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diff --git a/old/10332.txt b/old/10332.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..58a09f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/10332.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1927 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction + Volume XII. F, No. 325, August 2, 1828. + +Author: Various + +Release Date: November 29, 2003 [EBook #10332] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Sjaani and PG Distributed Proofreaders + + + + +THE MIRROR + +OF + +LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + + +No. 325.] SATURDAY, AUGUST 2, 1828. [Price 2_d_. + + +ALL-SOULS' CHURCH, LANGHAM-PLACE. + + +Vol. XII. F + +ALL-SOULS' CHURCH, + +LANGHAM PLACE. + + "Whoever walks through London streets," + Said Momus to the son of Saturn, + "Each day new edifices meets, + Of queer proportion, queerer pattern: +If thou, O cloud-compelling god, + Wilt aid me with thy special grace, +I, too, will wield my motley hod, + And build a church in Langham-place." + + "Agreed," the Thunderer cries; "go plant + Thine edifice, I care not how ill; +Take notice, earth. I hereby grant + _Carte blanche_ of mortar, stone, and trowel. +Go Hermes, Hercules, and Mars, + Fraught with these bills on Henry Hase, +Drop with yon jester from the stars, + And build a church in Langham-place." + + _London Lyrics-New Monthly Mag._ + +Among all our specimens of contemporary church-building, none has +excited more animadversion than _All-Souls'_, Langham-place, erected in +1822-1825, from the designs of Mr. Nash. Its general effect is +extraordinary and objectionable; but, unfortunately for what merit it +really possesses, many of its assailants have so far disregarded the +just principles of taste and criticism, as to go laboriously out of +their way to be profanely witty on its defects. Song and satire, +raillery and ridicule, pun and pasquinade, and even the coarseness of +caricature, have thus been let off at this specimen of NASH-_ional_ +architecture; whilst their authors have wittingly kept out any redeeming +graces which could be found in its architectural details. + +The principal features of the exterior were suggested by its situation, +it being placed on an angular plot of ground, between Langham-place and +Regent-street. To afford an advantageous view from either point, the +tower, which is circular, is nearly detached from the body of the +church, and is surrounded by columns of the modern Ionic order, +supporting an entablature, crowned by a balustrade, which is continued +along the sides of the church. Above the portico is a Corinthian +peristyle, the base of which is also that of a fluted cone, which forms +the spire, and is terminated in an acute point. The steeple is complete +in itself, and adapted to its situation, having the same appearance +which ever way it is viewed. This portion of the edifice has, however, +been more stigmatized than any other, although it has been pronounced by +persons of taste and accredited judgment to be the best steeple recently +erected. To our eye, the church itself, _apart_ from the tower, (for +such it almost is) is perhaps, one of the most miserable structures in +the metropolis,--in its starved proportions more resembling a +manufactory, or warehouse, than the impressive character of a church +exterior; an effect to which the Londoner is not an entire stranger. +Here, too, we are inclined to ascribe much of the ridicule, which the +whole church has received, to its puny proportions and scantiness of +decoration, which are far from being assisted by any stupendousness in +their details, the first impression of which might probably have fixed +the attention of the spectator. Indeed, the whole style of the tower and +steeple appears peculiarly illadapted for so small a scale as has here +been attempted. + +As we love "a jest's prosperity," we recommend such of our readers as +are partial to innocent pasquinade, to turn to the "Lyric," in a recent +volume of the _New Monthly Magazine_, commencing as above. It is too +long for entire insertion here, but its raciness will doubtless gratify +those who may be induced to refer to it. + + * * * * * + +TREMENDOUS RAINS. + +_(For the Mirror.)_ + +Like a low-hung cloud, _it rains so fast_, +That all at once it falls.--DRYDEN. + +There are two English proverbs relative to rain; the first is, "_It +rains by Planets._" "This the country people (says Ray) use when it +rains in one place and not in another; meaning that the showers are +governed by planets, which being erratic in their own motions, cause +such uncertain wandering of clouds and falls of rain. Or it rains by +planets--that is, the falls of showers are as uncertain, as the motions +of the planets are imagined to be." The second--"_It never rains but it +pours:_" which appears to be the case at present. In the year 553 it +rained violently in Scotland for five months; in 918 there was a +continual rain in that country for five months; a violent one in London +1222; again 1233, so violent that the harvest did not begin till +Michaelmas; 1338, from Midsummer to Christmas, so that there was not one +day or night dry together; in Wales, which destroyed 10,000 sheep, +September 19th 1752; in Languedoc, which destroyed the village of Bar le +Due, April 26th, 1776; and in the Island of Cuba, on the 21st of June, +1791, 3,000 persons and 11,700 cattle of various kinds perished by the +torrents occasioned by the rains. + +P. T. W. + + * * * * * + +CURIOUS SCRAPS. + +_(For the Mirror.)_ + +The first dissection on record, is one in which Democritus of Obdera, +was engaged, in order to ascertain the sources and course of the +bile.--It was the custom among the Egyptians, to carry about at their +feasts a skeleton, least their guests, in the midst of feasting and +merriment, should forget the frail tenure of life and its enjoyments. + +The most ancient eclipse upon record, was observed by the Chaldeans 721 +years before the Christian era, and recorded by Ptolemy. The observation +was made at Babylon the 19th of March.--In ancient days, for want of +parchment to draw deeds upon, great estates were frequently conveyed +from one family to another only by the ceremony of a turf and a stone, +delivered before witnesses, and without any written agreement.--It is +singular, that by the Doomsday Book, as quoted by Camden, there appears +to have been in Lincoln, when that survey was taken, no less than 1070 +"inns for entertainment."--Henry I., about the year 1125, caused to be +made a standard yard, from the length of his own arm, in order to +prevent frauds in the measurement of cloth. This standard is supposed to +have been deposited, with other measures, &c. in Winchester; he likewise +(it is said) ordered halfpence and farthings to be made round, which +before his time were square.--The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge +were first called "studia," or "studies."--Edward the Confessor received +yearly, from the manor of Barton, near Gloucester, 3,000 loaves of bread +for the maintenance of his dogs--In the reign of Edward III., only three +taverns might sell sweet wines in London; one in Cheape, one in +Wallbrook, and the other in Lombard Street.--Lord Lyttleton, in his Life +of Henry II., vol. i. p. 50, says, "Most of our ancient historians give +him the character of a very religious prince, but his religion was, +after the fashion of those times, belief without examination, and +devotion without piety. It was a religion that at the same time allowed +him to pillage kingdoms, that threw him on his knees before a relic or a +cross, but suffered him unrestrained to trample upon the liberties and +rights of mankind;" again, "his government was harsh and despotic, +violating even the principles of that institution which he himself had +established. Yet so far he performed the duty of a sovereign that he +took care to maintain a good police in his realm; which, in the +tumultuous state of his government, was a great and difficult work." How +well he performed it, we may learn even from the testimony of a +contemporary Saxon historian, who says, "during his reign a man might +have travelled in perfect security all over the kingdom, with his bosom +full of gold; nor durst any kill another in revenge of the greatest +offences, nor offer violence to the chastity of a woman. But it was a +poor compensation that the highways were safe, when the courts of +justice were dens of thieves, and when almost every man in authority, or +in office, used his power to oppress and pillage the people."--Towards +the close of the life of Henry IV., he kept the regal diadem always in +his sight by day, and at night it shared his pillow. Once the Prince of +Wales, whom Henry always suspected more than he loved, seeing his father +in a most violent paroxysm of disease, removed the crown from his bed. +The king on his recovery missed it, sent for his son, and taxed him with +his impatience and want of duty, but the prince defended his conduct +with such rational modesty, that Henry, convinced of his innocence, +embraced and blessed him. "Alas!" said Henry to his son, "you know too +well how I gained this crown. How will you defend this ill-gotten +possession?" "With my sword," said the prince, "as my father has done." + +Henry V. was, perhaps, the first English monarch who had ships of his +own. Two of these, which sailed against Harfleur, were called "The +King's Chamber," and "The King's Hall." They had purple sails, and were +large and beautiful. + +Party rage ran so high in 1403, that an act of parliament was found +necessary to declare, "Pulling out of eyes and cutting out of tongues to +be felony."