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Title: Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, No. 327
       Vol. 53, January, 1843

Author: Various

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</pre>

  <h1>BLACKWOOD'S EDINBURGH MAGAZINE</h1>
  <hr />

  <h2>NO. CCCXXVII. JANUARY, 1843. VOL. LIII.</h2>
  <hr class="full" />

  <h2>CONTENTS</h2>

  <ul>
    <li><a href="#bw327s1">GREAT BRITAIN AT THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE YEAR
    1843</a></li>

    <li><a href="#bw327s2">LESURQUES; OR, THE VICTIM OF JUDICIAL
    ERROR</a></li>

    <li>
      <a href="#bw327s3">CALEB STUKELY</a>

      <ul>
        <li>PART X.</li>
      </ul>
    </li>

    <li>
      <a href="#bw327s4">IMAGINARY CONVERSATION</a>. BY WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR

      <ul>
        <li>TASSO AND CORNELIA</li>
      </ul>
    </li>

    <li>
      <a href="#bw327s5">THE WORLD OF LONDON</a>

      <ul>
        <li>SECOND SERIES, PART I.</li>
      </ul>
    </li>

    <li><a href="#bw327s6">THE DREAM OF LORD NITHSDALE</a></li>

    <li><a href="#bw327s7">TWO HOURS OF MYSTERY</a></li>

    <li><a href="#bw327s8">THE EAST AND SOUTH OF EUROPE</a></li>

    <li><a href="#bw327s9">THE CURSE OF GLENCOE</a>. BY B. SIMMONS</li>

    <li><a href="#bw327s10">THE MARTYRS' MONUMENT</a>. A MONOLOGUE</li>

    <li><a href="#bw327s11">TASTE AND MUSIC IN ENGLAND</a></li>

    <li><a href="#bw327-footnotes">[FOOTNOTES]</a>.</li>
  </ul>
  <hr class="full" />

  <h2><a name="bw327s1" id="bw327s1"></a>GREAT BRITAIN AT THE COMMENCEMENT OF
  THE YEAR 1843.</h2>
  <hr />

  <p>Great Britain, at the present moment, occupies a position of dignity, of
  grandeur, and of RESPONSIBILITY, unparalleled in either her own history, or
  that of any other nation ancient or modern. Let him who is inclined to doubt
  this assertion, of whatever country he may be, and whether friendly,
  hostile, or indifferent to England, glance for a moment at a map of the
  world, and having at length found out our little island, (which, perhaps, he
  may consider a mere fragment chipped off, as it were, from the continent of
  Europe,) turn to our stupendous possessions in the east and in the
  west&mdash;in fact, all over the world&mdash;and he may be apt to think of
  the fond speculative boast of the ancient geometrician, <span class="greek"
  title="Dos pou sto, chai ton chosmon chinaeso">"&Delta;&omicron;&sigmaf;
  &pi;&omicron;&upsilon; &sigma;&tau;&omega;, &chi;&alpha;&iota;
  &tau;&omicron;&nu; &chi;&omicron;&sigma;&mu;&omicron;&nu;
  &chi;&iota;&nu;&eta;&sigma;&omicron;,"</span> and to paraphrase and apply it
  thus&mdash;"Give the genius of Great Britain but where she may place her
  foot&mdash;some mere point peeping above the waves of the sea&mdash;and she
  shall move the world." Is not this language warranted by recent facts? While
  our irritable but glorious neighbour France&mdash;<i>pace tantae
  gentis!</i>&mdash;is frittering away her warlike energies in Algeria, and
  Russia is worried by her unsuccessful and unjust attempts upon Circassia,
  behold the glorious monarch of this little island, Queen Victoria, roused by
  indignities and injuries offered to her most distant subjects in the East,
  strike single-handed a blow there, which shakes a vast and ancient empire to
  its very foundations, and forces its haughty emperor from his throne, to
  assume the attitude of a suppliant for peace, yielding her peremptory but
  just demands, even at the cannon's mouth, and actually relinquishing to her
  a large portion of his dominions. Events, these, so astonishing, that their
  true character and consequences have not yet been calmly considered and
  appreciated by either ourselves or other nations. Look, again, at recent
  occurrences in British India&mdash;that vast territory which only our
  prodigious enterprise and skill have acquired for us, and nothing but
  profound sagacity can preserve to the British crown&mdash;and observe, with
  mixed feelings, two principal matters: a perilous but temporary error of
  overweening ambition on the part of Great Britain, yet retrieved with power
  and dignity; and converted into an opportunity of displaying&mdash;where,
  for the interests of Great Britain, it was imperiously demanded&mdash;her
  irresistible valour, her moderation, her wisdom; exhibiting, under
  circumstances the most adverse possible, in its full splendour and majesty,
  the force of that OPINION by which alone we can hold India. Passing swiftly
  over to the Western Continent, gaze at our vast possessions <i>there</i>
  also&mdash;in British North America&mdash;containing considerably upwards of
  four millions of square geographical miles of land; that is, nearly a ninth
  part of the whole terrestrial surface of the globe!<a id="footnotetag1"
  name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a>&mdash;besides
  nearly a million and a half miles of water&mdash;five hundred thousand of
  these square miles being capable, and in rapid progress, of profitable
  cultivation! at more than three thousand miles' distance from the mother
  country, and in immediate juxtaposition to the territory of our
  distinguished but jealous descendants and rivals&mdash;a rising
  nation&mdash;the United States! Pausing here in the long catalogue of our
  foreign possessions, let our fancied observer turn back his eye towards the
  little island that owns them; will he not be filled with wonder, possibly
  with a conviction that Great Britain is destined by Almighty God to be the
  instrument of effecting His sublime but hidden purposes with reference to
  humanity? Assume, however, our observer to be actuated by a hostile and
  jealous spirit, and to regard our foreign possessions, and the national
  greatness derived from them, as only nominal and apparent&mdash;to insinuate
  that we could not really hold them, or vindicate our vaunted supremacy if
  powerfully challenged and resented. Let him then meditate upon the authentic
  intelligence which we have just received from the East: what must then be
  his real sentiments on this the 1st day of January 1843? Let us ask him, in
  all manly calmness, whether England has not <i>done</i> what he doubted or
  denied her ability to do? whether she has not shown the world that she may,
  indeed, do what she pleases among the nations, so long as her pleasure is
  regulated and supported by her accustomed sagacity and spirit? She has,
  however, recently had to pass through an awful ordeal, principally
  occasioned by the brief ascendency of incompetent councils; and while
  expressing, in terms of transport, our conviction that, "out of this nettle
  danger, we have plucked the flower safety"&mdash;we cannot repress our
  feelings of indignation against those who precipitated us into that danger,
  and of gratitude towards those who, under Divine Providence, have been
  instrumental in extricating us from it, not only rapidly, but with credit;
  not merely with credit, but with glory. To appreciate our present position,
  we must refer to that which we occupied some twelve or eighteen months ago;
  and that will necessarily involve a brief examination of the policy and
  proceedings of the late, and of the present Government. We shall speak in an
  unreserved and independent spirit in giving utterance to the reflections
  which have occurred to us during a watchful attention paid to the course of
  public affairs, both foreign and domestic, in the interval alluded to;
  though feeling the task which we have undertaken both a delicate and a
  difficult one.</p>

  <p>After a desperate tenacity in retaining office exhibited by the late
  Government, which was utterly unexampled, and most degrading to the
  character and position of public men engaged in carrying on the Queen's
  Government, Sir Robert Peel was called to the head of affairs by her
  Majesty, in accordance with the declared wishes of a triumphant majority of
  her subjects&mdash;of a perfectly overwhelming majority of the educated, the
  thinking, and the monied classes of society. When he first placed his foot
  upon the commanding eminence of the premiership, the sight which presented
  itself to his quick and comprehensive glance, must have been, indeed, one
  calculated to make</p>

  <div class="poem">
    <p>&mdash;"the boldest hold his breath</p>

    <p>For a time."</p>
  </div>

  <p>What appalling evidence in every direction of the ignorance and madness
  of his predecessors! An exchequer empty, exactly at the moment when it ought
  to have been fullest, in order to support our tremendous operations in the
  East and elsewhere: in fact, a prospect of immediate national insolvency;
  all resources, ordinary and extraordinary, exhausted; all income
  anticipated: an average deficiency of revenue, actual and estimated, in the
  six years next preceding the 5th of January 1843, of L.10,072,000! Symptoms
  of social disorganization visible on the very surface of society: ruin
  bestriding our mercantile interests, palsied every where by the long
  pressure of financial misrule: credit vanishing rapidly: the working-classes
  plunged daily deeper and deeper into misery and starvation, ready to listen
  to the most desperate suggestions: and a Government bewildered with a
  consciousness of incompetency, and of the swiftly approaching consequences
  of their misrule, at the eleventh hour&mdash;on the eve of a general
  election&mdash;suddenly resolving (in the language of their own leader) to
  stir society to its foundations, by proposing a wild and ruinous alteration
  in the Corn-Laws, declaring that it, and it only, would bring cheap bread to
  the doors of the very poorest in the land:&mdash;after the manner of giving
  out ardent spirits to an already infuriated mob. In Ireland, crime and
  sedition fearfully in the ascendant; treasonable efforts made to separate
  her from us; threats even held out of her entering into a foreign alliance
  against us. So much for our domestic&mdash;now for our foreign condition and
  prospects. He would see Europe exhibiting serious symptoms of distrust and
  hostility: France, irritated and trifled with, on the verge of actual war
  with us: our criminally neglected differences with America, fast ripening
  into the fatal bloom of war: the very existence of the Canadas at stake. In
  India, the tenure by which we hold it in the very act of being loosened; our
  troops shedding their blood in vain, in the prosecution of as mad and wicked
  an enterprise as ever was undertaken by a civilized nation; the glory of our
  hitherto invincible arms tarnished; the finances of India deranged and
  wasted away in securing only fresh accessions of disgraceful defeat. In
  China, we were engaged, in spite of the whisper of our guardian angel,
  Wellington, in a <i>little war</i>, and experiencing all its degrading and
  ruinous consequences to our commerce, our military and naval reputation, our
  statesmanship, our honour. Did ever this great empire exhibit such a
  spectacle before as that which it thus presented to the anxious eye of the
  new Premier? Having concluded the disheartening and alarming survey, he must
  have descended to his cabinet oppressed and desponding, enquiring who is
  sufficient for these things? With no disposition to bestow an undue encomium
  on any one, we cannot but say, happy was Queen Victoria in having, at such a
  moment, such a man to call to the head of her distracted affairs, as Sir
  Robert Peel. He was a man preeminently distinguished by caution, sobriety,
  and firmness of character&mdash;by remarkable clear-sightedness and strength
  of intellect&mdash;thoroughly practical in all things&mdash;of immense
  knowledge, entirely at his command&mdash;of consummate tact and judgment in
  the conduct of public affairs&mdash;of indefatigable patience and
  perseverance&mdash;of imperturbable self-possession. He seemed formed by
  nature and habit to be the leader of a great deliberative assembly. Add to
  all this&mdash;a personal character of unsullied purity, and a fortune so
  large as to place him beyond the reach of suspicion or temptation. Such was
  the man called upon by his sovereign and his country, in a most serious
  crisis of her affairs. He was originally fortunate in being surrounded by
  political friends eminently qualified for office; from among whom he made,
  with due deliberation, a selection, which satisfied the country the instant
  that their names were laid before it. We know not when a British sovereign
  has been surrounded by a more brilliant and powerful body of ministers, than
  those who at this moment stand around Queen Victoria. They constitute the
  first real GOVERNMENT which this country has seen for the last twelve years;
  and they instantly addressed themselves to the discharge of the duties
  assigned to them with a practised skill, and energy, and system, which were
  quickly felt in all departments of the State. In contenting himself with the
  general superintendance of the affairs of his government, and devolving on
  another the harassing office of Chancellor of the Exchequer, which, till
  then, had been conjoined with that of the First Lord of the Treasury, Sir
  Robert Peel acted with his usual judgment, and secured, in particular, one
  capital object&mdash;<i>unity of action.</i></p>

  <p>As soon as the late Ministry and their adherents perceived that Sir
  Robert Peel's advent to power was inevitable, they clamorously required of
  him a full preliminary statement of the policy he intended to adopt on being
  actually installed in office! By those who had floundered on, session after
  session, from blunder to blunder, from folly to folly&mdash;each more
  glaring and destructive than the preceding one&mdash;he was modestly
  expected to commit himself <i>instanter</i> to some scheme struck off, to
  please them, at a heat! A cut-and-dried exposition of his plans of domestic
  and foreign policy, before it was even certain that he would ever be called
  on to frame or act on them; before he had had a glimpse of the authentic and
  official <i>data</i>, of which none but the actual adviser of the crown
  could be in possession. This was doubtless <i>their</i> notion of
  statesmanship, and faithfully acted on from first to last; but Sir Robert
  Peel and his friends had been brought up in another school, whose maxim
  was&mdash;<i>priusquam incipias, consulta&mdash;sed ubi consulueris, mature
  facto, opus est</i>. The Premier stood unmoved by the entreaties, the
  coaxings, and the threatenings of those wriggling before him in miserable
  discomfiture and restlessness on the abhorred benches of Opposition; calmly
  demonstrating to them the folly and injustice of which they were guilty. Yet
  the circumstances of the country made his adherence to this first
  determination exquisitely trying. He relied, however, on the cautious
  integrity of his purposes, and the necessity of the case; and amidst the
  silent agitation of friends, and the frenzied clamour of opponents, and with
  a dreadful prospect before the country in the ensuing
  winter&mdash;maintained the silence he had imposed upon himself, and, with
  his companions, entered forthwith on a searching and complete investigation
  of the affairs of the nation. Not seduced by the irrepressible eagerness of
  friends, or dismayed by the dark threats and dismal predictions of enemies,
  who even appealed direct to the throne against them, Ministers pursued their
  course with calmness and determination, till the legitimate moment had
  arrived for announcing to the country their thoroughly considered plans for
  the future. Sir Robert Peel is undoubtedly entitled to the credit of
  resuscitating and re-organizing the great party all but annihilated by the
  passing of the Reform Bill. It is under vast obligations to him; but so is
  he to it. What fortitude and fidelity have been theirs! How admirable their
  conduct on the occasion we are alluding to! And here let us also pay a just
  tribute of respect to the Conservative newspaper press, both in the
  metropolis and in the country. To select particular instances, would be vain
  and invidious; but while the whole country has daily opportunities of
  judging of the assistance afforded to the Conservative cause by the powerful
  and independent metropolitan press, few are aware, as we are, of the very
  great ability generally displayed by the provincial Conservative press.
  Their resolute and persevering exposure of the dangerous false doctrines of
  our unscrupulous adversaries, and eloquent advocacy of Conservative
  principles, are above all praise, and are appreciated in the highest
  quarters.</p>

  <p>The winter was at length nearly passed through when Parliament assembled.
  The distress which the people had suffered, and continued to suffer, no pen
  can adequately describe, or do justice to the touching fortitude with which
  those sufferings were borne. It wrung the hearts of all who had
  opportunities of personally observing it. They resisted, poor famishing
  souls! all the fiendish attempts that were systematically made to undermine
  their loyalty, to seduce them into insubordination and rebellion. Let us, by
  and by, see how far the result has justified this implied confidence of
  theirs in the power, the wisdom, and the integrity of the new Government.
  After all the boasting of the Opposition&mdash;in spite of their vehement
  efforts during the recess, to concert and mature what were given out as the
  most formidable system of tactics ever exhibited in parliament, for the
  dislodgement of a Ministry denounced as equally hateful to the Queen and to
  the country, the very first division utterly annihilated the Opposition. So
  overwhelming was the Ministerial majority, that it astonished their friends
  as much as it dismayed their enemies: and to an accurate observer of what
  passed in the House of Commons, it was plain that the legitimate energies of
  the Opposition were paralyzed thenceforth to the end of the session.
  Forthwith, there sprung up, however, a sort of conspiracy to <i>annoy</i>
  the triumphant Ministers, to exhaust their energies, to impede all
  legislation, as far as those ends could be attained by the most wicked and
  <i>vulgar</i> faction ever witnessed within the House of Commons!</p>

  <p>The precise seat of Sir Robert Peel's difficulty at home was, that his
  immediate predecessors had (whether wilfully or otherwise signifies nothing
  for the present) raised expectations among the people, which <i>no party</i>
  could satisfy; while their measures has reduced the people to a state in
  which the disappointment of those expectations seemed to excuse, if not
  justify, even downright rebellion. They arrayed the agricultural and
  manufacturing interests in deadly hostility against each other; they sought
  to make the one responsible for the consequences springing only from the
  reckless misconduct of the other. The farmers must be run down and ruined in
  order to repair the effects of excessive credit and over-trading among the
  manufacturers; the corn-grower must smart for the sins of the
  cotton-spinner. Such were some of the fierce elements of discord in full
  action, when the affairs of the nation were committed by her Majesty to her
  present Ministers, on whom it lay to promote permanent domestic
  tranquillity, amidst this conflict between interests which had been taught
  that they were irreconcilable with each other; to sustain the public credit
  at once, without endangering our internal peace and safety, or compromising
  the honour of the nation in its critical and embarrassing foreign relations.
  How were they to effect these apparently incompatible objects? "See," said
  the enemies of the Ministry, "see, by and by, when parliament assembles, a
  cruel specimen of <i>class legislation</i>&mdash;the unjust triumph of the
  landed interest&mdash;the legitimate working of the Chandos clause in the
  Reform Bill!" But bear witness, parliamentary records, how stood the
  fact!</p>

  <p>That the present Ministry are mainly indebted for their accession to
  power, to the prodigious exertions of the agricultural interest during the
  last general election, is, we presume, undeniable. It was talked of as their
  mere tool or puppet. Their first act is to lower the duties on the
  importation of foreign cattle! "We are ruined!" cried the farmers in dismay;
  and the Duke of Buckingham withdrew from the Cabinet. "This is a step in the
  right way," said the opponents of Ministers, "but it will clearly cost Peel
  his place&mdash;then <i>we</i> return, and will go the rest of the journey,
  and quickly arrive at the goal of free-trade in corn, and every thing else,
  except those particular articles in which <i>we</i> deal, and which must be
  protected, for the benefit of the country, against foreign competition."
  Then the Radical journals teemed with joyful paragraphs, announcing that Sir
  Robert Peel's ministry was already crumbling to pieces! The farmers, it
  would seem, were every where up in arms; confusion (and something a vast
  deal worse!) was drunk at all their meetings, to Peel! Nevertheless, these
  happy things came not to pass; Sir Robert Peel's Ministry <i>would</i> not
  fall to pieces; and the curses of the farmers came not so fast or loud as
  their eager disinterested friends could have wished! To be serious, the
  alteration of the Corn-Laws was undoubtedly a very bold one, but the result
  of most anxious and profound consideration. A moment's reflection of the
  character and circumstances of the Ministry who proposed it, served first to
  arrest the apprehensions entertained by the agricultural interest; while the
  thorough discussions which took place in Parliament, demonstrating the
  necessity of <i>some</i> change&mdash;the moderation and caution of the one
  proposed&mdash;several undoubted and very great improvements in details,
  and, above all, <i>a formal recognition of the principle of agricultural
  protection</i>, still further allayed the fears of the most timorous. To
  <i>us</i> it appears, that the simple principle of a scale of duties,
  adapted to admit foreign corn when we want it, and exclude it when we can
  grow sufficient ourselves, is abundantly vindicated, and will not be
  disturbed for many years to come, if even then. Has this principle been
  surrendered by Sir Robert Peel? It has not; and we venture to express our
  confident belief, that it never will. He cannot, of course, prevent the
  subject from being mooted during the ensuing session, because there are
  persons, unfortunately, sent to Parliament for the very purpose; but while
  he is listening with a calm smile, and apparently thoughtfully, to the
  voluble tradesmen who are haranguing him upon the subject, it is not
  improbable that he will be revolving in his mind matters much more
  personally interesting and important to them; viz. how he shall put a stop
  to the monstrous joint-stock banking system frauds, as exhibited at this
  moment at Manchester, in the Northern and Central Banking Company, and other
  similar establishments, blessed with the disinterested patronage of the
  chief member of the "Anti-Corn-Law League." The mention of that snug little
  speculation of two or three ingenious and enterprising Manchester
  manufacturers, forces from us an observation or two, viz. that the thing
  <i>will not do</i>, after all. There is much cry, and little wool; very
  little corn, and a great deal of cotton. They have a smart saying at
  Manchester, to the effect, that it is no use whistling against thunder;
  which we shall interpret to mean, that all their "great meetings,"
  speechifyings, subscriptions, and so forth, will fail to kindle a single
  spark of real enthusiasm in their favour, among those who are daily becoming
  more and more personally sensible, first, of the solid benefits conferred by
  the wise policy of the present Administration; secondly, of the want of
  personal respectability among the leaders of the League; and lastly, the
  necessity and vast advantage of supporting the agriculture of Old England.
  The recent discussions on the Corn-Laws, in Parliament and elsewhere, the
  masterly expositions of the true principles on which they are really based,
  have thrown a flood of light on the subject, now made visible and
  intelligible to the lowest capacity. That some further alteration may not
  erelong be made on the scale of duties, no one can assert, though we have no
  reason to believe that any such is at present contemplated; but that the
  principle of the "sliding scale," as it is called, will be firmly adhered
  to, we entertain no doubt whatever. The conduct of the agricultural
  interest, with reference to subjects of such vital importance to them as the
  Corn-Law Bill and the Tariff, has been characterized by signal forbearance
  and fortitude; nor, let them rest assured, will it be lost upon the Ministry
  or the country.</p>

  <p>The next step in Sir Robert Peel's bold and comprehensive policy, was to
  devise some method of recruiting <i>forthwith</i> its languishing vital
  energies&mdash;to rescue its financial concerns from the desperate condition
  in which he found them. With an immediate and perspective increase of
  expenditure that was perfectly frightful&mdash;in the meditation and actual
  prosecution of vast but useless enterprises&mdash;of foreign interference
  and aggrandizement, to secure a little longer continuance of popular favour,
  they deliberately destroyed a principal source of revenue, by the reduction
  of the postage duties, in defiance of the repeated protests and warnings of
  Sir Robert Peel, when in Opposition. They had, in fact, brought matters to
  such a pitch, as to render it almost impossible for even "a heaven-born
  minister" to conduct the affairs of the nation, with safety and honour,
  without inflicting grievous disappointment and sufferings, and incurring
  thereby a degree of obloquy fatal to any Ministry. They seemed, in fact, to
  imagine, as they went on, that the day of reckoning could never arrive,
  because they had resolved to stave it off from time to time, however near it
  approached, by a series of desperate expedients, really destructive of the
  national prosperity, but provocative of what served their purposes, viz.
  temporary popular enthusiasm. What cruelty! what profligacy! what madness!
  And all under the flag on which were inscribed "<i>Peace! Retrenchment!
  Reform!</i>" Acting on the salutary maxim, that the knowledge of the disease
  is half the cure, Sir Robert Peel resolved to lay before the nation <i>the
  whole truth</i>, however appalling. Listen to the following pregnant
  sentences which he addressed to the House of Commons, within a few moments
  after he had risen to develope his financial policy, we mean on the 11th of
  March 1842:&mdash;"It is sometimes necessary, on the occasion of financial
  statements of this kind, to maintain great reserve, and to speak with great
  caution. A due regard for the public interest, may impose on a Minister the
  duty of only partially disclosing matters of importance. But I am hampered
  by no fetters of official duty. I mean to lay before you the truth&mdash;the
  unexaggerated truth, but to conceal nothing. I do this, because in great
  financial difficulties, the first step towards improvement is to look those
  difficulties boldly in the face. This is true of individuals&mdash;it is
  true also of nations. There can be no hope of improvement or of recovery,
  <i>if you consent to conceal from yourselves the real difficulties with
  which you have to contend</i>."<a id="footnotetag2" name=
  "footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> There was no
  gainsaying the facts which, amidst an agitated and breathless silence, he
  proceeded to detail with dreadful clearness and brevity; and out of which
  the question instantly sprung into the minds of every one&mdash;<i>are we
  not on the very verge of national insolvency</i>? He proceeded to
  demonstrate that his predecessors had exhausted every device which their
  financial ingenuity could suggest, down to their last supposed
  master-stroke, the addition of 10 per cent to the assessed taxes&mdash;thus
  adding very nearly the last straw which was to break the camel's
  back&mdash;the last peculiarly cruel pressure on the lower orders.</p>

  <p>"Shall we persevere," he continued, "in the system on which we have been
  acting for the last five years? Shall we, in time of peace, have recourse to
  the miserable expedient of continued loans? Shall we try issues of Exchequer
  bills? Shall we resort to Savings' banks?&mdash;in short, to any of those
  expedients which, <i>call</i> them by what name you please, are neither more
  nor less than a permanent addition to the public debt? We have a deficiency
  of nearly L.5,000,000 in the last two years: <i>is there a prospect of
  reduced expenditure?</i> Without entering into details, but looking at your
  extended empire, at the demands which are made for the protection of your
  commerce, and the general state of the world, and calling to mind the
  intelligence which has lately reached us," [from Affghanistan,] "can you
  anticipate for the year after the next, the possibility, consistent with the
  honour and safety of this country, of greatly reducing the public expenses?
  I am forced to say, I cannot calculate on that.... Is the deficiency I have
  mentioned a casual deficiency? Sir, it is not; it has existed for the last
  seven or eight years. At the close of 1838, the deficiency was L.1,428,000;
  of 1839, L.430,000; of 1840, L.1,457,000; of 1841, L.1,851,000. I estimate
  that the deficiency of 1842 will be L.2,334,030; and that of 1843,
  L.2,570,000; making an aggregate deficiency, in six years, of L.10,072,000!
  ... With this proof that it is not with an occasional or casual deficiency
  that we have to deal, will you, I ask, have recourse to the miserable
  expedient of continued <i>loans</i>? It is impossible that I could be a
  party to a proceeding which, I should think, might perhaps have been
  justifiable at first, <i>before you knew exactly the nature of your revenue
  and expenditure</i>; but with these facts before me, I should think I were
  degrading the situation which I hold, if I could consent to such a paltry
  expedient as this. I can hardly think that Parliament will adopt a different
  view. I can hardly think that you, who inherit the debt contracted by your
  predecessors&mdash;when, having a revenue, they reduced the charges of the
  post-office, and inserted in the preamble of the bill a declaration that the
  reduction of the revenue should be made good by increased
  taxation&mdash;will now refuse to make it good. The effort having been made,
  but the effort having failed, that pledge is still unredeemed. <i>I advised
  you not to give that pledge</i>; but if you regard the pledges of your
  predecessors, it is for you now to redeem them.... I apprehend that, with
  almost universal acquiescence, I may abandon the idea of supplying the
  deficiency by the miserable desire of fresh loans, of an issue of Exchequer
  bills. Shall I, then, if I must resort to taxation, levy it <i>upon the
  articles of consumption</i>, which constitute, in truth, almost all the
  necessaries of life? <i>I cannot consent to any proposal for increasing
  taxation on the great articles of consumption by the labouring classes of
  society</i>." [Is it the friend or the enemy <i>of the people</i>, that is
  here speaking?] "I say, moreover, I can give you conclusive proofs that you
  have arrived at the limits of taxation on articles of consumption."<a id=
  "footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a>
  Sir Robert Peel then proceeded, with calmness and dignity, to encounter the
  possible, if not even <i>probable</i> fatal unpopularity of proposing that
  which he succeeded in convincing <i>Parliament</i> was the only resource
  left a conscientious Minister&mdash;an INCOME TAX.</p>

