pears are
+  tolerably tempting to the look, but defy both mastication and
+  digestion, being the pendulous seed-pods of a tree here, and
+  their outer husks of such a hard woody consistence, as to put the
+  edge of even a well-tempered knife to proof of its qualities in
+  slicing them down. The burwan is a nut much relished by our
+  natives, who prepare it by roasting and immersion in a running
+  stream, to free it from its poisonous qualities. The jibbong is
+  another tasteless fruit, as well as the <i>five-corners</i>, much
+  relished by children. The wild potato strongly resembles the
+  species now in use in Europe, but the stem and leaf are
+  essentially different. It grows on the loose flooded alluvial
+  margins of the rivers, and at one period of the year composes the
+  chief sustenance of the natives, having the watery look and taste
+  of the yam. Of foreign fruits now climatized we possess a great
+  variety. Here are oranges, lemons, citrons, nectarines, apricots,
+  peaches, plums, cherries, figs, loquats, grenadillos, quinces,
+  pears, apples, mulberries, pomegranates, grapes, olives,
+  raspberries, strawberries, bananas, guavas, pineapples, and
+  English and Cape gooseberries and currants. Of shell-fruits we
+  have the almond, walnut, chestnut, and filbert; and of other
+  garden fruits, strawberries, melons, peppers, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>Melons and pumpkins will absolutely overrun you, if you do not
+  give them most bounteous scope, and you need want neither water
+  nor musk-melons for six or eight months yearly on an average, if
+  you duly time the sowings. Nothing can exceed their rich
+  juiciness and flavour, and the rapidity of their growth is almost
+  miraculous, when a few showers of rain temper the hot days. The
+  pumpkin makes an excellent substitute for the apple in a pie,
+  when soured and sweetened to a proper temper by lemons and sugar.
+  The black children absolutely dance and scream when they see one,
+  pumpkin and sugar being their delight. To the half of a
+  shrivelled pumpkin hanging at the door of my tent on my first
+  essay in settling, one of our sooty satyrs could do nothing for
+  some minutes but fidget and skip; and with his eyes sparkling,
+  and countenance beaming with ecstacy, exclaim, "Dam my eye,
+  <i>pambucan</i>; dam my eye, <i>pambucan</i>!" such being the
+  nearest point they can attain to the right pronunciation of their
+  favourite <i>fruit</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Birds</i>.&mdash;We are not moved here with the deep mellow
+  note of the blackbird, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page158"
+  name="page158"></a>[pg 158]</span> poured out from beneath some
+  low stunted bush; nor thrilled with the wild warblings of the
+  thrush, perched on the top of some tall sapling; nor charmed with
+  the blithe carol of the lark as we proceed early afield; none of
+  our birds at all rivalling these divine songsters in realising
+  the poetical idea of the "music of the grove;" while "parrots'
+  chattering" must supply the place of "nightingales' singing" in
+  the future amorous lays of our sighing Celadons. We have our lark
+  certainly, but both his appearance and note are a most wretched
+  parody upon the bird our English poets have made so many fine
+  similes about. He will mount from the ground, and rise fluttering
+  upward in the same manner, and with a few of the starting notes
+  of the English lark; but on reaching the height of thirty feet or
+  so, down he drops suddenly and mutely, diving into concealment
+  among the long grass, as if ashamed of his pitiful attempt. For
+  the pert, frisky robin, pattering and pecking against the windows
+  in the dull days of winter, we have the lively "superb warbler,"
+  with his blue shining plumage and his long tapering tail, picking
+  up the crumbs at our doors; while the pretty little redbills, of
+  the size and form of the goldfinch, constitute the sparrow of our
+  clime, flying in flocks about our houses, and building their soft
+  downy pigmy nests in the orange, peach, and lemon trees
+  surrounding them. Nor are we without our rural noters of the
+  time, to call us to our early task, and warn us of evening's
+  close. The loud and discordant noise of the <i>laughing
+  jackass</i>, (or <i>settler's clock</i>, as he is called,) as he
+  takes up his roost on the withered bough of one of our tallest
+  trees, acquaints us that the sun has just dipped behind the
+  hills, and that it is time to trudge homewards; while the
+  plaintive notes of the curlew, and the wild and dismal
+  screechings of the flying squirrel, skimming from branch to
+  branch, whisper us to retire to our bedchambers. In the morning,
+  again, the dull monotonous double note of the <i>whee-whee</i>,
+  (so named from the sound of its calls,) chiming in at as regular
+  intervals as the tick of a clock, warns us to rub our eyes and
+  con over the tasks of the impending day, as it is but half an
+  hour to dawn; till again the loud laughter of the <i>jackass</i>
+  summons us to turn out, and take a peep at the appearance of the
+  morning, which just begins to glimmer beyond the dusky outline of
+  the eastern hills.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Animals</i>.&mdash;Our wild animals are numerous, but few
+  of them carnivorous, and none of a size to endanger human life.
+  The <i>native dog</i> is generally believed to be an importation,
+  being deficient of the false uterus or pouch characterising all
+  our other quadrupeds. He closely resembles the Chinese dog in
+  form and appearance, being either of a reddish or dark colour,
+  with shaggy hair, long bushy tail, prick ears, large head, and
+  slightly tapering nose; in size he reminds one of a shepherd's
+  dog, running with considerable speed, and snapping in attack or
+  defence. He does not bark, but howls in melancholy sort, when
+  prowling in quest of prey, and has a strong and peculiar odour,
+  which makes European dogs shy at first of attacking him,
+  doubtless intimidated too by his snapping mode of fighting; for
+  it is observed of poodles, and all which snap, that few other
+  dogs are fond of engaging them. He is most destructive on
+  breaking in among a flock of sheep, as he bites a piece out of
+  every one he seizes; not holding fast and worrying dead like the
+  fox, but snapping at all he can overtake, till twenty or thirty
+  may be killed by one dog, there being something so peculiarly
+  venomous in their bite that few recover from it. Their cross with
+  the tame dog forms a very useful breed for emu-hunting, and many
+  even of the pure ones are caught young, tamed by the natives, and
+  bred up to hunt emus and kangaroos. They have as many pups as the
+  tame dog, littering either in some hollow log, deserted ant-hill,
+  hole in the ground, or thick brush. They will hunt, kill, and
+  devour a tame dog also, if a troop of them can catch him alone. A
+  settler in the interior informed me, that, while out hunting one
+  morning, he observed his dog running direct towards him at full
+  speed, with two large native dogs close at his heels; and so
+  eager were they to seize their prey, that his own dog was
+  actually sheltered between his legs, and the native dogs within
+  pistol-shot, before they perceived their danger. Hence he was
+  enabled to shoot one of them. The native cat is the only other
+  carnivorous animal we possess; but its depredations extend no
+  farther than the poultry-yard. It is small and long-bodied, with
+  a long tail, claws like a common cat, a nose like a pig, striped
+  down the sides with brown and black, and dotted over with white
+  spots. It climbs trees and preys on birds while they sleep, being
+  a night animal.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>FARM-HOUSES ON THE SNEEUWBERG MOUNTAINS.</h3>
+
+  <p>The farm-houses in the Sneeuwberg, and in most of the colder
+  districts of the colony, are usually of the following
+  description:&mdash;The house resembles a large barn divided into
+  two or three apartments. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page159"
+  name="page159"></a>[pg 159]</span> One of these is the kitchen,
+  which also serves for the sitting and eating apartment. In the
+  others the family sleep; while, in the outer one already
+  mentioned, visiters and travellers are accommodated with a rush
+  mat, a feather bed, and a coverlet spread on the clay floor. In
+  this situation I have often enjoyed, after a fatiguing day's
+  ride, the most balmy repose; while a swarthy train of slaves and
+  Hottentots were moving round the embers of the fire, wrapped in
+  their sheepskin mantles, and dogs, cats, and fowls were trampling
+  over my body. The more wealthy and long settled families,
+  however, usually have the kitchen separate from their
+  sitting-room. In such houses curtained beds, and other articles
+  of decent furniture, are not unfrequently found; but the poorer
+  classes are content with a few thong-bottomed chairs and stools,
+  two or three wagon-chests, and a couple of deal tables. At one of
+  the latter sits the mistress of the house, with a tea-urn and a
+  chafing-dish before her, dealing out every now and then
+  <i>tea-water</i>, or coffee, and elevating her sharp shrill voice
+  occasionally to keep the dilatory slaves and Hottentots at their
+  duty. In this same apartment is also invariably to be seen the
+  carcass of a sheep killed in the morning, and hung up under the
+  eye of the mistress, to be served out frugally for the day's
+  provision as it may be required. The houses, being without any
+  ceiling, are open to the thatch; and the rafters are generally
+  hung full of the ears of Indian corn, leaves or rolls of tobacco,
+  slices of dried meat, called <i>bill tongue</i>, &amp;c. The last
+  is a sort of ham from the muscular part of the thigh of the ox,
+  or the larger species of antelopes; it is very convenient for
+  carrying on journeys, and is found in the boor's houses in every
+  part of the colony. It is cut into very thin slices, and eaten
+  with bread and butter, or with bread and the melted fat of the
+  sheep's tail, which is a common substitute for butter; either way
+  it is no contemptible dish when one is a little hungry, and many
+  a time I have heartily enjoyed it.</p>
+
+  <p>A traveller, on arriving, if it does not happen to be
+  meal-time, is always presented with a cup of tea, without sugar,
+  milk, or bread; unless occasionally, when you may be favoured
+  with a small piece of sugar-candy out of a tin snuff-box, to be
+  kept in your mouth to sweeten the bitter beverage as it passes.
+  When their tea and coffee are exhausted, a succedaneum is found
+  in roasted grain, prepared in the same way as Hunt's radical
+  coffee, which, if not very palatable, is nevertheless a
+  refreshment to a thirsty and weary traveller. They never think of
+  asking you to eat unless at meal-time; but then you are expected
+  to draw in your chair, and help yourself, without invitation, in
+  the same easy manner as one of the family. The dishes consist for
+  the most part of mutton stewed in sheep's-tail fat, or boiled to
+  rags; sometimes with very palatable soup, and a dish of boiled
+  corn, maize, or pumpkin. Cayenne-pepper, vinegar, and few
+  home-made pickles, are also usually produced to relish the simple
+  fare, which, served up twice a day, forms, with tea-water and the
+  <i>soopie</i>, or dram of Cape brandy, the amount of their
+  luxuries. In this quarter of the colony, however, I found every
+  where excellent bread; and, upon the whole, the farmers of
+  Bruintjes-Hoogte and the Sneeuwberg appeared in much more
+  independent and comfortable circumstances than those along the
+  coast.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Thompson's Southern Africa.</i></p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>HOSPITAL FOR THE DUMB.</h3>
+
+  <p>The Banian hospital at Surat is a most remarkable institution;
+  it consists of a large plot of ground, enclosed with high walls,
+  divided into several courts or wards, for the accommodation of
+  animals; in sickness they are attended with the tenderest care,
+  and find a peaceful asylum for the infirmities of age. When an
+  animal breaks a limb, or is otherwise disabled from serving his
+  master, he carries him to the hospital, and, indifferent to what
+  nation or caste the owner may belong, the patient is never
+  refused admittance. If he recover, he cannot be reclaimed, but
+  must remain in the hospital for life, subject to the duty of
+  drawing water for those pensioners debilitated by age or disease
+  from procuring it for themselves. At my visit, the hospital
+  contained horses, mules, oxen, sheep, goats, monkeys, poultry,
+  pigeons, and a variety of birds, with an aged tortoise, who was
+  known to have been there for seventy-five years. The most
+  extraordinary ward was that appropriated to rats, mice, bugs, and
+  other noxious vermin. The overseers of the hospital frequently
+  hire beggars from the streets, for a stipulated sum, to pass a
+  night among the fleas, lice, and bugs, on the express condition
+  of suffering them to enjoy their feast without molestation.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Forbes's Oriental Memoirs.</i></p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>Useful Domestic Hints</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>NORFOLK PUNCH. NO. 1.</h3>
+
+  <p>In twenty quarts of French brandy put the peels of thirty
+  lemons and thirty <span class="pagenum"><a id="page160" name=
+  "page160"></a>[pg 160]</span> oranges, pared so thin that not the
+  least of the white is left; infuse twelve hours. Have ready
+  thirty quarts of cold water that has been boiled; put to it
+  fifteen pounds of double-refined sugar; and when well mixed, pour
+  it upon the brandy and peels, adding the juice of the oranges and
+  of twenty-four lemons; mix well. Then strain, through a fine
+  hair-sieve, into a very clean barrel that has held spirits, and
+  put two quarts of new milk. Stir, and then bung it close; let it
+  stand six weeks in a warm cellar; bottle the liquor for use,
+  taking great care that the bottles are perfectly clean and dry,
+  and the corks of the best quality and well put in. This liquor
+  will keep many years, and improves by age.&mdash;<i>The Vintner's
+  Guide.</i></p>
+
+  <h3>NORFOLK PUNCH. NO. 2.</h3>
+
+  <p>Pare six lemons and three Seville oranges very thin; squeeze
+  the juice into a large jar; put to it two quarts of brandy, one
+  of white wine, and one of milk, and one pound and a quarter of
+  sugar. Let it be mixed, and then covered for twenty-four hours.
+  Strain through a jelly-bag till clear, then bottle
+  it.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+  <h3>TO MANAGE AND IMPROVE RED PORT WINE WHEN POOR AND THIN.</h3>
+
+  <p>If your wines be sound, but wanting in body, colour, and
+  flavour, draw out thirty or forty gallons, and return the same
+  quantity of young and rich wines, such its are generally brought
+  to this country for that purpose; to a can of which put a quart
+  of colouring, with a bottle of wine or brandy, in which half an
+  ounce of powdered cochineal has been previously mixed. Whisk it
+  well together, and put it in your cask, stirring it well about
+  with a staff; and if not bright in about a week or ten days, you
+  may fine it for use; previous to which, put in at different times
+  a gallon of good brandy. If Port wines are short of body, put a
+  gallon or two of brandy into each pipe, as you see necessary. If
+  the wines be in your own stock, put it in by a quart or two at a
+  time, as it feeds the wine better in this way than putting it in
+  all at once; but, if your wines are in a bonded cellar, procure a
+  funnel that will go down to the bottom of the cask, that the
+  brandy may be completely incorporated with the wine. When your
+  Port is thus made fine and pleasant, bottle it off, taking care
+  to pack it in a temperate place with saw-dust or dry sand, after
+  which it will not be proper to drink for at least two months.
+  When laying your wines down in bottles you should never use new
+  deal saw-dust, as that causes it to fret too much, and often
+  communicates a strong turpentine smell through the corks to the
+  wine.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+  <h3>RED CURRANT WINE.</h3>
+
+  <p>Take seventy pounds of red currants, bruised and pressed, good
+  moist sugar forty-five pounds, water sufficient to fill up a
+  fifteen-gallon cask, ferment; this produces a very pleasant red
+  wine, rather tart, but keeps well.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>The Gatherer.</h2>
+
+  <p>"I am but a <i>Gatherer</i> and disposer of other men's
+  stuff."&mdash;<i>Wotton</i>.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>ON CRANIOLOGY.</h3>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>In days of yore,</p>
+
+      <p>Laid wit and lore,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And wisdom in the wig;</p>
+
+      <p>But now the skull</p>
+
+      <p>Contains them all,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">The peruke is too big.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>"According to Julius Africanus," says Gibbon, "the world was
+  created on the <i>first of September</i>&mdash;an opinion almost
+  too foolish to be recorded."</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>In the memoirs of the celebrated French actor, Preville, we
+  find the following letter, addressed by the manager of a
+  strolling company to his prompter:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>"At last, my dear boy, here we are safe in Provins. The
+  coach-office undertook to deliver the boxes of snow and hail. The
+  winds and tempest came later than we expected&mdash;we even lost
+  a zephyr. The thunder got broke on the road, and we have been
+  forced to have fresh sodder for the two lightnings. Our
+  divinities are well, with the exception of Love, who has got the
+  small-pox; the Graces have been inoculated; we were obliged to
+  leave them behind on the road, with the brick wall, which being
+  wrapt round the sun to keep it from getting soiled, was rubbed to
+  pieces by the sharp rays. Our rivers and sea are coming by water;
+  and pray, when you come yourself, do not forget to bring lots of
+  clouds with you, and a new moon. A torrent too will be wanted,
+  for our last has most unluckily got burnt. I am anxious for a
+  full account of all your purchases, to which you must add two
+  yards of weeping willows. Above all, bring me a drawbridge, a
+  fortress, and my linen, if it was not turned into tinder for the
+  last sea-fight. Ever yours."</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+
+    <p><i>Poems</i>, by B. Barton, p.190, 3rd edit.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+
+    <p>One of these sisters is the present <i>Mrs. Hack</i>,
+    favourably known as the authoress of several useful and highly
+    interesting works for children. See some introductory verses to
+    her, prefixed to the third edition of Mr. Barton's "Poems." His
+    brother John has also distinguished himself by one or two
+    judicious pamphlets on the situation and circumstances of the
+    poor.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+
+    <p><i>Poems</i>, by B. Barton, p. 133, 3rd edit.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a> <b>Footnote 4</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+
+    <p><i>Time's Telescope</i>, p. 18, vol. xi.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a> <b>Footnote 5</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+
+    <p>The progress of the fire might have been stopped, but for
+    the foolish conduct of the Lord Mayor, who refused to give
+    orders for pulling down some houses, <i>without the consent of
+    the owners</i>. Buckets and engines were of no use, from the
+    confined state of the streets.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a> <b>Footnote 6</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+
+    <p>"Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London in the
+    Eighteenth Century," vol. ii. p. 378.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a> <b>Footnote 7</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+
+    <p>This was an old blasted oak, standing a few years ago in
+    Nannau Park, to the infinite horrification of the honest
+    mountaineers. Tradition had imbued it with a terrible and awful
+    influence&mdash;for, some four or five hundred years ago, the
+    gigantic skeleton of a warrior was found incased in its trunk,
+    and grasping with its bony fingers a long and ponderous sword.
+    It was blown down one stormy night, and the wood has been
+    manufactured into a variety of articles.]</p>
+  </blockquote>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near
+  Somerset-House,) and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i></p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11401 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
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+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #11401 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11401)
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction.
+       Volume 10, No. 271, Saturday, September 1, 1827.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 2, 2004 [EBook #11401]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 271 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker, David Garcia and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. X, NO. 271.] SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1827. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+The New Prison, Norwich.
+
+
+[Illustration: The New Prison, Norwich]
+
+
+The old gaol in the city of Norwich, in the year 1823, being found no
+longer secure, nor according to the new act of parliament, admitting of
+sufficient room for the classification of the prisoners, the magistrates
+came to a resolution of erecting a new one outside the city, near St.
+Giles's gates; the same was accordingly advertised in the Norwich
+papers, in which architects were requested to send plans, elevations,
+and sections, (in competition,) accompanied with an estimate of the
+total expense of the new building. A great number of designs were in
+consequence submitted, when the plan sent by Mr. Brown, of Wells-street,
+Oxford-street, London, was adjudged to be the best: his plan was
+therefore adopted and carried into execution, of which the annexed
+engraving is a faithful representation, taken from the tower of St.
+Giles's Church, in the city of Norwich. The foundation stone was laid in
+1824, and the building finished this year, 1827. It is designed to hold
+120 prisoners, besides the necessary turnkeys and servants, and has cost
+the city £23,000; the boundary wall is quadrangular, but is cut off at
+the junction of the four angles by bastions, thereby giving to the wall
+a greater stability; the whole circumference is 1,220 feet, and encloses
+an area of one acre, two roods, and thirty-four poles, being nearly one
+acre and three quarters of ground.
+
+The bastion at the entrance contains on the ground floor a porter's
+room, press room, hot and cold baths, and a room with an oven for the
+purpose of purifying foul linen. The upper story contains over the
+entrance gate the drop room: on each side are receiving cells, two for
+males and two for females, a searching room for the surgeon, and the
+prison wardrobe; directly over the drop room on the lead flat is the
+place where the more heinous malefactors expiate their crimes. The
+bastion on the right hand contains a building, on the ground floor and
+in the centre of which is the wash-house and laundry, and in front the
+drying ground; at each end of this building are the airing grounds for
+the sick prisoners, and on the second floor are the male and female
+infirmaries, separated by a strong partition wall. The left hand bastion
+contains the millhouse, stable, and a room for the van which takes the
+prisoners to the town hall in the assize time; over these three rooms
+are the mill chamber and hay-loft. The horizontal wind vane on the roof
+of this building is to assist the prisoners when there is not a
+sufficiency of them sentenced to the tread-wheels; by shutting the
+louvre boards of the arms it then produces employment for the prisoners
+when there is no corn in the mill to grind. In the remote bastion are
+seen the tread-wheels on which the prisoners are employed in keeping up
+a constant retrograde motion, which works the machinery in the millhouse
+by means of an iron shaft with universal joints concealed below the
+surface of the ground.
+
+Here are four prison wings in the building, the right hand one contains
+in one ward common debtors, and in the other unconvicted men felons, not
+capital. The second wing on the right contains on one side unconvicted
+men felons, and unconvicted women felons for capital offences on the
+other. In the first left hand wing there is on the first side the master
+debtors, and on the other the court of conscience debtors; the second
+wing on the left contains on one side men misdemeanors, and on the other
+convicted men felons. There are two day-rooms in each of the four wings,
+and four condemned cells and four solitary ones in the back towers;
+there is also fourteen airing yards between the four wings, six of which
+are sunk three feet below the others, to enable the governor from the
+inspection gallery of his house to overlook the tread-wheels, millhouse,
+and infirmary; those yards are descended by stone steps, in each there
+is a day room, and they are appropriated to the following prisoners,
+namely, women debtors, unconvicted women felons, not capital; convicted
+women felons, women fines, men fines, and boys for misdemeanors. There
+is also a level passage between each two of the sunk yards, one leading
+to the infirmary, one to the millhouse, and the other to the
+tread-wheels.
+
+In the governor's house there is in the basement story a kitchen,
+scullery, and bakehouse, store room, beer-cellar, and coal cellar; on
+the ground floor is the governor's office, living room, committee room,
+and matron's room; on the second floor are two bedrooms and the lower
+part of the chapel; and on the third floor are two bedrooms and the
+gallery of the chapel. There are likewise four bridge staircases, one
+from each prison wing leading to passages in the governor's house, which
+communicates with the chapel; the prisoners are not here able to see
+each others' class, as they are separated by fourteen partitions, being
+as many as there are yards in the prison, yet the governor and minister
+have from their seats a complete view of every person and every part.
+Around the governor's house is an enclosed area, and above an inspection
+gallery, from which the governor is enabled to see into every part of
+the prison. On the towers of the four prison wings there are reservoirs
+for containing water, which is thrown up by a pump worked by the
+prisoners at the tread-wheel, whenever water is required, and by means
+of lead pipes, it is then conveyed to every part of the prison. The
+whole gaol is fire-proof, the floors being of stone, and the doors and
+windows of iron.
+
+There is certainly a peculiar arrangement in the plan of this gaol not
+to be met with in any other in the kingdom; there are four yards between
+each of the wings excepting those two in the approach to the governor's
+house; the middle yards which are divided by a passage, have, as before
+stated, each of them a day-room. The prisoners allotted to these yards
+have their sleeping cells in the main wing, to which they are conducted
+along a passage, at the end of those upper yards which join the prison
+wing; the prisoners are therefore in their passage to and from the
+sleeping cells, concealed from the others; should there at any time be
+a greater number of prisoners belonging to the ward on the ground floor
+than there are sleeping cells they are then taken to the spare cells in
+the wards above through a door at the end of the upper yard, and yet
+concealed from those classes in the sunk yards. All our prison buildings
+hitherto erected are hid from the sight by the high boundary wall that
+encloses them, producing nothing interesting to the citizen or the
+traveller but a monotonous façade. Mr. Brown has obviated this in the
+gaol before us, by having raised towers on the ends of the four wings,
+which, with the top of the governor's house, mill, and infirmary, being
+seen rising above the boundary wall and entrance front, produces to the
+eye of the spectator on approaching the prison a _tout ensemble_ truly
+imposing and grand.
+
+ARCHITECTUS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+LIVING AUTHORS.
+
+No. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BERNARD BARTON.
+
+
+  "Sheltered, but not to social duties lost;
+  Secluded, but not buried; and with song
+  Cheering his days."
+
+
+The productions of Mr. Barton are doubtless familiar to most of our
+readers, and from them they have learnt much of the amiable turn of
+the poet's character. Mr. Barton's compositions afford indications of
+genuine feeling, of deep affection, of benevolence, sympathy, taste, and
+integrity; he seems to have an ear ever on the listen for the accents of
+charity, patriotism, and religion; where human anguish causes the tear
+to start, there he would fain be to soothe and alleviate. Such is the
+character of the poet, and in the following sketch such will be proved
+to be the character of the man.
+
+Bernard Barton was born in the vicinity of London, on the 31st of
+January, 1784. His father was in trade in the metropolis, whither he had
+come from his native place, Carlisle. Bernard had the misfortune to lose
+his mother one month after his birth: her maiden name was Mary Done, and
+she was a native of Rockcliffe, Cumberland; she died at the early age of
+thirty-two. The following lines _To a Profile_ evince the feelings with
+which our poet still cherishes her memory, or rather the recollection of
+what has been told him respecting her:--
+
+
+  "I knew thee not! then wherefore gaze
+    Upon thy silent shadow there,
+  Which so imperfectly portrays
+    The form thy features used to wear?
+  Yet have I often looked at thee,
+  As if those lips could speak to me.
+
+  I knew thee not! and thou couldst know,
+    At best, but little more of one
+  Whose pilgrimage on earth below
+    Commenced, just ere thy own was done;
+  For few and fleeting days were thine,
+  To hope or fear for lot of mine.
+
+  Yet few and fleeting as they were,
+    Fancy and feeling picture this,
+  They prompted many a fervent prayer,
+    Witnessed, perchance, a parting kiss;
+  And might not kiss, and prayer, from thee,
+  At such a period, profit me?
+
+  Whether they did or not, I owe
+    At least this tribute to thy worth;
+  Though little all I _can_ bestow,
+    Yet fond affection gives it birth;
+  And prompts me, as thy shade I view,
+  To bless thee, whom I never knew!"[1]
+
+
+His father died before Mr. Barton was seven years old; but his second
+marriage, which took place a few months before his death, provided an
+excellent parent for his children: to her, and to his two sisters,[2]
+both several years older than himself, our author owed infinite
+obligations.
+
+His education at one of the quaker seminaries was, of course, plain and
+circumscribed, being pretty much confined to useful, indeed necessary,
+branches of knowledge. But his father had been a man of greater natural
+and more cultivated intellect than many; he had read much, and on the
+abolition of slavery, in which he was one of Clarkson's earliest
+associates, he had, on several occasions, proved that he could write
+well, though, we believe, he was never avowedly an author. He had left
+no despicable collection of books, so that in his school vacations ample
+means were afforded to his son of indulging his taste for reading. A
+pleasing tribute to the memory of Mr. Barton's father will be found in
+his _Napoleon and other Poems_.
+
+In the year 1806, Mr. Barton took up his residence in the pleasant town
+of Woodbridge, in Suffolk, and commenced business as a merchant; but
+an unlooked-for domestic affliction of the severest kind was about to
+visit him, and his wordly prospects were to receive an irrecoverable
+shock,--the loss of his amiable wife, before they had been married
+a twelvemonth, and soon after the birth of her child! This excellent
+woman, to whom our poet was, for so short a time, united, gave rise to
+some of his best pieces, particularly to the poem beginning, _The heaven
+was cloudless_,[3] and that entitled _A Portrait, _in _Napoleon and
+other Poems_. In this last piece the poet no less beautifully than truly
+observes,--
+
+
+  To sympathies, which soothe and bless
+    Our life from day to day,
+  Which throw, with silent tenderness,
+    Fresh flowers across our way,
+  The heart must ever fondly cling:
+  But can the poet's sweetest string
+    Their loveliness display?
