initial commit of ebook 10332HEADmain

7 files changed, 6489 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/old/10332-8.txt b/old/10332-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f73440
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/10332-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1927 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Volume XII. F, No. 325, August 2, 1828.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: November 29, 2003 [EBook #10332]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Sjaani and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR
+
+OF
+
+LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+
+No. 325.] SATURDAY, AUGUST 2, 1828. [Price 2_d_.
+
+
+ALL-SOULS' CHURCH, LANGHAM-PLACE.
+
+
+Vol. XII. F
+
+ALL-SOULS' CHURCH,
+
+LANGHAM PLACE.
+
+ "Whoever walks through London streets,"
+  Said Momus to the son of Saturn,
+ "Each day new edifices meets,
+  Of queer proportion, queerer pattern:
+If thou, O cloud-compelling god,
+  Wilt aid me with thy special grace,
+I, too, will wield my motley hod,
+  And build a church in Langham-place."
+
+ "Agreed," the Thunderer cries; "go plant
+  Thine edifice, I care not how ill;
+Take notice, earth. I hereby grant
+  _Carte blanche_ of mortar, stone, and trowel.
+Go Hermes, Hercules, and Mars,
+  Fraught with these bills on Henry Hase,
+Drop with yon jester from the stars,
+  And build a church in Langham-place."
+
+         _London Lyrics-New Monthly Mag._
+
+Among all our specimens of contemporary church-building, none has
+excited more animadversion than _All-Souls'_, Langham-place, erected in
+1822-1825, from the designs of Mr. Nash. Its general effect is
+extraordinary and objectionable; but, unfortunately for what merit it
+really possesses, many of its assailants have so far disregarded the
+just principles of taste and criticism, as to go laboriously out of
+their way to be profanely witty on its defects. Song and satire,
+raillery and ridicule, pun and pasquinade, and even the coarseness of
+caricature, have thus been let off at this specimen of NASH-_ional_
+architecture; whilst their authors have wittingly kept out any redeeming
+graces which could be found in its architectural details.
+
+The principal features of the exterior were suggested by its situation,
+it being placed on an angular plot of ground, between Langham-place and
+Regent-street. To afford an advantageous view from either point, the
+tower, which is circular, is nearly detached from the body of the
+church, and is surrounded by columns of the modern Ionic order,
+supporting an entablature, crowned by a balustrade, which is continued
+along the sides of the church. Above the portico is a Corinthian
+peristyle, the base of which is also that of a fluted cone, which forms
+the spire, and is terminated in an acute point. The steeple is complete
+in itself, and adapted to its situation, having the same appearance
+which ever way it is viewed. This portion of the edifice has, however,
+been more stigmatized than any other, although it has been pronounced by
+persons of taste and accredited judgment to be the best steeple recently
+erected. To our eye, the church itself, _apart_ from the tower, (for
+such it almost is) is perhaps, one of the most miserable structures in
+the metropolis,--in its starved proportions more resembling a
+manufactory, or warehouse, than the impressive character of a church
+exterior; an effect to which the Londoner is not an entire stranger.
+Here, too, we are inclined to ascribe much of the ridicule, which the
+whole church has received, to its puny proportions and scantiness of
+decoration, which are far from being assisted by any stupendousness in
+their details, the first impression of which might probably have fixed
+the attention of the spectator. Indeed, the whole style of the tower and
+steeple appears peculiarly illadapted for so small a scale as has here
+been attempted.
+
+As we love "a jest's prosperity," we recommend such of our readers as
+are partial to innocent pasquinade, to turn to the "Lyric," in a recent
+volume of the _New Monthly Magazine_, commencing as above. It is too
+long for entire insertion here, but its raciness will doubtless gratify
+those who may be induced to refer to it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TREMENDOUS RAINS.
+
+_(For the Mirror.)_
+
+Like a low-hung cloud, _it rains so fast_,
+That all at once it falls.--DRYDEN.
+
+There are two English proverbs relative to rain; the first is, "_It
+rains by Planets._" "This the country people (says Ray) use when it
+rains in one place and not in another; meaning that the showers are
+governed by planets, which being erratic in their own motions, cause
+such uncertain wandering of clouds and falls of rain. Or it rains by
+planets--that is, the falls of showers are as uncertain, as the motions
+of the planets are imagined to be." The second--"_It never rains but it
+pours:_" which appears to be the case at present. In the year 553 it
+rained violently in Scotland for five months; in 918 there was a
+continual rain in that country for five months; a violent one in London
+1222; again 1233, so violent that the harvest did not begin till
+Michaelmas; 1338, from Midsummer to Christmas, so that there was not one
+day or night dry together; in Wales, which destroyed 10,000 sheep,
+September 19th 1752; in Languedoc, which destroyed the village of Bar le
+Due, April 26th, 1776; and in the Island of Cuba, on the 21st of June,
+1791, 3,000 persons and 11,700 cattle of various kinds perished by the
+torrents occasioned by the rains.
+
+P. T. W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CURIOUS SCRAPS.
+
+_(For the Mirror.)_
+
+The first dissection on record, is one in which Democritus of Obdera,
+was engaged, in order to ascertain the sources and course of the
+bile.--It was the custom among the Egyptians, to carry about at their
+feasts a skeleton, least their guests, in the midst of feasting and
+merriment, should forget the frail tenure of life and its enjoyments.
+
+The most ancient eclipse upon record, was observed by the Chaldeans 721
+years before the Christian era, and recorded by Ptolemy. The observation
+was made at Babylon the 19th of March.--In ancient days, for want of
+parchment to draw deeds upon, great estates were frequently conveyed
+from one family to another only by the ceremony of a turf and a stone,
+delivered before witnesses, and without any written agreement.--It is
+singular, that by the Doomsday Book, as quoted by Camden, there appears
+to have been in Lincoln, when that survey was taken, no less than 1070
+"inns for entertainment."--Henry I., about the year 1125, caused to be
+made a standard yard, from the length of his own arm, in order to
+prevent frauds in the measurement of cloth. This standard is supposed to
+have been deposited, with other measures, &c. in Winchester; he likewise
+(it is said) ordered halfpence and farthings to be made round, which
+before his time were square.--The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge
+were first called "studia," or "studies."--Edward the Confessor received
+yearly, from the manor of Barton, near Gloucester, 3,000 loaves of bread
+for the maintenance of his dogs--In the reign of Edward III., only three
+taverns might sell sweet wines in London; one in Cheape, one in
+Wallbrook, and the other in Lombard Street.--Lord Lyttleton, in his Life
+of Henry II., vol. i. p. 50, says, "Most of our ancient historians give
+him the character of a very religious prince, but his religion was,
+after the fashion of those times, belief without examination, and
+devotion without piety. It was a religion that at the same time allowed
+him to pillage kingdoms, that threw him on his knees before a relic or a
+cross, but suffered him unrestrained to trample upon the liberties and
+rights of mankind;" again, "his government was harsh and despotic,
+violating even the principles of that institution which he himself had
+established. Yet so far he performed the duty of a sovereign that he
+took care to maintain a good police in his realm; which, in the
+tumultuous state of his government, was a great and difficult work." How
+well he performed it, we may learn even from the testimony of a
+contemporary Saxon historian, who says, "during his reign a man might
+have travelled in perfect security all over the kingdom, with his bosom
+full of gold; nor durst any kill another in revenge of the greatest
+offences, nor offer violence to the chastity of a woman. But it was a
+poor compensation that the highways were safe, when the courts of
+justice were dens of thieves, and when almost every man in authority, or
+in office, used his power to oppress and pillage the people."--Towards
+the close of the life of Henry IV., he kept the regal diadem always in
+his sight by day, and at night it shared his pillow. Once the Prince of
+Wales, whom Henry always suspected more than he loved, seeing his father
+in a most violent paroxysm of disease, removed the crown from his bed.
+The king on his recovery missed it, sent for his son, and taxed him with
+his impatience and want of duty, but the prince defended his conduct
+with such rational modesty, that Henry, convinced of his innocence,
+embraced and blessed him. "Alas!" said Henry to his son, "you know too
+well how I gained this crown. How will you defend this ill-gotten
+possession?" "With my sword," said the prince, "as my father has done."
+
+Henry V. was, perhaps, the first English monarch who had ships of his
+own. Two of these, which sailed against Harfleur, were called "The
+King's Chamber," and "The King's Hall." They had purple sails, and were
+large and beautiful.
+
+Party rage ran so high in 1403, that an act of parliament was found
+necessary to declare, "Pulling out of eyes and cutting out of tongues to
+be felony."--Dr. Rush, of Philadelphia, in his "Inquiry into the effects
+of spirituous liquors on the human body, and their influence on the
+happiness of society;" says, "Among the inhabitants of cities, spirits
+produce debts, disgrace, and bankruptcy. Among farmers, they produce
+idleness with its usual consequence, such as houses without windows,
+barns without roofs, gardens without enclosures, fields without fences,
+hogs without yokes, sheep without wool, meagre cattle, feeble horses,
+and half clad, dirty children, without principles, morals, or manners."
+
+P. T. W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Shower of Sugar Plums_--Charles XI., attended by his court, had been
+hunting in the neighbourhood of Carcassone. After the stag had been
+taken, a gentleman of the neighbourhood invited the king to a splendid
+dinner which he had prepared for him. At the conclusion of the banquet
+the ceiling of the hall _suddenly opened_, a thick cloud, descended and
+burst over their heads like a thunder storm, pouring forth a shower of
+_sugar-plums_ instead of hail, which was succeeded by a gentle rain of
+rose-water.
+
+_The Coin Guinea_--In the reign of king Charles II., when Sir Robert
+Holmes, of the Isle of Wight, brought gold-dust from the coast of
+Guinea, a guinea first received its name from that country.
+
+_A Motto_.--A constant frequenter of city feasts, having grown
+enormously fat, it was proposed to write on his back, "_Widened at the
+expense of the corporation of London."_
+
+_Sedan-chairs and Hackney-coaches_.--Sir S. Duncombe, predecessor to
+Duncombe Lord Feversham, and gentleman pensioner to King James and
+Charles I., introduced sedan-chairs into this country, anno 1634, when
+he procured a patent that vested in him and his heirs the sole right of
+carrying persons up and down in them for a certain sum. Sir Saunders had
+been a great traveller, and saw these chairs at Sedan, where they were
+first invented. It is remarkable that Capt. Bailey introduced the use of
+hackney-coaches in this year; a tolerable ride might then be obtained,
+in either of these vehicles for four pence.
+
+_Heroism--Seward_, "the brave Earl of Northumberland," feeling in his
+sickness that he drew near his end, quitted his bed and put on his
+armour, saying, "That it became not a man to die like a beast," on which
+he died standing; an act as singular as it was heroic.
+
+_Epigram on Epigrams._
+What is an epigram? a dwarfish whole,
+Its body brevity, and wit its soul.
+
+W. H. H.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"THE MOUSE TOWER"
+
+A GERMAN LEGEND.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+The bishop of Mentz was a wealthy prince,
+  Wealthy and proud was he;
+He had all that was worth a wish on earth--
+  But he had not charitie!
+
+He would stretch put his _empty_ hands to _bless_,
+  Or lift them both to _pray_;
+But alack! to lighten man's distress,
+  They moved no other way.
+
+A famine came! but his heart was still
+  As hard as his pride was high;
+And the starving poor but throng'd his door
+  To curse him and to die.
+
+At length from the crowd rose a clamour so loud,
+  That a cruel plot laid he;
+He open'd one of his granaries wide,
+  And bade them enter free.
+
+In they rush'd--the maid and the sire.
+  And the child that could barely run--
+Then he clos'd the barn, and set it on fire.
+  And burnt them every one!
+
+And loud he laugh'd at each terrible shriek,
+  And cried to his archer-train,
+"The merry mice!--how shrill they squeak!--
+  They are fond of the bishop's grain!"
+
+But mark, what an awful judgment soon,
+  On the cruel bishop fell;
+With so many mice his palace swarm'd,
+  That in it he could not dwell.
+
+They gnaw'd the arras above and beneath,
+  They eat each savoury dish up;
+And shortly their sacrilegious teeth
+  Began to nibble the bishop!
+
+He flew to his castle of Ehrenfels,
+  By the side of the Rhine so fair;
+But they found the road to his new abode,
+  And came in legions there.
+
+He built him, in haste, a tower tall
+  In the tide, for his better assurance;
+But they swam the river, and scal'd the wall,
+  And worried him past endurance.
+
+One morning his skeleton there was seen,
+  By a load of flesh the lighter;
+They had picked his bones uncommonly clean,
+  And eaten his very mitre!
+
+Such was the end of the bishop of Mentz,
+  And oft at the midnight hour,
+He comes in the shape of a fog so dense,
+  And sits on his old "Mouse-Tower."
+
+C.K.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PRUSSIC ACID.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+The circumstance of Montgomery's recent suicide in Newgate, has led me
+to send you the following remarks upon the nature and properties of that
+most violent poison, Prussic acid, with which the unfortunate man
+terminated his existence.
+
+Were we to consider the constituent parts and properties of the most
+common things we are in the habit of daily using, and their poisonous
+and destructive natures, we should recoil at the deadly potion, and
+shrink from the loathsome draught we are about to take. That which we
+consider the most delicious and exhilarating portion of our common
+beverage, porter, contains carbonic acid gas, commonly known by the
+"spirit," and which the poor miners dread with the utmost horror, like
+the Arabian does the destructive blast of the simoon. Oxalic acid, so
+much the fear of those accustomed to the medicine--Epsom salts, is made
+from that useful article, _sugar_, by uniting with it a smaller portion,
+more than it has naturally, of oxygen gas. The air we breathe contains a
+most deadly poison, called by chemists azotic gas, which, by its being
+mixed with what is called vital air, (oxygen gas,) becomes necessary to
+our existence, as much as the one (vital air or oxygen gas) would be
+prejudicial without the other; and _Prussic acid_, the most violent of
+all poisons, is contained in the common bitter-almond. But these most
+destructive substances are always found combined with others, which
+render them often perfectly harmless, and can be separated only by the
+skill of the chemist.
+
+The Prussic acid (by some called hydrocyanic acid) is a liquid,
+extracted from vegetables, and contains one part of cyanogen and one
+part of hydrogen. It is extracted from the bitter-almond, (as has been
+stated,) peach-blossom, and the leaves of the laurocerasus. It may also
+be obtained from animal substances, although a vegetable acid. If lime
+be added to water, distilled from these substances, a Prussiate of lime
+is formed; when, if an acid solution of iron be added to this mixture,
+common Prussian blue (or Prussiate of iron) is precipitated. The acid
+may be obtained from Prussiate of potash, by making a strong solution of
+this salt, and then adding as much tartaric acid as will precipitate the
+potash, when the acid will be left in solution, which must be decanted
+and distilled.
+
+Its properties are a pungent odour, very much resembling that of
+bitter-almonds, with a hot but sweetish taste, and extremely volatile.
+It contains azote, with which no other vegetable acid is combined; it is
+largely used in the manufacture of Prussian blue. It is the most violent
+of all poisons, and destroys animals by being applied to the skin only.
+It is stated by an able chemist, that a single drop applied to the
+tongue of a mastiff dog caused death so instantaneously, that it
+appeared to have been destroyed by lightning. One drop to the human
+frame destroys life in two minutes.
+
+But when chemically combined with other substances, its power is in a
+great measure neutralized, and it becomes a valuable article, both to
+the chemist as a test, and to the physician as a medicine. The Prussiate
+of potash and iron will enable the chemist to discover nearly the whole
+of the metals when in solution, by the colours its combination produces.
+Dr. Zollekoffer says, that in intermittent fevers the Prussiate of iron
+is in its effects superior to Cinchona bark, and says it never disagrees
+with the stomach, or creates nausea even in the most irritable state,
+while bark is not unfrequently rejected; a patient will recover from the
+influence of intermitting and remitting fevers, in the generality of
+cases, in much less time than is usual in those cases in which bark is
+employed. S.S.T.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE ANECDOTE GALLERY.
+
+VOLTAIRE.
+
+(_Continued from page 64_.)
+
+A certain Hungarian traveller, a man of consequence in his country, but
+not particularly wise, had fruitlessly tried to be introduced, without
+finding any one at Geneva, willing to undertake the task, as they were
+all afraid Voltaire would be rude to him. A young man, who heard of
+this, engaged to procure the stranger an interview with Voltaire; and on
+the day appointed, contrived to have him conveyed out of town to a
+good-looking residence, where well-dressed servants received him at the
+door, and ushered him up stairs in due form. Here then at last he found
+himself, as he thought, _téte-à-tete_ with Voltaire. The _malade de
+Ferney_, personated by our young friend, was lying down on a sofa,
+wrapped up in a damask robe-de-chambre, a night-cap of black velvet,
+with gold lace, on his head, or rather on the top of an immense periwig,
+_a la Louis XIV_., in the midst of which his little, sallow and
+deeply-wrinkled visage seemed buried; a table was near him, covered with
+papers, and the curtains being drawn, made the room rather dark. The
+philosopher apologized in a hollow voice, interrupted by occasional fits
+of coughing; he was ill _bien malade_, could not get up, begged the
+stranger to be seated, asked questions about the countries he had
+visited, made him tell his adventures, those of gallantry particularly,
+and was himself most facetious, and most profanely witty. The Hungarian
+delighted, and far more at ease than he had imagined possible, casting a
+glance on the papers, ventured to inquire what new work? "Ah,
+nothing!"--_le faible Enfant de ma Vieillesse--a tragedy_. "May I ask
+the subject?" "The subject is wholly Genevan," replied Voltaire, "the
+name, _Empro-Giro_, and the dramatis personæ _Carin-Caro, Dupins-Simon_,
+and _Carcail Briffon, &c_." He then began to repeat, with great
+animation, a number of passages, to which his visitor listened in
+perfect raptures, but drew, meanwhile, a snuff-box from his pocket, and
+began to look attentively on him and on a picture on the lid; thus
+confronted with a portrait of Voltaire, and compared face to face, was a
+trial for which our mimic was not prepared, and his courage nearly
+forsook him, yet he kept up appearances, only coughing more, and ranting
+on the high-sounding lines of his _Empro-Giro_. The Hungarian, not
+undeceived by this close examination, replaced the snuff-box in his
+pocket, declaring it to be the best likeness he had ever seen. He rose
+at last, thanked his friend Voltaire, kissed his hand respectfully, and
+went away, distributing to the servants he met on the stairs liberal
+tokens of his satisfaction. These servants were the intimate friends and
+companions of the chief actor, and one of them, his brother, unwilling
+to carry the joke to the length of pocketing the money of their dupe,
+they contrived to give him a dinner at a tavern, where he was made to
+tell the story of his visit to Voltaire, and express his admiration of
+the great man. The latter heard of this, was much amused, and desired to
+see his double, told him he would make a bargain with him--half his fame
+for half the tiresome visitors it procured him.
+
+The poet lived like a prince, but kept his accounts like a citizen;
+knowing to a sous where his money went: a good deal of it was bestowed
+charitably, for he was munificent, and certainly much loved in his
+neighbourhood. One night, when _Tancrede_ was acting, and the court of
+the chateau was full of carriages and servants, there arrived, as ill
+luck would have it, a cask of the best chambertin that ever came from
+Burgundy; his own people could not attend to it, and the cask remained
+at his cellar door; the servants contrived to get at it, and while their
+masters and mistresses were shedding tears at the tragedy, they sipped
+the poet's wine. There was generally a supper after the play, where more
+than once two hundred people sat down, and Voltaire had something to say
+to every one of his guests. As the gates of the town are shut at night,
+many of them usually remained in the _château_, poorly accommodated with
+beds. One night as M. de B----, was groping in the dark, for a place
+where he might lie down to sleep, he accidently put his finger into the
+mouth of M. de Florian, who bit it.
+
+Voltaire kept company only with the aristocracy of Geneva; neither his
+liberality nor his wit secured him the good-will of the patriots placed
+out of the sphere of his influence; they only saw him a sham
+philosopher, without principles and solidity; a courtier, the slave of
+rank and fashion; the corrupter of their country, of which he made a
+jest. _Quand je secoue ma perruque,_ he used to say, _je poudre toute la
+republique!_
+
+Whatever might be Voltaire's antipathy to the visits of strangers at his
+_château_, he seems to have met with an equal specimen of that temper
+from an Englishman. When in London, he waited upon Congreve, the poet,
+and passed him some compliments as to the reputation and merit of his
+works. Congreve thanked him; but at the same, time told Voltaire _he did
+not choose to be considered as an author, but only as a private
+gentleman, and in that light expected to be visited._ Voltaire answered,
+_that if he had never been any thing but a private gentleman, in all
+probability he had never been troubled with that visit._ He also
+observes, in his own account of this affair, he was not a little
+disgusted with so unseasonable a piece of vanity.
+
+The memory of Voltaire and Rousseau is still cherished by the French
+people with great fondness; their busts or figures in bronze or plaster
+are frequently met with, and remind one of _Penates_, or household gods.
+
+PHILO.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+POPULAR SUPERSTITIONS.
+
+
+WITCHCRAFT.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+--Why should the envious world
+Throw all their scandalous malice upon me?
+'Cause I am poor, deform'd, and ignorant;
+And like a bow, buckled and bent together,
+By some more strong in mischiefs than myself:
+Must I for that be made a common sink
+For all the filth and rubbish of men's tongues,
+To fall and run into? some call me witch;
+And, being ignorant of myself, they go
+About to teach me how to be one; urging
+That my bad tongue (by their bad usage made so)
+Forespeaks their cattle, doth bewitch their corn,
+Themselves, their servants, and their babes at nurse;
+This they enforce upon me; and in part
+Make me to credit it. _Witch of Edmonton._
+
+The belief in witchcraft may be considered as forming a prominent and
+important feature in the history of the human mind. It is certainly one
+link of the degrading chain of superstitions which have long enslaved
+mankind, but which are now quivering to their fall. The desire for power
+to pry into hidden things, and more especially events to come, is
+inherent in the human race, and has always been considered as of no
+ordinary importance, and rendered the supposed possessors objects of
+reverence and fear. The belief in astrology, or the power to read in the
+stars the knowledge of futurity, from time immemorial has been
+considered as the most difficult of attainment, and important in its
+results. And by the aid of a little supernatural machinery, both
+magicians and astrologers exercised the most unlimited influence over
+the understandings of their adherents. An astrologer, only two or three
+centuries since, was a regular appendage to the establishments of
+princes and nobles. Sir Walter Scott has drawn an interesting portrait
+of one in _Kenilworth_; and the eagerness with which the Earl of
+Leicester listened to his doctrines and predictions, affords a good
+specimen of the manners of those times. The movements of the heavenly
+bodies, (imperfectly as they were then understood,) seemed to afford the
+most plausible vehicle for these "oracles of human destiny;" and even
+now, while we are tracing these lines, the red and glaring appearance of
+the planet Mars, shining so beautifully in the south-east, is considered
+by the many as a forerunner and sign of long wars and much bloodshed:
+
+These dreams and terrors magical,
+  These miracles and witches,
+Night walking sprites, et cetera,
+  Esteem them not two rushes.
+
+Mankind are universally prone to the belief in omens, and the casual
+occurrence of certain contingent circumstances soon creates the easiest
+of theories. Should a bird of good omen, in ancient times, perch on the
+standard, or hover about an army, the omen was of good import, and
+favourable to conquest. Should a raven or crow accidentally fly over the
+field of action, the spirits of the combatants would be proportionably
+depressed. Should a planet be shining in its brilliancy at the birth of
+any one whose fortunes rose to pre-eminence, it was always thought to
+exert an influence over his future destiny. Such was the origin of many
+of our later superstitions, which "grew with their growth, and
+strengthened with their strength," till the more extensive introduction
+of the art of printing partly dissipated the illusion. It has been
+remarked, therefore, that the existence of the parent stock of the
+subject more immediately under our consideration, witchcraft, may be
+traced to a very remote period indeed. It is, however, needless to enter
+into any remarks on those witches mentioned in the Scriptures. The
+earliest dabbler of the _genus_, as a contemporary writer observes, is
+said to be Zoroaster, thought to be the king of the Bactrians, who
+flourished about 3,800 years ago, or A.M. 2000. He is supposed to have
+been well versed in the arts of divination and astrology, and was the
+origin of the Persian magi. "At his birth," remarks an old writer, "he
+laughed; and his head did so beat, that it struck back the midwife's
+hand--a good sign of abundance of spirits, which are the best
+instruments of a ready wit." The _magi_ in Persia, the Brahmins in
+India, the Chaldae in Assyria, the magicians of Arabia, the priesthood
+of Egypt, Greece, and Rome, and the Druids of Britain, were all members
+of a class which comprised astrology, omens, divination, conjuration,
+portents, chiromancy, and sorcery; and all united in the pursuit of
+enslaving mankind for the purposes of gain and power, with artfully
+devised schemes, and a skilful series of impostures; and we can easily
+imagine the influence they must have exercised over the minds of their
+proselytes, when we bear in mind the effect produced by similar
+contrivances in later days. The enchantress Theoris of Athens seems to
+have been the first witch that had recourse to charms. Demosthenes uses
+the terms both of witchery and imposture in speaking of her. This witch
+was put to death by the Athenians--an accomplice having displayed to
+them the charms, &c., by which she wrought her miracles. Our Saviour's
+words, that _faith_ can remove mountains, are applicable particularly to
+the supposed powers of witchcraft; and the influence of charms and
+amulets in averting disease is well known. We have alluded, in our first
+paper, to the trial of Rose Cullender and Amy Duny, at Norwich, for
+witchcraft; and we now give the speech of Sir Thomas Browne, the
+celebrated physician of that period, (1664,) to whom, in consequence of
+defect in the proof, the case was referred, which was the cause of their
+conviction. Sir Thomas Browne offered it as his opinion, "that the
+devil, in such cases, did work upon the bodies of men and women, upon a
+natural foundation, (that is) to stir up and excite such humours
+superabounding in their bodies to a great excess, whereby he did, in an
+extraordinary manner, afflict them with such distempers as their bodies
+were most subject to, as particularly appeared in the children of
+Dorothy Dunent, (one of the indictments against the prisoners being for
+their bewitchment;) for he conceived that these swooning fits were
+natural, and nothing else but that they call the mother, but _only
+heightened to a great excess by the subtilty of the devil co-operating
+with the malice of these, which we term witches, at whose instance he
+doth the villanies_."