  <p>"I will now state what is the measure which I propose, under a sense of
  public duty, and a deep conviction that it is necessary for the public
  interest; and impressed at the same time with an equal
  conviction"&mdash;[mark, by the way, the exquisite judgment with which this
  suggestion was <i>here</i> thrown in!]&mdash;"that the present sacrifices
  which I call on you to make, will be amply compensated, ultimately, in a
  pecuniary point of view, and <i>much more</i> than compensated, by the
  effect which they will have in maintaining public credit and the ancient
  character of this country. Instead of looking to taxation on
  consumption&mdash;instead of reviving the taxes on salt or on sugar&mdash;it
  is my duty <i>to make an earnest appeal to the possessors of property</i>,
  for the purpose of repairing this mighty evil. I propose, for a time at
  least, (and I never had occasion to make a proposition with a more thorough
  conviction of its being one which the public interest of the country
  required)&mdash;I propose <i>that, for a time to be limited, the income of
  this country should be called on to contribute a certain sum for the purpose
  of remedying this mighty and growing evil</i>, ... should bear a charge not
  exceeding 7d. in the pound, which will not amount to 3 per cent, but,
  speaking accurately, L.2, 18s. 4d. per cent&mdash;for the purpose of not
  only supplying the deficiency in the revenue, but of enabling us, with
  confidence and satisfaction, to propose great commercial reforms, which will
  afford a hope of reviving commerce, and such an improvement in the
  manufacturing interests as will re-act on every other interest in the
  country; and by diminishing the prices of the articles of consumption and
  the cost of living, will, in a pecuniary point of view, compensate you for
  your present sacrifices; whilst you will be, at the same time, relieved from
  the contemplation of a great public evil."<a id="footnotetag4" name=
  "footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p>

  <p>We have quoted the very words of Sir Robert Peel, because they are every
  way memorable and worthy of permanent conspicuousness. In point, for
  instance, of mere oratorical skill, observe the matchless tact of the
  speaker. Conscious that he was about to propose what would come like a clap
  of thunder on all present, and on the country, he prepares the way for its
  favourable reception, by pointing out the almost necessarily <i>direct
  pecuniary benefit</i> ultimately derivable from his unpalatable tax; and the
  instant that he has disclosed his proposal, in the same breath carries our
  attention to a similar topic&mdash;an assurance calculated to arouse the
  self-interest and excite the approbation first of the commercial classes,
  and then of all classes, by the means this tax will give the Minister of
  proposing "great commercial reforms," and "reducing the cost of living." No
  power of description we possess can adequately set before the reader the
  effect produced on the House of Commons by the delivery of the passage above
  quoted, and which was shared, as the intelligence was communicated, by the
  country at large. One thing was plain, that the Minister, disdaining
  personal considerations of unpopularity, had satisfied the nation that a
  desperate disease had been detected, which required a desperate remedy. It
  was&mdash;it is, in vain to disguise that an income-tax has many disgusting,
  and all but absolutely intolerable, incidents and characteristics, and which
  were instantly appreciated by all who heard or read of the proposal for its
  adoption, and these topics were pounced upon by the late Ministers and their
  supporters, with eager and desperate determination to make the most of them.
  To give effect to their operations, they secured an immediate and ample
  interval for exasperating popular feeling against Ministers and their
  abominable proposition! But it was all in vain. There was a bluff English
  frankness about the Minister that mightily pleased the country, exciting a
  sympathy in every right-thinking Englishman. <i>Here was no humbug of any
  sort</i>, no obtaining of money under false pretences. At first hearing of
  it, honest John Bull staggered back several paces, with a face rueful and
  aghast; buttoned up his pockets, and meditated violence even; but, in a few
  moments, albeit with a certain sulkiness, he came back, presently shook
  hands with the Minister, and getting momentarily more satisfied of his
  honesty, and of the necessity of the case, only hoped that a little
  breathing-time might be given him, and that the thing might be done as
  quietly and genteelly as possible! To be serious, however.</p>

  <p>By whom, let us ask, had this Minister been brought into power? by whom
  most furiously and unscrupulously opposed? The former were those on whom he
  instantly imposed this very severe and harassing tax; the latter, those whom
  he entirely exempted from it: the former, those who <i>could</i>, with a
  little inconvenience, make the effort requisite to protect themselves in the
  tranquil enjoyment of what they possessed, the latter, those who were
  already faint, oppressed, and crushed beneath <i>burdens they were unable to
  bear</i>. Was this justice, or injustice? It then <i>must</i> be very
  contradistinctive&mdash;was the Minister, in this instance, the poor man's
  friend, or the rich man's friend? Was he exhibiting ingratitude and
  insanity, or a truly wise and honest statesmanship? We need <i>not</i>
  "pause for a reply." It has been sounding ever since in our ears, in the
  accents of national concord, and of admiration of the Minister who, in his
  very zenith of popularity and success, perilled all, to obey the dictates of
  honour and conscience, fearlessly proposed a measure which seemed levelled
  directly at those gifted and powerful classes by whom he had been so long
  and enthusiastically supported; of the Minister who, in fine, looked, and
  made the country look, a frightful danger full in the face&mdash;till it
  turned and fled. In spite of all that could be done by his bitter
  unscrupulous factious opponents in the House of Commons, and of the eloquent
  and conscientious opposition of Lord Brougham in the House of Lords, backed,
  all the while, by the immediate self-interest of those who were to smart
  under the tax, Sir Robert Peel carried his great and salutary measure in
  triumph through both Houses, without one single material alteration, till it
  became the law of the land, amidst the applause of the surrounding nations;
  for even those, alas! too frequently bitter and jealous censors of English
  conduct and character, the French, "owned that the English people had
  exhibited a signal and glorious instance of virtue, of fortitude, of
  self-denial, and sagacity." We have reason to believe that, on quitting the
  House of Commons after hearing the speech of Sir Robert Peel, from which we
  have been quoting, Lord John Russell asked a gentleman of brilliant talent
  and independent character, but of strong liberal opinions, "what he thought
  of Peel's financial scheme?" The answer was, "It is so fine a thing, that I
  only wish it had been prepared by Lord John Russell instead of Sir Robert
  Peel!" On which, unless we are mistaken, Lord John shrugged his shoulders in
  silence. His opposition to the income-tax, on going into, and while the bill
  was in, committee, was temperate, and even languid; and he stood in the
  dignified attitude worthy of his ancient name, and of personal character,
  far aloof from those who, throughout the session, pursued a line of conduct
  unprecedented in parliamentary history, degrading to the House of Commons,
  but possibly in keeping with all that might have been expected from them. We
  are vastly mistaken if Lord John does not regard them with secret scorn, and
  experience a shudder of disgust from any momentary contact with them; and
  shall not be surprised if, during the ensuing session, he should be at no
  particular pains to conceal the state of his mind.</p>

  <p>One circumstance highly honourable to the national character, in relation
  to the income-tax, should not escape observation: that comparatively little
  or no real opposition, certainly no clamorous opposition, has been offered
  to the <i>principle</i> of the tax, and the policy of its imposition, by
  those on whom its pressure falls heaviest, namely, the great capitalists and
  landed proprietors of the kingdom. "The grasshopper," said Mr Burke, "fills
  the whole field with the noise of its chirping, while the stately ox browses
  in silence." The clamour against the income-tax comes mainly from those who
  are unscathed by it; those who suffer most severely from it, suffer in
  silence. The inferior machinery of the income-tax is unquestionably very far
  from attaining that degree of perfection, which we had a right to look for
  from the able and practised hands which framed it. The outcry raised,
  however, against the income-tax on this score, particularly on the ground of
  the heedlessness of subordinate functionaries, is subsiding. There is
  evident, as far as the Government itself is concerned, an anxious desire to
  enforce the provisions of the act with the greatest possible degree of
  delicacy and forbearance, consistent with the discharge of a painful but
  imperative duty. We repeat that the outcry in question, however, was
  principally occasioned by those who had least real cause, on personal
  grounds, to complain; who (unfortunately, it may be, for themselves) never
  yet approached, nor have any prospect of infringing upon, the fatal dividing
  point of L. 150 a-year, in spite of their long and zealous literary
  services, under the very best-conducted and <i>truly liberal</i> Radical
  newspapers, which they have filled, with persevering ingenuity, day after
  day, with eloquent descriptions of the awful state of feeling in the country
  on this most atrocious subject. Where, patriotic, but most imaginative
  gentlemen! where have been the great meetings summoned to condemn the
  principle of the tax? The great landholders, the great capitalists, the
  great merchants, are pouring their contributions into the exhausted
  Treasury, with scarce a murmur at the temporary inconvenience it may
  occasion them!&mdash;thus nobly responding to the appeal so earnestly and
  nobly made to them by the Prime Minister. So, moreover, are the vast
  majority of those persons on whom the tax falls with peculiar
  severity&mdash;we allude to the occupants of schedule D&mdash;who must pay
  this tax out of an income, alas! evanescent as the morning mist; which, on
  the approach of sickness or of death is instantly annihilated. These also
  suffer with silent fortitude; and we think we have heard it upon sufficient
  authority, that it was on these persons that Ministers felt the greatest
  reluctance in imposing the tax&mdash;at least to its present extent, only
  under an absolute compulsion of state policy. The total, or even partial
  exemption of this class of persons from the operation of the income-tax,
  would have been attended with consequences that were not to be contemplated
  for a moment, and into which it is impracticable here satisfactorily to
  enter. The tax undoubtedly pinches severely men of small and uncertain
  incomes, who are striving, on slender means, to maintain a respectable
  station in society; the man who, with a large family to be supported <i>and
  educated</i>, and who moves in a respectable sphere of society, has to pay
  his L.9 or L.12 out of his precarious L.300 or L.400 a-year, is an object of
  most earnest sympathy. Still, let him not lose sight of the undoubted
  hardships borne by his wealthier brethren. Is it nothing for a man&mdash;say
  the Duke of Buccleuch, the Marquis of Westminster, the Duke of Sutherland,
  or Lord Ashburton, or Mr Rothschild&mdash;to have to pay down their L.3000,
  L.4000, or L.5000 clear per annum, as the per-centage on their magnificent
  incomes, in sudden and unexpected addition to the innumerable and imperative
  calls upon them already existing, such as compulsory upholding of many great
  establishments in different parts of the country&mdash;various members of
  their families&mdash;married and single&mdash;to support in a style adequate
  to their rank and position in the country? It is needless, however, to
  pursue the matter further. The plain truth is, there is no help for it; the
  burthen is one that must be borne, and it is being borne bravely.</p>

  <p><i>But why</i> must this dreadful income-tax be borne? What has led to
  it? The vast majority of honest and thinking men in the nation have but one
  answer to give to the question. That the income-tax is the penalty the
  nation must pay for its weakness and folly, in permitting a Whig Ministry to
  get into power, and continue in power, "playing such fantastic tricks" as
  theirs, for the last ten years, both at home and abroad, as the nation
  <i>ought to have foreseen</i> would be inevitably followed by some such
  grievous results as the present. This income-tax, however, let our opponents
  know, will serve for many years to come, long after it may have been
  removed, as a memento to prevent the country from tolerating the return to
  power of men whose reluctant and compulsory exit from power, after again
  doing enormous mischief, will be followed by a similar result&mdash;will
  impose on their Conservative successors the bitter necessity of imposing
  another income-tax. "The evil that they do," does indeed "live after them;"
  and without any "good, interred with their bones!" With the frightful
  deficit exhibited by Sir Robert Peel still staring us in the face; the war
  in the East yet to be paid for; faith to be kept with the public creditor
  both at home and abroad: a revenue of a <i>million a-year</i> recklessly
  sacrificed in reducing the postage duties:<a id="footnotetag5" name=
  "footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a> a deficiency in the
  last quarter's revenue, that tells its own frightful story as to its cause,
  and an all but certain heavy deficiency to be looked for, we fear, in the
  ensuing quarter: with all this before him, will any <i>member or supporter
  of the late Government</i>&mdash;of all other persons&mdash;be found hardy
  enough to rise in his place next session, and bait Sir Robert Peel about the
  repeal of the income-tax? The country will not tolerate such audacity. We
  shall not reason with <i>them</i>; but to those who, like ourselves, are
  smarting under the effects of the late Ministry's misconduct, who have a
  right to complain loudly and indignantly, and enquire with eager anxiety
  when their suddenly augmented pressure is to cease, we feel compelled to
  express our opinion, founded on a careful observation of our present
  financial position and prospects, that we see no chance of being relieved
  from the burden of the income-tax, before the period originally fixed by Sir
  Robert Peel. Till then we must submit with what fortitude and cheerfulness
  we may. Under, however, a year or two's steady and enlightened
  administration of public affairs, matters may mend with unexpected rapidity;
  but it is not in the ordinary course of human affairs, that evils, the
  growth of many years, can be remedied in a moment. A chronic disease of the
  body requires a patient course of abstinence and skilful treatment, to
  afford a chance of the system's getting once again into a permanent state of
  health; even as with individuals, so is it with nations. That the sudden
  cessation of the drain upon our resources from the East, and the partial
  reimbursement we have already realized, will sensibly lighten the burthens
  under which the Minister has hitherto laboured, and make him with joy to
  realize the expectations which, in proposing the income-tax, he so
  distinctly, yet cautiously, held out, as to the period of its duration, we
  may consider as indisputable. Add to this the pacific policy which Sir
  Robert Peel and his Cabinet are bent upon maintaining, as far as is
  consistent with a jealous regard to our national honour, (and which our late
  resplendent successes are calculated to facilitate,) and the revival,
  erelong, of the revenue, concurrently with that of trade and commerce, which
  may be confidently anticipated under our present firm, cautious, and
  experienced councils, and we may give to the winds our fears as to the
  continuance of the income-tax one instant after it can be prudently
  dispensed with. What, however, as a matter of <i>mere speculation</i>, if
  the nation should by and by, when familiarized with the character and
  working of the income-tax, become more reconciled to it, and prefer its
  retention as a substitute for <i>the Assessed Taxes</i>, which at present
  press so heavily on all, but particularly on the working-classes! But while
  Sir Robert Peel was remodelling the Corn-Laws, and creating a new source of
  direct revenue, he also undertook another task&mdash;a herculean task, one
  utterly hopeless, and beyond the reach or even conception of any but a
  Minister conscious of occupying an impregnable position in the confidence of
  the country: we allude to his reconstruction of our entire commercial
  system, as represented by his <i>new Tariff</i>. What courage was requisite
  to grapple with this giant difficulty! What practical skill; what patience
  and resolution; what exact yet extensive acquaintance with mercantile
  affairs; what a comprehensive discernment of consequences; what firm
  impartiality in deciding between vast conflicting interests, were here
  evinced! And observe&mdash;all these great measures, effecting a complete
  revolution in our domestic economy and policy&mdash;the fruits of only a few
  months accession to office of a Conservative Ministry! All the while that
  the Radical press was assailing them on the ground of their insolent and
  cruel disregard of their duty, and of the sufferings of the people, they
  were engaged upon the united labours of enquiry and reflection, on which
  alone can have been safely based the great measures which we have been
  briefly reviewing! "But all these," says some faithful mourner after the
  deceased Ministry, "they intended to have done, and would have done, <i>if
  they could</i>." Ay, to be sure. Admit it, for the nonce; 'twas easy to
  <i>say</i> it, but the thing was <i>to do it</i>&mdash;quoth Mr Blewitt!
  That same <i>doing</i>, is what we are congratulating the present Ministry
  upon. Yes, it has been done&mdash;the great experiment is being tried; may
  it prove as safe and successful, as it is bold and well meant. It must be
  regarded, however, as only a part of the entire scheme proposed by Sir
  Robert Peel, and judged of accordingly, with reference also to the necessity
  of his position, arising from the last acts of his predecessors&mdash;from
  the spirit and temper of the age. The long-continued languor and prostration
  of our commerce, undoubtedly required some decisive, but cautious and
  well-considered movement, in the <i>direction</i> of free-trade. How far we
  shall be met, in the same spirit, by France, Germany, Russia, and America,
  as has been long confidently predicted by those whose opinions have been
  perseveringly and vehemently urged upon the public, now remains to be seen.
  <i>Felix faustumque sit!</i> But at present, at all events, our example
  seems not likely to be followed by those on whom we most calculated, and
  time alone can decide between our course and theirs&mdash;between the
  doctrines of the old and of the new school of political economy&mdash;as to
  which is the short-sighted and mischievous&mdash;which the sagacious and
  successful policy. The powerful protection afforded by the new Tariff to our
  colonial produce, is one of its most interesting and satisfactory features.
  That, however, which has justly attracted to it incomparably the greatest
  share of public attention and discussion, is the introduction of foreign
  cattle. This topic is one requiring to be spoken of in a diffident spirit,
  and most guarded language. Whether it will effect its praiseworthy object of
  lowering the price of animal food, without being overbalanced by its
  injurious effects upon our all-important agricultural interests, we shall
  not for some considerable time be in a condition to determine. At present,
  it would appear, that the alarm of the farmers on this score was premature
  and excessive, and is subsiding. The combined operation of this part of the
  new Tariff, and of the reduction in the duties on the importation of foreign
  corn, may ultimately have the effect of lowering the rent of the farmer, and
  of stimulating him into a more energetic and scientific cultivation of the
  land; and generally, of inducing very important modifications in the present
  arrangements between landlords and tenants. In some of the most recent
  agricultural meetings, speeches have been made, from which many journalists
  have inferred the existence of rapidly-increasing convictions on the part of
  the agricultural interest, that a sweeping alteration in the Corn-Law is
  inevitable and immediate. They are, however, attaching far too much weight
  to a few sentences uttered, amidst temporary excitement, by a few country
  gentlemen, in some eight or ten places only in the whole kingdom. Let them
  <i>pause</i>, at all events, till they shall have more authentic
  <i>data</i>, viz. what the agricultural members of Parliament will say in
  their places, in the ensuing session. Much of the sort of panic experienced
  by the country gentlemen alluded to, may be referred to a recent paragraph
  in the <i>Globe</i> newspaper, confidently announcing the intention of
  Ministers to propose a fixed duty on corn. The glaring improbability, that
  even <i>were</i> such a project contemplated by Ministers, they would
  (forgetting their characteristic caution and reserve) agitate the public
  mind on so critical a question, and derange vast transactions and
  arrangements in the corn trade by its premature divulgement; and, above all,
  constitute the <i>Globe</i> newspaper their confidential organ upon the
  occasion, should alone have satisfied the most credulous of its
  unwarrantable and preposterous character. We acquit the <i>Globe</i>
  newspaper of intentional mischief, but charge it with great
  <i>thoughtlessness</i> of consequences. To return, however, for a moment, to
  that topic in the new Tariff most important to farmers. We believe that,
  since the day (9th July 1842) in which the new Tariff became the law of the
  land, the entire importation of cattle from the Continent, has fallen far
  short of a single fortnight's sale at Smithfield; but whether this will be
  the state of things two years, or even a twelvemonth hence, is another
  matter. At present, at all events, the new Tariff has had the beneficial
  effect of really lowering the price of provisions, and of other articles of
  consumption, essentially conducing to the comforts of the labouring classes.
  May <i>this</i>, in any event, be a <i>permanent</i> result; and who could
  have brought it about, except such a Ministry as that of Sir Robert Peel,
  possessing their combined qualifications means, and opportunities, and
  equally bent upon using them promptly and honestly?</p>

  <p>No sooner had that Parliament which had passed, in its first session,
  such a number of great measures, having for their object the immediate
  benefit of the lower orders, (and, it may really be said, almost wholly at
  the expense of the higher orders,) separated, after its exhausting labours,
  than there occurred those deplorable and alarming outrages in the principal
  manufacturing districts, which so ill requited the benevolent exertions of
  the Legislature in their behalf. They exhibited some features of peculiar
  malignity&mdash;many glaring indications of the existence of a base and
  selfish hidden conspiracy against the cause of law, of order, and of good
  government. Who were the real originators and contrivers of that wicked
  movement, and what their objects, is a question which we shall not here
  discuss, but leave in the hands of the present keen and vigilant Government,
  and of the Parliament, so soon to be assembled. If a single chance of
  bringing the really guilty parties to justice&mdash;of throwing light on the
  actors and machinery of that atrocious conspiracy shall be thrown away, the
  public interests will have been grievously betrayed. On this subject,
  however, we have no apprehensions whatever, and pass on heartily to
  congratulate the country on possessing a Government which acted, on the
  trying occasion in question, with such signal promptitude, energy, and
  prudence. Not one moment was lost in faltering indecision; never was the
  majesty of the law more quickly and completely vindicated, never was there
  exhibited a more striking and gratifying instance of a temperate and
  discriminating exercise of the vast powers of the executive. The incessant
  attention of all functionaries, from the very highest to the lowest, by
  night and by day, on that occasion, at the Home-Office, (including the
  Attorney and Solicitor-General,) would hardly be credited; <i>mercy to the
  misguided</i>, but instant vengeance upon the guilty instigators of
  rebellion, was then, from first to last, the rule of action. The enemies of
  public tranquillity reckoned fearfully without their host, in forgetting who
  presided at the Home-Office, and who at the Horse Guards. Nothing could be
  better than the Government examination into the real causes of the outbreak,
  instituted upon the spot the very moment it was over, while evidence was
  fresh and accessible, and of which the guilty parties concerned have a great
  deal yet to hear. The Special Commission for the trial of the rioters, was
  also issued with salutary expedition. The prosecutions were carried on by
  the Attorney and Solicitor-General, on the part of the Crown, in a dignified
  spirit at once of forbearance and determination, and with a just
  discrimination between the degree of culpability disclosed. The merciful
  spirit in which the prosecutions were conducted by the law-officers of the
  Crown, was repeatedly pointed out to the misguided criminals by the Judges;
  who, on many occasions, intimated that the Government had chosen to indict
  for the minor offence only, when the facts would have undoubtedly warranted
  an indictment for high treason, with all its terrible consequences. Before
  quitting this incidental topic of legal proceedings, let us add a word upon
  the substantial improvements effected in the administration of justice
  during the late session, and of which the last volume of the statute-book
  affords abundant evidence, principally under the heads of bankruptcy,
  insolvency, and lunacy. Great and salutary alterations have been effected in
  these departments, as well as various others; the leading statutory changes
  being most ably carried into effect by the Lord Chancellor, who continues to
  preside over his court, and to discharge his high and multifarious duties
  with his accustomed dignity and sagacity. His recent bankruptcy appointments
  have certainly been canvassed by the Radical press with sufficient freedom,
  but on very insufficient grounds. <i>No</i> appointments could have been
  made against which unscrupulous faction might not have raised a clamour.
  That temporarily excited in the present instance, has quite died away. The
  appointments in question have undoubtedly been made with a due regard to the
  public interest; but did the intelligent censors of the Radical press expect
  that those appointments of L.1500 a-year would be sought for or accepted by
  men at the bar, already making their L.3000, L.5000, L.8000, or L.10,000
  a-year, and aspiring to the very highest honours of their profession? The
  gentlemen who have accepted these appointments, are many of them personally
  known to us as very acute and able practical men, who will be found to give
  the utmost satisfaction in the discharge of their duties to both the
  profession and the public. The two Vice-Chancellors, Sir James L. Knight
  Bruce, and Sir James Wigram, are admirable appointments. Each must have
  resigned a practice very far exceeding&mdash;perhaps doubling, or even
  trebling&mdash;their present salaries of office. The transference to the
  former, without any additional salary, of the office of Chief Judge in
  Bankruptcy, (vacant by the recent death of Sir John Cross,) was a highly
  advantageous and economical arrangement for the public, at the willing
  expense of Vice-Chancellor Knight Bruce.</p>

  <p>May we here be allowed to allude for an instant to a very delicate
  topic&mdash;the new Poor-Law&mdash;simply to call attention to the resolute
  support of it by the present Government (whether right or wrong), as at
  least a pretty decisive evidence of their uprightness and independence. On
  this sore subject we shall not dwell, nor do we feel bound to offer any
  opinion of our own as to the alleged merits or demerits of the new Poor-Law;
  but it certainly looks as though Ministers had resolved to do what they
  <i>believed</i> to be right, <i>ruat c&aelig;lum</i>. What other motive they
  can have, is to us, at least, inconceivable.</p>

  <p>Let us again point with undisguised triumph to IRELAND, as a very
  striking instance of the results of a sound and firmly-administered
  Conservative policy. The late Government misgoverned Ireland, in order that
  they might be allowed to continue misgoverning England. Their memory will
  ever be execrated for their surrender of that fair portion of the empire
  into the hands of a political reprobate and impostor, of whom we cannot
  trust ourselves to speak, and the like of whom has never yet appeared, and
  it is to be hoped never will again appear, in British history. Immediately
  before and after their expulsion from office, they pointed to this scene of
  their long misconduct, and, with a sort of heartless jocularity, asked Sir
  Robert Peel "What he meant to do with Ireland?"&mdash;adding, that whatever
  else he might be able to do, by the aid of intrigue and corruption, "he
  could <i>never</i> govern Ireland." How <i>now</i>, gentlemen? What will you
  find to lay to the charge of Ministers in the coming session? What has
  become of your late patron, Mr O'Connel? Is "his occupation gone?" Is he
  spending the short remainder of his respectable old age at Darrynane, even
  (begging pardon of the noble animal for the comparison)</p>

  <div class="poem">
    <p>&mdash;"like a worn-out lion in a cave,</p>

    <p>That goes not out to prey?"</p>
  </div>

  <p>What can you any longer do, or affect to do, old gentleman, to earn your
  honourable wages? Is there not (as the lawyers would style it) a failure of
  consideration? If you go on any longer collecting "the rent," may you not be
  liable to an indictment for obtaining money under false pretences? Poor old
  soul! his cuckoo cry of Repeal grows feebler and feebler; yet he must keep
  it up, or starve. <i>Tempus abire senex! satis clamasti!</i> That Ireland is
  still subject to great evils, recent occurrences painfully attest. Mr Pitt,
  in 1799, (23d January,) pointed out what may still be regarded as their true
  source:&mdash;"I say that Ireland is subject to great and deplorable evils,
  which have a deep root: for they lie in the nature of the country itself in
  the present character, manners, and habits of its people; in their want of
  intelligence, or, in other words, in their ignorance; in the unavoidable
  separation of certain classes; in the state of property; in its religious
  distinctions; in the rancour which bigotry engenders, and superstition rears
  and cherishes."<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href=
  "#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> How many of these roots of evil are still in
  existence!</p>