+  No--nor could Titian's self supply
+  Their living presence, once gone by.
+
+  The air, in which we breathe and live,
+    Eludes our touch and sight;
+  The fairest flowers their fragrance give
+    To stillness, and to night;
+  The softest sounds that music flings,
+  In passing, from her heaven-plumed wings,
+    Are trackless in their flight!
+  And thus life's sweetest bliss is known
+  To silent, grateful thought alone.
+
+
+This mournful event, combined with discouraging prospects of a
+mercantile nature, induced our author to retire from commercial pursuits
+on his own behalf; and in 1810 he obtained a situation as a clerk in the
+Woodbridge bank, which he still holds.
+
+Soon after Mr. Barton had entered upon his present situation, he
+began "to commit the sin of rhyme," and a new provincial paper being
+established about this time, it became the vehicle of his effusions: by
+degrees our young poet became bold enough to send a short piece now and
+then to a London paper, and at last, in 1812, ventured on an anonymous
+volume, entitled _Metrical Effusions_, 250 copies of which were printed
+by a bookseller of Woodbridge, and sold within the immediate circle of
+our author's acquaintance. In 1818, Mr. Barton printed, by subscription,
+an elegant volume, in elephant octavo, of _Poems by an Amateur_,
+of which 150 only were struck off, and none ever sold at the shops.
+Encouraged by the very flattering manner in which these impressions of
+his poems were received by his friends, our author at last ventured to
+publish, in a small volume, _Poems, by Bernard Barton_, which was very
+favourably noticed by the literary journals, and, being afterwards made
+still more known by an article in the _Edinburgh Review_, has now
+reached a _third_ edition. He afterwards published, in a handsome octavo
+volume, his _Napoleon and other Poems_; and subsequently a volume of
+poems, entitled _A Widow's Tale_, which appeared in an early month of
+the present year.
+
+Such has been the literary career of Bernard Barton. If it have not left
+behind it the brilliant track of other poetical comets, it has been less
+erratic in its course; and if it have not been irradiated by the full
+blaze of a noonday sun, it has nevertheless been illumined by the silver
+lustre of the queen of night; and his Parnassian vespers may be said to
+possess all the mild and soothing beauties of the evening star. If his
+muse have not always reached the sunward path of the soaring eagle,
+it is no extravagant praise to say, that she has often emulated the
+sublimity of his aërial flight. But the great charm thrown around the
+effusions of the Suffolk bard is that "lucid veil" of morality and
+religion which "covers but not conceals"--that "silver net-work,"
+through which his poetic "apples of gold" shine with an adventitious
+beauty, which even the gorgeous ornaments so profusely lavished by
+a Byron or a Moore would fail to invest them.
+
+
+  There is a fame which owes its spell
+    To popular applause alone;
+  Which seems on lip and tongue to dwell,
+    And finds--in others' breath--its own;
+  For such the eager worldling sighs,
+  And this the fickle world supplies.
+
+  There is a nobler fame--which draws
+    Its purer essence from the heart;
+  Which only seeks that calm applause
+    The virtuous and the wise impart:
+  Such fame beyond the grave shall live:
+  But this the world can never give.
+
+
+--B. BARTON.
+
+We have alluded to the amiable character of our poet; that his modesty
+is equal to his merit, the following extract, from a letter to a friend,
+will afford a pleasing evidence. Speaking of his literary career, he
+says, "it has been marked by an indulgence on the part of the public,
+and the dispensers of literary fame, which I never anticipated. When I
+consider that only about three years have elapsed since I avowed myself
+an author, I am really surprised at the notice my trivial productions
+have received, and the numerous acquaintance to which they have, by
+correspondence, introduced me. Much of this, I dare say, is owing to
+my quakerism; and to that, unquestionably, I was indebted for the
+article in the _Edinburgh Review_, and the more recent passing notice
+in the _Quarterly_. Still, as I do not believe that any _outré_ or
+_adventitious_ source of attraction would have alone procured me the
+attention I have found, I would hope it may partly have arisen from
+their simple, unaffected appeal to those quiet, domestic, secluded
+feelings, which endear the still undercurrent of existence--in short,
+to my being content to make the best I could of the homely and confined
+materials to which my situation has given me access, without affecting
+scholarship, or aiming at romantic embellishment. There is nothing like
+simple truth and nature, after all; and he who is satisfied with simply
+and faithfully describing what he actually sees, feels, and, thinks, may
+always hope to appeal successfully to the unsophisticated heart."[4]
+
+We here conclude our notice of the bard of Woodbridge; and should
+this brief account excite the interest of our readers to become better
+acquainted with this "living author," we refer them to the whole-length
+portrait painted by himself, and held up to view in every page of his
+poems.
+
+    [1] _Poems_, by B. Barton, p.190, 3rd edit.
+
+    [2] One of these sisters is the present _Mrs. Hack_, favourably
+        known as the authoress of several useful and highly interesting
+        works for children. See some introductory verses to her, prefixed
+        to the third edition of Mr. Barton's "Poems." His brother John
+        has also distinguished himself by one or two judicious pamphlets
+        on the situation and circumstances of the poor.
+
+    [3] _Poems_, by B. Barton, p. 133, 3rd edit.
+
+    [4] _Time's Telescope_, p. 18, vol. xi.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE GREAT FIRE OF 1666.
+
+
+The fire of London broke out on Sunday morning, September 2, 1666,
+O.S.,  and being impelled by strong winds, raged with irresistible fury
+nearly four days and nights; nor was it entirely mastered till the fifth
+morning after it began. The conflagration commenced at the house of one
+Farryner, a baker, in Pudding-lane, near [New] Fish-street-hill, and
+within ten houses of Thames-street, into which it spread within a few
+hours; nearly the whole of the contiguous buildings being of timber,
+lath, and plaster, and the whole neighbourhood presenting little else
+than closely confined passages and narrow alleys. The fire quickly
+spread, and was not to be conquered by any human means, "Then, (says
+a contemporary writer,) then the city did shake indeed, and the
+inhabitants did tremble, and flew away in great amazement from their
+houses, lest the flames should devour them: _rattle, rattle, rattle_,
+was the noise which the fire struck upon the ear round about, as if
+there had been a thousand iron chariots beating upon the stones. You
+might see the houses _tumble, tumble, tumble_, from one end of the
+street to the other, with a great crash, leaving the foundations open
+to the view of the heavens."[5]
+
+The destructive fury of this conflagration was never, perhaps, exceeded
+in any part of the world, by any fire originating in accident. _Within
+the walls_, it consumed almost five-sixths of the whole city; and
+_without_ the walls it cleared a space nearly as extensive as the
+one-sixth part left unburnt within. Scarcely a single building that came
+within the range of the flames was left standing. Public buildings,
+churches, and dwelling-houses, were alike involved in one common fate.
+
+In the summary account of this vast devastation, given in one of the
+inscriptions on the Monument, and which was drawn up from the reports of
+the surveyors appointed after the fire, it is stated, that "The ruins of
+the city were 436 acres, [viz. 333 acres within the walls, and 63 in the
+liberties of the city;] that, of the six-and-twenty wards, it utterly
+destroyed fifteen, and left eight others shattered and half burnt;
+and that it consumed 400 streets, 13,200 dwelling-houses, 89 churches
+[besides chapels; 4 of] the city gates, Guildhall, many public
+structures, hospitals, schools, libraries, and a vast number of stately
+edifices." The immense property destroyed in this dreadful time cannot
+be estimated at less than _ten millions_ sterling. Amid all the
+confusion and multiplied dangers that arose from the fire, it does not
+appear that more than _six_ persons lost their lives. Calamitous as were
+the immediate consequences of this dreadful fire, its _remote effects_
+have proved an incalculable blessing to subsequent generations. To
+this conflagration may be attributed the complete destruction of the
+_plague_, which, the year before only, swept off 68,590 persons!! To
+this tremendous fire we owe most of our grand public structures--the
+regularity and beauty of our streets--and, finally, the great salubrity
+and extreme cleanliness of a large part of the city of London.
+
+In relation to this awful calamity we add the following remarks:--Heaven
+be praised (says Mr. Malcolm[6]) old London _was burnt_. Good reader,
+turn to the ancient prints, in order to see what it has been; observe
+those hovels convulsed; imagine the chambers within them, and wonder why
+the plague, the leprosy, and the sweating-sickness raged. Turn then to
+the prints illustrative of our present dwellings, and be happy. The
+misery of 1665 must have operated on the minds of the legislature and
+the citizens, when they rebuilt and inhabited their houses. The former
+enacted many salutary clauses for the preservation of health, and would
+have done more, had not the public rejected that which was for their
+benefit; those who preferred high habitations and narrow dark streets
+had them. It is only to be lamented that we are compelled to suffer for
+their folly. These errors are now frequently partially removed by the
+exertion of the Corporation of London; but a complete reformation is
+impossible. It is to the improved dwellings composed of brick, the
+wainscot or papered walls, the high ceilings, the boarded floors, and
+large windows, and cleanliness, that we are indebted for the general
+preservation of health since 1666. From that auspicious year the very
+existence of the natives of London improved; their bodies moved in a
+large space of pure air; and, finding every thing clean and new around
+them, they determined to keep them so. Previously-unknown luxuries and
+improvements in furniture were suggested; and a man of moderate fortune
+saw his house vie with, nay, superior to, the old palaces of his
+governors. When he paced his streets, he felt the genial western breeze
+pass him, rich with the perfumes of the country, instead of the stench
+described by Erasmus; and looking upward, he beheld the beautiful blue
+of the air, variegated with fleecy clouds, in place of projecting black
+beams and plaster, obscured by vapour and smoke.
+
+The streets of London must have been dangerously dark during the winter
+nights before it was burnt; lanterns with candles were very sparingly
+scattered, nor was light much better distributed even in the new streets
+previously to the 18th century. Globular lamps were introduced by
+Michael Cole, who obtained a patent in July, 1708.
+
+We conclude the illustrations of this day with a singular opinion of the
+author just quoted. Speaking of the burning of London, he says, "This
+subject may be allowed to be familiar to me, and I have perhaps had more
+than common means of judging; and I now declare it to be my full and
+decided opinion, that London _was burnt by government, to annihilate the
+plague_, which was grafted in every crevice of the hateful old houses
+composing it."
+
+    [5] The progress of the fire might have been stopped, but for the
+        foolish conduct of the Lord Mayor, who refused to give orders
+        for pulling down some houses, _without the consent of the
+        owners_. Buckets and engines were of no use, from the confined
+        state of the streets.
+
+    [6] "Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London in the
+        Eighteenth Century," vol. ii. p. 378.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SKETCH BOOK
+
+NO. XLV.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BEHIND THE SCENES; OR, A BREAKFAST IN NEWGATE.
+
+(_Concluded from page 134_.)
+
+
+No further delay was allowed. The sheriffs moved on, the ordinary, the
+culprits, and the officers did the same; and that class of attendants to
+which I belonged followed. I shall not easily forget the circumstances
+of this brief, but melancholy progress. The faltering step--the
+deep-drawn sigh--the mingling exclamations of anguish and devotion which
+marked the advance of the victims--the deep tones of the reverend
+gentleman who now commenced reading a portion of the burial service, and
+the tolling of the prison bell, which, as we proceeded through some of
+the most dreary passages of the gaol, burst on the ear, rendered the
+whole spectacle impressive beyond description. Few steps sufficed to
+conduct us to the small room, or entrance-hall, into which the debtor's
+door opens, and from this we saw the ladder which the criminals were to
+ascend, and the scaffold on which they were to die. I was on the alert
+to detect any sudden emotion which this spectacle might cause, but could
+not perceive that it had the slightest effect. The minds of the
+sufferers had been so prepared, that a partial view of the machine to
+which they were being conducted, seemed to give no additional shock. No
+further pause was deemed necessary. The clock was striking eight, and
+the ordinary and the youth first brought to the press-room, immediately
+passed up the ladder. To the two culprits that remained, the gentleman
+whom I have already mentioned offered his services, and filled up with
+a prayer the little interval which elapsed, before the second was
+conducted to the platform.
+
+I heard from without the murmur of awe, of expectation, and pity, which
+ran through the crowd in front of the prison, and stepping on a small
+erection to the left of the door, gained a momentary glimpse of a
+portion of the immense multitude, who, uncovered, and in breathless
+silence, gazed on the operations of the executioners. I retreated just
+as the third halter had been adjusted. The finisher of the law was in
+the act of descending, when the under-sheriff addressed him--
+
+Is everything quite ready?"
+
+"Yes, sir."
+
+"Then take care and draw the bolt out smartly.--Now, don't bungle it."
+
+"No, sir--you may depend upon it," was the answer. And the obsequious
+anxiety of the hangman to seem polite and obliging, his apparent zeal
+to give satisfaction, though very natural seemed to me not a little
+curious.
+
+Prayers, which had been interrupted for a moment, while the last awful
+ceremony was in progress, were resumed. As he read them, I saw the
+clergyman fix his eye on the executioner with a peculiar expression. He
+drew his handkerchief from his pocket, and passed it slightly over his
+upper lip. This was the fatal signal. A lumbering noise, occasioned by
+the falling of part of the apparatus, announced that it had been obeyed.
+
+In that moment, a rush from the scaffold forced me from the door.
+The sheriffs, the under-sheriff, the ordinary, the gentleman who had
+assisted him in preparing the sufferers for eternity, and several other
+persons quitted the platform as expeditiously as possible, that they
+might not behold the final agonies of the unhappy men. Sir Thomas took
+me by the arm as he passed, and signified that he wished me to accompany
+him. I did so. Again I marched through the passages which I had recently
+traversed. Two minutes brought me to the door of the room to which I had
+first been conducted. Here my friend accosted me with his natural
+firmness of tone, which before had been considerably subdued by humane
+emotions, and said--
+
+"You must breakfast with us."
+
+I started at the unsentimental idea of eating the moment after quitting
+so awful a spectacle, as that which I have attempted to describe. But
+I had not sufficient energy to resist the good will which rather
+unceremoniously handed me in. Here I found the other sheriff, the
+ordinary, the under-sheriff, the city-marshal, and one or two of the
+individuals I had previously met, already seated.
+
+"Well, it is all over," said Sir Thomas, as he took his seat at the
+table.
+
+"Yes, it is," said the ordinary, in the same tone which I had heard a
+few moments before, and admired as appropriately solemn. "It is all
+over, and--" putting his cup and saucer to the under-sheriff, who
+prepared to pour out the tea--"I am very glad of it."
+
+"I hope you do not mean the breakfast is all over," remarked the
+sheriff, whose wit I had previously admired, "for I have had none yet."
+
+The moment had not arrived at which humour like this could be duly
+appreciated, and I did not observe that any of the company gave even
+that sort of _note of face_ for a laugh which we had all used half an
+hour before.
+
+Our conversation turned naturally on the manner in which the sufferers
+had conducted themselves; on the wishes they had expressed, and the
+confessions they had made.
+
+But while I looked on the hospitably spread table, I could not help
+connecting operations rather different in their character, which must
+have been going on at the same moment. "In my mind's eye," I saw the
+attendants carrying the fowl and eggs to the breakfast table, while the
+sheriffs and their guests were conducting the sufferers to the scaffold.
+
+From what I have already said, it must be inferred that the first
+speeches which accomplished the circuit of the table, were of a very
+serious character. But, mingled with them, some common breakfast-table
+requests and civilities caught my attention, as singular from their
+association. The performance of duties the most important cannot relieve
+man from the necessity of claiming his "daily bread," and I do not know
+that it is any reproach to a clergyman that he is not distinguished by
+versatility of manner. The abrupt transition from the gravity of the
+pulpit to the flippancy of the bar I should not admire; but the
+consistency of the reverend gentleman here attracted my notice.
+I had been just listening to him while he repeated, with devotional
+elongation, the solemn words of the burial service; and when I heard him
+with the same elongation of sound, address himself to me--"Shall I
+trouble you to cut up the fowl--can I help you to some tongue, sir?"
+I confess that I felt tempted not to laugh, but to comment on the
+oddly-contrasted feelings which the same voice, thus variously exerted,
+inspired.
+
+Horror-struck, as I had been, at the first mention of the unfeeling word
+"breakfast," my excuse for staying was to see if others could eat. That
+_I_ should take food was quite out of the question. But the wing of a
+fowl having been put on my plate, I thought it would be rudeness to
+reject it. I began to eat, inwardly reflecting that my abstinence would
+nothing benefit those whose sufferings I had still in my memory; and
+improving on this reconciling thought, I presently detected myself
+holding my plate for a second supply. "O sentiment!" I mentally
+exclaimed, "what art thou when opposed to a breakfast?"
+
+By the time we had disposed of our first cup of tea, we had got through
+the pious reflections which each of us had to offer on the particular
+occasion which had brought us together, and conversation started in a
+livelier vein. The gentleman who had assisted the ordinary, by praying
+with the culprits, gaily remarked to him, with a benevolent chuckle on
+his face, that _they_ (meaning himself and the reverend gentleman) had
+succeeded in refuting the Unitarian principles which A---- (one of the
+sufferers) had for some time avowed. The look which answered this
+speech, reminded me, I know not why, of the _organist's_ comment on the
+_organ blower's_ assertion that _they_ had played famously well.
+
+"Ay," said the minister, "I knew it would be so. I told him so
+immediately after sentence. But, after all, what can we say for a
+recantation dictated by the dread of early death?"
+
+"Very true!" was my exclamation, as the reverend gentleman looked as if
+he expected me to say something.
+
+"At any rate," whispered a gentleman well-known in the city, with whom
+I had formerly done a little business in the funds, "it gives a man
+something of an _option_."
+
+This technical application of a favourite stock-exchange word produced a
+general smile round the table, and I could not help contributing to
+lengthen it by replying--
+
+"You mean, perhaps, that it gives him a _call_." But the lively sheriff,
+of whose witticisms I have already made honourable mention, cut me out
+of my share of applause altogether, as clean as a whistle, by instantly
+rejoining--
+
+"The _put_ you mean, for, in this case, the party was going for the
+_fall_."
+
+Of course there was no standing this, and we all joined in the laugh.
+
+We were however brought back to gravity through the alarm expressed by
+the minister, at the idea of his having taken cold through officiating
+that morning without his wig.  This introduced, I cannot tell how, some
+remarks on the head, which led to a disquisition on craniology. On this
+subject the witty sheriff was very amusing. _I_ said some tolerably
+lively things; but the ordinary beat us all hollow, when it was
+contended that the disposition and the mind might be known from the
+exterior of the skull, by remarking that he had now an additional reason
+to regret having come there without his wig.
+
+With this epigrammatic touch he took his leave, I and the rest of the
+company laughing heartily, and having eaten as heartily as we then
+laughed. The facetious sheriff now had it all his own way, and said
+several things, nearly, or perhaps, quite as good as those which I have
+already placed on record. We were thus pleasantly engaged, when the
+aide-de-camp of the gallant officer in the blue and gold,--one of the
+city marshal's-men, entered to announce that it was past nine o'clock,
+and to ask if any of the company chose to see the bodies taken down.
+
+"The bodies!" I repeated to myself, and the application of that word to
+those whom I had previously heard mentioned but by their names, recalled
+my thoughts which had somehow strayed from the business of the morning
+into unlooked-for cheerfulness, and presented, in that simple
+expression, an epitome of all that had moved my wonder, curiosity, and
+commiseration.
+
+Again we passed through those parts of the prison which I had twice
+before traversed. We advanced with a quicker step than when following
+those whom we now expected to see brought to us. But with all the
+expedition we could use, on reaching the room from which the scaffold
+could be seen, we found the "bodies" already there. Nor was this, in my
+opinion, the least striking scene which the morning brought under my
+observation. The dead men were extended side by side, on the stone
+floor. The few persons present gazed on them in silence, duly impressed
+with the melancholy spectacle. But in this part of the building a copper
+is established, in which a portion of the provisions for its inmates is
+prepared. There was a savoury smell of soup, which we could not help
+inhaling while we gazed on death. The cooks too were in attendance, and
+though they, as became them, did all in their power to look decorously
+dismal, well as they managed their faces, they could not so divest
+themselves of their professional peculiarities, as not to awaken
+thoughts which involuntarily turned to ludicrous or festive scenes.
+Their very costume was at variance with the general gloom, and no
+sympathy could at once repress the jolly rotundity of their persons.
+
+I turned my eyes from them, wishing to give myself wholly up to
+religious meditation during the moments of my stay. Just then the
+executioner approach, ed. Sir Thomas desired him to remove the cap from
+the face of one of the sufferers. He prepared to comply--but his first
+act was to place his hand on the more prominent features and press them
+together. This, on inquiry being made, I learned was done that the
+bystanders might not be shocked by witnessing any distortion of
+countenance. Sir Thomas smiled at the anxiety of the man to make it
+appear that his work had been well performed. The cap was then
+withdrawn. There was nothing terrific in the aspect of the deceased.
+I recognized the features of the young man who had been so wildly,
+so violently agitated, when about to suffer. Now pain was at an end,
+apprehension was no more, and he seemed in the enjoyment of sweet
+repose. His countenance was tranquil as that of a sleeping infant, and
+happier than the infant, his rest was not in danger of being disturbed.
+While reflecting on the change which a single hour had sufficed to
+produce, I could hardly help regarding as idle the the sorrow, the pity,
+and the self-reproach for momentary forgetfulness of these, which I had
+felt and breathed within that period. I almost accused the sufferers of
+weakness, for showing themselves depressed as they had been, while I
+felt disposed, seeing their griefs were, to all appearance, terminated
+for ever, to demand with the poet,
+
+
+  "And what is death we so unwisely fear?"
+
+
+and to answer as he replies to himself,
+
+
+  "An end of all our busy tumults here."
+
+
+_Knight's Quarterly Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+JEU D'ESPRIT.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  A sanctified hermit was heard to complain
+  That raiment and food he no longer could gain.
+  "For," quoth he "in this village the famine's so great
+  That there's not enough left e'en a mousetrap to bait."
+
+  A neighbour who happened to bear his sad plaint
+  Addressed in the following manner the saint:
+  "The nation will keep thee to support splendour's throne,
+  And interest will pay thee, because thou'rt _alone_."--(a loan.)
+
+
+W.G.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+The Months.
+
+
+[Illustration: September]
+
+
+SEPTEMBER.
+
+
+  "Now sober Autumn, with lack lustre eye,
+  Shakes with a chiding blast the yellow leaf,
+      And hears the woodman's song
+      And early sportsman's foot."
+
+
+September is generally accounted the finest and most settled month in
+the year. The mornings and evenings are cool, but possess a delightful
+freshness, while the middle of the day is pleasantly warm and open.
+Hence the well-known proverb:
+
+
+  "September blows soft till the fruit's in the loft."
+
+
+The destruction of the partridge commences with this month, large coveys
+of which may now be seen about the stubble fields, and in the corn, if
+any be left standing. These birds get very shy towards the end of the
+month, in consequence of being repeatedly fired at. Sportsmen,
+therefore, prefer the early part of the season, before the birds get too
+wild. Partridges, while the corn is standing, have a secure retreat from
+their numerous enemies; but when the harvest is gathered in, they resort
+in the day-time to groves and covers. At night, however, they return to
+the stubble to avoid foxes and weasels, &c., and there nestle together.
+
+The swallow now takes his departure for milder regions, and many other
+of the small billed birds that feed on insects disappear when the cold
+weather commences. The _throstle_, the _red-wing_, and the _fieldfare_,
+which migrated in March, now return; and the _ring-ouzel_ arrives from
+the Welsh and Scottish Alps to winter in more sheltered situations. All
+these birds feed upon berries, of which there is a plentiful supply,
+in our woods, during a great part of their stay. The throstle and the
+red-wing are delicate eating. The Romans kept thousands of them together
+in aviaries, and fed them with a sort of paste made of bruised figs and
+flour, &c., to improve the delicacy and flavour of their flesh. These
+aviaries were so contrived as to admit but little light; and every
+object which might tend to remind them of their former liberty was
+carefully kept out of sight, such as the fields, the woods, the birds,
+or whatever might disturb the repose necessary for their improvement.
+Under this management, these birds fattened to the great profit of their
+proprietors, who sold them to Roman epicures for three _denarii_, or
+about two shillings each of our money.
+
+Towards the end of September the leaves of trees begin to put on their
+autumnal dress. Mr. Stillingfleet remarks, that, about the 25th, the
+leaves of the plane tree were tawny; of the hazel, yellow; of the oak,
+yellowish green; of the sycamore, dirty brown; of the maple, pale
+yellow; of the ash, a fine lemon-colour; of the elm, orange; of the
+hawthorn, tawny yellow; of the cherry, red; of the horn-beam, bright
+yellow; of the willow, still hoary. Yet, many of these tints cannot be
+considered complete, in some seasons, till the middle or latter end of
+October.
+
+When the harvest is gathered in, the husbandman prepares for seed-time;
+and the fields are again ploughed up for the winter corn, rye, and
+wheat, which are sown in September and October. The entrances to
+bee-hives are straightened, to prevent the access of wasps and other
+pilferers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ASTRONOMICAL OCCURRENCES
+
+_FOR SEPTEMBER, 1827_.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+The sun enters the cardinal and equinoctial sign _Libra_, on the 23rd at
+8 h. 24 min. evening, once more bringing our day and night to an equal
+length; when 8 deg. of _Gemini_ are due east, and 4 deg. of _Aquarius_
+due south, all the planets having a direct motion, and being below the
+horizon, Herschel excepted. The astrological aspects at this ingress are
+as follow:--Saturn is located in the third house; Mercury, Venus, and
+Mars in the fifth, the Sun, Moon, and Jupiter are in the sixth, while
+Herschel occupies the ninth.
+
+Mercury is in conjunction with Mars on the 4th, at 1 h. morning; on the
+6th with the fixed star, Regulus, or Corheoni; with Venus on the 18th,
+at midnight; and in superior conjunction with the Sun on the 24th, at
+9-1/2 h. evening.
+
+Venus rises at the beginning of the month about 4-1/2 h. morning, and
+towards the end at 5-1/2 h.
+
+Mars rises through the month at 31/2 h. morning.
+
+Jupiter is now gradually receding from our view, and will ere long be
+totally surrounded with the brighter beams of the Sun; his eclipses are
+therefore not visible.
+
+Saturn is apparently now fast approaching this part of our hemisphere;
+he rises on the 1st at 12-1/2 h. and on the 31st at 10-3/4 h. evening.
+
+Herschel culminates on the 1st at 9h. 6m. and on the 31st at 7h. 12m.
+
+If the reader will refer to page 131 of the 8th vol. of the MIRROR,
+he will find his attention invited to the relative positions of the
+principal northern stars and constellations for September last year:
+their present appearance is precisely similar. Pasche.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"THE WOODSMAN."
