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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Highroads of Geography, by Anonymous
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Highroads of Geography
+
+Author: Anonymous
+
+Release Date: February 21, 2004 [EBook #11218]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HIGHROADS OF GEOGRAPHY ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Julie Barkley, Susan Woodring and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's Note: Descriptions of illustrations which have no
+captions and of page references are found in {curly brackets}.]
+
+[Illustration: That's where Daddy is!
+
+(From the painting by J. Snowman.)]
+
+
+
+
+
+THE ROYAL SCHOOL SERIES
+
+
+Highroads of Geography
+
+
+_Illustrated by Masterpieces of the following artists:--J.M.W. Turner,
+F. Goodall, E.A. Hornel, Talbot Kelly, W. Simpson, Edgar H. Fisher, J.F.
+Lewis, T.H. Liddell, Cyrus Cuneo, &c._
+
+
+
+Introductory Book--Round the World with Father
+
+
+1916
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+1. Good-bye to Father,
+
+2. A Letter from France,
+
+3. In Paris,
+
+4. On the Way to Egypt,
+
+5. A Letter from Egypt,
+
+6. Children of Egypt,
+
+7. Through the Canal,
+
+8. Amongst the Arabs.--I.,
+
+9. Amongst the Arabs.--II.,
+
+10. A Letter from India,
+
+11. In the Streets,
+
+12. Our Indian Cousin,
+
+13. In the Garden,
+
+14. Indian Boys and Girls,
+
+15. Elephants and Tigers,
+
+16. A Letter from Burma.--I.,
+
+17. A Letter from Burma.--II.,
+
+18. A Letter from Ceylon,
+
+19. A Letter from China,
+
+20. Chinese Boys and Girls,
+
+21. Hair, Fingers, and Toes,
+
+22. A Letter from Japan,
+
+23. Jap Children,
+
+24. A Letter from Canada,
+
+25. Children of Canada,
+
+26. The Red Men,
+
+27. The Eskimos.
+
+28. Father's Last Letter,
+
+29. Home Again,
+
+EXERCISES,
+
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTORY BOOK.
+
+
+I. GOOD-BYE TO FATHER.
+
+
+1. Father kissed us and said, "Good-bye, dears. Be good children, and
+help mother as much as you can. The year will soon pass away. What a
+merry time we will have when I come back again!"
+
+2. Father kissed mother, and then stepped into the train. The guard blew
+his whistle, and the train began to move. We waved good-bye until it was
+out of sight.
+
+[Illustration: {Children waving good-bye to their father as the train
+pulls away}]
+
+3. Then we all began to cry--even Tom, who thinks himself such a man. It
+was _so_ lonely without father.
+
+4. Tom was the first to dry his eyes. He turned to me and said, "Stop
+that crying. You are the eldest, and you ought to know better."
+
+5. He made mother take his arm, just as father used to do. Then he began
+to whistle, to show that he did not care a bit. All the way home he
+tried to make jokes.
+
+6. As soon as we had taken off our coats and hats, Tom called us into
+the sitting-room. "Look here," he said: "we're going to have no glum
+faces in this house. We must be bright and cheerful, or mother will
+fret. You know father wouldn't like that."
+
+[Illustration: {Children in the sitting-room}]
+
+7. We said that we would do our best. So off we went to help mother to
+make the beds and to dust the rooms. While we were doing this we quite
+forgot to be sad.
+
+8. After tea we went into father's room and looked at the globe. "I'm
+going to follow father right round the world," said Tom. "Please show me
+which way he is going." Mother did so.
+
+9. "By this time next week," she said, "we shall have the first of many
+long letters from father. I am sure we shall enjoy reading them. He will
+tell us about the far-off lands which he is going to see."
+
+10. "That will be grand," I said. "I hope he will tell us _lots_
+about the children. I want to know what they look like, what they wear,
+and what games they play."
+
+11. Tom said he would rather not hear about children. He wanted to hear
+about savages and tigers and shipwrecks, and things like that.
+
+[Illustration: {Postman delivering a letter}]
+
+12. A week later the postman brought us father's first letter. How eager
+we were to hear it! Mother had to read it for us two or three times.
+
+13. Every week for many weeks the postman brought us letters from
+father. When he handed us a letter he used to say, "I'm glad to see that
+your daddy is all right so far."
+
+14. This book is made up of father's letters from abroad. I hope you
+will enjoy them as much as we did.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+2. A LETTER FROM FRANCE.
+
+
+1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--I am writing this letter in a large seaport of the
+south of France. To-morrow I shall go on board the big ship which is to
+take me to Egypt.
+
+2. Let me tell you about my travels so far. The train in which I left
+our town took me to London. Next day another train took me to a small
+town on the seashore.
+
+3. About twenty miles of sea lie between this town and France. At once I
+went on board the small steamer which was to take me across. The sea was
+smooth and the sun was shining.
+
+[Illustration: The White Cliffs of Dover.
+
+(From the picture by J. M. W. Turner, R.A.)]
+
+4. I stood on the deck looking at the white cliffs of dear old England.
+When I could see them no longer I found that we were not far from
+France.
+
+5. In about an hour we reached a French town which in olden days
+belonged to us. The steamer sailed right up to the railway station.
+
+6. I had something to eat, and then took my place in the train. Soon we
+were speeding towards Paris, the chief town of France.
+
+7. I looked out of the window most of the time. We ran through many
+meadows and cornfields. Here and there I saw rows of poplar trees
+between the fields.
+
+8. Now and then we crossed rivers with barges on them. On and on we
+went, past farmhouses and little villages, each with its church. The
+French villages look brighter than ours. I think this is because the
+houses are painted in gay colours.
+
+9. I saw many men, women, and children working in the fields. All of
+them wore wooden shoes. Most of the men and boys were dressed in blue
+blouses.
+
+[Illustration: {People working in a field}]
+
+10. There was a little French boy in my carriage. He wore a black blouse
+with a belt. His stockings were short, and did not come up to his
+knickerbockers. He was rather pale, and his legs were very thin.
+
+11. The boy was about Tom's age. He sat still, and held his father's
+hand all the way. I don't think Tom would have done this; he thinks
+himself too much of a man.
+
+12. After a time we crossed a broad river, and came to the dull, dark
+station of a large city. As we left it, I saw the tall spire of one of
+the grandest churches in all the world.
+
+13. On we went, past farms and villages and small towns, until at last
+we reached Paris.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+3. IN PARIS.
+
+
+[Illustration: In the Gardens.
+
+(From the picture by Cyrus Cuneo, R.I.)]
+
+1. Paris is a very grand and beautiful city. The French people say that
+France is a great garden. They also say that the finest flowers in this
+garden make up the nosegay which we call Paris.
+
+2. A great river runs through Paris. All day long you can see little
+steamboats darting to and fro on the river, like swallows. Near to the
+river are some beautiful gardens.
+
+[Illustration: {View of Paris}]
+
+3. I sat in these gardens, at a little table under the trees. As I sat
+there a man walked up the path. At once I heard a great chirping and a
+flutter of wings.
+
+[Illustration: {A man with birds}]
+
+4. All the birds in the garden flocked to him. They seemed to know him
+as an old friend. Some perched on his shoulders and some on his hat. One
+bold little fellow tried to get into his pocket. It was a pretty sight
+to see him feeding the birds.
+
+5. In the gardens there were many nurses carrying babies. These nurses
+were very gay indeed. They wore gray cloaks and white caps, with broad
+silk ribbons hanging down their backs.
+
+6. Some of the older children were playing ball, but they did not play
+very well. Until a few years ago French boys had few outdoor games. Now
+they are learning to play tennis and football.
+
+7. French boys are always clean and neatly dressed, however poor they
+may be. They think more about lessons than our boys do. Their school
+hours are much longer than ours.
+
+8. French girls have not so much freedom as our girls. A grown-up person
+takes them to school and brings them home again. Their mothers do not
+allow them to go for walks by themselves. I wonder how Kate and May
+would like this.
+
+9. Some day I must take you to see Paris. You would love to ramble
+through its streets. Many of them are planted with trees. Under these
+trees you may see men and women sitting at little tables. They eat and
+drink while a band plays merry tunes.
+
+[Illustration: {People at a table, being waited on}]
+
+10. You would be sure to notice that the French people have very good
+manners. When a Frenchman enters or leaves a shop he raises his hat and
+bows. A Frenchman is always polite, and he always tries to please you.
+
+11. I cannot now write anything more about Paris. I should like to tell
+you about its beautiful buildings and its fine shops, but I have no more
+time to spare.
+
+12. I hope you are all doing your best to make mother happy. I am very
+well; I hope you are well too.--Your loving FATHER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+4. ON THE WAY TO EGYPT.
+
+
+1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--I am writing this letter on board the big ship
+which is taking me to Egypt. Let me tell you what I have seen and done
+since I left Paris.
+
+2. It is a long day's ride from Paris to the seaport from which my ship
+set sail. Let me tell you about the journey. A few hours after leaving
+Paris the train began to run through vineyards.
+
+3. At this time of the year a vineyard is a pretty sight. The broad
+leaves of the vine are tinted with crimson and gold. Beneath them are
+the purple or golden grapes.
+
+4. As I passed through France the grapes were ripe, and were being
+gathered. I could see women and children going up and down between the
+rows of vines. They plucked the ripe fruit and put it into baskets. When
+the baskets were filled they were emptied into a big tub.
+
+[Illustration: THE GRAPE HARVEST.
+
+(From the picture by P.M. Dupuy in the Salon of 1909. Bought by the
+State.)]
+
+5. When the tub was filled it was taken to a building near at hand. In
+this building there is a press which squeezes the juice out of the
+grapes. The grape juice is then made into wine.
+
+6. As evening drew on we came to a large town where two big rivers meet.
+It is a busy town, and has many smoky chimneys. Much silk and velvet are
+made in this town.
+
+7. I think you know that silk is made by the silkworm. This worm feeds
+on the leaves of the mulberry tree. In the south of France there are
+thousands of mulberry trees. There are also many orange and olive trees.
+
+8. The weather is much warmer in the south of France than it is in
+England. In the early spring all sorts of pretty flowers are grown on
+the hillsides. They are sent to England, and are sold in the shops when
+our gardens are bare.
+
+9. Now I must hurry on. For some hours we ran by the side of a swift
+river; with mountains on both sides of us. Then we reached the big
+seaport, and there I found my ship waiting for me.
+
+10. It is a huge ship, with hundreds of cabins, a large dining-room,
+drawing-room and smoking-room. It is really a floating hotel.
+
+11. Most of the people on board are going to India. All day long they
+sit in chairs on the deck reading. Some of us play games, and at night
+we have dances and concerts.
+
+[Illustration: GAMES ON BOARD FATHER'S SHIP.
+
+(From the picture by W.L. Wylie. By kind permission of the P. and O.
+Co.)]
+
+12. We have now been four days at sea. To-morrow we shall reach a town
+by the side of a great canal. This town and canal are in Egypt.
+
+13. I hope you are still good and happy.--Best love to you all. FATHER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+5. A LETTER FROM EGYPT.