  <p>But consider what we have done, even already, for Ireland, by giving her
  the blessings of a strong and honest Government; what a blow we have aimed
  at absenteeism, in a particular provision of our income-tax! <i>Nil
  desperandum</i>, gentlemen, give us a little time to unravel your long
  tissue of misgovernment; and, in the mean time, make haste, and go about in
  quest of a <i>grievance</i>, if you can find one, against the ensuing
  session. Depend upon it, we will redress it!</p>
  <hr />

  <p>The present aspect of foreign affairs is calculated to excite mixed
  feelings of pain and exultation in the breast of a thoughtful observer. The
  national character of Great Britain had unquestionably fallen in European
  estimation, and lost much of the commanding influence of its mere name,
  during the last few years preceding the accession to office of the present
  Government. That was an event&mdash;viz. the formation of a Cabinet at St
  James's, containing Sir Robert Peel, the Duke of Wellington, Lord Aberdeen,
  and Lord Stanley&mdash;which justly excited an instant and great sensation
  in all foreign courts, regard being had to the critical circumstances of the
  times. Every one, both at home and abroad, knew well that if WAR was at
  hand, here was a Government to conduct it on the part of Great Britain, even
  under the most adverse circumstances imaginable, with all our accustomed
  splendour and success. But all knew, at the same time, that imminent as was
  the danger, if a profound statesmanship could avert it, consistently with
  the preservation of the national honour, that danger would promptly
  disappear. The new Cabinet instantly proclaimed themselves "lovers of peace,
  but not afraid of war;" and an altered tone of feeling and policy was
  quickly observable on the Continent.</p>

  <p>The peculiar position and interests of Great Britain impose upon her one
  paramount obligation&mdash;to interfere as little as possible with the
  affairs of other nations, especially in Europe&mdash;<i>never</i>, except
  upon compulsion&mdash;when bound by treaty, or when the eye of a profound
  and watchful statesmanship has detected in existence unquestionable elements
  of danger to the general peace and welfare of the world. To be always
  scrutinizing the movements of foreign states, with a view to convicting them
  of designs to destroy the balance of power (as it is called) in Europe, and
  thereupon evincing a disposition to assume an offensively distrustful and
  hostile attitude, requiring explanations, and disclaimers, and negotiations,
  which every one knows the slightest miscarriage may convert into inevitable
  pretexts and provocatives of war&mdash;is really almost to court the
  destruction of our very national existence. If there was one principle of
  action possessed by the late Government to be regarded as of more importance
  than another, it was that of maintaining peace, and non-intervention in the
  affairs of other nations. This, indeed, was emblazoned upon the banner
  unfurled by Lord Grey, on advancing to the head of affairs. Can it, however,
  be necessary to show how systematically&mdash;how perilously&mdash;this
  principle was set at nought by the late Government? As represented by Lord
  Palmerston, Great Britain had got to be regarded as the most pestilent,
  intrusive, mischief-making of neighbours. A little longer, and our name
  would have actually <i>stunk in the nostrils</i> of Europe. Some began to
  hate us; others, to despise us!! all, to cease <i>dreading</i> us. In the
  language of a powerful journalist, (the <i>Spectator</i>,) opposed on most
  points to the present Government, "the late Ministers commenced a career,
  perilous in the extreme to all the best interests of the
  nation&mdash;demoralizing public opinion, wasting public resources, and
  entangling the country in quarrels alike endless and aimless; and all this
  with a labouring after melodramatic stage effect, and a regardlessness of
  consequences perfectly unprecedented." We were, in the words of truth and
  soberness, fast losing our moral ascendency in Europe&mdash;by a series of
  querulous, petty, officious, needless, undignified interpositions; by the
  exhibition of a vacillating and short-sighted policy; by appearing (novel
  position for Great Britain) "willing to wound, but yet afraid to strike;" by
  conceiving and executing idle and preposterous schemes of aggrandizement and
  conquest. To go no further in Europe than our immediate neighbour, France,
  let us ask whether Lord Palmerston did not bring us to the very verge, and
  keep us at it for many months, of actual war with that power, which is
  always unhappily eager to "cry hurra, and let slip the dogs of war;" and
  with reference to <i>us</i>, to go out of their way to create occasions for
  misunderstanding, and hostilities? Were we not really on the verge of
  war?&mdash;of a war which would have instantly kindled all over Europe a war
  of extermination? Not, however, to descend to the discussion of recent
  occurrences familiar to every body, we shall very briefly advert to the
  state of our relations with America, with China, and of our affairs in
  British India, when Sir Robert Peel assumed the direction of affairs. Lord
  Palmerston has never been sufficiently called to account for his long, most
  disgraceful, and perilous neglect of our serious differences with America;
  and which had brought us to within a hair's-breadth of a declaration of war,
  which, whatever might have been its issue, (possibly not difficult to have
  foreseen,) would have been disastrous to both countries, and to one of them
  utterly destructive. It is notorious that within the last eighteen or twenty
  months, every arrival from the west was expected to bring intelligence of
  the actual commencement of hostilities. The state of public feeling towards
  us in America was being every hour more exasperated and malignant. The
  accession of the present Government opened, however, a bright and happy
  prospect of an adjustment of all difficulties; honourable to both parties.
  How long had they been in power, before they had earned universal applause
  by their prompt and masterly move, in dispatching Lord Ashburton to America
  on his delicate, difficult, and most responsible mission? Was ever man
  selected for a great public duty so peculiarly and consummately fitted for
  it? And how admirably has he discharged it! as our opponents may hear for
  themselves early in the ensuing session. Do Ministers deserve no credit for
  hitting on this critical device? Was it no just cause of congratulation, to
  be able to find such a person amongst the ranks of their own immediate and
  most distinguished supporters? We are now, happily, at perfect peace with
  America; and, notwithstanding some present untoward appearances, trust that
  both countries will soon reap the advantages of it. Of what real
  <i>value</i> that peace may be, however, with reference to their extensive
  commercial relations with us, is another question, dependent entirely on the
  character which they may vindicate to themselves for honour and fidelity in
  their pecuniary transactions. That rests with themselves alone: whether they
  will go forward in a career of improvement and greatness, or sink into
  irretrievable disgrace and ruin, REPUDIATED and scouted by all mankind. We
  cannot quit America without a very anxious allusion to late occurrences in
  Canada. We feel words inadequate to express our sense of the transcendent
  importance of preserving in their integrity our Canadian possessions. No
  declaration of her Majesty since her accession gave greater satisfaction to
  her subjects, than that of her inflexible determination to preserve
  inviolate her possessions in Canada. We are of opinion that Lord Durham did
  incalculable, and perhaps irreparable, mischief there. We have no time,
  however, to enter into details concerning either his policy and proceedings,
  or those of Lord Sydenham; and we are exceedingly anxious also to offer no
  observations on the recent movements of Sir Charles Bagot, beyond a frank
  expression of the profound anxiety with which we await Ministerial
  explanations in the ensuing session. Before these pages shall have met the
  reader's eyes, Sir Charles Bagot may be no longer numbered among men. We
  therefore withhold all comment on his late proceedings, which we are
  satisfied have originated in an anxious desire to serve the best interests
  of his country. We confidently believe that Ministers will be able
  abundantly to satisfy the country upon this subject; and that, in the event
  of the necessity arising, they will choose a successor to Sir Charles Bagot
  every way qualified for his very responsible post, thoroughly instructed as
  to the line of policy he is to adopt, and capable of carrying it out with
  skill and energy. It is impossible to turn to India, for the purpose of
  taking a necessarily rapid and general view of the course of recent events
  there, without experiencing great emotion, arising from conflicting causes.
  We have already said, that our vast and glorious Indian empire is indeed the
  wonder of the world. Every one of our countrymen is aware of the means by
  which we originally acquired it, and that have subsequently augmented and
  retained it by an almost inconceivable amount of expenditure and
  exertion&mdash;by the display of overwhelming civil and military genius. If,
  moreover, he has entered into Indian history with proper feeling and
  intelligence, he will be able to appreciate the truth and force of the
  celebrated saying of one who contributed immensely to our ancient greatness
  in India, viz.&mdash;that <i>we hold India by</i> OPINION <i>only:</i> the
  opinion which is there entertained of our greatness of national character,
  intellectual and moral&mdash;of our wisdom, our justice, our power. If this
  fail us, our downfall in India inevitably follows; and memorable and
  tremendous indeed will be such an event, amongst all nations, and at all
  future times, till the name of England is blotted from the recollection of
  mankind. Therefore it is that we all regard the administration of affairs in
  India with profound anxiety, justly requiring, in those to whom it is
  entrusted, an intimate practical acquaintance with Indian character and
  manners, with Anglo-Indian history, and a clear view of the policy to be
  ever kept in sight, and ability and determination to carry it out to the
  uttermost. When Lord Auckland went to India, under the Whig Government, in
  1836, he found both its foreign and domestic affairs in a satisfactory
  state&mdash;peaceful and prosperous&mdash;with, upon the whole, a sufficient
  military force, notwithstanding the immense reduction of Lord William
  Bentinck. How did he leave it to his successor, Lord Ellenborough, in 1841?
  The prospect which awaited that successor was indeed dark, troubled, and
  bloody. An army, alas! dreadfully defeated in one quarter, and dangerously
  disaffected in another; a war of extermination in Affghanistan; probable
  hostilities with Burmah and Nepaul; an almost hopelessly involved foreign
  policy; and, moreover, under these desperate circumstances, with a treasury
  <i>empty!</i></p>

  <p>We shall confine ourselves to one topic, the war in
  Affghanistan&mdash;which we fearlessly, and with deep indignation, pronounce
  to have inflicted almost irreparable injury on the British nation&mdash;an
  almost indelible stain on the British character&mdash;and to have shaken the
  whole of our Eastern possessions. Lord Auckland, in listening, and his
  superiors at home in instructing him to listen, to the representations of
  Shah Soojah, and to be persuaded by him to embark in the late disastrous and
  disgraceful campaign, were guilty either of an incredible weakness and
  ignorance of the nature of the cause they were espousing, together with an
  inconceivable degree of short-sightedness as to the most obvious
  consequences of it, or of infamous hypocrisy in making the restoration of
  Shah Soojah only the pretext and stepping-stone to the conquest of
  Affghanistan, in the most criminal and reckless spirit of imaginary
  aggrandizement and extension of territory that ever has actuated the rules
  of India. Will they pretend that it was really designed, and necessarily so,
  solely for the purpose of defeating subtle and dangerous intrigues on the
  part of Russia and Persia? Listen to the language of one of the responsible
  authors of the policy since followed by such fearful consequences, Sir John
  Hobhouse&mdash;who, on the 11th July 1840, on the occasion of a dinner given
  to their richly and prematurely rewarded hero, Lord Keane, thus poured forth
  his insane, exulting avowal of the real object they had had in
  view:&mdash;</p>

  <blockquote>
    "The gallant officer had alluded to the late addition made to the vast
    territory of the East India Company. <i>It was just possible</i> that that
    territory had <i>at that moment</i> received a further and important
    increase. <i>It is just possible,</i> that since he (Sir John Hobhouse)
    last met the Directors at the festive board&mdash;now about six months
    since&mdash;the Government of India <i>has been enabled to make an
    addition to its territory, the vast consequences of which could scarcely
    be imagined in the wildest dream of fancy</i>, and which for centuries
    would be of advantage to the empire!!! In the history of the world there
    was no instance of yearly sovereigns (as the Directors of the Company
    were) having conquered so vast a territory as that of India. There was no
    instance of such successive success. To them the happiness belonged of
    giving to the vast country under their control the blessing of education.
    It was owing to God's ministering hand, by which successive Directions had
    sprung up to spread the benefits of light and knowledge in India, and
    among a people enshrouded in darkness and idolatry. It was scarcely a
    hundred years ago since the power of the East India Company was felt in
    India; their banners were now flying from the Indus to the Burrampooter.
    He would say emphatically, go on in the great work of extending the
    religion, civilization, and education of India; for the wishes of the good
    are with you&mdash;go on in your great work, for the sake of India, and
    Great Britain itself."
  </blockquote>

  <p>What must <i>now</i> be the feelings of Sir John Hobhouse and his brother
  ex-Ministers on this paragraph catching his eyes; when they reflect on the
  frightful sacrifice of life, British and Affghan&mdash;the defeat of our
  arms while engaged in a shameful and wicked cause&mdash;with its perilous
  effects upon the stability of our tenure of India&mdash;which have directly
  resulted from the measures thus vaingloriously vaunted of! A thousand
  reflections here occur to us upon the subject of the insane (or guilty)
  conduct of the late Government in India; but the extent to which this
  article has already reached, compels us to suppress them. We the less regret
  this circumstance, however, because there really seems but one opinion upon
  this topic among well-informed persons. After the last intelligence from
  India, it is idle, it is needless, to attempt reasoning on the subject; to
  ask how we should have strengthened ourselves by the destruction of a
  powerful and (according to authentic intelligence) a really friendly chief
  in Dost Mahommed; how we could even have <i>occupied</i> Affghanistan
  without a ruinous expenditure, continual alarm and danger from a perpetual
  series of treachery and insurrection; and to what purpose, after all, of
  solid advantage! The whole policy of Lord Auckland was incontestably one of
  mad encroachment, conquest, and aggrandizement, in utter ignorance of the
  character and exigencies of the times; the Duke of Wellington's memorable
  prediction is now far more than fulfilled! "<i>It will not be till Lord
  Auckland's policy has reached the zenith of apparent success, that its
  difficulties will begin to develope themselves.</i>" Begin to develope
  themselves! What would have become of us, had the councils originating that
  policy still been in the ascendant, we tremble to contemplate. The exulting
  French press, on hearing of our recent disasters, thus expressed
  themselves:<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href=
  "#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a> "<i>England is rich and energetic. She may
  re-establish her dominion in India for some time longer; but the term of her
  Indian empire is marked, it will conclude before the quarter of a
  century.</i>" Such has been the anticipated&mdash;such would have been the
  inevitable result of the policy which Sir Robert Peel's Government, guided
  by the profound sagacity of the Duke of Wellington, made it their first
  business <i>totally to reverse</i>; not, however, till they had completely
  re-established the old terror of our arms, convincing the natives of India
  that what we were of yore, we still are; that our punishment of treachery is
  instant and tremendous; that we can act with irresistible vigour and
  complete success, at one and the same moment, both in India and in China. In
  their minds, may the splendour of our recent victories efface the
  recollection of our previous bloody and disgraceful defeats! And if we
  cannot make them <i>forget</i> the wickedness&mdash;the folly&mdash;the
  madness which originally dictated our invasion of Affghanistan, at least we
  have shown them how calmly and magnanimously we can obey the dictates of
  justice and of prudence, <i>in the very moment of, fierce and exciting
  military triumph</i>. May, indeed, such be the effect of all that has
  recently occurred, whether adverse or prosperous, in India! For the former,
  the guilty councils of the late Government are alone answerable; for the
  latter, we are exclusively indebted to the vigour and sagacity of our
  present Government. The proclamation in which Lord Ellenborough announces
  our abandonment of Affghanistan will probably excite great discussion, and
  possibly (on the part of the late Government) furious objurgation, in the
  ensuing session of Parliament. We are so delighted at the achievement which
  was the subject of that proclamation, that even were there valid grounds of
  objection to its taste and policy, we should entirely overlook them. If even
  Lord Ellenborough, in the excitement of the glorious moment in which he
  penned the proclamation, departed from the style of all previous state
  documents of that character, was it not very excusable? But we are disposed
  to vindicate the propriety of the step he took. It may be said that it was
  highly impolitic to make so frank an avowal to the natives of India, that a
  mere change of Ministry at home may be attended with a total and instant
  revolution in our native policy, to place on record a formal and humiliating
  confession of our errors and misconduct. But let it be borne in mind how
  potent and glaring was already that error, that misconduct, with all its
  alarming consequences; and that one so intimately acquainted as Lord
  Ellenborough with the Indian character, may have seen, <i>then and
  there</i>, reasons to recommend the course he has adopted, which may not
  occur to us at home. That document will truly purport, in all time to come,
  to have been issued in a spirit of remarkable wisdom and justice, at the
  very moment of our having achieved the proudest triumph we could have
  desired for our arms. But, above all, what does that striking document tell,
  but <i>the truth</i>, and nothing but <i>the truth</i>? Let us, however, now
  confidently rely on the vast advantages which we cannot but derive from a
  prudent and vigorous administration of the affairs of India. We trust that
  Lord Ellenborough will persevere in the admirable line of conduct which he
  has hitherto adopted, turning neither to the right hand nor the left,
  disturbed by no sinister hopes or fears. Let his grand object be, by every
  legitimate means at his command, <i>to Anglicize India</i>; to encourage the
  adoption of English habits of thought, the practical appreciation of English
  principles of government; in short, thoroughly to identify the people of
  India with the people of England, in all their partialities, and prejudices,
  and interests. Every thing he has hitherto done in India, we rejoice to
  observe, tends this way. Let him but persevere, and he will acquire
  imperishable renown, and reflect permanent splendour on the Government which
  appointed him. In a confident and well-founded reliance upon his fitness for
  his post, upon his capacity for thoroughly carrying out the policy of a
  strong and enlightened Conservative government, which has entrusted to him
  the management of such vast and splendid national interests&mdash;the nation
  now looks with a bright untroubled eye towards India.</p>

  <div class="poem">
    <div class="stanza">
      <p>&mdash;"Now is the winter of our discontent</p>

      <p>Made glorious summer!</p>

      <p>And all the clouds that lour'd upon our house</p>

      <p>In the deep bosom of the ocean buried.</p>

      <p>Now are our brows bound with victorious wreaths,</p>

      <p>Our bruis&egrave;d arms hung up for monuments,</p>

      <p>Our stern alarums changed to merry meetings,</p>

      <p>Our dreadful marches to delightful measures!"</p>
    </div>
  </div>

  <p>Our allotted space is well-nigh exhausted, and we have only now reached
  the confines of CHINA!&mdash;a topic on which we had prepared ourselves for
  a very full expression of our opinions. We are compelled, however, now to
  content ourselves with a mere outline of our intended observations on a
  subject&mdash;our victory over the Emperor of China&mdash;which is pregnant
  with matter for long and profound reflection. Abstractly, our triumphant
  assault on these distant and vast dominions, affords matter for national
  pride and exultation, as far as concerns our naval and military renown; and
  the names of Parker and Gough will never be forgotten in British history.
  The submission of the Emperor of China to our arms, is an event calculated
  of itself to distinguish the reign of our glorious sovereign, Queen
  Victoria, far beyond those of most of her predecessors. It is an event that
  concerns and affects the prospects and interests of the whole world, and
  though it is at this moment occupying the thoughts of all the statesmen of
  Europe, with reference to its contingent effects upon their respective
  countries, not the most experienced and sagacious of them can predict with
  safety what will be its effects within even the next year or two. As for
  ourselves, our present prevalent feeling seems to be in accordance with our
  daring military character, which would say merely&mdash;</p>

  <div class="poem">
    <p>"Why then, <i>China's</i> our oyster</p>

    <p>Which we with sword have open'd."</p>
  </div>

  <p>But to those in England who are accustomed to regard occurrences with
  reference to their probable consequences, the recent events in China afford
  matter for the most anxious reflection of which thinking men are
  capable&mdash;whether in the character of philosophers, of statesmen, of
  warriors, or of merchants. Were we justified in our attack upon the Emperor
  of China? We have no hesitation whatever in expressing our opinion, after
  having had our attention for some years directed to the subject of our
  relation with China, in the affirmative. From the moment of our first
  intercourse with that people, we have had to submit to a series of
  indignities sufficient to kindle into fury the feelings of any one who
  merely reads any authentic account of those indignities. The Chinese have
  long derived an immense revenue, together with other great advantages, from
  us; encouraging us to embark a vast capital in our trade with them, and to
  form great permanent establishments dependent upon it. Language cannot
  describe the degrading circumstances under which we have been forced to
  carry on our commercial intercourse with the Chinese; our long submission to
  such conduct having, of course, insured its continual aggravation. The Opium
  trade, perhaps beneficially, brought matters to a crisis. It was alleged on
  behalf of the Emperor, that we were surreptitiously, and from motives of
  gain, corrupting and destroying his people, by supplying them with opium;
  but it is easily demonstrable that this was only a pretence for endeavouring
  to effect a change in the medium of our dealings with them, vastly
  beneficial to the Emperor, and disadvantageous to us. We might have been
  permitted to quadruple our supply of opium to his subjects, if we would have
  been content to be paid, <i>not in bullion</i>, but by taking Chinese goods
  in exchange; in a word, to change the basis of our dealings from <i>sale</i>
  to <i>barter</i>; and all this from a totally groundless notion of the
  Emperor and his advisers, that we were draining his kingdom of silver
  &mdash;in their own words, "causing the Sycee silver to ooze out of the
  dominions of the Brother of the Sun and the Moon." Their desperate anxiety
  to carry this point, led them to take the decisive step of seizing a vast
  quantity of our opium, under circumstances perfectly familiar to every body;
  constituting a crowning indignity and injury, which, without reference to
  the original legality or illegality of the opium trade, gave us an
  unquestionable cause for war against the Emperor. He seized the person of
  her Majesty's representative, and those of many of her principal subjects in
  China; and under the threat of inflicting death upon them, extorted a
  delivery of an enormous amount of property belonging to her Majesty's
  subjects. If this was not a cause of war with any nation, whether civilized
  or uncivilized, there never was one; and without going into further detail,
  we have stated sufficient to justify, beyond all doubt, our commencement of
  hostilities against China. But this occurred so long ago as the month of
  March 1839; yet, to the eternal scandal of the then existing Government, no
  effectual warlike demonstration was made to redress this flagrant
  unparalleled outrage on the British nation, till better councils, those of
  the present Government, were had recourse to by her Majesty; and which led
  to the quick triumphant result with which the world is now ringing. Till the
  present vigorous Government took the affair in hand, we were
  <i>pottering</i> about the extremities of the empire, month after month,
  even year after year, at a ruinous expense, in a way justly calculated to
  excite the derision of even the Chinese&mdash;of the whole world who had
  heard of our mode of procedure. It will be in vain for the late Government
  to endeavour meanly to make Captain Elliot their scapegoat. Let them, if
  they can, satisfy the nation that, in all he appears to have done so
  ineffectually and disgracefully, he did not act according to the strict
  orders of the late Government; that in all he would have done, and wished to
  have done, viz. to carry hostilities at once, with an adequate force, to the
  right point of attack, he was not either positively overruled, or left
  without advice and authority. Owing to their own want of forethought, of
  energy, and of practical knowledge, and their financial mismanagement, even
  if they had contemplated the plan of operations which led ultimately to the
  successful enterprize on which we are now justly congratulating ourselves,
  they <i>could</i> not, they <i>did not</i> act upon them. No, it was left
  for the present Government, under the auspices of him who told us that
  "England <i>could</i> not carry on a little war," amidst all the
  embarrassments and dangers which they had just inherited from their
  predecessors, to send out the peremptory instructions which have been so
  ably acted upon; and <i>above all</i>, a naval and military force fully
  adequate for the occasion. This done, China succumbed; and we understand
  that poor Lord Palmerston is pluming himself on being able to produce, next
  session, a despatch which he issued to Sir Henry Pottinger, chalking out the
  very line of operations which was adopted with such supreme success. We, of
  course, cannot officially know that such is the fact: but even admitting it,
  why did not Lord Palmerston do this far earlier? What excuse can be offered
  for this vacillation and procrastination in an affair of such vast urgency?
  "We had not the means to equip a sufficient force," his lordship may reply,
  in his usual strain of bitter flippancy. And why had he not the means? The
  extravagance and profligacy of his Government had deprived him of them; his
  exchequer was empty; and had he, or they, the boldness or the virtue to
  propose what has been demonstrated to have been the only mode of meeting the
  exigency, an income-tax? In vain, therefore, may his lordship and his
  friends declaim in the ensuing session, and with our bombardment of China in
  his ears, say "that is <i>my</i> thunder." They will be only laughed at and
  despised. No, no, Lord Palmerston; <i>palmam qui meruit, ferat.</i> Let the
  nation decide.</p>

  <p>The late military and naval proceedings against China, reflect permanent
  glory upon the arms of England, naval and military, and we earnestly
  hope&mdash;we confidently believe&mdash;that those concerned in them will
  soon receive substantial and enduring marks of national gratitude. But what
  is the real value, what will be the consequences, of our victory? We are
  very anxious to take the earliest opportunity of placing on record our views
  upon this all-important subject, with a view of moderating the expectations,
  and allaying the excitement, which prevails upon the subject of the
  commercial advantages anticipated to follow immediately on the final
  ratification of the treaty. Let us take a sober and common-sense view of the
  affair, and reason thus:&mdash;</p>