--Dr. Rush, of Philadelphia, in his "Inquiry into the effects +of spirituous liquors on the human body, and their influence on the +happiness of society;" says, "Among the inhabitants of cities, spirits +produce debts, disgrace, and bankruptcy. Among farmers, they produce +idleness with its usual consequence, such as houses without windows, +barns without roofs, gardens without enclosures, fields without fences, +hogs without yokes, sheep without wool, meagre cattle, feeble horses, +and half clad, dirty children, without principles, morals, or manners." + +P. T. W. + + * * * * * + +_Shower of Sugar Plums_--Charles XI., attended by his court, had been +hunting in the neighbourhood of Carcassone. After the stag had been +taken, a gentleman of the neighbourhood invited the king to a splendid +dinner which he had prepared for him. At the conclusion of the banquet +the ceiling of the hall _suddenly opened_, a thick cloud, descended and +burst over their heads like a thunder storm, pouring forth a shower of +_sugar-plums_ instead of hail, which was succeeded by a gentle rain of +rose-water. + +_The Coin Guinea_--In the reign of king Charles II., when Sir Robert +Holmes, of the Isle of Wight, brought gold-dust from the coast of +Guinea, a guinea first received its name from that country. + +_A Motto_.--A constant frequenter of city feasts, having grown +enormously fat, it was proposed to write on his back, "_Widened at the +expense of the corporation of London."_ + +_Sedan-chairs and Hackney-coaches_.--Sir S. Duncombe, predecessor to +Duncombe Lord Feversham, and gentleman pensioner to King James and +Charles I., introduced sedan-chairs into this country, anno 1634, when +he procured a patent that vested in him and his heirs the sole right of +carrying persons up and down in them for a certain sum. Sir Saunders had +been a great traveller, and saw these chairs at Sedan, where they were +first invented. It is remarkable that Capt. Bailey introduced the use of +hackney-coaches in this year; a tolerable ride might then be obtained, +in either of these vehicles for four pence. + +_Heroism--Seward_, "the brave Earl of Northumberland," feeling in his +sickness that he drew near his end, quitted his bed and put on his +armour, saying, "That it became not a man to die like a beast," on which +he died standing; an act as singular as it was heroic. + +_Epigram on Epigrams._ +What is an epigram? a dwarfish whole, +Its body brevity, and wit its soul. + +W. H. H. + + * * * * * + +"THE MOUSE TOWER" + +A GERMAN LEGEND. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + +The bishop of Mentz was a wealthy prince, + Wealthy and proud was he; +He had all that was worth a wish on earth-- + But he had not charitie! + +He would stretch put his _empty_ hands to _bless_, + Or lift them both to _pray_; +But alack! to lighten man's distress, + They moved no other way. + +A famine came! but his heart was still + As hard as his pride was high; +And the starving poor but throng'd his door + To curse him and to die. + +At length from the crowd rose a clamour so loud, + That a cruel plot laid he; +He open'd one of his granaries wide, + And bade them enter free. + +In they rush'd--the maid and the sire. + And the child that could barely run-- +Then he clos'd the barn, and set it on fire. + And burnt them every one! + +And loud he laugh'd at each terrible shriek, + And cried to his archer-train, +"The merry mice!--how shrill they squeak!-- + They are fond of the bishop's grain!" + +But mark, what an awful judgment soon, + On the cruel bishop fell; +With so many mice his palace swarm'd, + That in it he could not dwell. + +They gnaw'd the arras above and beneath, + They eat each savoury dish up; +And shortly their sacrilegious teeth + Began to nibble the bishop! + +He flew to his castle of Ehrenfels, + By the side of the Rhine so fair; +But they found the road to his new abode, + And came in legions there. + +He built him, in haste, a tower tall + In the tide, for his better assurance; +But they swam the river, and scal'd the wall, + And worried him past endurance. + +One morning his skeleton there was seen, + By a load of flesh the lighter; +They had picked his bones uncommonly clean, + And eaten his very mitre! + +Such was the end of the bishop of Mentz, + And oft at the midnight hour, +He comes in the shape of a fog so dense, + And sits on his old "Mouse-Tower." + +C.K.W. + + * * * * * + +PRUSSIC ACID. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + +The circumstance of Montgomery's recent suicide in Newgate, has led me +to send you the following remarks upon the nature and properties of that +most violent poison, Prussic acid, with which the unfortunate man +terminated his existence. + +Were we to consider the constituent parts and properties of the most +common things we are in the habit of daily using, and their poisonous +and destructive natures, we should recoil at the deadly potion, and +shrink from the loathsome draught we are about to take. That which we +consider the most delicious and exhilarating portion of our common +beverage, porter, contains carbonic acid gas, commonly known by the +"spirit," and which the poor miners dread with the utmost horror, like +the Arabian does the destructive blast of the simoon. Oxalic acid, so +much the fear of those accustomed to the medicine--Epsom salts, is made +from that useful article, _sugar_, by uniting with it a smaller portion, +more than it has naturally, of oxygen gas. The air we breathe contains a +most deadly poison, called by chemists azotic gas, which, by its being +mixed with what is called vital air, (oxygen gas,) becomes necessary to +our existence, as much as the one (vital air or oxygen gas) would be +prejudicial without the other; and _Prussic acid_, the most violent of +all poisons, is contained in the common bitter-almond. But these most +destructive substances are always found combined with others, which +render them often perfectly harmless, and can be separated only by the +skill of the chemist. + +The Prussic acid (by some called hydrocyanic acid) is a liquid, +extracted from vegetables, and contains one part of cyanogen and one +part of hydrogen. It is extracted from the bitter-almond, (as has been +stated,) peach-blossom, and the leaves of the laurocerasus. It may also +be obtained from animal substances, although a vegetable acid. If lime +be added to water, distilled from these substances, a Prussiate of lime +is formed; when, if an acid solution of iron be added to this mixture, +common Prussian blue (or Prussiate of iron) is precipitated. The acid +may be obtained from Prussiate of potash, by making a strong solution of +this salt, and then adding as much tartaric acid as will precipitate the +potash, when the acid will be left in solution, which must be decanted +and distilled. + +Its properties are a pungent odour, very much resembling that of +bitter-almonds, with a hot but sweetish taste, and extremely volatile. +It contains azote, with which no other vegetable acid is combined; it is +largely used in the manufacture of Prussian blue. It is the most violent +of all poisons, and destroys animals by being applied to the skin only. +It is stated by an able chemist, that a single drop applied to the +tongue of a mastiff dog caused death so instantaneously, that it +appeared to have been destroyed by lightning. One drop to the human +frame destroys life in two minutes. + +But when chemically combined with other substances, its power is in a +great measure neutralized, and it becomes a valuable article, both to +the chemist as a test, and to the physician as a medicine. The Prussiate +of potash and iron will enable the chemist to discover nearly the whole +of the metals when in solution, by the colours its combination produces. +Dr. Zollekoffer says, that in intermittent fevers the Prussiate of iron +is in its effects superior to Cinchona bark, and says it never disagrees +with the stomach, or creates nausea even in the most irritable state, +while bark is not unfrequently rejected; a patient will recover from the +influence of intermitting and remitting fevers, in the generality of +cases, in much less time than is usual in those cases in which bark is +employed. S.S.T. + + * * * * * + +THE ANECDOTE GALLERY. + +VOLTAIRE. + +(_Continued from page 64_.) + +A certain Hungarian traveller, a man of consequence in his country, but +not particularly wise, had fruitlessly tried to be introduced, without +finding any one at Geneva, willing to undertake the task, as they were +all afraid Voltaire would be rude to him. A young man, who heard of +this, engaged to procure the stranger an interview with Voltaire; and on +the day appointed, contrived to have him conveyed out of town to a +good-looking residence, where well-dressed servants received him at the +door, and ushered him up stairs in due form. Here then at last he found +himself, as he thought, _tete-a-tete_ with Voltaire. The _malade de +Ferney_, personated by our young friend, was lying down on a sofa, +wrapped up in a damask robe-de-chambre, a night-cap of black velvet, +with gold lace, on his head, or rather on the top of an immense periwig, +_a la Louis XIV_., in the midst of which his little, sallow and +deeply-wrinkled visage seemed buried; a table was near him, covered with +papers, and the curtains being drawn, made the room rather dark. The +philosopher apologized in a hollow voice, interrupted by occasional fits +of coughing; he was ill _bien malade_, could not get up, begged the +stranger to be seated, asked questions about the countries he had +visited, made him tell his adventures, those of gallantry particularly, +and was himself most facetious, and most profanely witty. The Hungarian +delighted, and far more at ease than he had imagined possible, casting a +glance on the papers, ventured to inquire what new work? "Ah, +nothing!"