+
+
+1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--With this letter I am sending you a beautiful
+picture. Look at it carefully, and you will see what Egypt is like.
+
+2. The water which you see in the picture is part of the great river
+Nile. If there were no Nile to water the land, Egypt would be nothing
+but a desert.
+
+3. Once a year, as a rule, the Nile rises and overflows its banks. The
+waters spread out over the country and cover it with rich mud. In this
+mud much cotton, sugar, grain, and rice are grown.
+
+[Illustration: The Nile in Flood.
+
+(From the picture by F. Goodall, R. A., in the Guildhall Gallery. By
+permission of the Corporation of London.)]
+
+4. Egypt now belongs to the British. They have turned part of the Nile
+into a huge lake, in which the water is stored.
+
+5. The water is let out of the lake when it is needed. It runs into
+canals, and then into drains, which cross the fields and water them.
+
+6. A sail along the Nile is very pleasant. There are lovely tints of
+green on the water. As the boat glides on, many villages are passed.
+Each of these has its snow-white temple.
+
+7. All along the river bank there are palm trees. They wave their crowns
+of green leaves high in the air. The fields are gay with colour. Above
+all is the bright blue sky.
+
+8. Look at the picture again. At a short distance from the water you see
+a village. It has a wall round it, and outside the wall is a ditch. In
+October the ditch is full of water; in spring it is dry.
+
+9. In and near this ditch the children and the dogs of the villages play
+together. You can see two boys in the picture. One of them is standing
+by his mother. The other boy is riding on a buffalo.
+
+10. In the middle of the village there is an open space. Sometimes this
+space is covered with bright green grass. Round it are rows of palm
+trees. The house of the chief stands on one side of this green.
+
+11. Every village has its well, and every well has its water-wheel for
+drawing up the water. By the side of the well the old men of the village
+sit smoking and chatting. The women come to the well to fill their
+pitchers with water.
+
+12. All the houses are built of Nile mud. This mud is dug out of the
+banks of the river. It is mixed with a little chopped straw to hold it
+together. Then it is put into moulds. After a time it is turned out of
+the moulds, and is left to dry in the sun.
+
+[Illustration: The Chief City of Egypt.
+
+(From the picture by Talbot Kelly, R.I.)]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+6. CHILDREN OF EGYPT.
+
+
+[Illustration: {An Egyptian woman}]
+
+1. In the picture you see two of the women of Egypt. One of them is
+standing at the edge of the river. She is filling her pitcher with
+water. The other woman is carrying a lamb in her arms.
+
+2. The people of Egypt have changed but little since the days of Moses.
+The men have brown faces, white teeth, and bright black eyes. Most of
+them wear beards and shave their heads.
+
+3. The women wear long dark cloaks. If they are well-to-do they cover
+their faces with a veil. They think it wrong to let their faces be seen
+by any men except their husbands.
+
+4. I think Kate would like to hear something about the children. Those
+who have rich fathers wear beautiful clothes, and have a very happy
+time. Poor children wear few clothes, and are nearly always covered with
+dust.
+
+5. Many of the boys go to school, and are taught just as you are. They
+read the same kind of books that you read.
+
+6. The children of Egypt always obey their parents, and are never rude
+to them. I think they have very good manners.
+
+7. All the people of Egypt love singing. Their voices are soft and
+sweet. The boatmen on the Nile sing as they row. The fruit-sellers sing
+as they cry their wares in the streets.
+
+8. Many of the boys in the chief city of Egypt are donkey drivers. In
+Egypt donkeys are far more used for riding than horses. The donkeys are
+beautiful little animals, and they trot along very quickly.
+
+[Illustration: {A boy with two donkeys}]
+
+9. Each donkey has a boy to run after it with a stick, and to shout at
+it to make it go. The donkey boys are very jolly little fellows. They
+always smile, however far they have to run.
+
+10. Most donkey boys wear a white or blue gown, and have a red cap, or
+fez, on the head. If a donkey boy sees an Englishman coming, he runs to
+him and says, "My donkey is called John Bull." If he sees an American
+coming, he says that his donkey's name is Yankee Doodle.
+
+11. Sometimes the donkey boy will ask the rider,--
+
+"Very good donkey?"
+
+If the rider says "Yes," he will then ask,--
+
+"Very good donkey boy?"
+
+"Yes."
+
+12. "Very good saddle too?"
+
+"Yes."
+
+"_Then me have very good present!_"
+
+13. Now let me tell you something that will surprise you. The people of
+Egypt in the old, old days thought that their cats were gods.
+
+14. They prayed to them and built temples to them. When the family cat
+died, all the people in the house shaved their eyebrows to show how
+sorry they were.--Best love to you all. FATHER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+7. THROUGH THE CANAL.
+
+
+1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--I have just sailed through a very wonderful canal.
+It joins two great seas together, and is now part of the way to India.
+
+2. By means of this canal we can sail from England to India in three
+weeks. Before it was made the voyage took three months or more.
+
+3. The canal was made more than forty years ago by a Frenchman. He dug a
+great ditch, and joined together a number of lakes. By doing so he made
+a waterway from sea to sea. This waterway is about a hundred miles long.
+
+4. I joined my ship at the town which stands at the north end of the
+canal. There is nothing to see in the town except the lighthouse and the
+shops. On the sea wall there is a statue of the Frenchman who made the
+canal.
+
+5. As we lay off the town we could see many little boats darting to and
+fro. The boatmen were dressed in all the colours of the rainbow--red,
+blue, green, and orange. In one boat there were men and women playing
+and singing songs.
+
+6. By the side of our ship men were swimming in the water. I threw a
+piece of silver into the water. One of the men dived, and caught it
+before it reached the bottom.
+
+[Illustration: {Side of a ship, with men swimming below}]
+
+7. On the other side of the ship there were great barges full of coal.
+Hundreds of men and women carried this coal to the ship in little
+baskets upon their heads. They walked up and down a plank, and all the
+time they made an awful noise which they called singing.
+
+8. When all the coal was on board, the ship began to steam slowly along
+the narrow canal. No ship is allowed to sail more than four miles an
+hour, lest the "wash" should break down the banks.
+
+9. Soon we passed out of the narrow canal into one of the lakes. Our
+road was marked by buoys. Away to right and to left of us stretched the
+sandy desert.
+
+10. In the afternoon we passed a station, where I saw a number of camels
+laden with boxes of goods. They were going to travel across the sands
+for many days.
+
+11. The sun went down in a sky of purple and gold. Then a large electric
+light shone forth from our bows. It threw a broad band of white light on
+the water and on the banks of the canal. Where the light touched the
+sands it seemed to turn them into silver.
+
+12. In less than twenty-four hours we reached the town at the south end
+of the canal. A boat came out from the shore, and this letter is going
+back with it.--Love to you all. FATHER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+8. AMONGST THE ARABS.--I.
+
+
+1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--I am now sailing along the Red Sea. The weather is
+very hot. All over the ship electric fans are hard at work. In spite of
+them I cannot keep cool.
+
+2. Away on the left, or port, side of the ship I see high hills. They
+are red in colour, and seem to be baked by the hot sun. Even through my
+spy-glass I cannot see a speck of green on them. All is red and bare.
+
+3. Beyond the hills lies the land of Arabia. It is a hot, dry land, in
+which years sometimes pass without a shower of rain. There is hardly
+ever a cloud in the sky, and there is no dew at night.
+
+4. Much of the land is covered with sand. Little or nothing will grow.
+You know that we call a sandy waste of this kind a _desert_.
+
+[Illustration: {Desert oasis}]
+
+5. Here and there in the desert a few springs are found. The water of
+these springs causes grass and trees to grow well. Around each spring is
+what looks like an island of green in the midst of a red sea of sand. A
+green spot in a desert is called an _oasis_.
+
+6. The Arabs live upon these green spots. Some of them dwell in
+villages, and some wander from oasis to oasis. Those who live in
+villages build their houses of sun-dried bricks; those who wander from
+place to place live in tents.
+
+[Illustration: Arabs of the Desert.]
+
+7. The Arabs are fine, fierce-looking men. They own flocks of sheep,
+herds of goats, camels and horses.
+
+8. An Arab's tent is woven out of camel's hair. So are the ropes of the
+tent. The poles are made of palm wood.
+
+9. Inside the tent there are leather buckets for drawing water. There
+are also skin bags for carrying it across the desert. There are no
+chairs or tables or beds in the tents. The Arabs squat upon the ground
+and sleep on rugs.
+
+[Illustration: {Arab tent}]
+
+10. In front of an Arab tent you are almost sure to see a woman grinding
+corn between two large stones. There is a hole in the top stone, and
+into this she pours the grain.
+
+11. She turns the top stone round and round, and the grain is ground
+into flour, which oozes out at the edges. With this flour she makes
+cakes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+9. AMONGST THE ARABS.--II.
+
+
+1. Date palms grow on every oasis. The date palm is a beautiful tree. It
+is very tall, and has a crown of leaves at the top.
+
+2. The fruit grows in great golden clusters. Sometimes a cluster of
+dates weighs twenty-five pounds.
+
+3. The date palm is beloved by the Arabs, because it is so useful to
+them. They eat or sell the dates, and they use the wood for their tents
+or houses. From the sap they make wine. Out of the leaf-stalks they
+weave baskets.
+
+4. Some of the Arabs are traders. They carry their goods from oasis to
+oasis on the backs of camels. A large number of laden camels form a
+caravan.
+
+[Illustration: {Caravan of camels}]
+
+5. A camel is not pretty to look at, but the Arab could not do without
+it. I think you can easily understand why the camel is called the "ship
+of the desert." It carries its master or its load across the sea of sand
+from one green island to another.
+
+[Illustration: The Halt in the Desert.
+
+(From the picture by J.F. Lewis, R.A., in the South Kensington
+Museum.)]
+
+6. The hoofs of the camel are broad, and this prevents them from sinking
+into the sand. The camel can go for a long time without food or water.
+
+7. The camel is very useful to the Arab, both when it is alive and when
+it is dead. It gives him milk to drink, and its hair is useful for
+making clothes, tents, and ropes.
+
+8. I think I told you that when I was sailing along the canal I saw a
+caravan. It was then beginning to cross the desert. Very likely, weeks
+or months will pass away before its journey comes to an end.
+
+9. There are no roads across the desert, so it is very easy for a
+caravan to lose its way. Then the men and camels wander on until all
+their food and water are finished. At last they fall to the ground, and
+die of hunger and thirst.
+
+10. Dreadful sand-storms often arise. The storm beats down upon the
+caravan, and sometimes chokes both men and camels. A journey across the
+desert is full of dangers.
+
+11. Before I close this letter, let me tell you a little story. One day
+an Arab belonging to a caravan overslept himself at an oasis. When he
+awoke, the caravan had started on its journey again, and was many miles
+away.
+
+12. The Arab followed the caravan, in the hope of catching it up. On and
+on he walked, but nothing could he see of it. Then darkness came on, and
+he lay on the sand and slept until morning.