+
+
+A German newspaper contains a strange account--avouched with as much
+apparent accuracy almost as those which concerned the mermaids lately
+seen off our own coast, or the sea-serpent that visits the shores of
+America--of a conversion lately worked upon the morals of a famous
+robber, by a supernatural visitation in the forest of Wildeshausen. The
+hero of the tale, whose name is Conrad Braunsvelt, but who was better
+known by the cognomen of "The Woodsman," was drinking one evening
+at a small inn on the borders of the forest of Wildeshausen, when a
+traveller, well mounted, and carrying a portmanteau on his horse behind
+him, came up by the road which runs from the direction of Hanover. The
+stranger, after inquiring if he could be accommodated with a bed, led
+his horse away to the stable, and in doing this, left his portmanteau
+upon a bench within the house--which Conrad immediately, as a
+preliminary measure, tried the weight of. He had just discovered that
+the valise was unusually heavy, when the return of the traveller
+compelled him to desist; but his curiosity, without any farther effort,
+was not long ungratified; for the stranger soon opened it before him, as
+it seemed, to take out some articles which were necessary for his use at
+night; and displayed in the process several large bags--larger almost
+than the machine would have seemed able to contain--which were evidently
+full of gold or silver money. The cupidity of Conrad was excited by this
+view, and he would gladly have at once secured the prize even at the
+hazard of a personal struggle with the stranger; but the people of the
+inn (according to his account afterwards) were such as would have
+expected a portion of the spoil. For this reason, although unwillingly,
+and trusting himself to sleep little, lest by any chance the prey should
+escape him, he abandoned his design of robbery, for that night; and on
+the next morning, having learned which way the stranger travelled--for
+the latter exhibited no suspicions or apprehension of those about him,
+but spoke freely of his intended road, though he never mentioned
+anything of the charge he carried--having ascertained this fact, he
+allowed the rider to depart, and after a short time, followed by a
+shorter track through the forest, which was practicable only to persons
+on foot, and which would enable him, had he even started later, easily
+to overtake the mounted traveller. Now, knowing that his nearer road
+saved, as has been noticed, full a league of ground, the "Woodsman"
+moved on slowly; and accounted that, when he reached the point at which
+they were to meet, he should still have some time to wait for the
+stranger: on emerging, however, into the high road, he found him to his
+surprise _already_ approaching; and, what was still more extraordinary,
+mounted upon a _black_ horse, when that on which he had left the inn,
+had certainly seemed to be a brown. The portmanteau, however, which was
+all that Conrad looked to, was still behind the traveller, and on he
+came riding as if nothing at all was the matter: the "Woodsman" never
+hung back, or staid reflecting, but levelled his rifle, and called upon
+him to "Stand and deliver," or his next moment was his last. The
+traveller upon this pulled up his horse with an air of great coolness;
+and, looking upon Conrad, said something, which, as the robber since
+says, he verily believes was--"That he hoped he had not kept him
+_waiting_!"--or words to that purpose; but he was too busy at the time
+to pay much attention to discourse. "Do you know who it is you are going
+to rob though?" asked the stranger, addressing the "Woodsman" directly.
+"Not I," replied the latter, boldly: "but, if you were der Dyvel
+himself, descend from that horse, and deliver the bags of money that you
+have on you, or you shall die!" Upon this, the black rider said no more;
+but dismounted quietly, although he had pistols in his holsters; and
+Conrad, immediately taking the portmanteau from the horse's back, was so
+eager to be sure of the contents, that he drew his knife, and cut the
+fastenings on the spot. In the meantime, the traveller might have fallen
+upon him unawares, and to advantage, but the "Woodsman" endeavoured to
+keep an eye upon him, while he went on forcing the valise open as well
+as he could. At length the straps were all cut, and the robber thrust
+his hands in eagerly, making sure to find the bags which he had seen the
+preceding evening, for he had distinctly felt them from the outside.
+But, when he drew out his hands, there was in one only a _halter_, and
+in the other a piece of brass in the shape of a _gibbet_! And, at the
+same moment, a gripe was laid upon his arm; and a deep low voice, which
+seemed to be close beside him, pronounced the words, "_This shall be thy
+fate_!" When he turned round in horror and consternation, the horse, and
+the rider, and the portmanteau, all were gone; and he found himself
+within a few paces of the inn door which he had quitted in the morning,
+with the halter and the brass gibbet still remaining in his hand. The
+narrative states farther, that this horrible rencontre so affected
+Conrad Braunsvelt, that he forthwith delivered himself up to the rangers
+of the forest, and was sent to Cassel to await the pleasure of the Grand
+Duke. He is now confined in an asylum for repentant criminals, desirous
+of being restored to society; and his miraculous warning is noted in the
+records of the institution.--_Monthly Magazine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CAMBRIAN CONVIVIALITY.
+
+
+  "Cloth must we wear,
+  Eat beef, and drink beer,
+  Though the dead go to bier."
+
+_Old Ballad._
+
+
+There is something refreshing, and not a little inspiriting, in the
+scanty relics of those hearty customs and pastimes which imparted such a
+manly tone to the character of our ancestors; but now, like the ruined
+castle, or the old ivied abbey, they have become objects of admiration
+rather than sources of delight. Fifty years ago, the inhabitants of
+North Wales, a rude and blunt race even now, were far less sophisticated
+by modern refinement than they are at present; and it was then a common
+matter for the _Penteulu_, or head of the family, to dine in the large
+stone hall of the mansion--he and his own particular friends at a table,
+raised on a _Dais_--and his numerous tenants and dependants at another
+table running the whole length of the said hall. Then came the
+wassailing--worthy of the days of Arthur--wine for the upper table;
+ale, medd, (_mead_,) and spirits for the other; and after all came the
+friendly contest at some manly game--wrestling, racing, pitching the
+bar, or the like. At a period somewhat later, these boisterous pastimes
+began to degenerate; and the Welsh squire became more polished, but not,
+perhaps, more happy. Still the custom of inordinate potation fondly
+clung to him. Immediately contiguous to every mansion of any magnitude
+was erected a summerhouse, usually situated in a spot, selected for the
+beauty of the scene which it commanded; and to this _sanctum_ did the
+gentlemen retire after dinner, to enjoy, unrestrained by the presence of
+the ladies, a full indulgence in that boisterous carousal, which their
+bluff hearts so dearly loved. But these good and glorious customs have
+died the death, and gone the way, of all perishable things; _they_ are
+gone, as are those jovial souls who gave them life and buoyancy; but the
+eternal hills, which echoed to their merriment and glee--they remain
+unaltered by time, and unshaken by the storms which have passed over
+them.
+
+Yet is there still much jovial heartiness in the festive revelry of the
+mountaineers. One scene, in which I was a participator, I will endeavour
+to portray--it is impressed on my memory by more than one token of
+grateful reminiscence. It was in the summer of 1825 that I left London
+for a few weeks, and sought among my native hills a reparation of the
+wear and tear of half-a-dozen years of hard and unceasing toil. Two days
+after my arrival In Merionethshire was celebrated the birthday of Robert
+Williams Vaughan, Esq., of Nannau, the only son of Sir Robert Williams
+Vaughan, Bart., and member for the county; a gentleman of whom it may be
+truly said, that his heart is replete with every noble and benevolent
+attribute, and that his mind is dignified by practical wisdom, sound
+sense, and energy to direct, for the benefit of his dependents, the fine
+and Christian virtues which he possesses. "Come up to Nannau," is his
+encouraging address to the labourer, when the hardships of winter are
+pressing upon the poor: "Come up to Nannau, show me that you are willing
+to work, and I will give you your wages." It is for benevolence like
+this, well and usefully exercised, that Sir Robert Vaughan is especially
+remarkable, as well also for all those qualities which adorn and dignify
+the British country gentleman. Always careful of the welfare, habits,
+and comforts of the poor around him; patronizing the industry,
+ingenuity, and good conduct of his more humble countrymen, and
+ministering to the wants of the sick and the poor; hospitable in the
+extreme; kind, affable, and friendly to all, he fulfils in every respect
+the happy duties of the wealthy British landholder; and by his generous
+courtesy he has ensured to himself the perfect esteem of every person
+who knows him. Living in the midst of a cheerful and contented tenantry,
+the chieftain as it were of a devoted clan, the proprietor of Nannau may
+be truly termed a happy man. The empty blandishments of the world have
+no charms for him, nor have its ephemeral pleasures any allurement; for,
+like the gallant knight of Peugwern, when invited by Henry the Seventh
+to share the honors of his court, for services rendered at Bosworth
+Field, he would meekly but promptly reply, "Sire! I love to dwell among
+mine own people." Such is Sir Robert Vaughan of Nannau, whose memory
+will be long and fondly cherished by those who have enjoyed his
+friendship, and witnessed his calm, manly, and useful virtues.
+
+We sat down to dinner, about forty in number, occupying two tables
+placed parallel to each other, in the spacious dining-room of the
+mansion. Choice fish of every kind; venison from Nannau Park, celebrated
+for the delicious flavour of its fat bucks; mountain-mutton, from the
+fertile pastures of Llanfachreth; the noble sirloin, and, in fact, every
+substantial delicacy that wealth could procure, pressed even to groaning
+the broad tables of our host; while the harper in the hall twanged his
+instrument with a force and a fury, that plainly showed his previous
+intimacy with the good cheer of the place. But noble and magnificent
+as our entertainment was in the eating department, it was infinitely
+surpassed by that which was devoted to the orgies of Bacchus. No sooner
+was the brief and scarcely audible grace pronounced by the chaplain,
+than in marched old Pearson, the gray-headed butler, bearing in each
+hand a goblet, in form like an acorn, and fashioned of the dark polished
+oak of the far-famed Spirits-Blasted Tree,[7] richly ornamented with
+appropriate silver emblems. One of these was placed reversed by the side
+of the president and _croupier_ of each table, and presently afterwards
+flanked by a huge silver tankard of foaming ale, strong enough almost to
+blow into the air a first-rate man-of-war. Filling this goblet, which
+held very nearly a pint, the president made his speech to the health and
+happiness of the young 'squire, and draining it dry, passed it on to his
+left-hand neighbour. The _croupier_ did the same, and like the great
+bear of Bradwardine, did the acorn of Nannau begin to make its rounds,
+in a manner quite as fearful to me as was the terrific approach of the
+bear aforesaid to the heir of Waverley Honor. Unfortunately for me, I
+sat between two determined and well-seasoned topers, who took especial
+care that I should not only fill to each toast, but drain the cup to
+the very bottom; so that, novice as I was in this sort of hilarity, I
+found myself, in a very short time, lying down under a laburnum tree
+in the lawn, and composing myself very comfortably--no, not _very_
+comfortably--to sleep. I had my sleep, however; and when I awoke and
+re-entered the house, a merry group of guests had surrounded the harper
+in the hall, and were singing Penillion at full stretch, to the now
+unsteady and somewhat discordant accompaniment of the minstrel; the
+laugh was of course against me, but good-nature, rather than contempt,
+characterised the bantering, and I bore it all in good part. The party
+broke up about eleven, and before midnight I was at home, after a
+magnificent walk of three miles, over the mountains, in the moonlight.
+_The Inspector._
+
+    [7] This was an old blasted oak, standing a few years ago in Nannau
+        Park, to the infinite horrification of the honest mountaineers.
+        Tradition had imbued it with a terrible and awful influence--for,
+        some four or five hundred years ago, the gigantic skeleton of a
+        warrior was found incased in its trunk, and grasping with its
+        bony fingers a long and ponderous sword. It was blown down one
+        stormy night, and the wood has been manufactured into a variety
+        of articles.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR, AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NEW SOUTH WALES.
+
+
+The following observations, recorded in Mr. Cunningham's _Two Years in
+New South Wales_, are as valuable as they are interesting; for hitherto
+we have known but little of the natural history of that country:--
+
+_Trees_.--Trees here appear to follow the same laws as other vegetable
+substances, regarding the effects they produce upon the soil wherein
+they grow. It has long been remarked in America, that on the forests
+being cut down, young trees of a different species sprout up in place of
+the old ones; and here the same remark, in a great measure, holds
+good,--acacias very commonly making their appearance on land that has
+been once under cultivation, and afterwards permitted to relapse into a
+state of nature. From this circumstance it should seem, that trees, like
+other vegetables, extract a particular substance from the ground, which
+substance it is necessary should be restored before the same species of
+tree can be readily grown a second time,--a restoration to be effected,
+perhaps, by such chemical changes in the constituent particles of the
+soil as may arise from the cultivation of other species.
+
+_Fruits_.--Of native fruits, we possess raspberries equal in flavour and
+not otherwise distinguishable from the English. They grow plentifully
+on the alluvial banks of Hunter's river, and supply a yearly Christmas
+feast to the birds. Oar native currants are strongly acidulous, like the
+cranberry, and make an excellent preserve when mixed with the raspberry.
+They grow on low shrubs not higher than the whortleberry bush. Our
+cherries are destitute both of pleasant taste and flavour, and have
+the stone adhering to their outside. Our native pears are tolerably
+tempting to the look, but defy both mastication and digestion, being the
+pendulous seed-pods of a tree here, and their outer husks of such a hard
+woody consistence, as to put the edge of even a well-tempered knife to
+proof of its qualities in slicing them down. The burwan is a nut much
+relished by our natives, who prepare it by roasting and immersion in a
+running stream, to free it from its poisonous qualities. The jibbong is
+another tasteless fruit, as well as the _five-corners_, much relished by
+children. The wild potato strongly resembles the species now in use in
+Europe, but the stem and leaf are essentially different. It grows on the
+loose flooded alluvial margins of the rivers, and at one period of the
+year composes the chief sustenance of the natives, having the watery
+look and taste of the yam. Of foreign fruits now climatized we possess a
+great variety. Here are oranges, lemons, citrons, nectarines, apricots,
+peaches, plums, cherries, figs, loquats, grenadillos, quinces, pears,
+apples, mulberries, pomegranates, grapes, olives, raspberries,
+strawberries, bananas, guavas, pineapples, and English and Cape
+gooseberries and currants. Of shell-fruits we have the almond, walnut,
+chestnut, and filbert; and of other garden fruits, strawberries, melons,
+peppers, &c.
+
+Melons and pumpkins will absolutely overrun you, if you do not give them
+most bounteous scope, and you need want neither water nor musk-melons
+for six or eight months yearly on an average, if you duly time the
+sowings. Nothing can exceed their rich juiciness and flavour, and the
+rapidity of their growth is almost miraculous, when a few showers of
+rain temper the hot days. The pumpkin makes an excellent substitute for
+the apple in a pie, when soured and sweetened to a proper temper by
+lemons and sugar. The black children absolutely dance and scream when
+they see one, pumpkin and sugar being their delight. To the half of a
+shrivelled pumpkin hanging at the door of my tent on my first essay in
+settling, one of our sooty satyrs could do nothing for some minutes but
+fidget and skip; and with his eyes sparkling, and countenance beaming
+with ecstacy, exclaim, "Dam my eye, _pambucan_; dam my eye, _pambucan_!"
+such being the nearest point they can attain to the right pronunciation
+of their favourite _fruit_.
+
+_Birds_.--We are not moved here with the deep mellow note of the
+blackbird, poured out from beneath some low stunted bush; nor thrilled
+with the wild warblings of the thrush, perched on the top of some tall
+sapling; nor charmed with the blithe carol of the lark as we proceed
+early afield; none of our birds at all rivalling these divine songsters
+in realising the poetical idea of the "music of the grove;" while
+"parrots' chattering" must supply the place of "nightingales' singing"
+in the future amorous lays of our sighing Celadons. We have our lark
+certainly, but both his appearance and note are a most wretched parody
+upon the bird our English poets have made so many fine similes about.
+He will mount from the ground, and rise fluttering upward in the same
+manner, and with a few of the starting notes of the English lark; but
+on reaching the height of thirty feet or so, down he drops suddenly and
+mutely, diving into concealment among the long grass, as if ashamed of
+his pitiful attempt. For the pert, frisky robin, pattering and pecking
+against the windows in the dull days of winter, we have the lively
+"superb warbler," with his blue shining plumage and his long tapering
+tail, picking up the crumbs at our doors; while the pretty little
+redbills, of the size and form of the goldfinch, constitute the sparrow
+of our clime, flying in flocks about our houses, and building their soft
+downy pigmy nests in the orange, peach, and lemon trees surrounding
+them. Nor are we without our rural noters of the time, to call us to
+our early task, and warn us of evening's close. The loud and discordant
+noise of the _laughing jackass_, (or _settler's clock_, as he is
+called,) as he takes up his roost on the withered bough of one of our
+tallest trees, acquaints us that the sun has just dipped behind the
+hills, and that it is time to trudge homewards; while the plaintive
+notes of the curlew, and the wild and dismal screechings of the flying
+squirrel, skimming from branch to branch, whisper us to retire to our
+bedchambers. In the morning, again, the dull monotonous double note of
+the _whee-whee_, (so named from the sound of its calls,) chiming in at
+as regular intervals as the tick of a clock, warns us to rub our eyes
+and con over the tasks of the impending day, as it is but half an hour
+to dawn; till again the loud laughter of the _jackass_ summons us to
+turn out, and take a peep at the appearance of the morning, which just
+begins to glimmer beyond the dusky outline of the eastern hills.
+
+_Animals_.--Our wild animals are numerous, but few of them carnivorous,
+and none of a size to endanger human life. The _native dog_ is generally
+believed to be an importation, being deficient of the false uterus or
+pouch characterising all our other quadrupeds. He closely resembles the
+Chinese dog in form and appearance, being either of a reddish or dark
+colour, with shaggy hair, long bushy tail, prick ears, large head, and
+slightly tapering nose; in size he reminds one of a shepherd's dog,
+running with considerable speed, and snapping in attack or defence. He
+does not bark, but howls in melancholy sort, when prowling in quest of
+prey, and has a strong and peculiar odour, which makes European dogs shy
+at first of attacking him, doubtless intimidated too by his snapping
+mode of fighting; for it is observed of poodles, and all which snap,
+that few other dogs are fond of engaging them. He is most destructive on
+breaking in among a flock of sheep, as he bites a piece out of every one
+he seizes; not holding fast and worrying dead like the fox, but snapping
+at all he can overtake, till twenty or thirty may be killed by one dog,
+there being something so peculiarly venomous in their bite that few
+recover from it. Their cross with the tame dog forms a very useful breed
+for emu-hunting, and many even of the pure ones are caught young, tamed
+by the natives, and bred up to hunt emus and kangaroos. They have as
+many pups as the tame dog, littering either in some hollow log, deserted
+ant-hill, hole in the ground, or thick brush. They will hunt, kill, and
+devour a tame dog also, if a troop of them can catch him alone. A
+settler in the interior informed me, that, while out hunting one
+morning, he observed his dog running direct towards him at full speed,
+with two large native dogs close at his heels; and so eager were they to
+seize their prey, that his own dog was actually sheltered between his
+legs, and the native dogs within pistol-shot, before they perceived
+their danger. Hence he was enabled to shoot one of them. The native cat
+is the only other carnivorous animal we possess; but its depredations
+extend no farther than the poultry-yard. It is small and long-bodied,
+with a long tail, claws like a common cat, a nose like a pig, striped
+down the sides with brown and black, and dotted over with white spots.
+It climbs trees and preys on birds while they sleep, being a night
+animal.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FARM-HOUSES ON THE SNEEUWBERG MOUNTAINS.
+
+
+The farm-houses in the Sneeuwberg, and in most of the colder districts
+of the colony, are usually of the following description:--The house
+resembles a large barn divided into two or three apartments. One of these
+is the kitchen, which also serves for the sitting and eating apartment.
+In the others the family sleep; while, in the outer one already
+mentioned, visiters and travellers are accommodated with a rush mat, a
+feather bed, and a coverlet spread on the clay floor. In this situation
+I have often enjoyed, after a fatiguing day's ride, the most balmy
+repose; while a swarthy train of slaves and Hottentots were moving round
+the embers of the fire, wrapped in their sheepskin mantles, and dogs,
+cats, and fowls were trampling over my body. The more wealthy and long
+settled families, however, usually have the kitchen separate from their
+sitting-room. In such houses curtained beds, and other articles of
+decent furniture, are not unfrequently found; but the poorer classes
+are content with a few thong-bottomed chairs and stools, two or three
+wagon-chests, and a couple of deal tables. At one of the latter sits
+the mistress of the house, with a tea-urn and a chafing-dish before her,
+dealing out every now and then _tea-water_, or coffee, and elevating
+her sharp shrill voice occasionally to keep the dilatory slaves and
+Hottentots at their duty. In this same apartment is also invariably to
+be seen the carcass of a sheep killed in the morning, and hung up under
+the eye of the mistress, to be served out frugally for the day's
+provision as it may be required. The houses, being without any ceiling,
+are open to the thatch; and the rafters are generally hung full of the
+ears of Indian corn, leaves or rolls of tobacco, slices of dried meat,
+called _bill tongue_, &c. The last is a sort of ham from the muscular
+part of the thigh of the ox, or the larger species of antelopes; it is
+very convenient for carrying on journeys, and is found in the boor's
+houses in every part of the colony. It is cut into very thin slices, and
+eaten with bread and butter, or with bread and the melted fat of the
+sheep's tail, which is a common substitute for butter; either way it is
+no contemptible dish when one is a little hungry, and many a time I have
+heartily enjoyed it.
+
+A traveller, on arriving, if it does not happen to be meal-time, is
+always presented with a cup of tea, without sugar, milk, or bread;
+unless occasionally, when you may be favoured with a small piece of
+sugar-candy out of a tin snuff-box, to be kept in your mouth to sweeten
+the bitter beverage as it passes. When their tea and coffee are
+exhausted, a succedaneum is found in roasted grain, prepared in the
+same way as Hunt's radical coffee, which, if not very palatable, is
+nevertheless a refreshment to a thirsty and weary traveller. They never
+think of asking you to eat unless at meal-time; but then you are
+expected to draw in your chair, and help yourself, without invitation,
+in the same easy manner as one of the family. The dishes consist for
+the most part of mutton stewed in sheep's-tail fat, or boiled to rags;
+sometimes with very palatable soup, and a dish of boiled corn, maize, or
+pumpkin. Cayenne-pepper, vinegar, and few home-made pickles, are also
+usually produced to relish the simple fare, which, served up twice a
+day, forms, with tea-water and the _soopie_, or dram of Cape brandy,
+the amount of their luxuries. In this quarter of the colony, however, I
+found every where excellent bread; and, upon the whole, the farmers of
+Bruintjes-Hoogte and the Sneeuwberg appeared in much more independent
+and comfortable circumstances than those along the coast.
+
+_Thompson's Southern Africa._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HOSPITAL FOR THE DUMB.
+
+
+The Banian hospital at Surat is a most remarkable institution; it
+consists of a large plot of ground, enclosed with high walls, divided
+into several courts or wards, for the accommodation of animals; in
+sickness they are attended with the tenderest care, and find a peaceful
+asylum for the infirmities of age. When an animal breaks a limb, or
+is otherwise disabled from serving his master, he carries him to the
+hospital, and, indifferent to what nation or caste the owner may belong,
+the patient is never refused admittance. If he recover, he cannot be
+reclaimed, but must remain in the hospital for life, subject to the duty
+of drawing water for those pensioners debilitated by age or disease from
+procuring it for themselves. At my visit, the hospital contained horses,
+mules, oxen, sheep, goats, monkeys, poultry, pigeons, and a variety of
+birds, with an aged tortoise, who was known to have been there for
+seventy-five years. The most extraordinary ward was that appropriated
+to rats, mice, bugs, and other noxious vermin. The overseers of the
+hospital frequently hire beggars from the streets, for a stipulated
+sum, to pass a night among the fleas, lice, and bugs, on the express
+condition of suffering them to enjoy their feast without molestation.
+
+_Forbes's Oriental Memoirs._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Useful Domestic Hints
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NORFOLK PUNCH. NO. 1.
+
+
+In twenty quarts of French brandy put the peels of thirty lemons and
+thirty oranges, pared so thin that not the least of the white is left;
+infuse twelve hours. Have ready thirty quarts of cold water that has
+been boiled; put to it fifteen pounds of double-refined sugar; and when
+well mixed, pour it upon the brandy and peels, adding the juice of the
+oranges and of twenty-four lemons; mix well. Then strain, through a fine
+hair-sieve, into a very clean barrel that has held spirits, and put two
+quarts of new milk. Stir, and then bung it close; let it stand six weeks
+in a warm cellar; bottle the liquor for use, taking great care that the
+bottles are perfectly clean and dry, and the corks of the best quality
+and well put in. This liquor will keep many years, and improves by
+age.--_The Vintner's Guide._
+
+
+NORFOLK PUNCH. NO. 2.
+
+
+Pare six lemons and three Seville oranges very thin; squeeze the juice
+into a large jar; put to it two quarts of brandy, one of white wine, and
+one of milk, and one pound and a quarter of sugar. Let it be mixed, and
+then covered for twenty-four hours. Strain through a jelly-bag till
+clear, then bottle it.--_Ibid._
+
+
+TO MANAGE AND IMPROVE RED PORT WINE WHEN POOR AND THIN.
+
+
+If your wines be sound, but wanting in body, colour, and flavour, draw
+out thirty or forty gallons, and return the same quantity of young and
+rich wines, such its are generally brought to this country for that
+purpose; to a can of which put a quart of colouring, with a bottle of
+wine or brandy, in which half an ounce of powdered cochineal has been
+previously mixed. Whisk it well together, and put it in your cask,
+stirring it well about with a staff; and if not bright in about a week
+or ten days, you may fine it for use; previous to which, put in at
+different times a gallon of good brandy. If Port wines are short of
+body, put a gallon or two of brandy into each pipe, as you see
+necessary. If the wines be in your own stock, put it in by a quart or
+two at a time, as it feeds the wine better in this way than putting it
+in all at once; but, if your wines are in a bonded cellar, procure a
+funnel that will go down to the bottom of the cask, that the brandy may
+be completely incorporated with the wine. When your Port is thus made
+fine and pleasant, bottle it off, taking care to pack it in a temperate
+place with saw-dust or dry sand, after which it will not be proper to
+drink for at least two months. When laying your wines down in bottles
+you should never use new deal saw-dust, as that causes it to fret too
+much, and often communicates a strong turpentine smell through the corks
+to the wine.--_Ibid._
+
+
+RED CURRANT WINE.
+
+
+Take seventy pounds of red currants, bruised and pressed, good moist
+sugar forty-five pounds, water sufficient to fill up a fifteen-gallon
+cask, ferment; this produces a very pleasant red wine, rather tart, but
+keeps well.--_Ibid._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+The Gatherer.
+
+"I am but a _Gatherer_ and disposer of other men's stuff."--_Wotton_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ON CRANIOLOGY.
+
+
+  In days of yore,
+  Laid wit and lore,
+    And wisdom in the wig;
+  But now the skull
+  Contains them all,
+    The peruke is too big.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"According to Julius Africanus," says Gibbon, "the world was created on
+the _first of September_--an opinion almost too foolish to be recorded."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the memoirs of the celebrated French actor, Preville, we find the
+following letter, addressed by the manager of a strolling company to his
+prompter:--
+
+"At last, my dear boy, here we are safe in Provins. The coach-office
+undertook to deliver the boxes of snow and hail. The winds and tempest
+came later than we expected--we even lost a zephyr. The thunder got
+broke on the road, and we have been forced to have fresh sodder for the
+two lightnings. Our divinities are well, with the exception of Love, who
+has got the small-pox; the Graces have been inoculated; we were obliged
+to leave them behind on the road, with the brick wall, which being wrapt
+round the sun to keep it from getting soiled, was rubbed to pieces by
+the sharp rays. Our rivers and sea are coming by water; and pray, when
+you come yourself, do not forget to bring lots of clouds with you, and a
+new moon. A torrent too will be wanted, for our last has most unluckily
+got burnt. I am anxious for a full account of all your purchases, to
+which you must add two yards of weeping willows. Above all, bring me a
+drawbridge, a fortress, and my linen, if it was not turned into tinder
+for the last sea-fight. Ever yours."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction., by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 271 ***
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
+  "text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
+
+  <title>The Mirror of Literature, Issue 271.</title>
+  <style type="text/css">
+  /*<![CDATA[*/
+  <!--
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+  span.pagenum         {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;}
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+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction., by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction.
