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diff --git a/11218.txt b/11218.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5cb3425 --- /dev/null +++ b/11218.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2904 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Highroads of Geography, by Anonymous + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Highroads of Geography + +Author: Anonymous + +Release Date: February 21, 2004 [EBook #11218] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HIGHROADS OF GEOGRAPHY *** + + + + +Produced by Julie Barkley, Susan Woodring and PG Distributed Proofreaders + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: Descriptions of illustrations which have no +captions and of page references are found in {curly brackets}.] + +[Illustration: That's where Daddy is! + +(From the painting by J. Snowman.)] + + + + + +THE ROYAL SCHOOL SERIES + + +Highroads of Geography + + +_Illustrated by Masterpieces of the following artists:--J.M.W. Turner, +F. Goodall, E.A. Hornel, Talbot Kelly, W. Simpson, Edgar H. Fisher, J.F. +Lewis, T.H. Liddell, Cyrus Cuneo, &c._ + + + +Introductory Book--Round the World with Father + + +1916 + + + + + +CONTENTS. + + +1. Good-bye to Father, + +2. A Letter from France, + +3. In Paris, + +4. On the Way to Egypt, + +5. A Letter from Egypt, + +6. Children of Egypt, + +7. Through the Canal, + +8. Amongst the Arabs.--I., + +9. Amongst the Arabs.--II., + +10. A Letter from India, + +11. In the Streets, + +12. Our Indian Cousin, + +13. In the Garden, + +14. Indian Boys and Girls, + +15. Elephants and Tigers, + +16. A Letter from Burma.--I., + +17. A Letter from Burma.--II., + +18. A Letter from Ceylon, + +19. A Letter from China, + +20. Chinese Boys and Girls, + +21. Hair, Fingers, and Toes, + +22. A Letter from Japan, + +23. Jap Children, + +24. A Letter from Canada, + +25. Children of Canada, + +26. The Red Men, + +27. The Eskimos. + +28. Father's Last Letter, + +29. Home Again, + +EXERCISES, + + + + + +INTRODUCTORY BOOK. + + +I. GOOD-BYE TO FATHER. + + +1. Father kissed us and said, "Good-bye, dears. Be good children, and +help mother as much as you can. The year will soon pass away. What a +merry time we will have when I come back again!" + +2. Father kissed mother, and then stepped into the train. The guard blew +his whistle, and the train began to move. We waved good-bye until it was +out of sight. + +[Illustration: {Children waving good-bye to their father as the train +pulls away}] + +3. Then we all began to cry--even Tom, who thinks himself such a man. It +was _so_ lonely without father. + +4. Tom was the first to dry his eyes. He turned to me and said, "Stop +that crying. You are the eldest, and you ought to know better." + +5. He made mother take his arm, just as father used to do. Then he began +to whistle, to show that he did not care a bit. All the way home he +tried to make jokes. + +6. As soon as we had taken off our coats and hats, Tom called us into +the sitting-room. "Look here," he said: "we're going to have no glum +faces in this house. We must be bright and cheerful, or mother will +fret. You know father wouldn't like that." + +[Illustration: {Children in the sitting-room}] + +7. We said that we would do our best. So off we went to help mother to +make the beds and to dust the rooms. While we were doing this we quite +forgot to be sad. + +8. After tea we went into father's room and looked at the globe. "I'm +going to follow father right round the world," said Tom. "Please show me +which way he is going." Mother did so. + +9. "By this time next week," she said, "we shall have the first of many +long letters from father. I am sure we shall enjoy reading them. He will +tell us about the far-off lands which he is going to see." + +10. "That will be grand," I said. "I hope he will tell us _lots_ +about the children. I want to know what they look like, what they wear, +and what games they play." + +11. Tom said he would rather not hear about children. He wanted to hear +about savages and tigers and shipwrecks, and things like that. + +[Illustration: {Postman delivering a letter}] + +12. A week later the postman brought us father's first letter. How eager +we were to hear it! Mother had to read it for us two or three times. + +13. Every week for many weeks the postman brought us letters from +father. When he handed us a letter he used to say, "I'm glad to see that +your daddy is all right so far." + +14. This book is made up of father's letters from abroad. I hope you +will enjoy them as much as we did. + + * * * * * + +2. A LETTER FROM FRANCE. + + +1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--I am writing this letter in a large seaport of the +south of France. To-morrow I shall go on board the big ship which is to +take me to Egypt. + +2. Let me tell you about my travels so far. The train in which I left +our town took me to London. Next day another train took me to a small +town on the seashore. + +3. About twenty miles of sea lie between this town and France. At once I +went on board the small steamer which was to take me across. The sea was +smooth and the sun was shining. + +[Illustration: The White Cliffs of Dover. + +(From the picture by J. M. W. Turner, R.A.)] + +4. I stood on the deck looking at the white cliffs of dear old England. +When I could see them no longer I found that we were not far from +France. + +5. In about an hour we reached a French town which in olden days +belonged to us. The steamer sailed right up to the railway station. + +6. I had something to eat, and then took my place in the train. Soon we +were speeding towards Paris, the chief town of France. + +7. I looked out of the window most of the time. We ran through many +meadows and cornfields. Here and there I saw rows of poplar trees +between the fields. + +8. Now and then we crossed rivers with barges on them. On and on we +went, past farmhouses and little villages, each with its church. The +French villages look brighter than ours. I think this is because the +houses are painted in gay colours. + +9. I saw many men, women, and children working in the fields. All of +them wore wooden shoes. Most of the men and boys were dressed in blue +blouses. + +[Illustration: {People working in a field}] + +10. There was a little French boy in my carriage. He wore a black blouse +with a belt. His stockings were short, and did not come up to his +knickerbockers. He was rather pale, and his legs were very thin. + +11. The boy was about Tom's age. He sat still, and held his father's +hand all the way. I don't think Tom would have done this; he thinks +himself too much of a man. + +12. After a time we crossed a broad river, and came to the dull, dark +station of a large city. As we left it, I saw the tall spire of one of +the grandest churches in all the world. + +13. On we went, past farms and villages and small towns, until at last +we reached Paris. + + * * * * * + +3. IN PARIS. + + +[Illustration: In the Gardens. + +(From the picture by Cyrus Cuneo, R.I.)] + +1. Paris is a very grand and beautiful city. The French people say that +France is a great garden. They also say that the finest flowers in this +garden make up the nosegay which we call Paris. + +2. A great river runs through Paris. All day long you can see little +steamboats darting to and fro on the river, like swallows. Near to the +river are some beautiful gardens. + +[Illustration: {View of Paris}] + +3. I sat in these gardens, at a little table under the trees. As I sat +there a man walked up the path. At once I heard a great chirping and a +flutter of wings. + +[Illustration: {A man with birds}] + +4. All the birds in the garden flocked to him. They seemed to know him +as an old friend. Some perched on his shoulders and some on his hat. One +bold little fellow tried to get into his pocket. It was a pretty sight +to see him feeding the birds. + +5. In the gardens there were many nurses carrying babies. These nurses +were very gay indeed. They wore gray cloaks and white caps, with broad +silk ribbons hanging down their backs. + +6. Some of the older children were playing ball, but they did not play +very well. Until a few years ago French boys had few outdoor games. Now +they are learning to play tennis and football. + +7. French boys are always clean and neatly dressed, however poor they +may be. They think more about lessons than our boys do. Their school +hours are much longer than ours. + +8. French girls have not so much freedom as our girls. A grown-up person +takes them to school and brings them home again. Their mothers do not +allow them to go for walks by themselves. I wonder how Kate and May +would like this. + +9. Some day I must take you to see Paris. You would love to ramble +through its streets. Many of them are planted with trees. Under these +trees you may see men and women sitting at little tables. They eat and +drink while a band plays merry tunes. + +[Illustration: {People at a table, being waited on}] + +10. You would be sure to notice that the French people have very good +manners. When a Frenchman enters or leaves a shop he raises his hat and +bows. A Frenchman is always polite, and he always tries to please you. + +11. I cannot now write anything more about Paris. I should like to tell +you about its beautiful buildings and its fine shops, but I have no more +time to spare. + +12. I hope you are all doing your best to make mother happy. I am very +well; I hope you are well too.--Your loving FATHER. + + * * * * * + +4. ON THE WAY TO EGYPT. + + +1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--I am writing this letter on board the big ship +which is taking me to Egypt. Let me tell you what I have seen and done +since I left Paris. + +2. It is a long day's ride from Paris to the seaport from which my ship +set sail. Let me tell you about the journey. A few hours after leaving +Paris the train began to run through vineyards. + +3. At this time of the year a vineyard is a pretty sight. The broad +leaves of the vine are tinted with crimson and gold. Beneath them are +the purple or golden grapes. + +4. As I passed through France the grapes were ripe, and were being +gathered. I could see women and children going up and down between the +rows of vines. They plucked the ripe fruit and put it into baskets. When +the baskets were filled they were emptied into a big tub. + +[Illustration: THE GRAPE HARVEST. + +(From the picture by P.M. Dupuy in the Salon of 1909. Bought by the +State.)] + +5. When the tub was filled it was taken to a building near at hand. In +this building there is a press which squeezes the juice out of the +grapes. The grape juice is then made into wine. + +6. As evening drew on we came to a large town where two big rivers meet. +It is a busy town, and has many smoky chimneys. Much silk and velvet are +made in this town. + +7. I think you know that silk is made by the silkworm. This worm feeds +on the leaves of the mulberry tree. In the south of France there are +thousands of mulberry trees. There are also many orange and olive trees. + +8. The weather is much warmer in the south of France than it is in +England. In the early spring all sorts of pretty flowers are grown on +the hillsides. They are sent to England, and are sold in the shops when +our gardens are bare. + +9. Now I must hurry on. For some hours we ran by the side of a swift +river; with mountains on both sides of us. Then we reached the big +seaport, and there I found my ship waiting for me. + +10. It is a huge ship, with hundreds of cabins, a large dining-room, +drawing-room and smoking-room. It is really a floating hotel. + +11. Most of the people on board are going to India. All day long they +sit in chairs on the deck reading. Some of us play games, and at night +we have dances and concerts. + +[Illustration: GAMES ON BOARD FATHER'S SHIP. + +(From the picture by W.L. Wylie. By kind permission of the P. and O. +Co.)] + +12. We have now been four days at sea. To-morrow we shall reach a town +by the side of a great canal. This town and canal are in Egypt. + +13. I hope you are still good and happy.