  <p>First of all, we must bear in mind the long-cherished hatred borne by the
  Emperor and his court to all barbarians, particularly towards us;
  exasperated now, doubtless, to a pitch of extreme intensity and malignity,
  by the signal humiliation and injury we have inflicted upon him. Can we
  expect that this will be suddenly and permanently altered? It is not in
  human nature, which is the same every where. With the thunder of our cannon
  in his ears, the supplies of his whole empire at our immediate mercy, his
  armies scattered like dust, and his forts and walled cities crumbling to
  pieces under our artillery, the necessity of his position forced him to buy
  peace on almost any terms. We have exacted from him what is at variance with
  the fixed Chinese policy of ages. The more he, by and by, reflects upon it,
  in the absence of our awe-inspiring military and naval forces, the more
  galling and intolerable will become the contemplation of what he has been
  compelled to concede and sacrifice. Who knows what artful falsehoods may not
  be perseveringly poured into his ear, day after day, month after month, year
  after year, to our disadvantage and disparagement in his estimation? He may
  not dare, perhaps, to resort to open hostility, directly to provoke our
  tremendous vengeance; but those best acquainted with China, know what
  countless facilities exist for his doing indirectly what he dares not, or
  may choose not, to do openly. We are not without fear, from our knowledge of
  the Chinese character, and of their long-established mode of procedure, that
  every chicane and evasion will be resorted to, in order to neutralize and
  nullify, as far as possible, the commercial advantages which we have, at the
  cannon's mouth, extorted from them. A great deal, at all events, will depend
  on the skill, firmness, and vigilance, of the consuls to be appointed at the
  five opened ports of China. We rely, also, greatly on the unquestionable
  eagerness of the <i>Chinese</i> people to enter into trading relations with
  us. The Emperor, however, and those by whose counsels he is guided, are
  Tartars, between whom and the Chinese there is a long-cherished and bitter
  hostility, which may eventually operate in our favour. Adverting, for a
  moment, to the proceedings of Sir Henry Pottinger, we feel very great doubt,
  indeed, whether our forces should not, either with or without the consent of
  the Chinese, have gone on to Pekin, and insisted on the negotiations being
  carried on <i>there</i>. What a prodigious effect would not thereby have
  been produced, not only on the mind of the Emperor, but of the whole nation!
  The painful but salutary truth of their own weakness, and our power, would
  have been thus "brought home to their businesses and bosoms,"&mdash;there
  could never afterwards have been any pretence for his or their saying, that
  they had been deceived in any part of the proceedings. Doubtless, however,
  Sir Henry Pottinger acted advisedly in abstaining from penetrating to Pekin,
  and also from stipulating for the residence of a British ambassador at
  Pekin. How such a proposal would have been received&mdash;or how, if adopted
  and carried into effect, it would have answered our expectations&mdash;it is
  difficult to say; but we have several letters lying before us, from
  peculiarly well-informed persons on the spot, in all of which the absence of
  this stipulation from the treaty is very greatly regretted. "I am afraid,"
  says one, "we shall be again left to the tender mercies of the local
  mandarins, and that their old habits of arrogance and deceit and extortion,
  will be resumed. For what are <i>consuls?</i> They have no power of
  communicating even with the provincial officers: or if this should now be
  conceded, they have none with the government at Pekin: and may we not fear
  that the Chinese will continue to force away gradually, by effectual but
  invisible obstacles, the trade from the ports now ostensibly opened to us?"
  The gentleman, from whose long and very able letter we have quoted this
  paragraph, takes a somewhat disheartening view of the treaty, and its
  probable observance and consequences. He is on the spot, and has access to
  the best sources of knowledge; but we confess, that for our own part, we do
  not share his apprehensions. Whatever disposition to do so the Emperor or
  his people may entertain, we believe they will neither dare at all to offend
  or injure us openly, or persevere long in attempting to do so indirectly. It
  may be a work of time but as soon as they perceive the steady benefits
  derivable from a prudently-conducted course of dealing with them, we think
  it likely that a sense of self-interest will lead them to encourage our
  intercourse and augment our dealings. On one thing we regret to feel certain
  that we must calculate&mdash;namely, on an enormous overstocking of the
  Chinese market with articles of British merchandize, long before any
  sensible, or at least important, demand for them shall have been created;
  which will of course lead to serious loss on the part of the adventurers. We
  must also expect Hong-Kong, and the five open ports, to be forthwith flooded
  with commercial adventurers. To all such we would earnestly
  say&mdash;"pause. Consider the circumstances of China&mdash;how capricious
  and perfidious its people are by nature&mdash;the <i>possibility</i>, at all
  events, of their acting on the hostile policy we have above alluded to, and
  discouraging your trade; or if not so, still do not imagine that the vast
  empire of China is standing agape for any sort of goods you may send or take
  out." We must, however, pass on to allude briefly to a subject both
  important and difficult&mdash;the opium trade with China. This is a subject
  imperatively demanding the best consideration of the Government. A careful
  examination of the subject, in all its bearings, induces us, with due
  diffidence, to express an opinion that the Government sale of opium in India
  should cease. We cannot, of course, prevent the poppy's being grown in
  India&mdash;nor, on the other hand, should a great source of revenue be
  easily parted with. Let their opium be produced and sold as before, and
  subject to such a tax as may appear expedient to the Government. With
  reference to the policy and propriety of our continuing to supply opium to
  the Chinese, we have already expressed our opinion as to the true ground of
  objection to it by the Emperor of China, namely, simply a financial, not a
  moral or religious one. We have reason to believe that Sir Henry Pottinger
  most strenuously, and, in our opinion, most judiciously, urged upon the
  imperial commissioners the expediency of the raising a revenue from opium,
  by legalizing its importation. To this they replied, however, "that they did
  not dare, <i>at present</i>, to bring the painful subject to the Emperor's
  notice." We are, notwithstanding, very strongly of opinion that the opium
  trade will, at no distant period, be legalized, as soon as the Emperor can
  be made to understand the great profit he will derive from it. In any event,
  it will be obviously nugatory for the Government directly to prohibit
  British subjects from importing opium into China. The only effect of such a
  measure would be, that they could carry on the trade through the
  intervention of foreigners.</p>

  <p>Many other topics, such as the opportunity now afforded for the
  introduction of the Christian religion into China, the extent to which we
  shall be permitted to acquire a knowledge of the habits, the economy, the
  literature, and the science, of China; the exertions which may be expected
  from other nations to share in the advantages which we have, by our own
  unassisted efforts, secured&mdash;we must pass over, as inconsistent with
  the limits assigned us, or, indeed, the scope of this article.</p>

  <p>Whatever may be the ultimate effects of the blow we have struck in China,
  there can be no doubt that it has prodigiously extended the reputation, and
  augmented the influence of Great Britain, especially coupled as it is with
  our contemporaneous brilliant successes in India, and our satisfactory
  adjustment of our differences with America. We are now, thank God, at peace
  with all the world, to whose counsels soever it is to be attributed. Let us
  now endeavour to make the most of the blessings which the Divine favour
  vouchsafes to us. Let us cultivate virtue&mdash;let us cherish religion. Let
  us, as a nation, give up all idle and dangerous dreams of foreign conquest,
  satisfied that we already possess as much as it is possible for us to hold,
  with safety and advantage. Let us <i>honour all men</i>. At home, let us
  bear with cheerfulness the burthens necessarily imposed to support the
  state, and each do all that lies in us to extinguish party animosities;
  generously and cordially co-operating with, and supporting those whom we
  believe honestly striving to carry on the government of this great country,
  at a very critical conjuncture of affairs, with dignity and prudence. Let us
  discourage faction, and each, in our several spheres exert ourselves to
  ameliorate the condition of the inferior classes of society. May the ensuing
  session of Parliament commence its labours auspiciously, and in due course
  bring them to a peaceful and happy close, in a spirit of good will towards
  all men of loyalty to our Queen, and piety towards God!</p>
  <hr class="full" />

  <h2><a name="bw327s2" id="bw327s2"></a>LESURQUES; OR, THE VICTIM OF JUDICIAL
  ERROR.</h2>

  <blockquote class="note">
    [Many as are the frightful cases of error recorded in the annals of every
    judiciary court, there are few more striking of the uncertainty of
    evidence respecting personal identity, and of the serious errors based
    upon it, than are to be read in the curious trial we are about to relate;
    and which has, for forty years, been the subject of parliamentary appeals
    in the country where it took place. The recent death of the widow of the
    unhappy sufferer excites a fresh interest in her wrongs, so strangely left
    unredressed by the very government that was the unwitting cause of them.]
  </blockquote>
  <hr />

  <h3>I.&mdash;THE FOUR GUESTS.</h3>

  <p>On the 4th Flor&eacute;al of the 4th year of the Republic, one and
  indivisible, (23d April 1796,) four young men were seated at a splendid
  breakfast in the Rue des Boucheries at Paris. They were all dressed in the
  costume of the <i>Incroyables</i> of the period; their hair
  <i>coiff&eacute;s en cadenettes</i> and <i>en oreilles de chien</i>,
  according to the fantastic custom of the day; they had all top-boots, with
  silver spurs, large eyeglasses, various watch-chains, and other articles of
  <i>bijouterie</i>; carrying also the little cane, of about a foot and a half
  in length, without which no dandy was complete. The breakfast was given by a
  M. Guesno, a van-proprietor of Douai, who was anxious to celebrate the
  arrival at Paris of his compatriot Lesurques, who had recently established
  himself with his family in the busy capital.</p>

  <p>"Yes, <i>mon cher</i> Guesno," said Lesurques, "I have quitted for ever
  our good old town of Douai; or, if not for ever, at least until I have
  completed in Paris the education of my children. I am now thirty-three years
  of age. I have paid my debt to my country by serving in the regiment of
  Auvergne, with some distinction. On leaving the ranks I was fortunate enough
  to make my services of some slight use, by fulfilling, gratuitously, the
  functions of <i>chef de bureau</i> of the district. At present, thanks to my
  patrimony and the dowery of my wife, I have an income of fifteen thousand
  francs (L.600) a-year, am without ambition, have three children, and my only
  care is to educate them well. The few days that I have been at Paris have
  not been wasted; I have a pretty apartment, Rue Montmartre, where I expect
  to be furnished, and ready to receive you in my turn, with as much comfort
  as heartiness."</p>

  <p>"Wisely conceived," interrupted one of the guests, who, till this moment,
  had maintained a profound silence; "but who can count upon the morrow in
  such times as these? May your projects of peace and retirement, Monsieur, be
  realized: if so, you will then be the happiest man in the Republic; for
  during the last five or six years, there has been no <i>citoyen</i>, high or
  low, who could predict what the next week would decide for him."</p>

  <p>The speaker uttered this with a tone of bitterness and discouragement
  which contrasted strangely with the flaunting splendour of his toilet, and
  the appetite with which he had done honour to the breakfast. He was young,
  and would have been remarkably handsome, had not his dark eyes and shaggy
  brows given an expression of fierceness and dissimulation to his
  countenance, which he vainly endeavoured to hide, by never looking his
  interlocutor in the face. His name was Couriol. His presence at this
  breakfast was purely accidental. He had come to see M. Richard, (the
  proprietor of the house where M. Guesno alighted on his journey to Paris,
  and who was also one of the guests,) just as they were about to sit down to
  table, and was invited to join them without ceremony.</p>

  <p>The breakfast passed off gaily, in spite of the sombre Couriol; and after
  two hours' conviviality, they adjourned to the Palais Royal, where, after
  taking their caf&eacute; at the <i>Rotonde du Caveau</i>, they
  separated.</p>

  <h3>II.&mdash;THE FOUR HORSEMEN.</h3>

  <p>A few days afterwards, on the 8th Flor&eacute;al, four men mounted on
  dashing looking horses, which, however, bore the unequivocal signs of being
  hired for the day, rode gaily out of Paris by the barrier of Charenton;
  talking and laughing loudly, caracoling with great enjoyment, and apparently
  with nothing but the idea of passing as joyously as possible a day devoted
  to pleasure.</p>

  <p>An attentive observer, however, who did not confine his examination to
  their careless exteriors, might have remarked that, beneath their long
  <i>l&eacute;vites,</i> (a peculiar cloak then in fashion,) they carried each
  a sabre, suspended at the waist, the presence of which was betrayed from
  time to time by a slight clanking, as the horses stumbled or changed their
  paces. He might have further remarked a sinister pre-occupation and a
  brooding fierceness in the countenance of one, whose dark eyes peeped out
  furtively beneath two thick brows. He took but little share in the
  boisterous gaiety of the other three, and that little was forced; his laugh
  was hollow and convulsive. It was Couriol.</p>

  <p>Between twelve and one, the four horsemen arrived at the pretty village
  of Mongeron, on the road to Melun. One of them had preceded them at a
  hand-gallop to order dinner at the <i>H&ocirc;tel de la Poste</i>, kept by
  the Sieur Evrard. After the dinner, to which they did all honour, they
  called for pipes and tobacco&mdash;(cigars were then almost
  unknown)&mdash;and two of them smoked. Having paid their bill, they
  proceeded to the Cassino, where they took their caf&eacute;.</p>

  <p>At three o'clock they remounted their horses, and following the road,
  shaded by stately elms, which leads from Mongeron to the forest of
  L&eacute;nart, they reached Lieursaint; where they again halted. One of
  their horses had cast a shoe, and one of the men had broken the little chain
  which then fastened the spur to the boot. The horseman to whom this accident
  had happened, stopped at the entrance of the village at Madame
  Ch&acirc;telain's, a <i>limonadi&egrave;re</i>, whom he begged to serve him
  some caf&eacute;, and at the same time to give him a needleful of strong
  thread to mend the chain of his spur. She did so, but observing the
  traveller to be rather awkward in his use of the needle, she called her
  servant, <i>la femme</i> Grosset&egrave;te, who fixed the chain for him, and
  helped him to place it on his boot. The other three travellers had, during
  this time, alighted at the inn kept by the Sieur Champeaux, where they drank
  some wine; while the landlord himself accompanied the traveller and his
  unshod horse to the farrier's, the Sieur Motteau. This finished, the four
  met at Madame Ch&acirc;telain's, where they played at billiards. At
  half-past seven, after a parting cup with the Sieur Champeaux, whither they
  returned to re-saddle their horses, they set off again in the direction of
  Melun.</p>

  <p>The landlord stood at his door watching the travellers till out of sight,
  and then turning into his house again, he saw on the table a sabre, which
  one of his guests had forgotten to fasten to his belt; he dispatched one of
  his stable-boys after them, but they were out of sight. It was not till an
  hour afterwards, that the traveller who had had his spur-chain mended,
  returned at full gallop to claim his sabre. He drank a glass of brandy, and
  having fastened his weapon securely, departed at furious speed in the
  direction taken by his comrades.</p>

  <h3>III.&mdash;THE ROBBERY AND MURDER.</h3>

  <p>At the same time that the horseman left Lieursaint for Paris, the Lyons
  mail arrived there from Paris, and changed horses. It was about half-past
  eight, and the night had been obscure for some time. The courier, having
  charged horses and taken a fresh postilion, set forth to traverse the long
  forest of Senart. The mail, at this epoch, was very different from what it
  is at present. It was a simple post-chaise, with a raised box behind, in
  which were placed the despatches. Only one place, by the side of the
  courier, was reserved for travellers, and that was obtained with difficulty.
  On the night in question this seat was occupied by a man of about thirty,
  who had that morning taken it for Lyons, under the name of Laborde, a
  silk-merchant; his real name was Durochat; his object may be guessed.</p>

  <p>At nine o'clock, the carriage having descended a declivity with great
  speed, now slackened its course to mount a steep hill which faced it; at
  this moment four horsemen bounded into the road&mdash;two of them seizing
  the horses' heads, the two other attacked the postilion, who fell lifeless
  at their feet, his skull split open by a sabre-cut. At the same
  instant&mdash;before he had time to utter a word&mdash;the wretched courier
  was stabbed to the heart by the false Laborde, who sat beside him. They
  ransacked the mail of a sum of seventy-five thousand francs (L.3000) in
  money, <i>assignats</i>, and bank-notes. They then took the postilion's
  horse from the chaise, and Durochat mounting it, they galloped to Paris,
  which they entered between four and five in the morning by the Barrier de
  Rambouillet.</p>

  <h3>IV.&mdash;THE ARREST.</h3>

  <p>This double murder, committed with such audacity on the most frequented
  route of France, could not but produce an immense sensation, even at that
  epoch so fertile in brigandage of every sort, where the exploits of <i>la
  Chouannerie</i>, and the ferocious expeditions of the
  <i>Chauffeurs</i>,<a id="footnotetag8" name="footnotetag8"></a><a href=
  "#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a> daily filled them with alarm. The police were
  at once in pursuit. The post-horse ridden by Durochat, and abandoned by him
  on the Boulevard, was found wandering about the Palais Royale. It was known
  that four horses covered with foam had been conducted at about five in the
  morning to the stables of a certain Muiron, <i>Rue des Foss&eacute;'s,
  Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois</i>, by two men who had hired them the day before:
  these men were Bernard and Couriol; the former of whom was immediately
  arrested, the second had, with the other accomplices, taken flight.</p>

  <p>The research was pursued with great activity at Paris, as well as at the
  scene of the crime, and along the route which the assassins had twice
  travelled. The information obtained showed that there were five culprits.
  The description of the four horsemen who rode from Paris, stopping at
  Mongeron and Lieursaint, was furnished with as much precision as concordance
  by the various witnesses who had seen and spoken to them on the road, and in
  the inns and caf&eacute;s. The description of the traveller, who, under the
  name of Laborde, had taken the seat beside the courier, was furnished with
  equal exactitude by the clerks, from whom he had retained the place, and by
  those who saw him mount. Couriol, recognized as having with Bernard
  conducted back the horses to Muiron, after the crime, had left Paris for
  Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry, where he was lodged in the house of Citoyen Bruer,
  where also Guesno had gone on some business. The police followed Couriol,
  and arrested him. They found upon him a sum in money and assignats, nearly
  equivalent to a fifth share of what the courier had been robbed. Guesno and
  Bruer were also arrested, and had their papers seized; but they so
  completely established their <i>alibi</i>, that they were at once dismissed
  on their arrival at Paris. At the epoch of which we write, the examination
  of judicial affairs followed a very different course from the one now traced
  by the French code. It was to the Citoyen Daubenton, justice of the peace of
  the division of Pont Neuf, and officer of the <i>police judiciare</i>, that
  the Central Bureau confided the examination of this affair. This magistrate
  having ordered the dismissal of Guesno, told him that he might present
  himself at his <i>cabinet</i> on the morrow, for the papers which had been
  seized at Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry; at the same time he ordered an officer,
  Hendon, to start at once for Mangeron and Lieursaint, and to bring back the
  witnesses, whose names he gave him, so that they might all be collected the
  next day at the Bureau for examination.</p>

  <p>Guesno, desirous of having his papers as soon as possible, went out
  early, and directed his steps towards the Central Bureau, which he had just
  reached when he encountered his compatriot Lesurques; having explained to
  him the motive that called him to the Bureau, he proposed to him that they
  should go together. Lesurques accepted, and the Citizen Daubenton not having
  yet arrived, they sat down in the antechamber, in order to see him as he
  passed, and thus expedite the matter.</p>

  <p>About ten o'clock the judge, who had entered his cabinet by a back door,
  was interrupted in his examination of the documents, previous to
  interrogating the witnesses, by the officer Hendon, who demanded leave to
  make an important communication. "Amongst the witnesses," said he, "now
  waiting in the antechamber, are two women&mdash;one, <i>la femme</i> Santon,
  servant to Evrard the innkeeper at Mongeron&mdash;the other, <i>la fille</i>
  Grosset&egrave;te, servant to Madame Ch&acirc;telain the
  <i>limonadi&egrave;re</i> at Lieursaint, who assert in the most positive
  manner, that two of the assassins are there, waiting like them to be
  admitted. These women declare that they cannot deceive themselves, for one
  of them served the four travellers at Mongeron, and the other spoke to them
  at Lieursaint, and stayed an hour in the billiard-room while they were
  playing."</p>

  <p>The judge could not admit the probability of two of the assassins thus
  voluntarily placing themselves within the grasp of the law, yet he ordered
  the women to be shown into his presence. On interrogation, they persisted in
  their statements, declaring that it was impossible they could deceive
  themselves. Guesno was then introduced to the judge's presence, the women
  being continued to examine him strictly before finally pronouncing as to his
  identity.</p>

  <p>"What brings you to the Central Bureau?" demanded the judge.</p>

  <p>"I come to receive my papers," replied Guesno, "as you promised me
  yesterday that I should have them on application."</p>

  <p>"Are you alone?"</p>

  <p>"I have a compatriot with me, one Joseph Lesurques, whom I met on the way
  here."</p>

  <p>The judge then ordered the second individual designated by the women to
  be introduced. It was Lesurques. He spoke to Lesurques and to Guesno for a
  few minutes, and then begged them to return into the antechamber, where
  their papers would be sent to them. An order was given, however, to the
  officer, Hendon, not to lose sight of them.</p>

  <p>On their leaving the room, M. Daubenton again demanded of the women, if
  they persisted in their declarations as to the identity of these men with
  the criminals they were in search of. They replied, without hesitation, that
  they were certain of it; that they could not be deceived. The magistrate was
  then forced to receive their depositions in writing, and to order the arrest
  of Guesno and Lesurques.</p>

  <p>From the moment of their arrest, the examination proceeded with great
  rapidity. Guesno and Lesurques were confronted with the witnesses brought
  from Mongeron and Lieursaint, and were recognised by all of them!</p>

  <p><i>La femme</i> Santon deposed, that Lesurques was the one who, after the
  dinner at Mongeron, wanted to pay in <i>assignats</i>, but that the big dark
  man (Couriol) paid in money. She was positive as to Lesurques being the
  man.</p>

  <p>Champeaux and his wife, who kept the inn at Lieursaint, were equally
  positive as to Lesurques being the one whose spur wanted mending, and who
  came back to fetch the sabre which he had forgotten. Lafolie, groom at
  Mongeron, and <i>la femme</i> Alfroy, also recognised him; and Laurent
  Charbaut, labourer, who dined in the same room with the four horsemen,
  recognised Lesurques as the one who had silver spurs fastened by little
  chains to his top-boots. This combination of testimony, respecting one whom
  they had seen but a few days before, was sufficient to leave little doubt in
  the mind of any one. The trial was therefore fixed on.</p>

  <p>The day of his arrest, Lesurques wrote the following letter to one of his
  friends, which was intercepted, and joined to the documentary evidence to be
  examined on the trial:&mdash;</p>

  <blockquote>
    "My dear Friend,&mdash;I have met with nothing but unpleasantries since my
    arrival at Paris, but I did not&mdash;I could not anticipate the
    misfortune which has befallen me to-day. You know me&mdash;and you know
    whether I am capable of sullying myself with a crime&mdash;yet the most
    atrocious crime is imputed to me. The mere thought of it makes me tremble.
    I find myself implicated in the murder of the Lyons' courier. Three women
    and two men, whom I know not&mdash;whose residence I know not&mdash;(for
    you well know that I have not left Paris)&mdash;have had the impudence to
    swear that they recognise me, and that I was the first of the four who
    presented himself at their houses on horseback. You know, also, that I
    have not crossed a horse's back since my arrival in Paris. You may
    understand the importance of such an accusation, which tends at nothing
    less than my judicial assassination. Oblige me by lending me the
    assistance of your memory, and endeavour to recollect where I was and what
    persons I saw at Paris, on the day when they impudently assert they saw me
    out of Paris, (I believe it was the 7th or 8th,) in order that I may
    confound these infamous calumniators, and make them suffer the penalty of
    the law."
  </blockquote>

  <p>In a postscript he enumerates the persons he saw on that day: Citoyen
  Tixier, General Cambrai, 'Demoiselle Eug&eacute;nie, Citoyen Hilaire Ledru,
  his wife's hairdresser, the workmen in his apartments, and the porter of the
  house.</p>

  <h3>V.&mdash;THE TRIAL, AND THE BLINDNESS OF ZEAL.</h3>

  <p>MM. Lesurques, Guesno, Couriol, Bernard, Richard, and Bruer, were
  summoned before the tribunal of justice; the three first as authors or
  accomplices of the murder and robbery&mdash;Bernard as having furnished the
  horses&mdash;Richard as having concealed at his house Couriol&mdash;and his
  mistress, Madelaine Breban, as having received and concealed part of the
  stolen goods&mdash;and Bruer as having given Couriol refuge at
  Ch&acirc;teau-Thierry.</p>

  <p>The witnesses persisted in their declarations as to the identity of
  Guesno and Lesurques. But Guesno established beyond all doubt the fact of
  his <i>alibi</i>; and Bruer easily refuted every charge that concerned
  himself. Lesurques had cited fifteen witnesses&mdash;all respectable
  men&mdash;and presented himself at the bar with a calmness and confidence
  which produced a favourable impression. Against the positive testimony of
  the six witnesses who asserted him to have been at Mongeron and Lieursaint
  on the 8th Flor&eacute;al, he had brought a mass of testimony to prove an
  <i>alibi.</i></p>

  <p>Citoyen Legrand, a rich jeweller and goldsmith, compatriot of Lesurques,
  was first examined. He deposed, that on the 8th Flor&eacute;al&mdash;the day
  on which the crime had been committed&mdash;Lesurques had passed a portion
  of the morning with him.</p>

  <p>Aldenof, a jeweller, Hilaire Ledru, and Chausfer, deposed, that on that
  day they dined with Lesurques in the <i>Rue Montorgueil;</i> that, after
  dinner, they went to a caf&eacute;, took some liqueur, and went home with
  him.</p>

  <p>Beudart, a painter, deposed that he was invited to the dinner, with
  Lesurques and his friends, but that, as one of the national guard, he was
  that day on service, and so was prevented attending; but that, he had gone
  to Lesurques that very evening in his uniform, and had seen him go to bed.
  In support of his deposition he produced his <i>billet de garde</i>, dated
  the 8th.</p>

  <p>Finally, the workmen employed in the apartment that Lesurques was having
  fitted up, deposed that they saw him at various times during the 8th and 9th
  Flor&eacute;al.</p>

  <p>No further doubt of his innocence now remained; the <i>alibi</i> was so
  distinctly proved, and on such unquestionable testimony, that the jury
  showed in their manner that they were ready to acquit him, when a fatal
  circumstance suddenly changed the whole face of the matter.</p>

  <p>The jeweller Legrand, who had manifested such zeal in the establishment
  of his friend's innocence, had, with an anxiety to avail himself of every
  trifle, declared, that to prove the sincerity of his declaration, he would
  cite a fact which prevented his being mistaken. On the 8th Flor&eacute;al,
  he had made before dinner an exchange of jewellery with the witness,
  Aldenof. He proposed that his ledger should be sent for, as its entry there
  would serve to fix all recollections.</p>

  <p>As a matter of form, the ledger was sent for. At the first glance,
  however, it was evident that the <i>date</i> of the transaction, mentioned
  by Legrand, had been <i>altered!</i> The exchange had taken place on the
  9th, and an alteration, badly dissimulated by an erasure, had substituted
  the figure 8 for the original figure 9.</p>

  <p>Murmurs of surprise and indignation followed this discovery, and the
  President, pressing Legrand with questions, and unable to obtain from him
  any satisfactory answer, ordered his arrest. Legrand then, trembling and
  terrified, retracted his former deposition, and declared that he was not
  certain he had seen Lesurques on the 8th Flor&eacute;al, but that he had
  altered his book in order to give more probability to the declaration he had
  determined to make in his friend's favour&mdash;of whose innocence he was so
  assured, that it was only the conviction that he was accused erroneously,
  which made him perjure himself to save that innocent head.</p>

  <p>From this moment, the jury received the depositions in favour of
  Lesurques with extreme prejudice&mdash;those already heard seemed little
  better than connivance, and those yet to be heard were listened to with such
  suspicion as to have no effect. The conviction of his guilt was fixed in
  every mind. Lesurques, despairing to get over such fatal appearances, ceased
  his energetic denials, and awaited his sentence in gloomy silence. The jury
  retired.</p>

  <p>At this moment a woman, agitated with the most violent emotions, demanded
  to speak to the President. She said that she was moved by the voice of
  conscience, and wished to save the criminal tribunal from a dreadful error.
  It was Madelaine Breban, the mistress of Couriol. Brought before the
  President, she declared that she knew positively Lesurques was innocent, and
  that the witnesses, deceived by an inexplicable resemblance, had confounded
  him with the real culprit, who was called Dubosq.</p>