+
+The ceremony of initiation to the dreadful vocation and great powers of
+witchcraft was attended with considerable form and mystery:--
+
+----They call me hag and witch.
+What is the name? When, and by what art learned?
+With what spell, what charm or invocation,
+May the thing call'd _familiar_ be purchas'd?
+
+The older and more ugly the performer in these appalling ceremonies, the
+better. Some witches seem to have had the devil quite at their beck; but
+his visits to most of them appear to have been "few and far between."
+The convention (remarks John Gaule, an old writer) for such a solemn
+initiation being proclaimed (by some herald imp) to some others of the
+confederation, on some great holy or Lord's day, they meet in some
+church, either before the consecrated bell hath tolled, or else very
+late, after all the services are past and over. "The party, in some
+vesture for that purpose, is presented by some confederate or familiar
+to the prince of devills, sitting now in a throne of infernall majesty,
+appearing in the form of a man, only labouring to hide his cloven foot.
+To whom, after bowing and homage done, a petition is presented to be
+received into his association and protection; and first, if the witch be
+outwardly Christian, baptism must be renounced, and the party must be
+re-baptised in the devill's name, and a new name is also imposed by him,
+and here must be godfathers too ... But above all he is very busie with
+his long nails, in scraping and scratching those places of the forehead
+where the signe of the crosse was made, or where the chrisme was laid.
+Instead of both which, he impresses or inures the mark of the beast (the
+devill's flesh brand) upon one or other part of the body. Further, the
+witch (for her part) vows, either by word of mouth, or peradventure by
+writing, (and that in her owne bloode,) to give both body and soul to
+the devill, to deny and defy God the Father, the Son, and the Holy
+Ghost; but especially the blessed Virgin, convitiating her with one
+infamous nickname or other; to abhor the word and sacraments, but
+especially to spit at the saying of masse; to spurn at the crosse, and
+tread saints' images under feet; and as much as possibly they may, to
+profane all saints' reliques, holy water, consecrated salt, wax, &c.; to
+be sure to fast on Sundays, and eat flesh on Fridays; not to confess
+their sins, whatsoever they do, especially to a priest; to separate from
+the Catholic church, and despise his vicar's primacy; to attend the
+devill's nocturnal conventicles, sabbaths, and sacrifices; to take him
+for their god, worship, invoke, and obey him; to devote their children
+to him, and to labour all that they may to bring others into the same
+confederacy. Then the devill, for his part, promises to be always
+present with them, to serve them at their beck; that they shall have
+their wills upon any body; that they shall have what riches, honours,
+and pleasures they can imagine; and if any be so wary as to think of
+their future being, he tells them they shall be princes ruling in the
+aire, or shall be but turned into impes at worst. Then he preaches to
+them to be mindful of their covenant, and not to fail to revenge
+themselves upon their enemies, Then, he commends to them (for this
+purpose) an imp, or familiar in the shape of a cat, &c. After this they
+shake hands, embrace in arms, dance, feast, and banquet, according as
+the devill hath provided in imitation of the supper. Nay, ofttimes he
+marries them ere they part, either to himselfe, or to their familiar, or
+to one another, and that by the Book of Common Prayer, as a pretender to
+witch-finding told me, in the presence of many." After this they part,
+and a general meeting is held thrice a year, on some holy day; they are
+"conveyed to it as swift as the winds from the remotest parts of the
+earth, where they that have done the most execrable mischiefe, and can
+brag of it, make most merry with the devill;" while the "indiligent" are
+jeered and derided by the devil and the others. Non-attendance was
+severely punished by the culprits being beaten on the soles of the feet,
+whipped with iron rods, "pinched and sucked by their familiars till
+their heart's blood come--till they repent them of their sloth, &c."
+
+Many regulations were, however, to be observed after the above
+initiatory ceremony, which we have given at length in consequence of its
+singularity. There existed a community or commonwealth, of "fallen
+angels" or spirits, with the various titles of kings, dukes, &c.,
+prelates and knights, of which the head was _Baal_, "who, when he was
+conjured up, appeared with three heads, one like a man, one like a toad,
+and one like a cat." The title of king conferred no extra power; indeed,
+_Agares_, "the first duke, came in the likeness of a faire old man,
+riding upon a crocodile, and carrying a hawk on his fist"--_Marbas_, who
+appeared in the form of a "mightie lion"--_Amon_, "a great and mightie
+marques, who came abroad in the likeness of a wolf, having a serpent's
+taile, and breathing out and spitting flames of fire," and was one of
+the "best and kindest of devills," with sixty-five more of these
+master-spirits, enumerated in _Scot_, "appeared to be entirely and
+exclusively appropriated to the service of witches," were alike
+possessed of nearly similar power, and had many hundreds of legions of
+devils (each legion 6,666 in number) at their command.
+
+There were stated times for each rank of devils to be called on, for
+they aught not to be invoked "rashly or at all seasons;" and the
+following extracts from Reginald Scot are fully explanatory of the
+formalities to be observed on these occasions:--
+
+"_The houres wherein the principal devills may be raised.--_A king may
+be raised from the third houre till noone, and from the ninth hour till
+evening. Dukes may be raised from the first hour till noon, and clear
+weather is to be observed. Marquesses may be raised from the ninth hour
+till compline, and from compline till the end of day. Countes, or
+earles, may be raised at any hour of the day, so it be in the woodes or
+fieldes, where men resort not. Prelates likewise may be raised at any
+houre of the day. A president may not be raised at any hour of the day,
+except the king, whom he obeyeth, be invocated; nor at the shutting in
+of the evening. Knights from day-dawning till sun-rising, or from
+even-song till sun-set.
+
+"_The forme of adjuring and citing the spirits aforesaid to
+appeare_.--When you will have any spirit, you must knowe his name and
+office; you must also fast and be cleane from all pollution three or
+foure days before; so will the spirit be more obedient unto you. Then
+make a circle, and call up the spirit with great intention, rehearse in
+your owne name, and your companion's, (for one must alwaies be with
+you,) this prayer following; and so no spirit shall annoy you, and your
+purpose shall take effect. And note how thw prayer agreeth with popish
+charmes and conjurations."
+
+The prayer alluded to (see _Scot's Discovery_, b. 15, c. 2) is of the
+most diabolical and blasphemous nature. A contemporary writer observes,
+that there is not the least doubt but that the witches of the olden time
+observed all the formalities of these ridiculous and disgusting
+ceremonies to the very letter. In later times, however, though the
+formalities were quite simple, yet the hag of the sixteenth century
+exercised her vocation with all its ancient potency.
+
+The broomstick has been the theme of many a story connected with this
+subject:--
+
+  As men in sleep, though motionless they lie,
+  Fledged by a dream, believe they mount and fly;
+  So witches some enchanted wand bestride
+  And think they through the airy regions ride.
+
+But the reason of its possessing such extensive powers of locomotion, or
+rather aërostation, is not generally understood. The witches either
+steal or dig dead children out of their graves, which are then seethed
+in a cauldron, and the ointment and liquid so produced, enables them,
+"observing certain ceremonies, to immediately become a master, or rather
+a mistresse, in the practise or faculty" of flying in the air:--
+
+  High in, air, amid the rising storm
+  ----wrapt in midnight
+  Her doubtful form appears and fades!
+  Her spirits are abroad! they do her bidding!
+  Hark to that shriek!
+
+In addition to the above, they possessed another very useful faculty,
+for the transfer of the patent of which, I doubt not scores of
+adventurers would have given a tolerable consideration. It is briefly
+that of "sailing in an egg-shell, a cockle, or a muscle-shell, through
+and under the tempestuous seas."
+
+From the length to which this article has extended, I must reserve an
+account of witch-finders, charms, dreams, and confessions, &c. for the
+next and concluding paper. VYVYAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Spirit of Discovery.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Paper from Straw_.
+
+
+At a recent meeting of the Royal Institution, there were exhibited some
+specimens of paper manufactured from straw, by a new process.
+
+
+_Hardening Steel_.
+
+
+From the observation of travellers, that the manufacture of Damascus
+blades was carried on only during the time when the north winds
+occurred, M. Anozoff made experiments on the hardening of steel
+instruments, by putting them, when heated, into a powerful current of
+air, instead of quenching them in water. From the experiments already
+made, he expects ultimate success. He finds that, for very sharp-edged
+instruments, this method is much better than the ordinary one; that the
+colder the air and the more rapid its stream, the greater is the effect.
+The effect varies with the thickness of the mass to be hardened. The
+method succeeds well with case-hardened goods.-- _From the French_.
+
+
+_Detection of Blood_.
+
+
+A controversy has recently taken place in Paris, relative to the
+efficacy of certain chemical means of ascertaining whether dried spots
+or stains of matter suspected to be blood, are or were blood, or not. M.
+Orfila gives various chemical characters of blood under such
+circumstances, which he thinks sufficient to enable an accurate
+discrimination. This opinion is opposed by M. Raspail, who states, that
+all the indications supposed to belong to true blood, may be obtained
+from, linen rags, dipped, not into blood, but into a mixture of white of
+egg and infusion of madder, and that, therefore, the indications are
+injurious rather than useful.
+
+
+_Cedars of Lebanon_.
+
+
+Mr. Wolff, the missionary, counted on Mount Lebanus, thirteen large and
+ancient cedars, besides the numerous small ones, in the whole 387
+trees. The largest of these trees was about 15 feet high, not one-third
+of the height of hundreds of English cedars; for instance, those at
+Whitton, Pain's Hill, Caenwood, and Juniper Hall, near Dorking.
+
+_Leeches_.
+
+In the _Medical Repository_, a case is quoted, where some leeches, which
+had been employed first on a syphylitic patient and afterwards on an
+infant, communicated the disease to the latter.
+
+_Stinging Flies_.
+
+There is a fly which exteriorly much resembles the house-fly, and which
+is often very troublesome about this time; this is called the stinging
+fly, one of the greatest plagues to cattle, as well as to persons
+wearing thin stockings.
+
+_Mont Blanc_.
+
+The height of Mont Blanc and of the Lake of Geneva has lately been
+carefully ascertained by M. Roger, an officer of engineers in the
+service of the Swiss Confederation. The summit of the mountain appears
+to be 4,435 metres, or 14,542 English feet above the Lake of Geneva, and
+the surface of the Lake 367 metres, or 1,233 English feet above the sea.
+The mountain is, therefore, 15,775 feet above the level of the sea.
+
+_Bird Catching_.
+
+The golden-crested wren may be taken by striking the bough upon which it
+is sitting, sharply, with a stone or stick. The timid bird immediately
+drops to the ground, and generally dead. As their skins are tender,
+those who want them for stuffing will find this preferable to using the
+gun.--_Mag. Nat. Hist._
+
+_Shower of Herrings in Ross-shire_.
+
+In April last, as Major Forbes, of Fodderty, in Strathpfeffer, was
+traversing a field on his farm, he found a considerable portion of the
+ground covered with herring fry, of from three to four inches in length.
+The fish were fresh and entire, and had no appearance of being dropped
+by birds--a medium by which they must have been bruised and mutilated.
+The only rational conjecture that can be formed of the circumstance is,
+that the fish were transported thither in a water-spout--a phenomenon
+that has before occurred in the same county. The Firth of Dengwall lies
+at a distance of three miles from the place in question; but no
+obstruction occurs between the field and the sea, the whole is a level
+strath or plain, and water spouts have been known to travel even farther
+than this.--_Inverness Courier._
+
+_Spanish Asses_.
+
+The Duke of Buckingham has, at his seat at Avington, a team of Spanish
+asses, resembling the zebra in appearance, which are extremely
+tractable, and take more freely to the collar than any of our native
+species.
+
+_Drawing Instrument_.
+
+An ingenious invention of this description was recently exhibited at the
+Royal Institution. A pencil and a small bead are so connected together
+by means of a thread passing over pullies, that if a person, looking
+through an eye-piece, will hold the pencil upon a sheet of paper, and
+then, watching the bead, will move his hand, so that the bead shall
+trace the lines of any object that is selected or looked at, he will
+find that, whilst he has been doing this, he has also made a drawing of
+the subject upon the paper; for the pencil and the bead describe exactly
+the same lines, though upon different planes. Thus, a drawing is made,
+without even looking at the paper, but solely at the object.
+
+_White Cats_.
+
+In a recent number we quoted from _Loudon's Gardener's Magazine_, that
+"white cats with blue eyes are always deaf," of which extraordinary fact
+there is the following confirmation in the _Magazine of Natural
+History_, No. 2, likewise conducted by Mr. Loudon:--"Some years ago a
+white cat of the Persian kind (probably not a thorough-bred one)
+procured from Lord Dudley's at Hindley, was kept in my family as a
+favourite. The animal was a female, quite white, and perfectly deaf. She
+produced, at various times, many litters of kittens, of which,
+generally, some were quite white, others more or less mottled, tabby,
+&c. But the extraordinary circumstance is, that of the offspring
+produced at one and the same birth, such as, like the mother, were
+entirely white, were, like her, invariably deaf; while those that had
+the least speck of colour on their fur, as invariably possessed the
+usual faculty of hearing--" _W. T. Bree, Allersley Rectory, near
+Coventry_.
+
+_Ultramarine_.
+
+A French journal announces a discovery of the method of making
+Ultramarine, by which means the public are supplied with the article at
+one guinea per ounce, the colour having hitherto been sold from two
+guineas to two pounds ten shillings per ounce.
+
+_Indication of Storms_.
+
+Professor Scott, of Sandhurst College, observed in Shetland, that
+drinking-glasses placed in an inverted position upon a shelf in a
+cupboard, on the ground floor of Belmont House, occasionally emitted
+sounds as if they were tapped with a knife, or raised up a little, and
+then let fall on the shelf. These sounds preceded wind, and when they
+occurred, boats and vessels were immediately secured. The strength of
+the sound is said to be proportional to the tempest that
+follows.--_Brewster's Jour._
+
+_To preserve Wine in draught._
+
+M. Imery, of Toulouse, gives the following simple means of preserving
+wine in draught for a considerable time; it is sufficient to pour into
+the cask a flask of fine olive oil. The wine may thus continue in
+draught for more than a year. The oil spread in a thin layer upon the
+surface of the wine, hinders the evaporation of its alcoholic part, and
+prevents it from combining with the atmospheric air, which would not
+only turn the wine sour, but change its constituent parts.
+
+_Union of the Atlantic and Pacific._
+
+A letter from Amsterdam states, that the project of cutting a canal, to
+unite the Gulf of Mexico with the Pacific Ocean, is about to be revived.
+
+_Vesuvius._
+
+An eruption took place on the morning of last March 22nd. An eye-witness
+writes "the cone of the mountain puts you in mind of an immense piece of
+artillery, firing red-hot stones, and ashes, and smoke into the
+atmosphere; or, of a huge animal in pain, groaning;, crying, and
+vomiting; or, like an immense whale in the arctic circle, blowing after
+it has been struck with several harpoons."
+
+_Bees in Mourning._
+
+A correspondent in _Loudon's Magazine of Natural History_, states that
+in the neighbourhood of Coventry, there is a superstitious belief, that
+in the event of the death of any of the family, it is necessary to
+inform the bees of the circumstance, otherwise they will desert the
+hive, and seek out other quarters.
+
+_Rare Insects._
+
+There exists in Livonia, a very rare insect, which is not met with in
+more northern countries, and whose existence was for a long time
+considered doubtful, called the _Furia Infernalis._ It is so small that
+it is very difficult to distinguish it by the naked eye; and its sting
+produces a swelling, which, unless a proper remedy be applied, proves
+mortal.
+
+During the hay harvest, other insects named _Meggar,_ occasion great
+injury both to men and beasts. They are of the size of a grain of sand.
+At sunset they appear in great numbers, descend in a perpendicular line,
+pierce the strongest linen, and cause an itching, and pustules, which if
+scratched, become dangerous. Cattle, which breathe these insects, are
+attacked with swellings in the throat, which destroy them, unless
+promptly relieved.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MEN AND MONKEYS.
+
+Monkeys are certainly, there is no denying it, very like men; and, what
+is worse, men are still more like monkeys. Many worthy people, who have
+a high respect for what they choose to call the Dignity of Human Nature,
+are much distressed by this similitude, approaching in many cases to
+absolute identity; and some of them have written books of considerable
+erudition and ingenuity, to prove that a man is not a monkey; nay, not
+so much as even an ape; but truth compels us to confess, that their
+speculations have been far from carrying conviction to our minds. All
+such inquirers, from Aristotle to Smellie, principally insist on two
+great leading distinctions--speech and reason. But it is obvious to the
+meanest capacity, that monkeys have both speech and reason. They have a
+language of their own, which, though not so capacious as the Greek, is
+much more so than the Hottentottish; and as for reason, no man of a
+truly philosophical genius ever saw a monkey crack a nut, without
+perceiving that the creature possesses that endowment, or faculty, in no
+small perfection. Their speech, indeed, is said not to be articulate;
+but it is audibly more so than the Gaelic. The words unquestionably do
+run into each other, in a way that, to our ears, renders it rather
+unintelligible; but it is contrary to all the rules of sound
+philosophizing, to confuse the obtuseness of our own senses with the
+want of any faculty in others; and they have just as good a right to
+maintain, and to complain of, our inarticulate mode of speaking, as we
+have of theirs--indeed much more--for monkeys speak the same, or nearly
+the same, language all over the habitable globe, whereas men, ever since
+the Tower of Babel, have kept chattering, muttering, humming, and
+hawing, in divers ways and sundry manners, so that one nation is unable
+to comprehend what another would be at, and the earth groans in vain
+with vocabularies and dictionaries. That monkeys and men are one and the
+same animal, we shall not take upon ourselves absolutely to assert, for
+the truth is, we, for one or two, know nothing whatever about the
+matter; all we mean to say is, that nobody has yet proved that they are
+not, and farther, that whatever may be the case with men, monkeys have
+reason and speech.
+
+The monkey has not had justice done him, we repeat and insist upon it;
+for what right have you to judge of a whole people, from a few isolated
+individuals,--and from a few isolated individuals, too, running up poles
+with a chain round their waist, twenty times the length of their own
+tail, or grinning in ones or twos through the bars of a cage in a
+menagerie? His eyes are red with perpetual weeping--and his smile is
+sardonic in captivity. His fur is mouldy and mangy, and he is manifestly
+ashamed of his tail, prehensile no more--and of his paws, "very hands,
+as you may say," miserable matches to his miserable feet. To know him as
+he is, you must go to Senegal; or if that be too far off for a trip
+during the summer vacation, to the Rock of Gebir, now called Gibraltar,
+and see him at his gambols among the cliffs. Sailor nor slater would
+have a chance with him there, standing on his head on a ledge of six
+inches, five hundred feet above the level of the sea, without ever so
+much as once tumbling down; or hanging at the same height from a bush by
+the tail, to dry, or air, or sun himself, as if he were flower or fruit.
+There he is, a monkey indeed; but you catch him young, clap a pair of
+breeches on him, and an old red jacket, and oblige him to dance a
+saraband on the stones of a street, or perch upon the shoulder of Bruin,
+equally out of his natural element, which is a cave among the woods.
+Here he is but the ape of a monkey. Now if we were to catch you young,
+good subscriber or contributor, yourself, and put you into a cage to
+crack nuts and pull ugly faces, although you might, from continued
+practice, do both to perfection, at a shilling a-head for grown-up
+ladies and gentlemen, and sixpence for children and servants, and even
+at a lower rate after the collection had been some weeks in town, would
+you not think it exceedingly hard to be judged of in that one of your
+predicaments, not only individually, but nationally--that is, not only
+as Ben Hoppus, your own name, but as John Bull, the name of the people
+of which you are an incarcerated specimen? You would keep incessantly
+crying out against this with angry vociferation, as a most unwarrantable
+and unjust Test and Corporation Act. And, no doubt, were an
+Ourang-outang to see you in such a situation, he would not only form a
+most mean opinion of you as an individual, but go away with a most false
+impression of the whole human race. _Blackwood's Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SONNET WRITTEN IN THE SPRING.
+
+How heavenly o'er my frame steals the life-breath
+Of beautiful Spring! who with her amorous gales
+Kissing the violets, each stray sweet exhales
+Of May-thorn, and the wild flower on the heath.
+I love thee, virgin daughter of the year!
+Yet, ah! not cups,--dyed like the dawn, impart
+Their elves' dew-nectar to a fainting heart!--
+Ye birds! whose liquid warblings far and near
+Make music to the green turf-board of swains;
+To me, your light lays tell of April joy,--
+Of pleasures--idle, as a long-loved toy;
+And while my heart in unison complains,
+Tears like of balm-tree flow in trickling wave,
+And white forms strew with flowers a maid's untimely grave!
+_New Monthly Mag._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE KING OF ARRAGON'S LAMENT FOR HIS BROTHER.[1]
+
+"If I could see him, it were well with me!"
+_Coleridge's Wallenstein._
+
+There were lights and sounds of revelling in the vanquished city's halls,
+As by night the feast of victory was held within its walls;
+And the conquerors filled the wine-cup high, after years of bright blood shed:
+But their Lord, the King of Arragon, 'midst the triumph, wailed the dead.
+
+He looked down from the fortress won, on the tents and towers below,
+The moon-lit sea, the torch-lit streets--and a gloom came o'er his brow:
+The voice of thousands floated up, with the horn and cymbals' tone;
+But his heart, 'midst that proud music, felt more utterly alone.
+And he cried, "Thou art mine, fair city! thou city of the sea!
+But, oh! what portion of delight is mine at last in thee?
+--I am lonely 'midst thy palaces, while the glad waves past them roll,
+And the soft breath of thine orange-bowers is mournful to my soul.
+
+"My brother! oh! my brother! thou art gone, the true and brave,
+And the haughty joy of victory hath died upon thy grave:
+There are many round my throne to stand, and to march where I lead on;
+There was _one_ to love me in the world--my brother! thou art gone!
+
+"In the desert, in the battle, in the ocean-tempest's wrath,
+We stood together, side by side; one hope was our's--one path:
+Thou hast wrapt me in thy soldier's cloak, thou hast fenced me with thy breast;
+Thou hast watched beside my couch of pain--oh! bravest heart, and best!
+
+"I see the festive lights around--o'er a dull sad world they shine;
+I hear the voice of victory--my Pedro where is _thine?_
+The only voice in whose kind tone my spirit found reply--
+Oh! brother! I have bought too dear this hollow pageantry!
+
+"I have hosts, and gallant fleets, to spread my glory and my sway,
+And chiefs to lead them fearlessly--my _friend_ hath passed away!
+For the kindly look, the word of cheer, my heart may thirst in vain,
+And the face that was as light to mine--it cannot come again!
+
+"I have made thy blood, thy faithful blood, the offering for a crown;
+With love, which earth bestows not twice, I have purchased cold renown:
+How often will my weary heart 'midst the sounds of triumph die,
+When I think of thee, my brother! thou flower of chivalry!
+
+"I am lonely--I am lonely! this rest is ev'n as death!
+Let me hear again the ringing spears, and the battle-trumpet's breath;
+Let me see the fiery charger's foam, and the royal banner wave--
+But where art thou, my brother?--where?--in thy low and early grave!"
+
+And louder swelled the songs of joy through that victorious night,
+And faster flowed the red wine forth, by the stars and torches light;
+But low and deep, amidst the mirth, was heard the conqueror's moan--
+"My brother! oh! my brother! best and bravest! thou art gone!"
+
+_Mrs. Hemans.--Monthly Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A SUMMER TOUR.
+
+If called upon to propose any summer's journey for a young English
+traveller, (and it is a call often made with reference to continental
+tours,) we might reasonably suggest the coasts of Great Britain, as
+affording every kind of various interest, which can by possibility be
+desired. Such a scheme would include the ports and vast commercial
+establishments of Liverpool, Bristol, Greenock, Leith, Newcastle, and
+Hull; the great naval stations of Plymouth, Portsmouth, Chatham, and
+Milford; the magnificent estuaries of the Clyde and Forth, and of the
+Bristol Channel, not surpassed by any in Europe; the wild and romantic
+coasts of the Hebrides and Western Highlands; the bold shore of North
+Wales; the Menai, Conway, and Sunderland bridges; the gigantic works of
+the Caledonian Canal and Plymouth Breakwater; and numerous other
+objects, which it is beyond our purpose and power to enumerate. It
+cannot be surely too much to advise, that Englishmen, who have only
+slightly and partially seen these things, should subtract something from
+the length or frequency of their continental journeys, and give the time
+so gained to a survey of their own country's wonders of nature and art.
+
+To the agriculturist, and to the lover of rural scenery, England offers
+much that is remarkable. The rich alluvial plains of continents may
+throw out a more profuse exuberance and succession of crops; but we
+doubt whether agriculture, as an art, has anywhere (except in Flanders
+and Tuscany alone) reached the same perfection as in the less fertile
+soils of the Lothians, Northumberland, and Norfolk. Still more peculiar
+is the rural scenery of England, in the various and beautiful landscape
+it affords--in the undulating surface--the greenness of the
+enclosures--the hamlets and country churches--and the farm houses and
+cottages dispersed over the face of the country, instead of being
+congregated into villages, as in France and Italy. We might select
+Devonshire, Somersetshire, Herefordshire, and others of the midland
+counties, as pre-eminent in this character of beauty, which, however, is
+too familiar to our daily observation to make it needful to expatiate
+upon it.
+
+Nor will our limits allow us to dwell upon that bolder form of natural
+scenery which we possess in the Highlands of Scotland, in Wales,
+Cumberland, and Derbyshire, and which entitles us to speak of this
+island as rich in landscape of the higher class. In the scale of
+objects, it is true that no comparison can exist between the mountain
+scenery of Britain, and that of many parts of the continent of Europe.
+But it must be remembered, that magnitude is not essential to beauty;
+and that even sublimity is not always to be measured by yards and feet.
+A mountain may be loftier, or a lake longer and wider, without any gain
+to that picturesque effect, which mainly depends on form, combination,
+and colouring. Still we do not mean to claim in these points any sort of
+equality with the Alps, Apennines, or Pyrenees; or to do more than
+assert that, with the exception of these, the more magnificent memorials
+of nature's workings on the globe, our own country possesses as large a
+proportion of fine scenery as any part of the continent of Europe.--_Q.