--Best love to you all. FATHER. + + * * * * * + +5. A LETTER FROM EGYPT. + + +1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--With this letter I am sending you a beautiful +picture. Look at it carefully, and you will see what Egypt is like. + +2. The water which you see in the picture is part of the great river +Nile. If there were no Nile to water the land, Egypt would be nothing +but a desert. + +3. Once a year, as a rule, the Nile rises and overflows its banks. The +waters spread out over the country and cover it with rich mud. In this +mud much cotton, sugar, grain, and rice are grown. + +[Illustration: The Nile in Flood. + +(From the picture by F. Goodall, R. A., in the Guildhall Gallery. By +permission of the Corporation of London.)] + +4. Egypt now belongs to the British. They have turned part of the Nile +into a huge lake, in which the water is stored. + +5. The water is let out of the lake when it is needed. It runs into +canals, and then into drains, which cross the fields and water them. + +6. A sail along the Nile is very pleasant. There are lovely tints of +green on the water. As the boat glides on, many villages are passed. +Each of these has its snow-white temple. + +7. All along the river bank there are palm trees. They wave their crowns +of green leaves high in the air. The fields are gay with colour. Above +all is the bright blue sky. + +8. Look at the picture again. At a short distance from the water you see +a village. It has a wall round it, and outside the wall is a ditch. In +October the ditch is full of water; in spring it is dry. + +9. In and near this ditch the children and the dogs of the villages play +together. You can see two boys in the picture. One of them is standing +by his mother. The other boy is riding on a buffalo. + +10. In the middle of the village there is an open space. Sometimes this +space is covered with bright green grass. Round it are rows of palm +trees. The house of the chief stands on one side of this green. + +11. Every village has its well, and every well has its water-wheel for +drawing up the water. By the side of the well the old men of the village +sit smoking and chatting. The women come to the well to fill their +pitchers with water. + +12. All the houses are built of Nile mud. This mud is dug out of the +banks of the river. It is mixed with a little chopped straw to hold it +together. Then it is put into moulds. After a time it is turned out of +the moulds, and is left to dry in the sun. + +[Illustration: The Chief City of Egypt. + +(From the picture by Talbot Kelly, R.I.)] + + * * * * * + +6. CHILDREN OF EGYPT. + + +[Illustration: {An Egyptian woman}] + +1. In the picture you see two of the women of Egypt. One of them is +standing at the edge of the river. She is filling her pitcher with +water. The other woman is carrying a lamb in her arms. + +2. The people of Egypt have changed but little since the days of Moses. +The men have brown faces, white teeth, and bright black eyes. Most of +them wear beards and shave their heads. + +3. The women wear long dark cloaks. If they are well-to-do they cover +their faces with a veil. They think it wrong to let their faces be seen +by any men except their husbands. + +4. I think Kate would like to hear something about the children. Those +who have rich fathers wear beautiful clothes, and have a very happy +time. Poor children wear few clothes, and are nearly always covered with +dust. + +5. Many of the boys go to school, and are taught just as you are. They +read the same kind of books that you read. + +6. The children of Egypt always obey their parents, and are never rude +to them. I think they have very good manners. + +7. All the people of Egypt love singing. Their voices are soft and +sweet. The boatmen on the Nile sing as they row. The fruit-sellers sing +as they cry their wares in the streets. + +8. Many of the boys in the chief city of Egypt are donkey drivers. In +Egypt donkeys are far more used for riding than horses. The donkeys are +beautiful little animals, and they trot along very quickly. + +[Illustration: {A boy with two donkeys}] + +9. Each donkey has a boy to run after it with a stick, and to shout at +it to make it go. The donkey boys are very jolly little fellows. They +always smile, however far they have to run. + +10. Most donkey boys wear a white or blue gown, and have a red cap, or +fez, on the head. If a donkey boy sees an Englishman coming, he runs to +him and says, "My donkey is called John Bull." If he sees an American +coming, he says that his donkey's name is Yankee Doodle. + +11. Sometimes the donkey boy will ask the rider,-- + +"Very good donkey?" + +If the rider says "Yes," he will then ask,-- + +"Very good donkey boy?" + +"Yes." + +12. "Very good saddle too?" + +"Yes." + +"_Then me have very good present!_" + +13. Now let me tell you something that will surprise you. The people of +Egypt in the old, old days thought that their cats were gods. + +14. They prayed to them and built temples to them. When the family cat +died, all the people in the house shaved their eyebrows to show how +sorry they were.--Best love to you all. FATHER. + + * * * * * + +7. THROUGH THE CANAL. + + +1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--I have just sailed through a very wonderful canal. +It joins two great seas together, and is now part of the way to India. + +2. By means of this canal we can sail from England to India in three +weeks. Before it was made the voyage took three months or more. + +3. The canal was made more than forty years ago by a Frenchman. He dug a +great ditch, and joined together a number of lakes. By doing so he made +a waterway from sea to sea. This waterway is about a hundred miles long. + +4. I joined my ship at the town which stands at the north end of the +canal. There is nothing to see in the town except the lighthouse and the +shops. On the sea wall there is a statue of the Frenchman who made the +canal. + +5. As we lay off the town we could see many little boats darting to and +fro. The boatmen were dressed in all the colours of the rainbow--red, +blue, green, and orange. In one boat there were men and women playing +and singing songs. + +6. By the side of our ship men were swimming in the water. I threw a +piece of silver into the water. One of the men dived, and caught it +before it reached the bottom. + +[Illustration: {Side of a ship, with men swimming below}] + +7. On the other side of the ship there were great barges full of coal. +Hundreds of men and women carried this coal to the ship in little +baskets upon their heads. They walked up and down a plank, and all the +time they made an awful noise which they called singing. + +8. When all the coal was on board, the ship began to steam slowly along +the narrow canal. No ship is allowed to sail more than four miles an +hour, lest the "wash" should break down the banks. + +9. Soon we passed out of the narrow canal into one of the lakes. Our +road was marked by buoys. Away to right and to left of us stretched the +sandy desert. + +10. In the afternoon we passed a station, where I saw a number of camels +laden with boxes of goods. They were going to travel across the sands +for many days. + +11. The sun went down in a sky of purple and gold. Then a large electric +light shone forth from our bows. It threw a broad band of white light on +the water and on the banks of the canal. Where the light touched the +sands it seemed to turn them into silver. + +12. In less than twenty-four hours we reached the town at the south end +of the canal. A boat came out from the shore, and this letter is going +back with it.--Love to you all. FATHER. + + * * * * * + +8. AMONGST THE ARABS.--I. + + +1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--I am now sailing along the Red Sea. The weather is +very hot. All over the ship electric fans are hard at work. In spite of +them I cannot keep cool. + +2. Away on the left, or port, side of the ship I see high hills. They +are red in colour, and seem to be baked by the hot sun. Even through my +spy-glass I cannot see a speck of green on them. All is red and bare. + +3. Beyond the hills lies the land of Arabia. It is a hot, dry land, in +which years sometimes pass without a shower of rain. There is hardly +ever a cloud in the sky, and there is no dew at night. + +4. Much of the land is covered with sand. Little or nothing will grow. +You know that we call a sandy waste of this kind a _desert_. + +[Illustration: {Desert oasis}] + +5. Here and there in the desert a few springs are found. The water of +these springs causes grass and trees to grow well. Around each spring is +what looks like an island of green in the midst of a red sea of sand. A +green spot in a desert is called an _oasis_. + +6. The Arabs live upon these green spots. Some of them dwell in +villages, and some wander from oasis to oasis. Those who live in +villages build their houses of sun-dried bricks; those who wander from +place to place live in tents. + +[Illustration: Arabs of the Desert.] + +7. The Arabs are fine, fierce-looking men. They own flocks of sheep, +herds of goats, camels and horses. + +8. An Arab's tent is woven out of camel's hair. So are the ropes of the +tent. The poles are made of palm wood. + +9. Inside the tent there are leather buckets for drawing water. There +are also skin bags for carrying it across the desert. There are no +chairs or tables or beds in the tents. The Arabs squat upon the ground +and sleep on rugs. + +[Illustration: {Arab tent}] + +10. In front of an Arab tent you are almost sure to see a woman grinding +corn between two large stones. There is a hole in the top stone, and +into this she pours the grain. + +11. She turns the top stone round and round, and the grain is ground +into flour, which oozes out at the edges. With this flour she makes +cakes. + + * * * * * + +9. AMONGST THE ARABS.--II. + + +1. Date palms grow on every oasis. The date palm is a beautiful tree. It +is very tall, and has a crown of leaves at the top. + +2. The fruit grows in great golden clusters. Sometimes a cluster of +dates weighs twenty-five pounds. + +3. The date palm is beloved by the Arabs, because it is so useful to +them. They eat or sell the dates, and they use the wood for their tents +or houses. From the sap they make wine. Out of the leaf-stalks they +weave baskets. + +4. Some of the Arabs are traders. They carry their goods from oasis to +oasis on the backs of camels. A large number of laden camels form a +caravan. + +[Illustration: {Caravan of camels}] + +5. A camel is not pretty to look at, but the Arab could not do without +it. I think you can easily understand why the camel is called the "ship +of the desert." It carries its master or its load across the sea of sand +from one green island to another. + +[Illustration: The Halt in the Desert. + +(From the picture by J.F. Lewis, R.A., in the South Kensington +Museum.)] + +6. The hoofs of the camel are broad, and this prevents them from sinking +into the sand. The camel can go for a long time without food or water. + +7. The camel is very useful to the Arab, both when it is alive and when +it is dead. It gives him milk to drink, and its hair is useful for +making clothes, tents, and ropes. + +8. I think I told you that when I was sailing along the canal I saw a +caravan. It was then beginning to cross the desert. Very likely, weeks +or months will pass away before its journey comes to an end. + +9. There are no roads across the desert, so it is very easy for a +caravan to lose its way. Then the men and camels wander on until all +their food and water are finished. At last they fall to the ground, and +die of hunger and thirst. + +10. Dreadful sand-storms often arise. The storm beats down upon the +caravan, and sometimes chokes both men and camels. A journey across the +desert is full of dangers. + +11. Before I close this letter, let me tell you a little story. One day +an Arab belonging to a caravan overslept himself at an oasis. When he +awoke, the caravan had started on its journey again, and was many miles +away. + +12. The Arab followed the caravan, in the hope of catching it up. On and +on he walked, but nothing could he see of it. Then darkness came on, and +he lay on the sand and slept until morning. + +13. When the sun rose he began his journey again. Hours passed, but +still there was no sign of the caravan. At last he was quite overcome by +hunger and thirst. He fell to the ground, and was too weak to rise +again. + +14. Looking around, he saw something black lying on the sand, not far +away. He crawled to it, and found that it was a small bag which had +fallen from the back of a camel. + +15. The poor Arab was filled with joy. He hoped that the bag would +contain food of some sort. With trembling fingers he tore it open. Alas! +it was full of gold and jewels. + +16. "Woe is me!" cried the poor fellow; "had it been dates my life would +have been saved." + +[Illustration: {An Arab dying of thirst in the desert}] + +17. This little story shows you that on the desert dates may sometimes +be worth much more than gold and jewels. I hope you are well and +happy.