+
+13. When the sun rose he began his journey again. Hours passed, but
+still there was no sign of the caravan. At last he was quite overcome by
+hunger and thirst. He fell to the ground, and was too weak to rise
+again.
+
+14. Looking around, he saw something black lying on the sand, not far
+away. He crawled to it, and found that it was a small bag which had
+fallen from the back of a camel.
+
+15. The poor Arab was filled with joy. He hoped that the bag would
+contain food of some sort. With trembling fingers he tore it open. Alas!
+it was full of gold and jewels.
+
+16. "Woe is me!" cried the poor fellow; "had it been dates my life would
+have been saved."
+
+[Illustration: {An Arab dying of thirst in the desert}]
+
+17. This little story shows you that on the desert dates may sometimes
+be worth much more than gold and jewels. I hope you are well and
+happy.--Your loving FATHER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+10. A LETTER FROM INDIA.
+
+
+1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--Hurrah! I am on shore again, after nine long days
+at sea. Yesterday I reached Bombay, the chief seaport of India.
+
+2. Soon after I landed a friend came to see me at my hotel. He drove me
+round Bombay, and showed me all the sights. I wish you had been with me
+to see them.
+
+3. Here in Bombay I seem to be in a new world altogether. It is a world
+of wonderful light and colour. The bright hot sun floods the streets and
+dazzles my eyes. Everywhere I see bright colour--in the sky, the trees,
+the flowers, and the dresses of the people.
+
+4. The streets are always full of people. They are dark brown in colour;
+their hair is black, their eyes are bright, and their teeth are as white
+as pearls. Most of the people are bare-legged and bare-footed.
+
+[Illustration: {Busy Bombay street scene}]
+
+5. The men wear white clothes, with turbans and sashes of yellow, green,
+or blue. Yesterday was a feast-day. In the morning I saw thousands of
+the people bathing in the sea. Afterwards they roamed about the streets
+in their best clothes. One crowd that I saw looked like a great tulip
+garden in full bloom.
+
+6. The women wear a garment of red, blue, or some other bright colour.
+This garment covers them from the neck to the knee. Almost every woman
+wears rings of silver on her arms and ankles. Some of them have great
+rings in their noses, as well as rings in their ears and on their toes.
+
+7. You would be amused to see the people carrying their burdens on their
+heads. Yesterday I saw a dozen men carrying a grand piano on their
+heads.
+
+8. From childhood the women carry jars of water or baskets of earth in
+this way. They hold themselves very upright and walk like queens.
+
+[Illustration: {Woman carrying a basket on her head}]
+
+9. Bombay is a very busy city. The streets are thronged with carriages,
+motor cars, bullock carts, and electric trams. As the people walk in the
+middle of the road, it is not easy for a carriage to make its way
+through the streets.
+
+10. The drivers ring bells, or shout to warn the people: "Hi, you woman
+with the baby on your hip, get out of the way!--Hi, you man with the box
+on your head, get out of the way!"
+
+11. I think you would like to see the bullock carts. They are very
+small, and are drawn by two bullocks with humps on their shoulders. The
+driver sits on the shaft and steers them with a stick. These carts carry
+cotton to the mills or to the docks.
+
+[Illustration: {A bullock cart}]
+
+12. In some of the carriages and motor cars you may see rich men wearing
+fine silk robes. Many of these rich men now dress as we do, except that
+they wear turbans instead of hats.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+11. IN THE STREETS.
+
+
+1. I should like you to see the shops of Bombay. Most of them are quite
+unlike our British shops. They have no doors and no windows, but are
+open to the street.
+
+2. Our shopkeepers try to make a fine show of their goods. The Indian
+shopkeeper does nothing of the sort. He simply piles his goods round his
+shop and squats in the midst of them. There he sits waiting for people
+to come and buy.
+
+[Illustration: {An Indian shopkeeper}]
+
+3. In our shops there is a fixed price for the goods. In India nothing
+has a fixed price. You must bargain with the shopkeeper if you wish to
+buy anything. Very likely he will ask you three times the price which he
+hopes to get.
+
+4. Our penny is divided into four parts; each of these parts is called a
+farthing. The Indian penny is divided into twelve parts; each of these
+parts is called a "pie." An Indian boy or girl can buy rice or sweets
+with one pie.
+
+5. There are thousands of beggars in India. They go to and fro in front
+of the shops begging. The shopkeepers are very kind to them, and never
+send them away without a present.
+
+6. Very good order is kept in the streets. At every street corner stands
+a native policeman, dressed in blue, with a flat yellow cap on his head
+and a club by his side. Some of the policemen ride horses, and carry
+guns and lances.
+
+[Illustration: {An Indian policeman}]
+
+7. The parks of Bombay are large open spaces covered with grass. Round
+them are rows of palm trees. In these parks you may see men and boys
+playing all sorts of games.
+
+8. Indians are very fond of cricket, which they play very well. Not many
+years ago an Indian prince was one of the best players in England.
+
+9. Polo is also played in the parks of Bombay. It is an Indian game, but
+Britons now play it too. Polo is just hockey on horseback.
+
+10. The players ride ponies which are very quick and nimble. Each player
+carries a mallet with a very long handle. With this mallet he strikes a
+wooden ball and tries to drive it between the goal posts.
+
+11. Last night I stopped to watch some Indian boys playing marbles. When
+Tom plays the game, he places the marble between his thumb and
+forefinger and shoots it out with his thumb.
+
+12. The Indian boy does not shoot the marble in this way at all. He
+presses back the second finger of one hand with the forefinger of the
+other. Then he lets go and strikes the marble with the finger that was
+bent back. Some of the boys are very clever at this game.
+
+13. Bombay has some very fine buildings. On the top of most of them you
+see the Union Jack, the flag of Britain. Not only Bombay but all India
+belongs to Britain. I hope you are all well.--Best love. FATHER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+12. OUR INDIAN COUSIN.
+
+
+1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--I am now in the north of India, not far from the
+great river Ganges. It is a long railway journey from Bombay to this
+place. I have been in the train two days and two nights.
+
+2. I am now beginning to understand what a vast land India is. Do you
+know that it would make sixteen lands as large as our own? One in every
+five of all the people on earth lives in India.
+
+3. Perhaps you can guess why I have made this long journey from Bombay.
+My brother, your uncle, is the chief man in this part of the country. He
+and I have been parted for many years. I am now living in his house.
+
+4. Let me tell you about little Hugh, your cousin. He was born in India
+seven years ago, and he has never been to England. He hopes to come
+"home" to see you all in a few months' time.
+
+5. Hugh's home is a big house, all on the ground floor. It has no
+upstairs. The rooms are very large and lofty. This is because the
+weather is very hot for the greater part of the year. If the rooms were
+not large and high, they would be too hot to live in.
+
+[Illustration: {Hugh's house}]
+
+6. In every room there is a beam of wood with a short curtain hanging
+from it. This is the punkah. The beam is hung from the roof by ropes. In
+the hot weather a boy sits outside and pulls the punkah to and fro with
+a rope. In this way he makes a little breeze, which keeps the room cool.
+
+7. The roof of the house juts out all round and is held up by pillars.
+We sit outside, under the roof, whenever we can. During the heat of the
+day we must stay indoors.
+
+8. The garden round the house is very large. There are many tall palm
+trees in it. Some of the other trees bear most beautiful blossoms of
+crimson, yellow, and blue. All along the front of the house are many
+flowerpots, in which roses and other English flowers are growing.
+
+9. A few days ago little Hugh came to me and asked if he might show me
+what he called "the compound." I said "Yes." So he took my hand and led
+me away.
+
+10. First he showed me the gardener. He is a short, dark man, and he
+squats down to do his work. He is a very good gardener, and he is proud
+of his flowers. Every morning he comes to the house with a flower for
+Hugh's father and mother and uncle.
+
+[Illustration: {Gardener at work}]
+
+11. Next, Hugh took me to see the well. It is behind the house. The
+mouth of the well is on the top of a mound. To reach it you must walk up
+a sloping road. Above the mouth of the well there is a wheel.
+
+12. A rope runs over this wheel. At one end of the rope there is a large
+leather bag. The other end of the rope is fastened to the necks of a
+pair of bullocks.
+
+[Illustration: The Village Well.
+
+(From the picture by W. Simpson, R.I.)]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+13. IN THE GARDEN.
+
+
+1. The bullocks walk backwards up the sloping road. This lowers the
+leather bag into the well, where it is filled with water. Then the
+bullocks walk down the sloping road. This pulls the bag up to the mouth
+of the well.
+
+2. A man empties the water out of the bag into a tank by the side of the
+well. The water runs out of this tank into the garden, where it spreads
+out into many little streams. It is this water which makes the trees,
+the plants, and the grass grow so well in the garden.
+
+[Illustration: {Oxen drawing water from a well}]
+
+3. If the garden were not watered in this way, it would soon be brown
+and bare. For many months at a time no rain falls in India. Then dust a
+foot deep lies on the roads, and the ground cracks with the heat.
+
+4. When the dry season is over the rain begins to fall. It comes down in
+torrents for days together. In some places more rain falls in a single
+day than we have in a whole year.
+
+5. During the "rains" the rivers become full to the brim, and the whole
+land is fresh and green. Sometimes the "rains" do not come at all. Then
+the crops wither away, and the people starve.
+
+6. In our country we are never sure of the weather. It changes so often
+that we talk about it a great deal. In India nobody talks about the
+weather. During seven months of the year every day is fine.
+
+7. In our country we almost always have plenty of water for our crops,
+and for drinking and washing. Plenty of fresh water is a great blessing
+to a land. In many parts of India water is very scarce.
+
+8. I told you that the great river Ganges is not far away from little
+Hugh's home. This grand river begins in the mountains of North India. I
+wish you could see these mountains. They are the highest on earth. They
+rise up from the plains like a huge wall, and their tops are always
+covered with fields of ice and snow.
+
+9. These ice-fields slowly move down the mountain sides. Then they melt,
+and this gives rise to the Ganges and to the other great rivers of North
+India.
+
+10. Millions of the Indian people love the Ganges, and they have good
+reason to do so. It gives water and food to more than twice as many
+people as dwell in the British Islands.
+
+11. Many Indians think that every drop of water in the river is holy.
+They believe that if they bathe in its waters their souls will be washed
+clean from sin.
+
+[Illustration: {Town on the Ganges}]
+
+12. There is a town by the side of the Ganges which the Indians say is
+the holiest place on earth. It is full of temples. Millions of Indians
+visit these temples every year.
+
+13. All along the river bank there are stone steps leading down to the
+water. Standing in the stream are men and women and children who have
+come from all parts of India. They wash themselves in the stream, and
+pour the holy water over their heads as they pray.
+
+14. People who are very ill are carried to this place, that they may die
+by the side of "Mother Ganges." They die happy if they can see her or
+hear the sound of her waters during their last moments.
+
+15. When they die their bodies are taken to the steps. There they are
+washed in the river water, and are placed on piles of wood. Friends set
+fire to the wood, and soon the bodies are burnt to ashes. These ashes
+are thrown into the stream, which bears them to the distant ocean.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+14. INDIAN BOYS AND GIRLS.