--_le faible Enfant de ma Vieillesse--a tragedy_. "May I ask +the subject?" "The subject is wholly Genevan," replied Voltaire, "the +name, _Empro-Giro_, and the dramatis personae _Carin-Caro, Dupins-Simon_, +and _Carcail Briffon, &c_." He then began to repeat, with great +animation, a number of passages, to which his visitor listened in +perfect raptures, but drew, meanwhile, a snuff-box from his pocket, and +began to look attentively on him and on a picture on the lid; thus +confronted with a portrait of Voltaire, and compared face to face, was a +trial for which our mimic was not prepared, and his courage nearly +forsook him, yet he kept up appearances, only coughing more, and ranting +on the high-sounding lines of his _Empro-Giro_. The Hungarian, not +undeceived by this close examination, replaced the snuff-box in his +pocket, declaring it to be the best likeness he had ever seen. He rose +at last, thanked his friend Voltaire, kissed his hand respectfully, and +went away, distributing to the servants he met on the stairs liberal +tokens of his satisfaction. These servants were the intimate friends and +companions of the chief actor, and one of them, his brother, unwilling +to carry the joke to the length of pocketing the money of their dupe, +they contrived to give him a dinner at a tavern, where he was made to +tell the story of his visit to Voltaire, and express his admiration of +the great man. The latter heard of this, was much amused, and desired to +see his double, told him he would make a bargain with him--half his fame +for half the tiresome visitors it procured him. + +The poet lived like a prince, but kept his accounts like a citizen; +knowing to a sous where his money went: a good deal of it was bestowed +charitably, for he was munificent, and certainly much loved in his +neighbourhood. One night, when _Tancrede_ was acting, and the court of +the chateau was full of carriages and servants, there arrived, as ill +luck would have it, a cask of the best chambertin that ever came from +Burgundy; his own people could not attend to it, and the cask remained +at his cellar door; the servants contrived to get at it, and while their +masters and mistresses were shedding tears at the tragedy, they sipped +the poet's wine. There was generally a supper after the play, where more +than once two hundred people sat down, and Voltaire had something to say +to every one of his guests. As the gates of the town are shut at night, +many of them usually remained in the _chateau_, poorly accommodated with +beds. One night as M. de B----, was groping in the dark, for a place +where he might lie down to sleep, he accidently put his finger into the +mouth of M. de Florian, who bit it. + +Voltaire kept company only with the aristocracy of Geneva; neither his +liberality nor his wit secured him the good-will of the patriots placed +out of the sphere of his influence; they only saw him a sham +philosopher, without principles and solidity; a courtier, the slave of +rank and fashion; the corrupter of their country, of which he made a +jest. _Quand je secoue ma perruque,_ he used to say, _je poudre toute la +republique!_ + +Whatever might be Voltaire's antipathy to the visits of strangers at his +_chateau_, he seems to have met with an equal specimen of that temper +from an Englishman. When in London, he waited upon Congreve, the poet, +and passed him some compliments as to the reputation and merit of his +works. Congreve thanked him; but at the same, time told Voltaire _he did +not choose to be considered as an author, but only as a private +gentleman, and in that light expected to be visited._ Voltaire answered, +_that if he had never been any thing but a private gentleman, in all +probability he had never been troubled with that visit._ He also +observes, in his own account of this affair, he was not a little +disgusted with so unseasonable a piece of vanity. + +The memory of Voltaire and Rousseau is still cherished by the French +people with great fondness; their busts or figures in bronze or plaster +are frequently met with, and remind one of _Penates_, or household gods. + +PHILO. + + * * * * * + + + + +POPULAR SUPERSTITIONS. + + +WITCHCRAFT. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + +--Why should the envious world +Throw all their scandalous malice upon me? +'Cause I am poor, deform'd, and ignorant; +And like a bow, buckled and bent together, +By some more strong in mischiefs than myself: +Must I for that be made a common sink +For all the filth and rubbish of men's tongues, +To fall and run into? some call me witch; +And, being ignorant of myself, they go +About to teach me how to be one; urging +That my bad tongue (by their bad usage made so) +Forespeaks their cattle, doth bewitch their corn, +Themselves, their servants, and their babes at nurse; +This they enforce upon me; and in part +Make me to credit it. _Witch of Edmonton._ + +The belief in witchcraft may be considered as forming a prominent and +important feature in the history of the human mind. It is certainly one +link of the degrading chain of superstitions which have long enslaved +mankind, but which are now quivering to their fall. The desire for power +to pry into hidden things, and more especially events to come, is +inherent in the human race, and has always been considered as of no +ordinary importance, and rendered the supposed possessors objects of +reverence and fear. The belief in astrology, or the power to read in the +stars the knowledge of futurity, from time immemorial has been +considered as the most difficult of attainment, and important in its +results. And by the aid of a little supernatural machinery, both +magicians and astrologers exercised the most unlimited influence over +the understandings of their adherents. An astrologer, only two or three +centuries since, was a regular appendage to the establishments of +princes and nobles. Sir Walter Scott has drawn an interesting portrait +of one in _Kenilworth_; and the eagerness with which the Earl of +Leicester listened to his doctrines and predictions, affords a good +specimen of the manners of those times. The movements of the heavenly +bodies, (imperfectly as they were then understood,) seemed to afford the +most plausible vehicle for these "oracles of human destiny;" and even +now, while we are tracing these lines, the red and glaring appearance of +the planet Mars, shining so beautifully in the south-east, is considered +by the many as a forerunner and sign of long wars and much bloodshed: + +These dreams and terrors magical, + These miracles and witches, +Night walking sprites, et cetera, + Esteem them not two rushes. + +Mankind are universally prone to the belief in omens, and the casual +occurrence of certain contingent circumstances soon creates the easiest +of theories. Should a bird of good omen, in ancient times, perch on the +standard, or hover about an army, the omen was of good import, and +favourable to conquest. Should a raven or crow accidentally fly over the +field of action, the spirits of the combatants would be proportionably +depressed. Should a planet be shining in its brilliancy at the birth of +any one whose fortunes rose to pre-eminence, it was always thought to +exert an influence over his future destiny. Such was the origin of many +of our later superstitions, which "grew with their growth, and +strengthened with their strength," till the more extensive introduction +of the art of printing partly dissipated the illusion. It has been +remarked, therefore, that the existence of the parent stock of the +subject more immediately under our consideration, witchcraft, may be +traced to a very remote period indeed. It is, however, needless to enter +into any remarks on those witches mentioned in the Scriptures. The +earliest dabbler of the _genus_, as a contemporary writer observes, is +said to be Zoroaster, thought to be the king of the Bactrians, who +flourished about 3,800 years ago, or A.M. 2000. He is supposed to have +been well versed in the arts of divination and astrology, and was the +origin of the Persian magi. "At his birth," remarks an old writer, "he +laughed; and his head did so beat, that it struck back the midwife's +hand--a good sign of abundance of spirits, which are the best +instruments of a ready wit." The _magi_ in Persia, the Brahmins in +India, the Chaldae in Assyria, the magicians of Arabia, the priesthood +of Egypt, Greece, and Rome, and the Druids of Britain, were all members +of a class which comprised astrology, omens, divination, conjuration, +portents, chiromancy, and sorcery; and all united in the pursuit of +enslaving mankind for the purposes of gain and