+Rev._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Notes of a Reader
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HERODOTUS.
+
+Perhaps few persons are aware how often they imitate this great
+historian. Thus, says the _Edinburgh Review_, "Children and servants are
+remarkably _Herodotean_ in their style of narration. They tell every
+thing dramatically. Their _says hes_ and _says shes_ are proverbial.
+Every person who has had to settle their disputes knows that, even when
+they have no intention to deceive, their reports of conversation always
+require to be carefully sifted. If an educated man were giving an
+account of the late change of administration, he would say, 'Lord
+Goderich resigned; and the king, in consequence, sent for the Duke of
+Wellington.' A porter tells the story as if he had been behind the
+curtains of the royal bed at Windsor: 'So Lord Goderich says, 'I cannot
+manage this business; I must go out.' So the king, says he, 'Well, then,
+I must send for the Duke of Wellington--that's all.' This is in the very
+manner of the father of history."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPLENDOUR OF THE CHURCH OF ROME.
+
+"In the days of her power and importance, the church of Rome numbered
+amongst her vassals and servants the most renowned spirits of the earth.
+She called them from obscurity to fame, and to all who laboured to
+spread and sustain her influence, she became a benefactress. Her wealth
+was immense, for she drew her revenue from the fear or superstition of
+man, and her spirit was as magnificent as her power. The cathedrals
+which she every where reared are yet the wonders of Europe for their
+beauty and extent; and in her golden days, the priests who held rule
+within them were, in wealth and strength, little less than princes. For
+a time her treasure was wisely and munificently expended; and the works
+she wrought, and the good deeds she performed, are her honour and our
+shame. She spread a table to the hungry; she gave lodgings to the
+houseless; welcomed the wanderer; and rich and poor, and learned and
+illiterate, alike received shelter and hospitality. Under her roof the
+scholar completed his education; the historian sought and found the
+materials for his history; the minstrel chanted lays of mingled piety
+and love for his loaf and raiment; the sculptor carved in wood, or cast
+in silver, some popular saint; and the painter gave the immortality of
+his colours to some new legend or miracle."--All who have visited the
+cathedrals and churches of the continent, or who have studied their
+history at home, must acknowledge the truth and force of these excellent
+observations. They are copied from an ably-written article on the
+History of Italian Painting, in the second number of the _Foreign
+Review_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Frederick the Great, in a letter to Voltaire, says, "I look on men as a
+herd of deer in a great man's park, whose only business is to people the
+enclosures."--This is one of the _great men_ of history.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+POTATOES.
+
+A few years after the discovery, potatoes were carried to Spain at first
+as sweetmeats and delicacies. Oviedo says that "they were a dainty dish
+to set before the king," Labat describes potatoes a hundred years ago,
+as cultivated in Western Africa, and says of them, "_Il y en a en
+Irlande, et en Angleterre_," and that he had seen very good ones at
+Rochelle.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PAINTING
+
+Represents nature, or poetic nature at the most, and, therefore,
+addresses itself as much as poetry does to the feeling and imagination
+of man. Though it deals in nature exalted by genius, embellished by art
+and purified by taste, still it is nature, still it makes its appeal to
+the men of this world, and by them it is applauded or condemned. It
+works for men, and not for gods; therefore every man, as far as his
+taste is natural and sound, is a judge of its productions.--_For. Rev._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LAVER.
+
+Such of our readers as are not addicted to epicurism may have been
+somewhat puzzled at the display of "_Fine Fresh Laver_" in the Italian
+warehouses and provision shops of the metropolis. The truth is, laver is
+a kind of reddish sea-weed, forming a jelly when boiled, which is eaten
+by some of the poor people in Angus with bread instead of butter; but
+which the rich have elevated into one of the greatest dainties of their
+tables. In Scotland, laver is called _slake_; and Dr. Clarke mentions
+that it is used with the fulmar to make a kind of broth, which
+constitutes the first and principal meal of the inhabitants. It is
+curious to know that what is eaten at a duchess's table in Piccadilly as
+a first-rate luxury, is used by the poor people of Scotland twice or
+thrice a day. It is an expensive dish; but knowledge of this fact may
+perhaps abate its cost.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GARDENS.
+
+Ferdinand I. of Naples prided himself upon the variety and excellence of
+the fruit produced in his royal gardens, one of which was called
+Paradise. Duke Hercules, of Ferrara, had a garden celebrated for its
+fruits in one of the islands of the Po. The Duke of Milan, Ludovico,
+carried this kind of luxury so far, that he had a travelling
+fruit-garden; and the trees were brought to his table, or into his
+chamber, that he might with his own hands gather the living fruit.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SNUFF.
+
+Even among the rudest and poorest of the inhabitants of Scotland, and at
+a period when their daily meal must have been always scanty, and
+frequently precarious, one luxury seems to have established itself,
+which has unaccountably found its way into every part of the world. We
+mean tobacco. The inhabitants of Scotland, and especially of the
+Highlands, are notorious for their fondness for snuff; and many were the
+contrivances by which they formerly reduced the tobacco into powder. Dr.
+Jamieson, the etymologist, defines a _mill_ to be the vulgar name for a
+snuff-box, one especially of a cylindrical form, or resembling an
+inverted cone. "No other name," says he, "was formerly in use. The
+reason assigned for this designation is, that when tobacco was
+introduced into this country, those who wished to have snuff were wont
+to toast the leaves before the fire, and then bruise them with a bit of
+wood in the box; which was therefore called a _mill_, from the snuff
+being _ground_ in it." This, however, is said to be not quite correct;
+the old snuff-machine being like a nutmeg-grater, which made snuff as
+often as a pinch was required.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Estimating the population of London and its environs at 1,200,000, its
+proportion of paupers would amount to 100,000!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SCOTCH LIVING.
+
+Roast meat was formerly seldom seen among farmers in Scotland; and is
+even now rare, compared with its use among the same class in England.
+Less than half a century ago, a _mart_ was regularly bought or fattened
+by the most respectable farmers, and even by many citizens. This was a
+cow or ox killed and salted at Martinmas for winter provision; a custom
+which, though not uncommon in England, perhaps, one hundred years ago,
+has certainly not been followed, except in remote and sequestered
+districts, or by very old-fashioned farmers within that period.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Falstaff's "Buck-Basket" has puzzled the commentators; but Dr. Jamieson
+thus explains it:--_Bouk_ is the Scotch word for a lye used to steep
+foul linen in, before it is washed in water; the buckbasket, therefore,
+is the basket employed to carry clothes, after they have been bouked, to
+the washing-place.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PLEASURES OF EGYPT.
+
+Sweet are the songs of Egypt on paper. Who is not ravished with gums,
+balms, dates, figs, pomegranates, circassia, and sycamores, without
+recollecting that amidst these are dust, hot and fainting winds, bugs,
+mosquitos, spiders, flies, leprosy, fevers, and almost universal
+blindness.--_Ledyard's Travels._--The same writer also says the people
+are poorly clad, the youths naked, and that they rank infinitely below
+any savages he ever saw.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There cannot be a more ill-boding sign to a nation, than when the
+people, to avoid hardships at home, are forced by heaps to forsake their
+native country.--_Milton._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TOBACCO.
+
+As the devil is a deceiver, and hath the knowledge of the virtue of
+herbs, so he did show the virtue of this herb, that by the means thereof
+they might see their imaginations and visions that he hath represented
+unto them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WHISKY.
+
+From official documents it appears that long previous to 1690, there had
+been a distillery of _aqua vitae_, or whisky, on the lands of Farintosh,
+belonging to Mr. Forbes, of Culloden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TRAVELLING INCENTIVES.
+
+If there be a sudden accession of fortune, the earliest use of it is in
+passing over to the continent; if misfortunes occur, the first
+suggestion is that of seeking solace in another land. The assumption of
+the _toga virilis_ by our youth, may be practically translated, the
+putting on of the travelling cloak. Marriage, instead of being the means
+of more extended family union, is the plea for immediate separation; and
+the newly-married pair drive from the church to the packet-boat. If the
+elders of a family are snatched away by death, the first idea which
+occurs to their successors, is that of distant removal from home.
+Sorrows are not endured, but fled from; and misfortune becomes the
+signal for dispersion to those who survive it.--_Q. Rev._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Christoval Acosta, speaking of the _pine-apple_, says that "no medicinal
+virtues have been discovered in it, and it is good for nothing but to
+eat."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SMOKING.
+
+Joshuah Silvester questioned whether the devil had done more harm in
+latter ages by means of fire and smoke, through the invention of guns,
+or of tobacco-pipes; and he conjectured that Satan introduced the
+fashion, as a preparatory course of smoking for those who were to be
+matriculated in his own college:
+
+As roguing Gipsies tan their little elves,
+To make them tann'd and ugly, like themselves.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LAW
+
+Must be kept as a garden, with frequent digging, weeding, turning, &c.,
+for that which was in one age convenient, and, perhaps, necessary,
+becomes in another prejudicial.--_Roger North._
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+"A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles."
+SHAKSPEARE
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE WIFE'S COMPLAINT.
+
+Havard, the actor, (better known from the urbanity of his manners, by
+the familiar name of Billy Havard) had the misfortune to be married to a
+most notorious shrew and drunkard. One day dining at Garrick's, he was
+complaining of a violent pain in his side. Mrs. Garrick offered to
+prescribe for him. "No, no," said her husband; "that will not do, my
+dear; Billy has mistaken his disorder; his great _complaint lies in his
+rib_."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HOW TO SECURE A COACH.
+
+A facetious friend of Dr. Kitchiner's, on a very wet night, after
+several messengers, whom he had despatched for a coach, had returned
+without obtaining one; at last, at "past one o'clock, and a rainy
+morning," the wag walked himself to the next coach-stand, and politely
+advised the waterman to mend his inside lining with a pint of beer, and
+go home to bed; for said he, "there will be nothing for you to do to
+night, I'll lay you a shilling that there's not a coach out." "Why, will
+you, your honour? then done," cried Mr. Waterman; "but are you really
+serious, 'cause, if so be as you be, I must make haste and go and get
+one." Being assured he would certainly touch the twelvepenny if he did,
+he trotted off on his "nag a ten toes," and in ten minutes returned with
+a leathern conveyance.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Epicure Quin used to say, it was "not safe to sit down to a _Turtle
+Feast_ at one of the City Halls, without a _basket-hilted knife and
+fork_."--Another of his quips was, "Of all the banns of marriage I ever
+heard, none gave me half such pleasure as the union of ANN-CHOVY with
+good JOHN-DORY."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ONION SOUP
+
+Is thought highly restorative by the French. It is considered peculiarly
+grateful, and gently stimulating to the stomach, after hard drinking or
+night-watching, and holds among soups the place that champagne,
+soda-water, or ginger-beer, does among liquors.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lobsters and crabs are in season from March till October; so that they
+supply the place of oysters, which come in about the time lobsters go
+out of season. Lobsters are held in great esteem by gastrologers for the
+firmness, purity, and flavour of their flesh. When they find refuge in
+the rocky fastnesses of the deep from the rapacity of sharks and
+fishermen, they sometimes attain an immense size, and have been found
+from eighteen inches to upwards of two feet in length. Apicius, who
+ought to be the patron saint of epicures, made a voyage to the coast of
+Africa on hearing that lobsters of an unusually large size were to be
+found there, and, after encountering much distress at sea, met with a
+disappointment. Very large lobsters are at present found on the coasts
+of Orkney. Some naturalists affirm (Olaus Magnus and Gesner,) that in
+the Indian seas, and on the wild shores of Norway, lobsters have been
+found twelve feet in length, and six in breadth, which seize mariners in
+their terrible embrace, and, dragging them into their caverns, devour
+them. However this may be, the lobsters and crabs for being devoured are
+best when of the middle size, and when found on reefs or very rocky
+shores.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE INVISIBLE HAIR.
+
+A monk was showing the relics of his convent before a numerous assembly;
+the most rare, in his opinion, was a hair of the Holy Virgin, which he
+appeared to show to the people present, opening his hands as if he were
+drawing it through them. A peasant approached with great curiosity, and
+exclaimed, "but, reverend father, I see nothing." "Egad, I believe it"
+replied the monk, "for I have shown the hair for twenty years, and have
+not yet beheld it myself."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CURIOSITY CURED.
+
+A servant travelling, was bothered by a super-curious person, who, after
+several indirect attempts to discover whence he came, or whither he was
+going, at last popt the question plainly, "Are your family
+_before_?"--"No."--"Oh! you left them _behind_, I suppose?"--"No"
+"No?"--"No, they are on _one side_!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO GROW A SHOULDER OR LEG OF MUTTON.
+
+This art is well known to the London bakers. Have a very small leg or
+shoulder; change it upon a customer for one a little larger, and that
+upon another for one better still, till by the dinner hour you have a
+heavy, excellent joint in lieu of your original small one.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, London; sold by
+ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic, and by all Newsmen and
+Booksellers._ FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: The grief of Ferdinand, King of Arragon, for the loss of
+his brother, Don Pedro, who was killed during the siege of Naples, is
+affectingly described by the historian Mariana. It is also the subject
+of one of the old Spanish ballads, in Lockhart's beautiful collection.]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, ***
+
+***** This file should be named 10332-8.txt or 10332-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/3/3/10332/
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Sjaani and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS," WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's
+eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII,
+compressed (zipped), HTML and others.
+
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over
+the old filename and etext number.  The replaced older file is renamed.
+VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving
+new filenames and etext numbers.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000,
+are filed in directories based on their release date.  If you want to
+download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular
+search system you may utilize the following addresses and just
+download by the etext year.
+
+     http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext06
+
+    (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99,
+     98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90)
+
+EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are
+filed in a different way.  The year of a release date is no longer part
+of the directory path.  The path is based on the etext number (which is
+identical to the filename).  The path to the file is made up of single
+digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename.  For
+example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234
+
+or filename 24689 would be found at:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689
+
+An alternative method of locating eBooks:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL
+
+
diff --git a/old/10332-8.zip b/old/10332-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d001eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/10332-8.zip
diff --git a/old/10332-h.zip b/old/10332-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8d61cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/10332-h.zip
diff --git a/old/10332-h/10332-h.htm b/old/10332-h/10332-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e8f3c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/10332-h/10332-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,2635 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+<title>The Mirror. No. 325</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
+<style type="text/css">
+body {	font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
+		background-color: #ffffff;}
+a:link {color:#000000}
+a:visited {color:#000000}
+a:hover {color:#000000}
+
+</style>
+</head>
+<!-- Converted to HTML for the Gutenberg Project by Sjaani -->
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Volume XII. F, No. 325, August 2, 1828.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: November 29, 2003 [EBook #10332]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Sjaani and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<table width="80%" align="center">
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+      <h1 align="center">THE MIRROR</h1>
+      <h3 align="center">OF</h3>
+      <h2 align="center">LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h2>
+      <h3 align="center">No. 325.] SATURDAY, AUGUST 2, 1828. [Price 2<i>d</i>.</h3>
+      <h3 align="center">ALL-SOULS' CHURCH, LANGHAM-PLACE.</h3>
+      <h3 align="center">Vol. XII. F</h3>
+      <div align="center"><img src="imgone.jpg" alt="All-Souls Church, Langham Place" width="300" height="470" />
+      </div>
+      <h3 align="center">ALL-SOULS' CHURCH, LANGHAM PLACE.</h3>
+
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.25em;">&quot;Whoever walks through London streets,&quot;</span><br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">Said Momus to the son of Saturn,</span><br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.25em;">&quot;Each day new edifices meets,</span><br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">Of queer proportion, queerer pattern:</span><br />
+If thou, O cloud-compelling god,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">Wilt aid me with thy special grace,</span><br />
+I, too, will wield my motley hod,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">And build a church in Langham-place.&quot;</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.25em;">&quot;Agreed,&quot; the Thunderer cries; &quot;go plant</span><br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">Thine edifice, I care not how ill;</span><br />
+Take notice, earth. I hereby grant<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;"><i>Carte blanche</i> of mortar, stone, and trowel.</span><br />
+Go Hermes, Hercules, and Mars,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">Fraught with these bills on Henry Hase,</span><br />
+Drop with yon jester from the stars,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">And build a church in Langham-place.&quot;</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 2.25em;"><i>London Lyrics-New Monthly Mag.</i></span><br />
+
+<p>Among all our specimens of contemporary
+church-building, none has excited
+more animadversion than <i>All-Souls'</i>,
+Langham-place, erected in 1822-1825,
+from the designs of Mr. Nash. Its general
+effect is extraordinary and objectionable;
+but, unfortunately for what
+merit it really possesses, many of its assailants
+have so far disregarded the just
+principles of taste and criticism, as to go
+laboriously out of their way to be profanely
+witty on its defects. Song and
+satire, raillery and ridicule, pun and pasquinade,
+and even the coarseness of caricature,
+have thus been let off at this
+specimen of NASH-<i>ional</i> architecture;
+whilst their authors have wittingly kept
+out any redeeming graces which could be
+found in its architectural details.</p>
+
+<p>The principal features of the exterior
+were suggested by its situation, it being
+placed on an angular plot of ground, between
+Langham-place and Regent-street.
+To afford an advantageous view from either
+point, the tower, which is circular, is
+nearly detached from the body of the
+church, and is surrounded by columns of
+the modern Ionic order, supporting an
+entablature, crowned by a balustrade,
+which is continued along the sides of the
+church. Above the portico is a Corinthian
+peristyle, the base of which is also
+that of a fluted cone, which forms the
+spire, and is terminated in an acute point.
+The steeple is complete in itself, and
+adapted to its situation, having the same
+appearance which ever way it is viewed.
+This portion of the edifice has, however,
+been more stigmatized than any other, although
+it has been pronounced by persons
+of taste and accredited judgment to be the
+best steeple recently erected. To our eye,
+the church itself, <i>apart</i> from the tower,
+(for such it almost is) is perhaps, one of
+the most miserable structures in the metropolis,&mdash;in
+its starved proportions more
+resembling a manufactory, or warehouse,
+than the impressive character of a church
+exterior; an effect to which the Londoner
+is not an entire stranger. Here, too, we
+are inclined to ascribe much of the ridicule,
+which the whole church has received,
+to its puny proportions and scantiness of
+decoration, which are far from being assisted
+by any stupendousness in their details,
+the first impression of which might
+probably have fixed the attention of the
+spectator. Indeed, the whole style of the
+tower and steeple appears peculiarly illadapted
+for so small a scale as has here
+been attempted.</p>
+
+<p>As we love &quot;a jest's prosperity,&quot; we
+recommend such of our readers as are
+partial to innocent pasquinade, to turn to
+the &quot;Lyric,&quot; in a recent volume of the
+<i>New Monthly Magazine</i>, commencing as
+above. It is too long for entire insertion
+here, but its raciness will doubtless gratify
+those who may be induced to refer to it.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>TREMENDOUS RAINS.</strong></p>
+
+<p><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></p>
+
+Like a low-hung cloud, <i>it rains so fast</i>,<br />
+That all at once it falls.&mdash;DRYDEN.<br />
+
+<p>There are two English proverbs relative
+to rain; the first is, &quot;<i>It rains by
+Planets.</i>&quot; &quot;This the country people
+(says Ray) use when it rains in one place
+and not in another; meaning that the
+showers are governed by planets, which
+being erratic in their own motions, cause
+such uncertain wandering of clouds and
+falls of rain. Or it rains by planets&mdash;that
+is, the falls of showers are as uncertain,
+as the motions of the planets are imagined
+to be.&quot; The second&mdash;&quot;<i>It never rains
+but it pours:</i>&quot; which appears to be the
+case at present. In the year 553 it rained
+violently in Scotland for five months; in
+918 there was a continual rain in that
+country for five months; a violent one in
+London 1222; again 1233, so violent that
+the harvest did not begin till Michaelmas;
+1338, from Midsummer to Christmas,
+so that there was not one day or
+night dry together; in Wales, which destroyed
+10,000 sheep, September 19th
+1752; in Languedoc, which destroyed
+the village of Bar le Due, April 26th,
+1776; and in the Island of Cuba, on the
+21st of June, 1791, 3,000 persons and
+11,700 cattle of various kinds perished
+by the torrents occasioned by the rains.</p>
+
+<p>P. T. W.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>CURIOUS SCRAPS.</strong></p>
+
+<p><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></p>
+
+<p>The first dissection on record, is one in
+which Democritus of Obdera, was engaged,
+in order to ascertain the sources
+and course of the bile.&mdash;It was the custom
+among the Egyptians, to carry about
+at their feasts a skeleton, least their guests,
+in the midst of feasting and merriment,
+should forget the frail tenure of life and
+its enjoyments.</p>
+
+<p>The most ancient eclipse upon record,
+was observed by the Chaldeans 721 years
+before the Christian era, and recorded by
+Ptolemy. The observation was made at
+Babylon the 19th of March.&mdash;In ancient
+days, for want of parchment to draw
+deeds upon, great estates were frequently
+conveyed from one family to another only
+by the ceremony of a turf and a stone,
+delivered before witnesses, and without
+any written agreement.&mdash;It is singular,
+that by the Doomsday Book, as quoted
+by Camden, there appears to have been
+in Lincoln, when that survey was taken,
+no less than 1070 &quot;inns for entertainment.&quot;&mdash;Henry
+I., about the year 1125,
+caused to be made a standard yard,
+from the length of his own arm, in order
+to prevent frauds in the measurement of
+cloth. This standard is supposed to have
+been deposited, with other measures, &amp;c.
+in Winchester; he likewise (it is said)
+ordered halfpence and farthings to be
+made round, which before his time were
+square.&mdash;The Universities of Oxford and
+Cambridge were first called &quot;studia,&quot; or
+&quot;studies.&quot;&mdash;Edward the Confessor
+received yearly, from the manor of Barton,
+near Gloucester, 3,000 loaves of bread for
+the maintenance of his dogs&mdash;In the
+reign of Edward III., only three taverns
+might sell sweet wines in London;
+one in Cheape, one in Wallbrook,
+and the other in Lombard Street.&mdash;Lord
+Lyttleton, in his Life of Henry II., vol.
+i. p. 50, says, &quot;Most of our ancient
+historians give him the character of a very
+religious prince, but his religion was,
+after the fashion of those times, belief
+without examination, and devotion without
+piety. It was a religion that at the
+same time allowed him to pillage kingdoms,
+that threw him on his knees before
+a relic or a cross, but suffered him unrestrained
+to trample upon the liberties and
+rights of mankind;&quot; again, &quot;his government
+was harsh and despotic, violating
+even the principles of that institution
+which he himself had established. Yet
+so far he performed the duty of a sovereign
+that he took care to maintain a good
+police in his realm; which, in the tumultuous
+state of his government, was a
+great and difficult work.&quot; How well he
+performed it, we may learn even from
+the testimony of a contemporary Saxon
+historian, who says, &quot;during his reign a
+man might have travelled in perfect security
+all over the kingdom, with his bosom
+full of gold; nor durst any kill
+another in revenge of the greatest offences,
+nor offer violence to the chastity of
+a woman. But it was a poor compensation
+that the highways were safe, when
+the courts of justice were dens of thieves,
+and when almost every man in authority, or
+in office, used his power to oppress and pillage
+the people.&quot;&mdash;Towards the close of
+the life of Henry IV., he kept the regal
+diadem always in his sight by day, and
+at night it shared his pillow. Once the
+Prince of Wales, whom Henry always
+suspected more than he loved, seeing his
+father in a most violent paroxysm of disease,
+removed the crown from his bed.
+The king on his recovery missed it, sent
+for his son, and taxed him with his
+impatience and want of duty, but the prince
+defended his conduct with such rational
+modesty, that Henry, convinced of his
+innocence, embraced and blessed him.
+&quot;Alas!&quot; said Henry to his son, &quot;you
+know too well how I gained this crown.
+How will you defend this ill-gotten
+possession?&quot; &quot;With my sword,&quot; said the
+prince, &quot;as my father has done.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Henry V. was, perhaps, the first English
+monarch who had ships of his own.
+Two of these, which sailed against Harfleur,
+were called &quot;The King's Chamber,&quot;
+and &quot;The King's Hall.&quot; They
+had purple sails, and were large and
+beautiful.</p>
+
+<p>Party rage ran so high in 1403, that
+an act of parliament was found necessary
+to declare, &quot;Pulling out of eyes and cutting
+out of tongues to be felony.&quot;&mdash;Dr.
+Rush, of Philadelphia, in his &quot;Inquiry
+into the effects of spirituous liquors on
+the human body, and their influence on
+the happiness of society;&quot; says, &quot;Among
+the inhabitants of cities, spirits produce
+debts, disgrace, and bankruptcy. Among
+farmers, they produce idleness with its
+usual consequence, such as houses without
+windows, barns without roofs, gardens
+without enclosures, fields without fences,
+hogs without yokes, sheep without wool,
+meagre cattle, feeble horses, and half clad,
+dirty children, without principles, morals,
+or manners.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>P. T. W.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><i>Shower of Sugar Plums</i>&mdash;Charles XI.,
+attended by his court, had been hunting
+in the neighbourhood of Carcassone.
+After the stag had been taken, a gentleman
+of the neighbourhood invited the
+king to a splendid dinner which he had
+prepared for him. At the conclusion of
+the banquet the ceiling of the hall <i>suddenly
+opened</i>, a thick cloud, descended
+and burst over their heads like a thunder
+storm, pouring forth a shower of <i>sugar-plums</i>
+instead of hail, which was succeeded
+by a gentle rain of rose-water.</p>
+
+<p><i>The Coin Guinea</i>&mdash;In the reign of
+king Charles II., when Sir Robert Holmes,
+of the Isle of Wight, brought gold-dust
+from the coast of Guinea, a guinea first
+received its name from that country.</p>
+
+<p><i>A Motto</i>.&mdash;A constant frequenter of
+city feasts, having grown enormously fat,
+it was proposed to write on his back,
+&quot;<i>Widened at the expense of the corporation
+of London.&quot;</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Sedan-chairs and Hackney-coaches</i>.&mdash;Sir
+S. Duncombe, predecessor to Duncombe
+Lord Feversham, and gentleman
+pensioner to King James and Charles I.,
+introduced sedan-chairs into this country,
+anno 1634, when he procured a patent
+that vested in him and his heirs the sole
+right of carrying persons up and down in
+them for a certain sum. Sir Saunders had
+been a great traveller, and saw these chairs
+at Sedan, where they were first invented.