+       Volume 10, No. 271, Saturday, September 1, 1827.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 2, 2004 [EBook #11401]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 271 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker, David Garcia and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+  <hr class="full" />
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page145" name="page145"></a>[pg
+  145]</span>
+
+  <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+  OF<br />
+  LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <table width="100%" summary="Banner">
+    <tr>
+      <td align="left"><b>VOL. X, NO. 271.]</b></td>
+
+      <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1827.</b></td>
+
+      <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>The New Prison, Norwich.</h2>
+
+  <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+    <a href="images/271-1.png"><img width="100%" src=
+    "images/271-1.png" alt="The New Prison, Norwich" /></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The old gaol in the city of Norwich, in the year 1823, being
+  found no longer secure, nor according to the new act of
+  parliament, admitting of sufficient room for the classification
+  of the prisoners, the magistrates came to a resolution of
+  erecting a new one outside the city, near St. Giles's gates; the
+  same was accordingly advertised in the Norwich papers, in which
+  architects were requested to send plans, elevations, and
+  sections, (in competition,) accompanied with an estimate of the
+  total expense of the new building. A great number of designs were
+  in consequence submitted, when the plan sent by Mr. Brown, of
+  Wells-street, Oxford-street, London, was adjudged to be the best:
+  his plan was therefore adopted and carried into execution, of
+  which the annexed engraving is a faithful representation, taken
+  from the tower of St. Giles's Church, in the city of Norwich. The
+  foundation stone was laid in 1824, and the building finished this
+  year, 1827. It is designed to hold 120 prisoners, besides the
+  necessary turnkeys and servants, and has cost the city
+  &pound;23,000; the boundary wall is quadrangular, but is cut off
+  at the junction of the four angles by bastions, thereby giving to
+  the wall a greater stability; the whole circumference is 1,220
+  feet, and encloses an area of one acre, two roods, and
+  thirty-four poles, being nearly one acre and three quarters of
+  ground.</p>
+
+  <p>The bastion at the entrance contains on the ground floor a
+  porter's room, press room, hot and cold baths, and a room with an
+  oven for the purpose of purifying foul linen. The upper story
+  contains over the entrance gate the drop room: on each side are
+  receiving cells, two for males and two for females, a searching
+  room for the surgeon, and the prison wardrobe; directly over the
+  drop room on the lead flat is the place where the more heinous
+  malefactors expiate their crimes. The bastion on the right hand
+  contains a building, on the ground floor and in the centre of
+  which is the wash-house and laundry, and in front the drying
+  ground; at each end of this building are the airing grounds for
+  the sick prisoners, and on the second floor are the male and
+  female infirmaries, separated by a strong partition wall. The
+  left hand bastion contains the millhouse, stable, and a room for
+  the van which takes the prisoners <span class="pagenum"><a id=
+  "page146" name="page146"></a>[pg 146]</span> to the town hall in
+  the assize time; over these three rooms are the mill chamber and
+  hay-loft. The horizontal wind vane on the roof of this building
+  is to assist the prisoners when there is not a sufficiency of
+  them sentenced to the tread-wheels; by shutting the louvre boards
+  of the arms it then produces employment for the prisoners when
+  there is no corn in the mill to grind. In the remote bastion are
+  seen the tread-wheels on which the prisoners are employed in
+  keeping up a constant retrograde motion, which works the
+  machinery in the millhouse by means of an iron shaft with
+  universal joints concealed below the surface of the ground.</p>
+
+  <p>Here are four prison wings in the building, the right hand one
+  contains in one ward common debtors, and in the other unconvicted
+  men felons, not capital. The second wing on the right contains on
+  one side unconvicted men felons, and unconvicted women felons for
+  capital offences on the other. In the first left hand wing there
+  is on the first side the master debtors, and on the other the
+  court of conscience debtors; the second wing on the left contains
+  on one side men misdemeanors, and on the other convicted men
+  felons. There are two day-rooms in each of the four wings, and
+  four condemned cells and four solitary ones in the back towers;
+  there is also fourteen airing yards between the four wings, six
+  of which are sunk three feet below the others, to enable the
+  governor from the inspection gallery of his house to overlook the
+  tread-wheels, millhouse, and infirmary; those yards are descended
+  by stone steps, in each there is a day room, and they are
+  appropriated to the following prisoners, namely, women debtors,
+  unconvicted women felons, not capital; convicted women felons,
+  women fines, men fines, and boys for misdemeanors. There is also
+  a level passage between each two of the sunk yards, one leading
+  to the infirmary, one to the millhouse, and the other to the
+  tread-wheels.</p>
+
+  <p>In the governor's house there is in the basement story a
+  kitchen, scullery, and bakehouse, store room, beer-cellar, and
+  coal cellar; on the ground floor is the governor's office, living
+  room, committee room, and matron's room; on the second floor are
+  two bedrooms and the lower part of the chapel; and on the third
+  floor are two bedrooms and the gallery of the chapel. There are
+  likewise four bridge staircases, one from each prison wing
+  leading to passages in the governor's house, which communicates
+  with the chapel; the prisoners are not here able to see each
+  others' class, as they are separated by fourteen partitions,
+  being as many as there are yards in the prison, yet the governor
+  and minister have from their seats a complete view of every
+  person and every part. Around the governor's house is an enclosed
+  area, and above an inspection gallery, from which the governor is
+  enabled to see into every part of the prison. On the towers of
+  the four prison wings there are reservoirs for containing water,
+  which is thrown up by a pump worked by the prisoners at the
+  tread-wheel, whenever water is required, and by means of lead
+  pipes, it is then conveyed to every part of the prison. The whole
+  gaol is fire-proof, the floors being of stone, and the doors and
+  windows of iron.</p>
+
+  <p>There is certainly a peculiar arrangement in the plan of this
+  gaol not to be met with in any other in the kingdom; there are
+  four yards between each of the wings excepting those two in the
+  approach to the governor's house; the middle yards which are
+  divided by a passage, have, as before stated, each of them a
+  day-room. The prisoners allotted to these yards have their
+  sleeping cells in the main wing, to which they are conducted
+  along a passage, at the end of those upper yards which join the
+  prison wing; the prisoners are therefore in their passage to and
+  from the sleeping cells, concealed from the others; should there
+  at any time be a greater number of prisoners belonging to the
+  ward on the ground floor than there are sleeping cells they are
+  then taken to the spare cells in the wards above through a door
+  at the end of the upper yard, and yet concealed from those
+  classes in the sunk yards. All our prison buildings hitherto
+  erected are hid from the sight by the high boundary wall that
+  encloses them, producing nothing interesting to the citizen or
+  the traveller but a monotonous fa&ccedil;ade. Mr. Brown has
+  obviated this in the gaol before us, by having raised towers on
+  the ends of the four wings, which, with the top of the governor's
+  house, mill, and infirmary, being seen rising above the boundary
+  wall and entrance front, produces to the eye of the spectator on
+  approaching the prison a <i>tout ensemble</i> truly imposing and
+  grand.</p>
+
+  <p>ARCHITECTUS.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>LIVING AUTHORS.</h2>
+
+  <center>
+    No. 1.
+  </center>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>BERNARD BARTON.</h3>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"Sheltered, but not to social duties lost;</p>
+
+      <p>Secluded, but not buried; and with song</p>
+
+      <p>Cheering his days."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The productions of Mr. Barton are doubtless familiar to most
+  of our readers, and from them they have learnt much of
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page147" name="page147"></a>[pg
+  147]</span> the amiable turn of the poet's character. Mr.
+  Barton's compositions afford indications of genuine feeling, of
+  deep affection, of benevolence, sympathy, taste, and integrity;
+  he seems to have an ear ever on the listen for the accents of
+  charity, patriotism, and religion; where human anguish causes the
+  tear to start, there he would fain be to soothe and alleviate.
+  Such is the character of the poet, and in the following sketch
+  such will be proved to be the character of the man.</p>
+
+  <p>Bernard Barton was born in the vicinity of London, on the 31st
+  of January, 1784. His father was in trade in the metropolis,
+  whither he had come from his native place, Carlisle. Bernard had
+  the misfortune to lose his mother one month after his birth: her
+  maiden name was Mary Done, and she was a native of Rockcliffe,
+  Cumberland; she died at the early age of thirty-two. The
+  following lines <i>To a Profile</i> evince the feelings with
+  which our poet still cherishes her memory, or rather the
+  recollection of what has been told him respecting her:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"I knew thee not! then wherefore gaze</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Upon thy silent shadow there,</p>
+
+      <p>Which so imperfectly portrays</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">The form thy features used to wear?</p>
+
+      <p>Yet have I often looked at thee,</p>
+
+      <p>As if those lips could speak to me.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>I knew thee not! and thou couldst know,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">At best, but little more of one</p>
+
+      <p>Whose pilgrimage on earth below</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Commenced, just ere thy own was done;</p>
+
+      <p>For few and fleeting days were thine,</p>
+
+      <p>To hope or fear for lot of mine.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Yet few and fleeting as they were,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Fancy and feeling picture this,</p>
+
+      <p>They prompted many a fervent prayer,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Witnessed, perchance, a parting kiss;</p>
+
+      <p>And might not kiss, and prayer, from thee,</p>
+
+      <p>At such a period, profit me?</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>Whether they did or not, I owe</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">At least this tribute to thy worth;</p>
+
+      <p>Though little all I <i>can</i> bestow,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Yet fond affection gives it birth;</p>
+
+      <p>And prompts me, as thy shade I view,</p>
+
+      <p>To bless thee, whom I never knew!"<a id="footnotetag1"
+      name="footnotetag1"></a><a href=
+      "#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>His father died before Mr. Barton was seven years old; but his
+  second marriage, which took place a few months before his death,
+  provided an excellent parent for his children: to her, and to his
+  two sisters,<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href=
+  "#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> both several years older than
+  himself, our author owed infinite obligations.</p>
+
+  <p>His education at one of the quaker seminaries was, of course,
+  plain and circumscribed, being pretty much confined to useful,
+  indeed necessary, branches of knowledge. But his father had been
+  a man of greater natural and more cultivated intellect than many;
+  he had read much, and on the abolition of slavery, in which he
+  was one of Clarkson's earliest associates, he had, on several
+  occasions, proved that he could write well, though, we believe,
+  he was never avowedly an author. He had left no despicable
+  collection of books, so that in his school vacations ample means
+  were afforded to his son of indulging his taste for reading. A
+  pleasing tribute to the memory of Mr. Barton's father will be
+  found in his <i>Napoleon and other Poems</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>In the year 1806, Mr. Barton took up his residence in the
+  pleasant town of Woodbridge, in Suffolk, and commenced business
+  as a merchant; but an unlooked-for domestic affliction of the
+  severest kind was about to visit him, and his wordly prospects
+  were to receive an irrecoverable shock,&mdash;the loss of his
+  amiable wife, before they had been married a twelvemonth, and
+  soon after the birth of her child! This excellent woman, to whom
+  our poet was, for so short a time, united, gave rise to some of
+  his best pieces, particularly to the poem beginning, <i>The
+  heaven was cloudless</i>,<a id="footnotetag3" name=
+  "footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> and that
+  entitled <i>A Portrait,</i> in <i>Napoleon and other Poems</i>.
+  In this last piece the poet no less beautifully than truly
+  observes,&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>To sympathies, which soothe and bless</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Our life from day to day,</p>
+
+      <p>Which throw, with silent tenderness,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Fresh flowers across our way,</p>
+
+      <p>The heart must ever fondly cling:</p>
+
+      <p>But can the poet's sweetest string</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Their loveliness display?</p>
+
+      <p>No&mdash;nor could Titian's self supply</p>
+
+      <p>Their living presence, once gone by.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>The air, in which we breathe and live,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Eludes our touch and sight;</p>
+
+      <p>The fairest flowers their fragrance give</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">To stillness, and to night;</p>
+
+      <p>The softest sounds that music flings,</p>
+
+      <p>In passing, from her heaven-plumed wings,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Are trackless in their flight!</p>
+
+      <p>And thus life's sweetest bliss is known</p>
+
+      <p>To silent, grateful thought alone.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>This mournful event, combined with discouraging prospects of a
+  mercantile nature, induced our author to retire from commercial
+  pursuits on his own behalf; and in 1810 he obtained a situation
+  as a clerk in the Woodbridge bank, which he still holds.</p>
+
+  <p>Soon after Mr. Barton had entered upon his present situation,
+  he began "to commit <span class="pagenum"><a id="page148" name=
+  "page148"></a>[pg 148]</span> the sin of rhyme," and a new
+  provincial paper being established about this time, it became the
+  vehicle of his effusions: by degrees our young poet became bold
+  enough to send a short piece now and then to a London paper, and
+  at last, in 1812, ventured on an anonymous volume, entitled
+  <i>Metrical Effusions</i>, 250 copies of which were printed by a
+  bookseller of Woodbridge, and sold within the immediate circle of
+  our author's acquaintance. In 1818, Mr. Barton printed, by
+  subscription, an elegant volume, in elephant octavo, of <i>Poems
+  by an Amateur</i>, of which 150 only were struck off, and none
+  ever sold at the shops. Encouraged by the very flattering manner
+  in which these impressions of his poems were received by his
+  friends, our author at last ventured to publish, in a small
+  volume, <i>Poems, by Bernard Barton</i>, which was very
+  favourably noticed by the literary journals, and, being
+  afterwards made still more known by an article in the
+  <i>Edinburgh Review</i>, has now reached a <i>third</i> edition.
+  He afterwards published, in a handsome octavo volume, his
+  <i>Napoleon and other Poems</i>; and subsequently a volume of
+  poems, entitled <i>A Widow's Tale</i>, which appeared in an early
+  month of the present year.</p>
+
+  <p>Such has been the literary career of Bernard Barton. If it
+  have not left behind it the brilliant track of other poetical
+  comets, it has been less erratic in its course; and if it have
+  not been irradiated by the full blaze of a noonday sun, it has
+  nevertheless been illumined by the silver lustre of the queen of
+  night; and his Parnassian vespers may be said to possess all the
+  mild and soothing beauties of the evening star. If his muse have
+  not always reached the sunward path of the soaring eagle, it is
+  no extravagant praise to say, that she has often emulated the
+  sublimity of his a&euml;rial flight. But the great charm thrown
+  around the effusions of the Suffolk bard is that "lucid veil" of
+  morality and religion which "covers but not conceals"&mdash;that
+  "silver net-work," through which his poetic "apples of gold"
+  shine with an adventitious beauty, which even the gorgeous
+  ornaments so profusely lavished by a Byron or a Moore would fail
+  to invest them.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>There is a fame which owes its spell</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">To popular applause alone;</p>
+
+      <p>Which seems on lip and tongue to dwell,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And finds&mdash;in others' breath&mdash;its
+      own;</p>
+
+      <p>For such the eager worldling sighs,</p>
+
+      <p>And this the fickle world supplies.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>There is a nobler fame&mdash;which draws</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">Its purer essence from the heart;</p>
+
+      <p>Which only seeks that calm applause</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">The virtuous and the wise impart:</p>
+
+      <p>Such fame beyond the grave shall live:</p>
+
+      <p>But this the world can never give.</p>
+
+      <p>&mdash;B. BARTON.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>We have alluded to the amiable character of our poet; that his
+  modesty is equal to his merit, the following extract, from a
+  letter to a friend, will afford a pleasing evidence. Speaking of
+  his literary career, he says, "it has been marked by an
+  indulgence on the part of the public, and the dispensers of
+  literary fame, which I never anticipated. When I consider that
+  only about three years have elapsed since I avowed myself an
+  author, I am really surprised at the notice my trivial
+  productions have received, and the numerous acquaintance to which
+  they have, by correspondence, introduced me. Much of this, I dare
+  say, is owing to my quakerism; and to that, unquestionably, I was
+  indebted for the article in the <i>Edinburgh Review</i>, and the
+  more recent passing notice in the <i>Quarterly</i>. Still, as I
+  do not believe that any <i>outr&eacute;</i> or
+  <i>adventitious</i> source of attraction would have alone
+  procured me the attention I have found, I would hope it may
+  partly have arisen from their simple, unaffected appeal to those
+  quiet, domestic, secluded feelings, which endear the still
+  undercurrent of existence&mdash;in short, to my being content to
+  make the best I could of the homely and confined materials to
+  which my situation has given me access, without affecting
+  scholarship, or aiming at romantic embellishment. There is
+  nothing like simple truth and nature, after all; and he who is
+  satisfied with simply and faithfully describing what he actually
+  sees, feels, and, thinks, may always hope to appeal successfully
+  to the unsophisticated heart."<a id="footnotetag4" name=
+  "footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>We here conclude our notice of the bard of Woodbridge; and
+  should this brief account excite the interest of our readers to
+  become better acquainted with this "living author," we refer them
+  to the whole-length portrait painted by himself, and held up to
+  view in every page of his poems.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>THE GREAT FIRE OF 1666.</h3>
+
+  <p>The fire of London broke out on Sunday morning, September 2,
+  1666, O.S., and being impelled by strong winds, raged with
+  irresistible fury nearly four days and nights; nor was it
+  entirely mastered till the fifth morning after it began. The
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page149" name="page149"></a>[pg
+  149]</span> conflagration commenced at the house of one Farryner,
+  a baker, in Pudding-lane, near [New] Fish-street-hill, and within
+  ten houses of Thames-street, into which it spread within a few
+  hours; nearly the whole of the contiguous buildings being of
+  timber, lath, and plaster, and the whole neighbourhood presenting
+  little else than closely confined passages and narrow alleys. The
+  fire quickly spread, and was not to be conquered by any human
+  means, "Then, (says a contemporary writer,) then the city did
+  shake indeed, and the inhabitants did tremble, and flew away in
+  great amazement from their houses, lest the flames should devour
+  them: <i>rattle, rattle, rattle</i>, was the noise which the fire
+  struck upon the ear round about, as if there had been a thousand
+  iron chariots beating upon the stones. You might see the houses
+  <i>tumble, tumble, tumble</i>, from one end of the street to the
+  other, with a great crash, leaving the foundations open to the
+  view of the heavens."<a id="footnotetag5" name=
+  "footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>The destructive fury of this conflagration was never, perhaps,
+  exceeded in any part of the world, by any fire originating in
+  accident. <i>Within the walls</i>, it consumed almost five-sixths
+  of the whole city; and <i>without</i> the walls it cleared a
+  space nearly as extensive as the one-sixth part left unburnt
+  within. Scarcely a single building that came within the range of
+  the flames was left standing. Public buildings, churches, and
+  dwelling-houses, were alike involved in one common fate.</p>
+
+  <p>In the summary account of this vast devastation, given in one
+  of the inscriptions on the Monument, and which was drawn up from
+  the reports of the surveyors appointed after the fire, it is
+  stated, that "The ruins of the city were 436 acres, [viz. 333
+  acres within the walls, and 63 in the liberties of the city;]
+  that, of the six-and-twenty wards, it utterly destroyed fifteen,
+  and left eight others shattered and half burnt; and that it
+  consumed 400 streets, 13,200 dwelling-houses, 89 churches
+  [besides chapels; 4 of] the city gates, Guildhall, many public
+  structures, hospitals, schools, libraries, and a vast number of
+  stately edifices." The immense property destroyed in this
+  dreadful time cannot be estimated at less than <i>ten
+  millions</i> sterling. Amid all the confusion and multiplied
+  dangers that arose from the fire, it does not appear that more
+  than <i>six</i> persons lost their lives. Calamitous as were the
+  immediate consequences of this dreadful fire, its <i>remote
+  effects</i> have proved an incalculable blessing to subsequent
+  generations. To this conflagration may be attributed the complete
+  destruction of the <i>plague</i>, which, the year before only,
+  swept off 68,590 persons!! To this tremendous fire we owe most of
+  our grand public structures&mdash;the regularity and beauty of
+  our streets&mdash;and, finally, the great salubrity and extreme
+  cleanliness of a large part of the city of London.</p>
+
+  <p>In relation to this awful calamity we add the following
+  remarks:&mdash;Heaven be praised (says Mr. Malcolm<a id=
+  "footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href=
+  "#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a>) old London <i>was burnt</i>. Good
+  reader, turn to the ancient prints, in order to see what it has
+  been; observe those hovels convulsed; imagine the chambers within
+  them, and wonder why the plague, the leprosy, and the
+  sweating-sickness raged. Turn then to the prints illustrative of
+  our present dwellings, and be happy. The misery of 1665 must have
+  operated on the minds of the legislature and the citizens, when
+  they rebuilt and inhabited their houses. The former enacted many
+  salutary clauses for the preservation of health, and would have
+  done more, had not the public rejected that which was for their
+  benefit; those who preferred high habitations and narrow dark
+  streets had them. It is only to be lamented that we are compelled
+  to suffer for their folly. These errors are now frequently
+  partially removed by the exertion of the Corporation of London;
+  but a complete reformation is impossible. It is to the improved
+  dwellings composed of brick, the wainscot or papered walls, the
+  high ceilings, the boarded floors, and large windows, and
+  cleanliness, that we are indebted for the general preservation of
+  health since 1666. From that auspicious year the very existence
+  of the natives of London improved; their bodies moved in a large
+  space of pure air; and, finding every thing clean and new around
+  them, they determined to keep them so. Previously-unknown
+  luxuries and improvements in furniture were suggested; and a man
+  of moderate fortune saw his house vie with, nay, superior to, the
+  old palaces of his governors. When he paced his streets, he felt
+  the genial western breeze pass him, rich with the perfumes of the
+  country, instead of the stench described by Erasmus; and looking
+  upward, he beheld the beautiful blue of the air, variegated with
+  fleecy clouds, in place of projecting black beams and plaster,
+  obscured by vapour and smoke.</p>
+
+  <p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page150" name="page150"></a>[pg
+  150]</span> The streets of London must have been dangerously dark
+  during the winter nights before it was burnt; lanterns with
+  candles were very sparingly scattered, nor was light much better
+  distributed even in the new streets previously to the 18th
+  century. Globular lamps were introduced by Michael Cole, who
+  obtained a patent in July, 1708.</p>
+
+  <p>We conclude the illustrations of this day with a singular
+  opinion of the author just quoted. Speaking of the burning of
+  London, he says, "This subject may be allowed to be familiar to
+  me, and I have perhaps had more than common means of judging; and
+  I now declare it to be my full and decided opinion, that London
+  <i>was burnt by government, to annihilate the plague</i>, which
+  was grafted in every crevice of the hateful old houses composing
+  it."</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>THE SKETCH BOOK</h2>
+
+  <center>
+    NO. XLV.
+  </center>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>BEHIND THE SCENES; OR, A BREAKFAST IN NEWGATE.</h3>
+
+  <p>(<i>Concluded from page 134</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p>No further delay was allowed. The sheriffs moved on, the
+  ordinary, the culprits, and the officers did the same; and that
+  class of attendants to which I belonged followed. I shall not
+  easily forget the circumstances of this brief, but melancholy
+  progress. The faltering step&mdash;the deep-drawn sigh&mdash;the
+  mingling exclamations of anguish and devotion which marked the
+  advance of the victims&mdash;the deep tones of the reverend
+  gentleman who now commenced reading a portion of the burial
+  service, and the tolling of the prison bell, which, as we
+  proceeded through some of the most dreary passages of the gaol,
+  burst on the ear, rendered the whole spectacle impressive beyond
+  description. Few steps sufficed to conduct us to the small room,
+  or entrance-hall, into which the debtor's door opens, and from
+  this we saw the ladder which the criminals were to ascend, and
+  the scaffold on which they were to die. I was on the alert to
+  detect any sudden emotion which this spectacle might cause, but
+  could not perceive that it had the slightest effect. The minds of
+  the sufferers had been so prepared, that a partial view of the
+  machine to which they were being conducted, seemed to give no
+  additional shock. No further pause was deemed necessary. The
+  clock was striking eight, and the ordinary and the youth first
+  brought to the press-room, immediately passed up the ladder. To
+  the two culprits that remained, the gentleman whom I have already
+  mentioned offered his services, and filled up with a prayer the
+  little interval which elapsed, before the second was conducted to
+  the platform.</p>
+
+  <p>I heard from without the murmur of awe, of expectation, and
+  pity, which ran through the crowd in front of the prison, and
+  stepping on a small erection to the left of the door, gained a
+  momentary glimpse of a portion of the immense multitude, who,
+  uncovered, and in breathless silence, gazed on the operations of
+  the executioners. I retreated just as the third halter had been
+  adjusted. The finisher of the law was in the act of descending,
+  when the under-sheriff addressed him&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>Is everything quite ready?"</p>
+
+  <p>"Yes, sir."</p>
+
+  <p>"Then take care and draw the bolt out smartly.&mdash;Now,
+  don't bungle it."</p>
+
+  <p>"No, sir&mdash;you may depend upon it," was the answer. And
+  the obsequious anxiety of the hangman to seem polite and
+  obliging, his apparent zeal to give satisfaction, though very
+  natural seemed to me not a little curious.</p>
+
+  <p>Prayers, which had been interrupted for a moment, while the
+  last awful ceremony was in progress, were resumed. As he read
+  them, I saw the clergyman fix his eye on the executioner with a
+  peculiar expression. He drew his handkerchief from his pocket,
+  and passed it slightly over his upper lip. This was the fatal
+  signal. A lumbering noise, occasioned by the falling of part of
+  the apparatus, announced that it had been obeyed.</p>
+
+  <p>In that moment, a rush from the scaffold forced me from the
+  door. The sheriffs, the under-sheriff, the ordinary, the
+  gentleman who had assisted him in preparing the sufferers for
+  eternity, and several other persons quitted the platform as
+  expeditiously as possible, that they might not behold the final
+  agonies of the unhappy men. Sir Thomas took me by the arm as he
+  passed, and signified that he wished me to accompany him. I did
+  so. Again I marched through the passages which I had recently
+  traversed. Two minutes brought me to the door of the room to
+  which I had first been conducted. Here my friend accosted me with
+  his natural firmness of tone, which before had been considerably
+  subdued by humane emotions, and said&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>"You must breakfast with us."</p>
+
+  <p>I started at the unsentimental idea of eating the moment after
+  quitting so awful a spectacle, as that which I have attempted to
+  describe. But I had not sufficient energy to resist the good will
+  which rather unceremoniously handed me in. Here I found the other
+  sheriff, the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page151" name=
+  "page151"></a>[pg 151]</span> ordinary, the under-sheriff, the
+  city-marshal, and one or two of the individuals I had previously
+  met, already seated.</p>
+
+  <p>"Well, it is all over," said Sir Thomas, as he took his seat
+  at the table.</p>
+
+  <p>"Yes, it is," said the ordinary, in the same tone which I had
+  heard a few moments before, and admired as appropriately solemn.
+  "It is all over, and&mdash;" putting his cup and saucer to the
+  under-sheriff, who prepared to pour out the tea&mdash;"I am very
+  glad of it."</p>
+
+  <p>"I hope you do not mean the breakfast is all over," remarked
+  the sheriff, whose wit I had previously admired, "for I have had
+  none yet."</p>
+
+  <p>The moment had not arrived at which humour like this could be
+  duly appreciated, and I did not observe that any of the company
+  gave even that sort of <i>note of face</i> for a laugh which we
+  had all used half an hour before.</p>
+
+  <p>Our conversation turned naturally on the manner in which the
+  sufferers had conducted themselves; on the wishes they had
+  expressed, and the confessions they had made.</p>
+
+  <p>But while I looked on the hospitably spread table, I could not
+  help connecting operations rather different in their character,
+  which must have been going on at the same moment. "In my mind's
+  eye," I saw the attendants carrying the fowl and eggs to the
+  breakfast table, while the sheriffs and their guests were
+  conducting the sufferers to the scaffold.</p>
+
+  <p>From what I have already said, it must be inferred that the
+  first speeches which accomplished the circuit of the table, were
+  of a very serious character. But, mingled with them, some common
+  breakfast-table requests and civilities caught my attention, as
+  singular from their association. The performance of duties the
+  most important cannot relieve man from the necessity of claiming
+  his "daily bread," and I do not know that it is any reproach to a
+  clergyman that he is not distinguished by versatility of manner.