power, with artfully +devised schemes, and a skilful series of impostures; and we can easily +imagine the influence they must have exercised over the minds of their +proselytes, when we bear in mind the effect produced by similar +contrivances in later days. The enchantress Theoris of Athens seems to +have been the first witch that had recourse to charms. Demosthenes uses +the terms both of witchery and imposture in speaking of her. This witch +was put to death by the Athenians--an accomplice having displayed to +them the charms, &c., by which she wrought her miracles. Our Saviour's +words, that _faith_ can remove mountains, are applicable particularly to +the supposed powers of witchcraft; and the influence of charms and +amulets in averting disease is well known. We have alluded, in our first +paper, to the trial of Rose Cullender and Amy Duny, at Norwich, for +witchcraft; and we now give the speech of Sir Thomas Browne, the +celebrated physician of that period, (1664,) to whom, in consequence of +defect in the proof, the case was referred, which was the cause of their +conviction. Sir Thomas Browne offered it as his opinion, "that the +devil, in such cases, did work upon the bodies of men and women, upon a +natural foundation, (that is) to stir up and excite such humours +superabounding in their bodies to a great excess, whereby he did, in an +extraordinary manner, afflict them with such distempers as their bodies +were most subject to, as particularly appeared in the children of +Dorothy Dunent, (one of the indictments against the prisoners being for +their bewitchment;) for he conceived that these swooning fits were +natural, and nothing else but that they call the mother, but _only +heightened to a great excess by the subtilty of the devil co-operating +with the malice of these, which we term witches, at whose instance he +doth the villanies_." + +The ceremony of initiation to the dreadful vocation and great powers of +witchcraft was attended with considerable form and mystery:-- + +----They call me hag and witch. +What is the name? When, and by what art learned? +With what spell, what charm or invocation, +May the thing call'd _familiar_ be purchas'd? + +The older and more ugly the performer in these appalling ceremonies, the +better. Some witches seem to have had the devil quite at their beck; but +his visits to most of them appear to have been "few and far between." +The convention (remarks John Gaule, an old writer) for such a solemn +initiation being proclaimed (by some herald imp) to some others of the +confederation, on some great holy or Lord's day, they meet in some +church, either before the consecrated bell hath tolled, or else very +late, after all the services are past and over. "The party, in some +vesture for that purpose, is presented by some confederate or familiar +to the prince of devills, sitting now in a throne of infernall majesty, +appearing in the form of a man, only labouring to hide his cloven foot. +To whom, after bowing and homage done, a petition is presented to be +received into his association and protection; and first, if the witch be +outwardly Christian, baptism must be renounced, and the party must be +re-baptised in the devill's name, and a new name is also imposed by him, +and here must be godfathers too ... But above all he is very busie with +his long nails, in scraping and scratching those places of the forehead +where the signe of the crosse was made, or where the chrisme was laid. +Instead of both which, he impresses or inures the mark of the beast (the +devill's flesh brand) upon one or other part of the body. Further, the +witch (for her part) vows, either by word of mouth, or peradventure by +writing, (and that in her owne bloode,) to give both body and soul to +the devill, to deny and defy God the Father, the Son, and the Holy +Ghost; but especially the blessed Virgin, convitiating her with one +infamous nickname or other; to abhor the word and sacraments, but +especially to spit at the saying of masse; to spurn at the crosse, and +tread saints' images under feet; and as much as possibly they may, to +profane all saints' reliques, holy water, consecrated salt, wax, &c.; to +be sure to fast on Sundays, and eat flesh on Fridays; not to confess +their sins, whatsoever they do, especially to a priest; to separate from +the Catholic church, and despise his vicar's primacy; to attend the +devill's nocturnal conventicles, sabbaths, and sacrifices; to take him +for their god, worship, invoke, and obey him; to devote their children +to him, and to labour all that they may to bring others into the same +confederacy. Then the devill, for his part, promises to be always +present with them, to serve them at their beck; that they shall have +their wills upon any body; that they shall have what riches, honours, +and pleasures they can imagine; and if any be so wary as to think of +their future being, he tells them they shall be princes ruling in the +aire, or shall be but turned into impes at worst. Then he preaches to +them to be mindful of their covenant, and not to fail to revenge +themselves upon their enemies, Then, he commends to them (for this +purpose) an imp, or familiar in the shape of a cat, &c. After this they +shake hands, embrace in arms, dance, feast, and banquet, according as +the devill hath provided in imitation of the supper. Nay, ofttimes he +marries them ere they part, either to himselfe, or to their familiar, or +to one another, and that by the Book of Common Prayer, as a pretender to +witch-finding told me, in the presence of many." After this they part, +and a general meeting is held thrice a year, on some holy day; they are +"conveyed to it as swift as the winds from the remotest parts of the +earth, where they that have done the most execrable mischiefe, and can +brag of it, make most merry with the devill;" while the "indiligent" are +jeered and derided by the devil and the others. Non-attendance was +severely punished by the culprits being beaten on the soles of the feet, +whipped with iron rods, "pinched and sucked by their familiars till +their heart's blood come--till they repent them of their sloth, &c." + +Many regulations were, however, to be observed after the above +initiatory ceremony, which we have given at length in consequence of its +singularity. There existed a community or commonwealth, of "fallen +angels" or spirits, with the various titles of kings, dukes, &c., +prelates and knights, of which the head was _Baal_, "who, when he was +conjured up, appeared with three heads, one like a man, one like a toad, +and one like a cat." The title of king conferred no extra power; indeed, +_Agares_, "the first duke, came in the likeness of a faire old man, +riding upon a crocodile, and carrying a hawk on his fist"--_Marbas_, who +appeared in the form of a "mightie lion"--_Amon_, "a great and mightie +marques, who came abroad in the likeness of a wolf, having a serpent's +taile, and breathing out and spitting flames of fire," and was one of +the "best and kindest of devills," with sixty-five more of these +master-spirits, enumerated in _Scot_, "appeared to be entirely and +exclusively appropriated to the service of witches," were alike +possessed of nearly similar power, and had many hundreds of legions of +devils (each legion 6,666 in number) at their command. + +There were stated times for each rank of devils to be called on, for +they aught not to be invoked "rashly or at all seasons;" and the +following extracts from Reginald Scot are fully explanatory of the +formalities to be observed on these occasions:-- + +"_The houres wherein the principal devills may be raised.--_A king may +be raised from the third houre till noone, and from the ninth hour till +evening. Dukes may be raised from the first hour till noon, and clear +weather is to be observed. Marquesses may be raised from the ninth hour +till compline, and from compline till the end of day. Countes, or +earles, may be raised at any hour of the day, so it be in the woodes or +fieldes, where men resort not. Prelates likewise may be raised at any +houre of the day. A president may not be raised at any hour of the day, +except the king, whom he obeyeth, be invocated; nor at the shutting in +of the evening. Knights from day-dawning till sun-rising, or from +even-song till sun-set. + +"_The forme of adjuring and citing the spirits aforesaid to +appeare_.