+It is remarkable that Capt. Bailey introduced
+the use of hackney-coaches in this year;
+a tolerable ride might then be obtained, in
+either of these vehicles for four pence.</p>
+
+<p><i>Heroism&mdash;Seward</i>, &quot;the brave Earl
+of Northumberland,&quot; feeling in his sickness
+that he drew near his end, quitted
+his bed and put on his armour, saying,
+&quot;That it became not a man to die like a
+beast,&quot; on which he died standing; an
+act as singular as it was heroic.</p>
+
+<p><i>Epigram on Epigrams.</i>
+What is an epigram? a dwarfish whole,<br />
+Its body brevity, and wit its soul.<br />
+</p>
+<p>W. H. H.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>&quot;THE MOUSE TOWER,&quot;</strong></p>
+
+<p><em>A GERMAN LEGEND.</em></p>
+
+<p>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</p>
+
+The bishop of Mentz was a wealthy prince,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">Wealthy and proud was he;</span><br />
+He had all that was worth a wish on earth&mdash;<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">But he had not charitie!</span><br />
+<br />
+He would stretch put his <i>empty</i> hands to <i>bless</i>,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">Or lift them both to <i>pray</i>;</span><br />
+But alack! to lighten man's distress,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">They moved no other way.</span><br />
+<br />
+A famine came! but his heart was still<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">As hard as his pride was high;</span><br />
+And the starving poor but throng'd his door<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">To curse him and to die.</span><br />
+<br />
+At length from the crowd rose a clamour so loud,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">That a cruel plot laid he;</span><br />
+He open'd one of his granaries wide,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">And bade them enter free.</span><br />
+<br />
+In they rush'd&mdash;the maid and the sire.<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">And the child that could barely run&mdash;</span><br />
+Then he clos'd the barn, and set it on fire.<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">And burnt them every one!</span><br />
+<br />
+And loud he laugh'd at each terrible shriek,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">And cried to his archer-train,</span><br />
+&quot;The merry mice!&mdash;how shrill they squeak!&mdash;<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">They are fond of the bishop's grain!&quot;</span><br />
+<br />
+But mark, what an awful judgment soon,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">On the cruel bishop fell;</span><br />
+With so many mice his palace swarm'd,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">That in it he could not dwell.</span><br />
+<br />
+They gnaw'd the arras above and beneath,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">They eat each savoury dish up;</span><br />
+And shortly their sacrilegious teeth<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">Began to nibble the bishop!</span><br />
+<br />
+He flew to his castle of Ehrenfels,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">By the side of the Rhine so fair;</span><br />
+But they found the road to his new abode,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">And came in legions there.</span><br />
+<br />
+He built him, in haste, a tower tall<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">In the tide, for his better assurance;</span><br />
+But they swam the river, and scal'd the wall,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">And worried him past endurance.</span><br />
+<br />
+One morning his skeleton there was seen,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">By a load of flesh the lighter;</span><br />
+They had picked his bones uncommonly clean,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">And eaten his very mitre!</span><br />
+<br />
+Such was the end of the bishop of Mentz,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">And oft at the midnight hour,</span><br />
+He comes in the shape of a fog so dense,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">And sits on his old &quot;Mouse-Tower.&quot;</span><br />
+
+<p>C.K.W.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>PRUSSIC ACID.</strong></p>
+
+<p>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</p>
+
+<p>The circumstance of Montgomery's recent
+suicide in Newgate, has led me to
+send you the following remarks upon the
+nature and properties of that most violent
+poison, Prussic acid, with which the unfortunate
+man terminated his existence.</p>
+
+<p>Were we to consider the constituent
+parts and properties of the most common
+things we are in the habit of daily using,
+and their poisonous and destructive natures,
+we should recoil at the deadly potion,
+and shrink from the loathsome
+draught we are about to take. That
+which we consider the most delicious and
+exhilarating portion of our common beverage,
+porter, contains carbonic acid gas,
+commonly known by the &quot;spirit,&quot; and
+which the poor miners dread with the
+utmost horror, like the Arabian does the
+destructive blast of the simoon. Oxalic
+acid, so much the fear of those accustomed
+to the medicine&mdash;Epsom salts, is made
+from that useful article, <i>sugar</i>, by uniting
+with it a smaller portion, more than it
+has naturally, of oxygen gas. The air
+we breathe contains a most deadly poison,
+called by chemists azotic gas, which, by
+its being mixed with what is called vital
+air, (oxygen gas,) becomes necessary to
+our existence, as much as the one (vital
+air or oxygen gas) would be prejudicial
+without the other; and <i>Prussic acid</i>,
+the most violent of all poisons, is contained
+in the common bitter-almond. But
+these most destructive substances are always
+found combined with others, which
+render them often perfectly harmless, and
+can be separated only by the skill of the
+chemist.</p>
+
+<p>The Prussic acid (by some called hydrocyanic
+acid) is a liquid, extracted from
+vegetables, and contains one part of cyanogen
+and one part of hydrogen. It is
+extracted from the bitter-almond, (as has
+been stated,) peach-blossom, and the
+leaves of the laurocerasus. It may also
+be obtained from animal substances, although
+a vegetable acid. If lime be
+added to water, distilled from these substances,
+a Prussiate of lime is formed;
+when, if an acid solution of iron be added
+to this mixture, common Prussian blue
+(or Prussiate of iron) is precipitated. The
+acid may be obtained from Prussiate of
+potash, by making a strong solution of
+this salt, and then adding as much tartaric
+acid as will precipitate the potash,
+when the acid will be left in solution,
+which must be decanted and distilled.</p>
+
+<p>Its properties are a pungent odour, very
+much resembling that of bitter-almonds,
+with a hot but sweetish taste, and extremely
+volatile. It contains azote, with
+which no other vegetable acid is combined;
+it is largely used in the manufacture of
+Prussian blue. It is the most violent of
+all poisons, and destroys animals by being
+applied to the skin only. It is stated by
+an able chemist, that a single drop applied
+to the tongue of a mastiff dog caused
+death so instantaneously, that it appeared
+to have been destroyed by lightning.
+One drop to the human frame destroys
+life in two minutes.</p>
+
+<p>But when chemically combined with
+other substances, its power is in a great
+measure neutralized, and it becomes a
+valuable article, both to the chemist as
+a test, and to the physician as a medicine.
+The Prussiate of potash and iron will
+enable the chemist to discover nearly the
+whole of the metals when in solution, by
+the colours its combination produces. Dr.
+Zollekoffer says, that in intermittent fevers
+the Prussiate of iron is in its effects
+superior to Cinchona bark, and says it
+never disagrees with the stomach, or creates
+nausea even in the most irritable state,
+while bark is not unfrequently rejected;
+a patient will recover from the influence
+of intermitting and remitting fevers, in
+the generality of cases, in much less time
+than is usual in those cases in which bark
+is employed. S.S.T.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>THE ANECDOTE GALLERY.</strong></p>
+
+<p><strong>VOLTAIRE.</strong></p>
+
+<p>(<i>Continued from page 64</i>.)</p>
+
+<p>A certain Hungarian traveller, a man
+of consequence in his country, but not
+particularly wise, had fruitlessly tried to
+be introduced, without finding any one
+at Geneva, willing to undertake the task,
+as they were all afraid Voltaire would be
+rude to him. A young man, who heard
+of this, engaged to procure the stranger
+an interview with Voltaire; and on the
+day appointed, contrived to have him
+conveyed out of town to a good-looking
+residence, where well-dressed servants received
+him at the door, and ushered him
+up stairs in due form. Here then at last
+he found himself, as he thought, <i>t&eacute;te-&agrave;-tete</i>
+with Voltaire. The <i>malade de Ferney</i>,
+personated by our young friend,
+was lying down on a sofa, wrapped up in
+a damask robe-de-chambre, a night-cap
+of black velvet, with gold lace, on his
+head, or rather on the top of an immense
+periwig, <i>a la Louis XIV</i>., in the midst
+of which his little, sallow and deeply-wrinkled
+visage seemed buried; a table
+was near him, covered with papers, and
+the curtains being drawn, made the room
+rather dark. The philosopher apologized
+in a hollow voice, interrupted by occasional
+fits of coughing; he was ill <i>bien malade</i>,
+could not get up, begged the stranger to
+be seated, asked questions about the
+countries he had visited, made him tell
+his adventures, those of gallantry particularly,
+and was himself most facetious,
+and most profanely witty. The Hungarian
+delighted, and far more at ease than
+he had imagined possible, casting a glance
+on the papers, ventured to inquire what
+new work? &quot;Ah, nothing!&quot;&mdash;<i>le faible
+Enfant de ma Vieillesse&mdash;a tragedy</i>.
+&quot;May I ask the subject?&quot; &quot;The subject
+is wholly Genevan,&quot; replied Voltaire,
+&quot;the name, <i>Empro-Giro</i>, and the dramatis
+person&aelig; <i>Carin-Caro, Dupins-Simon</i>,
+and <i>Carcail Briffon, &amp;c</i>.&quot; He
+then began to repeat, with great animation,
+a number of passages, to which his
+visitor listened in perfect raptures, but
+drew, meanwhile, a snuff-box from his
+pocket, and began to look attentively on
+him and on a picture on the lid; thus
+confronted with a portrait of Voltaire,
+and compared face to face, was a trial for
+which our mimic was not prepared, and
+his courage nearly forsook him, yet he
+kept up appearances, only coughing more,
+and ranting on the high-sounding lines of
+his <i>Empro-Giro</i>. The Hungarian, not
+undeceived by this close examination, replaced
+the snuff-box in his pocket, declaring
+it to be the best likeness he had
+ever seen. He rose at last, thanked his
+friend Voltaire, kissed his hand respectfully,
+and went away, distributing to the
+servants he met on the stairs liberal tokens
+of his satisfaction. These servants were
+the intimate friends and companions of the
+chief actor, and one of them, his brother,
+unwilling to carry the joke to the length
+of pocketing the money of their dupe,
+they contrived to give him a dinner at a
+tavern, where he was made to tell the
+story of his visit to Voltaire, and express
+his admiration of the great man. The
+latter heard of this, was much amused,
+and desired to see his double, told him
+he would make a bargain with him&mdash;half
+his fame for half the tiresome visitors it
+procured him.</p>
+
+<p>The poet lived like a prince, but kept
+his accounts like a citizen; knowing to
+a sous where his money went: a good
+deal of it was bestowed charitably, for he
+was munificent, and certainly much loved
+in his neighbourhood. One night, when
+<i>Tancrede</i> was acting, and the court of
+the chateau was full of carriages and servants,
+there arrived, as ill luck would
+have it, a cask of the best chambertin
+that ever came from Burgundy; his own
+people could not attend to it, and the
+cask remained at his cellar door; the
+servants contrived to get at it, and while
+their masters and mistresses were shedding
+tears at the tragedy, they sipped the
+poet's wine. There was generally a supper
+after the play, where more than once
+two hundred people sat down, and Voltaire
+had something to say to every one
+of his guests. As the gates of the town
+are shut at night, many of them usually
+remained in the <i>ch&acirc;teau</i>, poorly accommodated
+with beds. One night as M. de
+B----, was groping in the dark, for a
+place where he might lie down to sleep,
+he accidently put his finger into the
+mouth of M. de Florian, who bit it.</p>
+
+<p>Voltaire kept company only with the
+aristocracy of Geneva; neither his liberality
+nor his wit secured him the good-will
+of the patriots placed out of the sphere of
+his influence; they only saw him a sham
+philosopher, without principles and solidity;
+a courtier, the slave of rank and
+fashion; the corrupter of their country,
+of which he made a jest. <i>Quand je
+secoue ma perruque,</i> he used to say, <i>je
+poudre toute la republique!</i></p>
+
+<p>Whatever might be Voltaire's antipathy
+to the visits of strangers at his <i>ch&acirc;teau</i>,
+he seems to have met with an equal
+specimen of that temper from an Englishman.
+When in London, he waited upon
+Congreve, the poet, and passed him some
+compliments as to the reputation and
+merit of his works. Congreve thanked
+him; but at the same, time told Voltaire
+<i>he did not choose to be considered as an
+author, but only as a private gentleman,
+and in that light expected to be visited.</i>
+Voltaire answered, <i>that if he had never
+been any thing but a private gentleman,
+in all probability he had never been
+troubled with that visit.</i> He also observes,
+in his own account of this affair,
+he was not a little disgusted with so unseasonable
+a piece of vanity.</p>
+
+<p>The memory of Voltaire and Rousseau
+is still cherished by the French people
+with great fondness; their busts or figures
+in bronze or plaster are frequently met
+with, and remind one of <i>Penates</i>, or household
+gods.</p>
+
+<p>PHILO.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<h2>POPULAR SUPERSTITIONS.</h2>
+
+<p><strong>WITCHCRAFT.</strong></p>
+
+<p>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</p>
+
+&mdash;Why should the envious world<br />
+Throw all their scandalous malice upon me?<br />
+'Cause I am poor, deform'd, and ignorant;<br />
+And like a bow, buckled and bent together,<br />
+By some more strong in mischiefs than myself:<br />
+Must I for that be made a common sink<br />
+For all the filth and rubbish of men's tongues,<br />
+To fall and run into? some call me witch;<br />
+And, being ignorant of myself, they go<br />
+About to teach me how to be one; urging<br />
+That my bad tongue (by their bad usage made so)<br />
+Forespeaks their cattle, doth bewitch their corn,<br />
+Themselves, their servants, and their babes at nurse;<br />
+This they enforce upon me; and in part<br />
+Make me to credit it. <i>Witch of Edmonton.</i><br />
+
+<p>The belief in witchcraft may be considered
+as forming a prominent and important
+feature in the history of the human
+mind. It is certainly one link of
+the degrading chain of superstitions which
+have long enslaved mankind, but which
+are now quivering to their fall. The
+desire for power to pry into hidden things,
+and more especially events to come, is
+inherent in the human race, and has always
+been considered as of no ordinary
+importance, and rendered the supposed
+possessors objects of reverence and fear.
+The belief in astrology, or the power to
+read in the stars the knowledge of futurity,
+from time immemorial has been considered
+as the most difficult of attainment,
+and important in its results. And by
+the aid of a little supernatural machinery,
+both magicians and astrologers exercised
+the most unlimited influence over the understandings
+of their adherents. An astrologer,
+only two or three centuries since,
+was a regular appendage to the establishments
+of princes and nobles. Sir Walter
+Scott has drawn an interesting portrait of
+one in <i>Kenilworth</i>; and the eagerness
+with which the Earl of Leicester listened
+to his doctrines and predictions, affords a
+good specimen of the manners of those
+times. The movements of the heavenly
+bodies, (imperfectly as they were then
+understood,) seemed to afford the most
+plausible vehicle for these &quot;oracles of
+human destiny;&quot; and even now, while
+we are tracing these lines, the red and
+glaring appearance of the planet Mars,
+shining so beautifully in the south-east,
+is considered by the many as a forerunner
+and sign of long wars and much bloodshed:</p>
+
+These dreams and terrors magical,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">These miracles and witches,</span><br />
+Night walking sprites, et cetera,<br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">Esteem them not two rushes.</span><br />
+
+<p>Mankind are universally prone to the
+belief in omens, and the casual occurrence
+of certain contingent circumstances soon
+creates the easiest of theories. Should a
+bird of good omen, in ancient times, perch
+on the standard, or hover about an army,
+the omen was of good import, and favourable
+to conquest. Should a raven or crow
+accidentally fly over the field of action,
+the spirits of the combatants would be
+proportionably depressed. Should a planet
+be shining in its brilliancy at the
+birth of any one whose fortunes rose to
+pre-eminence, it was always thought to
+exert an influence over his future destiny.
+Such was the origin of many of our later
+superstitions, which &quot;grew with their
+growth, and strengthened with their
+strength,&quot; till the more extensive introduction
+of the art of printing partly dissipated
+the illusion.
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.75em;">It has been remarked, therefore, that</span><br />
+the existence of the parent stock of the
+subject more immediately under our consideration,
+witchcraft, may be traced to a
+very remote period indeed. It is, however,
+needless to enter into any remarks on those
+witches mentioned in the Scriptures.
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">The earliest dabbler of the <i>genus</i>, as a</span><br />
+contemporary writer observes, is said to
+be Zoroaster, thought to be the king of
+the Bactrians, who flourished about 3,800
+years ago, or A.M. 2000. He is supposed
+to have been well versed in the arts
+of divination and astrology, and was the
+origin of the Persian magi. &quot;At his
+birth,&quot; remarks an old writer, &quot;he
+laughed; and his head did so beat, that
+it struck back the midwife's hand&mdash;a
+good sign of abundance of spirits, which
+are the best instruments of a ready wit.&quot;
+The <i>magi</i> in Persia, the Brahmins in
+India, the Chaldae in Assyria, the magicians
+of Arabia, the priesthood of Egypt,
+Greece, and Rome, and the Druids of
+Britain, were all members of a class which
+comprised astrology, omens, divination,
+conjuration, portents, chiromancy, and
+sorcery; and all united in the pursuit of
+enslaving mankind for the purposes of
+gain and power, with artfully devised
+schemes, and a skilful series of impostures;
+and we can easily imagine the
+influence they must have exercised over
+the minds of their proselytes, when we
+bear in mind the effect produced by similar
+contrivances in later days.
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">The enchantress Theoris of Athens</span><br />
+seems to have been the first witch that
+had recourse to charms. Demosthenes
+uses the terms both of witchery and imposture
+in speaking of her. This witch
+was put to death by the Athenians&mdash;an
+accomplice having displayed to them the
+charms, &amp;c., by which she wrought her
+miracles. Our Saviour's words, that
+<i>faith</i> can remove mountains, are applicable
+particularly to the supposed powers
+of witchcraft; and the influence of charms
+and amulets in averting disease is well
+known.
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">We have alluded, in our first paper, to</span><br />
+the trial of Rose Cullender and Amy
+Duny, at Norwich, for witchcraft; and we
+now give the speech of Sir Thomas
+Browne, the celebrated physician of that
+period, (1664,) to whom, in consequence
+of defect in the proof, the case was referred,
+which was the cause of their conviction.
+Sir Thomas Browne offered it
+as his opinion, &quot;that the devil, in such
+cases, did work upon the bodies of men
+and women, upon a natural foundation,
+(that is) to stir up and excite such humours
+superabounding in their bodies to
+a great excess, whereby he did, in an
+extraordinary manner, afflict them with
+such distempers as their bodies were most
+subject to, as particularly appeared in the
+children of Dorothy Dunent, (one of the
+indictments against the prisoners being
+for their bewitchment;) for he conceived
+that these swooning fits were natural, and
+nothing else but that they call the mother,
+but <i>only heightened to a great excess
+by the subtilty of the devil co-operating
+with the malice of these, which we term
+witches, at whose instance he doth the
+villanies</i>.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The ceremony of initiation to the dreadful
+vocation and great powers of witchcraft
+was attended with considerable form
+and mystery:&mdash;</p>
+
+----They call me hag and witch.<br />
+What is the name? When, and by what art learned?<br />
+With what spell, what charm or invocation,<br />
+May the thing call'd _familiar_ be purchas'd?<br />
+
+<p>The older and more ugly the performer
+in these appalling ceremonies, the better.
+Some witches seem to have had the devil
+quite at their beck; but his visits to most
+of them appear to have been &quot;few and
+far between.&quot; The convention (remarks
+John Gaule, an old writer) for such a
+solemn initiation being proclaimed (by
+some herald imp) to some others of the
+confederation, on some great holy or
+Lord's day, they meet in some church,
+either before the consecrated bell hath
+tolled, or else very late, after all the services
+are past and over. &quot;The party, in
+some vesture for that purpose, is presented
+by some confederate or familiar to the
+prince of devills, sitting now in a throne
+of infernall majesty, appearing in the
+form of a man, only labouring to hide his
+cloven foot. To whom, after bowing and
+homage done, a petition is presented to be
+received into his association and protection;
+and first, if the witch be outwardly
+Christian, baptism must be renounced,
+and the party must be re-baptised in the
+devill's name, and a new name is also
+imposed by him, and here must be godfathers
+too ... But above all he is very
+busie with his long nails, in scraping and
+scratching those places of the forehead
+where the signe of the crosse was made,
+or where the chrisme was laid. Instead
+of both which, he impresses or inures the
+mark of the beast (the devill's flesh brand)
+upon one or other part of the body.
+Further, the witch (for her part) vows,
+either by word of mouth, or peradventure
+by writing, (and that in her owne bloode,)
+to give both body and soul to the devill,
+to deny and defy God the Father, the
+Son, and the Holy Ghost; but especially
+the blessed Virgin, convitiating her with
+one infamous nickname or other; to abhor
+the word and sacraments, but especially
+to spit at the saying of masse; to
+spurn at the crosse, and tread saints'
+images under feet; and as much as possibly
+they may, to profane all saints'
+reliques, holy water, consecrated salt, wax,
+&amp;c.; to be sure to fast on Sundays, and
+eat flesh on Fridays; not to confess their
+sins, whatsoever they do, especially to a
+priest; to separate from the Catholic
+church, and despise his vicar's primacy;
+to attend the devill's nocturnal conventicles,
+sabbaths, and sacrifices; to take him
+for their god, worship, invoke, and obey
+him; to devote their children to him, and
+to labour all that they may to bring
+others into the same confederacy. Then
+the devill, for his part, promises to be
+always present with them, to serve them
+at their beck; that they shall have their
+wills upon any body; that they shall
+have what riches, honours, and pleasures
+they can imagine; and if any be so wary
+as to think of their future being, he tells
+them they shall be princes ruling in the
+aire, or shall be but turned into impes at
+worst. Then he preaches to them to be
+mindful of their covenant, and not to fail
+to revenge themselves upon their enemies,
+Then, he commends to them (for this purpose)
+an imp, or familiar in the shape of
+a cat, &amp;c. After this they shake hands,
+embrace in arms, dance, feast, and banquet,
+according as the devill hath provided
+in imitation of the supper. Nay,
+ofttimes he marries them ere they part,
+either to himselfe, or to their familiar, or
+to one another, and that by the Book of
+Common Prayer, as a pretender to witch-finding
+told me, in the presence of many.&quot;
+After this they part, and a general meeting
+is held thrice a year, on some holy
+day; they are &quot;conveyed to it as swift as
+the winds from the remotest parts of the
+earth, where they that have done the most
+execrable mischiefe, and can brag of it,
+make most merry with the devill;&quot; while
+the &quot;indiligent&quot; are jeered and derided
+by the devil and the others. Non-attendance
+was severely punished by the culprits
+being beaten on the soles of the feet,
+whipped with iron rods, &quot;pinched and
+sucked by their familiars till their heart's
+blood come&mdash;till they repent them of their
+sloth, &amp;c.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Many regulations were, however, to be
+observed after the above initiatory ceremony,
+which we have given at length in
+consequence of its singularity. There
+existed a community or commonwealth, of
+&quot;fallen angels&quot; or spirits, with the various
+titles of kings, dukes, &amp;c., prelates
+and knights, of which the head was <i>Baal</i>,
+&quot;who, when he was conjured up, appeared
+with three heads, one like a man,
+one like a toad, and one like a cat.&quot; The
+title of king conferred no extra power;
+indeed, <i>Agares</i>, &quot;the first duke, came
+in the likeness of a faire old man, riding
+upon a crocodile, and carrying a hawk
+on his fist&quot;&mdash;<i>Marbas</i>, who appeared
+in the form of a &quot;mightie lion&quot;&mdash;<i>Amon</i>,
+&quot;a great and mightie marques, who
+came abroad in the likeness of a wolf,
+having a serpent's taile, and breathing
+out and spitting flames of fire,&quot; and was
+one of the &quot;best and kindest of devills,&quot;
+with sixty-five more of these master-spirits,
+enumerated in <i>Scot</i>, &quot;appeared to
+be entirely and exclusively appropriated
+to the service of witches,&quot; were alike possessed
+of nearly similar power, and had
+many hundreds of legions of devils (each
+legion 6,666 in number) at their command.</p>
+
+<p>There were stated times for each rank
+of devils to be called on, for they aught
+not to be invoked &quot;rashly or at all seasons;&quot;
+and the following extracts from
+Reginald Scot are fully explanatory of
+the formalities to be observed on these
+occasions:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<i>The houres wherein the principal
+devills may be raised.&mdash;</i>A king may be
+raised from the third houre till noone,
+and from the ninth hour till evening.
+Dukes may be raised from the first hour
+till noon, and clear weather is to be observed.
+Marquesses may be raised from
+the ninth hour till compline, and from
+compline till the end of day. Countes,
+or earles, may be raised at any hour of
+the day, so it be in the woodes or fieldes,
+where men resort not. Prelates likewise
+may be raised at any houre of the day.
+A president may not be raised at any
+hour of the day, except the king, whom
+he obeyeth, be invocated; nor at the shutting
+in of the evening. Knights from
+day-dawning till sun-rising, or from even-song
+till sun-set.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;<i>The forme of adjuring and citing the
+spirits aforesaid to appeare</i>.&mdash;When you
+will have any spirit, you must knowe his
+name and office; you must also fast and
+be cleane from all pollution three or foure
+days before; so will the spirit be more
+obedient unto you. Then make a circle,
+and call up the spirit with great intention,
+rehearse in your owne name, and
+your companion's, (for one must alwaies
+be with you,) this prayer following; and
+so no spirit shall annoy you, and your
+purpose shall take effect. And note how
+thw prayer agreeth with popish charmes
+and conjurations.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The prayer alluded to (see <i>Scot's Discovery</i>,
+b. 15, c. 2) is of the most diabolical
+and blasphemous nature. A contemporary
+writer observes, that there is not
+the least doubt but that the witches of the
+olden time observed all the formalities of
+these ridiculous and disgusting ceremonies
+to the very letter. In later times,
+however, though the formalities were
+quite simple, yet the hag of the sixteenth
+century exercised her vocation with all its
+ancient potency.</p>
+
+<p>The broomstick has been the theme of
+many a story connected with this subject:&mdash;</p>
+
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">As men in sleep, though motionless they lie,</span><br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">Fledged by a dream, believe they mount and fly;</span><br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">So witches some enchanted wand bestride</span><br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">And think they through the airy regions ride.</span><br />
+
+<p>But the reason of its possessing such extensive
+powers of locomotion, or rather
+a&euml;rostation, is not generally understood.