+  The abrupt transition from the gravity of the pulpit to the
+  flippancy of the bar I should not admire; but the consistency of
+  the reverend gentleman here attracted my notice. I had been just
+  listening to him while he repeated, with devotional elongation,
+  the solemn words of the burial service; and when I heard him with
+  the same elongation of sound, address himself to me&mdash;"Shall
+  I trouble you to cut up the fowl&mdash;can I help you to some
+  tongue, sir?" I confess that I felt tempted not to laugh, but to
+  comment on the oddly-contrasted feelings which the same voice,
+  thus variously exerted, inspired.</p>
+
+  <p>Horror-struck, as I had been, at the first mention of the
+  unfeeling word "breakfast," my excuse for staying was to see if
+  others could eat. That <i>I</i> should take food was quite out of
+  the question. But the wing of a fowl having been put on my plate,
+  I thought it would be rudeness to reject it. I began to eat,
+  inwardly reflecting that my abstinence would nothing benefit
+  those whose sufferings I had still in my memory; and improving on
+  this reconciling thought, I presently detected myself holding my
+  plate for a second supply. "O sentiment!" I mentally exclaimed,
+  "what art thou when opposed to a breakfast?"</p>
+
+  <p>By the time we had disposed of our first cup of tea, we had
+  got through the pious reflections which each of us had to offer
+  on the particular occasion which had brought us together, and
+  conversation started in a livelier vein. The gentleman who had
+  assisted the ordinary, by praying with the culprits, gaily
+  remarked to him, with a benevolent chuckle on his face, that
+  <i>they</i> (meaning himself and the reverend gentleman) had
+  succeeded in refuting the Unitarian principles which
+  A&mdash;&mdash; (one of the sufferers) had for some time avowed.
+  The look which answered this speech, reminded me, I know not why,
+  of the <i>organist's</i> comment on the <i>organ blower's</i>
+  assertion that <i>they</i> had played famously well.</p>
+
+  <p>"Ay," said the minister, "I knew it would be so. I told him so
+  immediately after sentence. But, after all, what can we say for a
+  recantation dictated by the dread of early death?"</p>
+
+  <p>"Very true!" was my exclamation, as the reverend gentleman
+  looked as if he expected me to say something.</p>
+
+  <p>"At any rate," whispered a gentleman well-known in the city,
+  with whom I had formerly done a little business in the funds, "it
+  gives a man something of an <i>option</i>."</p>
+
+  <p>This technical application of a favourite stock-exchange word
+  produced a general smile round the table, and I could not help
+  contributing to lengthen it by replying&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>"You mean, perhaps, that it gives him a <i>call</i>." But the
+  lively sheriff, of whose witticisms I have already made
+  honourable mention, cut me out of my share of applause
+  altogether, as clean as a whistle, by instantly
+  rejoining&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>"The <i>put</i> you mean, for, in this case, the party was
+  going for the <i>fall</i>."</p>
+
+  <p>Of course there was no standing this, and we all joined in the
+  laugh.</p>
+
+  <p>We were however brought back to gravity through the alarm
+  expressed by the minister, at the idea of his having <span class=
+  "pagenum"><a id="page152" name="page152"></a>[pg 152]</span>
+  taken cold through officiating that morning without his wig. This
+  introduced, I cannot tell how, some remarks on the head, which
+  led to a disquisition on craniology. On this subject the witty
+  sheriff was very amusing. <i>I</i> said some tolerably lively
+  things; but the ordinary beat us all hollow, when it was
+  contended that the disposition and the mind might be known from
+  the exterior of the skull, by remarking that he had now an
+  additional reason to regret having come there without his
+  wig.</p>
+
+  <p>With this epigrammatic touch he took his leave, I and the rest
+  of the company laughing heartily, and having eaten as heartily as
+  we then laughed. The facetious sheriff now had it all his own
+  way, and said several things, nearly, or perhaps, quite as good
+  as those which I have already placed on record. We were thus
+  pleasantly engaged, when the aide-de-camp of the gallant officer
+  in the blue and gold,&mdash;one of the city marshal's-men,
+  entered to announce that it was past nine o'clock, and to ask if
+  any of the company chose to see the bodies taken down.</p>
+
+  <p>"The bodies!" I repeated to myself, and the application of
+  that word to those whom I had previously heard mentioned but by
+  their names, recalled my thoughts which had somehow strayed from
+  the business of the morning into unlooked-for cheerfulness, and
+  presented, in that simple expression, an epitome of all that had
+  moved my wonder, curiosity, and commiseration.</p>
+
+  <p>Again we passed through those parts of the prison which I had
+  twice before traversed. We advanced with a quicker step than when
+  following those whom we now expected to see brought to us. But
+  with all the expedition we could use, on reaching the room from
+  which the scaffold could be seen, we found the "bodies" already
+  there. Nor was this, in my opinion, the least striking scene
+  which the morning brought under my observation. The dead men were
+  extended side by side, on the stone floor. The few persons
+  present gazed on them in silence, duly impressed with the
+  melancholy spectacle. But in this part of the building a copper
+  is established, in which a portion of the provisions for its
+  inmates is prepared. There was a savoury smell of soup, which we
+  could not help inhaling while we gazed on death. The cooks too
+  were in attendance, and though they, as became them, did all in
+  their power to look decorously dismal, well as they managed their
+  faces, they could not so divest themselves of their professional
+  peculiarities, as not to awaken thoughts which involuntarily
+  turned to ludicrous or festive scenes. Their very costume was at
+  variance with the general gloom, and no sympathy could at once
+  repress the jolly rotundity of their persons.</p>
+
+  <p>I turned my eyes from them, wishing to give myself wholly up
+  to religious meditation during the moments of my stay. Just then
+  the executioner approach, ed. Sir Thomas desired him to remove
+  the cap from the face of one of the sufferers. He prepared to
+  comply&mdash;but his first act was to place his hand on the more
+  prominent features and press them together. This, on inquiry
+  being made, I learned was done that the bystanders might not be
+  shocked by witnessing any distortion of countenance. Sir Thomas
+  smiled at the anxiety of the man to make it appear that his work
+  had been well performed. The cap was then withdrawn. There was
+  nothing terrific in the aspect of the deceased. I recognized the
+  features of the young man who had been so wildly, so violently
+  agitated, when about to suffer. Now pain was at an end,
+  apprehension was no more, and he seemed in the enjoyment of sweet
+  repose. His countenance was tranquil as that of a sleeping
+  infant, and happier than the infant, his rest was not in danger
+  of being disturbed. While reflecting on the change which a single
+  hour had sufficed to produce, I could hardly help regarding as
+  idle the the sorrow, the pity, and the self-reproach for
+  momentary forgetfulness of these, which I had felt and breathed
+  within that period. I almost accused the sufferers of weakness,
+  for showing themselves depressed as they had been, while I felt
+  disposed, seeing their griefs were, to all appearance, terminated
+  for ever, to demand with the poet,</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"And what is death we so unwisely fear?"</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>and to answer as he replies to himself,</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"An end of all our busy tumults here."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>Knight's Quarterly Magazine.</i></p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>JEU D'ESPRIT.</h3>
+
+  <p>(<i>For the Mirror.</i>)</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>A sanctified hermit was heard to complain</p>
+
+      <p>That raiment and food he no longer could gain.</p>
+
+      <p>"For," quoth he "in this village the famine's so great</p>
+
+      <p>That there's not enough left e'en a mousetrap to
+      bait."</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>A neighbour who happened to bear his sad plaint</p>
+
+      <p>Addressed in the following manner the saint:</p>
+
+      <p>"The nation will keep thee to support splendour's
+      throne,</p>
+
+      <p>And interest will pay thee, because thou'rt
+      <i>alone</i>."&mdash;(a loan.)</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>W.G.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page153" name="page153"></a>[pg
+  153]</span></p>
+
+  <h2>The Months.</h2>
+
+  <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+    <a href="images/271-2.png"><img width="100%" src=
+    "images/271-2.png" alt="September" /></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <h3>SEPTEMBER.</h3>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"Now sober Autumn, with lack lustre eye,</p>
+
+      <p>Shakes with a chiding blast the yellow leaf,</p>
+
+      <p class="i4">And hears the woodman's song</p>
+
+      <p class="i4">And early sportsman's foot."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>September is generally accounted the finest and most settled
+  month in the year. The mornings and evenings are cool, but
+  possess a delightful freshness, while the middle of the day is
+  pleasantly warm and open. Hence the well-known proverb:</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"September blows soft till the fruit's in the loft."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The destruction of the partridge commences with this month,
+  large coveys of which may now be seen about the stubble fields,
+  and in the corn, if any be left standing. These birds get very
+  shy towards the end of the month, in consequence of being
+  repeatedly fired at. Sportsmen, therefore, prefer the early part
+  of the season, before the birds get too wild. Partridges, while
+  the corn is standing, have a secure retreat from their numerous
+  enemies; but when the harvest is gathered in, they resort in the
+  day-time to groves and covers. At night, however, they return to
+  the stubble to avoid foxes and weasels, &amp;c., and there nestle
+  together.</p>
+
+  <p>The swallow now takes his departure for milder regions, and
+  many other of the small billed birds that feed on insects
+  disappear when the cold weather commences. The <i>throstle</i>,
+  the <i>red-wing</i>, and the <i>fieldfare</i>, which migrated in
+  March, now return; and the <i>ring-ouzel</i> arrives from the
+  Welsh and Scottish Alps to winter in more sheltered situations.
+  All these birds feed upon berries, of which there is a plentiful
+  supply, in our woods, during a great part of their stay. The
+  throstle and the red-wing are delicate eating. The Romans kept
+  thousands of them together in aviaries, and fed them with a sort
+  of paste made of bruised figs and flour, &amp;c., to improve the
+  delicacy and flavour of their flesh. These aviaries were so
+  contrived as to admit but little light; and every object which
+  might tend to remind them of their former liberty was carefully
+  kept out of sight, such as the fields, the woods, the birds, or
+  whatever might disturb the repose necessary for their
+  improvement. Under this management, these birds fattened to the
+  great profit of their proprietors, who sold them to Roman
+  epicures for three <i>denarii</i>, or about two shillings each of
+  our money.</p>
+
+  <p>Towards the end of September the leaves of trees begin to put
+  on their autumnal dress. Mr. Stillingfleet remarks, that, about
+  the 25th, the leaves of the plane tree were tawny; of the hazel,
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page154" name="page154"></a>[pg
+  154]</span> yellow; of the oak, yellowish green; of the sycamore,
+  dirty brown; of the maple, pale yellow; of the ash, a fine
+  lemon-colour; of the elm, orange; of the hawthorn, tawny yellow;
+  of the cherry, red; of the horn-beam, bright yellow; of the
+  willow, still hoary. Yet, many of these tints cannot be
+  considered complete, in some seasons, till the middle or latter
+  end of October.</p>
+
+  <p>When the harvest is gathered in, the husbandman prepares for
+  seed-time; and the fields are again ploughed up for the winter
+  corn, rye, and wheat, which are sown in September and October.
+  The entrances to bee-hives are straightened, to prevent the
+  access of wasps and other pilferers.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>ASTRONOMICAL OCCURRENCES</h3>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>FOR SEPTEMBER, 1827.</i>
+  </center>
+
+  <p>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p>The sun enters the cardinal and equinoctial sign <i>Libra</i>,
+  on the 23rd at 8 h. 24 min. evening, once more bringing our day
+  and night to an equal length; when 8 deg. of <i>Gemini</i> are
+  due east, and 4 deg. of <i>Aquarius</i> due south, all the
+  planets having a direct motion, and being below the horizon,
+  Herschel excepted. The astrological aspects at this ingress are
+  as follow:&mdash;Saturn is located in the third house; Mercury,
+  Venus, and Mars in the fifth, the Sun, Moon, and Jupiter are in
+  the sixth, while Herschel occupies the ninth.</p>
+
+  <p>Mercury is in conjunction with Mars on the 4th, at 1 h.
+  morning; on the 6th with the fixed star, Regulus, or Corheoni;
+  with Venus on the 18th, at midnight; and in superior conjunction
+  with the Sun on the 24th, at 9-1/2 h. evening.</p>
+
+  <p>Venus rises at the beginning of the month about 4-1/2 h.
+  morning, and towards the end at 5-1/2 h.</p>
+
+  <p>Mars rises through the month at 31/2 h. morning.</p>
+
+  <p>Jupiter is now gradually receding from our view, and will ere
+  long be totally surrounded with the brighter beams of the Sun;
+  his eclipses are therefore not visible.</p>
+
+  <p>Saturn is apparently now fast approaching this part of our
+  hemisphere; he rises on the 1st at 12-1/2 h. and on the 31st at
+  10-3/4 h. evening.</p>
+
+  <p>Herschel culminates on the 1st at 9h. 6m. and on the 31st at
+  7h. 12m.</p>
+
+  <p>If the reader will refer to page 131 of the 8th vol. of the
+  MIRROR, he will find his attention invited to the relative
+  positions of the principal northern stars and constellations for
+  September last year: their present appearance is precisely
+  similar. Pasche.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>"THE WOODSMAN."</h3>
+
+  <p>A German newspaper contains a strange account&mdash;avouched
+  with as much apparent accuracy almost as those which concerned
+  the mermaids lately seen off our own coast, or the sea-serpent
+  that visits the shores of America&mdash;of a conversion lately
+  worked upon the morals of a famous robber, by a supernatural
+  visitation in the forest of Wildeshausen. The hero of the tale,
+  whose name is Conrad Braunsvelt, but who was better known by the
+  cognomen of "The Woodsman," was drinking one evening at a small
+  inn on the borders of the forest of Wildeshausen, when a
+  traveller, well mounted, and carrying a portmanteau on his horse
+  behind him, came up by the road which runs from the direction of
+  Hanover. The stranger, after inquiring if he could be
+  accommodated with a bed, led his horse away to the stable, and in
+  doing this, left his portmanteau upon a bench within the
+  house&mdash;which Conrad immediately, as a preliminary measure,
+  tried the weight of. He had just discovered that the valise was
+  unusually heavy, when the return of the traveller compelled him
+  to desist; but his curiosity, without any farther effort, was not
+  long ungratified; for the stranger soon opened it before him, as
+  it seemed, to take out some articles which were necessary for his
+  use at night; and displayed in the process several large
+  bags&mdash;larger almost than the machine would have seemed able
+  to contain&mdash;which were evidently full of gold or silver
+  money. The cupidity of Conrad was excited by this view, and he
+  would gladly have at once secured the prize even at the hazard of
+  a personal struggle with the stranger; but the people of the inn
+  (according to his account afterwards) were such as would have
+  expected a portion of the spoil. For this reason, although
+  unwillingly, and trusting himself to sleep little, lest by any
+  chance the prey should escape him, he abandoned his design of
+  robbery, for that night; and on the next morning, having learned
+  which way the stranger travelled&mdash;for the latter exhibited
+  no suspicions or apprehension of those about him, but spoke
+  freely of his intended road, though he never mentioned anything
+  of the charge he carried&mdash;having ascertained this fact, he
+  allowed the rider <span class="pagenum"><a id="page155" name=
+  "page155"></a>[pg 155]</span> to depart, and after a short time,
+  followed by a shorter track through the forest, which was
+  practicable only to persons on foot, and which would enable him,
+  had he even started later, easily to overtake the mounted
+  traveller. Now, knowing that his nearer road saved, as has been
+  noticed, full a league of ground, the "Woodsman" moved on slowly;
+  and accounted that, when he reached the point at which they were
+  to meet, he should still have some time to wait for the stranger:
+  on emerging, however, into the high road, he found him to his
+  surprise <i>already</i> approaching; and, what was still more
+  extraordinary, mounted upon a <i>black</i> horse, when that on
+  which he had left the inn, had certainly seemed to be a brown.
+  The portmanteau, however, which was all that Conrad looked to,
+  was still behind the traveller, and on he came riding as if
+  nothing at all was the matter: the "Woodsman" never hung back, or
+  staid reflecting, but levelled his rifle, and called upon him to
+  "Stand and deliver," or his next moment was his last. The
+  traveller upon this pulled up his horse with an air of great
+  coolness; and, looking upon Conrad, said something, which, as the
+  robber since says, he verily believes was&mdash;"That he hoped he
+  had not kept him <i>waiting</i>!"&mdash;or words to that purpose;
+  but he was too busy at the time to pay much attention to
+  discourse. "Do you know who it is you are going to rob though?"
+  asked the stranger, addressing the "Woodsman" directly. "Not I,"
+  replied the latter, boldly: "but, if you were der Dyvel himself,
+  descend from that horse, and deliver the bags of money that you
+  have on you, or you shall die!" Upon this, the black rider said
+  no more; but dismounted quietly, although he had pistols in his
+  holsters; and Conrad, immediately taking the portmanteau from the
+  horse's back, was so eager to be sure of the contents, that he
+  drew his knife, and cut the fastenings on the spot. In the
+  meantime, the traveller might have fallen upon him unawares, and
+  to advantage, but the "Woodsman" endeavoured to keep an eye upon
+  him, while he went on forcing the valise open as well as he
+  could. At length the straps were all cut, and the robber thrust
+  his hands in eagerly, making sure to find the bags which he had
+  seen the preceding evening, for he had distinctly felt them from
+  the outside. But, when he drew out his hands, there was in one
+  only a <i>halter</i>, and in the other a piece of brass in the
+  shape of a <i>gibbet</i>! And, at the same moment, a gripe was
+  laid upon his arm; and a deep low voice, which seemed to be close
+  beside him, pronounced the words, "<i>This shall be thy
+  fate</i>!" When he turned round in horror and consternation, the
+  horse, and the rider, and the portmanteau, all were gone; and he
+  found himself within a few paces of the inn door which he had
+  quitted in the morning, with the halter and the brass gibbet
+  still remaining in his hand. The narrative states farther, that
+  this horrible rencontre so affected Conrad Braunsvelt, that he
+  forthwith delivered himself up to the rangers of the forest, and
+  was sent to Cassel to await the pleasure of the Grand Duke. He is
+  now confined in an asylum for repentant criminals, desirous of
+  being restored to society; and his miraculous warning is noted in
+  the records of the institution.&mdash;<i>Monthly
+  Magazine</i>.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>CAMBRIAN CONVIVIALITY.</h3>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>"Cloth must we wear,</p>
+
+      <p>Eat beef, and drink beer,</p>
+
+      <p>Though the dead go to bier."</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>Old Ballad.</i></p>
+
+  <p>There is something refreshing, and not a little inspiriting,
+  in the scanty relics of those hearty customs and pastimes which
+  imparted such a manly tone to the character of our ancestors; but
+  now, like the ruined castle, or the old ivied abbey, they have
+  become objects of admiration rather than sources of delight.
+  Fifty years ago, the inhabitants of North Wales, a rude and blunt
+  race even now, were far less sophisticated by modern refinement
+  than they are at present; and it was then a common matter for the
+  <i>Penteulu</i>, or head of the family, to dine in the large
+  stone hall of the mansion&mdash;he and his own particular friends
+  at a table, raised on a <i>Dais</i>&mdash;and his numerous
+  tenants and dependants at another table running the whole length
+  of the said hall. Then came the wassailing&mdash;worthy of the
+  days of Arthur&mdash;wine for the upper table; ale, medd,
+  (<i>mead</i>,) and spirits for the other; and after all came the
+  friendly contest at some manly game&mdash;wrestling, racing,
+  pitching the bar, or the like. At a period somewhat later, these
+  boisterous pastimes began to degenerate; and the Welsh squire
+  became more polished, but not, perhaps, more happy. Still the
+  custom of inordinate potation fondly clung to him. Immediately
+  contiguous to every mansion of any magnitude was erected a
+  summerhouse, usually situated in a spot, selected for the beauty
+  of the scene which it commanded; and to this <i>sanctum</i> did
+  the gentlemen retire after dinner, to enjoy, unrestrained by the
+  presence of the ladies, a full indulgence in that boisterous
+  carousal, which their bluff hearts so dearly loved. But these
+  good and glorious customs have died the death, and gone the
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page156" name="page156"></a>[pg
+  156]</span> way, of all perishable things; <i>they</i> are gone,
+  as are those jovial souls who gave them life and buoyancy; but
+  the eternal hills, which echoed to their merriment and
+  glee&mdash;they remain unaltered by time, and unshaken by the
+  storms which have passed over them.</p>
+
+  <p>Yet is there still much jovial heartiness in the festive
+  revelry of the mountaineers. One scene, in which I was a
+  participator, I will endeavour to portray&mdash;it is impressed
+  on my memory by more than one token of grateful reminiscence. It
+  was in the summer of 1825 that I left London for a few weeks, and
+  sought among my native hills a reparation of the wear and tear of
+  half-a-dozen years of hard and unceasing toil. Two days after my
+  arrival In Merionethshire was celebrated the birthday of Robert
+  Williams Vaughan, Esq., of Nannau, the only son of Sir Robert
+  Williams Vaughan, Bart., and member for the county; a gentleman
+  of whom it may be truly said, that his heart is replete with
+  every noble and benevolent attribute, and that his mind is
+  dignified by practical wisdom, sound sense, and energy to direct,
+  for the benefit of his dependents, the fine and Christian virtues
+  which he possesses. "Come up to Nannau," is his encouraging
+  address to the labourer, when the hardships of winter are
+  pressing upon the poor: "Come up to Nannau, show me that you are
+  willing to work, and I will give you your wages." It is for
+  benevolence like this, well and usefully exercised, that Sir
+  Robert Vaughan is especially remarkable, as well also for all
+  those qualities which adorn and dignify the British country
+  gentleman. Always careful of the welfare, habits, and comforts of
+  the poor around him; patronizing the industry, ingenuity, and
+  good conduct of his more humble countrymen, and ministering to
+  the wants of the sick and the poor; hospitable in the extreme;
+  kind, affable, and friendly to all, he fulfils in every respect
+  the happy duties of the wealthy British landholder; and by his
+  generous courtesy he has ensured to himself the perfect esteem of
+  every person who knows him. Living in the midst of a cheerful and
+  contented tenantry, the chieftain as it were of a devoted clan,
+  the proprietor of Nannau may be truly termed a happy man. The
+  empty blandishments of the world have no charms for him, nor have
+  its ephemeral pleasures any allurement; for, like the gallant
+  knight of Peugwern, when invited by Henry the Seventh to share
+  the honors of his court, for services rendered at Bosworth Field,
+  he would meekly but promptly reply, "Sire! I love to dwell among
+  mine own people." Such is Sir Robert Vaughan of Nannau, whose
+  memory will be long and fondly cherished by those who have
+  enjoyed his friendship, and witnessed his calm, manly, and useful
+  virtues.</p>
+
+  <p>We sat down to dinner, about forty in number, occupying two
+  tables placed parallel to each other, in the spacious dining-room
+  of the mansion. Choice fish of every kind; venison from Nannau
+  Park, celebrated for the delicious flavour of its fat bucks;
+  mountain-mutton, from the fertile pastures of Llanfachreth; the
+  noble sirloin, and, in fact, every substantial delicacy that
+  wealth could procure, pressed even to groaning the broad tables
+  of our host; while the harper in the hall twanged his instrument
+  with a force and a fury, that plainly showed his previous
+  intimacy with the good cheer of the place. But noble and
+  magnificent as our entertainment was in the eating department, it
+  was infinitely surpassed by that which was devoted to the orgies
+  of Bacchus. No sooner was the brief and scarcely audible grace
+  pronounced by the chaplain, than in marched old Pearson, the
+  gray-headed butler, bearing in each hand a goblet, in form like
+  an acorn, and fashioned of the dark polished oak of the far-famed
+  Spirits-Blasted Tree,<a id="footnotetag7" name=
+  "footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> richly
+  ornamented with appropriate silver emblems. One of these was
+  placed reversed by the side of the president and <i>croupier</i>
+  of each table, and presently afterwards flanked by a huge silver
+  tankard of foaming ale, strong enough almost to blow into the air
+  a first-rate man-of-war. Filling this goblet, which held very
+  nearly a pint, the president made his speech to the health and
+  happiness of the young 'squire, and draining it dry, passed it on
+  to his left-hand neighbour. The <i>croupier</i> did the same, and
+  like the great bear of Bradwardine, did the acorn of Nannau begin
+  to make its rounds, in a manner quite as fearful to me as was the
+  terrific approach of the bear aforesaid to the heir of Waverley
+  Honor. Unfortunately for me, I sat between two determined and
+  well-seasoned topers, who took especial care that I should not
+  only fill to each toast, but drain the cup to the very bottom; so
+  that, novice as I was in this sort of hilarity, I found myself,
+  in a very short time, lying down under a laburnum tree in the
+  lawn, and composing myself very comfortably&mdash;no,
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page157" name="page157"></a>[pg
+  157]</span> not <i>very</i> comfortably&mdash;to sleep. I had my
+  sleep, however; and when I awoke and re-entered the house, a
+  merry group of guests had surrounded the harper in the hall, and
+  were singing Penillion at full stretch, to the now unsteady and
+  somewhat discordant accompaniment of the minstrel; the laugh was
+  of course against me, but good-nature, rather than contempt,
+  characterised the bantering, and I bore it all in good part. The
+  party broke up about eleven, and before midnight I was at home,
+  after a magnificent walk of three miles, over the mountains, in
+  the moonlight. <i>The Inspector.</i></p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>THE SELECTOR, AND LITERARY NOTICES OF <i>NEW WORKS</i>.</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>NEW SOUTH WALES.</h3>
+
+  <p>The following observations, recorded in Mr. Cunningham's
+  <i>Two Years in New South Wales</i>, are as valuable as they are
+  interesting; for hitherto we have known but little of the natural
+  history of that country:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p><i>Trees</i>.&mdash;Trees here appear to follow the same laws
+  as other vegetable substances, regarding the effects they produce
+  upon the soil wherein they grow. It has long been remarked in
+  America, that on the forests being cut down, young trees of a
+  different species sprout up in place of the old ones; and here
+  the same remark, in a great measure, holds good,&mdash;acacias
+  very commonly making their appearance on land that has been once
+  under cultivation, and afterwards permitted to relapse into a
+  state of nature. From this circumstance it should seem, that
+  trees, like other vegetables, extract a particular substance from
+  the ground, which substance it is necessary should be restored
+  before the same species of tree can be readily grown a second
+  time,&mdash;a restoration to be effected, perhaps, by such
+  chemical changes in the constituent particles of the soil as may
+  arise from the cultivation of other species.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Fruits</i>.&mdash;Of native fruits, we possess raspberries
+  equal in flavour and not otherwise distinguishable from the
+  English. They grow plentifully on the alluvial banks of Hunter's
+  river, and supply a yearly Christmas feast to the birds. Oar
+  native currants are strongly acidulous, like the cranberry, and
+  make an excellent preserve when mixed with the raspberry. They
+  grow on low shrubs not higher than the whortleberry bush. Our
+  cherries are destitute both of pleasant taste and flavour, and
+  have the stone adhering to their outside. Our native pears are
+  tolerably tempting to the look, but defy both mastication and
+  digestion, being the pendulous seed-pods of a tree here, and
+  their outer husks of such a hard woody consistence, as to put the
+  edge of even a well-tempered knife to proof of its qualities in
+  slicing them down. The burwan is a nut much relished by our
+  natives, who prepare it by roasting and immersion in a running
+  stream, to free it from its poisonous qualities. The jibbong is
+  another tasteless fruit, as well as the <i>five-corners</i>, much
+  relished by children. The wild potato strongly resembles the
+  species now in use in Europe, but the stem and leaf are
+  essentially different. It grows on the loose flooded alluvial
+  margins of the rivers, and at one period of the year composes the
+  chief sustenance of the natives, having the watery look and taste
+  of the yam. Of foreign fruits now climatized we possess a great
+  variety. Here are oranges, lemons, citrons, nectarines, apricots,
+  peaches, plums, cherries, figs, loquats, grenadillos, quinces,
+  pears, apples, mulberries, pomegranates, grapes, olives,
+  raspberries, strawberries, bananas, guavas, pineapples, and
+  English and Cape gooseberries and currants. Of shell-fruits we
+  have the almond, walnut, chestnut, and filbert; and of other
+  garden fruits, strawberries, melons, peppers, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>Melons and pumpkins will absolutely overrun you, if you do not
+  give them most bounteous scope, and you need want neither water
+  nor musk-melons for six or eight months yearly on an average, if
+  you duly time the sowings. Nothing can exceed their rich
+  juiciness and flavour, and the rapidity of their growth is almost
+  miraculous, when a few showers of rain temper the hot days. The
+  pumpkin makes an excellent substitute for the apple in a pie,
+  when soured and sweetened to a proper temper by lemons and sugar.