--Your loving FATHER. + + * * * * * + +10. A LETTER FROM INDIA. + + +1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--Hurrah! I am on shore again, after nine long days +at sea. Yesterday I reached Bombay, the chief seaport of India. + +2. Soon after I landed a friend came to see me at my hotel. He drove me +round Bombay, and showed me all the sights. I wish you had been with me +to see them. + +3. Here in Bombay I seem to be in a new world altogether. It is a world +of wonderful light and colour. The bright hot sun floods the streets and +dazzles my eyes. Everywhere I see bright colour--in the sky, the trees, +the flowers, and the dresses of the people. + +4. The streets are always full of people. They are dark brown in colour; +their hair is black, their eyes are bright, and their teeth are as white +as pearls. Most of the people are bare-legged and bare-footed. + +[Illustration: {Busy Bombay street scene}] + +5. The men wear white clothes, with turbans and sashes of yellow, green, +or blue. Yesterday was a feast-day. In the morning I saw thousands of +the people bathing in the sea. Afterwards they roamed about the streets +in their best clothes. One crowd that I saw looked like a great tulip +garden in full bloom. + +6. The women wear a garment of red, blue, or some other bright colour. +This garment covers them from the neck to the knee. Almost every woman +wears rings of silver on her arms and ankles. Some of them have great +rings in their noses, as well as rings in their ears and on their toes. + +7. You would be amused to see the people carrying their burdens on their +heads. Yesterday I saw a dozen men carrying a grand piano on their +heads. + +8. From childhood the women carry jars of water or baskets of earth in +this way. They hold themselves very upright and walk like queens. + +[Illustration: {Woman carrying a basket on her head}] + +9. Bombay is a very busy city. The streets are thronged with carriages, +motor cars, bullock carts, and electric trams. As the people walk in the +middle of the road, it is not easy for a carriage to make its way +through the streets. + +10. The drivers ring bells, or shout to warn the people: "Hi, you woman +with the baby on your hip, get out of the way!--Hi, you man with the box +on your head, get out of the way!" + +11. I think you would like to see the bullock carts. They are very +small, and are drawn by two bullocks with humps on their shoulders. The +driver sits on the shaft and steers them with a stick. These carts carry +cotton to the mills or to the docks. + +[Illustration: {A bullock cart}] + +12. In some of the carriages and motor cars you may see rich men wearing +fine silk robes. Many of these rich men now dress as we do, except that +they wear turbans instead of hats. + + * * * * * + +11. IN THE STREETS. + + +1. I should like you to see the shops of Bombay. Most of them are quite +unlike our British shops. They have no doors and no windows, but are +open to the street. + +2. Our shopkeepers try to make a fine show of their goods. The Indian +shopkeeper does nothing of the sort. He simply piles his goods round his +shop and squats in the midst of them. There he sits waiting for people +to come and buy. + +[Illustration: {An Indian shopkeeper}] + +3. In our shops there is a fixed price for the goods. In India nothing +has a fixed price. You must bargain with the shopkeeper if you wish to +buy anything. Very likely he will ask you three times the price which he +hopes to get. + +4. Our penny is divided into four parts; each of these parts is called a +farthing. The Indian penny is divided into twelve parts; each of these +parts is called a "pie." An Indian boy or girl can buy rice or sweets +with one pie. + +5. There are thousands of beggars in India. They go to and fro in front +of the shops begging. The shopkeepers are very kind to them, and never +send them away without a present. + +6. Very good order is kept in the streets. At every street corner stands +a native policeman, dressed in blue, with a flat yellow cap on his head +and a club by his side. Some of the policemen ride horses, and carry +guns and lances. + +[Illustration: {An Indian policeman}] + +7. The parks of Bombay are large open spaces covered with grass. Round +them are rows of palm trees. In these parks you may see men and boys +playing all sorts of games. + +8. Indians are very fond of cricket, which they play very well. Not many +years ago an Indian prince was one of the best players in England. + +9. Polo is also played in the parks of Bombay. It is an Indian game, but +Britons now play it too. Polo is just hockey on horseback. + +10. The players ride ponies which are very quick and nimble. Each player +carries a mallet with a very long handle. With this mallet he strikes a +wooden ball and tries to drive it between the goal posts. + +11. Last night I stopped to watch some Indian boys playing marbles. When +Tom plays the game, he places the marble between his thumb and +forefinger and shoots it out with his thumb. + +12. The Indian boy does not shoot the marble in this way at all. He +presses back the second finger of one hand with the forefinger of the +other. Then he lets go and strikes the marble with the finger that was +bent back. Some of the boys are very clever at this game. + +13. Bombay has some very fine buildings. On the top of most of them you +see the Union Jack, the flag of Britain. Not only Bombay but all India +belongs to Britain. I hope you are all well.--Best love. FATHER. + + * * * * * + +12. OUR INDIAN COUSIN. + + +1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--I am now in the north of India, not far from the +great river Ganges. It is a long railway journey from Bombay to this +place. I have been in the train two days and two nights. + +2. I am now beginning to understand what a vast land India is. Do you +know that it would make sixteen lands as large as our own? One in every +five of all the people on earth lives in India. + +3. Perhaps you can guess why I have made this long journey from Bombay. +My brother, your uncle, is the chief man in this part of the country. He +and I have been parted for many years. I am now living in his house. + +4. Let me tell you about little Hugh, your cousin. He was born in India +seven years ago, and he has never been to England. He hopes to come +"home" to see you all in a few months' time. + +5. Hugh's home is a big house, all on the ground floor. It has no +upstairs. The rooms are very large and lofty. This is because the +weather is very hot for the greater part of the year. If the rooms were +not large and high, they would be too hot to live in. + +[Illustration: {Hugh's house}] + +6. In every room there is a beam of wood with a short curtain hanging +from it. This is the punkah. The beam is hung from the roof by ropes. In +the hot weather a boy sits outside and pulls the punkah to and fro with +a rope. In this way he makes a little breeze, which keeps the room cool. + +7. The roof of the house juts out all round and is held up by pillars. +We sit outside, under the roof, whenever we can. During the heat of the +day we must stay indoors. + +8. The garden round the house is very large. There are many tall palm +trees in it. Some of the other trees bear most beautiful blossoms of +crimson, yellow, and blue. All along the front of the house are many +flowerpots, in which roses and other English flowers are growing. + +9. A few days ago little Hugh came to me and asked if he might show me +what he called "the compound." I said "Yes." So he took my hand and led +me away. + +10. First he showed me the gardener. He is a short, dark man, and he +squats down to do his work. He is a very good gardener, and he is proud +of his flowers. Every morning he comes to the house with a flower for +Hugh's father and mother and uncle. + +[Illustration: {Gardener at work}] + +11. Next, Hugh took me to see the well. It is behind the house. The +mouth of the well is on the top of a mound. To reach it you must walk up +a sloping road. Above the mouth of the well there is a wheel. + +12. A rope runs over this wheel. At one end of the rope there is a large +leather bag. The other end of the rope is fastened to the necks of a +pair of bullocks. + +[Illustration: The Village Well. + +(From the picture by W. Simpson, R.I.)] + + * * * * * + +13. IN THE GARDEN. + + +1. The bullocks walk backwards up the sloping road. This lowers the +leather bag into the well, where it is filled with water. Then the +bullocks walk down the sloping road. This pulls the bag up to the mouth +of the well. + +2. A man empties the water out of the bag into a tank by the side of the +well. The water runs out of this tank into the garden, where it spreads +out into many little streams. It is this water which makes the trees, +the plants, and the grass grow so well in the garden. + +[Illustration: {Oxen drawing water from a well}] + +3. If the garden were not watered in this way, it would soon be brown +and bare. For many months at a time no rain falls in India. Then dust a +foot deep lies on the roads, and the ground cracks with the heat. + +4. When the dry season is over the rain begins to fall. It comes down in +torrents for days together. In some places more rain falls in a single +day than we have in a whole year. + +5. During the "rains" the rivers become full to the brim, and the whole +land is fresh and green. Sometimes the "rains" do not come at all. Then +the crops wither away, and the people starve. + +6. In our country we are never sure of the weather. It changes so often +that we talk about it a great deal. In India nobody talks about the +weather. During seven months of the year every day is fine. + +7. In our country we almost always have plenty of water for our crops, +and for drinking and washing. Plenty of fresh water is a great blessing +to a land. In many parts of India water is very scarce. + +8. I told you that the great river Ganges is not far away from little +Hugh's home. This grand river begins in the mountains of North India. I +wish you could see these mountains. They are the highest on earth. They +rise up from the plains like a huge wall, and their tops are always +covered with fields of ice and snow. + +9. These ice-fields slowly move down the mountain sides. Then they melt, +and this gives rise to the Ganges and to the other great rivers of North +India. + +10. Millions of the Indian people love the Ganges, and they have good +reason to do so. It gives water and food to more than twice as many +people as dwell in the British Islands. + +11. Many Indians think that every drop of water in the river is holy. +They believe that if they bathe in its waters their souls will be washed +clean from sin. + +[Illustration: {Town on the Ganges}] + +12. There is a town by the side of the Ganges which the Indians say is +the holiest place on earth. It is full of temples. Millions of Indians +visit these temples every year. + +13. All along the river bank there are stone steps leading down to the +water. Standing in the stream are men and women and children who have +come from all parts of India. They wash themselves in the stream, and +pour the holy water over their heads as they pray. + +14. People who are very ill are carried to this place, that they may die +by the side of "Mother Ganges." They die happy