+The witches either steal or dig dead
+children out of their graves, which are
+then seethed in a cauldron, and the ointment
+and liquid so produced, enables
+them, &quot;observing certain ceremonies, to
+immediately become a master, or rather a
+mistresse, in the practise or faculty&quot; of
+flying in the air:&mdash;</p>
+
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">High in, air, amid the rising storm</span><br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">----wrapt in midnight</span><br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">Her doubtful form appears and fades!</span><br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">Her spirits are abroad! they do her bidding!</span><br />
+<span style="layout-flow: horizontal; margin-left: 0.5em;">Hark to that shriek!</span><br />
+
+<p>In addition to the above, they possessed
+another very useful faculty, for the
+transfer of the patent of which, I doubt
+not scores of adventurers would have
+given a tolerable consideration. It is
+briefly that of &quot;sailing in an egg-shell, a
+cockle, or a muscle-shell, through and
+under the tempestuous seas.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>From the length to which this article
+has extended, I must reserve an account
+of witch-finders, charms, dreams, and confessions,
+&amp;c. for the next and concluding
+paper. VYVYAN.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>Spirit of Discovery.</strong></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<br />
+
+<p><i>Paper from Straw</i>.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>At a recent meeting of the Royal Institution,
+there were exhibited some specimens
+of paper manufactured from straw,
+by a new process.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p><i>Hardening Steel</i>.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>From the observation of travellers, that
+the manufacture of Damascus blades was
+carried on only during the time when the
+north winds occurred, M. Anozoff made
+experiments on the hardening of steel instruments,
+by putting them, when heated,
+into a powerful current of air, instead
+of quenching them in water. From the
+experiments already made, he expects
+ultimate success. He finds that, for very
+sharp-edged instruments, this method is
+much better than the ordinary one; that
+the colder the air and the more rapid its
+stream, the greater is the effect. The
+effect varies with the thickness of the
+mass to be hardened. The method succeeds
+well with case-hardened goods.&mdash;
+<i>From the French</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>Detection of Blood.</i></p>
+
+
+<p>A controversy has recently taken place
+in Paris, relative to the efficacy of certain
+chemical means of ascertaining whether
+dried spots or stains of matter suspected
+to be blood, are or were blood, or not.
+M. Orfila gives various chemical characters
+of blood under such circumstances,
+which he thinks sufficient to enable an
+accurate discrimination. This opinion is
+opposed by M. Raspail, who states, that
+all the indications supposed to belong to
+true blood, may be obtained from, linen
+rags, dipped, not into blood, but into a
+mixture of white of egg and infusion of
+madder, and that, therefore, the indications
+are injurious rather than useful.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p><i>Cedars of Lebanon</i>.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>Mr. Wolff, the missionary, counted on
+Mount Lebanus, thirteen large and ancient
+cedars, besides the numerous small
+ones, in the whole 387 trees. The largest
+of these trees was about 15 feet high, not
+one-third of the height of hundreds of
+English cedars; for instance, those at
+Whitton, Pain's Hill, Caenwood, and
+Juniper Hall, near Dorking.</p>
+
+<p><i>Leeches</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Medical Repository</i>, a case is
+quoted, where some leeches, which had
+been employed first on a syphylitic patient
+and afterwards on an infant, communicated
+the disease to the latter.</p>
+
+<p><i>Stinging Flies</i>.</p>
+
+<p>There is a fly which exteriorly much
+resembles the house-fly, and which is
+often very troublesome about this time;
+this is called the stinging fly, one of the
+greatest plagues to cattle, as well as to
+persons wearing thin stockings.</p>
+
+<p><i>Mont Blanc</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The height of Mont Blanc and of the
+Lake of Geneva has lately been carefully
+ascertained by M. Roger, an officer of
+engineers in the service of the Swiss Confederation.
+The summit of the mountain
+appears to be 4,435 metres, or 14,542
+English feet above the Lake of Geneva,
+and the surface of the Lake 367 metres,
+or 1,233 English feet above the sea. The
+mountain is, therefore, 15,775 feet above
+the level of the sea.</p>
+
+<p><i>Bird Catching</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The golden-crested wren may be taken
+by striking the bough upon which it is
+sitting, sharply, with a stone or stick.
+The timid bird immediately drops to the
+ground, and generally dead. As their
+skins are tender, those who want them for
+stuffing will find this preferable to using
+the gun.&mdash;<i>Mag. Nat. Hist.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Shower of Herrings in Ross-shire</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In April last, as Major Forbes, of
+Fodderty, in Strathpfeffer, was traversing
+a field on his farm, he found a considerable
+portion of the ground covered with
+herring fry, of from three to four inches
+in length. The fish were fresh and entire,
+and had no appearance of being
+dropped by birds&mdash;a medium by which
+they must have been bruised and mutilated.
+The only rational conjecture that can be
+formed of the circumstance is, that the fish
+were transported thither in a water-spout&mdash;a
+phenomenon that has before occurred
+in the same county. The Firth of Dengwall
+lies at a distance of three miles from
+the place in question; but no obstruction
+occurs between the field and the sea, the
+whole is a level strath or plain, and water
+spouts have been known to travel even
+farther than this.&mdash;<i>Inverness Courier.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Spanish Asses</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke of Buckingham has, at his
+seat at Avington, a team of Spanish
+asses, resembling the zebra in appearance,
+which are extremely tractable, and take
+more freely to the collar than any of our
+native species.</p>
+
+<p><i>Drawing Instrument</i>.</p>
+
+<p>An ingenious invention of this description
+was recently exhibited at the Royal
+Institution. A pencil and a small bead
+are so connected together by means of a
+thread passing over pullies, that if a person,
+looking through an eye-piece, will
+hold the pencil upon a sheet of paper,
+and then, watching the bead, will move
+his hand, so that the bead shall trace the
+lines of any object that is selected or
+looked at, he will find that, whilst he
+has been doing this, he has also made a
+drawing of the subject upon the paper;
+for the pencil and the bead describe exactly
+the same lines, though upon different
+planes. Thus, a drawing is made,
+without even looking at the paper, but
+solely at the object.</p>
+
+<p><i>White Cats</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In a recent number we quoted from
+<i>Loudon's Gardener's Magazine</i>, that
+&quot;white cats with blue eyes are always
+deaf,&quot; of which extraordinary fact there
+is the following confirmation in the _Magazine
+of Natural History_, No. 2, likewise
+conducted by Mr. Loudon:&mdash;&quot;Some
+years ago a white cat of the Persian
+kind (probably not a thorough-bred
+one) procured from Lord Dudley's at
+Hindley, was kept in my family as a favourite.
+The animal was a female, quite
+white, and perfectly deaf. She produced,
+at various times, many litters of kittens,
+of which, generally, some were quite
+white, others more or less mottled, tabby,
+&amp;c. But the extraordinary circumstance
+is, that of the offspring produced at one
+and the same birth, such as, like the
+mother, were entirely white, were, like her,
+invariably deaf; while those that had the
+least speck of colour on their fur, as invariably
+possessed the usual faculty of
+hearing&mdash;&quot; <i>W. T. Bree, Allersley Rectory,
+near Coventry</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ultramarine</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A French journal announces a discovery
+of the method of making Ultramarine,
+by which means the public are
+supplied with the article at one guinea
+per ounce, the colour having hitherto
+been sold from two guineas to two pounds
+ten shillings per ounce.</p>
+
+<p><i>Indication of Storms</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Professor Scott, of Sandhurst College,
+observed in Shetland, that drinking-glasses
+placed in an inverted position
+upon a shelf in a cupboard, on the
+ground floor of Belmont House, occasionally
+emitted sounds as if they were
+tapped with a knife, or raised up a little,
+and then let fall on the shelf. These
+sounds preceded wind, and when they
+occurred, boats and vessels were immediately
+secured. The strength of the
+sound is said to be proportional to the
+tempest that follows.&mdash;<i>Brewster's Jour.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>To preserve Wine in draught.</i></p>
+
+<p>M. Imery, of Toulouse, gives the following
+simple means of preserving wine
+in draught for a considerable time; it is
+sufficient to pour into the cask a flask of
+fine olive oil. The wine may thus continue
+in draught for more than a year.
+The oil spread in a thin layer upon the
+surface of the wine, hinders the evaporation
+of its alcoholic part, and prevents
+it from combining with the atmospheric
+air, which would not only turn the wine
+sour, but change its constituent parts.</p>
+
+<p><i>Union of the Atlantic and Pacific.</i></p>
+
+<p>A letter from Amsterdam states, that
+the project of cutting a canal, to unite
+the Gulf of Mexico with the Pacific
+Ocean, is about to be revived.</p>
+
+<p><i>Vesuvius.</i></p>
+
+<p>An eruption took place on the morning
+of last March 22nd. An eye-witness writes
+&quot;the cone of the mountain puts you in
+mind of an immense piece of artillery,
+firing red-hot stones, and ashes, and
+smoke into the atmosphere; or, of a
+huge animal in pain, groaning;, crying,
+and vomiting; or, like an immense
+whale in the arctic circle, blowing after it
+has been struck with several harpoons.&quot;</p>
+
+<p><i>Bees in Mourning.</i></p>
+
+<p>A correspondent in <i>Loudon's Magazine
+of Natural History</i>, states that in the
+neighbourhood of Coventry, there is a
+superstitious belief, that in the event of
+the death of any of the family, it is necessary
+to inform the bees of the circumstance,
+otherwise they will desert the
+hive, and seek out other quarters.</p>
+
+<p><i>Rare Insects.</i></p>
+
+<p>There exists in Livonia, a very rare
+insect, which is not met with in more
+northern countries, and whose existence
+was for a long time considered
+doubtful, called the <i>Furia Infernalis.</i>
+It is so small that it is very difficult to
+distinguish it by the naked eye; and its
+sting produces a swelling, which, unless
+a proper remedy be applied, proves mortal.</p>
+
+<p>During the hay harvest, other insects
+named <i>Meggar,</i> occasion great injury
+both to men and beasts. They are of the
+size of a grain of sand. At sunset they
+appear in great numbers, descend in a
+perpendicular line, pierce the strongest
+linen, and cause an itching, and pustules,
+which if scratched, become dangerous.
+Cattle, which breathe these insects, are
+attacked with swellings in the throat,
+which destroy them, unless promptly relieved.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS</h2>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>MEN AND MONKEYS.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Monkeys are certainly, there is no denying
+it, very like men; and, what is
+worse, men are still more like monkeys.
+Many worthy people, who have a high
+respect for what they choose to call the
+Dignity of Human Nature, are much
+distressed by this similitude, approaching
+in many cases to absolute identity; and
+some of them have written books of considerable
+erudition and ingenuity, to prove
+that a man is not a monkey; nay, not so
+much as even an ape; but truth compels
+us to confess, that their speculations have
+been far from carrying conviction to our
+minds. All such inquirers, from Aristotle
+to Smellie, principally insist on two
+great leading distinctions&mdash;speech and
+reason. But it is obvious to the meanest
+capacity, that monkeys have both speech
+and reason. They have a language of
+their own, which, though not so capacious
+as the Greek, is much more so than the
+Hottentottish; and as for reason, no man
+of a truly philosophical genius ever saw
+a monkey crack a nut, without perceiving
+that the creature possesses that endowment,
+or faculty, in no small perfection.
+Their speech, indeed, is said not to be
+articulate; but it is audibly more so than
+the Gaelic. The words unquestionably
+do run into each other, in a way that, to
+our ears, renders it rather unintelligible;
+but it is contrary to all the rules of sound
+philosophizing, to confuse the obtuseness
+of our own senses with the want of any
+faculty in others; and they have just as
+good a right to maintain, and to complain
+of, our inarticulate mode of speaking, as
+we have of theirs&mdash;indeed much more&mdash;for
+monkeys speak the same, or nearly
+the same, language all over the habitable
+globe, whereas men, ever since the Tower
+of Babel, have kept chattering, muttering,
+humming, and hawing, in divers ways
+and sundry manners, so that one nation
+is unable to comprehend what another
+would be at, and the earth groans in vain
+with vocabularies and dictionaries. That
+monkeys and men are one and the same
+animal, we shall not take upon ourselves
+absolutely to assert, for the truth is, we,
+for one or two, know nothing whatever
+about the matter; all we mean to say is,
+that nobody has yet proved that they are
+not, and farther, that whatever may be
+the case with men, monkeys have reason
+and speech.</p>
+
+<p>The monkey has not had justice done
+him, we repeat and insist upon it; for
+what right have you to judge of a whole
+people, from a few isolated individuals,&mdash;and
+from a few isolated individuals, too,
+running up poles with a chain round their
+waist, twenty times the length of their
+own tail, or grinning in ones or twos
+through the bars of a cage in a menagerie?
+His eyes are red with perpetual weeping&mdash;and
+his smile is sardonic in captivity.
+His fur is mouldy and mangy, and he is
+manifestly ashamed of his tail, prehensile
+no more&mdash;and of his paws, &quot;very hands,
+as you may say,&quot; miserable matches to
+his miserable feet. To know him as he
+is, you must go to Senegal; or if that be
+too far off for a trip during the summer
+vacation, to the Rock of Gebir, now
+called Gibraltar, and see him at his gambols
+among the cliffs. Sailor nor slater
+would have a chance with him there,
+standing on his head on a ledge of six
+inches, five hundred feet above the level
+of the sea, without ever so much as once
+tumbling down; or hanging at the same
+height from a bush by the tail, to dry, or
+air, or sun himself, as if he were flower
+or fruit. There he is, a monkey indeed;
+but you catch him young, clap a pair of
+breeches on him, and an old red jacket,
+and oblige him to dance a saraband on
+the stones of a street, or perch upon the
+shoulder of Bruin, equally out of his
+natural element, which is a cave among
+the woods. Here he is but the ape of a
+monkey. Now if we were to catch you
+young, good subscriber or contributor,
+yourself, and put you into a cage to crack
+nuts and pull ugly faces, although you
+might, from continued practice, do both
+to perfection, at a shilling a-head for
+grown-up ladies and gentlemen, and sixpence
+for children and servants, and even
+at a lower rate after the collection had
+been some weeks in town, would you not
+think it exceedingly hard to be judged of
+in that one of your predicaments, not only
+individually, but nationally&mdash;that is, not
+only as Ben Hoppus, your own name,
+but as John Bull, the name of the people
+of which you are an incarcerated specimen?
+You would keep incessantly crying
+out against this with angry vociferation,
+as a most unwarrantable and unjust
+Test and Corporation Act. And, no
+doubt, were an Ourang-outang to see you
+in such a situation, he would not only
+form a most mean opinion of you as an
+individual, but go away with a most false
+impression of the whole human race.
+<i>Blackwood's Magazine.</i></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>SONNET WRITTEN IN THE SPRING.</strong></p>
+<p>
+How heavenly o'er my frame steals the life-breath<br />
+Of beautiful Spring! who with her amorous gales<br />
+Kissing the violets, each stray sweet exhales<br />
+Of May-thorn, and the wild flower on the heath.<br />
+I love thee, virgin daughter of the year!<br />
+Yet, ah! not cups,&mdash;dyed like the dawn, impart<br />
+Their elves' dew-nectar to a fainting heart!&mdash;<br />
+Ye birds! whose liquid warblings far and near<br />
+Make music to the green turf-board of swains;<br />
+To me, your light lays tell of April joy,&mdash;<br />
+Of pleasures&mdash;idle, as a long-loved toy;<br />
+And while my heart in unison complains,<br />
+Tears like of balm-tree flow in trickling wave,<br />
+And white forms strew with flowers a maid's untimely grave!<br />
+<i>New Monthly Mag.</i></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<h2>THE KING OF ARRAGON'S LAMENT FOR HIS
+BROTHER.<a name="FNanchor1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1"><sup>[1]</sup></a></h2>
+<p>
+&quot;If I could see him, it were well with me!&quot;<br />
+<i>Coleridge's Wallenstein.</i></p>
+<p>>
+There were lights and sounds of revelling in the vanquished city's halls,<br />
+As by night the feast of victory was held within its walls;<br />
+And the conquerors filled the wine-cup high, after years of bright blood shed:<br />
+But their Lord, the King of Arragon, 'midst the triumph, wailed the dead.<br />
+<br />
+He looked down from the fortress won, on the tents and towers below,<br />
+The moon-lit sea, the torch-lit streets&mdash;and a gloom came o'er his brow:<br />
+The voice of thousands floated up, with the horn and cymbals' tone;<br />
+But his heart, 'midst that proud music, felt more utterly alone.<br />
+And he cried, &quot;Thou art mine, fair city! thou city of the sea!<br />
+But, oh! what portion of delight is mine at last in thee?<br />
+&mdash;I am lonely 'midst thy palaces, while the glad waves past them roll,<br />
+And the soft breath of thine orange-bowers is mournful to my soul.<br />
+<br />
+&quot;My brother! oh! my brother! thou art gone, the true and brave,<br />
+And the haughty joy of victory hath died upon thy grave:<br />
+There are many round my throne to stand, and to march where I lead on;<br />
+There was <i>one</i> to love me in the world&mdash;my brother! thou art gone!<br />
+<br />
+&quot;In the desert, in the battle, in the ocean-tempest's wrath,<br />
+We stood together, side by side; one hope was our's&mdash;one path:<br />
+Thou hast wrapt me in thy soldier's cloak, thou hast fenced me with thy breast;<br />
+Thou hast watched beside my couch of pain&mdash;oh! bravest heart, and best!<br />
+<br />
+&quot;I see the festive lights around&mdash;o'er a dull sad world they shine;<br />
+I hear the voice of victory&mdash;my Pedro where is <i>thine?</i><br />
+The only voice in whose kind tone my spirit found reply&mdash;<br />
+Oh! brother! I have bought too dear this hollow pageantry!<br />
+<br />
+&quot;I have hosts, and gallant fleets, to spread my glory and my sway,<br />
+And chiefs to lead them fearlessly&mdash;my _friend_ hath passed away!<br />
+For the kindly look, the word of cheer, my heart may thirst in vain,<br />
+And the face that was as light to mine&mdash;it cannot come again!<br />
+<br />
+&quot;I have made thy blood, thy faithful blood, the offering for a crown;<br />
+With love, which earth bestows not twice, I have purchased cold renown:<br />
+How often will my weary heart 'midst the sounds of triumph die,<br />
+When I think of thee, my brother! thou flower of chivalry!<br />
+<br />
+&quot;I am lonely&mdash;I am lonely! this rest is ev'n as death!<br />
+Let me hear again the ringing spears, and the battle-trumpet's breath;<br />
+Let me see the fiery charger's foam, and the royal banner wave&mdash;<br />
+But where art thou, my brother?&mdash;where?&mdash;in thy low and early grave!&quot;<br />
+<br />
+And louder swelled the songs of joy through that victorious night,<br />
+And faster flowed the red wine forth, by the stars and torches light;<br />
+But low and deep, amidst the mirth, was heard the conqueror's moan&mdash;<br />
+&quot;My brother! oh! my brother! best and bravest! thou art gone!&quot;<br />
+</p>
+<p><i>Mrs. Hemans.&mdash;Monthly Magazine.</i></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>A SUMMER TOUR.</strong></p>
+
+<p>If called upon to propose any summer's
+journey for a young English traveller,
+(and it is a call often made with reference
+to continental tours,) we might reasonably
+suggest the coasts of Great Britain,
+as affording every kind of various interest,
+which can by possibility be desired. Such
+a scheme would include the ports and
+vast commercial establishments of Liverpool,
+Bristol, Greenock, Leith, Newcastle,
+and Hull; the great naval stations
+of Plymouth, Portsmouth, Chatham,
+and Milford; the magnificent
+estuaries of the Clyde and Forth, and of
+the Bristol Channel, not surpassed by
+any in Europe; the wild and romantic
+coasts of the Hebrides and Western Highlands;
+the bold shore of North Wales;
+the Menai, Conway, and Sunderland
+bridges; the gigantic works of the Caledonian
+Canal and Plymouth Breakwater;
+and numerous other objects, which it is
+beyond our purpose and power to enumerate.
+It cannot be surely too much to
+advise, that Englishmen, who have only
+slightly and partially seen these things,
+should subtract something from the
+length or frequency of their continental
+journeys, and give the time so gained to
+a survey of their own country's wonders
+of nature and art.</p>
+
+<p>To the agriculturist, and to the lover
+of rural scenery, England offers much
+that is remarkable. The rich alluvial
+plains of continents may throw out a
+more profuse exuberance and succession
+of crops; but we doubt whether agriculture,
+as an art, has anywhere (except in
+Flanders and Tuscany alone) reached the
+same perfection as in the less fertile soils
+of the Lothians, Northumberland, and
+Norfolk. Still more peculiar is the rural
+scenery of England, in the various and
+beautiful landscape it affords&mdash;in the undulating
+surface&mdash;the greenness of the
+enclosures&mdash;the hamlets and country
+churches&mdash;and the farm houses and cottages
+dispersed over the face of the country,
+instead of being congregated into
+villages, as in France and Italy. We
+might select Devonshire, Somersetshire,
+Herefordshire, and others of the midland
+counties, as pre-eminent in this character
+of beauty, which, however, is too
+familiar to our daily observation to make
+it needful to expatiate upon it.</p>
+
+<p>Nor will our limits allow us to dwell
+upon that bolder form of natural scenery
+which we possess in the Highlands of
+Scotland, in Wales, Cumberland, and
+Derbyshire, and which entitles us to
+speak of this island as rich in landscape
+of the higher class. In the scale of objects,
+it is true that no comparison can
+exist between the mountain scenery of
+Britain, and that of many parts of the
+continent of Europe. But it must be remembered,
+that magnitude is not essential
+to beauty; and that even sublimity
+is not always to be measured by yards
+and feet. A mountain may be loftier, or
+a lake longer and wider, without any
+gain to that picturesque effect, which
+mainly depends on form, combination,
+and colouring. Still we do not mean to
+claim in these points any sort of equality
+with the Alps, Apennines, or Pyrenees;
+or to do more than assert that, with the
+exception of these, the more magnificent
+memorials of nature's workings on the
+globe, our own country possesses as large
+a proportion of fine scenery as any part
+of the continent of Europe.&mdash;<i>Q. Rev.</i></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>Notes of a Reader</strong></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>HERODOTUS.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Perhaps few persons are aware how often
+they imitate this great historian. Thus,
+says the <i>Edinburgh Review</i>, &quot;Children
+and servants are remarkably <i>Herodotean</i>
+in their style of narration. They tell
+every thing dramatically. Their <i>says hes</i>
+and <i>says shes</i> are proverbial. Every person
+who has had to settle their disputes
+knows that, even when they have no intention
+to deceive, their reports of conversation
+always require to be carefully
+sifted. If an educated man were giving
+an account of the late change of administration,
+he would say, 'Lord Goderich
+resigned; and the king, in consequence,
+sent for the Duke of Wellington.' A
+porter tells the story as if he had been
+behind the curtains of the royal bed at
+Windsor: 'So Lord Goderich says, 'I
+cannot manage this business; I must go
+out.' So the king, says he, 'Well, then,
+I must send for the Duke of Wellington&mdash;that's
+all.' This is in the very manner
+of the father of history.&quot;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>SPLENDOUR OF THE CHURCH OF
+ROME.</strong></p>
+
+<p>&quot;In the days of her power and importance,
+the church of Rome numbered amongst
+her vassals and servants the most renowned
+spirits of the earth. She called
+them from obscurity to fame, and to all
+who laboured to spread and sustain her
+influence, she became a benefactress. Her
+wealth was immense, for she drew her
+revenue from the fear or superstition of
+man, and her spirit was as magnificent as
+her power. The cathedrals which she
+every where reared are yet the wonders of
+Europe for their beauty and extent; and
+in her golden days, the priests who held
+rule within them were, in wealth and
+strength, little less than princes. For a
+time her treasure was wisely and munificently
+expended; and the works she
+wrought, and the good deeds she performed,
+are her honour and our shame.
+She spread a table to the hungry; she
+gave lodgings to the houseless; welcomed
+the wanderer; and rich and poor, and
+learned and illiterate, alike received shelter
+and hospitality. Under her roof the
+scholar completed his education; the historian
+sought and found the materials for
+his history; the minstrel chanted lays of
+mingled piety and love for his loaf and
+raiment; the sculptor carved in wood, or
+cast in silver, some popular saint; and
+the painter gave the immortality of his
+colours to some new legend or miracle.&quot;&mdash;All
+who have visited the cathedrals and
+churches of the continent, or who have
+studied their history at home, must acknowledge
+the truth and force of these
+excellent observations. They are copied
+from an ably-written article on the History
+of Italian Painting, in the second
+number of the <i>Foreign Review</i>.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p>Frederick the Great, in a letter to Voltaire,
+says, &quot;I look on men as a herd of
+deer in a great man's park, whose only
+business is to people the enclosures.&quot;&mdash;This
+is one of the <i>great men</i> of history.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>POTATOES.</strong></p>
+
+<p>A few years after the discovery, potatoes
+were carried to Spain at first as sweetmeats
+and delicacies. Oviedo says that
+&quot;they were a dainty dish to set before
+the king,&quot; Labat describes potatoes a
+hundred years ago, as cultivated in
+Western Africa, and says of them, &quot;<i>Il y
+en a en Irlande, et en Angleterre</i>,&quot; and
+that he had seen very good ones at Rochelle.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>PAINTING</strong></p>
+
+<p>Represents nature, or poetic nature at
+the most, and, therefore, addresses itself
+as much as poetry does to the feeling and
+imagination of man. Though it deals in
+nature exalted by genius, embellished by
+art and purified by taste, still it is nature,
+still it makes its appeal to the men of this
+world, and by them it is applauded or
+condemned. It works for men, and not
+for gods; therefore every man, as far as
+his taste is natural and sound, is a judge
+of its productions.&mdash;<i>For. Rev.</i></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>LAVER.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Such of our readers as are not addicted
+to epicurism may have been somewhat
+puzzled at the display of &quot;<i>Fine Fresh
+Laver</i>&quot; in the Italian warehouses and
+provision shops of the metropolis. The
+truth is, laver is a kind of reddish sea-weed,
+forming a jelly when boiled, which
+is eaten by some of the poor people in
+Angus with bread instead of butter; but
+which the rich have elevated into one of
+the greatest dainties of their tables. In
+Scotland, laver is called <i>slake</i>; and Dr.