+  The black children absolutely dance and scream when they see one,
+  pumpkin and sugar being their delight. To the half of a
+  shrivelled pumpkin hanging at the door of my tent on my first
+  essay in settling, one of our sooty satyrs could do nothing for
+  some minutes but fidget and skip; and with his eyes sparkling,
+  and countenance beaming with ecstacy, exclaim, "Dam my eye,
+  <i>pambucan</i>; dam my eye, <i>pambucan</i>!" such being the
+  nearest point they can attain to the right pronunciation of their
+  favourite <i>fruit</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Birds</i>.&mdash;We are not moved here with the deep mellow
+  note of the blackbird, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page158"
+  name="page158"></a>[pg 158]</span> poured out from beneath some
+  low stunted bush; nor thrilled with the wild warblings of the
+  thrush, perched on the top of some tall sapling; nor charmed with
+  the blithe carol of the lark as we proceed early afield; none of
+  our birds at all rivalling these divine songsters in realising
+  the poetical idea of the "music of the grove;" while "parrots'
+  chattering" must supply the place of "nightingales' singing" in
+  the future amorous lays of our sighing Celadons. We have our lark
+  certainly, but both his appearance and note are a most wretched
+  parody upon the bird our English poets have made so many fine
+  similes about. He will mount from the ground, and rise fluttering
+  upward in the same manner, and with a few of the starting notes
+  of the English lark; but on reaching the height of thirty feet or
+  so, down he drops suddenly and mutely, diving into concealment
+  among the long grass, as if ashamed of his pitiful attempt. For
+  the pert, frisky robin, pattering and pecking against the windows
+  in the dull days of winter, we have the lively "superb warbler,"
+  with his blue shining plumage and his long tapering tail, picking
+  up the crumbs at our doors; while the pretty little redbills, of
+  the size and form of the goldfinch, constitute the sparrow of our
+  clime, flying in flocks about our houses, and building their soft
+  downy pigmy nests in the orange, peach, and lemon trees
+  surrounding them. Nor are we without our rural noters of the
+  time, to call us to our early task, and warn us of evening's
+  close. The loud and discordant noise of the <i>laughing
+  jackass</i>, (or <i>settler's clock</i>, as he is called,) as he
+  takes up his roost on the withered bough of one of our tallest
+  trees, acquaints us that the sun has just dipped behind the
+  hills, and that it is time to trudge homewards; while the
+  plaintive notes of the curlew, and the wild and dismal
+  screechings of the flying squirrel, skimming from branch to
+  branch, whisper us to retire to our bedchambers. In the morning,
+  again, the dull monotonous double note of the <i>whee-whee</i>,
+  (so named from the sound of its calls,) chiming in at as regular
+  intervals as the tick of a clock, warns us to rub our eyes and
+  con over the tasks of the impending day, as it is but half an
+  hour to dawn; till again the loud laughter of the <i>jackass</i>
+  summons us to turn out, and take a peep at the appearance of the
+  morning, which just begins to glimmer beyond the dusky outline of
+  the eastern hills.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Animals</i>.&mdash;Our wild animals are numerous, but few
+  of them carnivorous, and none of a size to endanger human life.
+  The <i>native dog</i> is generally believed to be an importation,
+  being deficient of the false uterus or pouch characterising all
+  our other quadrupeds. He closely resembles the Chinese dog in
+  form and appearance, being either of a reddish or dark colour,
+  with shaggy hair, long bushy tail, prick ears, large head, and
+  slightly tapering nose; in size he reminds one of a shepherd's
+  dog, running with considerable speed, and snapping in attack or
+  defence. He does not bark, but howls in melancholy sort, when
+  prowling in quest of prey, and has a strong and peculiar odour,
+  which makes European dogs shy at first of attacking him,
+  doubtless intimidated too by his snapping mode of fighting; for
+  it is observed of poodles, and all which snap, that few other
+  dogs are fond of engaging them. He is most destructive on
+  breaking in among a flock of sheep, as he bites a piece out of
+  every one he seizes; not holding fast and worrying dead like the
+  fox, but snapping at all he can overtake, till twenty or thirty
+  may be killed by one dog, there being something so peculiarly
+  venomous in their bite that few recover from it. Their cross with
+  the tame dog forms a very useful breed for emu-hunting, and many
+  even of the pure ones are caught young, tamed by the natives, and
+  bred up to hunt emus and kangaroos. They have as many pups as the
+  tame dog, littering either in some hollow log, deserted ant-hill,
+  hole in the ground, or thick brush. They will hunt, kill, and
+  devour a tame dog also, if a troop of them can catch him alone. A
+  settler in the interior informed me, that, while out hunting one
+  morning, he observed his dog running direct towards him at full
+  speed, with two large native dogs close at his heels; and so
+  eager were they to seize their prey, that his own dog was
+  actually sheltered between his legs, and the native dogs within
+  pistol-shot, before they perceived their danger. Hence he was
+  enabled to shoot one of them. The native cat is the only other
+  carnivorous animal we possess; but its depredations extend no
+  farther than the poultry-yard. It is small and long-bodied, with
+  a long tail, claws like a common cat, a nose like a pig, striped
+  down the sides with brown and black, and dotted over with white
+  spots. It climbs trees and preys on birds while they sleep, being
+  a night animal.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>FARM-HOUSES ON THE SNEEUWBERG MOUNTAINS.</h3>
+
+  <p>The farm-houses in the Sneeuwberg, and in most of the colder
+  districts of the colony, are usually of the following
+  description:&mdash;The house resembles a large barn divided into
+  two or three apartments. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page159"
+  name="page159"></a>[pg 159]</span> One of these is the kitchen,
+  which also serves for the sitting and eating apartment. In the
+  others the family sleep; while, in the outer one already
+  mentioned, visiters and travellers are accommodated with a rush
+  mat, a feather bed, and a coverlet spread on the clay floor. In
+  this situation I have often enjoyed, after a fatiguing day's
+  ride, the most balmy repose; while a swarthy train of slaves and
+  Hottentots were moving round the embers of the fire, wrapped in
+  their sheepskin mantles, and dogs, cats, and fowls were trampling
+  over my body. The more wealthy and long settled families,
+  however, usually have the kitchen separate from their
+  sitting-room. In such houses curtained beds, and other articles
+  of decent furniture, are not unfrequently found; but the poorer
+  classes are content with a few thong-bottomed chairs and stools,
+  two or three wagon-chests, and a couple of deal tables. At one of
+  the latter sits the mistress of the house, with a tea-urn and a
+  chafing-dish before her, dealing out every now and then
+  <i>tea-water</i>, or coffee, and elevating her sharp shrill voice
+  occasionally to keep the dilatory slaves and Hottentots at their
+  duty. In this same apartment is also invariably to be seen the
+  carcass of a sheep killed in the morning, and hung up under the
+  eye of the mistress, to be served out frugally for the day's
+  provision as it may be required. The houses, being without any
+  ceiling, are open to the thatch; and the rafters are generally
+  hung full of the ears of Indian corn, leaves or rolls of tobacco,
+  slices of dried meat, called <i>bill tongue</i>, &amp;c. The last
+  is a sort of ham from the muscular part of the thigh of the ox,
+  or the larger species of antelopes; it is very convenient for
+  carrying on journeys, and is found in the boor's houses in every
+  part of the colony. It is cut into very thin slices, and eaten
+  with bread and butter, or with bread and the melted fat of the
+  sheep's tail, which is a common substitute for butter; either way
+  it is no contemptible dish when one is a little hungry, and many
+  a time I have heartily enjoyed it.</p>
+
+  <p>A traveller, on arriving, if it does not happen to be
+  meal-time, is always presented with a cup of tea, without sugar,
+  milk, or bread; unless occasionally, when you may be favoured
+  with a small piece of sugar-candy out of a tin snuff-box, to be
+  kept in your mouth to sweeten the bitter beverage as it passes.
+  When their tea and coffee are exhausted, a succedaneum is found
+  in roasted grain, prepared in the same way as Hunt's radical
+  coffee, which, if not very palatable, is nevertheless a
+  refreshment to a thirsty and weary traveller. They never think of
+  asking you to eat unless at meal-time; but then you are expected
+  to draw in your chair, and help yourself, without invitation, in
+  the same easy manner as one of the family. The dishes consist for
+  the most part of mutton stewed in sheep's-tail fat, or boiled to
+  rags; sometimes with very palatable soup, and a dish of boiled
+  corn, maize, or pumpkin. Cayenne-pepper, vinegar, and few
+  home-made pickles, are also usually produced to relish the simple
+  fare, which, served up twice a day, forms, with tea-water and the
+  <i>soopie</i>, or dram of Cape brandy, the amount of their
+  luxuries. In this quarter of the colony, however, I found every
+  where excellent bread; and, upon the whole, the farmers of
+  Bruintjes-Hoogte and the Sneeuwberg appeared in much more
+  independent and comfortable circumstances than those along the
+  coast.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Thompson's Southern Africa.</i></p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>HOSPITAL FOR THE DUMB.</h3>
+
+  <p>The Banian hospital at Surat is a most remarkable institution;
+  it consists of a large plot of ground, enclosed with high walls,
+  divided into several courts or wards, for the accommodation of
+  animals; in sickness they are attended with the tenderest care,
+  and find a peaceful asylum for the infirmities of age. When an
+  animal breaks a limb, or is otherwise disabled from serving his
+  master, he carries him to the hospital, and, indifferent to what
+  nation or caste the owner may belong, the patient is never
+  refused admittance. If he recover, he cannot be reclaimed, but
+  must remain in the hospital for life, subject to the duty of
+  drawing water for those pensioners debilitated by age or disease
+  from procuring it for themselves. At my visit, the hospital
+  contained horses, mules, oxen, sheep, goats, monkeys, poultry,
+  pigeons, and a variety of birds, with an aged tortoise, who was
+  known to have been there for seventy-five years. The most
+  extraordinary ward was that appropriated to rats, mice, bugs, and
+  other noxious vermin. The overseers of the hospital frequently
+  hire beggars from the streets, for a stipulated sum, to pass a
+  night among the fleas, lice, and bugs, on the express condition
+  of suffering them to enjoy their feast without molestation.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Forbes's Oriental Memoirs.</i></p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>Useful Domestic Hints</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>NORFOLK PUNCH. NO. 1.</h3>
+
+  <p>In twenty quarts of French brandy put the peels of thirty
+  lemons and thirty <span class="pagenum"><a id="page160" name=
+  "page160"></a>[pg 160]</span> oranges, pared so thin that not the
+  least of the white is left; infuse twelve hours. Have ready
+  thirty quarts of cold water that has been boiled; put to it
+  fifteen pounds of double-refined sugar; and when well mixed, pour
+  it upon the brandy and peels, adding the juice of the oranges and
+  of twenty-four lemons; mix well. Then strain, through a fine
+  hair-sieve, into a very clean barrel that has held spirits, and
+  put two quarts of new milk. Stir, and then bung it close; let it
+  stand six weeks in a warm cellar; bottle the liquor for use,
+  taking great care that the bottles are perfectly clean and dry,
+  and the corks of the best quality and well put in. This liquor
+  will keep many years, and improves by age.&mdash;<i>The Vintner's
+  Guide.</i></p>
+
+  <h3>NORFOLK PUNCH. NO. 2.</h3>
+
+  <p>Pare six lemons and three Seville oranges very thin; squeeze
+  the juice into a large jar; put to it two quarts of brandy, one
+  of white wine, and one of milk, and one pound and a quarter of
+  sugar. Let it be mixed, and then covered for twenty-four hours.
+  Strain through a jelly-bag till clear, then bottle
+  it.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+  <h3>TO MANAGE AND IMPROVE RED PORT WINE WHEN POOR AND THIN.</h3>
+
+  <p>If your wines be sound, but wanting in body, colour, and
+  flavour, draw out thirty or forty gallons, and return the same
+  quantity of young and rich wines, such its are generally brought
+  to this country for that purpose; to a can of which put a quart
+  of colouring, with a bottle of wine or brandy, in which half an
+  ounce of powdered cochineal has been previously mixed. Whisk it
+  well together, and put it in your cask, stirring it well about
+  with a staff; and if not bright in about a week or ten days, you
+  may fine it for use; previous to which, put in at different times
+  a gallon of good brandy. If Port wines are short of body, put a
+  gallon or two of brandy into each pipe, as you see necessary. If
+  the wines be in your own stock, put it in by a quart or two at a
+  time, as it feeds the wine better in this way than putting it in
+  all at once; but, if your wines are in a bonded cellar, procure a
+  funnel that will go down to the bottom of the cask, that the
+  brandy may be completely incorporated with the wine. When your
+  Port is thus made fine and pleasant, bottle it off, taking care
+  to pack it in a temperate place with saw-dust or dry sand, after
+  which it will not be proper to drink for at least two months.
+  When laying your wines down in bottles you should never use new
+  deal saw-dust, as that causes it to fret too much, and often
+  communicates a strong turpentine smell through the corks to the
+  wine.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+  <h3>RED CURRANT WINE.</h3>
+
+  <p>Take seventy pounds of red currants, bruised and pressed, good
+  moist sugar forty-five pounds, water sufficient to fill up a
+  fifteen-gallon cask, ferment; this produces a very pleasant red
+  wine, rather tart, but keeps well.&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>The Gatherer.</h2>
+
+  <p>"I am but a <i>Gatherer</i> and disposer of other men's
+  stuff."&mdash;<i>Wotton</i>.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>ON CRANIOLOGY.</h3>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>In days of yore,</p>
+
+      <p>Laid wit and lore,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">And wisdom in the wig;</p>
+
+      <p>But now the skull</p>
+
+      <p>Contains them all,</p>
+
+      <p class="i2">The peruke is too big.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>"According to Julius Africanus," says Gibbon, "the world was
+  created on the <i>first of September</i>&mdash;an opinion almost
+  too foolish to be recorded."</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>In the memoirs of the celebrated French actor, Preville, we
+  find the following letter, addressed by the manager of a
+  strolling company to his prompter:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>"At last, my dear boy, here we are safe in Provins. The
+  coach-office undertook to deliver the boxes of snow and hail. The
+  winds and tempest came later than we expected&mdash;we even lost
+  a zephyr. The thunder got broke on the road, and we have been
+  forced to have fresh sodder for the two lightnings. Our
+  divinities are well, with the exception of Love, who has got the
+  small-pox; the Graces have been inoculated; we were obliged to
+  leave them behind on the road, with the brick wall, which being
+  wrapt round the sun to keep it from getting soiled, was rubbed to
+  pieces by the sharp rays. Our rivers and sea are coming by water;
+  and pray, when you come yourself, do not forget to bring lots of
+  clouds with you, and a new moon. A torrent too will be wanted,
+  for our last has most unluckily got burnt. I am anxious for a
+  full account of all your purchases, to which you must add two
+  yards of weeping willows. Above all, bring me a drawbridge, a
+  fortress, and my linen, if it was not turned into tinder for the
+  last sea-fight. Ever yours."</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+
+    <p><i>Poems</i>, by B. Barton, p.190, 3rd edit.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+
+    <p>One of these sisters is the present <i>Mrs. Hack</i>,
+    favourably known as the authoress of several useful and highly
+    interesting works for children. See some introductory verses to
+    her, prefixed to the third edition of Mr. Barton's "Poems." His
+    brother John has also distinguished himself by one or two
+    judicious pamphlets on the situation and circumstances of the
+    poor.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+
+    <p><i>Poems</i>, by B. Barton, p. 133, 3rd edit.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a> <b>Footnote 4</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+
+    <p><i>Time's Telescope</i>, p. 18, vol. xi.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a> <b>Footnote 5</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+
+    <p>The progress of the fire might have been stopped, but for
+    the foolish conduct of the Lord Mayor, who refused to give
+    orders for pulling down some houses, <i>without the consent of
+    the owners</i>. Buckets and engines were of no use, from the
+    confined state of the streets.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a> <b>Footnote 6</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+
+    <p>"Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London in the
+    Eighteenth Century," vol. ii. p. 378.</p>
+  </blockquote>
+
+  <blockquote class="footnote">
+    <a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a> <b>Footnote 7</b>:
+    <a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+
+    <p>This was an old blasted oak, standing a few years ago in
+    Nannau Park, to the infinite horrification of the honest
+    mountaineers. Tradition had imbued it with a terrible and awful
+    influence&mdash;for, some four or five hundred years ago, the
+    gigantic skeleton of a warrior was found incased in its trunk,
+    and grasping with its bony fingers a long and ponderous sword.
+    It was blown down one stormy night, and the wood has been
+    manufactured into a variety of articles.]</p>
+  </blockquote>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near
+  Somerset-House,) and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i></p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction., by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 271 ***
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction.
+       Volume 10, No. 271, Saturday, September 1, 1827.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 2, 2004 [EBook #11401]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 271 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Bill Walker, David Garcia and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. X, NO. 271.] SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1827. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+The New Prison, Norwich.
+
+
+[Illustration: The New Prison, Norwich]
+
+
+The old gaol in the city of Norwich, in the year 1823, being found no
+longer secure, nor according to the new act of parliament, admitting of
+sufficient room for the classification of the prisoners, the magistrates
+came to a resolution of erecting a new one outside the city, near St.
+Giles's gates; the same was accordingly advertised in the Norwich
+papers, in which architects were requested to send plans, elevations,
+and sections, (in competition,) accompanied with an estimate of the
+total expense of the new building. A great number of designs were in
+consequence submitted, when the plan sent by Mr. Brown, of Wells-street,
+Oxford-street, London, was adjudged to be the best: his plan was
+therefore adopted and carried into execution, of which the annexed
+engraving is a faithful representation, taken from the tower of St.
+Giles's Church, in the city of Norwich. The foundation stone was laid in
+1824, and the building finished this year, 1827. It is designed to hold
+120 prisoners, besides the necessary turnkeys and servants, and has cost
+the city L23,000; the boundary wall is quadrangular, but is cut off at
+the junction of the four angles by bastions, thereby giving to the wall
+a greater stability; the whole circumference is 1,220 feet, and encloses
+an area of one acre, two roods, and thirty-four poles, being nearly one
+acre and three quarters of ground.
+
+The bastion at the entrance contains on the ground floor a porter's
+room, press room, hot and cold baths, and a room with an oven for the
+purpose of purifying foul linen. The upper story contains over the
+entrance gate the drop room: on each side are receiving cells, two for
+males and two for females, a searching room for the surgeon, and the
+prison wardrobe; directly over the drop room on the lead flat is the
+place where the more heinous malefactors expiate their crimes. The
+bastion on the right hand contains a building, on the ground floor and
+in the centre of which is the wash-house and laundry, and in front the
+drying ground; at each end of this building are the airing grounds for
+the sick prisoners, and on the second floor are the male and female
+infirmaries, separated by a strong partition wall. The left hand bastion
+contains the millhouse, stable, and a room for the van which takes the
+prisoners to the town hall in the assize time; over these three rooms
+are the mill chamber and hay-loft. The horizontal wind vane on the roof
+of this building is to assist the prisoners when there is not a
+sufficiency of them sentenced to the tread-wheels; by shutting the
+louvre boards of the arms it then produces employment for the prisoners
+when there is no corn in the mill to grind. In the remote bastion are
+seen the tread-wheels on which the prisoners are employed in keeping up
+a constant retrograde motion, which works the machinery in the millhouse
+by means of an iron shaft with universal joints concealed below the
+surface of the ground.
+
+Here are four prison wings in the building, the right hand one contains
+in one ward common debtors, and in the other unconvicted men felons, not
+capital. The second wing on the right contains on one side unconvicted
+men felons, and unconvicted women felons for capital offences on the
+other. In the first left hand wing there is on the first side the master
+debtors, and on the other the court of conscience debtors; the second
+wing on the left contains on one side men misdemeanors, and on the other
+convicted men felons. There are two day-rooms in each of the four wings,
+and four condemned cells and four solitary ones in the back towers;
+there is also fourteen airing yards between the four wings, six of which
+are sunk three feet below the others, to enable the governor from the
+inspection gallery of his house to overlook the tread-wheels, millhouse,
+and infirmary; those yards are descended by stone steps, in each there
+is a day room, and they are appropriated to the following prisoners,
+namely, women debtors, unconvicted women felons, not capital; convicted
+women felons, women fines, men fines, and boys for misdemeanors. There
+is also a level passage between each two of the sunk yards, one leading
+to the infirmary, one to the millhouse, and the other to the
+tread-wheels.
+
+In the governor's house there is in the basement story a kitchen,
+scullery, and bakehouse, store room, beer-cellar, and coal cellar; on
+the ground floor is the governor's office, living room, committee room,
+and matron's room; on the second floor are two bedrooms and the lower
+part of the chapel; and on the third floor are two bedrooms and the
+gallery of the chapel. There are likewise four bridge staircases, one
+from each prison wing leading to passages in the governor's house, which
+communicates with the chapel; the prisoners are not here able to see
+each others' class, as they are separated by fourteen partitions, being
+as many as there are yards in the prison, yet the governor and minister
+have from their seats a complete view of every person and every part.
+Around the governor's house is an enclosed area, and above an inspection
+gallery, from which the governor is enabled to see into every part of
+the prison. On the towers of the four prison wings there are reservoirs
+for containing water, which is thrown up by a pump worked by the
+prisoners at the tread-wheel, whenever water is required, and by means
+of lead pipes, it is then conveyed to every part of the prison. The
+whole gaol is fire-proof, the floors being of stone, and the doors and
+windows of iron.
+
+There is certainly a peculiar arrangement in the plan of this gaol not
+to be met with in any other in the kingdom; there are four yards between
+each of the wings excepting those two in the approach to the governor's
+house; the middle yards which are divided by a passage, have, as before
+stated, each of them a day-room. The prisoners allotted to these yards
+have their sleeping cells in the main wing, to which they are conducted
+along a passage, at the end of those upper yards which join the prison
+wing; the prisoners are therefore in their passage to and from the
+sleeping cells, concealed from the others; should there at any time be
+a greater number of prisoners belonging to the ward on the ground floor
+than there are sleeping cells they are then taken to the spare cells in
+the wards above through a door at the end of the upper yard, and yet
+concealed from those classes in the sunk yards. All our prison buildings
+hitherto erected are hid from the sight by the high boundary wall that
+encloses them, producing nothing interesting to the citizen or the
+traveller but a monotonous facade. Mr. Brown has obviated this in the
+gaol before us, by having raised towers on the ends of the four wings,
+which, with the top of the governor's house, mill, and infirmary, being
+seen rising above the boundary wall and entrance front, produces to the
+eye of the spectator on approaching the prison a _tout ensemble_ truly
+imposing and grand.
+
+ARCHITECTUS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+LIVING AUTHORS.
+
+No. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BERNARD BARTON.
+
+
+  "Sheltered, but not to social duties lost;
+  Secluded, but not buried; and with song
+  Cheering his days."
+
+
+The productions of Mr. Barton are doubtless familiar to most of our
+readers, and from them they have learnt much of the amiable turn of
+the poet's character. Mr. Barton's compositions afford indications of
+genuine feeling, of deep affection, of benevolence, sympathy, taste, and
+integrity; he seems to have an ear ever on the listen for the accents of
+charity, patriotism, and religion; where human anguish causes the tear
+to start, there he would fain be to soothe and alleviate. Such is the
+character of the poet, and in the following sketch such will be proved
+to be the character of the man.
+
+Bernard Barton was born in the vicinity of London, on the 31st of
+January, 1784. His father was in trade in the metropolis, whither he had
+come from his native place, Carlisle. Bernard had the misfortune to lose
+his mother one month after his birth: her maiden name was Mary Done, and
+she was a native of Rockcliffe, Cumberland; she died at the early age of
+thirty-two. The following lines _To a Profile_ evince the feelings with
+which our poet still cherishes her memory, or rather the recollection of
+what has been told him respecting her:--
+
+
+  "I knew thee not! then wherefore gaze
+    Upon thy silent shadow there,
+  Which so imperfectly portrays
+    The form thy features used to wear?
+  Yet have I often looked at thee,
+  As if those lips could speak to me.
+
+  I knew thee not! and thou couldst know,
+    At best, but little more of one
+  Whose pilgrimage on earth below
+    Commenced, just ere thy own was done;
+  For few and fleeting days were thine,
+  To hope or fear for lot of mine.
+
+  Yet few and fleeting as they were,
+    Fancy and feeling picture this,
+  They prompted many a fervent prayer,
+    Witnessed, perchance, a parting kiss;
+  And might not kiss, and prayer, from thee,
+  At such a period, profit me?
+
+  Whether they did or not, I owe
+    At least this tribute to thy worth;
+  Though little all I _can_ bestow,
+    Yet fond affection gives it birth;
+  And prompts me, as thy shade I view,
+  To bless thee, whom I never knew!"[1]
+
+
+His father died before Mr. Barton was seven years old; but his second
+marriage, which took place a few months before his death, provided an
+excellent parent for his children: to her, and to his two sisters,[2]
+both several years older than himself, our author owed infinite
+obligations.
+
+His education at one of the quaker seminaries was, of course, plain and
+circumscribed, being pretty much confined to useful, indeed necessary,
+branches of knowledge. But his father had been a man of greater natural
+and more cultivated intellect than many; he had read much, and on the
+abolition of slavery, in which he was one of Clarkson's earliest
+associates, he had, on several occasions, proved that he could write
+well, though, we believe, he was never avowedly an author. He had left
+no despicable collection of books, so that in his school vacations ample
+means were afforded to his son of indulging his taste for reading. A
+pleasing tribute to the memory of Mr. Barton's father will be found in
+his _Napoleon and other Poems_.
+
+In the year 1806, Mr. Barton took up his residence in the pleasant town
+of Woodbridge, in Suffolk, and commenced business as a merchant; but
+an unlooked-for domestic affliction of the severest kind was about to
+visit him, and his wordly prospects were to receive an irrecoverable
+shock,--the loss of his amiable wife, before they had been married
+a twelvemonth, and soon after the birth of her child! This excellent
+woman, to whom our poet was, for so short a time, united, gave rise to
+some of his best pieces, particularly to the poem beginning, _The heaven
+was cloudless_,[3] and that entitled _A Portrait, _in _Napoleon and
+other Poems_. In this last piece the poet no less beautifully than truly
+observes,--
+
+
+  To sympathies, which soothe and bless
+    Our life from day to day,
+  Which throw, with silent tenderness,
+    Fresh flowers across our way,
+  The heart must ever fondly cling:
+  But can the poet's sweetest string
+    Their loveliness display?