  <p>Prejudiced as they were against Lesurques, and suspicious of all
  testimony after the perjury they had already detected, the tribunal scarcely
  listened to Madelaine Breban; and the jury returned with their verdict, in
  consequence of which, Couriol, Lesurques, and Bernard were condemned to
  death; Richard to four-and-twenty years' imprisonment; Guesno and Bruer were
  acquitted.</p>

  <p>No sooner was the sentence passed, than Lesurques rose calmly, and
  addressing the Judges, said, "I am innocent of the crime of which I am
  accused. Ah! citoyens, if it is horrible to murder on the high-road, it is
  not less so to murder by the law!"</p>

  <p>Couriol, condemned to death, rose and said, "Yes, I am guilty&mdash;I
  avow it. But Lesurques is innocent, and Bernard did not participate in the
  murder."</p>

  <p>Four times he reiterated this declaration; and, on entering his prison,
  he wrote to the judge a letter full of sorrow and repentance, in which he
  said, "I have never known Lesurques; my accomplices are Vidal, Rossi,
  Durochat, and Dubosq. The resemblance of Lesurques to Dubosq has deceived
  the witnesses."</p>

  <p>To this declaration of Couriol was joined that of Madelaine Breban, who,
  after the judgment, returned to renew her protestation, accompanied by two
  individuals, who swore that, before the trial, she had told them Lesurques
  had never had any relations with the culprits; but that he was a victim of
  his fatal likeness to Dubosq. These testimonies threw doubt in the minds of
  the magistrates, who hastened to demand a reprieve from the Directory,
  which, terrified at the idea of seeing an innocent man perish through a
  judicial error, had recourse to the <i>Corps L&eacute;gislatif;</i> for
  every other resource was exhausted. The message of the Directory to the Five
  Hundred was pressing; its aim was to demand a reprieve, and a decision as to
  what course to pursue. It ended thus: "Must Lesurques perish on the scaffold
  because he resembles a villain?"</p>

  <p>The <i>Corps L&eacute;gislatif</i> passed to the order of the day, as
  every condition had been legally fulfilled, that a particular case could not
  justify an infraction of decreed laws; and that, too, on such indications,
  to do away with a condemnation legally pronounced by a jury, would be to
  overset all ideas of justice and equality before the law.</p>

  <p>The right of pardon had been abolished; and Lesurques had neither
  resources nor hope. He bore his fate with firmness and resignation, and
  wrote, on the day of his execution, this note to his wife:&mdash;</p>

  <p>"<i>Ma bonne Amie</i>,&mdash;There is no eluding ones destiny, I was
  fated to be judicially murdered. I shall at least bear it with proper
  courage. I send you my locks of hair; when our children are grown up, you
  will divide it among them; it is the only heritage I can leave them."</p>

  <p>He addressed also a letter to Dubosq through the newspapers. "You, in
  whose place I am about to perish, content yourself with the sacrifice of my
  life. Should you ever be brought to justice, remember my three children
  covered with opprobrium&mdash;remember my wife reduced to despair and do not
  longer prolong their misfortunes."</p>

  <h3>VI.&mdash;THE EXECUTION.</h3>

  <p>The 10th March 1797, Lesurques was led to the scaffold. He wished to be
  dressed completely in white, as a symbol of his innocence. He wore
  pantaloons and frock-coat of white cotton, and his shirt-collar turned down
  over his shoulders. It was the day before Good Friday, and he expressed
  regret that he had not to die on the morrow. In passing from the prison
  <i>de la Conciergerie</i> to the <i>Place de la Gr&egrave;ve</i>, where the
  execution took place, Couriol, placed beside Lesurques in the cart, cried
  out to the people in a loud voice, "Citoyens, I am guilty! I am guilty! but
  Lesurques is innocent."</p>

  <p>On arriving at the platform of the guillotine, already stained with the
  blood of Bernard, Lesurques exclaimed, "I pardon my judges; I pardon the
  witnesses through whose error I die; and I pardon Legrand, who has not a
  little contributed to my judicial assassination. I die protesting my
  innocence." In another instant he was no more.</p>

  <p>Couriol continued his declarations of Lesurques's innocence to the foot
  of the scaffold; and, after a final appeal, he, too, delivered himself to
  the executioner. The drop fell on a guilty neck, having before been stained
  with the blood of two innocent men.</p>

  <p>The crowd retired with a general conviction that Lesurques had perished
  guiltless; and several of the judges were seriously troubled by the doubts
  which this day had raised in their minds. Many of the jury began to repent
  having relied so on the affirmations of the witnesses from Mongeron and
  Lieursaint, precise as they had been. M. Daubenton, the magistrate who had
  first ordered the arrest, went home a thoughtful man, and determined to lose
  no opportunity of getting at the truth, which the arrest of the three
  accomplices mentioned by Couriol could alone bring to light.</p>

  <h3>VII.&mdash;THE PROOFS</h3>

  <p>Two years passed on without affording any clue to the conscientious
  magistrate. One day, however, he heard that a certain Durochat was arrested
  for a recent robbery, and was confined in the Sainte Pelagie; and
  remembering that Durochat was the name of the one designated by Couriol as
  having taken the place beside the courier, under the false name of Laborde.
  At the epoch of the trial of Lesurques, it came out that several persons,
  amongst them an inspector of the <i>administration des postes</i>, had seen
  the false Laborde at the moment that he was awaiting the mail, and had
  preserved a distinct recollection of his person.</p>

  <p>M. Daubenton, on ascertaining the day of Durochat's approaching trial for
  robbery, went to the <i>administration des postes</i>, and obtained through
  the <i>Chef</i> the permission to send for the inspector who had seen the
  false Laborde, and who was no longer in Paris.</p>

  <p>The <i>juges du tribunal</i> had also been warned of the suspicions which
  rested on Durochat. The day of trial arrived, and he was condemned to
  fourteen years' imprisonment, and was about being led from the court when
  the inspector arrived, and declared that Durochat was the man whom he had
  seen on the 8th Flor&eacute;al mount beside the courier under the false name
  of Laborde. Durochat only opposed feeble denials to this declaration, and
  was consequently taken to the <i>Conciergerie</i>.</p>

  <p>On the morrow, Durochat was transferred to Versailles, where he was to be
  judged. Daubenton and a huissier departed with the prisoner and four
  gendarmes. As they reached the village of Grosbois he demanded some
  breakfast, for he had eaten nothing since the preceding day. They stopped at
  the first <i>auberge</i>, and there Durochat manifested a desire to speak to
  the magistrate in private.</p>

  <p>Daubenton ordered the gendarmes to leave them together, and even the
  huissier, though he made him understand by a sign the danger of being alone
  with so desperate a villain, was begged to retire. A breakfast was ordered
  for the two. It was brought&mdash;but, by order of the huissier, only
  <i>one</i> knife was placed on the table. Daubenton took it up, and began
  carelessly to break an egg with it.</p>

  <p>Durochat looked at him fixedly for a moment, and said,</p>

  <p>"Monsieur le juge, you are afraid?"</p>

  <p>"Afraid!" replied he calmly, "and of whom?"</p>

  <p>"Of me," said Durochat.</p>

  <p>"Folly!" continued the other, breaking his egg.</p>

  <p>"You are. You arm yourself with a knife," said he sarcastically.</p>

  <p>"Bah!" replied Daubenton, presenting him the knife, "cut me a piece of
  bread, and tell me what you have to communicate to me respecting the murder
  of the courier of Lyons."</p>

  <p>There is something in the collected courage of a brave man more
  impressive than any menace; and courage is a thing which acts upon all
  natures, however vile. Strongly moved by the calm audacity of the magistrate
  the ruffian, who had seized the knife with menacing vivacity, now set it
  down upon the table, and with a faltering voice said, "<i>Vous &ecirc;tes un
  brave, citoyen</i>!" then after a pause, "I am a lost man&mdash;it's all up
  with me; but you shall know all."</p>

  <p>He then detailed the circumstances of the crime, as we have related them
  above, and confirmed all Couriol's declarations, naming Couriol, Rossi,
  Vidal, and Dubosq, as his accomplices. Before the tribunal he repeated this
  account, adding, "that he had heard an individual named Lesurques had been
  condemned for the crime, but that he had neither seen him at the time of the
  deed, nor subsequently. He did not know him."</p>

  <p>He added, that it was Dubosq whose spur had been broken, and was mended
  where they had dined; for he had heard them talk about it, and that he had
  lost it in the scuffle. He had seen the other spur in his hand, and heard
  him say that he intended throwing it in the river. He further gave a
  description of Dubosq's person, and added, that on that day he wore a flaxen
  peruke.</p>

  <p>Towards the end of the year 8&mdash;four years after the murder of the
  courier of Lyons&mdash;Dubosq was arrested for robbery; and was transferred
  to Versailles, there to be judged by the <i>Tribunal Correctionnel</i>. The
  president ordered that he should wear a flaxen peruke, and be confronted
  with the witnesses from Mongeron and Lieursaint, who now unanimously
  declared that he was the man they had seen. This, coupled with the
  declarations of Couriol, Durochat, and Madelaine Breban, sufficed to prove
  the identity; and he did not deny his acquaintance with the other culprits.
  He was therefore condemned, and perished on the scaffold for the crime.</p>

  <p>Vidal was also arrested and executed, though persisting in his innocence;
  and, finally, Rossi was shortly after discovered and condemned. He exhibited
  profound repentance, and demanded the succours of religion. To his confessor
  he left this declaration&mdash;"I assert that Lesurques is innocent; but
  this must only be made public six months after my death."</p>

  <p>Thus ends this strange drama; thus were the proofs of Lesurques's
  innocence furnished beyond a shadow of doubt; and thus, we may add, were
  seven men executed for a crime committed by five men; two therefore were
  innocent&mdash;were victims of the law.</p>

  <h3>VIII.&mdash;THE WAY IN WHICH FRANCE RECTIFIES AN ERROR.</h3>

  <p>It is now forty years since the innocence of Lesurques has been
  established, and little has been done towards the rehabilitation of his
  memory, the protection of his children, and the restitution of his
  confiscated goods! Forty years, and his wretched widow has only recently
  died, having failed in the object of her life! Forty years has the
  government been silent.</p>

  <p>M. Daubenton, who took so honourable and active a part in the detection
  of the real criminals, consecrated a great part of his life and fortune to
  the cause of the unfortunate widow and her children. The declaration he
  addressed to the Minister of Justice commenced thus:&mdash;</p>

  <p>"The error, on which was founded the condemnation of Lesurques, arose
  neither with the judges nor the jury. The jury, convinced by the depositions
  of the witnesses, manifested that conviction judicially; and the judges,
  after the declaration of the jury, pronounced according to the law.</p>

  <p>"The error of his condemnation arose from the mistake of the
  witnesses&mdash;from the fatal resemblance to one of the culprits not
  apprehended. Nothing gave reason to suspect at that time the cause of the
  error in which the witnesses had fallen."</p>

  <p>We beg to observe that the whole trial was conducted in a slovenly and
  shameful manner. A man is condemned on the deposition of
  witnesses;&mdash;witnesses, be it observed, of such dulness of perception,
  and such confidence in their notions, that they persisted in declaring
  Guesno to be one of the culprits as well as Lesurques. Yet the <i>alibi</i>
  of Guesno was proved beyond a doubt. How, then, could the jury, with this
  instance of mistake before their eyes, and which they themselves had
  condemned as a mistake by acquitting Guesno&mdash;how could they place such
  firm reliance on those self-same testimonies when applied to Lesurques? If
  they could convict Lesurques upon such evidence, why not also convict Guesno
  on it? Guesno proved an <i>alibi</i>&mdash;so did Lesurques; but because one
  foolish friend perjured himself to serve Lesurques, the jury hastily set
  down all his friends as perjurers; they had no evidence of this; it was a
  mere indignant reaction of feeling, and, as such, a violation of their
  office. The case ought to have been sifted. It was shuffled over hastily. A
  verdict, passed in anger, was executed, though at the time a strong doubt
  existed in the minds of the judges as to its propriety!</p>

  <p>Neither the Directory nor the Consulate, neither the Empire nor the
  Restoration, paid attention to the widow's supplications for a revision of
  the sentence, that her husband's name might be cleared, and his property
  restored. In vain did M. Salgues devote ten years to the defence of the
  injured family; in vain did M. Merilhou, in an important
  <i>proc&egrave;s</i>, warmly espouse the cause; the different governments
  believed themselves incapable of answering these solicitations.</p>

  <p>Since 1830 the widow again supplicated the <i>Tribune des Chambres</i>.
  Few sessions have passed without some members, particularly from the
  <i>d&egrave;partment du Nord</i>, calling attention to the subject. All that
  has been obtained is a restitution of part of the property seized by the
  <i>fisc</i> at the period of the execution.</p>

  <p>Madame Lesurques has died unsuccessful, because a judicial error cannot
  be acknowledged or rectified, owing to the insufficiency of the Code. A
  French journal announces that the son and daughter of Lesurques, still
  living, pledged themselves on the death-bed of their mother to continue the
  endeavour which had occupied her forty long years&mdash;an endeavour to make
  the law comprehend that nothing is more tyrannous than the strict fulfilment
  of its letter&mdash;an endeavour to make the world at large more keenly feel
  the questionable nature of evidence as to personal identity in cases where
  the witnesses are ignorant, and where the evidence against their testimony
  is presumptive.</p>
  <hr class="full" />

  <h2><a name="bw327s3" id="bw327s3"></a>CALEB STUKELY.</h2>

  <h3>PART X.</h3>

  <h3>THE REVULSION.</h3>
  <hr />

  <p>"<i>The companion of the wise shall be wise</i>." A six months' residence
  with the religious and self-renouncing minister could not be without its
  effect on the character and disposition of the disciple, newly released from
  sin and care, and worldly calamity. The bright example of a good man is
  much&mdash;that of a good and <i>beloved</i> man is more. I was bound to Mr
  Clayton by every tie that can endear a man to man, and rivet the ready heart
  of youth in truthful and confiding love. I regarded my preserver with a
  higher feeling than a fond son may bear towards the mere author and
  maintainer of his existence. For Mr Clayton, whose smallest praise it was
  that he had restored to me my life, in addition to a filial love, I had all
  the reverence that surpassing virtue claims, and lowly piety constrains.
  Months passed over our head, and I was still without occupation, though
  still encouraged by my kind friend to look for a speedy termination to my
  state of dependence. Painful as the thought of separation had become to Mr
  Clayton, my situation was far from satisfactory to myself. I knew not
  another individual with whom I could have established myself under similar
  circumstances. The sense of obligation would have been oppressive, the
  conviction that I was doing wrong intolerable to sustain; but the
  simplicity, the truth, the affectionate warmth of my benevolent host,
  lightened my load day after day, until I became at last insensible to the
  burthen. At this period of my career, the character of Mr Clayton appeared
  to me bright and fixed as a spotless star. He seemed the pattern of a man,
  pure and perfect. The dazzling light of pious fervour consumed within him
  the little selfishness that nature, to stamp an angel with humanity, had of
  necessity implanted there. He was swallowed up in holiness&mdash;his
  thoughts were of heaven&mdash;his daily conduct tinged and illumined with a
  heavenly hue. Nothing could surpass the intense devotedness of the child of
  God, except perhaps the self-devotion, the self-renunciation, and the
  profound humility which distinguished him in the world, and in his
  conversation amongst men. "<i>The companion of the wise shall be wise</i>."
  I observed my benefactor, and listened to his eloquence; I pondered on his
  habitual piety, until, roused to enthusiasm by the contemplation of the
  matchless being, I burned to follow in his glorious course, to revolve in
  the same celestial orbit, the most distant and the meanest of his
  satellites. The hand of Providence was traceable in every act, which, in due
  course, and step by step, had brought me to the minister. It could not be
  without a lofty purpose that I had been plucked a brand, as it were, from
  the burning; it was not an aimless love that snatched me from death to
  life&mdash;from darkness to mid-day light&mdash;from the depths of
  despondency to the heights of serenity and joy. It was that I might glorify
  the hand that had been outstretched on my behalf, that I might carry His
  name abroad, proclaim His wondrous works, sing aloud His praises, and in the
  face of men, give honour to the everlasting Giver of all good. It was for
  this and these that I had been selected from mankind, and made the especial
  object of a Father's grace. I believed it in all the simplicity and
  ingenuousness of a mind awakened to a sense of religion and human
  responsibility. I could not do otherwise. From the moment that I was
  convinced of the obligation under which I had been brought, that I could
  feel the force of the silent compact which had been effected between the
  unseen Power and my own soul, it would have been as easy for me to
  annihilate thought, to prevent its miraculous presence in the mind, as to
  withstand the urgent prickings of my conscience. I believed in my divine
  summons, and I was at once ready, vehement, and impatient to obey it. Had I
  followed the dictates of my will, I would have walked through the land, and
  preached aloud the wonderful mercies of God, imploring my fellow-creatures
  to repentance, and directing them to the fount of all their blessings and
  all their happiness. I would have called upon men to turn from error and
  dangerous apathy, before their very strongholds. Powerful in the possession
  of truth, I would have thundered the saving words before their marketplaces
  and exchanges&mdash;at the very fortresses in which the world deems itself
  chiefly secure, with Mammon at its head, Satan's chief lieutenant. I would
  have called around me the neglected and the poor, and in the highways and in
  the fields disclosed to them the tenderness and loving-kindness that I had
  found, that they might feel, in all their fulness, if they would turn from
  sin, and place their trust in heaven. It was pain and anguish to be silent.
  Not for my own sake did I yearn to speak. Oh no! There was nothing less than
  a love of self in the panting desire that I felt to break the selfish
  silence. It was the love of souls that pressed me forward, and the
  confidence that the good news which it was my privilege to impart would find
  in every bosom a welcome as warm and ready as it would prove to be
  effectual. To walk abroad in silence, feeling myself to be the depositary of
  a celestial revelation, and believing that to communicate it to mankind
  would be to ensure their participation in its benefits, was hardly to be
  borne. There was not a man whom I encountered in the street, to whom I did
  not secretly wish to turn, and to pour into his ear the accents of peace and
  consolation; not one whom I did not regard as a witness against me on that
  great day of trial, when every man shall be judged according to his
  opportunities. I spoke to Mr Clayton. He encouraged the feeling by which I
  was actuated, but he dissuaded me from the manifestation of it in the form
  which I proposed.</p>

  <p>"There was no doubt," he said, "that every place was consecrated where
  truth was spoken, and the Spirit made itself apparent. No one could deny it.
  Much fruit, he did believe, might follow the sowing of the seed, whose hand
  soever scattered it. Still there were other and nearer roads to the point I
  aimed at. There were the sick and the needy around us&mdash;many of his own
  congregation&mdash;with whom I might reciprocate sweet comfort, and at whose
  bedside I might administer the balm that should serve them in the hardest
  hour of their extremity. It should be his office to conduct me to their
  humble habitations: it would be unspeakable joy to him to behold me well and
  usefully employed."</p>

  <p>And it was with eagerness that I accepted the touching invitation. I was
  not loth or slow to take advantage of it. To serve mankind, to evince my
  gratitude for mercies great and undeserved, was all I asked. To know that I
  had gratified my wish, was peace itself. Highly as I had estimated the
  character of Mr Clayton, I had yet to learn his real value. I had yet to
  behold him the dispenser of comfort and contentment in the hovels of the
  wretched and the stricken&mdash;to see the leaden eye of disease grow bright
  at his approach, and the scowl of discontent and envious repining dissolve
  into equanimity, or mould itself in smiles. I had yet to see him the kind
  and patient companion of the friendless and the slighted&mdash;slighted,
  because poor; the untired listener to long tales of misery&mdash;so
  miserable, that they who told them could not track their dim beginnings, or
  fix the time in distant childhood when wretchedness was not. I had yet to
  find him standing at the beggar's pallet, giving encouragement, inciting
  hope, and adding to the counsel of a guide the solid evidences of a
  brother's love. With what a zeal did I attempt to follow in my patron's
  steps&mdash;with what enthusiasm did I begin the course which his sanction
  had legalized and rendered holy&mdash;and how, without a doubt as to my
  title, or a reflection on the propriety of the step, impelled by religious
  fervour, did I assume the tone and authority of a teacher, and arrogate to
  myself the right of determining the designs of the Omnipotent, and of
  appointing the degree of holy warmth below which no believer could be sure
  of forgiveness and salvation!</p>

  <p>In no transaction of my life have I ever been more sincere&mdash;have I
  acted with a more decided assurance of the justice and necessity of the
  task, than at this critical moment of my career. If Divine goodness had not
  been specially vouchsafed to me, it was not that the conviction of my
  appointment was not as clear and firm as the liveliest impressions of the
  inmost heart could make it. To labour for the souls of the poor&mdash;to
  teach them their obligations&mdash;to point out to them the way of
  safety&mdash;it was this view of my delegated office that raised me to
  ecstasy, and compelled from me the strangest ebullitions of passion. I
  pronounced the change in my habits of thought to be "the dawning of the day,
  and the sudden rising of the day-star in my heart;" and, dwelling with
  intensity on my future labours, I could exclaim, with trembling
  emotion,&mdash;"Oh the exceeding excellency and glory and sweetness of the
  work! The smile of heaven is upon it&mdash;the emphatic testimony of my own
  conscience approves and hallows it." I reflect at this moment with wonder
  upon the almost supernatural ardour and devotion by which I was elevated and
  abased when I first became thoroughly convinced of my mission, and declared
  aloud that my only business now upon earth was that of the lowest and
  readiest of servants, whose joy consists in the pleasure of their Master.
  The strangeness, the excitement that accompanied the adoption of my new
  character, had nearly overthrown me. Wild with gladness, before I visited a
  human being, I took a journey of some twenty miles from the metropolis. I do
  not remember now the name of the village at which I stopped, from which I
  hurried, and whose fields I scoured with the design of finding some covert,
  unfrequented spot, where I might unmolested and unobserved pour forth the
  prayers and hymns of praise with which my surcharged heart was teeming.
  Until nightfall I remained there, nor did I leave the place until calmly and
  deliberately I begged permission to devote myself to the glory and honour of
  Him, whose favoured child I was. I walked a few miles on my return homeward.
  I passed a church, that in the stillness of night reared its dark form, and
  seemed, solemnly and pensively, like a thing of life, to stand before me.
  The moon rose at its full over the venerable wall, and scattered its bright
  cool light across the tall and moss-grown windows. Oh! every thing in life
  that wondrous night stirred up my soul to pious resolutions, and gave a wing
  to thought that could not find repose but in the silent and eternal sky.</p>

  <p>The impetuosity with which I entered upon my scheme of usefulness,
  forbade preparation of any kind, had I not believed that any previous
  qualification was not essential to my purpose; or if essential, had been
  miraculously implanted in me. I was soon called upon to make my first
  visitation. Never will it be forgotten. It was to the work-house. Mr Clayton
  had been called thither by an old communicant, of whom he had not heard
  before for years. "He was ill, and he desired to speak with his still
  beloved minister."</p>

  <p>Such was the message which reached my friend at the moment of his
  quitting his abode, on an errand of still greater urgency. "Go, Caleb," said
  Mr Clayton, "visit and comfort the poor sufferer; and may grace accompany
  your first labour of love." I proceeded to the place, and, arriving there,
  was ushered into a small close room&mdash;to recoil at once from the scene
  of misery which was there presented. Lying, with his hat and clothes upon
  the bed, dying, was the man himself; his wife was busy in the room, cleaning
  it, quietly and indifferently, as though the sleep of healthy life had
  closed her partner's eye, and nothing worse. On the threshold was a girl,
  the daughter of them both, twenty years of age or more, <i>an idiot</i>, for
  she laughed outright when I approached her. I had come to the house with my
  heart full of precious counsel, and yearning to communicate the message with
  which I knew myself to be charged. But in a moment I was brought to earth,
  shocked by the sight which I beheld, wounded in my nature, and I had not a
  word to say. The hardened woman looked at me for a moment, and calling me to
  myself by the act, I mentioned the name of Mr Clayton, and was again
  silent.</p>

  <p>"What! can't he come, sir?" asked the beldame. "Well, it don't much
  matter. It's all over with 'un, I fear. Come, Jessie, can't you speak to the
  gentleman? What can you make of her, sir?"</p>

  <p>The daughter looked at me again, and sickened me with her unmeaning
  laughter. I remembered the object of my visit, and struggled for composure.
  Had I become a recreant so quickly? Had I not a word to say for my Master?
  Nothing to offer the needy creatures, perishing, perhaps, of spiritual want?
  Alarmed at my own apathy, and eager to throw it off, I turned to the poor
  girl, and spoke to her. I asked her many questions before I could command
  attention. She could only look at me wildly, blush, laugh, and make strange
  motions to her mother. At length I said&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Tell me, Jesse, tell your friend, who came into the world to save
  sinners?"</p>

  <p>"Him, him, him," she answered hastily, and gabbled as before.</p>

  <p>"Ah," said the mother, "the poor cretur does sometimes talk about
  religion, but it's very seldom, and uncertain like, and I can't help her
  either."</p>

  <p>"Let me read to <i>you</i>," said I.</p>

  <p>"Lor' bless you, sir," she answered, "it wouldn't do me no good. I am too
  old for that. Now, get out of the way there&mdash;do, you simpleton," she
  added, turning to the idiot; "just let me pass&mdash;don't you see I am
  wanting to fetch up water."</p>

  <p>She left the room immediately, and her daughter ran after her, screaming
  a wild and piercing note. I moved to the dying man. He was insensible to
  anything I could say. Fretted and ashamed of myself, I hurried from the
  house, and, returning home, rushed to my room, fell upon my knees, and
  implored my Father to inflict at once the punishment due to lukewarmness and
  apostasy. How vain had been all my previous desire to distinguish
  myself&mdash;how arrogant my pretensions&mdash;how inefficient my weak
  attempts! I was not worthy of the commission with which I had been invested,
  and I besought heaven to degrade the wretch who could not speak at the
  seasonable moment, and to bestow it upon one worthier of its love, and abler
  to perform his duty. I passed a miserable night of remorse, and bitter
  self-accusation, and in the morning was distracted by the battling feelings
  that were marshalled against each other in my soul. Now, a sense of my
  unworthiness was victorious over every other thought, and I resolved to
  resign my trust, and think of it no more; then the belief in my election,
  the animating thought that I was chosen, and must still go forward or stand
  condemned, hated by myself, rejected by my God;&mdash;this gained the
  mastery next, and I was torn by sore perplexity. I appealed to my
  benefactor. As usual, balm was on his lips, and I found encouragement and
  support.</p>