+Clarke mentions that it is used with the
+fulmar to make a kind of broth, which
+constitutes the first and principal meal of
+the inhabitants. It is curious to know
+that what is eaten at a duchess's table in
+Piccadilly as a first-rate luxury, is used
+by the poor people of Scotland twice or
+thrice a day. It is an expensive dish;
+but knowledge of this fact may perhaps
+abate its cost.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>GARDENS.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Ferdinand I. of Naples prided himself
+upon the variety and excellence of the
+fruit produced in his royal gardens, one
+of which was called Paradise. Duke
+Hercules, of Ferrara, had a garden celebrated
+for its fruits in one of the islands
+of the Po. The Duke of Milan, Ludovico,
+carried this kind of luxury so far,
+that he had a travelling fruit-garden; and
+the trees were brought to his table, or
+into his chamber, that he might with his
+own hands gather the living fruit.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>SNUFF.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Even among the rudest and poorest of
+the inhabitants of Scotland, and at a period
+when their daily meal must have been
+always scanty, and frequently precarious,
+one luxury seems to have established
+itself, which has unaccountably found its
+way into every part of the world. We
+mean tobacco. The inhabitants of Scotland,
+and especially of the Highlands, are
+notorious for their fondness for snuff; and
+many were the contrivances by which
+they formerly reduced the tobacco into
+powder. Dr. Jamieson, the etymologist,
+defines a <i>mill</i> to be the vulgar name for a
+snuff-box, one especially of a cylindrical
+form, or resembling an inverted cone.
+&quot;No other name,&quot; says he, &quot;was formerly
+in use. The reason assigned for
+this designation is, that when tobacco
+was introduced into this country, those
+who wished to have snuff were wont to
+toast the leaves before the fire, and then
+bruise them with a bit of wood in the
+box; which was therefore called a <i>mill</i>,
+from the snuff being <i>ground</i> in it.&quot; This,
+however, is said to be not quite correct;
+the old snuff-machine being like a nutmeg-grater,
+which made snuff as often as
+a pinch was required.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p>Estimating the population of London
+and its environs at 1,200,000, its proportion
+of paupers would amount to 100,000!</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>SCOTCH LIVING.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Roast meat was formerly seldom seen
+among farmers in Scotland; and is even
+now rare, compared with its use among the
+same class in England. Less than half a
+century ago, a <i>mart</i> was regularly bought
+or fattened by the most respectable farmers,
+and even by many citizens. This was a
+cow or ox killed and salted at Martinmas
+for winter provision; a custom which,
+though not uncommon in England, perhaps,
+one hundred years ago, has certainly
+not been followed, except in remote and
+sequestered districts, or by very old-fashioned
+farmers within that period.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p>Falstaff's &quot;Buck-Basket&quot; has puzzled
+the commentators; but Dr. Jamieson
+thus explains it:&mdash;<i>Bouk</i> is the Scotch
+word for a lye used to steep foul linen in,
+before it is washed in water; the buckbasket,
+therefore, is the basket employed
+to carry clothes, after they have been
+bouked, to the washing-place.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>PLEASURES OF EGYPT.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Sweet are the songs of Egypt on paper.
+Who is not ravished with gums, balms,
+dates, figs, pomegranates, circassia, and
+sycamores, without recollecting that amidst
+these are dust, hot and fainting winds,
+bugs, mosquitos, spiders, flies, leprosy,
+fevers, and almost universal blindness.&mdash;<i>Ledyard's Travels.</i>&mdash;The same writer
+also says the people are poorly clad,
+the youths naked, and that they rank infinitely
+below any savages he ever saw.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p>There cannot be a more ill-boding sign
+to a nation, than when the people, to
+avoid hardships at home, are forced by
+heaps to forsake their native country.&mdash;<i>Milton.</i></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>TOBACCO.</strong></p>
+
+<p>As the devil is a deceiver, and hath the
+knowledge of the virtue of herbs, so he
+did show the virtue of this herb, that by
+the means thereof they might see their
+imaginations and visions that he hath represented
+unto them.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>WHISKY.</strong></p>
+
+<p>From official documents it appears that
+long previous to 1690, there had been a
+distillery of <i>aqua vitae</i>, or whisky, on the
+lands of Farintosh, belonging to Mr.
+Forbes, of Culloden.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>TRAVELLING INCENTIVES.</strong></p>
+
+<p>If there be a sudden accession of fortune,
+the earliest use of it is in passing over to
+the continent; if misfortunes occur, the
+first suggestion is that of seeking solace
+in another land. The assumption of the
+<i>toga virilis</i> by our youth, may be practically
+translated, the putting on of the
+travelling cloak. Marriage, instead of
+being the means of more extended family
+union, is the plea for immediate separation;
+and the newly-married pair drive
+from the church to the packet-boat. If
+the elders of a family are snatched away
+by death, the first idea which occurs to
+their successors, is that of distant removal
+from home. Sorrows are not endured,
+but fled from; and misfortune becomes
+the signal for dispersion to those who
+survive it.&mdash;<i>Q. Rev.</i></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p>Christoval Acosta, speaking of the
+<i>pine-apple</i>, says that &quot;no medicinal virtues
+have been discovered in it, and it is
+good for nothing but to eat.&quot;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>SMOKING.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Joshuah Silvester questioned whether
+the devil had done more harm in
+latter ages by means of fire and smoke,
+through the invention of guns, or of tobacco-pipes;
+and he conjectured that
+Satan introduced the fashion, as a preparatory
+course of smoking for those who
+were to be matriculated in his own college:</p>
+
+As roguing Gipsies tan their little elves,<br />
+To make them tann'd and ugly, like themselves.<br />
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>LAW</strong></p>
+
+<p>Must be kept as a garden, with frequent
+digging, weeding, turning, &amp;c., for that
+which was in one age convenient, and,
+perhaps, necessary, becomes in another
+prejudicial.&mdash;<i>Roger North.</i></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<a name="THE_GATHERER."></a><h2>THE GATHERER.</h2>
+
+<p>&quot;A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles.&quot;<br />
+SHAKSPEARE</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>THE WIFE'S COMPLAINT.</strong></p>
+
+<p>Havard, the actor, (better known from
+the urbanity of his manners, by the familiar
+name of Billy Havard) had the
+misfortune to be married to a most notorious
+shrew and drunkard. One day
+dining at Garrick's, he was complaining
+of a violent pain in his side. Mrs. Garrick
+offered to prescribe for him. &quot;No,
+no,&quot; said her husband; &quot;that will not
+do, my dear; Billy has mistaken his disorder;
+his great <i>complaint lies in his
+rib</i>.&quot;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>HOW TO SECURE A COACH.</strong></p>
+
+<p>A facetious friend of Dr. Kitchiner's,
+on a very wet night, after several messengers,
+whom he had despatched for a
+coach, had returned without obtaining
+one; at last, at &quot;past one o'clock, and a
+rainy morning,&quot; the wag walked himself
+to the next coach-stand, and politely advised
+the waterman to mend his inside
+lining with a pint of beer, and go home
+to bed; for said he, &quot;there will be nothing
+for you to do to night, I'll lay you
+a shilling that there's not a coach out.&quot;
+&quot;Why, will you, your honour? then
+done,&quot; cried Mr. Waterman; &quot;but are
+you really serious, 'cause, if so be as
+you be, I must make haste and go and
+get one.&quot; Being assured he would certainly
+touch the twelvepenny if he did,
+he trotted off on his &quot;nag a ten toes,&quot;
+and in ten minutes returned with a leathern
+conveyance.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p>Epicure Quin used to say, it was &quot;not
+safe to sit down to a <i>Turtle Feast</i> at one
+of the City Halls, without a <i>basket-hilted
+knife and fork</i>.&quot;&mdash;Another of his quips
+was, &quot;Of all the banns of marriage I ever
+heard, none gave me half such pleasure
+as the union of ANN-CHOVY with good
+JOHN-DORY.&quot;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>ONION SOUP</strong></p>
+
+<p>Is thought highly restorative by the
+French. It is considered peculiarly grateful,
+and gently stimulating to the stomach,
+after hard drinking or night-watching,
+and holds among soups the place
+that champagne, soda-water, or ginger-beer,
+does among liquors.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p>Lobsters and crabs are in season from
+March till October; so that they supply
+the place of oysters, which come in about
+the time lobsters go out of season. Lobsters
+are held in great esteem by gastrologers
+for the firmness, purity, and flavour
+of their flesh. When they find refuge
+in the rocky fastnesses of the deep
+from the rapacity of sharks and fishermen,
+they sometimes attain an immense
+size, and have been found from eighteen
+inches to upwards of two feet in length.
+Apicius, who ought to be the patron saint
+of epicures, made a voyage to the coast of
+Africa on hearing that lobsters of an unusually
+large size were to be found there,
+and, after encountering much distress at
+sea, met with a disappointment. Very
+large lobsters are at present found on the
+coasts of Orkney. Some naturalists affirm
+(Olaus Magnus and Gesner,) that in the
+Indian seas, and on the wild shores of
+Norway, lobsters have been found twelve
+feet in length, and six in breadth, which
+seize mariners in their terrible embrace,
+and, dragging them into their caverns,
+devour them. However this may be, the
+lobsters and crabs for being devoured are
+best when of the middle size, and when
+found on reefs or very rocky shores.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>THE INVISIBLE HAIR.</strong></p>
+
+<p>A monk was showing the relics of his
+convent before a numerous assembly; the
+most rare, in his opinion, was a hair of
+the Holy Virgin, which he appeared to
+show to the people present, opening his
+hands as if he were drawing it through
+them. A peasant approached with great
+curiosity, and exclaimed, &quot;but, reverend
+father, I see nothing.&quot; &quot;Egad, I believe
+it&quot; replied the monk, &quot;for I have
+shown the hair for twenty years, and have
+not yet beheld it myself.&quot;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>CURIOSITY CURED.</strong></p>
+
+<p>A servant travelling, was bothered by
+a super-curious person, who, after several
+indirect attempts to discover whence he
+came, or whither he was going, at last
+popt the question plainly, &quot;Are your
+family <i>before</i>?&quot;&mdash;&quot;No.&quot;&mdash;&quot;Oh! you
+left them <i>behind</i>, I suppose?&quot;&mdash;&quot;No&quot;
+&quot;No?&quot;&mdash;&quot;No, they are on <i>one
+side</i>!&quot;</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+
+<p><strong>TO GROW A SHOULDER OR LEG OF MUTTON.</strong></p>
+
+<p>This art is well known to the London
+bakers. Have a very small leg or shoulder;
+change it upon a customer for one a
+little larger, and that upon another for
+one better still, till by the dinner hour
+you have a heavy, excellent joint in lieu
+of your original small one.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 35%;" />
+<br />
+
+<p><i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD,
+143, Strand, London; sold by ERNEST
+FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic, and
+by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i>
+FOOTNOTES:</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor1">[1]</a> The grief of Ferdinand, King of Arragon,
+for the loss of his brother, Don Pedro, who was
+killed during the siege of Naples, is affectingly
+described by the historian Mariana. It is also
+the subject of one of the old Spanish ballads, in
+Lockhart's beautiful collection.</p>
+<br />
+
+</td></tr></table>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, ***
+
+***** This file should be named 10332-h.htm or 10332-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/3/3/10332/
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Sjaani and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS," WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's
+eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII,
+compressed (zipped), HTML and others.
+
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over
+the old filename and etext number.  The replaced older file is renamed.
+VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving
+new filenames and etext numbers.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000,
+are filed in directories based on their release date.  If you want to
+download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular
+search system you may utilize the following addresses and just
+download by the etext year.
+
+     http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext06
+
+    (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99,
+     98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90)
+
+EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are
+filed in a different way.  The year of a release date is no longer part
+of the directory path.  The path is based on the etext number (which is
+identical to the filename).  The path to the file is made up of single
+digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename.  For
+example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234
+
+or filename 24689 would be found at:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689
+
+An alternative method of locating eBooks:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/old/10332-h/imgone.jpg b/old/10332-h/imgone.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ae6b47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/10332-h/imgone.jpg
diff --git a/old/10332.txt b/old/10332.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..58a09f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/10332.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1927 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
+       Volume XII. F, No. 325, August 2, 1828.
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: November 29, 2003 [EBook #10332]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Sjaani and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR
+
+OF
+
+LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+
+No. 325.] SATURDAY, AUGUST 2, 1828. [Price 2_d_.
+
+
+ALL-SOULS' CHURCH, LANGHAM-PLACE.
+
+
+Vol. XII. F
+
+ALL-SOULS' CHURCH,
+
+LANGHAM PLACE.
+
+ "Whoever walks through London streets,"
+  Said Momus to the son of Saturn,
+ "Each day new edifices meets,
+  Of queer proportion, queerer pattern:
+If thou, O cloud-compelling god,
+  Wilt aid me with thy special grace,
+I, too, will wield my motley hod,
+  And build a church in Langham-place."
+
+ "Agreed," the Thunderer cries; "go plant
+  Thine edifice, I care not how ill;
+Take notice, earth. I hereby grant
+  _Carte blanche_ of mortar, stone, and trowel.
+Go Hermes, Hercules, and Mars,
+  Fraught with these bills on Henry Hase,
+Drop with yon jester from the stars,
+  And build a church in Langham-place."
+
+         _London Lyrics-New Monthly Mag._
+
+Among all our specimens of contemporary church-building, none has
+excited more animadversion than _All-Souls'_, Langham-place, erected in
+1822-1825, from the designs of Mr. Nash. Its general effect is
+extraordinary and objectionable; but, unfortunately for what merit it
+really possesses, many of its assailants have so far disregarded the
+just principles of taste and criticism, as to go laboriously out of
+their way to be profanely witty on its defects. Song and satire,
+raillery and ridicule, pun and pasquinade, and even the coarseness of
+caricature, have thus been let off at this specimen of NASH-_ional_
+architecture; whilst their authors have wittingly kept out any redeeming
+graces which could be found in its architectural details.
+
+The principal features of the exterior were suggested by its situation,
+it being placed on an angular plot of ground, between Langham-place and
+Regent-street. To afford an advantageous view from either point, the
+tower, which is circular, is nearly detached from the body of the
+church, and is surrounded by columns of the modern Ionic order,
+supporting an entablature, crowned by a balustrade, which is continued
+along the sides of the church. Above the portico is a Corinthian
+peristyle, the base of which is also that of a fluted cone, which forms
+the spire, and is terminated in an acute point. The steeple is complete
+in itself, and adapted to its situation, having the same appearance
+which ever way it is viewed. This portion of the edifice has, however,
+been more stigmatized than any other, although it has been pronounced by
+persons of taste and accredited judgment to be the best steeple recently
+erected. To our eye, the church itself, _apart_ from the tower, (for
+such it almost is) is perhaps, one of the most miserable structures in
+the metropolis,--in its starved proportions more resembling a
+manufactory, or warehouse, than the impressive character of a church
+exterior; an effect to which the Londoner is not an entire stranger.
+Here, too, we are inclined to ascribe much of the ridicule, which the
+whole church has received, to its puny proportions and scantiness of
+decoration, which are far from being assisted by any stupendousness in
+their details, the first impression of which might probably have fixed
+the attention of the spectator. Indeed, the whole style of the tower and
+steeple appears peculiarly illadapted for so small a scale as has here
+been attempted.
+
+As we love "a jest's prosperity," we recommend such of our readers as
+are partial to innocent pasquinade, to turn to the "Lyric," in a recent
+volume of the _New Monthly Magazine_, commencing as above. It is too
+long for entire insertion here, but its raciness will doubtless gratify
+those who may be induced to refer to it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TREMENDOUS RAINS.
+
+_(For the Mirror.)_
+
+Like a low-hung cloud, _it rains so fast_,
+That all at once it falls.--DRYDEN.
+
+There are two English proverbs relative to rain; the first is, "_It
+rains by Planets._" "This the country people (says Ray) use when it
+rains in one place and not in another; meaning that the showers are
+governed by planets, which being erratic in their own motions, cause
+such uncertain wandering of clouds and falls of rain. Or it rains by
+planets--that is, the falls of showers are as uncertain, as the motions
+of the planets are imagined to be." The second--"_It never rains but it
+pours:_" which appears to be the case at present. In the year 553 it
+rained violently in Scotland for five months; in 918 there was a
+continual rain in that country for five months; a violent one in London
+1222; again 1233, so violent that the harvest did not begin till
+Michaelmas; 1338, from Midsummer to Christmas, so that there was not one
+day or night dry together; in Wales, which destroyed 10,000 sheep,
+September 19th 1752; in Languedoc, which destroyed the village of Bar le
+Due, April 26th, 1776; and in the Island of Cuba, on the 21st of June,
+1791, 3,000 persons and 11,700 cattle of various kinds perished by the
+torrents occasioned by the rains.
+
+P. T. W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CURIOUS SCRAPS.
+
+_(For the Mirror.)_
+
+The first dissection on record, is one in which Democritus of Obdera,
+was engaged, in order to ascertain the sources and course of the
+bile.--It was the custom among the Egyptians, to carry about at their
+feasts a skeleton, least their guests, in the midst of feasting and
+merriment, should forget the frail tenure of life and its enjoyments.
+
+The most ancient eclipse upon record, was observed by the Chaldeans 721
+years before the Christian era, and recorded by Ptolemy. The observation
+was made at Babylon the 19th of March.--In ancient days, for want of
+parchment to draw deeds upon, great estates were frequently conveyed
+from one family to another only by the ceremony of a turf and a stone,
+delivered before witnesses, and without any written agreement.--It is
+singular, that by the Doomsday Book, as quoted by Camden, there appears
+to have been in Lincoln, when that survey was taken, no less than 1070
+"inns for entertainment."--Henry I., about the year 1125, caused to be
+made a standard yard, from the length of his own arm, in order to
+prevent frauds in the measurement of cloth. This standard is supposed to
+have been deposited, with other measures, &c. in Winchester; he likewise
+(it is said) ordered halfpence and farthings to be made round, which
+before his time were square.--The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge
+were first called "studia," or "studies."--Edward the Confessor received
+yearly, from the manor of Barton, near Gloucester, 3,000 loaves of bread
+for the maintenance of his dogs--In the reign of Edward III., only three
+taverns might sell sweet wines in London; one in Cheape, one in
+Wallbrook, and the other in Lombard Street.--Lord Lyttleton, in his Life
+of Henry II., vol. i. p. 50, says, "Most of our ancient historians give
+him the character of a very religious prince, but his religion was,
+after the fashion of those times, belief without examination, and
+devotion without piety. It was a religion that at the same time allowed
+him to pillage kingdoms, that threw him on his knees before a relic or a
+cross, but suffered him unrestrained to trample upon the liberties and
+rights of mankind;" again, "his government was harsh and despotic,
+violating even the principles of that institution which he himself had
+established. Yet so far he performed the duty of a sovereign that he
+took care to maintain a good police in his realm; which, in the
+tumultuous state of his government, was a great and difficult work." How
+well he performed it, we may learn even from the testimony of a
+contemporary Saxon historian, who says, "during his reign a man might
+have travelled in perfect security all over the kingdom, with his bosom
+full of gold; nor durst any kill another in revenge of the greatest
+offences, nor offer violence to the chastity of a woman. But it was a
+poor compensation that the highways were safe, when the courts of
+justice were dens of thieves, and when almost every man in authority, or
+in office, used his power to oppress and pillage the people."--Towards
+the close of the life of Henry IV., he kept the regal diadem always in
+his sight by day, and at night it shared his pillow. Once the Prince of
+Wales, whom Henry always suspected more than he loved, seeing his father
+in a most violent paroxysm of disease, removed the crown from his bed.
+The king on his recovery missed it, sent for his son, and taxed him with
+his impatience and want of duty, but the prince defended his conduct
+with such rational modesty, that Henry, convinced of his innocence,
+embraced and blessed him. "Alas!" said Henry to his son, "you know too
+well how I gained this crown. How will you defend this ill-gotten
+possession?" "With my sword," said the prince, "as my father has done."
+
+Henry V. was, perhaps, the first English monarch who had ships of his
+own. Two of these, which sailed against Harfleur, were called "The
+King's Chamber," and "The King's Hall." They had purple sails, and were
+large and beautiful.
+
+Party rage ran so high in 1403, that an act of parliament was found
+necessary to declare, "Pulling out of eyes and cutting out of tongues to
+be felony."--Dr. Rush, of Philadelphia, in his "Inquiry into the effects
+of spirituous liquors on the human body, and their influence on the
+happiness of society;" says, "Among the inhabitants of cities, spirits
+produce debts, disgrace, and bankruptcy. Among farmers, they produce
+idleness with its usual consequence, such as houses without windows,
+barns without roofs, gardens without enclosures, fields without fences,
+hogs without yokes, sheep without wool, meagre cattle, feeble horses,
+and half clad, dirty children, without principles, morals, or manners."
+
+P. T. W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Shower of Sugar Plums_--Charles XI., attended by his court, had been
+hunting in the neighbourhood of Carcassone. After the stag had been
+taken, a gentleman of the neighbourhood invited the king to a splendid
+dinner which he had prepared for him. At the conclusion of the banquet
+the ceiling of the hall _suddenly opened_, a thick cloud, descended and
+burst over their heads like a thunder storm, pouring forth a shower of
+_sugar-plums_ instead of hail, which was succeeded by a gentle rain of
+rose-water.
+
+_The Coin Guinea_--In the reign of king Charles II., when Sir Robert
+Holmes, of the Isle of Wight, brought gold-dust from the coast of
+Guinea, a guinea first received its name from that country.
+
+_A Motto_.--A constant frequenter of city feasts, having grown
+enormously fat, it was proposed to write on his back, "_Widened at the
+expense of the corporation of London."_
+
+_Sedan-chairs and Hackney-coaches_.--Sir S. Duncombe, predecessor to
+Duncombe Lord Feversham, and gentleman pensioner to King James and
+Charles I., introduced sedan-chairs into this country, anno 1634, when
+he procured a patent that vested in him and his heirs the sole right of
+carrying persons up and down in them for a certain sum. Sir Saunders had
+been a great traveller, and saw these chairs at Sedan, where they were
+first invented. It is remarkable that Capt. Bailey introduced the use of
+hackney-coaches in this year; a tolerable ride might then be obtained,
+in either of these vehicles for four pence.
+
+_Heroism--Seward_, "the brave Earl of Northumberland," feeling in his
+sickness that he drew near his end, quitted his bed and put on his
+armour, saying, "That it became not a man to die like a beast," on which
+he died standing; an act as singular as it was heroic.
+
+_Epigram on Epigrams._
+What is an epigram? a dwarfish whole,
+Its body brevity, and wit its soul.
+
+W. H. H.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"THE MOUSE TOWER"
+
+A GERMAN LEGEND.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+The bishop of Mentz was a wealthy prince,
+  Wealthy and proud was he;
+He had all that was worth a wish on earth--
+  But he had not charitie!
+
+He would stretch put his _empty_ hands to _bless_,
+  Or lift them both to _pray_;
+But alack! to lighten man's distress,
+  They moved no other way.
+
+A famine came! but his heart was still
+  As hard as his pride was high;
+And the starving poor but throng'd his door
+  To curse him and to die.
+
+At length from the crowd rose a clamour so loud,
+  That a cruel plot laid he;
+He open'd one of his granaries wide,
+  And bade them enter free.
+
+In they rush'd--the maid and the sire.
+  And the child that could barely run--
+Then he clos'd the barn, and set it on fire.
+  And burnt them every one!
+
+And loud he laugh'd at each terrible shriek,
+  And cried to his archer-train,
+"The merry mice!--how shrill they squeak!--
+  They are fond of the bishop's grain!"
+
+But mark, what an awful judgment soon,
+  On the cruel bishop fell;
+With so many mice his palace swarm'd,
+  That in it he could not dwell.
+
+They gnaw'd the arras above and beneath,
+  They eat each savoury dish up;
+And shortly their sacrilegious teeth
+  Began to nibble the bishop!
+
+He flew to his castle of Ehrenfels,
+  By the side of the Rhine so fair;
+But they found the road to his new abode,
+  And came in legions there.
+
+He built him, in haste, a tower tall
+  In the tide, for his better assurance;
+But they swam the river, and scal'd the wall,
+  And worried him past endurance.
+
+One morning his skeleton there was seen,
+  By a load of flesh the lighter;
+They had picked his bones uncommonly clean,
+  And eaten his very mitre!
+
+Such was the end of the bishop of Mentz,
+  And oft at the midnight hour,
+He comes in the shape of a fog so dense,
+  And sits on his old "Mouse-Tower."
+
+C.K.W.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PRUSSIC ACID.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+The circumstance of Montgomery's recent suicide in Newgate, has led me
+to send you the following remarks upon the nature and properties of that
+most violent poison, Prussic acid, with which the unfortunate man
+terminated his existence.
+
+Were we to consider the constituent parts and properties of the most
+common things we are in the habit of daily using, and their poisonous
+and destructive natures, we should recoil at the deadly potion, and
+shrink from the loathsome draught we are about to take. That which we
+consider the most delicious and exhilarating portion of our common
+beverage, porter, contains carbonic acid gas, commonly known by the
+"spirit," and which the poor miners dread with the utmost horror, like
+the Arabian does the destructive blast of the simoon. Oxalic acid, so
+much the fear of those accustomed to the medicine--Epsom salts, is made
+from that useful article, _sugar_, by uniting with it a smaller portion,
+more than it has naturally, of oxygen gas. The air we breathe contains a
+most deadly poison, called by chemists azotic gas, which, by its being
+mixed with what is called vital air, (oxygen gas,) becomes necessary to
+our existence, as much as the one (vital air or oxygen gas) would be
+prejudicial without the other; and _Prussic acid_, the most violent of
+all poisons, is contained in the common bitter-almond. But these most
+destructive substances are always found combined with others, which
+render them often perfectly harmless, and can be separated only by the
+skill of the chemist.