+  No--nor could Titian's self supply
+  Their living presence, once gone by.
+
+  The air, in which we breathe and live,
+    Eludes our touch and sight;
+  The fairest flowers their fragrance give
+    To stillness, and to night;
+  The softest sounds that music flings,
+  In passing, from her heaven-plumed wings,
+    Are trackless in their flight!
+  And thus life's sweetest bliss is known
+  To silent, grateful thought alone.
+
+
+This mournful event, combined with discouraging prospects of a
+mercantile nature, induced our author to retire from commercial pursuits
+on his own behalf; and in 1810 he obtained a situation as a clerk in the
+Woodbridge bank, which he still holds.
+
+Soon after Mr. Barton had entered upon his present situation, he
+began "to commit the sin of rhyme," and a new provincial paper being
+established about this time, it became the vehicle of his effusions: by
+degrees our young poet became bold enough to send a short piece now and
+then to a London paper, and at last, in 1812, ventured on an anonymous
+volume, entitled _Metrical Effusions_, 250 copies of which were printed
+by a bookseller of Woodbridge, and sold within the immediate circle of
+our author's acquaintance. In 1818, Mr. Barton printed, by subscription,
+an elegant volume, in elephant octavo, of _Poems by an Amateur_,
+of which 150 only were struck off, and none ever sold at the shops.
+Encouraged by the very flattering manner in which these impressions of
+his poems were received by his friends, our author at last ventured to
+publish, in a small volume, _Poems, by Bernard Barton_, which was very
+favourably noticed by the literary journals, and, being afterwards made
+still more known by an article in the _Edinburgh Review_, has now
+reached a _third_ edition. He afterwards published, in a handsome octavo
+volume, his _Napoleon and other Poems_; and subsequently a volume of
+poems, entitled _A Widow's Tale_, which appeared in an early month of
+the present year.
+
+Such has been the literary career of Bernard Barton. If it have not left
+behind it the brilliant track of other poetical comets, it has been less
+erratic in its course; and if it have not been irradiated by the full
+blaze of a noonday sun, it has nevertheless been illumined by the silver
+lustre of the queen of night; and his Parnassian vespers may be said to
+possess all the mild and soothing beauties of the evening star. If his
+muse have not always reached the sunward path of the soaring eagle,
+it is no extravagant praise to say, that she has often emulated the
+sublimity of his aerial flight. But the great charm thrown around the
+effusions of the Suffolk bard is that "lucid veil" of morality and
+religion which "covers but not conceals"--that "silver net-work,"
+through which his poetic "apples of gold" shine with an adventitious
+beauty, which even the gorgeous ornaments so profusely lavished by
+a Byron or a Moore would fail to invest them.
+
+
+  There is a fame which owes its spell
+    To popular applause alone;
+  Which seems on lip and tongue to dwell,
+    And finds--in others' breath--its own;
+  For such the eager worldling sighs,
+  And this the fickle world supplies.
+
+  There is a nobler fame--which draws
+    Its purer essence from the heart;
+  Which only seeks that calm applause
+    The virtuous and the wise impart:
+  Such fame beyond the grave shall live:
+  But this the world can never give.
+
+
+--B. BARTON.
+
+We have alluded to the amiable character of our poet; that his modesty
+is equal to his merit, the following extract, from a letter to a friend,
+will afford a pleasing evidence. Speaking of his literary career, he
+says, "it has been marked by an indulgence on the part of the public,
+and the dispensers of literary fame, which I never anticipated. When I
+consider that only about three years have elapsed since I avowed myself
+an author, I am really surprised at the notice my trivial productions
+have received, and the numerous acquaintance to which they have, by
+correspondence, introduced me. Much of this, I dare say, is owing to
+my quakerism; and to that, unquestionably, I was indebted for the
+article in the _Edinburgh Review_, and the more recent passing notice
+in the _Quarterly_. Still, as I do not believe that any _outre_ or
+_adventitious_ source of attraction would have alone procured me the
+attention I have found, I would hope it may partly have arisen from
+their simple, unaffected appeal to those quiet, domestic, secluded
+feelings, which endear the still undercurrent of existence--in short,
+to my being content to make the best I could of the homely and confined
+materials to which my situation has given me access, without affecting
+scholarship, or aiming at romantic embellishment. There is nothing like
+simple truth and nature, after all; and he who is satisfied with simply
+and faithfully describing what he actually sees, feels, and, thinks, may
+always hope to appeal successfully to the unsophisticated heart."[4]
+
+We here conclude our notice of the bard of Woodbridge; and should
+this brief account excite the interest of our readers to become better
+acquainted with this "living author," we refer them to the whole-length
+portrait painted by himself, and held up to view in every page of his
+poems.
+
+    [1] _Poems_, by B. Barton, p.190, 3rd edit.
+
+    [2] One of these sisters is the present _Mrs. Hack_, favourably
+        known as the authoress of several useful and highly interesting
+        works for children. See some introductory verses to her, prefixed
+        to the third edition of Mr. Barton's "Poems." His brother John
+        has also distinguished himself by one or two judicious pamphlets
+        on the situation and circumstances of the poor.
+
+    [3] _Poems_, by B. Barton, p. 133, 3rd edit.
+
+    [4] _Time's Telescope_, p. 18, vol. xi.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+RETROSPECTIVE GLEANINGS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE GREAT FIRE OF 1666.
+
+
+The fire of London broke out on Sunday morning, September 2, 1666,
+O.S.,  and being impelled by strong winds, raged with irresistible fury
+nearly four days and nights; nor was it entirely mastered till the fifth
+morning after it began. The conflagration commenced at the house of one
+Farryner, a baker, in Pudding-lane, near [New] Fish-street-hill, and
+within ten houses of Thames-street, into which it spread within a few
+hours; nearly the whole of the contiguous buildings being of timber,
+lath, and plaster, and the whole neighbourhood presenting little else
+than closely confined passages and narrow alleys. The fire quickly
+spread, and was not to be conquered by any human means, "Then, (says
+a contemporary writer,) then the city did shake indeed, and the
+inhabitants did tremble, and flew away in great amazement from their
+houses, lest the flames should devour them: _rattle, rattle, rattle_,
+was the noise which the fire struck upon the ear round about, as if
+there had been a thousand iron chariots beating upon the stones. You
+might see the houses _tumble, tumble, tumble_, from one end of the
+street to the other, with a great crash, leaving the foundations open
+to the view of the heavens."[5]
+
+The destructive fury of this conflagration was never, perhaps, exceeded
+in any part of the world, by any fire originating in accident. _Within
+the walls_, it consumed almost five-sixths of the whole city; and
+_without_ the walls it cleared a space nearly as extensive as the
+one-sixth part left unburnt within. Scarcely a single building that came
+within the range of the flames was left standing. Public buildings,
+churches, and dwelling-houses, were alike involved in one common fate.
+
+In the summary account of this vast devastation, given in one of the
+inscriptions on the Monument, and which was drawn up from the reports of
+the surveyors appointed after the fire, it is stated, that "The ruins of
+the city were 436 acres, [viz. 333 acres within the walls, and 63 in the
+liberties of the city;] that, of the six-and-twenty wards, it utterly
+destroyed fifteen, and left eight others shattered and half burnt;
+and that it consumed 400 streets, 13,200 dwelling-houses, 89 churches
+[besides chapels; 4 of] the city gates, Guildhall, many public
+structures, hospitals, schools, libraries, and a vast number of stately
+edifices." The immense property destroyed in this dreadful time cannot
+be estimated at less than _ten millions_ sterling. Amid all the
+confusion and multiplied dangers that arose from the fire, it does not
+appear that more than _six_ persons lost their lives. Calamitous as were
+the immediate consequences of this dreadful fire, its _remote effects_
+have proved an incalculable blessing to subsequent generations. To
+this conflagration may be attributed the complete destruction of the
+_plague_, which, the year before only, swept off 68,590 persons!! To
+this tremendous fire we owe most of our grand public structures--the
+regularity and beauty of our streets--and, finally, the great salubrity
+and extreme cleanliness of a large part of the city of London.
+
+In relation to this awful calamity we add the following remarks:--Heaven
+be praised (says Mr. Malcolm[6]) old London _was burnt_. Good reader,
+turn to the ancient prints, in order to see what it has been; observe
+those hovels convulsed; imagine the chambers within them, and wonder why
+the plague, the leprosy, and the sweating-sickness raged. Turn then to
+the prints illustrative of our present dwellings, and be happy. The
+misery of 1665 must have operated on the minds of the legislature and
+the citizens, when they rebuilt and inhabited their houses. The former
+enacted many salutary clauses for the preservation of health, and would
+have done more, had not the public rejected that which was for their
+benefit; those who preferred high habitations and narrow dark streets
+had them. It is only to be lamented that we are compelled to suffer for
+their folly. These errors are now frequently partially removed by the
+exertion of the Corporation of London; but a complete reformation is
+impossible. It is to the improved dwellings composed of brick, the
+wainscot or papered walls, the high ceilings, the boarded floors, and
+large windows, and cleanliness, that we are indebted for the general
+preservation of health since 1666. From that auspicious year the very
+existence of the natives of London improved; their bodies moved in a
+large space of pure air; and, finding every thing clean and new around
+them, they determined to keep them so. Previously-unknown luxuries and
+improvements in furniture were suggested; and a man of moderate fortune
+saw his house vie with, nay, superior to, the old palaces of his
+governors. When he paced his streets, he felt the genial western breeze
+pass him, rich with the perfumes of the country, instead of the stench
+described by Erasmus; and looking upward, he beheld the beautiful blue
+of the air, variegated with fleecy clouds, in place of projecting black
+beams and plaster, obscured by vapour and smoke.
+
+The streets of London must have been dangerously dark during the winter
+nights before it was burnt; lanterns with candles were very sparingly
+scattered, nor was light much better distributed even in the new streets
+previously to the 18th century. Globular lamps were introduced by
+Michael Cole, who obtained a patent in July, 1708.
+
+We conclude the illustrations of this day with a singular opinion of the
+author just quoted. Speaking of the burning of London, he says, "This
+subject may be allowed to be familiar to me, and I have perhaps had more
+than common means of judging; and I now declare it to be my full and
+decided opinion, that London _was burnt by government, to annihilate the
+plague_, which was grafted in every crevice of the hateful old houses
+composing it."
+
+    [5] The progress of the fire might have been stopped, but for the
+        foolish conduct of the Lord Mayor, who refused to give orders
+        for pulling down some houses, _without the consent of the
+        owners_. Buckets and engines were of no use, from the confined
+        state of the streets.
+
+    [6] "Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London in the
+        Eighteenth Century," vol. ii. p. 378.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SKETCH BOOK
+
+NO. XLV.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BEHIND THE SCENES; OR, A BREAKFAST IN NEWGATE.
+
+(_Concluded from page 134_.)
+
+
+No further delay was allowed. The sheriffs moved on, the ordinary, the
+culprits, and the officers did the same; and that class of attendants to
+which I belonged followed. I shall not easily forget the circumstances
+of this brief, but melancholy progress. The faltering step--the
+deep-drawn sigh--the mingling exclamations of anguish and devotion which
+marked the advance of the victims--the deep tones of the reverend
+gentleman who now commenced reading a portion of the burial service, and
+the tolling of the prison bell, which, as we proceeded through some of
+the most dreary passages of the gaol, burst on the ear, rendered the
+whole spectacle impressive beyond description. Few steps sufficed to
+conduct us to the small room, or entrance-hall, into which the debtor's
+door opens, and from this we saw the ladder which the criminals were to
+ascend, and the scaffold on which they were to die. I was on the alert
+to detect any sudden emotion which this spectacle might cause, but could
+not perceive that it had the slightest effect. The minds of the
+sufferers had been so prepared, that a partial view of the machine to
+which they were being conducted, seemed to give no additional shock. No
+further pause was deemed necessary. The clock was striking eight, and
+the ordinary and the youth first brought to the press-room, immediately
+passed up the ladder. To the two culprits that remained, the gentleman
+whom I have already mentioned offered his services, and filled up with
+a prayer the little interval which elapsed, before the second was
+conducted to the platform.
+
+I heard from without the murmur of awe, of expectation, and pity, which
+ran through the crowd in front of the prison, and stepping on a small
+erection to the left of the door, gained a momentary glimpse of a
+portion of the immense multitude, who, uncovered, and in breathless
+silence, gazed on the operations of the executioners. I retreated just
+as the third halter had been adjusted. The finisher of the law was in
+the act of descending, when the under-sheriff addressed him--
+
+Is everything quite ready?"
+
+"Yes, sir."
+
+"Then take care and draw the bolt out smartly.--Now, don't bungle it."
+
+"No, sir--you may depend upon it," was the answer. And the obsequious
+anxiety of the hangman to seem polite and obliging, his apparent zeal
+to give satisfaction, though very natural seemed to me not a little
+curious.
+
+Prayers, which had been interrupted for a moment, while the last awful
+ceremony was in progress, were resumed. As he read them, I saw the
+clergyman fix his eye on the executioner with a peculiar expression. He
+drew his handkerchief from his pocket, and passed it slightly over his
+upper lip. This was the fatal signal. A lumbering noise, occasioned by
+the falling of part of the apparatus, announced that it had been obeyed.
+
+In that moment, a rush from the scaffold forced me from the door.
+The sheriffs, the under-sheriff, the ordinary, the gentleman who had
+assisted him in preparing the sufferers for eternity, and several other
+persons quitted the platform as expeditiously as possible, that they
+might not behold the final agonies of the unhappy men. Sir Thomas took
+me by the arm as he passed, and signified that he wished me to accompany
+him. I did so. Again I marched through the passages which I had recently
+traversed. Two minutes brought me to the door of the room to which I had
+first been conducted. Here my friend accosted me with his natural
+firmness of tone, which before had been considerably subdued by humane
+emotions, and said--
+
+"You must breakfast with us."
+
+I started at the unsentimental idea of eating the moment after quitting
+so awful a spectacle, as that which I have attempted to describe. But
+I had not sufficient energy to resist the good will which rather
+unceremoniously handed me in. Here I found the other sheriff, the
+ordinary, the under-sheriff, the city-marshal, and one or two of the
+individuals I had previously met, already seated.
+
+"Well, it is all over," said Sir Thomas, as he took his seat at the
+table.
+
+"Yes, it is," said the ordinary, in the same tone which I had heard a
+few moments before, and admired as appropriately solemn. "It is all
+over, and--" putting his cup and saucer to the under-sheriff, who
+prepared to pour out the tea--"I am very glad of it."
+
+"I hope you do not mean the breakfast is all over," remarked the
+sheriff, whose wit I had previously admired, "for I have had none yet."
+
+The moment had not arrived at which humour like this could be duly
+appreciated, and I did not observe that any of the company gave even
+that sort of _note of face_ for a laugh which we had all used half an
+hour before.
+
+Our conversation turned naturally on the manner in which the sufferers
+had conducted themselves; on the wishes they had expressed, and the
+confessions they had made.
+
+But while I looked on the hospitably spread table, I could not help
+connecting operations rather different in their character, which must
+have been going on at the same moment. "In my mind's eye," I saw the
+attendants carrying the fowl and eggs to the breakfast table, while the
+sheriffs and their guests were conducting the sufferers to the scaffold.
+
+From what I have already said, it must be inferred that the first
+speeches which accomplished the circuit of the table, were of a very
+serious character. But, mingled with them, some common breakfast-table
+requests and civilities caught my attention, as singular from their
+association. The performance of duties the most important cannot relieve
+man from the necessity of claiming his "daily bread," and I do not know
+that it is any reproach to a clergyman that he is not distinguished by
+versatility of manner. The abrupt transition from the gravity of the
+pulpit to the flippancy of the bar I should not admire; but the
+consistency of the reverend gentleman here attracted my notice.
+I had been just listening to him while he repeated, with devotional
+elongation, the solemn words of the burial service; and when I heard him
+with the same elongation of sound, address himself to me--"Shall I
+trouble you to cut up the fowl--can I help you to some tongue, sir?"
+I confess that I felt tempted not to laugh, but to comment on the
+oddly-contrasted feelings which the same voice, thus variously exerted,
+inspired.
+
+Horror-struck, as I had been, at the first mention of the unfeeling word
+"breakfast," my excuse for staying was to see if others could eat. That
+_I_ should take food was quite out of the question. But the wing of a
+fowl having been put on my plate, I thought it would be rudeness to
+reject it. I began to eat, inwardly reflecting that my abstinence would
+nothing benefit those whose sufferings I had still in my memory; and
+improving on this reconciling thought, I presently detected myself
+holding my plate for a second supply. "O sentiment!" I mentally
+exclaimed, "what art thou when opposed to a breakfast?"
+
+By the time we had disposed of our first cup of tea, we had got through
+the pious reflections which each of us had to offer on the particular
+occasion which had brought us together, and conversation started in a
+livelier vein. The gentleman who had assisted the ordinary, by praying
+with the culprits, gaily remarked to him, with a benevolent chuckle on
+his face, that _they_ (meaning himself and the reverend gentleman) had
+succeeded in refuting the Unitarian principles which A---- (one of the
+sufferers) had for some time avowed. The look which answered this
+speech, reminded me, I know not why, of the _organist's_ comment on the
+_organ blower's_ assertion that _they_ had played famously well.
+
+"Ay," said the minister, "I knew it would be so. I told him so
+immediately after sentence. But, after all, what can we say for a
+recantation dictated by the dread of early death?"
+
+"Very true!" was my exclamation, as the reverend gentleman looked as if
+he expected me to say something.
+
+"At any rate," whispered a gentleman well-known in the city, with whom
+I had formerly done a little business in the funds, "it gives a man
+something of an _option_."
+
+This technical application of a favourite stock-exchange word produced a
+general smile round the table, and I could not help contributing to
+lengthen it by replying--
+
+"You mean, perhaps, that it gives him a _call_." But the lively sheriff,
+of whose witticisms I have already made honourable mention, cut me out
+of my share of applause altogether, as clean as a whistle, by instantly
+rejoining--
+
+"The _put_ you mean, for, in this case, the party was going for the
+_fall_."
+
+Of course there was no standing this, and we all joined in the laugh.
+
+We were however brought back to gravity through the alarm expressed by
+the minister, at the idea of his having taken cold through officiating
+that morning without his wig.  This introduced, I cannot tell how, some
+remarks on the head, which led to a disquisition on craniology. On this
+subject the witty sheriff was very amusing. _I_ said some tolerably
+lively things; but the ordinary beat us all hollow, when it was
+contended that the disposition and the mind might be known from the
+exterior of the skull, by remarking that he had now an additional reason
+to regret having come there without his wig.
+
+With this epigrammatic touch he took his leave, I and the rest of the
+company laughing heartily, and having eaten as heartily as we then
+laughed. The facetious sheriff now had it all his own way, and said
+several things, nearly, or perhaps, quite as good as those which I have
+already placed on record. We were thus pleasantly engaged, when the
+aide-de-camp of the gallant officer in the blue and gold,--one of the
+city marshal's-men, entered to announce that it was past nine o'clock,
+and to ask if any of the company chose to see the bodies taken down.
+
+"The bodies!" I repeated to myself, and the application of that word to
+those whom I had previously heard mentioned but by their names, recalled
+my thoughts which had somehow strayed from the business of the morning
+into unlooked-for cheerfulness, and presented, in that simple
+expression, an epitome of all that had moved my wonder, curiosity, and
+commiseration.
+
+Again we passed through those parts of the prison which I had twice
+before traversed. We advanced with a quicker step than when following
+those whom we now expected to see brought to us. But with all the
+expedition we could use, on reaching the room from which the scaffold
+could be seen, we found the "bodies" already there. Nor was this, in my
+opinion, the least striking scene which the morning brought under my
+observation. The dead men were extended side by side, on the stone
+floor. The few persons present gazed on them in silence, duly impressed
+with the melancholy spectacle. But in this part of the building a copper
+is established, in which a portion of the provisions for its inmates is
+prepared. There was a savoury smell of soup, which we could not help
+inhaling while we gazed on death. The cooks too were in attendance, and
+though they, as became them, did all in their power to look decorously
+dismal, well as they managed their faces, they could not so divest
+themselves of their professional peculiarities, as not to awaken
+thoughts which involuntarily turned to ludicrous or festive scenes.
+Their very costume was at variance with the general gloom, and no
+sympathy could at once repress the jolly rotundity of their persons.
+
+I turned my eyes from them, wishing to give myself wholly up to
+religious meditation during the moments of my stay. Just then the
+executioner approach, ed. Sir Thomas desired him to remove the cap from
+the face of one of the sufferers. He prepared to comply--but his first
+act was to place his hand on the more prominent features and press them
+together. This, on inquiry being made, I learned was done that the
+bystanders might not be shocked by witnessing any distortion of
+countenance. Sir Thomas smiled at the anxiety of the man to make it
+appear that his work had been well performed. The cap was then
+withdrawn. There was nothing terrific in the aspect of the deceased.
+I recognized the features of the young man who had been so wildly,
+so violently agitated, when about to suffer. Now pain was at an end,
+apprehension was no more, and he seemed in the enjoyment of sweet
+repose. His countenance was tranquil as that of a sleeping infant, and
+happier than the infant, his rest was not in danger of being disturbed.
+While reflecting on the change which a single hour had sufficed to
+produce, I could hardly help regarding as idle the the sorrow, the pity,
+and the self-reproach for momentary forgetfulness of these, which I had
+felt and breathed within that period. I almost accused the sufferers of
+weakness, for showing themselves depressed as they had been, while I
+felt disposed, seeing their griefs were, to all appearance, terminated
+for ever, to demand with the poet,
+
+
+  "And what is death we so unwisely fear?"
+
+
+and to answer as he replies to himself,
+
+
+  "An end of all our busy tumults here."
+
+
+_Knight's Quarterly Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+JEU D'ESPRIT.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+  A sanctified hermit was heard to complain
+  That raiment and food he no longer could gain.
+  "For," quoth he "in this village the famine's so great
+  That there's not enough left e'en a mousetrap to bait."
+
+  A neighbour who happened to bear his sad plaint
+  Addressed in the following manner the saint:
+  "The nation will keep thee to support splendour's throne,
+  And interest will pay thee, because thou'rt _alone_."--(a loan.)
+
+
+W.G.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+The Months.
+
+
+[Illustration: September]
+
+
+SEPTEMBER.
+
+
+  "Now sober Autumn, with lack lustre eye,
+  Shakes with a chiding blast the yellow leaf,
+      And hears the woodman's song
+      And early sportsman's foot."
+
+
+September is generally accounted the finest and most settled month in
+the year. The mornings and evenings are cool, but possess a delightful
+freshness, while the middle of the day is pleasantly warm and open.
+Hence the well-known proverb:
+
+
+  "September blows soft till the fruit's in the loft."
+
+
+The destruction of the partridge commences with this month, large coveys
+of which may now be seen about the stubble fields, and in the corn, if
+any be left standing. These birds get very shy towards the end of the
+month, in consequence of being repeatedly fired at. Sportsmen,
+therefore, prefer the early part of the season, before the birds get too
+wild. Partridges, while the corn is standing, have a secure retreat from
+their numerous enemies; but when the harvest is gathered in, they resort
+in the day-time to groves and covers. At night, however, they return to
+the stubble to avoid foxes and weasels, &c., and there nestle together.
+
+The swallow now takes his departure for milder regions, and many other
+of the small billed birds that feed on insects disappear when the cold
+weather commences. The _throstle_, the _red-wing_, and the _fieldfare_,
+which migrated in March, now return; and the _ring-ouzel_ arrives from
+the Welsh and Scottish Alps to winter in more sheltered situations. All
+these birds feed upon berries, of which there is a plentiful supply,
+in our woods, during a great part of their stay. The throstle and the
+red-wing are delicate eating. The Romans kept thousands of them together
+in aviaries, and fed them with a sort of paste made of bruised figs and
+flour, &c., to improve the delicacy and flavour of their flesh. These
+aviaries were so contrived as to admit but little light; and every
+object which might tend to remind them of their former liberty was
+carefully kept out of sight, such as the fields, the woods, the birds,
+or whatever might disturb the repose necessary for their improvement.
+Under this management, these birds fattened to the great profit of their
+proprietors, who sold them to Roman epicures for three _denarii_, or
+about two shillings each of our money.
+
+Towards the end of September the leaves of trees begin to put on their
+autumnal dress. Mr. Stillingfleet remarks, that, about the 25th, the
+leaves of the plane tree were tawny; of the hazel, yellow; of the oak,
+yellowish green; of the sycamore, dirty brown; of the maple, pale
+yellow; of the ash, a fine lemon-colour; of the elm, orange; of the
+hawthorn, tawny yellow; of the cherry, red; of the horn-beam, bright
+yellow; of the willow, still hoary. Yet, many of these tints cannot be
+considered complete, in some seasons, till the middle or latter end of
+October.
+
+When the harvest is gathered in, the husbandman prepares for seed-time;
+and the fields are again ploughed up for the winter corn, rye, and
+wheat, which are sown in September and October. The entrances to
+bee-hives are straightened, to prevent the access of wasps and other
+pilferers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ASTRONOMICAL OCCURRENCES
+
+_FOR SEPTEMBER, 1827_.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+The sun enters the cardinal and equinoctial sign _Libra_, on the 23rd at
+8 h. 24 min. evening, once more bringing our day and night to an equal
+length; when 8 deg. of _Gemini_ are due east, and 4 deg. of _Aquarius_
+due south, all the planets having a direct motion, and being below the
+horizon, Herschel excepted. The astrological aspects at this ingress are
+as follow:--Saturn is located in the third house; Mercury, Venus, and
+Mars in the fifth, the Sun, Moon, and Jupiter are in the sixth, while
+Herschel occupies the ninth.
+
+Mercury is in conjunction with Mars on the 4th, at 1 h. morning; on the
+6th with the fixed star, Regulus, or Corheoni; with Venus on the 18th,
+at midnight; and in superior conjunction with the Sun on the 24th, at
+9-1/2 h. evening.
+
+Venus rises at the beginning of the month about 4-1/2 h. morning, and
+towards the end at 5-1/2 h.
+
+Mars rises through the month at 31/2 h. morning.
+
+Jupiter is now gradually receding from our view, and will ere long be
+totally surrounded with the brighter beams of the Sun; his eclipses are
+therefore not visible.
+
+Saturn is apparently now fast approaching this part of our hemisphere;
+he rises on the 1st at 12-1/2 h. and on the 31st at 10-3/4 h. evening.
+
+Herschel culminates on the 1st at 9h. 6m. and on the 31st at 7h. 12m.
+
+If the reader will refer to page 131 of the 8th vol. of the MIRROR,
+he will find his attention invited to the relative positions of the
+principal northern stars and constellations for September last year:
+their present appearance is precisely similar. Pasche.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"THE WOODSMAN."