--When you will have any spirit, you must knowe his name and +office; you must also fast and be cleane from all pollution three or +foure days before; so will the spirit be more obedient unto you. Then +make a circle, and call up the spirit with great intention, rehearse in +your owne name, and your companion's, (for one must alwaies be with +you,) this prayer following; and so no spirit shall annoy you, and your +purpose shall take effect. And note how thw prayer agreeth with popish +charmes and conjurations." + +The prayer alluded to (see _Scot's Discovery_, b. 15, c. 2) is of the +most diabolical and blasphemous nature. A contemporary writer observes, +that there is not the least doubt but that the witches of the olden time +observed all the formalities of these ridiculous and disgusting +ceremonies to the very letter. In later times, however, though the +formalities were quite simple, yet the hag of the sixteenth century +exercised her vocation with all its ancient potency. + +The broomstick has been the theme of many a story connected with this +subject:-- + + As men in sleep, though motionless they lie, + Fledged by a dream, believe they mount and fly; + So witches some enchanted wand bestride + And think they through the airy regions ride. + +But the reason of its possessing such extensive powers of locomotion, or +rather aerostation, is not generally understood. The witches either +steal or dig dead children out of their graves, which are then seethed +in a cauldron, and the ointment and liquid so produced, enables them, +"observing certain ceremonies, to immediately become a master, or rather +a mistresse, in the practise or faculty" of flying in the air:-- + + High in, air, amid the rising storm + ----wrapt in midnight + Her doubtful form appears and fades! + Her spirits are abroad! they do her bidding! + Hark to that shriek! + +In addition to the above, they possessed another very useful faculty, +for the transfer of the patent of which, I doubt not scores of +adventurers would have given a tolerable consideration. It is briefly +that of "sailing in an egg-shell, a cockle, or a muscle-shell, through +and under the tempestuous seas." + +From the length to which this article has extended, I must reserve an +account of witch-finders, charms, dreams, and confessions, &c. for the +next and concluding paper. VYVYAN. + + * * * * * + +Spirit of Discovery. + + * * * * * + + +_Paper from Straw_. + + +At a recent meeting of the Royal Institution, there were exhibited some +specimens of paper manufactured from straw, by a new process. + + +_Hardening Steel_. + + +From the observation of travellers, that the manufacture of Damascus +blades was carried on only during the time when the north winds +occurred, M. Anozoff made experiments on the hardening of steel +instruments, by putting them, when heated, into a powerful current of +air, instead of quenching them in water. From the experiments already +made, he expects ultimate success. He finds that, for very sharp-edged +instruments, this method is much better than the ordinary one; that the +colder the air and the more rapid its stream, the greater is the effect. +The effect varies with the thickness of the mass to be hardened. The +method succeeds well with case-hardened goods.-- _From the French_. + + +_Detection of Blood_. + + +A controversy has recently taken place in Paris, relative to the +efficacy of certain chemical means of ascertaining whether dried spots +or stains of matter suspected to be blood, are or were blood, or not. M. +Orfila gives various chemical characters of blood under such +circumstances, which he thinks sufficient to enable an accurate +discrimination. This opinion is opposed by M. Raspail, who states, that +all the indications supposed to belong to true blood, may be obtained +from, linen rags, dipped, not into blood, but into a mixture of white of +egg and infusion of madder, and that, therefore, the indications are +injurious rather than useful. + + +_Cedars of Lebanon_. + + +Mr. Wolff, the missionary, counted on Mount Lebanus, thirteen large and +ancient cedars, besides the numerous small ones, in the whole 387 +trees. The largest of these trees was about 15 feet high, not one-third +of the height of hundreds of English cedars; for instance, those at +Whitton, Pain's Hill, Caenwood, and Juniper Hall, near Dorking. + +_Leeches_. + +In the _Medical Repository_, a case is quoted, where some leeches, which +had been employed first on a syphylitic patient and afterwards on an +infant, communicated the disease to the latter. + +_Stinging Flies_. + +There is a fly which exteriorly much resembles the house-fly, and which +is often very troublesome about this time; this is called the stinging +fly, one of the greatest plagues to cattle, as well as to persons +wearing thin stockings. + +_Mont Blanc_. + +The height of Mont Blanc and of the Lake of Geneva has lately been +carefully ascertained by M. Roger, an officer of engineers in the +service of the Swiss Confederation. The summit of the mountain appears +to be 4,435 metres, or 14,542 English feet above the Lake of Geneva, and +the surface of the Lake 367 metres, or 1,233 English feet above the sea. +The mountain is, therefore, 15,775 feet above the level of the sea. + +_Bird Catching_. + +The golden-crested wren may be taken by striking the bough upon which it +is sitting, sharply, with a stone or stick. The timid bird immediately +drops to the ground, and generally dead. As their skins are tender, +those who want them for stuffing will find this preferable to using the +gun.--_Mag. Nat. Hist._ + +_Shower of Herrings in Ross-shire_. + +In April last, as Major Forbes, of Fodderty, in Strathpfeffer, was +traversing a field on his farm, he found a considerable portion of the +ground covered with herring fry, of from three to four inches in length. +The fish were fresh and entire, and had no appearance of being dropped +by birds--a medium by which they must have been bruised and mutilated. +The only rational conjecture that can be formed of the circumstance is, +that the fish were transported thither in a water-spout--a phenomenon +that has before occurred in the same county. The Firth of Dengwall lies +at a distance of three miles from the place in question; but no +obstruction occurs between the field and the sea, the whole is a level +strath or plain, and water spouts have been known to travel even farther +than this.--_Inverness Courier._ + +_Spanish Asses_. + +The Duke of Buckingham has, at his seat at Avington, a team of Spanish +asses, resembling the zebra in appearance, which are extremely +tractable, and take more freely to the collar than any of our native +species. + +_Drawing Instrument_. + +An ingenious invention of this description was recently exhibited at the +Royal Institution. A pencil and a small bead are so connected together +by means of a thread passing over pullies, that if a person, looking +through an eye-piece, will hold the pencil upon a sheet of paper, and +then, watching the bead, will move his hand, so that the bead shall +trace the lines of any object that is selected or looked at, he will +find that, whilst he has been doing this, he has also made a drawing of +the subject upon the paper; for the pencil and the bead describe exactly +the same lines, though upon different planes. Thus, a drawing is made, +without even looking at the paper, but solely at the object. + +_White Cats_. + +In a recent number we quoted from _Loudon's Gardener's Magazine_, that +"white cats with blue eyes are always deaf," of which extraordinary fact +there is the following confirmation in the _Magazine of Natural +History_, No. 2, likewise conducted by Mr. Loudon:--"Some years ago a +white cat of the Persian kind (probably not a thorough-bred one) +procured from Lord Dudley's at Hindley, was kept in my family as a +favourite. The animal was a female, quite white, and perfectly deaf. She +produced, at various times, many litters of kittens, of which, +generally, some were quite white, others more or less mottled, tabby, +&c. But the extraordinary circumstance is, that of the offspring +produced at one and the same birth, such as, like the mother, were +entirely white, were, like her, invariably deaf; while those that had +the least speck of colour on their fur, as invariably possessed the +usual faculty of hearing--" _W. T. Bree, Allersley Rectory, near +Coventry_. + +_Ultramarine_. + +A French journal announces a discovery of the method of making +Ultramarine, by which means the public are supplied with the article at +one guinea per ounce, the colour having hitherto been sold from two +guineas to two pounds ten shillings per ounce. + +_Indication of Storms_. + +Professor Scott, of Sandhurst College, observed in Shetland, that +drinking-glasses placed in an inverted position upon a shelf in a +cupboard, on the ground floor of Belmont House, occasionally emitted +sounds as if they were tapped with a knife, or raised up a little, and +then let fall on the shelf. These sounds preceded wind, and when they +occurred, boats and vessels were immediately secured. The strength of +the sound is said to be proportional to the tempest that +follows.