  <p>"I was yet young in the faith," he said, "and the abundance of heavenly
  grace was not yet manifested. It would come in due time; and, in the mean
  while, I must persevere, and a blessing would unquestionably follow."</p>

  <p>Much more he added, to reconcile me to the previous day's defeat, and to
  animate me to new trials. Never did I so much need incentive and upholding,
  never before had I esteemed the value of a spiritual counsellor and
  friend.</p>

  <p>In a small cottage, distant about three miles from the residence of Mr
  Clayton, there lodged, at this time, an old man with his sister, a blind
  woman about seventy years of age. He had communicated with Mr Clayton's
  church for many years. He was now poor, and had retired from the metropolis,
  to the hut, for the advantage of purer air, and in the hope of prolonging
  the short span within which his earthly life had been brought. To this
  humble habitation I was directed by Mr Clayton.</p>

  <p>"The woman," said the minister, "is without any comfortable hope; but the
  prospects of the brother are satisfactory and most cheering. Go to the
  benighted woman. Her's is a melancholy case. Satan has a secure footing in
  her heart, and defeats every effort and every motive that I have brought to
  bear against it. May you be more fortunate&mdash;may her self-deceived and
  hardened spirit melt before the force and earnestness of your appeals!"</p>

  <p>I ventured for a second time on sacred and interdicted ground, and
  visited the cottage. The unhappy woman, to whom I had specially come, was
  smitten indeed. She was blind and paralyzed, and on the extreme verge of
  eternity. Yet, afflicted as she was, and as near to death as the living may
  be, she enjoyed the tranquillity and the gentleness of a child, ignorant of
  sin, and, in virtue of her infancy, confident of her inheritance. I could
  discover no evidence of a creature alarmed with a sense of guilt, loathing
  itself, conscious of its worthlessness. Her nature, in truth, seemed to have
  usurped a sweetness and placidity, the possession of which, as Mr Clayton
  afterwards observed, was justifiable only in those who could find nothing
  but vileness and depravity in every thought and purpose of their hearts.</p>

  <p>It was a beautiful day in summer, and Margaret was sitting before the
  cottage porch, feeling the sun's benevolent warmth, and tempering, with the
  closed lid, the hot rays that were directed to her sightless orbs. She had
  no power to move, and was happy in the still enjoyment of the lingering and
  lovely day. She might have been a statue for her quietness&mdash;but there
  were curves and lines in the decrepit frame that art could never borrow.
  Little there seemed about her to induce a love of life, and yet a
  countenance more bright with cheerfulness and mild content I never met. The
  healthy and the young might read a lesson on her blanched and wrinkled
  cheek. Full of my errand, I did not hesitate at once to engage her mind on
  heavenly and holy topics. She did not, or she would not, understand me. I
  spoke to her of the degradation of humanity, our fallen nature, and the
  impossibility of thinking any thing but sin&mdash;and a stone could not be
  more senseless than the aged listener.</p>

  <p>"Was I sure of it?" she asked. "Did my Bible say it? Much she doubted it,
  for she had sometimes, especially since her blindness, clear and beautiful
  thoughts of heaven that could not be sinful, they rendered her so happy, and
  took away from her all fear. It was so shocking, too," she thought, "to
  think so ill of men&mdash;our fellow-creatures, and the creatures of a
  perfect Father. She loved her brother&mdash;he was so simple-minded, and so
  kind to her, too; how <i>could</i> she call him wicked and depraved!"</p>

  <p>"Do you feel no load upon your conscience?" I enquired.</p>

  <p>"Bless the good man's heart!" she answered, "why, what cares have I? If I
  can hear his friendly voice, and know he is not heavy-burthened, I am happy.
  Brother is all to me. Though now and then I'm not well pleased if the young
  children keep away who play about me sometimes, as if they did not need a
  playfellow more gay than poor blind Margaret."</p>

  <p>"Have you no fear of death?" said I.</p>

  <p>"Why should I have?" she answered quietly; "I never injured another in my
  life."</p>

  <p>"Can that take off the sting?" I asked.</p>

  <p>"And I have tried," continued she, "as far as I was able, to please the
  God who made me."</p>

  <p>"Did you never think yourself the vilest of the vile?"</p>

  <p>"Bless you! never, sir. How could I? If I had been, you may be sure Mr
  Clayton and the visiting ladies would never have been so kind to me and
  Thomas as they have&mdash;and how could we expect it? I was only thinking,
  sir, before you came up, that if I had been wicked when I was young, I would
  never have been so easy under blindness. Now, it doesn't give me one unquiet
  hour."</p>

  <p>"Margaret, I would you were more anxious."</p>

  <p>"It wouldn't do, sir, for the blind to be anxious," she replied. "They
  must do nothing, sir, but wait with patience. Besides, Thomas and I need no
  anxiety at all. God gives us more than we require, and it would be very
  wicked to be restless and unquiet."</p>

  <p>"Margaret," I said impressively, "there is heaven!"</p>

  <p>"Yes," she answered quickly, "that I'm sure of. I read of it before I
  lost my eyes; and since my blindness I have seen it often. God is very good
  to the afflicted, and none but the afflicted know how He makes up for what
  He takes away. I have seen heaven, sir, though I have not sight enough to
  know your face. Do you play dominoes, Mr&mdash;what did you say your name
  was, sir?"</p>

  <p>"You trifle, Margaret."</p>

  <p>"Oh, no indeed, sir. But how wonderful and quick my touch has got, and
  how kind is heaven there, sir! I can see the dominoes with my
  fingers&mdash;touch is just as good as sight. Just think how many hours a
  poor blind creature has, that must be filled up some way or another! I like
  to keep to myself, and think, and think; but not always&mdash;and sometimes
  I want Thomas to read to me; and when that's over, I feel a want of
  something else. I'll tell you what it is&mdash;my eyes they want to open.
  When that's the case, I always play at dominoes, and then the feeling goes
  away. Thomas can tell you that, for he plays with me."</p>

  <p>I continued the conversation for an hour, and with the same result. I
  grew annoyed and irritated&mdash;not with the deluded sinner, as I deemed
  her, but with myself, the feeble and unequal instrument. For a second time I
  had attempted to comply with the instructions of my master, and for a second
  time had I been foiled, and driven back in melancholy discomfiture. The
  imperturbability and easy replies of the woman harassed and tormented me in
  the extreme. I had been too recent a pupil to be thoroughly versed in all
  the subtleties and mysteries of my office. Silence was painful to me, and
  reply only accumulated difficulty and vexation. She seemed so happy, too; in
  the midst of all her heresy and error there existed an unaffected
  tranquillity and repose which I would have purchased at any cost or
  sacrifice. I blushed and grew ashamed, and for a moment forgot that the
  bereaved creature was unable to behold the confusion with which defeat and
  exposure had covered me. At length I spoke imperfectly, loosely, and at
  random. The woman detected me in an untenable position&mdash;checked
  me&mdash;and in her artless manner, laid bare the fallacy of an
  inconsiderate assertion. In an instant I was aware of my conviction, I
  retracted my expression, and involved myself immediately in fresh dilemma.
  Again, and as gently as before, she made the unsoundness of a principle
  evident and glaring. How I closed the argument&mdash;the conversation and
  the interview&mdash;and escaped from her, I know not. Burning with shame,
  despising myself, and desirous of burying both my disgrace and self deep in
  the earth, where both might be forgotten, I was sensible of hurrying
  homeward. I reached it in despair, satisfied that I had become a coward and
  a renegade, and that I was lost, hopelessly and utterly here upon earth, and
  eternally in heaven!</p>

  <p>I had resolved, upon the day succeeding this adventure, to restore to my
  benefactor the credentials with which be had been pleased to entrust me.
  Satisfied of the truth of my commission, I could only deplore my inability
  to execute it faithfully. In spite of what had passed at the cottage-door,
  the doctrines which I had advocated there lost none of their character and
  influence upon my own mind. Falling from the lips of others, they dropped
  with conviction into my <i>own</i> soul. Nothing could shake my <i>own</i>
  unbounded reliance on their saving efficacy and heavenly origin. It was only
  when <i>I</i> spoke of them, when <i>I</i> attempted to expound and teach
  them, that clouds came over the celestial truths, and the sun's disk was
  dimmed and troubled. The moment that I ceased to speak, light unimpaired,
  and bright effulgence, were restored. It was enough that I could feel this.
  Grace and a miracle had made the startling fact palpable and evident. This
  assurance followed easily. No oral communication could have satisfied me
  more fully of the importance and necessity of an immediate resignation of my
  trust. It was a punishment for my presumption. I should have rested grateful
  for the interposition which had rescued me from the jaws of hell, and left
  to others, worthy of the transcendent honour, the glorious task of saving
  souls. What was I, steeped in sin, as I had been up to the very moment of my
  conversion&mdash;what was I, insolent, pretending worm, that I should raise
  my grovelling head, and presume upon the unmerited favour that had been
  showered so graciously upon me? It remained for those&mdash;purest and best
  of men, whose lives from childhood onward had been a lucid exposition of the
  word of truth&mdash;whose deeds had given to the world an assurance of their
  solemn embassy; it was for them to feel the strength the countenance, and
  support of heaven, and to behold with gratitude and joy their labours
  crowned with a triumphant issue and success. This was the new train of
  feeling suggested by new circumstances. I resigned myself to its operation
  as quickly as I had adopted my previous sentiments; and, a few days before,
  I was not more anxious to commence my sacred course than I was now miserable
  and uneasy until I turned from it once and for ever. Mr Clayton had placed
  in my hands a list of individuals whom he transferred to my care. It was
  oppressive to know that I possessed it, and my first step was to place it
  again at his disposal. The interview which I obtained for this purpose was
  an important one&mdash;important in itself&mdash;marvellous and astounding
  in its consequences.</p>

  <p>Mr Clayton spent many hours daily in a small room, called <i>a study</i>.
  It was a chamber sacred to the occupation followed there. I had not access
  to it&mdash;nor had any stranger, with the exception of two ill-favoured
  men, whom I had found, for weeks together, constant attendants upon my
  benefactor. For a month at a time, not a single day elapsed during which
  they were not closeted for a considerable period with the divine. A three
  weeks' interval of absence would then take place; Mr Clayton prosecuted his
  studies alone and undisturbed, and no strange foot would cross the threshold
  until the ill-looking men returned, and passed some five weeks in the small
  sanctuary as before. Who could they be? I had never directly asked the
  question, curious as I had been to know their history and the purpose of
  their visits. Had I not learned from Mr Clayton the impropriety and
  sinfulness of judging humanity by its looks, I should have formed a most
  uncharitable opinion of their characters. They were hard-featured men,
  sallow of complexion, rigid in their looks. I knew that, attached to the
  church of Mr Clayton, were two missionaries&mdash;men of rare piety, and
  some of humble origin&mdash;small boot-makers, in fact; sometimes I believed
  that the visiters and they were the same individuals. Circumstances,
  however, unfavourable to this idea, arose, and I turned from one conjecture
  to another, until I reposed, at length, in the belief that they were
  sinners&mdash;sinners of the deepest dye&mdash;such as their ill-omened
  looks betrayed&mdash;and that they sought the kind and ever-ready minister
  to obtain his counsel, and to share his prayers. At all events, this was a
  subject upon which I received no enlightening from their confidant. Once I
  took occasion to make mention of it; but, in an instant, I perceived that my
  enquiry was not deemed proper to be answered. It was to this forbidden
  closet&mdash;the scene of so much mystery&mdash;that, to my great surprize,
  I found myself invited by my benefactor, when I implored him to release me
  from the obligation in which I had too hastily involved myself.</p>

  <p>"Be seated, Caleb," said Mr Clayton, as we entered the room in company.
  "Be seated, and be tranquil. You are excited now."</p>

  <p>I was, in truth, and not more so than deeply mortified and humbled.</p>

  <p>"You alarm me, dear young friend," continued the good minister. "You
  alarm and grieve me. I tremble for you, when I behold your versatility. Tell
  me, how is this? Can you not trust yourself? Can I trust you?"</p>

  <p>I did not answer.</p>

  <p>"I have been careful in not thwarting your own good purposes. I have been
  most anxious to give your feelings their full bent. Has your conversion been
  too sudden to endure? Have you so soon regretted the abandonment of the
  great world and all its pleasures&mdash;such as they were to you? Has a life
  of usefulness and peace no charms? Alas! I had hoped otherwise."</p>

  <p>I assured my friend that he had mistaken the motive which had compelled
  me to forsake, at least for the present, the intention that I had
  entertained honestly&mdash;though, I felt, erroneously&mdash;for the last
  few days. Nothing was further from my thoughts than a desire to mix again in
  a world of sinfulness and trouble. His precepts and bright example had won
  me from it; and I prayed only to be established in the principles, in the
  true knowledge of which I knew my happiness to consist. I was not equal to
  the task which I had proposed to myself, and he had kindly permitted me to
  assume. I wished to be his meanest disciple&mdash;to acquire wisdom from his
  tuition&mdash;and, by the labour of years, to prepare myself finally for
  that reward which he had so often announced to me as the peculiar
  inheritance of the faithful and the righteous. I ceased. My auditor did not
  answer me immediately. He sat for some minutes in silence, and closed his
  eyes as if absorbed in thought. At length, he said to me&mdash;</p>

  <p>"You do not surprize me, Caleb. I am prepared for this. I perceived your
  difficulties from afar. It was inevitable. Self-confidence has placed you
  where you are. Be happy, and rejoice in your weakness&mdash;but turn now to
  the strong for strength. The work that has begun in your heart must be
  completed. It shall be so&mdash;do not doubt it."</p>

  <p>The minister hesitated, looked hard at me, and endeavoured, as I
  imagined, to find, in the expression of my countenance, an index to my
  thoughts. I said nothing, and he proceeded.</p>

  <p>"There are the appointed means. His way is in the sanctuary. He shall
  feed his flock like a shepherd. There is but one refuge for the outcast. I
  have but one alleviation to offer you. It is all and every thing. Are you
  prepared to accept it?"</p>

  <p>"You are my friend, my guardian, and my father," I replied.</p>

  <p>"You have wandered long in the wilderness," continued the minister. "You
  have fed with the swine and the goats. You have found no nourishment there.
  All was bleak, and barren, and desolate there. The living waters were dried
  up, and the bread of life was denied to the starving wayfarer."</p>

  <p>"What must be done, sir?"</p>

  <p>"You MUST ENTER THE FOLD&mdash;and have communion with the chosen people
  of the Lord. Are you content to do it?"</p>

  <p>"Oh, am I worthy," I exclaimed, "to be reckoned in the number of those
  holy men?"</p>

  <p>"I cannot doubt it; but your own spirit shall bear witness to your state.
  To-morrow is our next church-meeting. There, if it be your wish, I will
  propose you; messengers will be appointed to converse with you. They will
  come to you, and gather, from your experience, the evidences of your
  renewed, regenerated character."</p>

  <p>"What shall I say, sir?" I asked in all simplicity.</p>

  <p>"What says the drowning man to the hand that brings him to the shore?
  Your beating heart will be too ready to acknowledge the mighty work that has
  been already done on your behalf. Have you forgotten the way you have been
  led? Point it out to them. Have you been plucked as a brand from the
  burning? Acknowledge it to them in strains of liveliest gratitude. Does not
  your soul at this moment overflow at the vivid recollection of all the Lord
  has done for it and you? Will it not yearn to sing aloud His praise when
  strangers come to listen to the song? Then speak aloud to them. Do you not
  feel, have not a hundred circumstances all concurred to prove, that you
  exist a vessel chosen to show forth His praise? Show it to them, and let
  them carry back the certain proofs of your redemption&mdash;let them convey
  the sweet intelligence of a brother's safety&mdash;and let them bid the
  church prepare to welcome him with hymns of praise into her loving
  bosom."</p>

  <p>Within a week of the above conversation, two respectable individuals
  called upon me at Mr Clayton's house&mdash;the accredited messengers of the
  church in which my eternal safety was about to be secured. One was a
  thickset man, with large black whiskers and corresponding eyebrows. His
  countenance had a stern expression&mdash;the eye especially, which lay
  couched like a tiger beneath its rugged overhanging brow. You did not like
  to look at it, and you could not meet it without unpleasantness and awe. The
  gentleman was very tall and sturdy&mdash;evidently a hairy person; he was
  unshaven, and looked muscular. Acting under the feeling which led him to
  despise all earthly grandeur and distinction, and which, no doubt influenced
  his conduct throughout life, he was remarkable for a carelessness and
  uncleanness of attire, as powerful and striking as the odour which exhaled
  from his broad person, and which explained the profession of the gentleman
  to be&mdash;a working blacksmith. His companion was thin, and neat, and
  dapper. There was an air about <i>him</i> that could not have been acquired,
  except by frequent intercourse with the polished and the rich. He was
  delicacy itself, incapable of a strong expression, and happier far when he
  could hint, and not express his sentiments. Had I been subject only to his
  examination, my ordeal would not have been severe. It was the blacksmith
  whom I found hard and unimpressible as his own anvil, dark as his forge, and
  as unpitying as its flames. The thin examiner held the high office of deacon
  of the church. Whether it was the particularly dirty face of his friend that
  set him off to such advantage, or whether he had inherent claims to my
  respect, I cannot tell; well I know, throughout the scrutiny that soon took
  place, many times I should have fallen beneath the blacksmith's hammer, but
  for the support and mild encouragement that I found in him. He was most
  becomingly dressed. He wore a white cravat, and no collar. He had light hair
  closely cut, and his face was as smooth as a woman's. His shirt was whiter
  than any shirt I have ever seen before or since, and it was made of very
  fine material. He carried an agreeable smirk upon his countenance, and he
  disinterred, now and then, some very long and extraordinary word from the
  dictionary, when he was particularly desirous either to make himself
  understood or conceal his meaning. I had almost omitted to add, that he was
  a ladies' haberdasher.</p>

  <p>I received the deputation with a trembling and apprehensive heart. I knew
  my faith to be sincere, and I believed it to be correct, according to the
  views of the church of which my revered friend was the minister and organ.
  Still, I could not be insensible to the importance of the step which I was
  about to take, and to the high tone of piety which the true believers
  demanded from all who joined their ranks and partook of their exclusive
  privileges.</p>

  <p>It will not be necessary to repeat in detail the course of my
  examination. At the close of two hours it was concluded, and I am at this
  moment willing to confess that it was, upon the whole, satisfactory. I mean
  to myself&mdash;for by my questioners, and by the little haberdasher more
  particularly, the conference was pronounced most gratifying and comforting
  in every way. I say <i>upon the whole</i>, for I could not, even at that
  early period of my initiation, and with all my excitement and enthusiasm,
  prevent the intrusion of some disturbing thoughts&mdash;some painful
  impressions that were not in harmony with the general tenor of my feelings.
  I had prepared myself to meet and deal with the appointed delegates of
  heaven, and I had encountered <i>men</i>, yes, and men not entitled to my
  reverence and regard, except as the chosen ambassadors of the church. One
  was low, ignorant, and vulgar. He took no pains to conceal the fact; he
  rather gloried in his native and offensive coarseness. The other was a
  smoother man, scarcely less destitute of knowledge, or worthier of respect.
  Looking back, at this distance of time, upon this strange interview, I am
  indeed shocked and grieved at the part which I then and there permitted
  myself to undertake. The scene has lost the colours which gave it a false
  and superficial lustre, and I gaze on the melancholy reality chidden, and,
  let me say, instructed by the sight. I can now better appreciate and
  understand the self-confident tone which pronounced upon my state in the eye
  of heaven&mdash;the canting expressions of brotherly love&mdash;the
  irreverent familiarity with which Scripture was quoted, garbled, and
  tortured to justify dissent, and render disobedience holy&mdash;the daring
  assumption of inquisitorial privileges, and the scorn, the illiberality and
  self-righteousness, with which my angry, bigoted, and vulgar questioners
  decided on the merits of every institution that eschewed their fanciful
  vagaries and most audacious claims. I do not wonder that, overtaken in a
  career of misery, the consequence of my own imprudence, I should have been
  arrested by the voice, and smitten by the eloquence, of Mr Clayton. I do not
  wonder that I listened to his arguments, and observed his conduct, until I
  was reduced to passiveness, and my mind was willing to be moulded to his
  purposes. But I do wonder and lament that any obscuration of my judgment,
  any luxuriance of feeling, should have permitted my youthful understanding
  for an instant to believe that to such men as my examiners the keys of
  heaven were entrusted, and that on them, and on their voice, depended the
  reception of a broken-hearted penitent at the mercy-seat of God.</p>

  <p>A few words from the haberdasher-deacon, at the breaking up of the
  convocation, or whatever else it might be termed, were satisfactory, in so
  far as they showed that my temporal prospects were not entirely neglected by
  those who had become so deeply interested in my spiritual welfare. The
  blacksmith had hardly brought to a close a somewhat lengthy and very
  ungrammatical exhortation, that wound up the day's proceedings, when the
  dapper Jehu Tomkins, jumping at once from the carnival to the revel, shook
  me cordially by the hand, and most kindly suggested to me that, under the
  patronage of so important and religious a connexion as that into which I was
  about to enter, I could not fail to succeed, whatever might be the plan
  which I had laid down for my future support.</p>

  <p>"I have heard all about you," added Jehu, "from our respected minister,
  and you'll soon get into something now. It's a good congregation,
  sir&mdash;wealthy and influential. I should say we have richer people in our
  connexion than in any about London. Mr Clayton is a very popular man,
  sir&mdash;very good, and speaks the truth."</p>

  <p>"He is good indeed," I answered.</p>

  <p>"Sir, grace is sure to follow you now. It is fifteen years since I first
  sat under Mr Clayton! Ah, I remember the night I was converted, as if it
  were yesterday. I always felt, up to that very time, the need of something
  better than I had got. Business had gone wrong ever since I opened shop, and
  my mind was quite unsettled. Satan tried very hard at me, but it wouldn't
  do. Sometimes, when my boy had gone home, and shop was shut up, the Tempter
  would whisper in my ears words like these&mdash;'Jehu, you're insured, over
  and over again, for your stock; let a spark fall on the shavings, and your
  fortune's made.' Well, sir, once or twice&mdash;will you believe
  it?&mdash;the Devil had nearly got it all his own way; but grace prevented,
  and I was saved. I owe it all to Mr Clayton. I was told by one or two of my
  customers to go and hear him, but somehow or other I never did. Satan kept
  me back. At last the gentleman as was the deacon&mdash;him as built the
  chapel&mdash;Mrs Jehu Tomkin's father&mdash;comes to my shop with his
  daughter, Mrs Jehu as is now, and spoke to me about the minister. Well, I
  heard the old gentleman was very rich and pious, and I went the next
  Sabbath-day as was, with his family, into his pew. I never went any where
  else after that. He seemed to hit the nail just on the head, and I was
  convinced&mdash;oh, quite wonderful!&mdash;all on a sudden. I was married to
  Mrs Jehu before that day twelvemonth. So you see grace followed me
  throughout, as it will you, my dear brother, if you only mind what you are
  about, and don't be a backslider."</p>

  <p>"Mr Clayton," said I, "has kindly promised to procure employment for
  me."</p>

  <p>"Ah! and he'll do it, if he says so," rejoined Mr Tomkins. "That's your
  man. You stick to him, and you won't hurt. He's a chosen vessel, if ever
  there was one. What do you say, brother Buster?"</p>

  <p>Brother Buster simply groaned his assent, and scowled. He had been for
  some time anxious to depart, and he now took his leave without further
  ceremony.</p>

  <p>"You wouldn't think that man was a saint to look at him, would you?"
  asked the deacon, as soon as his friend was gone. "He is though. He is riper
  in spiritual matters than any man I know. Ah! the Establishment would give
  something for a few like him. He'll be taken from us, I fear. We make a idol
  of him, and that's sure to be punished. It's wonderful what he knows; and
  how it has come to him we can't tell."</p>

  <p>I received a pressing invitation from Mr Tomkins to visit his "small and
  'appy family," as he was pleased to call it, on any evening after eight
  o'clock, which was his latest business hour. "Mrs Jehu," I was assured, "was
  just like her father, and his four small Jehus as exactly like their
  grandfather, and he wished to say no more for them. After business his
  family enjoyed invariably a little spiritual refreshment, and that and a
  hymn made the time pass very agreeably till supper-time at nine, when he had
  a 'ot collation, at which he should be most proud to see me."</p>

  <p>To all the charges that have been at various times, with more or less
  virulence and disinterestedness, brought against the Church of England, that
  of assuming to itself the divine attribute of searching the secret heart of
  many has, I believe, never been superadded. It has remained for men very far
  advanced indeed in spiritual knowledge and perfection, to assert the bold
  prerogative, and to venture, unappalled, beneath the frown of heaven. The
  close scrutiny, on the part of Mr Buster, proper as it was as a step
  preliminary, was by no means sufficient to procure for me an easy and
  unquestioned admission into the church which the blacksmith had so ably
  represented. There was yet another trial to ensue, and another jury to
  pronounce upon the merits of the anxious candidate. He had yet to prove to
  the perfect satisfaction of the self-constituted junto, that styled itself a
  <i>church</i>, how God had mercifully dealt with him&mdash;to detail, with
  historic accuracy, the method and procedure of his regeneration, and to find
  evidence of a spiritual change, that carried on its front the proof of his
  conversion and his accepted state. All this was to be done before I could be
  <i>entitled</i> to the privileges which Messrs Buster, Tomkins, and the
  rest, had it in their power to bestow. The manner in which this delicate
  investigation was carried on, its indecorum and profaneness, I never can
  forget; nor can I, in truth, remember it without humiliation and deep
  sorrow. Against the indiscreet, illegal exhibition, I set off my ignorance,
  simplicity, and desire of serving heaven; and in these I place my hope of
  pardon for the share I had in such proceedings.</p>

  <p>I received, in due form, a requisition to appear before the body of the
  <i>church</i>, at its general meeting. I appeared. The chapel was thronged,
  the majority of members being women. In the hands of nearly every third
  person was a printed paper. I was not then aware of its contents; if I had
  been, the ceremony would, in all probability, have concluded with my
  entrance. Will it be believed, that this paper contained a printed formula
  of the questions which were to test the quality of my faith, and to
  pronounce upon the vitality and worth of my spiritual pretensions! Any
  person present was at liberty to address me, and to form his own opinion of
  my case from the manner and the matter which their ingenuity elicited. At
  the suggestion of Mr Tomkins, who, in his capacity of deacon, was remarkably
  active on this occasion, it was deemed proper that I should enter upon my
  "experience" at once. My heart fluttered as I rose to comply with the
  demand, and the chapel was hushed. It will be sufficient to say, that I
  repeated my entire history, and secured the attention of my auditory until I
  had spoken my last word. There were parts of the narrative which I could,
  with a glance, perceive to be peculiarly <i>piquant</i> and acceptable. As
  these occurred, a rustling and a murmur expressed the subdued applause.
  When, for instance, I mentioned the disgust which I had conceived for the
  University upon losing the scholarship, and the uneasiness which I
  afterwards felt as long as I continued a member of that community, a few of
  the most acute looked at one another, and shrugged mysteriously, as who
  should say, "How wondrous are the ways of Providence!" and when I arrived at
  the point of my deliverance by the hand of their own minister, there would
  have been, I thought, no end to the gesticulations, expressions of gratitude
  and joy, that burst from the "church," in spite of the praiseworthy efforts
  of the minister to control and keep them down. When I had concluded, and
  whilst the half-suppressed rejoicing still buzzed in the chapel, the stern
  Buster rose, and presented to me the unmitigated force of his unpleasant
  eye. Silence prevailed immediately.</p>