+
+
+1. I am very fond of going about the streets with your uncle. The Indian
+children always amuse me.
+
+2. When Indians grow up they are rather grave and sad. The children,
+however, are always bright and merry. Indian fathers and mothers are
+very fond of their boys. They care very little for their girls.
+
+3. Boys soon become men in India. They begin work at an early age, and
+they are married when they are about sixteen. Girls are married a few
+years younger.
+
+4. Almost every boy follows the trade of his father. A farmer's son
+becomes a farmer, a weaver's son becomes a weaver, and so on.
+
+5. Many of the boys go to school, but not many of the girls. They, poor
+things, begin to work in the house or in the field almost as soon as
+they can walk. Much of the hard rough work in India is done by poor
+women and girls.
+
+6. A rich father keeps his girls shut up in the back part of his house.
+Their faces are never seen by any man except those of their own family.
+If they go out of the house, they cover themselves from head to foot
+with a thick veil. Sometimes they are carried from place to place in a
+closely shut box on poles.
+
+7. Are you not sorry for these poor rich girls? I am. They can never
+play merry games with boy friends, or go for long walks in the country.
+
+8. They know nothing of the beautiful world in which they live. Their
+rooms are fine, their dresses are grand, and their jewels are lovely;
+but they are only poor prisoners after all.
+
+9. Yesterday I went with your uncle to see a village school. There were
+only twenty boys in it. The roof was off the schoolhouse, so the classes
+were held in the open air.
+
+[Illustration: {A village schoolhouse}]
+
+10. The boys sat on forms, just as you do. The teacher wrote on a
+blackboard, and taught the children to do sums with a ball frame. Each
+boy had a reading-book. It was not printed in English, but in the tongue
+spoken in that part of the country.
+
+11. Some of the boys wrote in copy-books, but most of them wrote on thin
+boards, which they used instead of slates. Instead of a pencil they used
+a pen made of a reed.
+
+12. Chalk was ground up and wetted in a little cup. The boys dipped
+their reed pens into the cup, just as you dip your steel pen into the
+ink. The letters and figures which they wrote were very different from
+ours.
+
+13. Some of the boys read their books very well, and worked hard sums.
+They sang "God save the King" for me in their own tongue.
+
+14. In the towns there are large and good schools. Some of the scholars
+are very clever indeed. I think Indian boys are much fonder of their
+lessons than our boys.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+15. ELEPHANTS AND TIGERS.
+
+
+1. In his last letter Tom asked me to tell him something about elephants
+and tigers. I will try to do so.
+
+2. Yesterday your uncle and I went out to shoot pigeons. An Indian
+chief, or rajah, lent us an elephant to carry us to the shooting ground.
+
+[Illustration: AN INDIAN RAJAH.]
+
+3. A driver sat on the neck of the huge animal. Instead of a whip he had
+a goad of sharp steel. I did not see him prick the elephant with this
+goad. He guided the animal with voice and hand.
+
+4. On the elephant's back there was a large pad upon which we were to
+sit. I could see no ladder, so I wondered how I was to climb up. Just
+then the elephant knelt down on his hind legs.
+
+5. Your uncle showed me how to get up. "Here," he said, "is a ladder of
+two steps. The first step is the elephant's foot, the second is the loop
+of his tail."
+
+6. He held the end of the elephant's tail in his hand and bent it to
+make a loop. When I put my foot on it he lifted the tail, and in this
+way helped me on to the elephant's back.
+
+7. When your uncle had climbed up, the elephant jogged off at a good
+pace. He went along rough, narrow paths, over ditches and the beds of
+streams. Never once did he make a false step.
+
+8. An elephant costs a great deal of money. Only princes and rich men
+can afford to keep them. Sometimes a great prince has as many as a
+hundred elephants in his stables.
+
+9. When a prince rides through a city in state his elephants wear rich
+cloths, which are studded with gems. Sometimes the elephants' heads are
+painted and their tusks are covered with gold.
+
+10. In the drawing-room of your uncle's house there is a beautiful tiger
+skin. The tiger that used to wear this skin was shot by your uncle about
+three years ago.
+
+[Illustration: {Tiger skin rug}]
+
+11. It was a man-eating tiger--that is, an old tiger that could no
+longer run fast enough to catch deer. This man-eater used to hide near a
+village. He would creep up silently behind men and women, and stun them
+with a blow of his paw. Then he would drag them away and eat them.
+
+12. The people of the village came to your uncle and begged him to kill
+the man-eater. He agreed to do so. Near to the tiger's drinking-place a
+little hut was built in a tree. One night your uncle sat in this hut
+with his gun on his knee, waiting for the tiger to come.
+
+13. Slowly the hours went by, and your uncle felt sure that the tiger
+had gone to another place to drink. Just as he was thinking of going
+home to bed the huge animal crept into the moonlight.
+
+14. Nearer and nearer he came. Then your uncle lifted his gun, took a
+steady aim, and shot the tiger through the heart.
+
+[Illustration: {Tiger being shot}]
+
+15. In the morning there was great joy among the people of the village
+because their fierce foe was dead. They hung garlands of flowers round
+your uncle's neck, and sang his praises in many songs.
+
+[Illustration: A Tiger Shoot.
+
+(From the picture by Edgar H. Fisher, in the Royal Academy, 1911.)]
+
+16. Now I must close this very long letter.--Best love to you all.
+FATHER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+16. A LETTER FROM BURMA.--I.
+
+
+1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--Since I last wrote to you I have visited several
+of the large cities of India. A week ago I was in the largest city of
+all.
+
+2. On Christmas morning I sailed down the mouth of the Ganges into the
+open sea, on my way to the country of Burma.
+
+3. Now I am in the chief town of Burma, and you will expect me to tell
+you something about the land and its people. From what I have seen, I
+think Burma is a prettier country than India.
+
+4. In the chief town there seem to be people from many lands. I saw
+Chinamen, with their pigtails hanging down their backs. I also saw
+Indians from across the sea, and white men from our own country. Of
+course, there were also many Burmese, as the people of Burma are called.
+
+5. Kate and May will like to hear something about the Burmese girls and
+women. They are not at all sad like the Indians, but are very bright and
+gay. As I write these lines I see a party of Burmese girls passing my
+window, I can hear them laughing.
+
+6. They are very dainty in their dress. One girl wears a skirt of pink
+silk and a blouse of light green. She has bracelets on her arms,
+ear-rings in her ears, a string of coral round her neck, and flowers in
+her hair.
+
+[Illustration: {Burmese woman carrying an umbrella}]
+
+7. In one hand she carries a bamboo sunshade; in the other she holds a
+big paper cigar! She is very fond of smoking, and you never see her
+without a cigar. On her feet she wears sandals.
+
+8. The men are gentle and rather lazy. The women have far more "go" in
+them than the men. Many of them keep shops, and are very good traders.
+The wife is the chief person in every home.
+
+9. The men also wear skirts, and sometimes their jackets are very gay.
+They wrap a handkerchief of pink, or of some other bright colour, round
+their head.
+
+[Illustration: {A Burmese man}]
+
+10. The Burmese worship Buddha, a prince who lived more than two
+thousand years ago. He was a very noble man, and he gave up all the
+pleasant things of life that nothing might turn his thoughts from
+goodness.
+
+11. Amongst other things he taught men to be kind to animals. All
+animals are well treated in Burma.
+
+12. All over the land you see temples to Buddha. These temples grow
+narrower and narrower the higher they rise. They all end in a spire
+above which there is a kind of umbrella. It is made of metal, and all
+round its edge are silver or golden bells, which make pretty music as
+they are blown to and fro by the wind.
+
+13. By the side of many of these temples you may see a great image of
+Buddha. Most of the images are made of brass. The Burmese pray before
+these images, and offer flowers and candles and rice to them.
+
+[Illustration: {Statue of Buddha}]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+17. A LETTER FROM BURMA.--II.
+
+
+1. Wherever you go in Burma you see monks. They have shaven heads, and
+they wear yellow robes. Every morning they go out to beg. Boys in yellow
+robes go with them, and carry large bowls in their hands.
+
+2. The people come out of their houses and put food into the bowls. The
+monks do not thank them. They say that he who gives is more blessed than
+he who takes.
+
+3. The monks live in houses built of teak wood. In every village you can
+see a monk's house standing in a grove of palm trees. In these houses
+the monks keep school.
+
+4. Every Burmese boy lives for some time in one of the monks' houses.
+Here he learns to read and write, and is taught to be a good man.
+
+5. I went to see the most beautiful of all the monks' houses. It is in a
+city far up in the country. The building is of dark-brown teak wood, and
+has many roofs, one above the other. It is covered with carving, and
+here and there it is gilded.
+
+6. Many boys in yellow robes were playing beneath the trees. They were
+the scholars of the school. One of the boys told me that he was never
+going to leave the place. When he was old enough he meant to be a monk.
+
+[Illustration: {Burmese boy in robes}]
+
+7. In the city I saw the palace of the king from whom we took Burma. It
+stands inside a large space, with high walls all round it. Outside the
+wall is a broad ditch full of water. When I saw the ditch it was
+overgrown with water-plants covered with pink blossoms.
+
+8. Many buildings, something like the monks' houses, form the king's
+palace. Some of the buildings are very richly carved, and are covered
+with gold leaf. Inside one of them I saw great teak pillars, also
+covered with gold.
+
+9. The chief building ends in a very lofty spire, with a beautiful metal
+umbrella above it. The Burmese used to believe that this spire was in
+the very middle of the earth.
+
+10. Another fine building is a high lookout tower. From the top of it
+there is a grand view. On one side I saw a hill covered with temples. At
+the foot of the hill there were four hundred and fifty of these temples.
+There must be thousands of them in and near the city.
+
+11. As I drove to my hotel last night I saw a number of boys playing
+Burmese football. They do not take sides, nor do they try to kick goals.
+The football is made of basket-work.
+
+12. The boys stand round in a ring, and the game is to keep the ball
+from touching the ground. The boys pass the ball from one to the other
+by knocking it up with their heads, arms, hands, legs, or toes. Some of
+the boys are very clever at this game.
+
+[Illustration: {Boys playing Burmese football}]
+
+13. Burma has many beautiful rivers and some fine mountains. By the side
+of the rivers much rice is grown. Away in the north there are grand
+forests filled with wild animals. Tigers are often shot within twenty
+miles of the old king's palace.
+
+14. Now I have filled my paper, and I must bring this letter to an end.
+I hope you are all well and happy. I am leaving Burma tomorrow.--Best
+love to you all. FATHER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+18. A LETTER FROM CEYLON.
+
+
+1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--A week ago I landed in the beautiful island of
+Ceylon. It lies to the south of India. Get mother to show it to you on
+the globe.
+
+2. I am still under the British flag, the Union Jack. I can see it
+waving from the top of a big building. The people of Ceylon are proud to
+call themselves British.