+
+
+A German newspaper contains a strange account--avouched with as much
+apparent accuracy almost as those which concerned the mermaids lately
+seen off our own coast, or the sea-serpent that visits the shores of
+America--of a conversion lately worked upon the morals of a famous
+robber, by a supernatural visitation in the forest of Wildeshausen. The
+hero of the tale, whose name is Conrad Braunsvelt, but who was better
+known by the cognomen of "The Woodsman," was drinking one evening
+at a small inn on the borders of the forest of Wildeshausen, when a
+traveller, well mounted, and carrying a portmanteau on his horse behind
+him, came up by the road which runs from the direction of Hanover. The
+stranger, after inquiring if he could be accommodated with a bed, led
+his horse away to the stable, and in doing this, left his portmanteau
+upon a bench within the house--which Conrad immediately, as a
+preliminary measure, tried the weight of. He had just discovered that
+the valise was unusually heavy, when the return of the traveller
+compelled him to desist; but his curiosity, without any farther effort,
+was not long ungratified; for the stranger soon opened it before him, as
+it seemed, to take out some articles which were necessary for his use at
+night; and displayed in the process several large bags--larger almost
+than the machine would have seemed able to contain--which were evidently
+full of gold or silver money. The cupidity of Conrad was excited by this
+view, and he would gladly have at once secured the prize even at the
+hazard of a personal struggle with the stranger; but the people of the
+inn (according to his account afterwards) were such as would have
+expected a portion of the spoil. For this reason, although unwillingly,
+and trusting himself to sleep little, lest by any chance the prey should
+escape him, he abandoned his design of robbery, for that night; and on
+the next morning, having learned which way the stranger travelled--for
+the latter exhibited no suspicions or apprehension of those about him,
+but spoke freely of his intended road, though he never mentioned
+anything of the charge he carried--having ascertained this fact, he
+allowed the rider to depart, and after a short time, followed by a
+shorter track through the forest, which was practicable only to persons
+on foot, and which would enable him, had he even started later, easily
+to overtake the mounted traveller. Now, knowing that his nearer road
+saved, as has been noticed, full a league of ground, the "Woodsman"
+moved on slowly; and accounted that, when he reached the point at which
+they were to meet, he should still have some time to wait for the
+stranger: on emerging, however, into the high road, he found him to his
+surprise _already_ approaching; and, what was still more extraordinary,
+mounted upon a _black_ horse, when that on which he had left the inn,
+had certainly seemed to be a brown. The portmanteau, however, which was
+all that Conrad looked to, was still behind the traveller, and on he
+came riding as if nothing at all was the matter: the "Woodsman" never
+hung back, or staid reflecting, but levelled his rifle, and called upon
+him to "Stand and deliver," or his next moment was his last. The
+traveller upon this pulled up his horse with an air of great coolness;
+and, looking upon Conrad, said something, which, as the robber since
+says, he verily believes was--"That he hoped he had not kept him
+_waiting_!"--or words to that purpose; but he was too busy at the time
+to pay much attention to discourse. "Do you know who it is you are going
+to rob though?" asked the stranger, addressing the "Woodsman" directly.
+"Not I," replied the latter, boldly: "but, if you were der Dyvel
+himself, descend from that horse, and deliver the bags of money that you
+have on you, or you shall die!" Upon this, the black rider said no more;
+but dismounted quietly, although he had pistols in his holsters; and
+Conrad, immediately taking the portmanteau from the horse's back, was so
+eager to be sure of the contents, that he drew his knife, and cut the
+fastenings on the spot. In the meantime, the traveller might have fallen
+upon him unawares, and to advantage, but the "Woodsman" endeavoured to
+keep an eye upon him, while he went on forcing the valise open as well
+as he could. At length the straps were all cut, and the robber thrust
+his hands in eagerly, making sure to find the bags which he had seen the
+preceding evening, for he had distinctly felt them from the outside.
+But, when he drew out his hands, there was in one only a _halter_, and
+in the other a piece of brass in the shape of a _gibbet_! And, at the
+same moment, a gripe was laid upon his arm; and a deep low voice, which
+seemed to be close beside him, pronounced the words, "_This shall be thy
+fate_!" When he turned round in horror and consternation, the horse, and
+the rider, and the portmanteau, all were gone; and he found himself
+within a few paces of the inn door which he had quitted in the morning,
+with the halter and the brass gibbet still remaining in his hand. The
+narrative states farther, that this horrible rencontre so affected
+Conrad Braunsvelt, that he forthwith delivered himself up to the rangers
+of the forest, and was sent to Cassel to await the pleasure of the Grand
+Duke. He is now confined in an asylum for repentant criminals, desirous
+of being restored to society; and his miraculous warning is noted in the
+records of the institution.--_Monthly Magazine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CAMBRIAN CONVIVIALITY.
+
+
+  "Cloth must we wear,
+  Eat beef, and drink beer,
+  Though the dead go to bier."
+
+_Old Ballad._
+
+
+There is something refreshing, and not a little inspiriting, in the
+scanty relics of those hearty customs and pastimes which imparted such a
+manly tone to the character of our ancestors; but now, like the ruined
+castle, or the old ivied abbey, they have become objects of admiration
+rather than sources of delight. Fifty years ago, the inhabitants of
+North Wales, a rude and blunt race even now, were far less sophisticated
+by modern refinement than they are at present; and it was then a common
+matter for the _Penteulu_, or head of the family, to dine in the large
+stone hall of the mansion--he and his own particular friends at a table,
+raised on a _Dais_--and his numerous tenants and dependants at another
+table running the whole length of the said hall. Then came the
+wassailing--worthy of the days of Arthur--wine for the upper table;
+ale, medd, (_mead_,) and spirits for the other; and after all came the
+friendly contest at some manly game--wrestling, racing, pitching the
+bar, or the like. At a period somewhat later, these boisterous pastimes
+began to degenerate; and the Welsh squire became more polished, but not,
+perhaps, more happy. Still the custom of inordinate potation fondly
+clung to him. Immediately contiguous to every mansion of any magnitude
+was erected a summerhouse, usually situated in a spot, selected for the
+beauty of the scene which it commanded; and to this _sanctum_ did the
+gentlemen retire after dinner, to enjoy, unrestrained by the presence of
+the ladies, a full indulgence in that boisterous carousal, which their
+bluff hearts so dearly loved. But these good and glorious customs have
+died the death, and gone the way, of all perishable things; _they_ are
+gone, as are those jovial souls who gave them life and buoyancy; but the
+eternal hills, which echoed to their merriment and glee--they remain
+unaltered by time, and unshaken by the storms which have passed over
+them.
+
+Yet is there still much jovial heartiness in the festive revelry of the
+mountaineers. One scene, in which I was a participator, I will endeavour
+to portray--it is impressed on my memory by more than one token of
+grateful reminiscence. It was in the summer of 1825 that I left London
+for a few weeks, and sought among my native hills a reparation of the
+wear and tear of half-a-dozen years of hard and unceasing toil. Two days
+after my arrival In Merionethshire was celebrated the birthday of Robert
+Williams Vaughan, Esq., of Nannau, the only son of Sir Robert Williams
+Vaughan, Bart., and member for the county; a gentleman of whom it may be
+truly said, that his heart is replete with every noble and benevolent
+attribute, and that his mind is dignified by practical wisdom, sound
+sense, and energy to direct, for the benefit of his dependents, the fine
+and Christian virtues which he possesses. "Come up to Nannau," is his
+encouraging address to the labourer, when the hardships of winter are
+pressing upon the poor: "Come up to Nannau, show me that you are willing
+to work, and I will give you your wages." It is for benevolence like
+this, well and usefully exercised, that Sir Robert Vaughan is especially
+remarkable, as well also for all those qualities which adorn and dignify
+the British country gentleman. Always careful of the welfare, habits,
+and comforts of the poor around him; patronizing the industry,
+ingenuity, and good conduct of his more humble countrymen, and
+ministering to the wants of the sick and the poor; hospitable in the
+extreme; kind, affable, and friendly to all, he fulfils in every respect
+the happy duties of the wealthy British landholder; and by his generous
+courtesy he has ensured to himself the perfect esteem of every person
+who knows him. Living in the midst of a cheerful and contented tenantry,
+the chieftain as it were of a devoted clan, the proprietor of Nannau may
+be truly termed a happy man. The empty blandishments of the world have
+no charms for him, nor have its ephemeral pleasures any allurement; for,
+like the gallant knight of Peugwern, when invited by Henry the Seventh
+to share the honors of his court, for services rendered at Bosworth
+Field, he would meekly but promptly reply, "Sire! I love to dwell among
+mine own people." Such is Sir Robert Vaughan of Nannau, whose memory
+will be long and fondly cherished by those who have enjoyed his
+friendship, and witnessed his calm, manly, and useful virtues.
+
+We sat down to dinner, about forty in number, occupying two tables
+placed parallel to each other, in the spacious dining-room of the
+mansion. Choice fish of every kind; venison from Nannau Park, celebrated
+for the delicious flavour of its fat bucks; mountain-mutton, from the
+fertile pastures of Llanfachreth; the noble sirloin, and, in fact, every
+substantial delicacy that wealth could procure, pressed even to groaning
+the broad tables of our host; while the harper in the hall twanged his
+instrument with a force and a fury, that plainly showed his previous
+intimacy with the good cheer of the place. But noble and magnificent
+as our entertainment was in the eating department, it was infinitely
+surpassed by that which was devoted to the orgies of Bacchus. No sooner
+was the brief and scarcely audible grace pronounced by the chaplain,
+than in marched old Pearson, the gray-headed butler, bearing in each
+hand a goblet, in form like an acorn, and fashioned of the dark polished
+oak of the far-famed Spirits-Blasted Tree,[7] richly ornamented with
+appropriate silver emblems. One of these was placed reversed by the side
+of the president and _croupier_ of each table, and presently afterwards
+flanked by a huge silver tankard of foaming ale, strong enough almost to
+blow into the air a first-rate man-of-war. Filling this goblet, which
+held very nearly a pint, the president made his speech to the health and
+happiness of the young 'squire, and draining it dry, passed it on to his
+left-hand neighbour. The _croupier_ did the same, and like the great
+bear of Bradwardine, did the acorn of Nannau begin to make its rounds,
+in a manner quite as fearful to me as was the terrific approach of the
+bear aforesaid to the heir of Waverley Honor. Unfortunately for me, I
+sat between two determined and well-seasoned topers, who took especial
+care that I should not only fill to each toast, but drain the cup to
+the very bottom; so that, novice as I was in this sort of hilarity, I
+found myself, in a very short time, lying down under a laburnum tree
+in the lawn, and composing myself very comfortably--no, not _very_
+comfortably--to sleep. I had my sleep, however; and when I awoke and
+re-entered the house, a merry group of guests had surrounded the harper
+in the hall, and were singing Penillion at full stretch, to the now
+unsteady and somewhat discordant accompaniment of the minstrel; the
+laugh was of course against me, but good-nature, rather than contempt,
+characterised the bantering, and I bore it all in good part. The party
+broke up about eleven, and before midnight I was at home, after a
+magnificent walk of three miles, over the mountains, in the moonlight.
+_The Inspector._
+
+    [7] This was an old blasted oak, standing a few years ago in Nannau
+        Park, to the infinite horrification of the honest mountaineers.
+        Tradition had imbued it with a terrible and awful influence--for,
+        some four or five hundred years ago, the gigantic skeleton of a
+        warrior was found incased in its trunk, and grasping with its
+        bony fingers a long and ponderous sword. It was blown down one
+        stormy night, and the wood has been manufactured into a variety
+        of articles.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR, AND LITERARY NOTICES OF _NEW WORKS_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NEW SOUTH WALES.
+
+
+The following observations, recorded in Mr. Cunningham's _Two Years in
+New South Wales_, are as valuable as they are interesting; for hitherto
+we have known but little of the natural history of that country:--
+
+_Trees_.--Trees here appear to follow the same laws as other vegetable
+substances, regarding the effects they produce upon the soil wherein
+they grow. It has long been remarked in America, that on the forests
+being cut down, young trees of a different species sprout up in place of
+the old ones; and here the same remark, in a great measure, holds
+good,--acacias very commonly making their appearance on land that has
+been once under cultivation, and afterwards permitted to relapse into a
+state of nature. From this circumstance it should seem, that trees, like
+other vegetables, extract a particular substance from the ground, which
+substance it is necessary should be restored before the same species of
+tree can be readily grown a second time,--a restoration to be effected,
+perhaps, by such chemical changes in the constituent particles of the
+soil as may arise from the cultivation of other species.
+
+_Fruits_.--Of native fruits, we possess raspberries equal in flavour and
+not otherwise distinguishable from the English. They grow plentifully
+on the alluvial banks of Hunter's river, and supply a yearly Christmas
+feast to the birds. Oar native currants are strongly acidulous, like the
+cranberry, and make an excellent preserve when mixed with the raspberry.
+They grow on low shrubs not higher than the whortleberry bush. Our
+cherries are destitute both of pleasant taste and flavour, and have
+the stone adhering to their outside. Our native pears are tolerably
+tempting to the look, but defy both mastication and digestion, being the
+pendulous seed-pods of a tree here, and their outer husks of such a hard
+woody consistence, as to put the edge of even a well-tempered knife to
+proof of its qualities in slicing them down. The burwan is a nut much
+relished by our natives, who prepare it by roasting and immersion in a
+running stream, to free it from its poisonous qualities. The jibbong is
+another tasteless fruit, as well as the _five-corners_, much relished by
+children. The wild potato strongly resembles the species now in use in
+Europe, but the stem and leaf are essentially different. It grows on the
+loose flooded alluvial margins of the rivers, and at one period of the
+year composes the chief sustenance of the natives, having the watery
+look and taste of the yam. Of foreign fruits now climatized we possess a
+great variety. Here are oranges, lemons, citrons, nectarines, apricots,
+peaches, plums, cherries, figs, loquats, grenadillos, quinces, pears,
+apples, mulberries, pomegranates, grapes, olives, raspberries,
+strawberries, bananas, guavas, pineapples, and English and Cape
+gooseberries and currants. Of shell-fruits we have the almond, walnut,
+chestnut, and filbert; and of other garden fruits, strawberries, melons,
+peppers, &c.
+
+Melons and pumpkins will absolutely overrun you, if you do not give them
+most bounteous scope, and you need want neither water nor musk-melons
+for six or eight months yearly on an average, if you duly time the
+sowings. Nothing can exceed their rich juiciness and flavour, and the
+rapidity of their growth is almost miraculous, when a few showers of
+rain temper the hot days. The pumpkin makes an excellent substitute for
+the apple in a pie, when soured and sweetened to a proper temper by
+lemons and sugar. The black children absolutely dance and scream when
+they see one, pumpkin and sugar being their delight. To the half of a
+shrivelled pumpkin hanging at the door of my tent on my first essay in
+settling, one of our sooty satyrs could do nothing for some minutes but
+fidget and skip; and with his eyes sparkling, and countenance beaming
+with ecstacy, exclaim, "Dam my eye, _pambucan_; dam my eye, _pambucan_!"
+such being the nearest point they can attain to the right pronunciation
+of their favourite _fruit_.
+
+_Birds_.--We are not moved here with the deep mellow note of the
+blackbird, poured out from beneath some low stunted bush; nor thrilled
+with the wild warblings of the thrush, perched on the top of some tall
+sapling; nor charmed with the blithe carol of the lark as we proceed
+early afield; none of our birds at all rivalling these divine songsters
+in realising the poetical idea of the "music of the grove;" while
+"parrots' chattering" must supply the place of "nightingales' singing"
+in the future amorous lays of our sighing Celadons. We have our lark
+certainly, but both his appearance and note are a most wretched parody
+upon the bird our English poets have made so many fine similes about.
+He will mount from the ground, and rise fluttering upward in the same
+manner, and with a few of the starting notes of the English lark; but
+on reaching the height of thirty feet or so, down he drops suddenly and
+mutely, diving into concealment among the long grass, as if ashamed of
+his pitiful attempt. For the pert, frisky robin, pattering and pecking
+against the windows in the dull days of winter, we have the lively
+"superb warbler," with his blue shining plumage and his long tapering
+tail, picking up the crumbs at our doors; while the pretty little
+redbills, of the size and form of the goldfinch, constitute the sparrow
+of our clime, flying in flocks about our houses, and building their soft
+downy pigmy nests in the orange, peach, and lemon trees surrounding
+them. Nor are we without our rural noters of the time, to call us to
+our early task, and warn us of evening's close. The loud and discordant
+noise of the _laughing jackass_, (or _settler's clock_, as he is
+called,) as he takes up his roost on the withered bough of one of our
+tallest trees, acquaints us that the sun has just dipped behind the
+hills, and that it is time to trudge homewards; while the plaintive
+notes of the curlew, and the wild and dismal screechings of the flying
+squirrel, skimming from branch to branch, whisper us to retire to our
+bedchambers. In the morning, again, the dull monotonous double note of
+the _whee-whee_, (so named from the sound of its calls,) chiming in at
+as regular intervals as the tick of a clock, warns us to rub our eyes
+and con over the tasks of the impending day, as it is but half an hour
+to dawn; till again the loud laughter of the _jackass_ summons us to
+turn out, and take a peep at the appearance of the morning, which just
+begins to glimmer beyond the dusky outline of the eastern hills.
+
+_Animals_.--Our wild animals are numerous, but few of them carnivorous,
+and none of a size to endanger human life. The _native dog_ is generally
+believed to be an importation, being deficient of the false uterus or
+pouch characterising all our other quadrupeds. He closely resembles the
+Chinese dog in form and appearance, being either of a reddish or dark
+colour, with shaggy hair, long bushy tail, prick ears, large head, and
+slightly tapering nose; in size he reminds one of a shepherd's dog,
+running with considerable speed, and snapping in attack or defence. He
+does not bark, but howls in melancholy sort, when prowling in quest of
+prey, and has a strong and peculiar odour, which makes European dogs shy
+at first of attacking him, doubtless intimidated too by his snapping
+mode of fighting; for it is observed of poodles, and all which snap,
+that few other dogs are fond of engaging them. He is most destructive on
+breaking in among a flock of sheep, as he bites a piece out of every one
+he seizes; not holding fast and worrying dead like the fox, but snapping
+at all he can overtake, till twenty or thirty may be killed by one dog,
+there being something so peculiarly venomous in their bite that few
+recover from it. Their cross with the tame dog forms a very useful breed
+for emu-hunting, and many even of the pure ones are caught young, tamed
+by the natives, and bred up to hunt emus and kangaroos. They have as
+many pups as the tame dog, littering either in some hollow log, deserted
+ant-hill, hole in the ground, or thick brush. They will hunt, kill, and
+devour a tame dog also, if a troop of them can catch him alone. A
+settler in the interior informed me, that, while out hunting one
+morning, he observed his dog running direct towards him at full speed,
+with two large native dogs close at his heels; and so eager were they to
+seize their prey, that his own dog was actually sheltered between his
+legs, and the native dogs within pistol-shot, before they perceived
+their danger. Hence he was enabled to shoot one of them. The native cat
+is the only other carnivorous animal we possess; but its depredations
+extend no farther than the poultry-yard. It is small and long-bodied,
+with a long tail, claws like a common cat, a nose like a pig, striped
+down the sides with brown and black, and dotted over with white spots.
+It climbs trees and preys on birds while they sleep, being a night
+animal.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FARM-HOUSES ON THE SNEEUWBERG MOUNTAINS.
+
+
+The farm-houses in the Sneeuwberg, and in most of the colder districts
+of the colony, are usually of the following description:--The house
+resembles a large barn divided into two or three apartments. One of these
+is the kitchen, which also serves for the sitting and eating apartment.
+In the others the family sleep; while, in the outer one already
+mentioned, visiters and travellers are accommodated with a rush mat, a
+feather bed, and a coverlet spread on the clay floor. In this situation
+I have often enjoyed, after a fatiguing day's ride, the most balmy
+repose; while a swarthy train of slaves and Hottentots were moving round
+the embers of the fire, wrapped in their sheepskin mantles, and dogs,
+cats, and fowls were trampling over my body. The more wealthy and long
+settled families, however, usually have the kitchen separate from their
+sitting-room. In such houses curtained beds, and other articles of
+decent furniture, are not unfrequently found; but the poorer classes
+are content with a few thong-bottomed chairs and stools, two or three
+wagon-chests, and a couple of deal tables. At one of the latter sits
+the mistress of the house, with a tea-urn and a chafing-dish before her,
+dealing out every now and then _tea-water_, or coffee, and elevating
+her sharp shrill voice occasionally to keep the dilatory slaves and
+Hottentots at their duty. In this same apartment is also invariably to
+be seen the carcass of a sheep killed in the morning, and hung up under
+the eye of the mistress, to be served out frugally for the day's
+provision as it may be required. The houses, being without any ceiling,
+are open to the thatch; and the rafters are generally hung full of the
+ears of Indian corn, leaves or rolls of tobacco, slices of dried meat,
+called _bill tongue_, &c. The last is a sort of ham from the muscular
+part of the thigh of the ox, or the larger species of antelopes; it is
+very convenient for carrying on journeys, and is found in the boor's
+houses in every part of the colony. It is cut into very thin slices, and
+eaten with bread and butter, or with bread and the melted fat of the
+sheep's tail, which is a common substitute for butter; either way it is
+no contemptible dish when one is a little hungry, and many a time I have
+heartily enjoyed it.
+
+A traveller, on arriving, if it does not happen to be meal-time, is
+always presented with a cup of tea, without sugar, milk, or bread;
+unless occasionally, when you may be favoured with a small piece of
+sugar-candy out of a tin snuff-box, to be kept in your mouth to sweeten
+the bitter beverage as it passes. When their tea and coffee are
+exhausted, a succedaneum is found in roasted grain, prepared in the
+same way as Hunt's radical coffee, which, if not very palatable, is
+nevertheless a refreshment to a thirsty and weary traveller. They never
+think of asking you to eat unless at meal-time; but then you are
+expected to draw in your chair, and help yourself, without invitation,
+in the same easy manner as one of the family. The dishes consist for
+the most part of mutton stewed in sheep's-tail fat, or boiled to rags;
+sometimes with very palatable soup, and a dish of boiled corn, maize, or
+pumpkin. Cayenne-pepper, vinegar, and few home-made pickles, are also
+usually produced to relish the simple fare, which, served up twice a
+day, forms, with tea-water and the _soopie_, or dram of Cape brandy,
+the amount of their luxuries. In this quarter of the colony, however, I
+found every where excellent bread; and, upon the whole, the farmers of
+Bruintjes-Hoogte and the Sneeuwberg appeared in much more independent
+and comfortable circumstances than those along the coast.
+
+_Thompson's Southern Africa._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HOSPITAL FOR THE DUMB.
+
+
+The Banian hospital at Surat is a most remarkable institution; it
+consists of a large plot of ground, enclosed with high walls, divided
+into several courts or wards, for the accommodation of animals; in
+sickness they are attended with the tenderest care, and find a peaceful
+asylum for the infirmities of age. When an animal breaks a limb, or
+is otherwise disabled from serving his master, he carries him to the
+hospital, and, indifferent to what nation or caste the owner may belong,
+the patient is never refused admittance. If he recover, he cannot be
+reclaimed, but must remain in the hospital for life, subject to the duty
+of drawing water for those pensioners debilitated by age or disease from
+procuring it for themselves. At my visit, the hospital contained horses,
+mules, oxen, sheep, goats, monkeys, poultry, pigeons, and a variety of
+birds, with an aged tortoise, who was known to have been there for
+seventy-five years. The most extraordinary ward was that appropriated
+to rats, mice, bugs, and other noxious vermin. The overseers of the
+hospital frequently hire beggars from the streets, for a stipulated
+sum, to pass a night among the fleas, lice, and bugs, on the express
+condition of suffering them to enjoy their feast without molestation.
+
+_Forbes's Oriental Memoirs._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Useful Domestic Hints
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NORFOLK PUNCH. NO. 1.
+
+
+In twenty quarts of French brandy put the peels of thirty lemons and
+thirty oranges, pared so thin that not the least of the white is left;
+infuse twelve hours. Have ready thirty quarts of cold water that has
+been boiled; put to it fifteen pounds of double-refined sugar; and when
+well mixed, pour it upon the brandy and peels, adding the juice of the
+oranges and of twenty-four lemons; mix well. Then strain, through a fine
+hair-sieve, into a very clean barrel that has held spirits, and put two
+quarts of new milk. Stir, and then bung it close; let it stand six weeks
+in a warm cellar; bottle the liquor for use, taking great care that the
+bottles are perfectly clean and dry, and the corks of the best quality
+and well put in. This liquor will keep many years, and improves by
+age.--_The Vintner's Guide._
+
+
+NORFOLK PUNCH. NO. 2.
+
+
+Pare six lemons and three Seville oranges very thin; squeeze the juice
+into a large jar; put to it two quarts of brandy, one of white wine, and
+one of milk, and one pound and a quarter of sugar. Let it be mixed, and
+then covered for twenty-four hours. Strain through a jelly-bag till
+clear, then bottle it.--_Ibid._
+
+
+TO MANAGE AND IMPROVE RED PORT WINE WHEN POOR AND THIN.
+
+
+If your wines be sound, but wanting in body, colour, and flavour, draw
+out thirty or forty gallons, and return the same quantity of young and
+rich wines, such its are generally brought to this country for that
+purpose; to a can of which put a quart of colouring, with a bottle of
+wine or brandy, in which half an ounce of powdered cochineal has been
+previously mixed. Whisk it well together, and put it in your cask,
+stirring it well about with a staff; and if not bright in about a week
+or ten days, you may fine it for use; previous to which, put in at
+different times a gallon of good brandy. If Port wines are short of
+body, put a gallon or two of brandy into each pipe, as you see
+necessary. If the wines be in your own stock, put it in by a quart or
+two at a time, as it feeds the wine better in this way than putting it
+in all at once; but, if your wines are in a bonded cellar, procure a
+funnel that will go down to the bottom of the cask, that the brandy may
+be completely incorporated with the wine. When your Port is thus made
+fine and pleasant, bottle it off, taking care to pack it in a temperate
+place with saw-dust or dry sand, after which it will not be proper to
+drink for at least two months. When laying your wines down in bottles
+you should never use new deal saw-dust, as that causes it to fret too
+much, and often communicates a strong turpentine smell through the corks
+to the wine.--_Ibid._
+
+
+RED CURRANT WINE.
+
+
+Take seventy pounds of red currants, bruised and pressed, good moist
+sugar forty-five pounds, water sufficient to fill up a fifteen-gallon
+cask, ferment; this produces a very pleasant red wine, rather tart, but
+keeps well.--_Ibid._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+The Gatherer.
+
+"I am but a _Gatherer_ and disposer of other men's stuff."--_Wotton_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ON CRANIOLOGY.
+
+
+  In days of yore,
+  Laid wit and lore,
+    And wisdom in the wig;
+  But now the skull
+  Contains them all,
+    The peruke is too big.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+"According to Julius Africanus," says Gibbon, "the world was created on
+the _first of September_--an opinion almost too foolish to be recorded."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the memoirs of the celebrated French actor, Preville, we find the
+following letter, addressed by the manager of a strolling company to his
+prompter:--
+
+"At last, my dear boy, here we are safe in Provins. The coach-office
+undertook to deliver the boxes of snow and hail. The winds and tempest
+came later than we expected--we even lost a zephyr. The thunder got
+broke on the road, and we have been forced to have fresh sodder for the
+two lightnings. Our divinities are well, with the exception of Love, who
+has got the small-pox; the Graces have been inoculated; we were obliged
+to leave them behind on the road, with the brick wall, which being wrapt
+round the sun to keep it from getting soiled, was rubbed to pieces by
+the sharp rays. Our rivers and sea are coming by water; and pray, when
+you come yourself, do not forget to bring lots of clouds with you, and a
+new moon. A torrent too will be wanted, for our last has most unluckily
+got burnt. I am anxious for a full account of all your purchases, to
+which you must add two yards of weeping willows. Above all, bring me a
+drawbridge, a fortress, and my linen, if it was not turned into tinder
+for the last sea-fight. Ever yours."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction., by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, NO. 271 ***
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