--_Brewster's Jour._ + +_To preserve Wine in draught._ + +M. Imery, of Toulouse, gives the following simple means of preserving +wine in draught for a considerable time; it is sufficient to pour into +the cask a flask of fine olive oil. The wine may thus continue in +draught for more than a year. The oil spread in a thin layer upon the +surface of the wine, hinders the evaporation of its alcoholic part, and +prevents it from combining with the atmospheric air, which would not +only turn the wine sour, but change its constituent parts. + +_Union of the Atlantic and Pacific._ + +A letter from Amsterdam states, that the project of cutting a canal, to +unite the Gulf of Mexico with the Pacific Ocean, is about to be revived. + +_Vesuvius._ + +An eruption took place on the morning of last March 22nd. An eye-witness +writes "the cone of the mountain puts you in mind of an immense piece of +artillery, firing red-hot stones, and ashes, and smoke into the +atmosphere; or, of a huge animal in pain, groaning;, crying, and +vomiting; or, like an immense whale in the arctic circle, blowing after +it has been struck with several harpoons." + +_Bees in Mourning._ + +A correspondent in _Loudon's Magazine of Natural History_, states that +in the neighbourhood of Coventry, there is a superstitious belief, that +in the event of the death of any of the family, it is necessary to +inform the bees of the circumstance, otherwise they will desert the +hive, and seek out other quarters. + +_Rare Insects._ + +There exists in Livonia, a very rare insect, which is not met with in +more northern countries, and whose existence was for a long time +considered doubtful, called the _Furia Infernalis._ It is so small that +it is very difficult to distinguish it by the naked eye; and its sting +produces a swelling, which, unless a proper remedy be applied, proves +mortal. + +During the hay harvest, other insects named _Meggar,_ occasion great +injury both to men and beasts. They are of the size of a grain of sand. +At sunset they appear in great numbers, descend in a perpendicular line, +pierce the strongest linen, and cause an itching, and pustules, which if +scratched, become dangerous. Cattle, which breathe these insects, are +attacked with swellings in the throat, which destroy them, unless +promptly relieved. + + * * * * * + +SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS + + * * * * * + +MEN AND MONKEYS. + +Monkeys are certainly, there is no denying it, very like men; and, what +is worse, men are still more like monkeys. Many worthy people, who have +a high respect for what they choose to call the Dignity of Human Nature, +are much distressed by this similitude, approaching in many cases to +absolute identity; and some of them have written books of considerable +erudition and ingenuity, to prove that a man is not a monkey; nay, not +so much as even an ape; but truth compels us to confess, that their +speculations have been far from carrying conviction to our minds. All +such inquirers, from Aristotle to Smellie, principally insist on two +great leading distinctions--speech and reason. But it is obvious to the +meanest capacity, that monkeys have both speech and reason. They have a +language of their own, which, though not so capacious as the Greek, is +much more so than the Hottentottish; and as for reason, no man of a +truly philosophical genius ever saw a monkey crack a nut, without +perceiving that the creature possesses that endowment, or faculty, in no +small perfection. Their speech, indeed, is said not to be articulate; +but it is audibly more so than the Gaelic. The words unquestionably do +run into each other, in a way that, to our ears, renders it rather +unintelligible; but it is contrary to all the rules of sound +philosophizing, to confuse the obtuseness of our own senses with the +want of any faculty in others; and they have just as good a right to +maintain, and to complain of, our inarticulate mode of speaking, as we +have of theirs--indeed much more--for monkeys speak the same, or nearly +the same, language all over the habitable globe, whereas men, ever since +the Tower of Babel, have kept chattering, muttering, humming, and +hawing, in divers ways and sundry manners, so that one nation is unable +to comprehend what another would be at, and the earth groans in vain +with vocabularies and dictionaries. That monkeys and men are one and the +same animal, we shall not take upon ourselves absolutely to assert, for +the truth is, we, for one or two, know nothing whatever about the +matter; all we mean to say is, that nobody has yet proved that they are +not, and farther, that whatever may be the case with men, monkeys have +reason and speech. + +The monkey has not had justice done him, we repeat and insist upon it; +for what right have you to judge of a whole people, from a few isolated +individuals,--and from a few isolated individuals, too, running up poles +with a chain round their waist, twenty times the length of their own +tail, or grinning in ones or twos through the bars of a cage in a +menagerie? His eyes are red with perpetual weeping--and his smile is +sardonic in captivity. His fur is mouldy and mangy, and he is manifestly +ashamed of his tail, prehensile no more--and of his paws, "very hands, +as you may say," miserable matches to his miserable feet. To know him as +he is, you must go to Senegal; or if that be too far off for a trip +during the summer vacation, to the Rock of Gebir, now called Gibraltar, +and see him at his gambols among the cliffs. Sailor nor slater would +have a chance with him there, standing on his head on a ledge of six +inches, five hundred feet above the level of the sea, without ever so +much as once tumbling down; or hanging at the same height from a bush by +the tail, to dry, or air, or sun himself, as if he were flower or fruit. +There he is, a monkey indeed; but you catch him young, clap a pair of +breeches on him, and an old red jacket, and oblige him to dance a +saraband on the stones of a street, or perch upon the shoulder of Bruin, +equally out of his natural element, which is a cave among the woods. +Here he is but the ape of a monkey. Now if we were to catch you young, +good subscriber or contributor, yourself, and put you into a cage to +crack nuts and pull ugly faces, although you might, from continued +practice, do both to perfection, at a shilling a-head for grown-up +ladies and gentlemen, and sixpence for children and servants, and even +at a lower rate after the collection had been some weeks in town, would +you not think it exceedingly hard to be judged of in that one of your +predicaments, not only individually, but nationally--that is, not only +as Ben Hoppus, your own name, but as John Bull, the name of the people +of which you are an incarcerated specimen? You would keep incessantly +crying out against this with angry vociferation, as a most unwarrantable +and unjust Test and Corporation Act. And, no doubt, were an +Ourang-outang to see you in such a situation, he would not only form a +most mean opinion of you as an individual, but go away with a most false +impression of the whole human race. _Blackwood's Magazine._ + + * * * * * + +SONNET WRITTEN IN THE SPRING. + +How heavenly o'er my frame steals the life-breath +Of beautiful Spring! who with her amorous gales +Kissing the violets, each stray sweet exhales +Of May-thorn, and the wild flower on the heath. +I love thee, virgin daughter of the year! +Yet, ah! not cups,--dyed like the dawn, impart +Their elves' dew-nectar to a fainting heart!-- +Ye birds! whose liquid warblings far and near +Make music to the green turf-board of swains; +To me, your light lays tell of April joy,-- +Of pleasures--idle, as a long-loved toy; +And while my heart in unison complains, +Tears like of balm-tree flow in trickling wave, +And white forms strew with flowers a maid's untimely grave! +_New Monthly Mag._ + + * * * * * + +THE KING OF ARRAGON'S LAMENT FOR HIS BROTHER.[1] + +"If I could see him, it were well with me!" +_Coleridge's Wallenstein._ + +There were lights and sounds of revelling in the vanquished city's halls, +As by night the feast of victory was held within its walls; +And the conquerors filled the wine-cup high, after years of bright blood shed: +But their Lord, the King of Arragon, 'midst the triumph, wailed the dead. + +He looked down from the fortress won, on the tents and towers below, +The moon-lit sea, the torch-lit streets--and a gloom came o'er his brow: +The voice of thousands floated up, with the horn and cymbals' tone; +But his heart, 'midst that proud music, felt more utterly alone. +And he cried, "Thou art mine, fair city! thou city of the sea! +But, oh! what portion of delight is mine at last in thee? +--I am lonely 'midst thy palaces, while the glad waves past them roll, +And the soft breath of thine orange-bowers is mournful to my soul. + +"My brother! oh! my brother! thou art gone, the true and brave, +And the haughty joy of victory hath died upon thy grave: +There are many round my throne to stand, and to march where I lead on; +There was _one_ to love me in the world--my brother! thou art gone! + +"In the desert, in the battle, in the ocean-tempest's wrath, +We stood together, side by side; one hope was our's--one path: +Thou hast wrapt me in thy soldier's cloak, thou hast fenced me with thy breast; +Thou hast watched beside my couch of pain--oh! bravest heart, and best! + +"I see the festive lights around--o'er a dull sad world they shine; +I hear the voice of victory--my Pedro where is _thine?_ +The only voice in whose kind tone my spirit found reply-- +Oh! brother! I have bought too dear this hollow pageantry! + +"I have hosts, and gallant fleets, to spread my glory and my sway, +And chiefs to lead them fearlessly--my _friend_ hath passed away! +For the kindly look, the word of cheer, my heart may thirst in vain, +And the face that was as light to mine--it cannot come again! + +"I have made thy blood, thy faithful blood, the offering for a crown; +With love, which earth bestows not twice, I have purchased cold renown: +How often will my weary heart 'midst the sounds of triumph die, +When I think of thee, my brother! thou flower of chivalry! + +"I am lonely--I am lonely! this rest is ev'n as death! +Let me hear again the ringing spears, and the battle-trumpet's breath; +Let me see the fiery charger's foam, and the royal banner wave-- +But where art thou, my brother?--where?--in thy low and early grave!" + +And louder swelled the songs of joy through that victorious night, +And faster flowed the red wine forth, by the stars and torches light; +But low and deep, amidst the mirth, was heard the conqueror's moan-- +"My brother! oh! my brother! best and bravest! thou art gone!" + +_Mrs. Hemans.