  <p>"Now, sir," said my old friend, "what makes you think yourself a child of
  grace? Speak out, if you please; I'm rather deaf."</p>

  <p>"The loathing that I feel of what I was."</p>

  <p>"Good!" said Jehu Tomkins, with strong emphasis, and loud enough to be
  heard by every one.</p>

  <p>"When did you feel the fetters fust busting from your spirit?"</p>

  <p>"Not till I heard the minister's kind voice," was the reply.</p>

  <p>"Do you always feel as strong upon the subject? Do you feel your spirit
  always willing?"</p>

  <p>"Oh, no," I answered; "there are dreadful fluctuations, and there is
  nothing so uncertain as self-dependence. I have dark and bitter moments,
  when I feel, in all its power, the melancholy truth&mdash;'When I would do
  good, evil is present with me.'"</p>

  <p>"Capital sign!&mdash;capital sign!" exclaimed Jehu Tomkins again; "quite
  sufficient!&mdash;quite sufficient!"</p>

  <p>Yes, it was so. A few questions were put to me by individuals, rather for
  the sake of gratifying an impertinent curiosity, than that of elucidating
  further proof of my proficiency, and the ceremony was finished by my formal
  reception into the body of the church. A prayer was offered, an address
  delivered, a hymn sung&mdash;the eyes of many ladies were turned with
  smiling interest upon me&mdash;and the meeting separated. Jehu Tomkins was
  the first to congratulate me upon the happy issue of my trial.</p>

  <p>"You are a made man, sir, depend upon it," said he, with his first
  salutation. "You can't fail. There&mdash;do you see that fat man that's just
  going out&mdash;him as has got on the Indy 'ankycher?&mdash;I sold him
  that&mdash;he came on purpose to hear you, and if he found you up to the
  mark, he's going to provide for you. He belongs to all our societies, and
  just does what he pleases. His word's a law. We've a boiled leg of mutton at
  nine to-night. Suppose you come to us, and finish the day there? Bless me,
  what a full meeting we've had! Here's a squeezing!" There was certainly some
  difficulty in our egression. The people had gathered into a crowd at the
  small doorway, and men jostled and made their way without regard to others
  in their vicinity. Lost as I was in the indiscriminate host, a few
  observations fell upon my ear that were not, I presume, especially intended
  for it.</p>

  <p>"Well," said a greasy youth, not many yards distant from me, "I doubt his
  having had a call. There wasn't life enough in it for me. I shouldn't be
  surprised if he's a black sheep after all. I wish I had put a question or
  two to him. I think I could have shown Satan in his heart pretty quick."</p>

  <p>"Now you say it," replied the person addressed, "I did think him very
  backward and lukewarm. I didn't like his tone altogether. Ah! what a thing
  experimental religion is! You know what it is, and so do I; but I werry much
  fear that delooded young man is as carnal-minded as my mother was, that went
  to hell, though I say it, as contented and unconcerned as if she was going
  to the saints in glory."</p>

  <p>The information conveyed to me by Mr Tomkins as we issued from the chapel
  was not unfounded. The very day subsequent to my admittance into the bosom
  of the church, I was requested to attend the minister in the <i>sanctum</i>
  already referred to. Upon reaching it, I discovered the fat gentleman of the
  preceding evening, dressed as he was on the previous occasion, and still
  adorned with Jehu's India handkerchief. Both he and Mr Clayton were seated
  at table, and writing materials were before them. The moment I entered the
  apartment, the fat gentleman held out his hand, and shook mine with much
  stateliness. My friend, however, addressed me.</p>

  <p>"Caleb," said he, "we are at length able to fulfil our promise. It is my
  pleasure to announce to you that a situation is procured for you, suitable
  to your talents, and agreeable to your feelings. We are both of us indebted
  to this good gentleman. In your name I have already thanked him, and in your
  name I have accepted the office which he has been at some pains to obtain
  for you."</p>

  <p>I looked towards the stout gentleman, and bowed in grateful
  acknowledgment.</p>

  <p>"Tell him the duties, Clayton," requested my new-found influential
  friend.</p>

  <p>"Mr Bombasty," proceeded the minister, "feels a warm interest in your
  welfare. The happy result of yesterday's trial has secured for you a
  friendship which it will be your duty and study to deserve. There is
  established, in connexion with our church, a Christian instruction society,
  of which Mr Bombasty is the esteemed and worthy president. The appointment of
  a travelling secretary rests with him, and he has this very day nominated
  you to that distinguished office. I have tendered your thanks. You can now
  repeat them."</p>

  <p>"Tell him the salary," interrupted the president.</p>

  <p>"You will receive one hundred and fifty pounds per annum," continued Mr
  Clayton, "in addition to your travelling charges; apartments likewise, I
  believe"&mdash;He hesitated as if uncertain, and looked towards the
  president.</p>

  <p>"Yes," replied that gentleman, "go on&mdash;coals and candles. You answer
  for him, Clayton&mdash;eh?"</p>

  <p>"As I told you, sir," said my friend, "I will pledge myself for his
  trustiness and probity."</p>

  <p>The remembrance of Mr Chaser's cold-hearted cruelty occured to my mind as
  my benefactor spoke, and tears of gratitude trembled in my eyes. The fat
  gentleman remarked the expression of feeling, and brought the interview to a
  close.</p>

  <p>"Well, Clayton," said he, "you can talk to him. I've twenty places to go
  to yet. Get the paper signed, and he may begin at once. Let a lawyer draw it
  up. Just make yourself security for a thousand pounds&mdash;I don't suppose
  he'll ever have more than half that at a time in his possession&mdash;and
  that'll be all the society will require. He can come to me to-morrow. Now
  I'm off. Good-bye, my friend&mdash;'morning, young man." The last adieu was
  accompanied with a patronizing nod of the head, which, with the greeting on
  my first appearance, constituted the whole of the intercourse that passed
  between me and my future principal. The moment that he departed, I turned to
  Mr Clayton, and thanked him warmly and sincerely for all that he had
  accomplished for me.</p>

  <p>"I shall leave you, sir," I added, "with mingled feelings of regret and
  satisfaction&mdash;regret in separating from the purest and the best of men,
  my friend, my counsellor, and father&mdash;but joy, because I cease to be a
  burden upon your charity and good nature. I carry into the world with me the
  example of your daily life, and my own sense of your dignified and exalted
  character. Both will afford me encouragement and support in the vicissitudes
  which yet await me. Tell me how I may better evince my gratitude, and let me
  gratify the one longing desire of my overflowing heart."</p>

  <p>"Caleb," replied the minister, with solemnity, "it is true that I have
  been permitted to protect and serve you. It is true that, but for me, at
  this moment you would be beyond the reach of help and man's regard. I have
  brought you from the grave to life. I have led you to the waters of life, of
  which you may drink freely, and through which you will be made partaker with
  the saints, of glory everlasting. This I have done for you. Do I speak in
  pride? Would I rob Heaven and give the praise and honour to the creature?
  God forbid. <i>I</i> have accomplished little. <i>I</i> have done nothing
  good and praiseworthy but as the instrument of Him whose servant and whose
  minister I am. Not for myself, but for my Master's sake, I demand your
  friendship and fidelity. If I have been accounted worthy to save your soul,
  I am not unworthy of your loyalty and love."</p>

  <p>"They are yours, sir. It is my happiness to offer them."</p>

  <p>"Caleb," continued my friend, in the same tone, "you have lived with me
  many months. Mine is a life of privacy and retirement compared with that of
  other men. I strive to be useful to my fellow-creatures, and am happy if I
  succeed. If any one may claim immunity from slander and reproach, it is I,
  who have avoided diligently all appearance of offence. Yet I have not
  succeeded. You are about to mix again with men. You have joined the church,
  and you will not fail to hear me spoken of harshly and injuriously."</p>

  <p>"Impossible!" I exclaimed.</p>

  <p>"Yes, it would seem so, and it would <i>be</i>, if justice in this world
  accompanied men's acts. I tell you," continued Mr Clayton, flushing as he
  raised his voice, "there are men living now whom I have raised from beggary
  and want&mdash;men, indebted to me for the air they breathe, who calumniate
  and defame me through the world, and who will not cease to do so till I or
  they are sleeping in the dust. They owed me every thing, like
  you&mdash;their gratitude was unbounded, even as yours. What assurance have
  I that you will not deal as hardly by your friend as they have done, and
  still do?"</p>

  <p>"Mr Clayton," I answered, eagerly, "I would lay down my life to serve
  you."</p>

  <p>"I believe you to be frank and honest, Caleb. I should believe it; for I
  am about to pledge a heavy sum upon your integrity&mdash;and, indeed, I can
  but ill spare it. You ask me how I would have you show your thankfulness for
  what I have accomplished for you. I answer, by giving me your
  <i>friendship</i>. It is a holy word, and comprehends more than is supposed.
  A friend believes not ill that is spoken of him to whom he is united by
  mutual communion and interest; he is faithful to the end, through good
  report and evil, and falls, if need be, with the man to whom he has engaged
  his troth and given his heart."</p>

  <p>"I am unworthy, sir," I said, "to stand in this relation with one so
  good, so holy as yourself. I have but a word to say&mdash;trust and confide
  in me. I will never deceive you."</p>

  <p>"Let us pray," said Mr Clayton, after a long pause, sighing as he spoke,
  and speaking very softly&mdash;and immediately he fell upon his knees, and
  I, according to a practice which I had acquired at the chapel, leaned upon a
  chair, and turned my face to the window.</p>

  <p>It was about a month after my installation into my new office, that
  business connected with the society carried me to the village of Highgate.
  It was late in the evening when my commission was completed, and I was
  enabled, after a day of excessive fatigue, to direct my steps once more
  homeward. The stage-coach, which set out from the village for London twice
  during the day, luckily for me, was appointed to make its last journey about
  half an hour after my engagements had set me at liberty. A mile, across
  fields, intervened between me and the coach-office. Short as the distance
  was, it was any thing but an agreeable task to get over it, with the rain
  spitting into my face, the boisterous wind beating me back, and the darkness
  of a November night confounding me at every turn. In good time, however, I
  reached the inn. Providence favoured me. There were but two seats unoccupied
  in the coach; one was already engaged by a gentleman who had requested to be
  taken up a mile forward; the other had just been given up by a lady who had
  been frightened by the storm, and had postponed her return to London to the
  following day. This seat I immediately secured, and in a few minutes
  afterwards we were on our way towards Babylon. We made but little progress.
  The breed of coach horses has been much improved since the period of which I
  write, and a journey from Highgate to London was a much more important event
  than a railway conductor of the present day would suppose. My companions
  were all men. Their conversation turned upon the topics of the day. A
  monetary crisis had taken place in the mercantile world, and for many days I
  had heard nothing spoken of but the vast losses which houses and individuals
  of high character and standing had incurred, and the bankruptcy with which
  the community had become suddenly threatened. The subject had grown stale
  and wearisome to me. It had little interest, in fact, for one whose humble
  salary of one hundred and fifty pounds per annum depended so little upon the
  great fluctuations of commerce, and I accordingly disposed myself for sleep
  as soon as the words <i>bills</i>, <i>money</i>, and <i>bankruptcy</i>,
  became the staple matter of discourse. I had scarcely established a
  comfortable doze before the coach stopped suddenly, and awoke me. It had
  halted for the last inside. A gentleman, apparently stout and well wrapped
  up&mdash;it was impossible to speak positively on the subject, the night was
  so very dark&mdash;trod his way into the vehicle over the toes of his
  fellow-passengers, and took his seat. The coach was once more moving towards
  the metropolis, and again I endeavoured to lull myself to sleep. The same
  expressions proceeded from the lips of the travellers, and they were growing
  more and more indistinct and shadowy, when I was startled all on a sudden by
  one of the most palpable sounds that had ever disturbed and confounded a
  dreamer. I sat up and listened, coughed to convince myself that I was
  certainly awake, and the sounds were repeated as clear and as audible as
  before. I would have sworn that Mr Clayton was the gentleman whom we had
  last picked up&mdash;that he was now in the coach with me&mdash;and was now
  talking, if the words which fell from the traveller had not been such as he
  would never have used, and the subject on which he spoke had not been one
  upon which Mr Clayton, I believed, was as ignorant as a child. The
  resemblance between the voices was so great, that I pronounced the
  phenomenon the most extraordinary that had ever occurred to me; and growing
  quite wakeful from the incident, I continued to listen to the accents of the
  speaker until once or twice I had almost thought it my duty to acquaint him
  with the remarkable fact, which he was now living to illustrate. But I held
  my peace, and the conversation proceeded without interruption.</p>

  <p>"You may depend upon it," said one gentleman, "things must get worse
  before they'll mend. Half the mischief isn't done yet. There's a report
  to-day that &mdash;&mdash; cannot hold out much longer. It will be a queer
  thing if they smash. Many petty tradesmen bank with that house, who will be
  ruined if they go. Things are certainly in a very sweet state."</p>

  <p>"You do not mean," said <i>the voice</i>, trembling with emotion or
  alarm, "that the house of &mdash;&mdash; threatens to give way? I have been
  in the city to-day, and did not hear a syllable of this. I think you must he
  mistaken. Good God, how frightful!"</p>

  <p>Well, it was really wonderful! I could have sworn that Mr Clayton was the
  speaker. Had he not concluded with the ejaculation, my doubt would certainly
  have ceased. That exclamation, of course, removed the supposition
  entirely.</p>

  <p>"You'll find I'm right, sir," was the reply of the traveller who spoke
  first. "At least, I fear you will. I hope I may be wrong. If you have any
  thing in their hands, you would find it worth your while, I think, to pay
  them an early visit to-morrow morning. If there's a run upon them, nothing
  in the world can save them."</p>

  <p>"And is it true," asked <i>the voice</i>, "that &mdash;&mdash; stopped
  payment on Tuesday? I came to town from Warwickshire only yesterday, and
  this is the first news that I heard."</p>

  <p>"Oh, there's no doubt about that," answered a third person; "but that
  surprized nobody. The only wonder is, how he managed to keep afloat so long.
  He has been up to the chin for the last twelvemonth and more. I hope you
  don't lose there, sir?"</p>

  <p>"Mine has been the devil's luck this year," continued <i>the voice</i>,
  in a bitter savage tone, that never belonged to Mr Clayton. "Yes, gentlemen,
  I lose heavily by them both. But never mind, never mind, <i>one</i> shall
  wince for it, if he has been playing ducks and drakes with my good money. He
  shall feel the scourge, depend upon it. I'll never leave him till he has
  paid me back in groans. Heaven, what a sum!"</p>

  <p><i>The voice</i> said no more during the journey. The other gentlemen
  having lost nothing by the various failures, discussed matters with
  philosophy and praiseworthy decorum. Sometimes, indeed, "the third person"
  grew slightly facetious and jocose when he represented to himself what he
  termed "the queer cut" that some old friend would display on presenting his
  cheque for payment at the rickety counter of Messrs &mdash;&mdash; &amp;
  Co.; but no deeper expression of feeling escaped one of those who spoke so
  long and volubly on what concerned themselves so very little. I was puzzled
  and disturbed. The stranger had returned from Warwickshire the day before.
  Twice during my residence with the minister, business of importance had
  carried him to that county. It was certainly a curious coincidence, but
  coincidences more curious pass by us every day unheeded. It would have been
  absurd to conclude from that the identity of the stranger; yet the fact,
  coupled with <i>the voice</i>, staggered and confounded me. I said nothing,
  but determined, as soon as we reached the public streets, to call to my aid
  the light&mdash;feeble as it was&mdash;of the dimly-burning lamps, which, at
  the time I speak of, were placed at a considerable distance from each other
  along the principal streets of London, scattering no light, and looking like
  oil lamps in the last stage of a lingering consumption. These afforded me
  little help. The weakest effort of illumination imaginable strayed across
  the coach window as we passed a burner, about as serviceable as the long
  interval of darkness that ensued, and far more tantalizing. We were driving
  through the city. I was still brooding over the singular occurrence, when
  the coach stopped. The stranger alighted. I endeavoured to obtain sight of
  him, but he was so wrapped and clothed that I did not succeed. The coach was
  on its way again, and I had just opportunity enough to discover that we had
  halted at the corner of the street in which Mr Clayton resided. I had been
  so intent upon scanning the figure of the traveller, that the fact had
  escaped me. Had I been aware of it, I would certainly have followed the man,
  and seen him at all events safely beyond the door of the minister. Now it
  was too late.</p>

  <p>I could not repress the desire which I felt to visit Mr Clayton on the
  following morning. I went to him at an early hour. If he and the stranger
  were one and the same person, I should be made aware of it at a glance. The
  cause that had affected him so deeply in the stage-coach existed still, and
  his manner must betray him. My suspicions were, thank Heaven, instantly
  removed. I found my friend tranquil as ever, busy at his old occupation, and
  welcoming me with his usual smile of benevolence. He was paler than usual, I
  thought; but this impression only convinced me how difficult it is to be
  charitable and just, when bias and prejudice once take possession of us. My
  friend was, if any thing, kinder and more affectionate than ever. He spoke
  to me about my new employment, gave me his advice on points of difficulty,
  and bade me consult him always, and without hesitation, when doubt might
  lead me into danger. He could not tell me how happy he had been made by
  having secured a competency for me; and he hoped sincerely that no act of
  mine would ever cause him to regret the step that he had taken.</p>

  <p>"Indeed," said he, "I have great confidence in you, Caleb. I do not know
  another person in the world upon whose character I would have staked so
  large a sum. In truth, I should not have been justified. A thousand pounds
  is a heavy venture for one so straitened as I am. But you are worthy of it
  all. You are a faithful and good boy, and will never give me reason to
  repent my generosity. Will you, child?"</p>

  <p>"No, sir," I replied; "not if I am master of myself."</p>

  <p>"It is strange," continued the good man, "how we attach ourselves to
  individuals! There are some men who repel you at first sight&mdash;with whom
  your feelings are at variance as oil with water. Others again, who win us
  with a look&mdash;to whom we could confide the secrets of our inmost heart,
  and feel satisfied of their losing nothing of their sacredness. Have you
  never experienced this, Caleb?"</p>

  <p>"I could speak to you, sir," said I, in return, "as unreservedly as to
  myself."</p>

  <p>"Yes, and I to you. It is a strange and beautiful arrangement. Providence
  has a hand in this, as in all other sublunary dispensations. We were created
  to be a comfort and a joy to one another, and to reciprocate confidence and
  love. Such instances are not confined to modern times. History tells us of
  glorious friendships in the ancient world. The great of old&mdash;of Greece
  and Rome&mdash;they who advanced to the very gate and threshold of TRUTH,
  and then despairingly turned back&mdash;they have honoured human nature by
  the intensity and permanency of their attachments. But what is a Pagan
  attachment in comparison with that which exists amongst believers, and
  unites in bonds that are indissoluble, the faithful hearts of pious
  Christians?"</p>

  <p>"Ah, what indeed, sir!"</p>

  <p>"Come to me to-morrow, Caleb," continued my friend, changing the subject.
  "Let me see you as often as your duties will permit you. We must not be
  strangers. I did not intend to give you up so easily. It is sweet and
  refreshing to pursue our old subjects of discourse. You are not tired of
  them?"</p>

  <p>"Oh, no, sir."</p>

  <p>"Come, then, to-morrow."</p>

  <p>It was truly delightful to listen to the minister. I had never known him
  more sweetly disposed and more calm than on this occasion. He was unruffled
  by the presence of one anxious thought. Ah, how different would he have been
  if he had really proved to be my coach acquaintance! How I despised myself
  for the one unkind half suspicion which I had entertained so derogatory to
  the high character of the saint. But it was a great comfort to me,
  nevertheless, to be so satisfied of my delusion, and to feel so easy and so
  happy in my mind at the close of our long interview. According to my
  promise, I saw the minister on the following day. He was as peaceful and
  heavenly-minded as before. Another appointment was made and
  kept&mdash;another succeeded to that&mdash;and for one fortnight together, I
  spent many hours daily in the society of my respected friend.</p>

  <p>In pursuance of an arrangement which we had made, I called one afternoon
  at Mr Clayton's house, and was distressed to hear that he was confined to
  his bed by a sudden attack of illness. He had directed his servant to
  acquaint all visiters with his condition, and to admit no one to him, with
  the exception of the medical attendant and myself. I was eager to profit by
  my privilege, and was in a few seconds at the bedside of my benefactor. He
  was reading when I approached him, and he looked flushed and agitated. He
  put his book away from him, and held out his hand to me. I pressed it most
  affectionately.</p>

  <p>"I have been ill, Caleb," he began, "but I am better now, and I shall be
  quite well soon. Do not be alarmed."</p>

  <p>"How did it happen, sir?" I asked.</p>

  <p>"We are in the flesh now, dear boy, and are subject to the evils of the
  flesh. Hereafter it will be otherwise. Sorrow and distress, we are told,
  shall be no more. Oh, happy time for sinners! I have grievously offended.
  This very day I have permitted worldly thoughts to disturb and harrass me,
  and to shake the fleshly tabernacle. It was wrong, very wrong."</p>

  <p>"What has happened, sir?" I enquired.</p>

  <p>The minister looked hard and tenderly upon me, pressed my hand again, and
  bade me take a chair.</p>

  <p>"Bring it near to the bed, Caleb," said Mr Clayton; "I like to have you
  near me. I am better since you came. To see you is always soothing to my
  mind. I am reminded, then, that I am not altogether so worthless and
  insignificant a worm as I believe myself, since I have been able to do so
  much for you. Tell me, do you still like the employment that I procured for
  you?"</p>

  <p>"I would not resign it for any other that I know of. It is every thing to
  me. I feel my independence, and I have been told that I am useful to my
  fellow-creatures. It would be a bitter hour to me, sir, that should find me
  deprived of my appointment."</p>

  <p>"And that hour is very distant, Caleb, if you are sensible of your duty,
  and grateful to the instruments which Heaven has raised for you. You shall
  always feel your independence, and always hear that you are useful and
  respected. Be but faithful. It is a lesson that I have repeated to you many
  times&mdash;it cannot be told too often."</p>

  <p>"You are a patient and a kind instructor, sir."</p>

  <p>"Come closer to me, Caleb, and now listen. But first&mdash;look well at
  me, and tell me what you see."</p>

  <p>I looked as he required, but gave no answer.</p>

  <p>"Tell me, do you see the lines and marks that beggary and ruin bring upon
  the countenance of men? Does poverty glare from any one expression? <i>I am
  a lost and ruined man.</i>"</p>

  <p>"You, sir?"</p>

  <p>"Yes. The trifling pittance upon which I lived, and barely lived, and yet
  from which I could still extract enough to do a little good&mdash;to feed,
  perhaps, one starving throat&mdash;is wrested, torn from me, and from those
  who shared in what it might obtain. I am myself a beggar."</p>

  <p>Mr Clayton became agitated as he spoke, and I implored him to compose
  himself.</p>

  <p>"Yes&mdash;it is that I wish to do. I should be above the influence of
  dross. And for myself I am. Would that I might suffer alone! And this is not
  all. The man who has effected my ruin owes every thing to me. I found him
  penniless, and raised him to a condition that should have inspired him with
  regard and gratitude. I would have trusted that man with confidence
  unbounded. I did entrust him with my all, and he has beggared and undone
  me."</p>

  <p>"Take it not to heart, sir," I said, soothing the afflicted man; "things
  may not be so bad as you suppose."</p>

  <p>"They cannot be worse," was the reply; "but I will <i>not</i> take it to
  heart. The blow is hard to bear&mdash;the carnal man must feel it&mdash;yet
  I am not without my solace. Read to me, Caleb."</p>

  <p>I read a chapter from the work that was lying on the bed. It was called
  "<i>The Good Man's Comfort in Affliction</i>." It was effectual in restoring
  my friend to composure. He spoke afterwards with his usual softness of
  manner.</p>

  <p>"This bad man, Caleb," he resumed, "is a member of our church. I am sorry
  for it&mdash;grievously, bitterly sorry for it. The scandal must be removed.
  Personally, I would be as passive and forbearing as a child, but the church
  suffers whilst one such member is permitted to profane her ordinances. He
  must be cut off from her. It must be done. The church must disavow the man
  who has betrayed her minister and disgraced himself. I have been your
  friend, Caleb&mdash;you must now prove mine."</p>

  <p>"Most willingly," said I.</p>

  <p>"This business must be brought before a general meeting of the church.
  From me the accusation will come with ill grace, and yet a public charge
  must be preferred. You must be the champion of my cause. Your's shall be the
  task of conferring a lasting obligation on your friend&mdash;your's shall be
  the glory of ridding the sanctuary of defilement."</p>

  <p>"How am I to act, sir?"</p>

  <p>"Your course is very easy, child. A meeting shall be convened without
  delay. You shall attend it. You shall be made master of the case. You must
  propose an examination of his affairs on the part of the church. The man has
  failed&mdash;he is a bankrupt&mdash;our church is pure, and demands an
  investigation into the questionable conduct of her children. This you shall
  do. The church will do the rest."</p>

  <p>I know not how it was&mdash;I cannot tell what led to it&mdash;but a cold
  shudder crept through my body, and a sudden sickness overcame me. I thought
  of the coach scene&mdash;<i>the voice</i> seemed more like than
  ever&mdash;the tones were the very same. I seemed unexpectedly enclosed and
  entangled in some dreadful mystery. I could not conceive why I should
  hesitate to accept the invitation of my friend with alacrity and pleasure.
  He was my benefactor, preserver, best and only friend.</p>

  <p>He had been defrauded, and he called upon me now to perform a simple act
  of justice. A man under much less obligation to the minister would have met
  his wishes joyfully; but I <i>did</i> hesitate and hold back. A natural
  suggestion, one that I could not control or crush, told me as loudly as a
  voice could speak, not to commit myself by an immediate and rash consent. It
  must have been the <i>coach</i>; for, previously to that adventure, had the
  minister commanded me to accuse a hundred men, a hint would have sufficed
  for my obedience. But that unfortunate occurrence, now revived by the manner
  of my friend&mdash;by the expressions which he employed&mdash;by the charge
  which he adduced against the unhappy member of his church&mdash;filled me
  with doubt, uncertainty, and alarm. Mr Clayton was not slow to remark what
  was passing in my mind.</p>