+
+3. I have just been for a ride through the streets of the chief town. I
+rode in a rickshaw--that is, a kind of large baby-carriage drawn by a
+man. My rickshaw had rubber on its wheels, so we went along very
+smoothly and quickly.
+
+[Illustration: {Rickshaw with passenger}]
+
+4. Some of the carts are drawn by little bullocks that trot along as
+fast as a pony. I often meet carts with a high cover of thatch. These
+carts carry the tea, which grows on the hills, down to the ships in the
+harbour.
+
+5. Some of the men of Ceylon wear tortoise-shell combs in their hair.
+They are very proud of these combs, and some of them are very handsome.
+
+[Illustration: {Ceylon family--a man, a woman, and two babies}]
+
+6. The children of Ceylon seem very happy. They are pretty and clean,
+and always obey their parents. Many of them learn to speak and read
+English. They love dancing and singing, and they never quarrel.
+
+[Illustration: Ceylon Girls Playing the Tom-Tom.
+
+(From the picture by E.A. Hornel. By permission of the Corporation of
+Manchester.)]
+
+7. By the next ship home I am sending mother a chest of tea. The tea
+grew on the hills of Ceylon. I made a journey to these hills by train.
+On the way we passed through thick forests, and by the side of beautiful
+rivers.
+
+8. Ceylon is very rich in plants and trees. The cocoanut palm grows
+almost everywhere. On one of the rivers I saw a raft of cocoanuts. A man
+swam behind it and pushed it along.
+
+[Illustration: {Cocoanut palm tree}]
+
+9. With this letter I send you a picture of a tea-garden. Notice the men
+and women plucking the leaf. Many of them come from the south of India.
+Look at the white planter. He comes, as you know, from our own country.
+
+[Illustration: IN A CEYLON TEA PLANTATION.]
+
+10. In the middle of Ceylon there are many high mountains. The highest
+is called Adam's Peak. It stands like a great wedge high above the other
+hills.
+
+11. The people of Ceylon believe that it is a holy mountain. They say
+that once upon a time Buddha climbed to the top of this mountain. To
+prove that he did so they show you his footprint. It is more than five
+feet long!
+
+12. A little temple has been built over the footprint. Men, women, and
+children climb the mountain, to lay little gifts before the footprint,
+and to strew sweet flowers about it. When this is done, the children
+kneel down and ask their parents to bless them.
+
+13. To-morrow I leave Ceylon on a long voyage to China. You will not
+hear from me for several weeks. I hope you are all well, and that you
+are still good children.--I remain, your loving Father.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+19. A LETTER FROM CHINA.
+
+
+1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--Three weeks have gone by since I last wrote to
+you. I have made my voyage safely, and I am now in a great city of China
+called Canton.
+
+2. Ask mother to show you China on the globe. You see at once that it is
+a vast country. It is larger than the whole of Europe. One-fourth of all
+the people in the world live in China.
+
+3. All round this city of Canton there is a high wall. From the wall the
+city seems to be a beautiful place. When, however, you enter it, you
+soon find that it is dirty and full of foul smells.
+
+[Illustration: A Chinese Street.
+
+(From the picture by T. Hodgson Liddell, R.B.A.)]
+
+4. The streets are very narrow, and are always crowded with people. Many
+of them are roofed in to keep them cool. Most of them are so narrow that
+no carriage can pass along them. People who wish to ride must be carried
+in a kind of box on the shoulders of two or more men.
+
+[Illustration: {Person riding in a box}]
+
+5. I am sure you would like to see the signboards that hang down in
+front of the shops. The strange letters on them are painted in gold and
+in bright colours. They look very gay indeed.
+
+6. The shops sell all sorts of things--silk, books, drugs, flowers,
+china, and birds. Some of the shops only sell gold and silver paper. The
+Chinese burn this paper at the graves of their friends. When they do
+this they think that they are sending money for their dead friends to
+spend in the other world.
+
+7. Many things are also sold in the streets. The street traders carry a
+bamboo pole across the shoulder. From the ends of this pole they sling
+the baskets in which they carry their wares. Many workmen ply their
+trades in the open street, and you are sure to see quack doctors,
+letter-writers, and money-changers.
+
+8. The Chinese do in the open street many things which we do inside our
+houses. A Chinaman likes to eat his meals where every one can see him.
+
+9. Sometimes he will sit in front of his house and wash his feet.
+Yesterday I saw a man having his tooth drawn out of doors. A crowd stood
+round him, watching to see how it was done.
+
+10. How should you like to go for a ride in a wheelbarrow? In China the
+wheelbarrow is often used for carrying people or goods from place to
+place. It has a large wheel in the middle. Round the wheel there is a
+platform for people or goods.
+
+[Illustration: {People riding in a wheelbarrow}]
+
+11. A broad river runs through the city. It is crowded with boats, in
+which live many thousands of people. Many of these people never go
+ashore at all.
+
+12. Over the sterns of the boats there are long baskets. These are the
+backyards of the floating city. Hens, ducks, geese, and sometimes pigs,
+are kept in these baskets.
+
+[Illustration: {A boy on a boat}]
+
+13. The little boys who live on the boats have a log of wood fastened to
+their waists. This keeps them afloat if they fall overboard. The little
+girls have no such lifebelts. In China nobody troubles about the girls.
+
+14. Nearly all the boats have an eye painted on their bows. Perhaps this
+seems strange to you. The Chinese, however, say,--
+
+          "S'pose no got eye, no can see;
+          S'pose no can see, no can walkee."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+20. CHINESE BOYS AND GIRLS.
+
+
+1. Chinese fathers and mothers are very glad when their children are
+boys. In China the boys are much petted. Their mothers give way to them,
+and let them do as they please.
+
+2. Girls, however, are not welcome. Sometimes they are called
+"Not-wanted" or "Ought-to-have-been-a-boy."
+
+3. A Chinese boy has always two names, sometimes four. He has one name
+when he is a child, and another when he goes to school. He has a third
+name when he begins to earn money. When he dies he has a fourth name.
+
+4. Chinese boys are very fond of flying kites, which are shaped like
+fish or butterflies or dragons. Old gentlemen are just as fond of
+kite-flying as boys.
+
+5. In China you will often see boys playing hopscotch or spinning
+peg-tops. They also play shuttlecock, but they have no battledore. They
+kick the shuttlecock with the sides of their feet.
+
+6. Chinese boys love to set off fireworks, such as crackers, wheels, and
+rockets. If the fireworks make a loud noise, so much the better.
+
+7. Chinese children are taught to show very great respect to their
+parents. They all bow and kneel to their fathers and mothers. A boy who
+is not kind and good to his parents is thought to be a wicked wretch.
+
+8. A few days ago I went to see a Chinese school. The boys sit on stools
+at tiny tables. In front of them they have a stone slab, a stick of
+Chinese ink, and some brushes with which they write.
+
+[Illustration: {A boy at a table at school}]
+
+9. There is always a great din in a Chinese schoolroom. The boys shout
+at the top of their voices. If they do not make a noise, the teacher
+thinks that they are not learning.
+
+10. When a boy knows his lesson he goes up to his master to say it. He
+turns his back to his master, and does not face him as you do.
+
+11. A Chinese boy becomes a man at sixteen years of age. He chooses his
+work in life when he is quite a baby. Let me tell you how he does it.
+
+12. When he is one year old he is seated in the middle of such things as
+money, books, and pens. Then the parents watch him to see what he will
+play with.
+
+13. If he takes up the money, they say that he must be a trader or a
+banker. If he takes up a book or a pen, they say that he must be a
+writer or a teacher or a scholar.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+21. HAIR, FINGERS, AND TOES.
+
+
+1. Chinese men shave their heads, all but a small patch of hair. This is
+allowed to grow very long, and is plaited into a pigtail. I have seen
+Chinamen with coloured ribbons woven into their pigtails.
+
+[Illustration: {Two Chinamen}]
+
+2. When men are at work they twine their pigtails round their heads.
+When they wish to show respect to any person they let down their
+pigtails. A man who has a long, thick pigtail is very proud of it.
+
+3. Sometimes men who are sent to prison have their pigtails cut off.
+This is thought to be a great disgrace. When they leave prison they buy
+false pigtails to wear.
+
+4. When Chinamen fight they pull each other about by the pigtail.
+Sometimes a schoolmaster punishes bad boys with his pigtail.
+
+5. Rich women are very proud of their tiny feet. Chinese ladies can wear
+shoes about four inches long. Fancy mother wearing a doll's shoes!
+
+[Illustration: {Chinese women holding fans}]
+
+6. Girls have their feet bound up tightly when they are five years of
+age. The bandages are made tighter every week, until the foot stops
+growing. Of course, the poor girls suffer very much. The Chinese have a
+saying: "Every pair of bound feet costs a bath of tears."
+
+7. When the girls grow up they cannot walk. They can only totter along,
+and they have to lean on the arm of a maid to keep themselves from
+falling.
+
+[Illustration: {Woman walking with the support of her maid}]
+
+8. I am glad to say that many parents do not now bind the feet of their
+girls. They have learnt that it is both wicked and foolish to do so. At
+one school in China all the girls have their feet unbound. They skip and
+play about almost as well as Kate and May.
+
+9. You and I think that only dirty, untidy people let their nails grow
+long. Rich people in China never cut their nails. They let them grow so
+long that they have to wear shields to keep them from being broken.
+
+10. The dress of a Chinaman is very simple. He wears trousers and
+several cotton or silk tunics. The outside tunic has very long, wide
+sleeves; these are used as pockets.
+
+11. The trousers are loose, and are covered up to the knee by white
+stockings. When a Chinaman is in full dress he wears a long gown. The
+Chinese boy wears the same kind of clothes as his father. Every man,
+woman, and child carries a fan.
+
+12. Chinese boots are made of cloth or satin, never of leather. The
+soles are made of rags or paper. We blacken the uppers of our boots.
+Chinamen whiten the soles of theirs.
+
+[Illustration: {Chinese boots}]
+
+13. Now I must end this letter. When I come home you must ask me to tell
+you about the rice fields and the silk farms and the Great Wall. I have
+a hundred more things to tell you about this wonderful land.--Your
+loving FATHER.
+
+[Illustration: A Rich Chinaman's House.
+
+(From the photograph by J. Thomson, F.R.G.S.)]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+22. A LETTER FROM JAPAN.
+
+
+1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--Once more I have made a long sea voyage, and once
+more I am safely on shore. I am now in Japan.
+
+2. The Japs live on islands, just as we do. They are brave and clever
+and busy, and they have many fine warships. Because of all these things
+they are sometimes called the Britons of the Far East.
+
+3. Most of the people in the East are very backward. They have stood
+still while the people of the West have gone forward. Not so the Japs.
+They have learnt everything that the West can teach them. You will see
+in Japan all the things on which we pride ourselves.
+
+4. The Japs are first-rate sailors. Some of their captains learnt to be
+sailors on board our warships. They are also fine soldiers. You know
+that not many years ago they beat the Russians both by land and by sea.
+
+5. I like the Japs better than any other people that I have met in the
+East. Many of them still wear the dress of olden days, and keep to their
+simple and pretty ways. Their country is beautiful, and they love
+beautiful things.