if they can see her or +hear the sound of her waters during their last moments. + +15. When they die their bodies are taken to the steps. There they are +washed in the river water, and are placed on piles of wood. Friends set +fire to the wood, and soon the bodies are burnt to ashes. These ashes +are thrown into the stream, which bears them to the distant ocean. + + * * * * * + +14. INDIAN BOYS AND GIRLS. + + +1. I am very fond of going about the streets with your uncle. The Indian +children always amuse me. + +2. When Indians grow up they are rather grave and sad. The children, +however, are always bright and merry. Indian fathers and mothers are +very fond of their boys. They care very little for their girls. + +3. Boys soon become men in India. They begin work at an early age, and +they are married when they are about sixteen. Girls are married a few +years younger. + +4. Almost every boy follows the trade of his father. A farmer's son +becomes a farmer, a weaver's son becomes a weaver, and so on. + +5. Many of the boys go to school, but not many of the girls. They, poor +things, begin to work in the house or in the field almost as soon as +they can walk. Much of the hard rough work in India is done by poor +women and girls. + +6. A rich father keeps his girls shut up in the back part of his house. +Their faces are never seen by any man except those of their own family. +If they go out of the house, they cover themselves from head to foot +with a thick veil. Sometimes they are carried from place to place in a +closely shut box on poles. + +7. Are you not sorry for these poor rich girls? I am. They can never +play merry games with boy friends, or go for long walks in the country. + +8. They know nothing of the beautiful world in which they live. Their +rooms are fine, their dresses are grand, and their jewels are lovely; +but they are only poor prisoners after all. + +9. Yesterday I went with your uncle to see a village school. There were +only twenty boys in it. The roof was off the schoolhouse, so the classes +were held in the open air. + +[Illustration: {A village schoolhouse}] + +10. The boys sat on forms, just as you do. The teacher wrote on a +blackboard, and taught the children to do sums with a ball frame. Each +boy had a reading-book. It was not printed in English, but in the tongue +spoken in that part of the country. + +11. Some of the boys wrote in copy-books, but most of them wrote on thin +boards, which they used instead of slates. Instead of a pencil they used +a pen made of a reed. + +12. Chalk was ground up and wetted in a little cup. The boys dipped +their reed pens into the cup, just as you dip your steel pen into the +ink. The letters and figures which they wrote were very different from +ours. + +13. Some of the boys read their books very well, and worked hard sums. +They sang "God save the King" for me in their own tongue. + +14. In the towns there are large and good schools. Some of the scholars +are very clever indeed. I think Indian boys are much fonder of their +lessons than our boys. + + * * * * * + +15. ELEPHANTS AND TIGERS. + + +1. In his last letter Tom asked me to tell him something about elephants +and tigers. I will try to do so. + +2. Yesterday your uncle and I went out to shoot pigeons. An Indian +chief, or rajah, lent us an elephant to carry us to the shooting ground. + +[Illustration: AN INDIAN RAJAH.] + +3. A driver sat on the neck of the huge animal. Instead of a whip he had +a goad of sharp steel. I did not see him prick the elephant with this +goad. He guided the animal with voice and hand. + +4. On the elephant's back there was a large pad upon which we were to +sit. I could see no ladder, so I wondered how I was to climb up. Just +then the elephant knelt down on his hind legs. + +5. Your uncle showed me how to get up. "Here," he said, "is a ladder of +two steps. The first step is the elephant's foot, the second is the loop +of his tail." + +6. He held the end of the elephant's tail in his hand and bent it to +make a loop. When I put my foot on it he lifted the tail, and in this +way helped me on to the elephant's back. + +7. When your uncle had climbed up, the elephant jogged off at a good +pace. He went along rough, narrow paths, over ditches and the beds of +streams. Never once did he make a false step. + +8. An elephant costs a great deal of money. Only princes and rich men +can afford to keep them. Sometimes a great prince has as many as a +hundred elephants in his stables. + +9. When a prince rides through a city in state his elephants wear rich +cloths, which are studded with gems. Sometimes the elephants' heads are +painted and their tusks are covered with gold. + +10. In the drawing-room of your uncle's house there is a beautiful tiger +skin. The tiger that used to wear this skin was shot by your uncle about +three years ago. + +[Illustration: {Tiger skin rug}] + +11. It was a man-eating tiger--that is, an old tiger that could no +longer run fast enough to catch deer. This man-eater used to hide near a +village. He would creep up silently behind men and women, and stun them +with a blow of his paw. Then he would drag them away and eat them. + +12. The people of the village came to your uncle and begged him to kill +the man-eater. He agreed to do so. Near to the tiger's drinking-place a +little hut was built in a tree. One night your uncle sat in this hut +with his gun on his knee, waiting for the tiger to come. + +13. Slowly the hours went by, and your uncle felt sure that the tiger +had gone to another place to drink. Just as he was thinking of going +home to bed the huge animal crept into the moonlight. + +14. Nearer and nearer he came. Then your uncle lifted his gun, took a +steady aim, and shot the tiger through the heart. + +[Illustration: {Tiger being shot}] + +15. In the morning there was great joy among the people of the village +because their fierce foe was dead. They hung garlands of flowers round +your uncle's neck, and sang his praises in many songs. + +[Illustration: A Tiger Shoot. + +(From the picture by Edgar H. Fisher, in the Royal Academy, 1911.)] + +16. Now I must close this very long letter.--Best love to you all. +FATHER. + + * * * * * + +16. A LETTER FROM BURMA.--I. + + +1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--Since I last wrote to you I have visited several +of the large cities of India. A week ago I was in the largest city of +all. + +2. On Christmas morning I sailed down the mouth of the Ganges into the +open sea, on my way to the country of Burma. + +3. Now I am in the chief town of Burma, and you will expect me to tell +you something about the land and its people. From what I have seen, I +think Burma is a prettier country than India. + +4. In the chief town there seem to be people from many lands. I saw +Chinamen, with their pigtails hanging down their backs. I also saw +Indians from across the sea, and white men from our own country. Of +course, there were also many Burmese, as the people of Burma are called. + +5. Kate and May will like to hear something about the Burmese girls and +women. They are not at all sad like the Indians, but are very bright and +gay. As I write these lines I see a party of Burmese girls passing my +window, I can hear them laughing. + +6. They are very dainty in their dress. One girl wears a skirt of pink +silk and a blouse of light green. She has bracelets on her arms, +ear-rings in her ears, a string of coral round her neck, and flowers in +her hair. + +[Illustration: {Burmese woman carrying an umbrella}] + +7. In one hand she carries a bamboo sunshade; in the other she holds a +big paper cigar! She is very fond of smoking, and you never see her +without a cigar. On her feet she wears sandals. + +8. The men are gentle and rather lazy. The women have far more "go" in +them than the men. Many of them keep shops, and are very good traders. +The wife is the chief person in every home. + +9. The men also wear skirts, and sometimes their jackets are very gay. +They wrap a handkerchief of pink, or of some other bright colour, round +their head. + +[Illustration: {A Burmese man}] + +10. The Burmese worship Buddha, a prince who lived more than two +thousand years ago. He was a very noble man, and he gave up all the +pleasant things of life that nothing might turn his thoughts from +goodness. + +11. Amongst other things he taught men to be kind to animals. All +animals are well treated in Burma. + +12. All over the land you see temples to Buddha. These temples grow +narrower and narrower the higher they rise. They all end in a spire +above which there is a kind of umbrella. It is made of metal, and all +round its edge are silver or golden bells, which make pretty music as +they are blown to and fro by the wind. + +13. By the side of many of these temples you may see a great image of +Buddha. Most of the images are made of brass. The Burmese pray before +these images, and offer flowers and candles and rice to them. + +[Illustration: {Statue of Buddha}] + + * * * * * + +17. A LETTER FROM BURMA.--II. + + +1. Wherever you go in Burma you see monks. They have shaven heads, and +they wear yellow robes. Every morning they go out to beg. Boys in yellow +robes go with them, and carry large bowls in their hands. + +2. The people come out of their houses and put food into the bowls. The +monks do not thank them. They say that he who gives is more blessed than +he who takes. + +3. The monks live in houses built of teak wood. In every village you can +see a monk's house standing in a grove of palm trees. In these houses +the monks keep school. + +4. Every Burmese boy lives for some time in one of the monks' houses. +Here he learns to read and write, and is taught to be a good man. + +5. I went to see the most beautiful of all the monks' houses. It is in a +city far up in the country. The building is of dark-brown teak wood, and +has many roofs, one above the other. It is covered with carving, and +here and there it is gilded. + +6. Many boys in yellow robes were playing beneath the trees. They were +the scholars of the school. One of the boys told me that he was never +going to leave the place. When he was old enough he meant to be a monk. + +[Illustration: {Burmese boy in robes}] + +7. In the city I saw the palace of the king from whom we took Burma. It +stands inside a large space, with high walls all round it. Outside the +wall is a broad ditch full of water. When I saw the ditch it was +overgrown with water-plants covered with pink blossoms. + +8. Many buildings, something like the monks' houses, form the king's +palace. Some of the buildings are very richly carved, and are covered +with gold leaf. Inside one of them I saw great teak pillars, also +covered with gold. + +9. The chief building ends in a very lofty spire, with a beautiful metal +umbrella above it. The Burmese used to believe that this spire was in +the very middle of the earth. + +10. Another fine building is a high lookout tower. From the top of it +there is a grand view. On one side I saw a hill covered with temples. At +the foot of the hill there were four hundred and fifty of these temples. +There must be thousands of them in and near the city. + +11. As I drove to my hotel last night I saw a number of boys playing +Burmese football. They do not take sides, nor do they try to kick goals. +The football is made of basket-work. + +12. The boys stand round in a ring, and the game is to keep the ball +from touching the ground. The boys pass the ball from one to the other +by knocking it up with their heads, arms, hands, legs, or toes. Some of +the boys are very clever at this game. + +[Illustration: {Boys playing Burmese football}] + +13. Burma has many beautiful rivers and some fine mountains. By the side +of the rivers much rice is grown. Away in the north there are grand +forests filled with wild animals. Tigers are often shot within twenty +miles of the old king's palace. + +14. Now I have filled my paper, and I must bring this letter to an end. +I hope you are all well and happy. I am leaving Burma tomorrow.