--Monthly Magazine._ + + * * * * * + +A SUMMER TOUR. + +If called upon to propose any summer's journey for a young English +traveller, (and it is a call often made with reference to continental +tours,) we might reasonably suggest the coasts of Great Britain, as +affording every kind of various interest, which can by possibility be +desired. Such a scheme would include the ports and vast commercial +establishments of Liverpool, Bristol, Greenock, Leith, Newcastle, and +Hull; the great naval stations of Plymouth, Portsmouth, Chatham, and +Milford; the magnificent estuaries of the Clyde and Forth, and of the +Bristol Channel, not surpassed by any in Europe; the wild and romantic +coasts of the Hebrides and Western Highlands; the bold shore of North +Wales; the Menai, Conway, and Sunderland bridges; the gigantic works of +the Caledonian Canal and Plymouth Breakwater; and numerous other +objects, which it is beyond our purpose and power to enumerate. It +cannot be surely too much to advise, that Englishmen, who have only +slightly and partially seen these things, should subtract something from +the length or frequency of their continental journeys, and give the time +so gained to a survey of their own country's wonders of nature and art. + +To the agriculturist, and to the lover of rural scenery, England offers +much that is remarkable. The rich alluvial plains of continents may +throw out a more profuse exuberance and succession of crops; but we +doubt whether agriculture, as an art, has anywhere (except in Flanders +and Tuscany alone) reached the same perfection as in the less fertile +soils of the Lothians, Northumberland, and Norfolk. Still more peculiar +is the rural scenery of England, in the various and beautiful landscape +it affords--in the undulating surface--the greenness of the +enclosures--the hamlets and country churches--and the farm houses and +cottages dispersed over the face of the country, instead of being +congregated into villages, as in France and Italy. We might select +Devonshire, Somersetshire, Herefordshire, and others of the midland +counties, as pre-eminent in this character of beauty, which, however, is +too familiar to our daily observation to make it needful to expatiate +upon it. + +Nor will our limits allow us to dwell upon that bolder form of natural +scenery which we possess in the Highlands of Scotland, in Wales, +Cumberland, and Derbyshire, and which entitles us to speak of this +island as rich in landscape of the higher class. In the scale of +objects, it is true that no comparison can exist between the mountain +scenery of Britain, and that of many parts of the continent of Europe. +But it must be remembered, that magnitude is not essential to beauty; +and that even sublimity is not always to be measured by yards and feet. +A mountain may be loftier, or a lake longer and wider, without any gain +to that picturesque effect, which mainly depends on form, combination, +and colouring. Still we do not mean to claim in these points any sort of +equality with the Alps, Apennines, or Pyrenees; or to do more than +assert that, with the exception of these, the more magnificent memorials +of nature's workings on the globe, our own country possesses as large a +proportion of fine scenery as any part of the continent of Europe.--_Q. +Rev._ + + * * * * * + +Notes of a Reader + + * * * * * + +HERODOTUS. + +Perhaps few persons are aware how often they imitate this great +historian. Thus, says the _Edinburgh Review_, "Children and servants are +remarkably _Herodotean_ in their style of narration. They tell every +thing dramatically. Their _says hes_ and _says shes_ are proverbial. +Every person who has had to settle their disputes knows that, even when +they have no intention to deceive, their reports of conversation always +require to be carefully sifted. If an educated man were giving an +account of the late change of administration, he would say, 'Lord +Goderich resigned; and the king, in consequence, sent for the Duke of +Wellington.' A porter tells the story as if he had been behind the +curtains of the royal bed at Windsor: 'So Lord Goderich says, 'I cannot +manage this business; I must go out.' So the king, says he, 'Well, then, +I must send for the Duke of Wellington--that's all.' This is in the very +manner of the father of history." + + * * * * * + +SPLENDOUR OF THE CHURCH OF ROME. + +"In the days of her power and importance, the church of Rome numbered +amongst her vassals and servants the most renowned spirits of the earth. +She called them from obscurity to fame, and to all who laboured to +spread and sustain her influence, she became a benefactress. Her wealth +was immense, for she drew her revenue from the fear or superstition of +man, and her spirit was as magnificent as her power. The cathedrals +which she every where reared are yet the wonders of Europe for their +beauty and extent; and in her golden days, the priests who held rule +within them were, in wealth and strength, little less than princes. For +a time her treasure was wisely and munificently expended; and the works +she wrought, and the good deeds she performed, are her honour and our +shame. She spread a table to the hungry; she gave lodgings to the +houseless; welcomed the wanderer; and rich and poor, and learned and +illiterate, alike received shelter and hospitality. Under her roof the +scholar completed his education; the historian sought and found the +materials for his history; the minstrel chanted lays of mingled piety +and love for his loaf and raiment; the sculptor carved in wood, or cast +in silver, some popular saint; and the painter gave the immortality of +his colours to some new legend or miracle."--All who have visited the +cathedrals and churches of the continent, or who have studied their +history at home, must acknowledge the truth and force of these excellent +observations. They are copied from an ably-written article on the +History of Italian Painting, in the second number of the _Foreign +Review_. + + * * * * * + +Frederick the Great, in a letter to Voltaire, says, "I look on men as a +herd of deer in a great man's park, whose only business is to people the +enclosures."--This is one of the _great men_ of history. + + * * * * * + +POTATOES. + +A few years after the discovery, potatoes were carried to Spain at first +as sweetmeats and delicacies. Oviedo says that "they were a dainty dish +to set before the king," Labat describes potatoes a hundred years ago, +as cultivated in Western Africa, and says of them, "_Il y en a en +Irlande, et en Angleterre_," and that he had seen very good ones at +Rochelle. + + * * * * * + +PAINTING + +Represents nature, or poetic nature at the most, and, therefore, +addresses itself as much as poetry does to the feeling and imagination +of man. Though it deals in nature exalted by genius, embellished by art +and purified by taste, still it is nature, still it makes its appeal to +the men of this world, and by them it is applauded or condemned. It +works for men, and not for gods; therefore every man, as far as his +taste is natural and sound, is a judge of its productions.--_For. Rev._ + + * * * * * + +LAVER. + +Such of our readers as are not addicted to epicurism may have been +somewhat puzzled at the display of "_Fine Fresh Laver_" in the Italian +warehouses and provision shops of the metropolis. The truth is, laver is +a kind of reddish sea-weed, forming a jelly when boiled, which is eaten +by some of the poor people in Angus with bread instead of butter; but +which the rich have elevated into one of the greatest dainties of their +tables. In Scotland, laver is called _slake_; and Dr. Clarke mentions +that it is used with the fulmar to make a kind of broth, which +constitutes the first and principal meal of the inhabitants. It is +curious to know that what is eaten at a duchess's table in Piccadilly as +a first-rate luxury, is used by the poor people of Scotland twice or +thrice a day. It is an expensive dish; but knowledge of this fact may +perhaps abate its cost. + + * * * * * + +GARDENS. + +Ferdinand I. of Naples prided himself upon the variety and excellence of +the fruit produced in his royal gardens, one of which was called +Paradise. Duke Hercules, of Ferrara, had a garden celebrated for its +fruits in one of the islands of the Po. The Duke of Milan, Ludovico, +carried this kind of luxury so far, that he had a travelling +fruit-garden; and the trees were brought to his table, or into his +chamber, that he might with his own hands gather the living fruit. + + * * * * * + +SNUFF. + +Even among the rudest and poorest of the inhabitants of Scotland, and at +a period when their daily meal must have been always scanty, and +frequently precarious, one luxury seems to have established itself, +which has unaccountably found its way into every part of the world. We +mean tobacco. The inhabitants of Scotland, and especially of the +Highlands, are notorious for their fondness for snuff; and many were the +contrivances by which they formerly reduced the tobacco into powder. Dr. +Jamieson, the etymologist, defines a _mill_ to be the vulgar name for a +snuff-box, one especially of a cylindrical form, or resembling an +inverted cone. "No other name," says he, "was formerly in use. The +reason assigned for this designation is, that when tobacco was +introduced into this country, those