+
+6. They are very fond indeed of flowers, which they grow very well.
+Their gardens are lovely. When the flowers are in bloom the Japs troop
+in thousands to see them. It is pretty to watch the delight of fathers
+and mothers and children at the form, colour, and scent of the flowers.
+
+7. The Japs are very clever workmen. I have often stood and watched them
+at work. They always try to beat their own best. Good work of any kind
+gives them joy; bad work gives them pain.
+
+8. I have bought Jap fans for Kate and May. On these fans there are
+pictures of a snow-clad mountain shaped like a sugar loaf. There is no
+more beautiful mountain in all the world.
+
+[Illustration: {Snowy mountain}]
+
+9. This mountain began as a hole in the ground. Melted rocks boiled up
+out of the hole and built up the mountain. In time the rocks grew cool
+and hard. Some Japs believe that it was formed in a single night!
+
+10. Steam still comes out of a crack in the side of the mountain. This
+shows that any day melted rocks may boil forth again. About two hundred
+years ago the mountain threw out so much ash that it covered a town
+sixty miles away.
+
+11. Sometimes the earth shakes and opens in great cracks. When the earth
+"quakes" houses tumble down, and the tops of tall trees snap off. Very
+often lives are lost.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+23. JAP CHILDREN.
+
+
+1. When a Jap boy is born there is great joy in his home. His mother's
+friends all come to see him. They bring him presents, such as toys,
+dried fish, and eggs.
+
+2. Very early in his life the little Jap baby is strapped on to his
+sister's back. He goes with her wherever she goes. If the weather is
+cold, the little girl covers him with her coat. When the sun is hot she
+shelters him with her sunshade.
+
+3. When she plays she jumps and skips and runs about, and all the time
+baby's little head jerks to and fro. He does not mind; he is quite
+happy. You never hear a Jap baby cry.
+
+4. When a boy is about three years of age he learns to walk. He soon
+finds his feet, and runs about on high wooden clogs.
+
+5. Jap boys are fond of pets and games. Wherever a boy goes he carries
+with him a long pole. With this he makes flying leaps and does many
+clever tricks.
+
+6. Every boy in Japan wishes to be either a soldier or a sailor when he
+grows up. Even tiny little mites play with flags and drums and little
+guns. When the boys are older they are taught to be brave, and to die if
+need be for their country.
+
+7. The great day of the year for Jap boys is the fifth day of the fifth
+month. On this day the Feast of Flags is held. Over each house where
+there is a boy you see big paper fish floating in the air.
+
+[Illustration: {Flags on poles outside houses}]
+
+8. The shops are then full of toys. Most of the toys are soldiers, and
+sometimes they are like the soldiers of olden days. Some are on foot,
+and some are on horseback; some are generals, and some are drummers.
+
+[Illustration: The Toy Seller.
+
+(From the water-colour painting by H.E. Tidmarsh.)]
+
+9. The boys love to play at war. You can always make Jap boys happy by
+giving them a toy army to play with.
+
+10. The greatest day of the year for the girls is the Feast of Dolls. On
+this day the girls give doll parties to their little friends. All the
+dolls, however old, are brought out and dressed up in fine new clothes.
+The Feast of Dolls is a time of great fun and laughter.
+
+11. Jap children now play many of our games. They are very fond of
+"prisoner's base," "fox and geese," and "tag." The boys love
+kite-flying.
+
+[Illustration: {Children at play}]
+
+12. Sometimes they put glass on the strings of their kites, and with it
+try to cut the strings of other boys' kites. They are very clever at
+this game, and there is great laughter when a string is cut.
+
+13. In the house, during the day, girls like to blow soap bubbles. At
+dusk they are fond of hunting fire-flies, and driving them to and fro
+with fans.
+
+14. In the summer they catch grasshoppers, and keep them in small bamboo
+cages. They say that the chirping of the grasshoppers brings them good
+luck.
+
+15. All Japs are polite--even boys. When a boy goes to the house of a
+friend he squats on his heels. Then he places his hands on the floor,
+and bows until his forehead touches his toes. This he does again and
+again, and all the time he speaks very politely.
+
+[Illustration: {Boys bowing}]
+
+16. Jap children are taught to be very kind and helpful to their elders,
+and to the poor and the weak. Yesterday I saw a little girl run from her
+mother to take the hand of a blind man and lead him across the street.
+
+17. Now, my dears, I must end this letter. To-morrow I start on my
+homeward way. I shall sail across the ocean to the great land of
+America. I hope you are all well, good, and happy. Your loving FATHER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+24. A LETTER FROM CANADA.
+
+
+1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--Look at the globe in my room and find Japan. Then
+find America. You will see that a broad ocean lies between them. It is
+called the Pacific Ocean. I have crossed this ocean, and I am now in the
+great country of Canada.
+
+2. I am sure that you cannot guess where I am writing this letter. I am
+writing it in the train. I have already been three days in the train,
+and I am only half-way across Canada.
+
+3. I am glad to say that I am once more under the Union Jack. The whole
+land of Canada is British, from sea to sea. Our flag floats above every
+city.
+
+4. The first part of my journey pleased me most. The train ran through a
+beautiful country, filled with splendid trees. Some of them are as high
+as a church tower, and have trunks many yards round. There are no finer
+trees in all the world.
+
+5. Later in the day our train ran by the side of a rushing river, which
+was deep down in a narrow valley between the mountains.
+
+6. In this river there are millions of salmon. I saw men catching them.
+You will see tins of salmon from this river in most of the grocers'
+shops at home.
+
+7. As the train ran on, the mountains rose higher and higher, until
+their tops were covered with snow. We then began to cross the great
+Rocky Mountains. Up and up the train climbed, until the rails reached
+their highest point.
+
+[Illustration: {The Rocky Mountains}]
+
+8. Then we began to descend. We ran through dark clefts in the rocks,
+along the edges of steep cliffs, across rivers, and by the side of
+lakes. High above us were the snowy mountain tops. It was all very grand
+and very beautiful.
+
+9. At last we left the mountains behind us and reached the plains. We
+are now speeding over these plains. The country is as flat as the palm
+of your hand. Here and there, far apart, I can see farm-houses. On these
+plains the best wheat in the world is grown.
+
+10. In winter the whole land is covered deep with snow, and the rivers
+are frozen over. In April winter gives place to spring. Then the snow
+melts, and the ice on the rivers breaks up.
+
+11. No sooner has the snow gone than the wheat begins to spring up. The
+wheat grows very fast and ripens very quickly. Much of it is sent to
+Britain. Very likely the loaf which you ate for breakfast this morning
+was made of wheat which grew on the plains of Canada.
+
+[Illustration: Harvest-Time in Canada.
+
+(From the picture by Cyrus Cuneo, R.I. By kind permission of the
+C.P.R. Co.)]
+
+12. In other parts of Canada there are forests which cover thousands of
+miles of country. The trees in these forests are cut down, and are made
+into planks which are sent to all parts of the world.
+
+13. The trees are felled during winter. Their trunks are piled up by the
+side of a river. When the thaw comes they are thrown into the water. Men
+follow them and push them back into the water if they drift ashore.
+
+[Illustration: {Men rolling logs}]
+
+14. The stream carries the logs down to the sawmills, where they are cut
+up into planks. Love to all. FATHER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+25. CHILDREN OF CANADA.
+
+
+1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--I am staying for a few days with a friend who has
+a farm on the plains. His house is five miles from the railway.
+
+2. My friend met me at the station with a motor car, and drove me over
+rough roads between huge fields. There are no hedges in this part of the
+country. The fields are divided from each other by fences.
+
+3. This farm is much larger than any farm which you have seen in
+England. The house is built of wood. All round it is a pretty garden.
+Not far away are the stables and the barns.
+
+[Illustration: {Large farmhouse}]
+
+4. I am sure you would like to hear something about the farmer's
+children. There are three of them--a girl and two boys. The girl is the
+youngest, and she is about eight years of age.
+
+5. All the children make themselves very useful in the house. Servants
+are hard to get in Canada, so people must learn to help themselves. The
+boys clean the boots and chop wood. The girls think nothing of helping
+to scrub the floors.
+
+6. After breakfast the children trudge off to school, which is three
+miles away. They take their lunch with them. When they return in the
+evening they have many odd jobs to do.
+
+7. In the playground of their school you will see many young trees
+growing. There are very few trees on the plains, and far more are
+needed.
+
+[Illustration: {Canadian schoolhouse}]
+
+8. On one day in each year the children make holiday, and plant trees in
+the school grounds. The teacher tells them that when they grow up they
+must plant trees on their farms.
+
+9. Harvest is the busiest time of the year. Then the children rise at
+half-past four, and work all day long in the fields. Every one who can
+work at all must do so at harvest time.
+
+10. There is also plenty of work to be done in the autumn. Everything
+needed in the house must be brought in before the snow begins to fall.
+
+11. Winter is the real holiday time. No work can then be done on the
+land. The rivers and lakes are frozen, and everywhere there is plenty of
+skating. The wheels are taken off the carriages, and runners are put on
+instead. Horses draw them very swiftly over the frozen snow.
+
+12. Look at the picture post-card which I send you with this letter. It
+shows you how Canadian boys are dressed in winter. On the ground you see
+a pair of snow-shoes. The boys can travel very quickly on these
+snow-shoes without sinking into the snow.
+
+[Illustration: Boys of Canada in winter.]
+
+13. In the picture you also see a toboggan. It is a small sledge. The
+boy drags his toboggan up to the top of a hill. He seats himself on it
+and pushes off. Away he goes over the frozen snow like an arrow from a
+bow. It is splendid fun.
+
+14. Those boys and girls whose homes are in towns live very much as you
+do. They go to school, and they play in the streets and parks. When
+summer comes many of them go to the seaside or to the lakeside for a
+holiday.
+
+15. Sometimes a whole family goes camping in the woods. They then live
+in tents or in little huts by the side of a river or a lake. What happy
+times the children have! They go fishing, they bathe, and they dart to
+and fro in canoes.
+
+16. Most of the young folks of Canada are strong and healthy. They are
+happy and bright, and they are not afraid of work. No children are more
+useful to their parents than the boys and girls of Canada.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+26. THE RED MEN.
+
+
+1. Tom will not forgive me unless I tell you something about the Red men
+of America. He has often asked me about the picture of Red men which is
+in my room at home.[1]
+
+[1] See page 102. {Page 102 contains the illustration below}
+
+[Illustration: Red Men and White Men.
+
+(From the picture by Cyrus Cuneo, R.I. By kind permission of the
+C.P.R. Co.)]
+
+2. In the old days, before white men settled in America, the Red men
+were masters of the land. They were tall and strong, and their skin was
+of a dark copper colour. Their eyes were jet black, and their hair was
+long and straight.
+
+[Illustration: {Red men in wigwams}]
+
+3. They wore very little clothing, even though the winters in North
+America are very cold. From the time when they were babies they were
+trained to bear heat and cold, hunger, thirst, and pain without
+grumbling.