--Best +love to you all. FATHER. + + * * * * * + +18. A LETTER FROM CEYLON. + + +1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--A week ago I landed in the beautiful island of +Ceylon. It lies to the south of India. Get mother to show it to you on +the globe. + +2. I am still under the British flag, the Union Jack. I can see it +waving from the top of a big building. The people of Ceylon are proud to +call themselves British. + +3. I have just been for a ride through the streets of the chief town. I +rode in a rickshaw--that is, a kind of large baby-carriage drawn by a +man. My rickshaw had rubber on its wheels, so we went along very +smoothly and quickly. + +[Illustration: {Rickshaw with passenger}] + +4. Some of the carts are drawn by little bullocks that trot along as +fast as a pony. I often meet carts with a high cover of thatch. These +carts carry the tea, which grows on the hills, down to the ships in the +harbour. + +5. Some of the men of Ceylon wear tortoise-shell combs in their hair. +They are very proud of these combs, and some of them are very handsome. + +[Illustration: {Ceylon family--a man, a woman, and two babies}] + +6. The children of Ceylon seem very happy. They are pretty and clean, +and always obey their parents. Many of them learn to speak and read +English. They love dancing and singing, and they never quarrel. + +[Illustration: Ceylon Girls Playing the Tom-Tom. + +(From the picture by E.A. Hornel. By permission of the Corporation of +Manchester.)] + +7. By the next ship home I am sending mother a chest of tea. The tea +grew on the hills of Ceylon. I made a journey to these hills by train. +On the way we passed through thick forests, and by the side of beautiful +rivers. + +8. Ceylon is very rich in plants and trees. The cocoanut palm grows +almost everywhere. On one of the rivers I saw a raft of cocoanuts. A man +swam behind it and pushed it along. + +[Illustration: {Cocoanut palm tree}] + +9. With this letter I send you a picture of a tea-garden. Notice the men +and women plucking the leaf. Many of them come from the south of India. +Look at the white planter. He comes, as you know, from our own country. + +[Illustration: IN A CEYLON TEA PLANTATION.] + +10. In the middle of Ceylon there are many high mountains. The highest +is called Adam's Peak. It stands like a great wedge high above the other +hills. + +11. The people of Ceylon believe that it is a holy mountain. They say +that once upon a time Buddha climbed to the top of this mountain. To +prove that he did so they show you his footprint. It is more than five +feet long! + +12. A little temple has been built over the footprint. Men, women, and +children climb the mountain, to lay little gifts before the footprint, +and to strew sweet flowers about it. When this is done, the children +kneel down and ask their parents to bless them. + +13. To-morrow I leave Ceylon on a long voyage to China. You will not +hear from me for several weeks. I hope you are all well, and that you +are still good children.--I remain, your loving Father. + + * * * * * + +19. A LETTER FROM CHINA. + + +1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--Three weeks have gone by since I last wrote to +you. I have made my voyage safely, and I am now in a great city of China +called Canton. + +2. Ask mother to show you China on the globe. You see at once that it is +a vast country. It is larger than the whole of Europe. One-fourth of all +the people in the world live in China. + +3. All round this city of Canton there is a high wall. From the wall the +city seems to be a beautiful place. When, however, you enter it, you +soon find that it is dirty and full of foul smells. + +[Illustration: A Chinese Street. + +(From the picture by T. Hodgson Liddell, R.B.A.)] + +4. The streets are very narrow, and are always crowded with people. Many +of them are roofed in to keep them cool. Most of them are so narrow that +no carriage can pass along them. People who wish to ride must be carried +in a kind of box on the shoulders of two or more men. + +[Illustration: {Person riding in a box}] + +5. I am sure you would like to see the signboards that hang down in +front of the shops. The strange letters on them are painted in gold and +in bright colours. They look very gay indeed. + +6. The shops sell all sorts of things--silk, books, drugs, flowers, +china, and birds. Some of the shops only sell gold and silver paper. The +Chinese burn this paper at the graves of their friends. When they do +this they think that they are sending money for their dead friends to +spend in the other world. + +7. Many things are also sold in the streets. The street traders carry a +bamboo pole across the shoulder. From the ends of this pole they sling +the baskets in which they carry their wares. Many workmen ply their +trades in the open street, and you are sure to see quack doctors, +letter-writers, and money-changers. + +8. The Chinese do in the open street many things which we do inside our +houses. A Chinaman likes to eat his meals where every one can see him. + +9. Sometimes he will sit in front of his house and wash his feet. +Yesterday I saw a man having his tooth drawn out of doors. A crowd stood +round him, watching to see how it was done. + +10. How should you like to go for a ride in a wheelbarrow? In China the +wheelbarrow is often used for carrying people or goods from place to +place. It has a large wheel in the middle. Round the wheel there is a +platform for people or goods. + +[Illustration: {People riding in a wheelbarrow}] + +11. A broad river runs through the city. It is crowded with boats, in +which live many thousands of people. Many of these people never go +ashore at all. + +12. Over the sterns of the boats there are long baskets. These are the +backyards of the floating city. Hens, ducks, geese, and sometimes pigs, +are kept in these baskets. + +[Illustration: {A boy on a boat}] + +13. The little boys who live on the boats have a log of wood fastened to +their waists. This keeps them afloat if they fall overboard. The little +girls have no such lifebelts. In China nobody troubles about the girls. + +14. Nearly all the boats have an eye painted on their bows. Perhaps this +seems strange to you. The Chinese, however, say,-- + + "S'pose no got eye, no can see; + S'pose no can see, no can walkee." + + * * * * * + +20. CHINESE BOYS AND GIRLS. + + +1. Chinese fathers and mothers are very glad when their children are +boys. In China the boys are much petted. Their mothers give way to them, +and let them do as they please. + +2. Girls, however, are not welcome. Sometimes they are called +"Not-wanted" or "Ought-to-have-been-a-boy." + +3. A Chinese boy has always two names, sometimes four. He has one name +when he is a child, and another when he goes to school. He has a third +name when he begins to earn money. When he dies he has a fourth name. + +4. Chinese boys are very fond of flying kites, which are shaped like +fish or butterflies or dragons. Old gentlemen are just as fond of +kite-flying as boys. + +5. In China you will often see boys playing hopscotch or spinning +peg-tops. They also play shuttlecock, but they have no battledore. They +kick the shuttlecock with the sides of their feet. + +6. Chinese boys love to set off fireworks, such as crackers, wheels, and +rockets. If the fireworks make a loud noise, so much the better. + +7. Chinese children are taught to show very great respect to their +parents. They all bow and kneel to their fathers and mothers. A boy who +is not kind and good to his parents is thought to be a wicked wretch. + +8. A few days ago I went to see a Chinese school. The boys sit on stools +at tiny tables. In front of them they have a stone slab, a stick of +Chinese ink, and some brushes with which they write. + +[Illustration: {A boy at a table at school}] + +9. There is always a great din in a Chinese schoolroom. The boys shout +at the top of their voices. If they do not make a noise, the teacher +thinks that they are not learning. + +10. When a boy knows his lesson he goes up to his master to say it. He +turns his back to his master, and does not face him as you do. + +11. A Chinese boy becomes a man at sixteen years of age. He chooses his +work in life when he is quite a baby. Let me tell you how he does it. + +12. When he is one year old he is seated in the middle of such things as +money, books, and pens. Then the parents watch him to see what he will +play with. + +13. If he takes up the money, they say that he must be a trader or a +banker. If he takes up a book or a pen, they say that he must be a +writer or a teacher or a scholar. + + * * * * * + +21. HAIR, FINGERS, AND TOES. + + +1. Chinese men shave their heads, all but a small patch of hair. This is +allowed to grow very long, and is plaited into a pigtail. I have seen +Chinamen with coloured ribbons woven into their pigtails. + +[Illustration: {Two Chinamen}] + +2. When men are at work they twine their pigtails round their heads. +When they wish to show respect to any person they let down their +pigtails. A man who has a long, thick pigtail is very proud of it. + +3. Sometimes men who are sent to prison have their pigtails cut off. +This is thought to be a great disgrace. When they leave prison they buy +false pigtails to wear. + +4. When Chinamen fight they pull each other about by the pigtail. +Sometimes a schoolmaster punishes bad boys with his pigtail. + +5. Rich women are very proud of their tiny feet. Chinese ladies can wear +shoes about four inches long. Fancy mother wearing a doll's shoes! + +[Illustration: {Chinese women holding fans}] + +6. Girls have their feet bound up tightly when they are five years of +age. The bandages are made tighter every week, until the foot stops +growing. Of course, the poor girls suffer very much. The Chinese have a +saying: "Every pair of bound feet costs a bath of tears." + +7. When the girls grow up they cannot walk. They can only totter along, +and they have to lean on the arm of a maid to keep themselves from +falling. + +[Illustration: {Woman walking with the support of her maid}] + +8. I am glad to say that many parents do not now bind the feet of their +girls. They have learnt that it is both wicked and foolish to do so. At +one school in China all the girls have their feet unbound. They skip and +play about almost as well as Kate and May. + +9. You and I think that only dirty, untidy people let their nails grow +long. Rich people in China never cut their nails. They let them grow so +long that they have to wear shields to keep them from being broken. + +10. The dress of a Chinaman is very simple. He wears trousers and +several cotton or silk tunics. The outside tunic has very long, wide +sleeves; these are used as pockets. + +11. The trousers are loose, and are covered up to the knee by white +stockings. When a Chinaman is in full dress he wears a long gown. The +Chinese boy wears the same kind of clothes as his father. Every man, +woman, and child carries a fan. + +12. Chinese boots are made of cloth or satin, never of leather. The +soles are made of rags or paper. We blacken the uppers of our boots. +Chinamen whiten the soles of theirs. + +[Illustration: {Chinese boots}] + +13. Now I must end this letter. When I come home you must ask me to tell +you about the rice fields and the silk farms and the Great Wall. I have +a hundred more things to tell you about this wonderful land.