+
+The Prussic acid (by some called hydrocyanic acid) is a liquid,
+extracted from vegetables, and contains one part of cyanogen and one
+part of hydrogen. It is extracted from the bitter-almond, (as has been
+stated,) peach-blossom, and the leaves of the laurocerasus. It may also
+be obtained from animal substances, although a vegetable acid. If lime
+be added to water, distilled from these substances, a Prussiate of lime
+is formed; when, if an acid solution of iron be added to this mixture,
+common Prussian blue (or Prussiate of iron) is precipitated. The acid
+may be obtained from Prussiate of potash, by making a strong solution of
+this salt, and then adding as much tartaric acid as will precipitate the
+potash, when the acid will be left in solution, which must be decanted
+and distilled.
+
+Its properties are a pungent odour, very much resembling that of
+bitter-almonds, with a hot but sweetish taste, and extremely volatile.
+It contains azote, with which no other vegetable acid is combined; it is
+largely used in the manufacture of Prussian blue. It is the most violent
+of all poisons, and destroys animals by being applied to the skin only.
+It is stated by an able chemist, that a single drop applied to the
+tongue of a mastiff dog caused death so instantaneously, that it
+appeared to have been destroyed by lightning. One drop to the human
+frame destroys life in two minutes.
+
+But when chemically combined with other substances, its power is in a
+great measure neutralized, and it becomes a valuable article, both to
+the chemist as a test, and to the physician as a medicine. The Prussiate
+of potash and iron will enable the chemist to discover nearly the whole
+of the metals when in solution, by the colours its combination produces.
+Dr. Zollekoffer says, that in intermittent fevers the Prussiate of iron
+is in its effects superior to Cinchona bark, and says it never disagrees
+with the stomach, or creates nausea even in the most irritable state,
+while bark is not unfrequently rejected; a patient will recover from the
+influence of intermitting and remitting fevers, in the generality of
+cases, in much less time than is usual in those cases in which bark is
+employed. S.S.T.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE ANECDOTE GALLERY.
+
+VOLTAIRE.
+
+(_Continued from page 64_.)
+
+A certain Hungarian traveller, a man of consequence in his country, but
+not particularly wise, had fruitlessly tried to be introduced, without
+finding any one at Geneva, willing to undertake the task, as they were
+all afraid Voltaire would be rude to him. A young man, who heard of
+this, engaged to procure the stranger an interview with Voltaire; and on
+the day appointed, contrived to have him conveyed out of town to a
+good-looking residence, where well-dressed servants received him at the
+door, and ushered him up stairs in due form. Here then at last he found
+himself, as he thought, _tete-a-tete_ with Voltaire. The _malade de
+Ferney_, personated by our young friend, was lying down on a sofa,
+wrapped up in a damask robe-de-chambre, a night-cap of black velvet,
+with gold lace, on his head, or rather on the top of an immense periwig,
+_a la Louis XIV_., in the midst of which his little, sallow and
+deeply-wrinkled visage seemed buried; a table was near him, covered with
+papers, and the curtains being drawn, made the room rather dark. The
+philosopher apologized in a hollow voice, interrupted by occasional fits
+of coughing; he was ill _bien malade_, could not get up, begged the
+stranger to be seated, asked questions about the countries he had
+visited, made him tell his adventures, those of gallantry particularly,
+and was himself most facetious, and most profanely witty. The Hungarian
+delighted, and far more at ease than he had imagined possible, casting a
+glance on the papers, ventured to inquire what new work? "Ah,
+nothing!"--_le faible Enfant de ma Vieillesse--a tragedy_. "May I ask
+the subject?" "The subject is wholly Genevan," replied Voltaire, "the
+name, _Empro-Giro_, and the dramatis personae _Carin-Caro, Dupins-Simon_,
+and _Carcail Briffon, &c_." He then began to repeat, with great
+animation, a number of passages, to which his visitor listened in
+perfect raptures, but drew, meanwhile, a snuff-box from his pocket, and
+began to look attentively on him and on a picture on the lid; thus
+confronted with a portrait of Voltaire, and compared face to face, was a
+trial for which our mimic was not prepared, and his courage nearly
+forsook him, yet he kept up appearances, only coughing more, and ranting
+on the high-sounding lines of his _Empro-Giro_. The Hungarian, not
+undeceived by this close examination, replaced the snuff-box in his
+pocket, declaring it to be the best likeness he had ever seen. He rose
+at last, thanked his friend Voltaire, kissed his hand respectfully, and
+went away, distributing to the servants he met on the stairs liberal
+tokens of his satisfaction. These servants were the intimate friends and
+companions of the chief actor, and one of them, his brother, unwilling
+to carry the joke to the length of pocketing the money of their dupe,
+they contrived to give him a dinner at a tavern, where he was made to
+tell the story of his visit to Voltaire, and express his admiration of
+the great man. The latter heard of this, was much amused, and desired to
+see his double, told him he would make a bargain with him--half his fame
+for half the tiresome visitors it procured him.
+
+The poet lived like a prince, but kept his accounts like a citizen;
+knowing to a sous where his money went: a good deal of it was bestowed
+charitably, for he was munificent, and certainly much loved in his
+neighbourhood. One night, when _Tancrede_ was acting, and the court of
+the chateau was full of carriages and servants, there arrived, as ill
+luck would have it, a cask of the best chambertin that ever came from
+Burgundy; his own people could not attend to it, and the cask remained
+at his cellar door; the servants contrived to get at it, and while their
+masters and mistresses were shedding tears at the tragedy, they sipped
+the poet's wine. There was generally a supper after the play, where more
+than once two hundred people sat down, and Voltaire had something to say
+to every one of his guests. As the gates of the town are shut at night,
+many of them usually remained in the _chateau_, poorly accommodated with
+beds. One night as M. de B----, was groping in the dark, for a place
+where he might lie down to sleep, he accidently put his finger into the
+mouth of M. de Florian, who bit it.
+
+Voltaire kept company only with the aristocracy of Geneva; neither his
+liberality nor his wit secured him the good-will of the patriots placed
+out of the sphere of his influence; they only saw him a sham
+philosopher, without principles and solidity; a courtier, the slave of
+rank and fashion; the corrupter of their country, of which he made a
+jest. _Quand je secoue ma perruque,_ he used to say, _je poudre toute la
+republique!_
+
+Whatever might be Voltaire's antipathy to the visits of strangers at his
+_chateau_, he seems to have met with an equal specimen of that temper
+from an Englishman. When in London, he waited upon Congreve, the poet,
+and passed him some compliments as to the reputation and merit of his
+works. Congreve thanked him; but at the same, time told Voltaire _he did
+not choose to be considered as an author, but only as a private
+gentleman, and in that light expected to be visited._ Voltaire answered,
+_that if he had never been any thing but a private gentleman, in all
+probability he had never been troubled with that visit._ He also
+observes, in his own account of this affair, he was not a little
+disgusted with so unseasonable a piece of vanity.
+
+The memory of Voltaire and Rousseau is still cherished by the French
+people with great fondness; their busts or figures in bronze or plaster
+are frequently met with, and remind one of _Penates_, or household gods.
+
+PHILO.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+POPULAR SUPERSTITIONS.
+
+
+WITCHCRAFT.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+--Why should the envious world
+Throw all their scandalous malice upon me?
+'Cause I am poor, deform'd, and ignorant;
+And like a bow, buckled and bent together,
+By some more strong in mischiefs than myself:
+Must I for that be made a common sink
+For all the filth and rubbish of men's tongues,
+To fall and run into? some call me witch;
+And, being ignorant of myself, they go
+About to teach me how to be one; urging
+That my bad tongue (by their bad usage made so)
+Forespeaks their cattle, doth bewitch their corn,
+Themselves, their servants, and their babes at nurse;
+This they enforce upon me; and in part
+Make me to credit it. _Witch of Edmonton._
+
+The belief in witchcraft may be considered as forming a prominent and
+important feature in the history of the human mind. It is certainly one
+link of the degrading chain of superstitions which have long enslaved
+mankind, but which are now quivering to their fall. The desire for power
+to pry into hidden things, and more especially events to come, is
+inherent in the human race, and has always been considered as of no
+ordinary importance, and rendered the supposed possessors objects of
+reverence and fear. The belief in astrology, or the power to read in the
+stars the knowledge of futurity, from time immemorial has been
+considered as the most difficult of attainment, and important in its
+results. And by the aid of a little supernatural machinery, both
+magicians and astrologers exercised the most unlimited influence over
+the understandings of their adherents. An astrologer, only two or three
+centuries since, was a regular appendage to the establishments of
+princes and nobles. Sir Walter Scott has drawn an interesting portrait
+of one in _Kenilworth_; and the eagerness with which the Earl of
+Leicester listened to his doctrines and predictions, affords a good
+specimen of the manners of those times. The movements of the heavenly
+bodies, (imperfectly as they were then understood,) seemed to afford the
+most plausible vehicle for these "oracles of human destiny;" and even
+now, while we are tracing these lines, the red and glaring appearance of
+the planet Mars, shining so beautifully in the south-east, is considered
+by the many as a forerunner and sign of long wars and much bloodshed:
+
+These dreams and terrors magical,
+  These miracles and witches,
+Night walking sprites, et cetera,
+  Esteem them not two rushes.
+
+Mankind are universally prone to the belief in omens, and the casual
+occurrence of certain contingent circumstances soon creates the easiest
+of theories. Should a bird of good omen, in ancient times, perch on the
+standard, or hover about an army, the omen was of good import, and
+favourable to conquest. Should a raven or crow accidentally fly over the
+field of action, the spirits of the combatants would be proportionably
+depressed. Should a planet be shining in its brilliancy at the birth of
+any one whose fortunes rose to pre-eminence, it was always thought to
+exert an influence over his future destiny. Such was the origin of many
+of our later superstitions, which "grew with their growth, and
+strengthened with their strength," till the more extensive introduction
+of the art of printing partly dissipated the illusion. It has been
+remarked, therefore, that the existence of the parent stock of the
+subject more immediately under our consideration, witchcraft, may be
+traced to a very remote period indeed. It is, however, needless to enter
+into any remarks on those witches mentioned in the Scriptures. The
+earliest dabbler of the _genus_, as a contemporary writer observes, is
+said to be Zoroaster, thought to be the king of the Bactrians, who
+flourished about 3,800 years ago, or A.M. 2000. He is supposed to have
+been well versed in the arts of divination and astrology, and was the
+origin of the Persian magi. "At his birth," remarks an old writer, "he
+laughed; and his head did so beat, that it struck back the midwife's
+hand--a good sign of abundance of spirits, which are the best
+instruments of a ready wit." The _magi_ in Persia, the Brahmins in
+India, the Chaldae in Assyria, the magicians of Arabia, the priesthood
+of Egypt, Greece, and Rome, and the Druids of Britain, were all members
+of a class which comprised astrology, omens, divination, conjuration,
+portents, chiromancy, and sorcery; and all united in the pursuit of
+enslaving mankind for the purposes of gain and power, with artfully
+devised schemes, and a skilful series of impostures; and we can easily
+imagine the influence they must have exercised over the minds of their
+proselytes, when we bear in mind the effect produced by similar
+contrivances in later days. The enchantress Theoris of Athens seems to
+have been the first witch that had recourse to charms. Demosthenes uses
+the terms both of witchery and imposture in speaking of her. This witch
+was put to death by the Athenians--an accomplice having displayed to
+them the charms, &c., by which she wrought her miracles. Our Saviour's
+words, that _faith_ can remove mountains, are applicable particularly to
+the supposed powers of witchcraft; and the influence of charms and
+amulets in averting disease is well known. We have alluded, in our first
+paper, to the trial of Rose Cullender and Amy Duny, at Norwich, for
+witchcraft; and we now give the speech of Sir Thomas Browne, the
+celebrated physician of that period, (1664,) to whom, in consequence of
+defect in the proof, the case was referred, which was the cause of their
+conviction. Sir Thomas Browne offered it as his opinion, "that the
+devil, in such cases, did work upon the bodies of men and women, upon a
+natural foundation, (that is) to stir up and excite such humours
+superabounding in their bodies to a great excess, whereby he did, in an
+extraordinary manner, afflict them with such distempers as their bodies
+were most subject to, as particularly appeared in the children of
+Dorothy Dunent, (one of the indictments against the prisoners being for
+their bewitchment;) for he conceived that these swooning fits were
+natural, and nothing else but that they call the mother, but _only
+heightened to a great excess by the subtilty of the devil co-operating
+with the malice of these, which we term witches, at whose instance he
+doth the villanies_."
+
+The ceremony of initiation to the dreadful vocation and great powers of
+witchcraft was attended with considerable form and mystery:--
+
+----They call me hag and witch.
+What is the name? When, and by what art learned?
+With what spell, what charm or invocation,
+May the thing call'd _familiar_ be purchas'd?
+
+The older and more ugly the performer in these appalling ceremonies, the
+better. Some witches seem to have had the devil quite at their beck; but
+his visits to most of them appear to have been "few and far between."
+The convention (remarks John Gaule, an old writer) for such a solemn
+initiation being proclaimed (by some herald imp) to some others of the
+confederation, on some great holy or Lord's day, they meet in some
+church, either before the consecrated bell hath tolled, or else very
+late, after all the services are past and over. "The party, in some
+vesture for that purpose, is presented by some confederate or familiar
+to the prince of devills, sitting now in a throne of infernall majesty,
+appearing in the form of a man, only labouring to hide his cloven foot.
+To whom, after bowing and homage done, a petition is presented to be
+received into his association and protection; and first, if the witch be
+outwardly Christian, baptism must be renounced, and the party must be
+re-baptised in the devill's name, and a new name is also imposed by him,
+and here must be godfathers too ... But above all he is very busie with
+his long nails, in scraping and scratching those places of the forehead
+where the signe of the crosse was made, or where the chrisme was laid.
+Instead of both which, he impresses or inures the mark of the beast (the
+devill's flesh brand) upon one or other part of the body. Further, the
+witch (for her part) vows, either by word of mouth, or peradventure by
+writing, (and that in her owne bloode,) to give both body and soul to
+the devill, to deny and defy God the Father, the Son, and the Holy
+Ghost; but especially the blessed Virgin, convitiating her with one
+infamous nickname or other; to abhor the word and sacraments, but
+especially to spit at the saying of masse; to spurn at the crosse, and
+tread saints' images under feet; and as much as possibly they may, to
+profane all saints' reliques, holy water, consecrated salt, wax, &c.; to
+be sure to fast on Sundays, and eat flesh on Fridays; not to confess
+their sins, whatsoever they do, especially to a priest; to separate from
+the Catholic church, and despise his vicar's primacy; to attend the
+devill's nocturnal conventicles, sabbaths, and sacrifices; to take him
+for their god, worship, invoke, and obey him; to devote their children
+to him, and to labour all that they may to bring others into the same
+confederacy. Then the devill, for his part, promises to be always
+present with them, to serve them at their beck; that they shall have
+their wills upon any body; that they shall have what riches, honours,
+and pleasures they can imagine; and if any be so wary as to think of
+their future being, he tells them they shall be princes ruling in the
+aire, or shall be but turned into impes at worst. Then he preaches to
+them to be mindful of their covenant, and not to fail to revenge
+themselves upon their enemies, Then, he commends to them (for this
+purpose) an imp, or familiar in the shape of a cat, &c. After this they
+shake hands, embrace in arms, dance, feast, and banquet, according as
+the devill hath provided in imitation of the supper. Nay, ofttimes he
+marries them ere they part, either to himselfe, or to their familiar, or
+to one another, and that by the Book of Common Prayer, as a pretender to
+witch-finding told me, in the presence of many." After this they part,
+and a general meeting is held thrice a year, on some holy day; they are
+"conveyed to it as swift as the winds from the remotest parts of the
+earth, where they that have done the most execrable mischiefe, and can
+brag of it, make most merry with the devill;" while the "indiligent" are
+jeered and derided by the devil and the others. Non-attendance was
+severely punished by the culprits being beaten on the soles of the feet,
+whipped with iron rods, "pinched and sucked by their familiars till
+their heart's blood come--till they repent them of their sloth, &c."
+
+Many regulations were, however, to be observed after the above
+initiatory ceremony, which we have given at length in consequence of its
+singularity. There existed a community or commonwealth, of "fallen
+angels" or spirits, with the various titles of kings, dukes, &c.,
+prelates and knights, of which the head was _Baal_, "who, when he was
+conjured up, appeared with three heads, one like a man, one like a toad,
+and one like a cat." The title of king conferred no extra power; indeed,
+_Agares_, "the first duke, came in the likeness of a faire old man,
+riding upon a crocodile, and carrying a hawk on his fist"--_Marbas_, who
+appeared in the form of a "mightie lion"--_Amon_, "a great and mightie
+marques, who came abroad in the likeness of a wolf, having a serpent's
+taile, and breathing out and spitting flames of fire," and was one of
+the "best and kindest of devills," with sixty-five more of these
+master-spirits, enumerated in _Scot_, "appeared to be entirely and
+exclusively appropriated to the service of witches," were alike
+possessed of nearly similar power, and had many hundreds of legions of
+devils (each legion 6,666 in number) at their command.
+
+There were stated times for each rank of devils to be called on, for
+they aught not to be invoked "rashly or at all seasons;" and the
+following extracts from Reginald Scot are fully explanatory of the
+formalities to be observed on these occasions:--
+
+"_The houres wherein the principal devills may be raised.--_A king may
+be raised from the third houre till noone, and from the ninth hour till
+evening. Dukes may be raised from the first hour till noon, and clear
+weather is to be observed. Marquesses may be raised from the ninth hour
+till compline, and from compline till the end of day. Countes, or
+earles, may be raised at any hour of the day, so it be in the woodes or
+fieldes, where men resort not. Prelates likewise may be raised at any
+houre of the day. A president may not be raised at any hour of the day,
+except the king, whom he obeyeth, be invocated; nor at the shutting in
+of the evening. Knights from day-dawning till sun-rising, or from
+even-song till sun-set.
+
+"_The forme of adjuring and citing the spirits aforesaid to
+appeare_.--When you will have any spirit, you must knowe his name and
+office; you must also fast and be cleane from all pollution three or
+foure days before; so will the spirit be more obedient unto you. Then
+make a circle, and call up the spirit with great intention, rehearse in
+your owne name, and your companion's, (for one must alwaies be with
+you,) this prayer following; and so no spirit shall annoy you, and your
+purpose shall take effect. And note how thw prayer agreeth with popish
+charmes and conjurations."
+
+The prayer alluded to (see _Scot's Discovery_, b. 15, c. 2) is of the
+most diabolical and blasphemous nature. A contemporary writer observes,
+that there is not the least doubt but that the witches of the olden time
+observed all the formalities of these ridiculous and disgusting
+ceremonies to the very letter. In later times, however, though the
+formalities were quite simple, yet the hag of the sixteenth century
+exercised her vocation with all its ancient potency.
+
+The broomstick has been the theme of many a story connected with this
+subject:--
+
+  As men in sleep, though motionless they lie,
+  Fledged by a dream, believe they mount and fly;
+  So witches some enchanted wand bestride
+  And think they through the airy regions ride.
+
+But the reason of its possessing such extensive powers of locomotion, or
+rather aerostation, is not generally understood. The witches either
+steal or dig dead children out of their graves, which are then seethed
+in a cauldron, and the ointment and liquid so produced, enables them,
+"observing certain ceremonies, to immediately become a master, or rather
+a mistresse, in the practise or faculty" of flying in the air:--
+
+  High in, air, amid the rising storm
+  ----wrapt in midnight
+  Her doubtful form appears and fades!
+  Her spirits are abroad! they do her bidding!
+  Hark to that shriek!
+
+In addition to the above, they possessed another very useful faculty,
+for the transfer of the patent of which, I doubt not scores of
+adventurers would have given a tolerable consideration. It is briefly
+that of "sailing in an egg-shell, a cockle, or a muscle-shell, through
+and under the tempestuous seas."
+
+From the length to which this article has extended, I must reserve an
+account of witch-finders, charms, dreams, and confessions, &c. for the
+next and concluding paper. VYVYAN.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Spirit of Discovery.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Paper from Straw_.
+
+
+At a recent meeting of the Royal Institution, there were exhibited some
+specimens of paper manufactured from straw, by a new process.
+
+
+_Hardening Steel_.
+
+
+From the observation of travellers, that the manufacture of Damascus
+blades was carried on only during the time when the north winds
+occurred, M. Anozoff made experiments on the hardening of steel
+instruments, by putting them, when heated, into a powerful current of
+air, instead of quenching them in water. From the experiments already
+made, he expects ultimate success. He finds that, for very sharp-edged
+instruments, this method is much better than the ordinary one; that the
+colder the air and the more rapid its stream, the greater is the effect.
+The effect varies with the thickness of the mass to be hardened. The
+method succeeds well with case-hardened goods.-- _From the French_.
+
+
+_Detection of Blood_.
+
+
+A controversy has recently taken place in Paris, relative to the
+efficacy of certain chemical means of ascertaining whether dried spots
+or stains of matter suspected to be blood, are or were blood, or not. M.
+Orfila gives various chemical characters of blood under such
+circumstances, which he thinks sufficient to enable an accurate
+discrimination. This opinion is opposed by M. Raspail, who states, that
+all the indications supposed to belong to true blood, may be obtained
+from, linen rags, dipped, not into blood, but into a mixture of white of
+egg and infusion of madder, and that, therefore, the indications are
+injurious rather than useful.
+
+
+_Cedars of Lebanon_.
+
+
+Mr. Wolff, the missionary, counted on Mount Lebanus, thirteen large and
+ancient cedars, besides the numerous small ones, in the whole 387
+trees. The largest of these trees was about 15 feet high, not one-third
+of the height of hundreds of English cedars; for instance, those at
+Whitton, Pain's Hill, Caenwood, and Juniper Hall, near Dorking.
+
+_Leeches_.
+
+In the _Medical Repository_, a case is quoted, where some leeches, which
+had been employed first on a syphylitic patient and afterwards on an
+infant, communicated the disease to the latter.
+
+_Stinging Flies_.
+
+There is a fly which exteriorly much resembles the house-fly, and which
+is often very troublesome about this time; this is called the stinging
+fly, one of the greatest plagues to cattle, as well as to persons
+wearing thin stockings.
+
+_Mont Blanc_.
+
+The height of Mont Blanc and of the Lake of Geneva has lately been
+carefully ascertained by M. Roger, an officer of engineers in the
+service of the Swiss Confederation. The summit of the mountain appears
+to be 4,435 metres, or 14,542 English feet above the Lake of Geneva, and
+the surface of the Lake 367 metres, or 1,233 English feet above the sea.
+The mountain is, therefore, 15,775 feet above the level of the sea.
+
+_Bird Catching_.
+
+The golden-crested wren may be taken by striking the bough upon which it
+is sitting, sharply, with a stone or stick. The timid bird immediately
+drops to the ground, and generally dead. As their skins are tender,
+those who want them for stuffing will find this preferable to using the
+gun.--_Mag. Nat. Hist._
+
+_Shower of Herrings in Ross-shire_.
+
+In April last, as Major Forbes, of Fodderty, in Strathpfeffer, was
+traversing a field on his farm, he found a considerable portion of the
+ground covered with herring fry, of from three to four inches in length.
+The fish were fresh and entire, and had no appearance of being dropped
+by birds--a medium by which they must have been bruised and mutilated.
+The only rational conjecture that can be formed of the circumstance is,
+that the fish were transported thither in a water-spout--a phenomenon
+that has before occurred in the same county. The Firth of Dengwall lies
+at a distance of three miles from the place in question; but no
+obstruction occurs between the field and the sea, the whole is a level
+strath or plain, and water spouts have been known to travel even farther
+than this.--_Inverness Courier._
+
+_Spanish Asses_.
+
+The Duke of Buckingham has, at his seat at Avington, a team of Spanish
+asses, resembling the zebra in appearance, which are extremely
+tractable, and take more freely to the collar than any of our native
+species.
+
+_Drawing Instrument_.
+
+An ingenious invention of this description was recently exhibited at the
+Royal Institution. A pencil and a small bead are so connected together
+by means of a thread passing over pullies, that if a person, looking
+through an eye-piece, will hold the pencil upon a sheet of paper, and
+then, watching the bead, will move his hand, so that the bead shall
+trace the lines of any object that is selected or looked at, he will
+find that, whilst he has been doing this, he has also made a drawing of
+the subject upon the paper; for the pencil and the bead describe exactly
+the same lines, though upon different planes. Thus, a drawing is made,
+without even looking at the paper, but solely at the object.
+
+_White Cats_.
+
+In a recent number we quoted from _Loudon's Gardener's Magazine_, that
+"white cats with blue eyes are always deaf," of which extraordinary fact
+there is the following confirmation in the _Magazine of Natural
+History_, No. 2, likewise conducted by Mr. Loudon:--"Some years ago a
+white cat of the Persian kind (probably not a thorough-bred one)
+procured from Lord Dudley's at Hindley, was kept in my family as a
+favourite. The animal was a female, quite white, and perfectly deaf. She
+produced, at various times, many litters of kittens, of which,
+generally, some were quite white, others more or less mottled, tabby,
+&c. But the extraordinary circumstance is, that of the offspring
+produced at one and the same birth, such as, like the mother, were
+entirely white, were, like her, invariably deaf; while those that had
+the least speck of colour on their fur, as invariably possessed the
+usual faculty of hearing--" _W. T. Bree, Allersley Rectory, near
+Coventry_.
+
+_Ultramarine_.
+
+A French journal announces a discovery of the method of making
+Ultramarine, by which means the public are supplied with the article at
+one guinea per ounce, the colour having hitherto been sold from two
+guineas to two pounds ten shillings per ounce.
+
+_Indication of Storms_.
+
+Professor Scott, of Sandhurst College, observed in Shetland, that
+drinking-glasses placed in an inverted position upon a shelf in a
+cupboard, on the ground floor of Belmont House, occasionally emitted
+sounds as if they were tapped with a knife, or raised up a little, and
+then let fall on the shelf. These sounds preceded wind, and when they
+occurred, boats and vessels were immediately secured. The strength of
+the sound is said to be proportional to the tempest that
+follows.--_Brewster's Jour._
+
+_To preserve Wine in draught._
+
+M. Imery, of Toulouse, gives the following simple means of preserving
+wine in draught for a considerable time; it is sufficient to pour into
+the cask a flask of fine olive oil. The wine may thus continue in
+draught for more than a year. The oil spread in a thin layer upon the
+surface of the wine, hinders the evaporation of its alcoholic part, and
+prevents it from combining with the atmospheric air, which would not
+only turn the wine sour, but change its constituent parts.