+
+4. When the white men landed in America, the villages of the Red men
+were to be found all over the country. Each of these villages was the
+home of a tribe. The houses were tents made of skin or huts made of
+wood.
+
+5. The women or squaws did all the hard work. They planted and tilled
+the fields, cooked the food, and made the clothes. The babies were put
+into little bark cradles, which were sometimes hung from the branches of
+trees, and were rocked to and fro by the wind.
+
+6. The Red men were nearly always at war, either amongst themselves or
+against the white men. In battle they were very crafty and skilful.
+Those who fell into their hands were sometimes treated very cruelly.
+
+7. Before the Red men went on the "warpath" they painted their faces, so
+as to frighten their foes. Then they took up their bows and hatchets,
+and, following their leader, strode silently away.
+
+8. The Red men did not care to fight in the open. They always tried to
+catch their foes asleep or to take them by surprise.
+
+9. In those days the land was full of deer and other wild animals. On
+the great plains where the wheat now grows huge herds of bison used to
+feed.
+
+10. The Red men hunted the bison on their swift little ponies. When they
+were close to the animals they shot at them with arrows. If the arrows
+missed their mark, the Red men killed the bison with their knives.
+
+[Illustration: {Red men on horseback hunting bison}]
+
+11. When the white men came they hunted the bison with guns, and soon
+killed them off. Only a few bisons remain, and these are now kept in
+parks.
+
+12. There are not many Red men left in North America. Most of them have
+died off. Many of those who now remain have given up their old way of
+living.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+27. THE ESKIMOS.
+
+
+1. Here is another picture for you. Look at it carefully. It shows you
+the people who live in the far north of Canada. They are called Eskimos.
+
+[Illustration: Amongst the Eskimos.]
+
+2. In the upper part of the picture you see a man on a sledge. He is
+dressed in furs, and has fur gloves on his hands. His head and ears are
+covered with a hood. In the far north of Canada the cold is so bitter in
+winter that men's hands and ears would be frost-bitten if they were not
+kept warm in this way.
+
+3. In winter the sea and the land are thickly frozen over. The whole
+country is covered with ice and snow. The Eskimo has to travel over the
+ice to get from place to place. He uses a sledge drawn by dogs. There is
+a team of dogs in the upper part of the picture.
+
+4. Sometimes the sledge is overturned, and the men and dogs are thrown
+into deep, wide cracks in the ice. Sometimes fierce storms arise, and
+men and dogs perish together. Sometimes food runs short, and they die of
+hunger.
+
+5. In the middle part of the picture you see a tent. The Eskimos can
+only live in tents during the short summers; during the long dark
+winters they live in huts. The walls are made of stones and sods. The
+roof is of wood which has drifted to their shores. You must remember
+that no trees will grow in these very cold lands.
+
+6. Some Eskimos make their winter houses of blocks of snow, with sheets
+of ice for the windows. Perhaps you shiver at the thought of living in a
+snow house, but you need not do so.
+
+[Illustration: {Snow house}]
+
+7. Really, a snow house is quite a snug home. The snow keeps in the heat
+of the house, just as a blanket keeps in the heat of your body. Perhaps
+you know that it is the blanket of snow spread over the ground in winter
+which keeps the roots of the plants from being frozen.
+
+8. When summer comes, the snow and ice melt along the edge of the sea.
+Then the Eskimo leaves his winter quarters for the seashore.
+
+9. The sea-shores of these very cold lands abound in bears, seals,
+foxes, and other wild animals. The sea is full of fish, and millions of
+gulls, geese, and other birds fly north for the summer.
+
+[Illustration: {Polar bear}]
+
+10. When a boy is ten years of age his father gives him a bow and arrows
+and a canoe. Then he thinks himself a man indeed. In the lower part of
+the picture you see a man in an Eskimo canoe. He is going to hunt seals
+and small whales.
+
+11. Now I must bring this long letter to a close. I shall write you one
+more before I start for home. I am eager to see you all again.--Your
+loving FATHER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+28. FATHER'S LAST LETTER.
+
+
+1. MY DEAR CHILDREN,--This is the last letter which I shall write to you
+from abroad. I hope to sail for home in a week's time. I shall send you
+a telegram to tell you when I shall arrive. You must all come to the
+station to meet me.
+
+2. Look at the globe and find North America. The northern half is called
+Canada, and the southern half is called the United States. I am now in
+New York, the largest city of the United States.
+
+3. The people of the United States speak English. The forefathers of
+many of them came from our islands. But the United States do not belong
+to Britain. Their flag is not the Union Jack, but the Stars and Stripes.
+
+4. This morning at breakfast a black man waited upon me. His skin was
+very dark, his lips were thick, and his hair was short and curly.
+
+5. Are you not surprised to hear that there are black men in America?
+There are thousands of them in New York. In the southern part of the
+United States there are more black men than white men.
+
+6. Most of the black men live in the hot part of the United States,
+where cotton and sugar are grown. White people cannot work in the cotton
+or sugar fields, because the sun is too hot for them.
+
+7. The black people who live in the United States were born in America.
+They have never known any other land. America, however, is not their
+real home. They really belong to Africa.
+
+8. How is it that we now find them in America? When the white men of
+America began to grow cotton and sugar, they needed black men to work in
+the fields. Men called "slavers" went to Africa in ships. They landed
+and pushed inland. When they came to villages they seized the people and
+drove them off to the ships.
+
+9. The poor blacks, who were thus dragged from their home and kindred,
+were thrust into the holds of ships and carried to America. Sometimes
+they suffered much on the voyage. The weakest of them died, and were
+thrown overboard.
+
+10. When they reached America they were sold to the cotton-growers and
+sugar-growers, who carried them off to work in the fields. Sometimes
+they were kindly treated; sometimes they were flogged to make them work.
+But whether kindly or cruelly treated, they were no longer men and
+women, but slaves.
+
+11. This went on for many years. At last some kind-hearted men in the
+northern states said, "It is wicked to own slaves. All the slaves in
+America shall be set free."
+
+12. The farmers of the south were very angry when they heard this, and
+said that they would not free their slaves. Then a fierce war broke out.
+The North beat the South, and when the war came to an end all the slaves
+in America were set free.
+
+13. The blacks still work in the cotton and sugar and tobacco fields;
+but they now work for wages, just as I do. They are free to come and go
+as they please.
+
+[Illustration: {Five black children}]
+
+14. The darkies are very merry and full of fun. When their work is over
+they love to sing and dance to the music of the banjo. Some of their
+songs are very pretty. I will sing some of them to you when I come home.
+Good-bye, dears. I shall soon be with you now.--Your loving FATHER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+29. HOME AGAIN.
+
+
+1. The telegram came soon after breakfast. Father was coming home that
+very day. We were so delighted that we sang and danced and clapped our
+hands, just like the darkies.
+
+2. Mother was very busy. "You must all come and help me," she said. "The
+house must be made beautiful for father's return."
+
+3. May and I worked with mother, but the day passed very slowly.
+Father's train was to arrive at six o'clock. By half-past five we were
+all at the station waiting for him.
+
+4. At last the train steamed in, and out jumped father. Oh, how we
+hugged and kissed him! Father was well, and he looked very brown.
+
+5. I sat next to him in the cab. He told us that his ship had only
+reached Liverpool that morning. He had taken the first train for home,
+because he wished to see us so much.
+
+[Illustration: {Father in cab with one of his daughters}]
+
+6. After tea he opened one of his boxes. "I have brought each of you a
+present," he said. "Sit down, and I will show you some pretty things."
+
+7. Mother's present was a dress from India. It had gold and beetles'
+wings on it. They were a lovely shiny green, just like jewels.
+
+8. My present was a necklace of beautiful blue stones. May's was a
+dolly, dressed just like an Indian lady. Tom's was a kite from Japan. It
+was shaped just like a dragon. Of course, we were all delighted with our
+gifts.
+
+9. Then father told us many things about his travels. "I have been right
+round the world," he said. "I sailed to the East, and I went on and on
+until I returned to the place from which I set out."
+
+[Illustration: {Father at home with his family}]
+
+"I know," cried Tom. "I have followed you all round the world on the
+globe."
+
+10. May was sitting on father's knee. "Dad," she said, "I suppose you
+are the very first man who has ever been right round the world." "Of
+course he is," said Tom.
+
+11. Father laughed. "No, my dear," he replied; "thousands of men had
+been round the world before I was born."
+
+12. "I'm so sorry," said May. "I did so want to tell the girls at school
+that my father was the very first man who ever went round the world."
+
+
+
+EXERCISES.
+
+(_To be worked under the direction of the teacher_)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lesson 1.
+
+1. The father travelled by train. In what other ways might he have
+travelled? Which is the fastest way? Which is the slowest?
+
+2. What power drives the train? What other work does this power do?
+
+3. Look carefully at the first picture in this book. Describe it.
+
+4. Learn: _A globe is a small model of the earth._ Of what shape is
+the earth? Of what shape are the sun, moon, and stars?
+
+
+Lesson 2.
+
+1. The name of the town on the seashore (par. 2) is Dover. Turn to the
+picture on page 11 {Illustration entitled "The White Cliffs of Dover"}
+and describe the cliffs of Dover as seen from the sea.
+
+2. The distance between Dover and Calais is only twenty-one miles.
+Learn: _A narrow passage of water joining two seas is called a strait._
+The word _strait_ means "narrow." This strait is called the Strait of
+Dover.
+
+3. Model the Strait of Dover in clay or plasticine. Suppose the water
+between England and France were to dry up, what would the strait be
+then? Write out and learn: _A valley is a hollow between hills or
+mountains._
+
+
+Lesson 3.
+
+1. The river which runs through Paris is called the Seine. The river
+which runs through London is called the Thames. Learn: _A river is a
+large stream of fresh water flowing across the land to join another
+river, a lake, or the sea._
+
+2. Look carefully at the picture on page 14 {Illustration entitled "In
+the Gardens"} and describe it.
+
+3. Compare French boys with English boys. Compare French girls with
+English girls.
+
+
+Lesson 4.
+
+1. Look carefully at the picture on page 18 {Illustration entitled "The
+Grape Harvest"} and describe it.
+
+[Illustration: {Silkworm on mulberry leaf}]
+
+2. Copy this little drawing of the silkworm and the mulberry leaf.
+
+3. Why do flowers bloom earlier in the south of France than in England?
+
+4. Describe the picture on page 20 {Illustration entitled "Games on
+Board Father's Ship"}.
+
+
+Lesson 5.
+
+1. The Nile carries much mud in its waters. If there is a stream near
+your school, go to it and get a bottleful of water. Let this water stand
+for a time and notice the mud which settles down. Where does this mud
+come from?
+
+[Illustration: {Palm tree}]
+
+2. Copy this little drawing of a palm tree. The Arabs say that the palm
+tree loves to have its foot in the water and its head in the fire. What
+do you think this saying means?
+
+3. Look at the picture on page 23 {Illustration entitled "The Nile in
+Flood"}. What animals do you see in the picture? Tell me something about
+each of them.
+
+
+Lesson 6.