--Your +loving FATHER. + +[Illustration: A Rich Chinaman's House. + +(From the photograph by J. Thomson, F.R.G.S.)] + + * * * * * + +22. A LETTER FROM JAPAN. + + +1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--Once more I have made a long sea voyage, and once +more I am safely on shore. I am now in Japan. + +2. The Japs live on islands, just as we do. They are brave and clever +and busy, and they have many fine warships. Because of all these things +they are sometimes called the Britons of the Far East. + +3. Most of the people in the East are very backward. They have stood +still while the people of the West have gone forward. Not so the Japs. +They have learnt everything that the West can teach them. You will see +in Japan all the things on which we pride ourselves. + +4. The Japs are first-rate sailors. Some of their captains learnt to be +sailors on board our warships. They are also fine soldiers. You know +that not many years ago they beat the Russians both by land and by sea. + +5. I like the Japs better than any other people that I have met in the +East. Many of them still wear the dress of olden days, and keep to their +simple and pretty ways. Their country is beautiful, and they love +beautiful things. + +6. They are very fond indeed of flowers, which they grow very well. +Their gardens are lovely. When the flowers are in bloom the Japs troop +in thousands to see them. It is pretty to watch the delight of fathers +and mothers and children at the form, colour, and scent of the flowers. + +7. The Japs are very clever workmen. I have often stood and watched them +at work. They always try to beat their own best. Good work of any kind +gives them joy; bad work gives them pain. + +8. I have bought Jap fans for Kate and May. On these fans there are +pictures of a snow-clad mountain shaped like a sugar loaf. There is no +more beautiful mountain in all the world. + +[Illustration: {Snowy mountain}] + +9. This mountain began as a hole in the ground. Melted rocks boiled up +out of the hole and built up the mountain. In time the rocks grew cool +and hard. Some Japs believe that it was formed in a single night! + +10. Steam still comes out of a crack in the side of the mountain. This +shows that any day melted rocks may boil forth again. About two hundred +years ago the mountain threw out so much ash that it covered a town +sixty miles away. + +11. Sometimes the earth shakes and opens in great cracks. When the earth +"quakes" houses tumble down, and the tops of tall trees snap off. Very +often lives are lost. + + * * * * * + +23. JAP CHILDREN. + + +1. When a Jap boy is born there is great joy in his home. His mother's +friends all come to see him. They bring him presents, such as toys, +dried fish, and eggs. + +2. Very early in his life the little Jap baby is strapped on to his +sister's back. He goes with her wherever she goes. If the weather is +cold, the little girl covers him with her coat. When the sun is hot she +shelters him with her sunshade. + +3. When she plays she jumps and skips and runs about, and all the time +baby's little head jerks to and fro. He does not mind; he is quite +happy. You never hear a Jap baby cry. + +4. When a boy is about three years of age he learns to walk. He soon +finds his feet, and runs about on high wooden clogs. + +5. Jap boys are fond of pets and games. Wherever a boy goes he carries +with him a long pole. With this he makes flying leaps and does many +clever tricks. + +6. Every boy in Japan wishes to be either a soldier or a sailor when he +grows up. Even tiny little mites play with flags and drums and little +guns. When the boys are older they are taught to be brave, and to die if +need be for their country. + +7. The great day of the year for Jap boys is the fifth day of the fifth +month. On this day the Feast of Flags is held. Over each house where +there is a boy you see big paper fish floating in the air. + +[Illustration: {Flags on poles outside houses}] + +8. The shops are then full of toys. Most of the toys are soldiers, and +sometimes they are like the soldiers of olden days. Some are on foot, +and some are on horseback; some are generals, and some are drummers. + +[Illustration: The Toy Seller. + +(From the water-colour painting by H.E. Tidmarsh.)] + +9. The boys love to play at war. You can always make Jap boys happy by +giving them a toy army to play with. + +10. The greatest day of the year for the girls is the Feast of Dolls. On +this day the girls give doll parties to their little friends. All the +dolls, however old, are brought out and dressed up in fine new clothes. +The Feast of Dolls is a time of great fun and laughter. + +11. Jap children now play many of our games. They are very fond of +"prisoner's base," "fox and geese," and "tag." The boys love +kite-flying. + +[Illustration: {Children at play}] + +12. Sometimes they put glass on the strings of their kites, and with it +try to cut the strings of other boys' kites. They are very clever at +this game, and there is great laughter when a string is cut. + +13. In the house, during the day, girls like to blow soap bubbles. At +dusk they are fond of hunting fire-flies, and driving them to and fro +with fans. + +14. In the summer they catch grasshoppers, and keep them in small bamboo +cages. They say that the chirping of the grasshoppers brings them good +luck. + +15. All Japs are polite--even boys. When a boy goes to the house of a +friend he squats on his heels. Then he places his hands on the floor, +and bows until his forehead touches his toes. This he does again and +again, and all the time he speaks very politely. + +[Illustration: {Boys bowing}] + +16. Jap children are taught to be very kind and helpful to their elders, +and to the poor and the weak. Yesterday I saw a little girl run from her +mother to take the hand of a blind man and lead him across the street. + +17. Now, my dears, I must end this letter. To-morrow I start on my +homeward way. I shall sail across the ocean to the great land of +America. I hope you are all well, good, and happy. Your loving FATHER. + + * * * * * + +24. A LETTER FROM CANADA. + + +1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--Look at the globe in my room and find Japan. Then +find America. You will see that a broad ocean lies between them. It is +called the Pacific Ocean. I have crossed this ocean, and I am now in the +great country of Canada. + +2. I am sure that you cannot guess where I am writing this letter. I am +writing it in the train. I have already been three days in the train, +and I am only half-way across Canada. + +3. I am glad to say that I am once more under the Union Jack. The whole +land of Canada is British, from sea to sea. Our flag floats above every +city. + +4. The first part of my journey pleased me most. The train ran through a +beautiful country, filled with splendid trees. Some of them are as high +as a church tower, and have trunks many yards round. There are no finer +trees in all the world. + +5. Later in the day our train ran by the side of a rushing river, which +was deep down in a narrow valley between the mountains. + +6. In this river there are millions of salmon. I saw men catching them. +You will see tins of salmon from this river in most of the grocers' +shops at home. + +7. As the train ran on, the mountains rose higher and higher, until +their tops were covered with snow. We then began to cross the great +Rocky Mountains. Up and up the train climbed, until the rails reached +their highest point. + +[Illustration: {The Rocky Mountains}] + +8. Then we began to descend. We ran through dark clefts in the rocks, +along the edges of steep cliffs, across rivers, and by the side of +lakes. High above us were the snowy mountain tops. It was all very grand +and very beautiful. + +9. At last we left the mountains behind us and reached the plains. We +are now speeding over these plains. The country is as flat as the palm +of your hand. Here and there, far apart, I can see farm-houses. On these +plains the best wheat in the world is grown. + +10. In winter the whole land is covered deep with snow, and the rivers +are frozen over. In April winter gives place to spring. Then the snow +melts, and the ice on the rivers breaks up. + +11. No sooner has the snow gone than the wheat begins to spring up. The +wheat grows very fast and ripens very quickly. Much of it is sent to +Britain. Very likely the loaf which you ate for breakfast this morning +was made of wheat which grew on the plains of Canada. + +[Illustration: Harvest-Time in Canada. + +(From the picture by Cyrus Cuneo, R.I. By kind permission of the +C.P.R. Co.)] + +12. In other parts of Canada there are forests which cover thousands of +miles of country. The trees in these forests are cut down, and are made +into planks which are sent to all parts of the world. + +13. The trees are felled during winter. Their trunks are piled up by the +side of a river. When the thaw comes they are thrown into the water. Men +follow them and push them back into the water if they drift ashore. + +[Illustration: {Men rolling logs}] + +14. The stream carries the logs down to the sawmills, where they are cut +up into planks. Love to all. FATHER. + + * * * * * + +25. CHILDREN OF CANADA. + + +1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--I am staying for a few days with a friend who has +a farm on the plains. His house is five miles from the railway. + +2. My friend met me at the station with a motor car, and drove me over +rough roads between huge fields. There are no hedges in this part of the +country. The fields are divided from each other by fences. + +3. This farm is much larger than any farm which you have seen in +England. The house is built of wood. All round it is a pretty garden. +Not far away are the stables and the barns. + +[Illustration: {Large farmhouse}] + +4. I am sure you would like to hear something about the farmer's +children. There are three of them--a girl and two boys. The girl is the +youngest, and she is about eight years of age. + +5. All the children make themselves very useful in the house. Servants +are hard to get in Canada, so people must learn to help themselves. The +boys clean the boots and chop wood. The girls think nothing of helping +to scrub the floors. + +6. After breakfast the children trudge off to school, which is three +miles away. They take their lunch with them. When they return in the +evening they have many odd jobs to do. + +7. In the playground of their school you will see many young trees +growing. There are very few trees on the plains, and far more are +needed. + +[Illustration: {Canadian schoolhouse}] + +8. On one day in each year the children make holiday, and plant trees in +the school grounds. The teacher tells them that when they grow up they +must plant trees on their farms. + +9. Harvest is the busiest time of the year. Then the children rise at +half-past four, and work all day long in the fields. Every one who can +work at all must do so at harvest time. + +10. There is also plenty of work to be done in the autumn. Everything +needed in the house must be brought in before the snow begins to fall. + +11. Winter is the real holiday time. No work can then be done on the +land. The rivers and lakes are frozen, and everywhere there is plenty of +skating. The wheels are taken off the carriages, and runners are put on +instead. Horses draw them very swiftly over the frozen snow. + +12. Look at the picture post-card which I send you with this letter. It +shows you how Canadian boys are dressed in winter. On the ground you see +a pair of snow-shoes. The boys can travel very quickly on these +snow-shoes without sinking into the snow. + +[Illustration: Boys of Canada in winter.] + +13. In the picture you also see a toboggan. It is a small sledge. The +boy drags his toboggan up to the top of a hill. He seats himself on it +and pushes off. Away he goes over the frozen snow like an arrow from a +bow. It is splendid fun. + +14. Those boys and girls whose homes are in towns live very much as you +do. They go to school, and they play in the streets and parks. When +summer comes many of them go to the seaside or to the lakeside for a +holiday. + +15. Sometimes a whole family goes camping in the woods. They then live +in tents or in little huts by the side of a river or a lake. What happy +times the children have! They go fishing, they bathe, and they dart to +and fro in canoes. + +16. Most of the young folks of Canada are strong and healthy. They are +happy and bright, and they are not afraid of work. No children are more +useful to their parents than the boys and girls of Canada. + + * * * * * + +26. THE RED MEN. + + +1. Tom will not forgive me unless I tell you something about the Red men +of America. He has often asked me about the picture of Red men which is +in my room at home.