who wished to have snuff were wont +to toast the leaves before the fire, and then bruise them with a bit of +wood in the box; which was therefore called a _mill_, from the snuff +being _ground_ in it." This, however, is said to be not quite correct; +the old snuff-machine being like a nutmeg-grater, which made snuff as +often as a pinch was required. + + * * * * * + +Estimating the population of London and its environs at 1,200,000, its +proportion of paupers would amount to 100,000! + + * * * * * + +SCOTCH LIVING. + +Roast meat was formerly seldom seen among farmers in Scotland; and is +even now rare, compared with its use among the same class in England. +Less than half a century ago, a _mart_ was regularly bought or fattened +by the most respectable farmers, and even by many citizens. This was a +cow or ox killed and salted at Martinmas for winter provision; a custom +which, though not uncommon in England, perhaps, one hundred years ago, +has certainly not been followed, except in remote and sequestered +districts, or by very old-fashioned farmers within that period. + + * * * * * + +Falstaff's "Buck-Basket" has puzzled the commentators; but Dr. Jamieson +thus explains it:--_Bouk_ is the Scotch word for a lye used to steep +foul linen in, before it is washed in water; the buckbasket, therefore, +is the basket employed to carry clothes, after they have been bouked, to +the washing-place. + + * * * * * + +PLEASURES OF EGYPT. + +Sweet are the songs of Egypt on paper. Who is not ravished with gums, +balms, dates, figs, pomegranates, circassia, and sycamores, without +recollecting that amidst these are dust, hot and fainting winds, bugs, +mosquitos, spiders, flies, leprosy, fevers, and almost universal +blindness.--_Ledyard's Travels._--The same writer also says the people +are poorly clad, the youths naked, and that they rank infinitely below +any savages he ever saw. + + * * * * * + +There cannot be a more ill-boding sign to a nation, than when the +people, to avoid hardships at home, are forced by heaps to forsake their +native country.--_Milton._ + + * * * * * + +TOBACCO. + +As the devil is a deceiver, and hath the knowledge of the virtue of +herbs, so he did show the virtue of this herb, that by the means thereof +they might see their imaginations and visions that he hath represented +unto them. + + * * * * * + +WHISKY. + +From official documents it appears that long previous to 1690, there had +been a distillery of _aqua vitae_, or whisky, on the lands of Farintosh, +belonging to Mr. Forbes, of Culloden. + + * * * * * + +TRAVELLING INCENTIVES. + +If there be a sudden accession of fortune, the earliest use of it is in +passing over to the continent; if misfortunes occur, the first +suggestion is that of seeking solace in another land. The assumption of +the _toga virilis_ by our youth, may be practically translated, the +putting on of the travelling cloak. Marriage, instead of being the means +of more extended family union, is the plea for immediate separation; and +the newly-married pair drive from the church to the packet-boat. If the +elders of a family are snatched away by death, the first idea which +occurs to their successors, is that of distant removal from home. +Sorrows are not endured, but fled from; and misfortune becomes the +signal for dispersion to those who survive it.--_Q. Rev._ + + * * * * * + +Christoval Acosta, speaking of the _pine-apple_, says that "no medicinal +virtues have been discovered in it, and it is good for nothing but to +eat." + + * * * * * + +SMOKING. + +Joshuah Silvester questioned whether the devil had done more harm in +latter ages by means of fire and smoke, through the invention of guns, +or of tobacco-pipes; and he conjectured that Satan introduced the +fashion, as a preparatory course of smoking for those who were to be +matriculated in his own college: + +As roguing Gipsies tan their little elves, +To make them tann'd and ugly, like themselves. + + * * * * * + +LAW + +Must be kept as a garden, with frequent digging, weeding, turning, &c., +for that which was in one age convenient, and, perhaps, necessary, +becomes in another prejudicial.--_Roger North._ + + + + +THE GATHERER. + +"A snapper-up of unconsidered trifles." +SHAKSPEARE + + * * * * * + +THE WIFE'S COMPLAINT. + +Havard, the actor, (better known from the urbanity of his manners, by +the familiar name of Billy Havard) had the misfortune to be married to a +most notorious shrew and drunkard. One day dining at Garrick's, he was +complaining of a violent pain in his side. Mrs. Garrick offered to +prescribe for him. "No, no," said her husband; "that will not do, my +dear; Billy has mistaken his disorder; his great _complaint lies in his +rib_." + + * * * * * + +HOW TO SECURE A COACH. + +A facetious friend of Dr. Kitchiner's, on a very wet night, after +several messengers, whom he had despatched for a coach, had returned +without obtaining one; at last, at "past one o'clock, and a rainy +morning," the wag walked himself to the next coach-stand, and politely +advised the waterman to mend his inside lining with a pint of beer, and +go home to bed; for said he, "there will be nothing for you to do to +night, I'll lay you a shilling that there's not a coach out." "Why, will +you, your honour? then done," cried Mr. Waterman; "but are you really +serious, 'cause, if so be as you be, I must make haste and go and get +one." Being assured he would certainly touch the twelvepenny if he did, +he trotted off on his "nag a ten toes," and in ten minutes returned with +a leathern conveyance. + + * * * * * + +Epicure Quin used to say, it was "not safe to sit down to a _Turtle +Feast_ at one of the City Halls, without a _basket-hilted knife and +fork_."--Another of his quips was, "Of all the banns of marriage I ever +heard, none gave me half such pleasure as the union of ANN-CHOVY with +good JOHN-DORY." + + * * * * * + +ONION SOUP + +Is thought highly restorative by the French. It is considered peculiarly +grateful, and gently stimulating to the stomach, after hard drinking or +night-watching, and holds among soups the place that champagne, +soda-water, or ginger-beer, does among liquors. + + * * * * * + +Lobsters and crabs are in season from March till October; so that they +supply the place of oysters, which come in about the time lobsters go +out of season. Lobsters are held in great esteem by gastrologers for the +firmness, purity, and flavour of their flesh. When they find refuge in +the rocky fastnesses of the deep from the rapacity of sharks and +fishermen, they sometimes attain an immense size, and have been found +from eighteen inches to upwards of two feet in length. Apicius, who +ought to be the patron saint of epicures, made a voyage to the coast of +Africa on hearing that lobsters of an unusually large size were to be +found there, and, after encountering much distress at sea, met with a +disappointment. Very large lobsters are at present found on the coasts +of Orkney. Some naturalists affirm (Olaus Magnus and Gesner,) that in +the Indian seas, and on the wild shores of Norway, lobsters have been +found twelve feet in length, and six in breadth, which seize mariners in +their terrible embrace, and, dragging them into their caverns, devour +them. However this may be, the lobsters and crabs for being devoured are +best when of the middle size, and when found on reefs or very rocky +shores. + + * * * * * + +THE INVISIBLE HAIR. + +A monk was showing the relics of his convent before a numerous assembly; +the most rare, in his opinion, was a hair of the Holy Virgin, which he +appeared to show to the people present, opening his hands as if he were +drawing it through them. A peasant approached with great curiosity, and +exclaimed, "but, reverend father, I see nothing." "Egad, I believe it" +replied the monk, "for I have shown the hair for twenty years, and have +not yet beheld it myself." + + * * * * * + +CURIOSITY CURED. + +A servant travelling, was bothered by a super-curious person, who, after +several indirect attempts to discover whence he came, or whither he was +going, at last popt the question plainly, "Are your family +_before_?"--"No."--"Oh! you left them _behind_, I suppose?"--"No" +"No?"--"No, they are on _one side_!" + + * * * * * + +TO GROW A SHOULDER OR LEG OF MUTTON. + +This art is well known to the London bakers. Have a very small leg or +shoulder; change it upon a customer for one a little larger, and that +upon another for one better still, till by the dinner hour you have a +heavy, excellent joint in lieu of your original small one. + + * * * * * + + +_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, London; sold by +ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic, and by all Newsmen and +Booksellers._ FOOTNOTES: + +[Footnote 1: The grief of Ferdinand, King of Arragon, for the loss of +his brother, Don Pedro, who was killed during the siege of Naples, is +affectingly described by the historian Mariana. It is also the subject +of one of the old Spanish ballads, in Lockhart's beautiful collection.] + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, *** + +***** This file should be named 10332.txt or 10332.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/0/3/3/10332/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Sjaani and PG Distributed Proofreaders + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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