+
+[Illustration: {Two pyramids}]
+
+1. Copy this little drawing of two of the oldest buildings in Egypt.
+Such buildings are called _pyramids_. Write out this word six times. You
+will see pyramids in the picture on page 23 {Illustration entitled "The
+Nile in Flood"}. Of what shape is the ground on which a pyramid stands?
+Make a _ground plan_ of a pyramid.
+
+2. How do we know what the men of Egypt were like in olden times?
+
+3. The picture on page 25 {Illustration entitled "The Chief City of
+Egypt"} shows you a street in Cairo, the chief town of Egypt. Describe
+the picture.
+
+
+Lesson 7.
+
+1. Write out and learn: _A long deep ditch filled with water is called
+a canal._ Model a canal in clay or plasticine. What is the difference
+between a canal and a strait?
+
+[Illustration: {Lighthouse}]
+
+2. Copy this little drawing of a lighthouse. Write out and learn: _A
+lighthouse is a tower near the sea. It shows a bright light at night to
+warn sailors of rocks or shallow places._
+
+3. Why does a big ship "go slow" through the Suez Canal?
+
+
+Lesson 8.
+
+1. Write out and learn: _A desert is a rainless tract of country on
+which little or nothing will grow._ How can a desert be turned into a
+garden?
+
+[Illustration: {Arab tent}]
+
+2. Copy this little drawing of an Arab tent. Why do the Arabs who wander
+from place to place live in tents?
+
+3. Write out and learn: _A green spot in a desert is called an
+oasis._ Several of these green spots are called _oases_.
+
+
+Lesson 9.
+
+1. The palm is said to have as many uses as there are days in the year.
+Name some of these uses.
+
+2. Why is the camel called the "ship of the desert"?
+
+3. Go to a sand heap. Stand on it; you sink in. Put a piece of board on
+the sand and stand on it; the board does not sink in much. Now turn to
+the picture on page 105 {Illustration entitled "Boys of Canada in
+Winter"}. You will see a pair of snow-shoes on the snow. A boy's foot
+will sink into the snow. When he stands on the snow-shoes he does not
+sink in. Find out why. Notice the camel's foot, and tell me why it does
+not sink into the sand.
+
+
+Lesson 10.
+
+1. In what ways do the people of Bombay differ from the people of your
+town or village?
+
+2. Why are the people of hot lands dark in colour?
+
+3. Look at the picture on page 47 {Illustration entitled "The Village
+Well"}. Describe it.
+
+
+Lesson 11.
+
+1. What is the difference between our shops and the shops of Bombay?
+
+2. How do Indian boys play at marbles?
+
+[Illustration: {The Union Jack}]
+
+3. Copy this drawing of the Union Jack. Colour it with chalks.
+
+
+Lesson 12.
+
+1. With a pair of scissors cut out a square of paper. Fold it into two;
+then into four; then into eight, and lastly into sixteen. Open out the
+paper. If the whole square stands for the size of India, one of the
+small squares will stand for the size of our land.
+
+[Illustration: {Punkah}]
+
+2. Copy this drawing of a punkah. What is the use of a punkah?
+
+3. Suppose you forget to water your plants, what happens? Suppose you
+water them too much, what happens?
+
+
+Lesson 13.
+
+1. Write out and learn: _A mountain is land which rises high above the
+level of the country round about it. A row of mountains joined together
+by high ground is called a mountain range or chain._
+
+2. Write out the following:--"Some mountains may be called water savings
+banks. The rain freezes as it falls and becomes snow. On very high
+mountains this snow never melts. It gets deeper and deeper, and the
+lower part turns into ice. This ice creeps slowly down the mountain side
+until it comes into air that is warm enough to melt it. The water which
+flows away from the ice forms a river. Many large rivers begin in
+melting ice-fields."
+
+3. Describe the picture on page 55 {Illustration of a town on the Ganges}.
+
+
+Lesson 14.
+
+[Illustration: {Palanquin}]
+
+1. Make a copy of this little drawing. It shows you a palanquin--that
+is, a box carried on poles. Rich ladies are carried from place to place
+in India in palanquins of this kind.
+
+2. Compare the life of a rich Indian girl with that of our girls.
+
+3. "They sang 'God Save the King' for me." Who is their king? Have the
+people of India ever seen him?
+
+
+Lesson 15.
+
+1. Describe the picture on page 61 {Illustration entitled "An Indian
+Rajah"}.
+
+2. Describe an elephant. Of what use is he?
+
+3. Tell me what you know of tigers. How are tigers hunted?
+
+
+Lesson 16.
+
+1. In what way does a Burmese girl differ from an Indian girl?
+
+2. Copy the drawing of a Burmese girl on page 66 {Illustration of
+Burmese woman with an umbrella}.
+
+3. Write out the following: "The Burmese alphabet is very hard to learn.
+Dull boys often take a year to learn it. In the monks' schools the lazy
+boys are sometimes punished by being made to carry the hard-working boys
+on their backs up and down the schoolroom."
+
+
+Lesson 17.
+
+1. What is the difference between Burmese football and British football?
+
+2. Describe the picture on page 68 {Illustration of boys playing Burmese
+football}.
+
+3. Write out the following: "Rice is a grass on which many seeds grow.
+These seeds are eaten. Rice will only grow in wet ground. The fields are
+flooded with water, and then the rice-shoots are planted. The fields
+must be kept flooded until the rice is ripe. In India, men sometimes
+gather the rice in small boats."
+
+
+Lesson 18.
+
+[Illustration: {Rickshaw}]
+
+1. Copy this little drawing of a rickshaw.
+
+2. Write out the following: "Tea is the name given to the dried leaves
+and young shoots of the tea-plant. This plant is a large evergreen
+shrub. It grows on the hillsides of Ceylon, and in many other places in
+the East. When the leaves are picked, they are spread out in trays until
+they wither; then they are rolled. Wet cloths are next placed over the
+leaves, and they are put in a cool dark place, until they rot a little.
+The leaves are then dried over a fire, and after cooling are packed in
+air-tight chests. They are then sent to our country."
+
+3. Describe the picture on page 75 {Illustration entitled "Ceylon Girls
+Playing the Tom-Tom"}.
+
+
+Lesson 19.
+
+1. Old cities have walls round them. Why were these walls built? Why are
+they of no use now?
+
+[Illustration: {Chinese wheelbarrow}]
+
+2. Copy this drawing of a Chinese wheelbarrow.
+
+3. Why do the Chinese paint an eye on the bows of their boats?
+
+
+Lesson 20.
+
+1. Describe the picture on page 78 {Illustration entitled "A Chinese
+Street"}.
+
+2. Say what you know about a Chinese school.
+
+3. How can you tell a Chinaman when you see him?
+
+
+Lesson 21.
+
+1. Describe the picture on page 88 {Illustration entitled "A Rich
+Chinaman's House"}.
+
+2. In what ways do Chinese girls differ from British girls?
+
+3. Write out the following: "The Great Wall of China is the longest wall
+in the world. It was built about two thousand years ago, and was meant
+to shut out the wild tribes which were then trying to conquer China. The
+wall is more than twice as long as the island of Great Britain. It is
+built of stone and earth, and is so broad that four horses can be driven
+on it abreast. The wall is now in ruins."
+
+
+Lesson 22.
+
+1. Write out and learn: _An island is land with water all round it.
+People can only reach an island by sailing to it in a boat or by
+crossing a bridge._ A small island is called an _islet_.
+
+2. Model an island in clay or plasticine. Suppose the water round an
+island were to dry up, what would the island be then?
+
+[Illustration: {Snow-covered mountain}]
+
+3. Copy this little drawing. It shows you the sacred mountain of Japan.
+
+4. Write out and learn: _A volcano is a hole in the ground out of
+which steam, ashes, mud, and melted rock are thrown. An earthquake is a
+shaking or tearing apart of the ground._
+
+
+Lesson 23.
+
+1. Which should you prefer to be--a boy or a girl (1) in Japan, (2) in
+India?
+
+2. Describe the picture on page 90 {Illustration entitled "The Toy Seller"}.
+
+3. Try to make a drawing of a kite just after its string has been cut by
+the glass on the string of another kite.
+
+
+Lesson 24.
+
+1. Write out and learn: _A plain is a wide tract of low-lying and
+nearly level country. A high plain is called a plateau._
+
+[Illustration: {Salmon}]
+
+2. Copy this drawing of a salmon. What do you know about salmon?
+
+3. Which should you like to do best--till the fields, cut down trees, or
+catch salmon? Say why.
+
+
+Lesson 25.
+
+1. Describe the picture on page 105 {Illustration entitled "Boys of
+Canada in Winter"}. Why do the boys cover up their ears?
+
+2. What sports do these boys enjoy in winter?
+
+[Illustration: {Canoe}]
+
+3. Copy this drawing of a canoe.
+
+
+Lesson 26.
+
+[Illustration: {Wigwam}]
+
+1. Copy this little drawing of a wigwam--that is, a Red man's tent.
+
+2. Describe the picture on page 102 {Illustration entitled "Red Men and
+White Men"}.
+
+3. How did the Red men hunt the bison? What has become of the bison?
+
+
+Lesson 27.
+
+1. Look carefully at the picture on page 111 {Illustration entitled
+"Amongst the Eskimos"}. Compare it with the picture on page 35
+{Illustration entitled "Arabs of the Desert"}.
+
+2. Why are the Eskimos fishermen and hunters, and not farmers?
+
+3. How would you build a snow house? Would it be very cold to live in?
+If not, why not?
+
+
+Lesson 28.
+
+1. Describe the picture on page 102 {Illustration entitled "Red Men and
+White Men"}.
+
+2. Write out the following: "The cotton plant loves sun and water, and
+will only grow in the hot, moist parts of the world. It throws out
+flower stalks, at the end of which pods appear. Inside the pods is a
+soft, white down, which is called cotton. This is spun and woven into
+cloth."
+
+3. What is the difference between cotton and wool?
+
+
+Lesson 29.
+
+1. Look at a globe. Find a line running round the globe at the thickest
+part. This is called the _Equator_, because it divides the earth
+into two _equal_ parts. The hottest parts of the earth lie round
+about the Equator. The distance round the earth at the Equator is 25,000
+miles. A railway train, running 50 miles an hour, and never stopping,
+would require nearly three weeks for the journey. Find out whether
+father's voyage was longer or shorter than this.
+
+2. Measure with a band of paper the distance on the globe from the
+Equator on one side to the Equator on the other. Find half this distance
+and mark it on the globe. Then mark the same distance on the other side
+of the Equator. The points which you have marked are called the
+_Poles_. One is the _North Pole_; the other is the _South
+Pole_.
+
+3. Learn: _We divide the land of the earth into five great parts;
+each of these parts is called a continent. There are five
+continents_--_Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Australia. We divide
+the water of the earth into five great parts. Each of these parts is
+called an ocean. There are five oceans_--_Atlantic, Pacific,
+Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic. The Arctic Ocean is round the North Pole;
+the Antarctic Ocean is round the South Pole_.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Highroads of Geography, by Anonymous
+
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