[1] + +[1] See page 102. {Page 102 contains the illustration below} + +[Illustration: Red Men and White Men. + +(From the picture by Cyrus Cuneo, R.I. By kind permission of the +C.P.R. Co.)] + +2. In the old days, before white men settled in America, the Red men +were masters of the land. They were tall and strong, and their skin was +of a dark copper colour. Their eyes were jet black, and their hair was +long and straight. + +[Illustration: {Red men in wigwams}] + +3. They wore very little clothing, even though the winters in North +America are very cold. From the time when they were babies they were +trained to bear heat and cold, hunger, thirst, and pain without +grumbling. + +4. When the white men landed in America, the villages of the Red men +were to be found all over the country. Each of these villages was the +home of a tribe. The houses were tents made of skin or huts made of +wood. + +5. The women or squaws did all the hard work. They planted and tilled +the fields, cooked the food, and made the clothes. The babies were put +into little bark cradles, which were sometimes hung from the branches of +trees, and were rocked to and fro by the wind. + +6. The Red men were nearly always at war, either amongst themselves or +against the white men. In battle they were very crafty and skilful. +Those who fell into their hands were sometimes treated very cruelly. + +7. Before the Red men went on the "warpath" they painted their faces, so +as to frighten their foes. Then they took up their bows and hatchets, +and, following their leader, strode silently away. + +8. The Red men did not care to fight in the open. They always tried to +catch their foes asleep or to take them by surprise. + +9. In those days the land was full of deer and other wild animals. On +the great plains where the wheat now grows huge herds of bison used to +feed. + +10. The Red men hunted the bison on their swift little ponies. When they +were close to the animals they shot at them with arrows. If the arrows +missed their mark, the Red men killed the bison with their knives. + +[Illustration: {Red men on horseback hunting bison}] + +11. When the white men came they hunted the bison with guns, and soon +killed them off. Only a few bisons remain, and these are now kept in +parks. + +12. There are not many Red men left in North America. Most of them have +died off. Many of those who now remain have given up their old way of +living. + + * * * * * + +27. THE ESKIMOS. + + +1. Here is another picture for you. Look at it carefully. It shows you +the people who live in the far north of Canada. They are called Eskimos. + +[Illustration: Amongst the Eskimos.] + +2. In the upper part of the picture you see a man on a sledge. He is +dressed in furs, and has fur gloves on his hands. His head and ears are +covered with a hood. In the far north of Canada the cold is so bitter in +winter that men's hands and ears would be frost-bitten if they were not +kept warm in this way. + +3. In winter the sea and the land are thickly frozen over. The whole +country is covered with ice and snow. The Eskimo has to travel over the +ice to get from place to place. He uses a sledge drawn by dogs. There is +a team of dogs in the upper part of the picture. + +4. Sometimes the sledge is overturned, and the men and dogs are thrown +into deep, wide cracks in the ice. Sometimes fierce storms arise, and +men and dogs perish together. Sometimes food runs short, and they die of +hunger. + +5. In the middle part of the picture you see a tent. The Eskimos can +only live in tents during the short summers; during the long dark +winters they live in huts. The walls are made of stones and sods. The +roof is of wood which has drifted to their shores. You must remember +that no trees will grow in these very cold lands. + +6. Some Eskimos make their winter houses of blocks of snow, with sheets +of ice for the windows. Perhaps you shiver at the thought of living in a +snow house, but you need not do so. + +[Illustration: {Snow house}] + +7. Really, a snow house is quite a snug home. The snow keeps in the heat +of the house, just as a blanket keeps in the heat of your body. Perhaps +you know that it is the blanket of snow spread over the ground in winter +which keeps the roots of the plants from being frozen. + +8. When summer comes, the snow and ice melt along the edge of the sea. +Then the Eskimo leaves his winter quarters for the seashore. + +9. The sea-shores of these very cold lands abound in bears, seals, +foxes, and other wild animals. The sea is full of fish, and millions of +gulls, geese, and other birds fly north for the summer. + +[Illustration: {Polar bear}] + +10. When a boy is ten years of age his father gives him a bow and arrows +and a canoe. Then he thinks himself a man indeed. In the lower part of +the picture you see a man in an Eskimo canoe. He is going to hunt seals +and small whales. + +11. Now I must bring this long letter to a close. I shall write you one +more before I start for home. I am eager to see you all again.--Your +loving FATHER. + + * * * * * + +28. FATHER'S LAST LETTER. + + +1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--This is the last letter which I shall write to you +from abroad. I hope to sail for home in a week's time. I shall send you +a telegram to tell you when I shall arrive. You must all come to the +station to meet me. + +2. Look at the globe and find North America. The northern half is called +Canada, and the southern half is called the United States. I am now in +New York, the largest city of the United States. + +3. The people of the United States speak English. The forefathers of +many of them came from our islands. But the United States do not belong +to Britain. Their flag is not the Union Jack, but the Stars and Stripes. + +4. This morning at breakfast a black man waited upon me. His skin was +very dark, his lips were thick, and his hair was short and curly. + +5. Are you not surprised to hear that there are black men in America? +There are thousands of them in New York. In the southern part of the +United States there are more black men than white men. + +6. Most of the black men live in the hot part of the United States, +where cotton and sugar are grown. White people cannot work in the cotton +or sugar fields, because the sun is too hot for them. + +7. The black people who live in the United States were born in America. +They have never known any other land. America, however, is not their +real home. They really belong to Africa. + +8. How is it that we now find them in America? When the white men of +America began to grow cotton and sugar, they needed black men to work in +the fields. Men called "slavers" went to Africa in ships. They landed +and pushed inland. When they came to villages they seized the people and +drove them off to the ships. + +9. The poor blacks, who were thus dragged from their home and kindred, +were thrust into the holds of ships and carried to America. Sometimes +they suffered much on the voyage. The weakest of them died, and were +thrown overboard. + +10. When they reached America they were sold to the cotton-growers and +sugar-growers, who carried them off to work in the fields. Sometimes +they were kindly treated; sometimes they were flogged to make them work. +But whether kindly or cruelly treated, they were no longer men and +women, but slaves. + +11. This went on for many years. At last some kind-hearted men in the +northern states said, "It is wicked to own slaves. All the slaves in +America shall be set free." + +12. The farmers of the south were very angry when they heard this, and +said that they would not free their slaves. Then a fierce war broke out. +The North beat the South, and when the war came to an end all the slaves +in America were set free. + +13. The blacks still work in the cotton and sugar and tobacco fields; +but they now work for wages, just as I do. They are free to come and go +as they please. + +[Illustration: {Five black children}] + +14. The darkies are very merry and full of fun. When their work is over +they love to sing and dance to the music of the banjo. Some of their +songs are very pretty. I will sing some of them to you when I come home. +Good-bye, dears. I shall soon be with you now.--Your loving FATHER. + + * * * * * + +29. HOME AGAIN. + + +1. The telegram came soon after breakfast. Father was coming home that +very day. We were so delighted that we sang and danced and clapped our +hands, just like the darkies. + +2. Mother was very busy. "You must all come and help me," she said. "The +house must be made beautiful for father's return." + +3. May and I worked with mother, but the day passed very slowly. +Father's train was to arrive at six o'clock. By half-past five we were +all at the station waiting for him. + +4. At last the train steamed in, and out jumped father. Oh, how we +hugged and kissed him! Father was well, and he looked very brown. + +5. I sat next to him in the cab. He told us that his ship had only +reached Liverpool that morning. He had taken the first train for home, +because he wished to see us so much. + +[Illustration: {Father in cab with one of his daughters}] + +6. After tea he opened one of his boxes. "I have brought each of you a +present," he said. "Sit down, and I will show you some pretty things." + +7. Mother's present was a dress from India. It had gold and beetles' +wings on it. They were a lovely shiny green, just like jewels. + +8. My present was a necklace of beautiful blue stones. May's was a +dolly, dressed just like an Indian lady. Tom's was a kite from Japan. It +was shaped just like a dragon. Of course, we were all delighted with our +gifts. + +9. Then father told us many things about his travels. "I have been right +round the world," he said. "I sailed to the East, and I went on and on +until I returned to the place from which I set out." + +[Illustration: {Father at home with his family}] + +"I know," cried Tom. "I have followed you all round the world on the +globe." + +10. May was sitting on father's knee. "Dad," she said, "I suppose you +are the very first man who has ever been right round the world." "Of +course he is," said Tom. + +11. Father laughed. "No, my dear," he replied; "thousands of men had +been round the world before I was born." + +12. "I'm so sorry," said May. "I did so want to tell the girls at school +that my father was the very first man who ever went round the world." + + + +EXERCISES. + +(_To be worked under the direction of the teacher_) + + * * * * * + +Lesson 1. + +1. The father travelled by train. In what other ways might he have +travelled? Which is the fastest way? Which is the slowest? + +2. What power drives the train? What other work does this power do? + +3. Look carefully at the first picture in this book. Describe it. + +4. Learn: _A globe is a small model of the earth._ Of what shape is +the earth? Of what shape are the sun, moon, and stars? + + +Lesson 2. + +1. The name of the town on the seashore (par. 2) is Dover. Turn to the +picture on page 11 {Illustration entitled "The White Cliffs of Dover"} +and describe the cliffs of Dover as seen from the sea. + +2. The distance between Dover and Calais is only twenty-one miles. +Learn: _A narrow passage of water joining two seas is called a strait._ +The word _strait_ means "narrow." This strait is called the Strait of +Dover. + +3. Model the Strait of Dover in clay or plasticine. Suppose the water +between England and France were to dry up, what would the strait be +then? Write out and learn: _A valley is a hollow between hills or +mountains._ + + +Lesson 3. + +1. The river which runs through Paris is called the Seine. The river +which runs through London is called the Thames. Learn: _A river is a +large stream of fresh water flowing across the land to join another +river, a lake, or the sea._ + +2. Look carefully at the picture on page 14 {Illustration entitled "In +the Gardens"} and describe it. + +3. Compare French boys with English boys. Compare French girls with +English girls. + + +Lesson 4. + +1. Look carefully at the picture on page 18 {Illustration entitled "The +Grape Harvest"} and describe it. + +[Illustration: {Silkworm on mulberry leaf}] + +2. Copy this little drawing of the silkworm and the mulberry leaf. + +3. Why do flowers bloom earlier in the south of France than in England? + +4. Describe the picture on page 20 {Illustration entitled "Games on +Board Father's Ship"}. + + +Lesson 