+
+_Union of the Atlantic and Pacific._
+
+A letter from Amsterdam states, that the project of cutting a canal, to
+unite the Gulf of Mexico with the Pacific Ocean, is about to be revived.
+
+_Vesuvius._
+
+An eruption took place on the morning of last March 22nd. An eye-witness
+writes "the cone of the mountain puts you in mind of an immense piece of
+artillery, firing red-hot stones, and ashes, and smoke into the
+atmosphere; or, of a huge animal in pain, groaning;, crying, and
+vomiting; or, like an immense whale in the arctic circle, blowing after
+it has been struck with several harpoons."
+
+_Bees in Mourning._
+
+A correspondent in _Loudon's Magazine of Natural History_, states that
+in the neighbourhood of Coventry, there is a superstitious belief, that
+in the event of the death of any of the family, it is necessary to
+inform the bees of the circumstance, otherwise they will desert the
+hive, and seek out other quarters.
+
+_Rare Insects._
+
+There exists in Livonia, a very rare insect, which is not met with in
+more northern countries, and whose existence was for a long time
+considered doubtful, called the _Furia Infernalis._ It is so small that
+it is very difficult to distinguish it by the naked eye; and its sting
+produces a swelling, which, unless a proper remedy be applied, proves
+mortal.
+
+During the hay harvest, other insects named _Meggar,_ occasion great
+injury both to men and beasts. They are of the size of a grain of sand.
+At sunset they appear in great numbers, descend in a perpendicular line,
+pierce the strongest linen, and cause an itching, and pustules, which if
+scratched, become dangerous. Cattle, which breathe these insects, are
+attacked with swellings in the throat, which destroy them, unless
+promptly relieved.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MEN AND MONKEYS.
+
+Monkeys are certainly, there is no denying it, very like men; and, what
+is worse, men are still more like monkeys. Many worthy people, who have
+a high respect for what they choose to call the Dignity of Human Nature,
+are much distressed by this similitude, approaching in many cases to
+absolute identity; and some of them have written books of considerable
+erudition and ingenuity, to prove that a man is not a monkey; nay, not
+so much as even an ape; but truth compels us to confess, that their
+speculations have been far from carrying conviction to our minds. All
+such inquirers, from Aristotle to Smellie, principally insist on two
+great leading distinctions--speech and reason. But it is obvious to the
+meanest capacity, that monkeys have both speech and reason. They have a
+language of their own, which, though not so capacious as the Greek, is
+much more so than the Hottentottish; and as for reason, no man of a
+truly philosophical genius ever saw a monkey crack a nut, without
+perceiving that the creature possesses that endowment, or faculty, in no
+small perfection. Their speech, indeed, is said not to be articulate;
+but it is audibly more so than the Gaelic. The words unquestionably do
+run into each other, in a way that, to our ears, renders it rather
+unintelligible; but it is contrary to all the rules of sound
+philosophizing, to confuse the obtuseness of our own senses with the
+want of any faculty in others; and they have just as good a right to
+maintain, and to complain of, our inarticulate mode of speaking, as we
+have of theirs--indeed much more--for monkeys speak the same, or nearly
+the same, language all over the habitable globe, whereas men, ever since
+the Tower of Babel, have kept chattering, muttering, humming, and
+hawing, in divers ways and sundry manners, so that one nation is unable
+to comprehend what another would be at, and the earth groans in vain
+with vocabularies and dictionaries. That monkeys and men are one and the
+same animal, we shall not take upon ourselves absolutely to assert, for
+the truth is, we, for one or two, know nothing whatever about the
+matter; all we mean to say is, that nobody has yet proved that they are
+not, and farther, that whatever may be the case with men, monkeys have
+reason and speech.
+
+The monkey has not had justice done him, we repeat and insist upon it;
+for what right have you to judge of a whole people, from a few isolated
+individuals,--and from a few isolated individuals, too, running up poles
+with a chain round their waist, twenty times the length of their own
+tail, or grinning in ones or twos through the bars of a cage in a
+menagerie? His eyes are red with perpetual weeping--and his smile is
+sardonic in captivity. His fur is mouldy and mangy, and he is manifestly
+ashamed of his tail, prehensile no more--and of his paws, "very hands,
+as you may say," miserable matches to his miserable feet. To know him as
+he is, you must go to Senegal; or if that be too far off for a trip
+during the summer vacation, to the Rock of Gebir, now called Gibraltar,
+and see him at his gambols among the cliffs. Sailor nor slater would
+have a chance with him there, standing on his head on a ledge of six
+inches, five hundred feet above the level of the sea, without ever so
+much as once tumbling down; or hanging at the same height from a bush by
+the tail, to dry, or air, or sun himself, as if he were flower or fruit.
+There he is, a monkey indeed; but you catch him young, clap a pair of
+breeches on him, and an old red jacket, and oblige him to dance a
+saraband on the stones of a street, or perch upon the shoulder of Bruin,
+equally out of his natural element, which is a cave among the woods.
+Here he is but the ape of a monkey. Now if we were to catch you young,
+good subscriber or contributor, yourself, and put you into a cage to
+crack nuts and pull ugly faces, although you might, from continued
+practice, do both to perfection, at a shilling a-head for grown-up
+ladies and gentlemen, and sixpence for children and servants, and even
+at a lower rate after the collection had been some weeks in town, would
+you not think it exceedingly hard to be judged of in that one of your
+predicaments, not only individually, but nationally--that is, not only
+as Ben Hoppus, your own name, but as John Bull, the name of the people
+of which you are an incarcerated specimen? You would keep incessantly
+crying out against this with angry vociferation, as a most unwarrantable
+and unjust Test and Corporation Act. And, no doubt, were an
+Ourang-outang to see you in such a situation, he would not only form a
+most mean opinion of you as an individual, but go away with a most false
+impression of the whole human race. _Blackwood's Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SONNET WRITTEN IN THE SPRING.
+
+How heavenly o'er my frame steals the life-breath
+Of beautiful Spring! who with her amorous gales
+Kissing the violets, each stray sweet exhales
+Of May-thorn, and the wild flower on the heath.
+I love thee, virgin daughter of the year!
+Yet, ah! not cups,--dyed like the dawn, impart
+Their elves' dew-nectar to a fainting heart!--
+Ye birds! whose liquid warblings far and near
+Make music to the green turf-board of swains;
+To me, your light lays tell of April joy,--
+Of pleasures--idle, as a long-loved toy;
+And while my heart in unison complains,
+Tears like of balm-tree flow in trickling wave,
+And white forms strew with flowers a maid's untimely grave!
+_New Monthly Mag._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE KING OF ARRAGON'S LAMENT FOR HIS BROTHER.[1]
+
+"If I could see him, it were well with me!"
+_Coleridge's Wallenstein._
+
+There were lights and sounds of revelling in the vanquished city's halls,
+As by night the feast of victory was held within its walls;
+And the conquerors filled the wine-cup high, after years of bright blood shed:
+But their Lord, the King of Arragon, 'midst the triumph, wailed the dead.
+
+He looked down from the fortress won, on the tents and towers below,
+The moon-lit sea, the torch-lit streets--and a gloom came o'er his brow:
+The voice of thousands floated up, with the horn and cymbals' tone;
+But his heart, 'midst that proud music, felt more utterly alone.
+And he cried, "Thou art mine, fair city! thou city of the sea!
+But, oh! what portion of delight is mine at last in thee?
+--I am lonely 'midst thy palaces, while the glad waves past them roll,
+And the soft breath of thine orange-bowers is mournful to my soul.
+
+"My brother! oh! my brother! thou art gone, the true and brave,
+And the haughty joy of victory hath died upon thy grave:
+There are many round my throne to stand, and to march where I lead on;
+There was _one_ to love me in the world--my brother! thou art gone!
+
+"In the desert, in the battle, in the ocean-tempest's wrath,
+We stood together, side by side; one hope was our's--one path:
+Thou hast wrapt me in thy soldier's cloak, thou hast fenced me with thy breast;
+Thou hast watched beside my couch of pain--oh! bravest heart, and best!
+
+"I see the festive lights around--o'er a dull sad world they shine;
+I hear the voice of victory--my Pedro where is _thine?_
+The only voice in whose kind tone my spirit found reply--
+Oh! brother! I have bought too dear this hollow pageantry!
+
+"I have hosts, and gallant fleets, to spread my glory and my sway,
+And chiefs to lead them fearlessly--my _friend_ hath passed away!
+For the kindly look, the word of cheer, my heart may thirst in vain,
+And the face that was as light to mine--it cannot come again!
+
+"I have made thy blood, thy faithful blood, the offering for a crown;
+With love, which earth bestows not twice, I have purchased cold renown:
+How often will my weary heart 'midst the sounds of triumph die,
+When I think of thee, my brother! thou flower of chivalry!
+
+"I am lonely--I am lonely! this rest is ev'n as death!
+Let me hear again the ringing spears, and the battle-trumpet's breath;
+Let me see the fiery charger's foam, and the royal banner wave--
+But where art thou, my brother?--where?--in thy low and early grave!"
+
+And louder swelled the songs of joy through that victorious night,
+And faster flowed the red wine forth, by the stars and torches light;
+But low and deep, amidst the mirth, was heard the conqueror's moan--
+"My brother! oh! my brother! best and bravest! thou art gone!"
+
+_Mrs. Hemans.--Monthly Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A SUMMER TOUR.
+
+If called upon to propose any summer's journey for a young English
+traveller, (and it is a call often made with reference to continental
+tours,) we might reasonably suggest the coasts of Great Britain, as
+affording every kind of various interest, which can by possibility be
+desired. Such a scheme would include the ports and vast commercial
+establishments of Liverpool, Bristol, Greenock, Leith, Newcastle, and
+Hull; the great naval stations of Plymouth, Portsmouth, Chatham, and
+Milford; the magnificent estuaries of the Clyde and Forth, and of the
+Bristol Channel, not surpassed by any in Europe; the wild and romantic
+coasts of the Hebrides and Western Highlands; the bold shore of North
+Wales; the Menai, Conway, and Sunderland bridges; the gigantic works of
+the Caledonian Canal and Plymouth Breakwater; and numerous other
+objects, which it is beyond our purpose and power to enumerate. It
+cannot be surely too much to advise, that Englishmen, who have only
+slightly and partially seen these things, should subtract something from
+the length or frequency of their continental journeys, and give the time
+so gained to a survey of their own country's wonders of nature and art.
+
+To the agriculturist, and to the lover of rural scenery, England offers
+much that is remarkable. The rich alluvial plains of continents may
+throw out a more profuse exuberance and succession of crops; but we
+doubt whether agriculture, as an art, has anywhere (except in Flanders
+and Tuscany alone) reached the same perfection as in the less fertile
+soils of the Lothians, Northumberland, and Norfolk. Still more peculiar
+is the rural scenery of England, in the various and beautiful landscape
+it affords--in the undulating surface--the greenness of the
+enclosures--the hamlets and country churches--and the farm houses and
+cottages dispersed over the face of the country, instead of being
+congregated into villages, as in France and Italy. We might select
+Devonshire, Somersetshire, Herefordshire, and others of the midland
+counties, as pre-eminent in this character of beauty, which, however, is
+too familiar to our daily observation to make it needful to expatiate
+upon it.
+
+Nor will our limits allow us to dwell upon that bolder form of natural
+scenery which we possess in the Highlands of Scotland, in Wales,
+Cumberland, and Derbyshire, and which entitles us to speak of this
+island as rich in landscape of the higher class. In the scale of
+objects, it is true that no comparison can exist between the mountain
+scenery of Britain, and that of many parts of the continent of Europe.
+But it must be remembered, that magnitude is not essential to beauty;
+and that even sublimity is not always to be measured by yards and feet.
+A mountain may be loftier, or a lake longer and wider, without any gain
+to that picturesque effect, which mainly depends on form, combination,
+and colouring. Still we do not mean to claim in these points any sort of
+equality with the Alps, Apennines, or Pyrenees; or to do more than
+assert that, with the exception of these, the more magnificent memorials
+of nature's workings on the globe, our own country possesses as large a
+proportion of fine scenery as any part of the continent of Europe.--_Q.
+Rev._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Notes of a Reader
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HERODOTUS.
+
+Perhaps few persons are aware how often they imitate this great
+historian. Thus, says the _Edinburgh Review_, "Children and servants are
+remarkably _Herodotean_ in their style of narration. They tell every
+thing dramatically. Their _says hes_ and _says shes_ are proverbial.
+Every person who has had to settle their disputes knows that, even when
+they have no intention to deceive, their reports of conversation always
+require to be carefully sifted. If an educated man were giving an
+account of the late change of administration, he would say, 'Lord
+Goderich resigned; and the king, in consequence, sent for the Duke of
+Wellington.' A porter tells the story as if he had been behind the
+curtains of the royal bed at Windsor: 'So Lord Goderich says, 'I cannot
+manage this business; I must go out.' So the king, says he, 'Well, then,
+I must send for the Duke of Wellington--that's all.' This is in the very
+manner of the father of history."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPLENDOUR OF THE CHURCH OF ROME.
+
+"In the days of her power and importance, the church of Rome numbered
+amongst her vassals and servants the most renowned spirits of the earth.
+She called them from obscurity to fame, and to all who laboured to
+spread and sustain her influence, she became a benefactress. Her wealth
+was immense, for she drew her revenue from the fear or superstition of
+man, and her spirit was as magnificent as her power. The cathedrals
+which she every where reared are yet the wonders of Europe for their
+beauty and extent; and in her golden days, the priests who held rule
+within them were, in wealth and strength, little less than princes. For
+a time her treasure was wisely and munificently expended; and the works
+she wrought, and the good deeds she performed, are her honour and our
+shame. She spread a table to the hungry; she gave lodgings to the
+houseless; welcomed the wanderer; and rich and poor, and learned and
+illiterate, alike received shelter and hospitality. Under her roof the
+scholar completed his education; the historian sought and found the
+materials for his history; the minstrel chanted lays of mingled piety
+and love for his loaf and raiment; the sculptor carved in wood, or cast
+in silver, some popular saint; and the painter gave the immortality of
+his colours to some new legend or miracle."--All who have visited the
+cathedrals and churches of the continent, or who have studied their
+history at home, must acknowledge the truth and force of these excellent
+observations. They are copied from an ably-written article on the
+History of Italian Painting, in the second number of the _Foreign
+Review_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Frederick the Great, in a letter to Voltaire, says, "I look on men as a
+herd of deer in a great man's park, whose only business is to people the
+enclosures."--This is one of the _great men_ of history.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+POTATOES.
+
+A few years after the discovery, potatoes were carried to Spain at first
+as sweetmeats and delicacies. Oviedo says that "they were a dainty dish
+to set before the king," Labat describes potatoes a hundred years ago,
+as cultivated in Western Africa, and says of them, "_Il y en a en
+Irlande, et en Angleterre_," and that he had seen very good ones at
+Rochelle.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PAINTING
+
+Represents nature, or poetic nature at the most, and, therefore,
+addresses itself as much as poetry does to the feeling and imagination
+of man. Though it deals in nature exalted by genius, embellished by art
+and purified by taste, still it is nature, still it makes its appeal to
+the men of this world, and by them it is applauded or condemned. It
+works for men, and not for gods; therefore every man, as far as his
+taste is natural and sound, is a judge of its productions.--_For. Rev._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LAVER.
+
+Such of our readers as are not addicted to epicurism may have been
+somewhat puzzled at the display of "_Fine Fresh Laver_" in the Italian
+warehouses and provision shops of the metropolis. The truth is, laver is
+a kind of reddish sea-weed, forming a jelly when boiled, which is eaten
+by some of the poor people in Angus with bread instead of butter; but
+which the rich have elevated into one of the greatest dainties of their
+tables. In Scotland, laver is called _slake_; and Dr. Clarke mentions
+that it is used with the fulmar to make a kind of broth, which
+constitutes the first and principal meal of the inhabitants. It is
+curious to know that what is eaten at a duchess's table in Piccadilly as
+a first-rate luxury, is used by the poor people of Scotland twice or
+thrice a day. It is an expensive dish; but knowledge of this fact may
+perhaps abate its cost.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GARDENS.
+
+Ferdinand I. of Naples prided himself upon the variety and excellence of
+the fruit produced in his royal gardens, one of which was called
+Paradise. Duke Hercules, of Ferrara, had a garden celebrated for its
+fruits in one of the islands of the Po. The Duke of Milan, Ludovico,
+carried this kind of luxury so far, that he had a travelling
+fruit-garden; and the trees were brought to his table, or into his
+chamber, that he might with his own hands gather the living fruit.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SNUFF.
+
+Even among the rudest and poorest of the inhabitants of Scotland, and at
+a period when their daily meal must have been always scanty, and
+frequently precarious, one luxury seems to have established itself,
+which has unaccountably found its way into every part of the world. We
+mean tobacco. The inhabitants of Scotland, and especially of the
+Highlands, are notorious for their fondness for snuff; and many were the
+contrivances by which they formerly reduced the tobacco into powder. Dr.
+Jamieson, the etymologist, defines a _mill_ to be the vulgar name for a
+snuff-box, one especially of a cylindrical form, or resembling an
+inverted cone. "No other name," says he, "was formerly in use. The
+reason assigned for this designation is, that when tobacco was
+introduced into this country, those who wished to have snuff were wont
+to toast the leaves before the fire, and then bruise them with a bit of
+wood in the box; which was therefore called a _mill_, from the snuff
+being _ground_ in it." This, however, is said to be not quite correct;
+the old snuff-machine being like a nutmeg-grater, which made snuff as
+often as a pinch was required.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Estimating the population of London and its environs at 1,200,000, its
+proportion of paupers would amount to 100,000!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SCOTCH LIVING.
+
+Roast meat was formerly seldom seen among farmers in Scotland; and is
+even now rare, compared with its use among the same class in England.
+Less than half a century ago, a _mart_ was regularly bought or fattened
+by the most respectable farmers, and even by many citizens. This was a
+cow or ox killed and salted at Martinmas for winter provision; a custom
+which, though not uncommon in England, perhaps, one hundred years ago,
+has certainly not been followed, except in remote and sequestered
+districts, or by very old-fashioned farmers within that period.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Falstaff's "Buck-Basket" has puzzled the commentators; but Dr. Jamieson
+thus explains it:--_Bouk_ is the Scotch word for a lye used to steep
+foul linen in, before it is washed in water; the buckbasket, therefore,
+is the basket employed to carry clothes, after they have been bouked, to
+the washing-place.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+PLEASURES OF EGYPT.
+
+Sweet are the songs of Egypt on paper. Who is not ravished with gums,
+balms, dates, figs, pomegranates, circassia, and sycamores, without
+recollecting that amidst these are dust, hot and fainting winds, bugs,
+mosquitos, spiders, flies, leprosy, fevers, and almost universal
+blindness.--_Ledyard's Travels._--The same writer also says the people
+are poorly clad, the youths naked, and that they rank infinitely below
+any savages he ever saw.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There cannot be a more ill-boding sign to a nation, than when the
+people, to avoid hardships at home, are forced by heaps to forsake their
+native country.--_Milton._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TOBACCO.
+
+As the devil is a deceiver, and hath the knowledge of the virtue of
+herbs, so he did show the virtue of this herb, that by the means thereof
+they might see their imaginations and visions that he hath represented
+unto them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+WHISKY.
+
+From official documents it appears that long previous to 1690, there had
+been a distillery of _aqua vitae_, or whisky, on the lands of Farintosh,
+belonging to Mr. Forbes, of Culloden.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TRAVELLING INCENTIVES.
+
+If there be a sudden accession of fortune, the earliest use of it is in
+passing over to the continent; if misfortunes occur, the first
+suggestion is that of seeking solace in another land. The assumption of
+the _toga virilis_ by our youth, may be practically translated, the
+putting on of the travelling cloak. Marriage, instead of being the means
+of more extended family union, is the plea for immediate separation; and
+the newly-married pair drive from the church to the packet-boat. If the
+elders of a family are snatched away by death, the first idea which
+occurs to their successors, is that of distant removal from home.
+Sorrows are not endured, but fled from; and misfortune becomes the
+signal for dispersion to those who survive it.--_Q. Rev._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Christoval Acosta, speaking of the _pine-apple_, says that "no medicinal
+virtues have been discovered in it, and it is good for nothing but to
+eat."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SMOKING.
+
+Joshuah Silvester questioned whether the devil had done more harm in
+latter ages by means of fire and smoke, through the invention of guns,
+or of tobacco-pipes; and he conjectured that Satan introduced the
+fashion, as a preparatory course of smoking for those who were to be
+matriculated in his own college:
+
+As roguing Gipsies tan their little elves,
+To make them tann'd and ugly, like themselves.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LAW
+
+Must be kept as a garden, with frequent digging, weeding, turning, &c.,
+for that which was in one age convenient, and, perhaps, necessary,
+becomes in another prejudicial.--_Roger North._
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+"A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles."
+SHAKSPEARE
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE WIFE'S COMPLAINT.
+
+Havard, the actor, (better known from the urbanity of his manners, by
+the familiar name of Billy Havard) had the misfortune to be married to a
+most notorious shrew and drunkard. One day dining at Garrick's, he was
+complaining of a violent pain in his side. Mrs. Garrick offered to
+prescribe for him. "No, no," said her husband; "that will not do, my
+dear; Billy has mistaken his disorder; his great _complaint lies in his
+rib_."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HOW TO SECURE A COACH.
+
+A facetious friend of Dr. Kitchiner's, on a very wet night, after
+several messengers, whom he had despatched for a coach, had returned
+without obtaining one; at last, at "past one o'clock, and a rainy
+morning," the wag walked himself to the next coach-stand, and politely
+advised the waterman to mend his inside lining with a pint of beer, and
+go home to bed; for said he, "there will be nothing for you to do to
+night, I'll lay you a shilling that there's not a coach out." "Why, will
+you, your honour? then done," cried Mr. Waterman; "but are you really
+serious, 'cause, if so be as you be, I must make haste and go and get
+one." Being assured he would certainly touch the twelvepenny if he did,
+he trotted off on his "nag a ten toes," and in ten minutes returned with
+a leathern conveyance.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Epicure Quin used to say, it was "not safe to sit down to a _Turtle
+Feast_ at one of the City Halls, without a _basket-hilted knife and
+fork_."--Another of his quips was, "Of all the banns of marriage I ever
+heard, none gave me half such pleasure as the union of ANN-CHOVY with
+good JOHN-DORY."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ONION SOUP
+
+Is thought highly restorative by the French. It is considered peculiarly
+grateful, and gently stimulating to the stomach, after hard drinking or
+night-watching, and holds among soups the place that champagne,
+soda-water, or ginger-beer, does among liquors.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lobsters and crabs are in season from March till October; so that they
+supply the place of oysters, which come in about the time lobsters go
+out of season. Lobsters are held in great esteem by gastrologers for the
+firmness, purity, and flavour of their flesh. When they find refuge in
+the rocky fastnesses of the deep from the rapacity of sharks and
+fishermen, they sometimes attain an immense size, and have been found
+from eighteen inches to upwards of two feet in length. Apicius, who
+ought to be the patron saint of epicures, made a voyage to the coast of
+Africa on hearing that lobsters of an unusually large size were to be
+found there, and, after encountering much distress at sea, met with a
+disappointment. Very large lobsters are at present found on the coasts
+of Orkney. Some naturalists affirm (Olaus Magnus and Gesner,) that in
+the Indian seas, and on the wild shores of Norway, lobsters have been
+found twelve feet in length, and six in breadth, which seize mariners in
+their terrible embrace, and, dragging them into their caverns, devour
+them. However this may be, the lobsters and crabs for being devoured are
+best when of the middle size, and when found on reefs or very rocky
+shores.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE INVISIBLE HAIR.
+
+A monk was showing the relics of his convent before a numerous assembly;
+the most rare, in his opinion, was a hair of the Holy Virgin, which he
+appeared to show to the people present, opening his hands as if he were
+drawing it through them. A peasant approached with great curiosity, and
+exclaimed, "but, reverend father, I see nothing." "Egad, I believe it"
+replied the monk, "for I have shown the hair for twenty years, and have
+not yet beheld it myself."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CURIOSITY CURED.
+
+A servant travelling, was bothered by a super-curious person, who, after
+several indirect attempts to discover whence he came, or whither he was
+going, at last popt the question plainly, "Are your family
+_before_?"--"No."--"Oh! you left them _behind_, I suppose?"--"No"
+"No?"--"No, they are on _one side_!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TO GROW A SHOULDER OR LEG OF MUTTON.
+
+This art is well known to the London bakers. Have a very small leg or
+shoulder; change it upon a customer for one a little larger, and that
+upon another for one better still, till by the dinner hour you have a
+heavy, excellent joint in lieu of your original small one.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, London; sold by
+ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic, and by all Newsmen and
+Booksellers._ FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: The grief of Ferdinand, King of Arragon, for the loss of
+his brother, Don Pedro, who was killed during the siege of Naples, is
+affectingly described by the historian Mariana. It is also the subject
+of one of the old Spanish ballads, in Lockhart's beautiful collection.]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, ***
+
+***** This file should be named 10332.txt or 10332.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/3/3/10332/
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Sjaani and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS," WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's
+eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII,
+compressed (zipped), HTML and others.
+
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over
+the old filename and etext number.  The replaced older file is renamed.
+VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving
+new filenames and etext numbers.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000,
+are filed in directories based on their release date.  If you want to
+download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular
+search system you may utilize the following addresses and just
+download by the etext year.
+
+     http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext06
+
+    (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99,
+     98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90)
+
+EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are
+filed in a different way.  The year of a release date is no longer part
+of the directory path.  The path is based on the etext number (which is
+identical to the filename).  The path to the file is made up of single
+digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename.  For
+example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/2/3/10234
+
+or filename 24689 would be found at:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689
+
+An alternative method of locating eBooks:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL
+
+
diff --git a/old/10332.zip b/old/10332.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07adb84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/10332.zip