5. + +1. The Nile carries much mud in its waters. If there is a stream near +your school, go to it and get a bottleful of water. Let this water stand +for a time and notice the mud which settles down. Where does this mud +come from? + +[Illustration: {Palm tree}] + +2. Copy this little drawing of a palm tree. The Arabs say that the palm +tree loves to have its foot in the water and its head in the fire. What +do you think this saying means? + +3. Look at the picture on page 23 {Illustration entitled "The Nile in +Flood"}. What animals do you see in the picture? Tell me something about +each of them. + + +Lesson 6. + +[Illustration: {Two pyramids}] + +1. Copy this little drawing of two of the oldest buildings in Egypt. +Such buildings are called _pyramids_. Write out this word six times. You +will see pyramids in the picture on page 23 {Illustration entitled "The +Nile in Flood"}. Of what shape is the ground on which a pyramid stands? +Make a _ground plan_ of a pyramid. + +2. How do we know what the men of Egypt were like in olden times? + +3. The picture on page 25 {Illustration entitled "The Chief City of +Egypt"} shows you a street in Cairo, the chief town of Egypt. Describe +the picture. + + +Lesson 7. + +1. Write out and learn: _A long deep ditch filled with water is called +a canal._ Model a canal in clay or plasticine. What is the difference +between a canal and a strait? + +[Illustration: {Lighthouse}] + +2. Copy this little drawing of a lighthouse. Write out and learn: _A +lighthouse is a tower near the sea. It shows a bright light at night to +warn sailors of rocks or shallow places._ + +3. Why does a big ship "go slow" through the Suez Canal? + + +Lesson 8. + +1. Write out and learn: _A desert is a rainless tract of country on +which little or nothing will grow._ How can a desert be turned into a +garden? + +[Illustration: {Arab tent}] + +2. Copy this little drawing of an Arab tent. Why do the Arabs who wander +from place to place live in tents? + +3. Write out and learn: _A green spot in a desert is called an +oasis._ Several of these green spots are called _oases_. + + +Lesson 9. + +1. The palm is said to have as many uses as there are days in the year. +Name some of these uses. + +2. Why is the camel called the "ship of the desert"? + +3. Go to a sand heap. Stand on it; you sink in. Put a piece of board on +the sand and stand on it; the board does not sink in much. Now turn to +the picture on page 105 {Illustration entitled "Boys of Canada in +Winter"}. You will see a pair of snow-shoes on the snow. A boy's foot +will sink into the snow. When he stands on the snow-shoes he does not +sink in. Find out why. Notice the camel's foot, and tell me why it does +not sink into the sand. + + +Lesson 10. + +1. In what ways do the people of Bombay differ from the people of your +town or village? + +2. Why are the people of hot lands dark in colour? + +3. Look at the picture on page 47 {Illustration entitled "The Village +Well"}. Describe it. + + +Lesson 11. + +1. What is the difference between our shops and the shops of Bombay? + +2. How do Indian boys play at marbles? + +[Illustration: {The Union Jack}] + +3. Copy this drawing of the Union Jack. Colour it with chalks. + + +Lesson 12. + +1. With a pair of scissors cut out a square of paper. Fold it into two; +then into four; then into eight, and lastly into sixteen. Open out the +paper. If the whole square stands for the size of India, one of the +small squares will stand for the size of our land. + +[Illustration: {Punkah}] + +2. Copy this drawing of a punkah. What is the use of a punkah? + +3. Suppose you forget to water your plants, what happens? Suppose you +water them too much, what happens? + + +Lesson 13. + +1. Write out and learn: _A mountain is land which rises high above the +level of the country round about it. A row of mountains joined together +by high ground is called a mountain range or chain._ + +2. Write out the following:--"Some mountains may be called water savings +banks. The rain freezes as it falls and becomes snow. On very high +mountains this snow never melts. It gets deeper and deeper, and the +lower part turns into ice. This ice creeps slowly down the mountain side +until it comes into air that is warm enough to melt it. The water which +flows away from the ice forms a river. Many large rivers begin in +melting ice-fields." + +3. Describe the picture on page 55 {Illustration of a town on the Ganges}. + + +Lesson 14. + +[Illustration: {Palanquin}] + +1. Make a copy of this little drawing. It shows you a palanquin--that +is, a box carried on poles. Rich ladies are carried from place to place +in India in palanquins of this kind. + +2. Compare the life of a rich Indian girl with that of our girls. + +3. "They sang 'God Save the King' for me." Who is their king? Have the +people of India ever seen him? + + +Lesson 15. + +1. Describe the picture on page 61 {Illustration entitled "An Indian +Rajah"}. + +2. Describe an elephant. Of what use is he? + +3. Tell me what you know of tigers. How are tigers hunted? + + +Lesson 16. + +1. In what way does a Burmese girl differ from an Indian girl? + +2. Copy the drawing of a Burmese girl on page 66 {Illustration of +Burmese woman with an umbrella}. + +3. Write out the following: "The Burmese alphabet is very hard to learn. +Dull boys often take a year to learn it. In the monks' schools the lazy +boys are sometimes punished by being made to carry the hard-working boys +on their backs up and down the schoolroom." + + +Lesson 17. + +1. What is the difference between Burmese football and British football? + +2. Describe the picture on page 68 {Illustration of boys playing Burmese +football}. + +3. Write out the following: "Rice is a grass on which many seeds grow. +These seeds are eaten. Rice will only grow in wet ground. The fields are +flooded with water, and then the rice-shoots are planted. The fields +must be kept flooded until the rice is ripe. In India, men sometimes +gather the rice in small boats." + + +Lesson 18. + +[Illustration: {Rickshaw}] + +1. Copy this little drawing of a rickshaw. + +2. Write out the following: "Tea is the name given to the dried leaves +and young shoots of the tea-plant. This plant is a large evergreen +shrub. It grows on the hillsides of Ceylon, and in many other places in +the East. When the leaves are picked, they are spread out in trays until +they wither; then they are rolled. Wet cloths are next placed over the +leaves, and they are put in a cool dark place, until they rot a little. +The leaves are then dried over a fire, and after cooling are packed in +air-tight chests. They are then sent to our country." + +3. Describe the picture on page 75 {Illustration entitled "Ceylon Girls +Playing the Tom-Tom"}. + + +Lesson 19. + +1. Old cities have walls round them. Why were these walls built? Why are +they of no use now? + +[Illustration: {Chinese wheelbarrow}] + +2. Copy this drawing of a Chinese wheelbarrow. + +3. Why do the Chinese paint an eye on the bows of their boats? + + +Lesson 20. + +1. Describe the picture on page 78 {Illustration entitled "A Chinese +Street"}. + +2. Say what you know about a Chinese school. + +3. How can you tell a Chinaman when you see him? + + +Lesson 21. + +1. Describe the picture on page 88 {Illustration entitled "A Rich +Chinaman's House"}. + +2. In what ways do Chinese girls differ from British girls? + +3. Write out the following: "The Great Wall of China is the longest wall +in the world. It was built about two thousand years ago, and was meant +to shut out the wild tribes which were then trying to conquer China. The +wall is more than twice as long as the island of Great Britain. It is +built of stone and earth, and is so broad that four horses can be driven +on it abreast. The wall is now in ruins." + + +Lesson 22. + +1. Write out and learn: _An island is land with water all round it. +People can only reach an island by sailing to it in a boat or by +crossing a bridge._ A small island is called an _islet_. + +2. Model an island in clay or plasticine. Suppose the water round an +island were to dry up, what would the island be then? + +[Illustration: {Snow-covered mountain}] + +3. Copy this little drawing. It shows you the sacred mountain of Japan. + +4. Write out and learn: _A volcano is a hole in the ground out of +which steam, ashes, mud, and melted rock are thrown. An earthquake is a +shaking or tearing apart of the ground._ + + +Lesson 23. + +1. Which should you prefer to be--a boy or a girl (1) in Japan, (2) in +India? + +2. Describe the picture on page 90 {Illustration entitled "The Toy Seller"}. + +3. Try to make a drawing of a kite just after its string has been cut by +the glass on the string of another kite. + + +Lesson 24. + +1. Write out and learn: _A plain is a wide tract of low-lying and +nearly level country. A high plain is called a plateau._ + +[Illustration: {Salmon}] + +2. Copy this drawing of a salmon. What do you know about salmon? + +3. Which should you like to do best--till the fields, cut down trees, or +catch salmon? Say why. + + +Lesson 25. + +1. Describe the picture on page 105 {Illustration entitled "Boys of +Canada in Winter"}. Why do the boys cover up their ears? + +2. What sports do these boys enjoy in winter? + +[Illustration: {Canoe}] + +3. Copy this drawing of a canoe. + + +Lesson 26. + +[Illustration: {Wigwam}] + +1. Copy this little drawing of a wigwam--that is, a Red man's tent. + +2. Describe the picture on page 102 {Illustration entitled "Red Men and +White Men"}. + +3. How did the Red men hunt the bison? What has become of the bison? + + +Lesson 27. + +1. Look carefully at the picture on page 111 {Illustration entitled +"Amongst the Eskimos"}. Compare it with the picture on page 35 +{Illustration entitled "Arabs of the Desert"}. + +2. Why are the Eskimos fishermen and hunters, and not farmers? + +3. How would you build a snow house? Would it be very cold to live in? +If not, why not? + + +Lesson 28. + +1. Describe the picture on page 102 {Illustration entitled "Red Men and +White Men"}. + +2. Write out the following: "The cotton plant loves sun and water, and +will only grow in the hot, moist parts of the world. It throws out +flower stalks, at the end of which pods appear. Inside the pods is a +soft, white down, which is called cotton. This is spun and woven into +cloth." + +3. What is the difference between cotton and wool? + + +Lesson 29. + +1. Look at a globe. Find a line running round the globe at the thickest +part. This is called the _Equator_, because it divides the earth +into two _equal_ parts. The hottest parts of the earth lie round +about the Equator. The distance round the earth at the Equator is 25,000 +miles. A railway train, running 50 miles an hour, and never stopping, +would require nearly three weeks for the journey. Find out whether +father's voyage was longer or shorter than this. + +2. Measure with a band of paper the distance on the globe from the +Equator on one side to the Equator on the other. Find half this distance +and mark it on the globe. Then mark the same distance on the other side +of the Equator. The points which you have marked are called the +_Poles_. One is the _North Pole_; the other is the _South +Pole_. + +3. Learn: _We divide the land of the earth into five great parts; +each of these parts is called a continent. There are five +continents_--_Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Australia. We divide +the water of the earth into five great parts. Each of these parts is +called an ocean. There are five oceans_--_Atlantic, Pacific, +Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic. The Arctic Ocean is round the North Pole; +the Antarctic Ocean is round the South Pole_. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Highroads of Geography, by Anonymous + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HIGHROADS OF GEOGRAPHY *** + +***** This file should be named 11218.txt or 11218.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/1/2/1/11218/ + +Produced by Julie Barkley, Susan Woodring and PG Distributed Proofreaders + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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