  <p>"How is this, Caleb?" he enquired. "You pause and hesitate."</p>

  <p>"What has he done sir?" I asked, in my confusion, hardly knowing what I
  said.</p>

  <p>"Done!" exclaimed the minister, with an offended air. "Caleb, he has
  ruined the man who has made you what you are."</p>

  <p>It was too true. Mr Clayton had indeed made me what I was. It was a just
  reproof. It was ingratitude of the blackest character, to listen so coldly
  to his wishes. For months I had received daily and hourly the most signal
  benefits from his hands. He had never till now called upon me to make the
  shadow of a return for all his disinterested
  love&mdash;<i>disinterested</i>, ah, was it so? I hated myself for the
  momentary doubt&mdash;and yet the doubt returned upon me. If I had not heard
  his voice in the coach, such a suspicion would have been impossible.
  <i>Now</i>, any thing seemed possible&mdash;nothing was too extraordinary to
  happen. Well, it was little that the minister requested me to do. I had but
  to demand an investigation into the man's affairs. It was easily done, and
  without any cost or sacrifice of principle. But why could not the minister
  demand the same himself? "It would be unseemly," he asserted. Well, it might
  be&mdash;why had he not selected an elder member of the Church? Because, as
  he had often told me, there was none so dear to him. This was plain and
  reasonable, and all this passed through my brain with the rapidity of
  thought in an instant of time.</p>

  <p>"You may command me, sir," I said at length.</p>

  <p>"No, Caleb, I will not <i>command</i> you. To serve your friend would
  have been, I deemed, a labour of love. I did not <i>command</i> you, and I
  now retract the trifling request which I find I was too bold to make."</p>

  <p>"Do not talk so to me, Mr Clayton, I entreat you. I am disturbed and
  unwell to-day. Your illness has unsettled me. Pray command me. Speak to me
  as is your wont&mdash;with the same kindliness and warmth&mdash;you know I
  am bound to you. Let me serve you in any way you please."</p>

  <p>"We will speak of it some other time. Let us change the subject now.
  There are twenty men who will be eager to comply with the wishes of their
  minister. An intimation will suffice."</p>

  <p>"But why, sir," I returned&mdash;"why should others be privileged to do
  your bidding, and I denied? Forgive my apparent coldness, and give me my
  instructions."</p>

  <p>"Not now," said Mr Clayton, softened by my returning warmth. "Let us read
  again. Some other time."</p>

  <p>In a few days the subject was again introduced, and I put in possession
  of the history of the unfortunate man who was so soon to be brought under
  the anathema of the church. According to the statement of the minister, the
  guilty person had received at various times from him as a loan, no less a
  sum than four thousand pounds, the substance of his wealth, besides an equal
  amount from other sources, for which Mr Clayton had made himself
  accountable. Mr Clayton had implicated himself so seriously, as he said, for
  the advantage of the man whom he had known from boyhood, and raised from
  beggary, simply on account of the love he bore him, and in consideration of
  his Christian character. Of every farthing thus advanced, the minister had
  been defrauded, and within a month the trader had declared himself a
  bankrupt. That the minister should have acted so inconsiderately and
  prodigally, might seem strange to any one who did not thoroughly understand
  the extreme unselfishness of his disposition. Towards me he had behaved with
  an equal liberality, and I, at least, had no right to question the truth of
  every word he spoke. The conduct of the man appeared odious and
  unpardonable, and I regretted that I should have doubted, for one moment,
  the propriety of assisting so manifest an act of justice. Let me acknowledge
  that there was much need of self-persuasion to arrive at this conclusion. I
  wished to believe that I felt <i>urged</i> to my determination; but the
  necessity that I experienced of working myself up to a conviction of the
  justice of the case, militated sadly against so pleasing a delusion.</p>

  <p>The second church meeting in which it fell to my lot to perform a
  distinguished character, took place soon after the communication which I
  received from my respected friend. It was convened with the especial object
  of inquiring into the circumstances connected with the failure of Mr George
  Whitefield Bunyan Smith. The chapel was, if possible, fuller than on the
  former evening, and the majority of members was, as before, women. A
  movement throughout the assembly&mdash;a whispering, and a ceaseless
  expectoration, indicated the raciness and interest which attached to the
  matter in hand, and every eye and mouth seemed opened in the fulness of an
  anxious expectation. I sat quietly and uncomfortably, and my heart beat
  palpably against my clothes. I endeavoured to paint the villany of Mr Smith
  in the darkest colours, and by the contemplation of it, to rouse myself to
  self-esteem&mdash;but the effort was a failure. I could see nothing but the
  man in the coach, and hear nothing but <i>the voice</i>, which sounded in my
  ears louder than ever, <i>and far more like</i>; and I became at length
  perfectly satisfied that I had no business to stand in the capacity of Mr
  Smith's accuser. It was too late to recant. The bell had rung&mdash;the
  curtain was up and the performances were about to begin.</p>

  <p>A hymn, as usual, ushered in the proceedings of the day. The fifty-second
  psalm was then read by the minister, in the beautiful tone which he knew so
  well how to assume, and reverence and awe accompanied his emphatic delivery.
  Ah, could I ever forget the hour when those accents first dropped with
  medicinal virtue on my soul&mdash;when every syllable from his lips brought
  unction to my bruised nature&mdash;and the dark shadows of earth were
  dissipated and destroyed, beneath the clear, pure light of heaven that he
  invoked and made apparent! Why passed the syllables now coldly and
  ineffectually across the heart they could not penetrate? Why glittered they
  before the eye with phosphorescent lustre, void of all heat and might? I
  could not tell. The charm was gone. It was misery to know it. The minister
  having concluded, "Brother Buster was requested to engage in prayer." That
  worthy rose <i>instanter</i>. First, he coughed, then he made a
  face&mdash;an awful face&mdash;then closed his eyes&mdash;then opened them
  again, looked up, and stretched forth his arms. At last he spoke. He prayed
  for the whole world, including the islands recently discovered, "even from
  the river to the oceans of ages"&mdash;then for Europe, and "more
  especially" for England, and London "in particular," but "chiefly" for the
  parish in which the chapel stood, and "principally" for the Chosen People
  then and there assembled, and, "above all," for the infatuated man upon
  whose account they had been brought together. "Oh, might the delooded sinner
  repent <i>off</i> his sin, and, having felt the rod, turn from the error
  <i>off</i> his ways. Oh might the Church have grace to purify itself; and oh
  might the vessel wot was chosen this night to bring the criminal to justice,
  be hindood with strength for the work; and oh, might the criminal be enabled
  to come out of it with clean hands, (which he very much doubted;) and oh,
  might the minister be preserved to his Church for many years to come; and
  oh, might he himself be a door-keeper in heaven, rather than dwell in the
  midst of wickedness and sinners!" This was the substance of the divine
  supplication, offered up by Jabez Buster, in the presence of the
  congregation, and listened to with devout respect and seriousness by the
  refined and intellectual Mr Clayton. Another hymn succeeded immediately. It
  must have been written for the occasion, for the sentiment of it was in
  accordance with the prayer. It was a wail over the backsliding of a fallen
  saint. To the assembly thus prejudiced&mdash;an assembly made up of men of
  business and their wives, mechanics, dressmakers, servant-maids, and the
  like, an address suitable to their capacities was spoken. Mr Clayton
  himself delivered it.&mdash;He trembled with emotion when he referred to the
  painful duty which he was now called upon to perform. "Dear brethren," said
  he, "you are all aware of the unhappy condition of that brother who has long
  been bound to us by every tie that may unite the brethren in cordial and in
  Christian love. Truly, he has been dear to all of us; and for myself, I can
  with sincerity aver, that no creature living was dearer to me in the flesh,
  than him upon whose conduct we are met this night in Christian charity to
  adjudicate. Yes, he was my equal, my guide, and my acquaintance. We took
  sweet council together, and we walked to the house of prayer in company. I
  hope, I pray&mdash;would that I might add, that I believe!&mdash;the sin
  that has been committed in the face of the Church, and before the world, may
  be found not to lie at the door of him we loved and cherished. We are not
  here to take cognizance of the temporal concerns of every member of our
  congregation. We have no right to do this, so long as the Church is kept
  pure, and suffers not by the delinquencies of her children. If the limb be
  unworthy and unsound, let it be lopped off. You have heard that the worldly
  affairs of our brother are crushed; it is whispered abroad that there is
  reason to fear the commission of discreditable acts. Is this so? If it be
  true, let the whisper assume a bolder form, and pronounce our brother
  unworthy of a place with the elect. If it be false, let every evil tongue be
  silenced, and let us rejoice exceedingly, yea, with the timbrel and dance,
  with stringed instruments and loud-sounding cymbals. For my own part, I will
  not believe him guilty, until proof positive has made him so. His accuser is
  here this night. From what I know of our young brother, I am satisfied he
  will proceed most cautiously. Should he suggest simply an investigation into
  the recent transactions of the unfortunate man, it will be our duty to act
  upon that suggestion. If he comes armed with evidences of guilt, they must
  be examined with a kind but still impartial spirit. I know not to what
  extent it is proposed to proceed. It is not for me to know it. I am not his
  prosecutor. I shall not pronounce upon him. It is for you to judge. If he be
  proved culpable in this most melancholy business, and, alas! I fear he must
  be, if reports are true&mdash;though you must be careful to discard reports
  and look to testimony only&mdash;our course is plain and easy. Pardon is not
  with us; it must be sought elsewhere. I will not detain you longer. Brother
  Stukely, the Church will listen to your charge."</p>

  <p>But Brother Stukely had been for some time rendered incapable of speech.
  He was staggered and overwhelmed. He distrusted his eyes, his ears, and
  every sense that he possessed. What?&mdash;was <i>this</i> Mr Clayton, the
  meek, the pious, the good, the benevolent, the just, the truth-telling, the
  Christian, and the minister? What?&mdash;could he assert that he was
  satisfied of his victim's innocence, until I should prove him
  guilty&mdash;I, who knew nothing of the man and his affairs, but what I
  gathered from his own false lips? There was some terrible mistake here. I
  dreamt, or raved. What!&mdash;had the history of the last twelvemonth been a
  cheat&mdash;a fable?&mdash;How was it&mdash;where was I? What!&mdash;could
  Mr Clayton talk thus&mdash;could HE descend to falsehood and
  deceit&mdash;HE, the immaculate and infallible? What a moral earthquake was
  here! What a re-enacting of the fall of man! But every eye was upon me, and
  the Church was silent as death, waiting for my rising. The chapel commenced
  swimming round me. I grew sick, and feared that I was becoming blind, for a
  mist came before my eyes, and confounded all things. At length I was
  awakened to something like consciousness, by a rapid and universal
  expectoration. I rose, and became painfully distressed by a conflict of
  opposing feelings. I remembered, in spite of the present obliquity of the
  minister, his great kindness to me&mdash;I remembered it with
  gratitude&mdash;this urged me to speak aloud, whilst a sense of justice as
  strongly demanded silence, and pity for the man whom I had undertaken to
  accuse, but who had never offended me, cried shame upon me for the words I
  was about to utter. For a second, I stood irresolute, and a merciful
  interference was sent to rescue me.</p>

  <p>"Why," exclaimed a voice that came pleasing to my ears,&mdash;"why are
  you going to accuse this here brother? Harn't twenty men failed afore, and
  you never thought of asking questions?"</p>

  <p>I looked round, and my friend Thompson of happy memory nodded familiarly,
  and by no means disconcertedly to me. I had never seen him in the chapel
  before. I did not know that he was a member. Here was another mystery! His
  words were the signal for loud disapprobation. He had marred the general
  curiosity at an intensely interesting moment, and the anger that was
  conceived against him was by no means partial. The minister rose in the
  midst of it. He looked very pale and much annoyed, but his manner was still
  mild, and his expressions as full of charity and kind feeling as ever.</p>

  <p>"It was a proper enquiry," he said; "one that should immediately be
  answered." Heaven forbid that their conduct, in one particular, should
  savour of injustice. In due time the explanation would have been offered.
  Had their brother waited for that time, he would have found that his harsh
  observation might have been withheld. The unfortunate man needed not the
  champion who had stood so irreverently forward. "I can assure our brother,
  that there is one who will hear of his innocence with greater joy than any
  other man may feel for him." But it was his duty to state, and publicly,
  that there were circumstances connected with this failure, that unfavourably
  marked it from every other that had taken place amongst them. These must be
  enquired into. Their brother Stukely had been interrupted in the charge
  which he was about to make. He repeated that he knew not how far that charge
  might have been brought home. He would propose now, that two messengers be
  appointed to wait upon the bankrupt, and to examine thoroughly his affairs,
  and that, previous to their report, no further proceedings should take
  place. The purity and disinterestedness of their conduct should be made
  apparent. Brothers Buster and Tomkins were the gentlemen whom he proposed
  for the delicate office, with the full assurance that they would execute
  their commission with Christian charity, tempering justice with heavenly
  mercy.</p>

  <p>The assembly gave a reluctant consent to this arrangement. "Such things,"
  it was argued, "were better settled at once; and it would have been far more
  satisfactory if the bankrupt's matters had been disclosed to the meeting,
  who had come on purpose to hear them, and had neglected important matters at
  home, rather than be disappointed." The meeting, however, dissolved with a
  hymn, sung without spirit or heart. At the close of it, the minister
  retired. He passed me on his way; looked at me coldly, and I thought a frown
  had settled on his brow almost in spite of him. I was scarcely in the open
  street again, before Thompson was at my side, shaking my hand with the
  greatest heartiness.</p>

  <p>"Well," said he, "I should much sooner have thought of seeing the
  d&mdash;&mdash;l in that chapel than you, any how. Why, what does it all
  mean? I thought you were in Brummagem."</p>

  <p>"Ah! Thompson," I exclaimed sighing, "I wish I were! It is a long
  history."</p>

  <p>"Well, do let's have it. I <i>am</i> astonished."</p>

  <p>I put him in possession of my doings since we parted at the Bull's Head
  Inn in Holborn. I had not finished when we arrived at my lodgings. I invited
  my old friend to supper, and after that meal, he heard the conclusion of the
  narrative.</p>

  <p>"Well," said he at last, "some people don't believe in sperits. Now I do.
  I believe that a sperit has brought you and me together again. You've told
  me a good deal. Now, I'll tell you something. Clayton's an
  out-and-outer."</p>

  <p>"He's a mysterious and unintelligible being," I exclaimed.</p>

  <p>"Yes," answered Thompson, "you were always fond of them fine words.
  P'raps you mean the same as me after all. What I mean is, that fellow beats
  all I ever came near. Talk of the Old Un! He's a babby to him."</p>

  <p>"I can believe any thing now," I answered.</p>

  <p>"I don't complain; because I think it serves me right. I did very well at
  our parish church, and had no business to leave it; and I shouldn't either,
  if I hadn't been a easy fool all my life. I went on right well there, and
  understood the clergyman very well, and I should have done to this day, if
  it hadn't been for my missus; she's always worriting herself about her
  state, and she happened to hear this Mr Clayton, and nothing would please
  her but we must join his congregation, the whole biling lot of us, and get
  elected, as they call it. She said all was cold in the church, and nothing
  to catch hold on there. I'm blessed if I havn't catched hold of a good deal
  more than I like in this here chapel. They call one another
  brothers&mdash;sich brothers I fancy as Cain was to Abel. They are the
  rummest Christians you ever seed. Just look at the head of them&mdash;that
  Mr Clayton, rolling in riches"&mdash;&mdash;</p>

  <p>"In what?" said I, interrupting him. "You mistake. The little that he had
  is lost."</p>

  <p>"Oh, don't you be gammoned," was the reply. "What he has lost wont hurt
  him. He's got enough now to buy this street, out and out. He's the greediest
  fellow for money this world ever saw."</p>

  <p>"I am puzzled, Thompson," said I.</p>

  <p>"Yes, perhaps you are, and you'll be more puzzled yet when you know all.
  Why, what is all this about poor Smith? I knew him before Clayton ever got
  hold of him, when the chap hadn't a halfpenny to fly with, but was a most
  ordacious fellow at speculating and inventions, and was always up to
  something new. One day he had a plan for making moist sugar out of
  bricks&mdash;then soap out of nothing&mdash;and sweet oil out of stones. At
  last Clayton hears of him, and hooks him up, gets him to the chapel; first
  converts him, and then goes partners with him in the
  spekylations&mdash;let's him have as much money as he asks for, and because
  soap doesn't come from nothing, and sugar from bricks, and sweet oil from
  stones, he stops short, sews him up, drives him into the Gazette, and now
  wants to throw him into the world a beggar, without name and character, and
  with ten young 'uns hanging about his widowed arm for bread"</p>

  <p>"Oh, it's dreadful, if it's true," said I; "but if he has robbed the
  minister, whatever Mr Clayton may be, he ought to be punished."</p>

  <p>"But it isn't true, and there's the villany of it. Smith's a fool; you
  never see'd a bigger in your life, and though he thinks himself so clever in
  his inventions and diskiveries, he's as simple as a child in business. Why,
  he gave three thousand pounds for the machinery wot was to make soap out of
  nothing; and so all the money's gone. How sich a deep 'un as Clayton ever
  trusted him, I can't tell. He's wexed with himself now, and wants to have
  his spite upon his unfortunate tool."</p>

  <p>"I can hardly believe it," said I.</p>

  <p>"No; and do you think I would have believed it the first day as missus
  made me come to listen to that out and outer? and, do you think if I had
  known about it, they would ever have lugged me in to be a brother? You shall
  take a walk with me to-morrow, if you please, and if you don't believe it
  then of your own accord, why I sha'n't ask you."</p>

  <p>"He has been so kind, so generous to me. He has behaved so unlike a
  mercenary man."</p>

  <p>"Yes; that's just his way. That's what he calls, I suppose, <i>sharpening
  his tools</i>. He's made up his mind long ago to have out of you all he gave
  you, and a little more besides. Why, what did you get up for in the chapel?
  Didn't he say it was to bring a charge against Smith? Why, what do you know
  of Smith? Can't you see, with half an eye, he's been feeding of you to do
  his dirty work; and if you had turned out well, wouldn't it have been cheap
  to him at the price?"</p>

  <p>"What is it," said I, "you propose to do to-morrow?"</p>

  <p>"To take a walk; that's all. Don't ask questions. If you go with me, I'll
  satisfy your doubts."</p>

  <p>"Surely," said I, "his congregation must have known this; and they would
  not have permitted him"&mdash;&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Ah, my dear sir, you don't know human nature. Wait till you have lived
  as long as I have. Now, there's my wife; she knows as much as I do about the
  man, and yet I'm blowed if she doesn't seem to like him all the better for
  it! She calls him a chosen wessel, and only wishes I was half as sure of
  salvation. As for the congregation, they are a complete set of chosen
  wessels together, and the more you blow 'em up, the better the wessels like
  it. If what they call the world didn't speak agin 'em, they'd be afraid they
  were going wrong. So you never can offend them."</p>

  <p>Thompson continued in the same strain for the rest of the evening,
  bringing charge after charge against the minister, with the view of proving
  him to be a hypocrite of the deepest dye. As he had fostered and protected
  me, Thompson explained that he had previously maintained and trained up
  Smith, whom he never would have deserted had all his speculations issued
  favourably. The loss of his money had so enraged him, that his feelings had
  suddenly taken a different direction, and he would now not stop until he had
  thoroughly effected the poor man's ruin. He (Thompson) knew Smith well; he
  had seen his books; and the man was as innocent of fraud as a child unborn.
  Clayton knew it very well, and the trick of examining the books was all a
  fudge. "That precious pair of brothers, Bolster and Tomkins, knew very well
  what they were about, and would make it turn out right for the minister
  somehow. As for hisself, he stood up for the fellow, because he hadn't
  another friend in the place. He knew he should be kicked out for his pains,
  but that would be more agreeable than otherways." From all I gathered from
  Thompson, it appeared that the pitiable man&mdash;the audacious minister of
  God&mdash;was the slave of one of the most corroding passions that ever made
  shipwreck of the heart of man. <i>The love of money</i> absorbed or made
  subservient every other sentiment. To heap up riches, there was no labour
  too painful, no means too vicious, no conduct too unjustifiable. The graces
  of earth, the virtues of heaven, were made to minister to the lust, and to
  conceal the demon behind the brightness and the beauty of their forms. There
  is no limit to the moral baseness of the man of avarice. There was none with
  Mr Clayton. He lived to accumulate. Once let the desire fasten, anchor-like,
  with heavy iron to the heart, and what becomes of the world's opinion, and
  the tremendous menaces of heaven? Mr Clayton was a scholar&mdash;a man of
  refinement, eloquent&mdash;an angel not more winning&mdash;he was
  self-denying in his appetites, humble, patient&mdash;powerful and beautiful
  in expression, when the vices of men compelled the unwilling invective.
  Witness the burst of indignation when he spoke of Emma Harrington, and the
  race to which it was her misery to belong. He was, to the eyes of men,
  studious and holy as an anchorite. But better than his own immortal soul, he
  loved and doated upon <i>gold!</i> That love acknowledged, fed, and
  gratified, when are its demands appeased?&mdash;when does conscience raise a
  barrier against its further progress? It is a state difficult to believe.
  Could I have listened with an ear of credulity to the tale of
  Thompson&mdash;could I have borne to listen to it with patience, had I not
  witnessed an act of turpitude that ocular demonstration could only render
  credible&mdash;had I not been prepared for that act by the tone, the manner,
  the expressions of the minister, when we passed an hour together, ignorant
  of each other's presence? It was a dreadful conviction that was forced upon
  me, and as wonderful as terrible. Self-delusion, for such it was, so perfect
  and complete, who could conceive&mdash;hypocrisy so super-eminent, who could
  conjecture! There was something, however, to be disclosed on the succeeding
  day. Thompson was very mysterious about this. He would give no clue to what
  he designed. I should judge from what I saw of the truth of his
  communications. Alas! I had seen enough already to mourn over the most
  melancholy overthrow that had ever crushed the confidence, and bruised the
  feelings, of ingenuous youth.</p>

  <p>I passed a restless and unhappy night. Miserable dreams distressed me. I
  dreamed that I was sentenced to death for perjury&mdash;that the gallows was
  erected&mdash;and that Buster and Tomkins were my executioners. The latter
  was cruelly polite and attentive in his demeanour. He put the rope round my
  neck with an air of cutting civility, and apologized for the whole
  proceeding. I experienced vividly the moment of being turned off. I suffered
  the horrors of strangulation. The noose slipped, and I was dangling in the
  air in excruciating agony, half-dead and half-alive. Buster rushed to the
  foot of the scaffold, and with Christian charity fastened himself to my
  legs, and hung there till I had breathed my last. Whilst he was thus
  suspended, he sang one of his favourite hymns with his own rich and
  effective nasal vigour. Then I dreamed I was murdering Bunyan Smith in his
  sleep. Mr Clayton was pushing me forward, and urging a dagger into my hand.
  Just as I had killed him, I was knocked down by Thompson, and Clayton ran
  off laughing. Then I woke up, thank Heaven, more frightened than hurt, with
  every limb in my body sore and aching. Then, instead of going to sleep
  again, which I could not do, I lay awake, and reflected on what had taken
  place, and I thought all I had heard against Mr Clayton, and all I had seen
  in the chapel, was a dream, like the execution and the murder. One thing
  seemed just as real and as likely as the other. Then I became uneasy in my
  bed, got up, and walked about the room, and wondered what in the world I
  should do, if Mr Clayton deprived me of my situation, and I was thrown out
  of bread again. Then I recollected his many hints concerning fidelity and
  friendship, and what he had said about my being in no danger, so long as I
  was faithful, and the rest of it; and then I wished I had thrown myself over
  Blackfriars' Bridge as I had intended, and so put an end to all the trials
  that beset my path. But this wish was scarcely felt before it was regretted
  and checked at once. Mr Clayton had taught me wisdom, which his own bad
  conduct could not sully or affect. It was not because under the garb of
  religion he concealed the tainted soul of the hypocrite, that religion was
  not still an angel of light, of purity, and loveliness. Her consolations
  were not less sweet&mdash;her promises not less sure. It would have been an
  unsound logic that should have argued, from the sinfulness of the minister,
  the falseness of that faith whose simple profession, and nothing more, alas!
  had been enough to hide foulest deformity. No! the vital spark that Mr
  Clayton had kindled, burned still steadily and clear. I could still see by
  its holy light the path of rectitude and duty, and thank God the while, that
  in the hour of temptation he gave me strength to resist evil, and the
  faculty of distinguishing aright between <i>the unshaken testimony</i> and
  <i>the unfaithful witness</i>. I did not, upon reflection, regret that I had
  not recklessly destroyed myself; but I prayed on my knees for direction and
  help in the season of difficulty and disappointment through which I was now
  passing.</p>

  <p>Thompson came early on the following day, punctual to his appointment. He
  was accompanied by poor Bunyan Smith, and a voluminous statement of his
  affairs. I looked over them as well as I was able; for the unfortunate man
  was all excitement, and, faithful to the description of Thompson, sanguine
  in the extreme. He interrupted me twenty times, and, as every new
  speculation turned up, had still something to say why it had not succeeded
  according to his wishes. Although he had failed in every grand experiment,
  there was not one which would not have realized his hopes a hundredfold, but
  for the occurrence of some unfortunate event which it was impossible to
  foresee, but which could not possibly take place again, had he but money to
  renew his trials. His bankruptcy had not subdued him, nor in the least
  diminished his belief in the efficacy of his great discoveries. There was
  certainly no appearance of fraud in the account of his transactions, but it
  was not Mr Smith's innocence I was anxious to establish. It was the known
  guilt of Mr Clayton that I would have made any sacrifice to remove.</p>

  <p>It was in the afternoon that Thompson and I were walking along the
  well-filled pavement of Cheapside, on our way to what he called "the best
  witness he could bring to speak in favour of all that he had said about the
  minister." He still persisted in keeping up a mystery in respect of this
  same witness. "He might be, after all," he said, "mistaken in the thing, and
  he didn't wish to be made a fool of. I don't expect I shall, but we shall
  see." We reached Cornhill, and were opposite the Exchange.</p>

  <p>"That's a rum place, isn't?" asked Thompson, looking at the
  building&mdash;"Have you ever been inside?"</p>

  <p>"Never," I replied.</p>

  <p>"Suppose we just stroll in then? What a row they are kicking up there!
  And what a crowd! There's hardly room to move."</p>

  <p>The area was, as he said, crowded. There was a loud continued murmur of
  human voices. Traffic was intense, and had reached what might be supposed
  its acme. It seemed as if business was undergoing a paroxysm, or fit, rather
  than pursuing her steady, healthful course. Bodies of men were standing in
  groups&mdash;some were darting from corner to corner, pen in mouth&mdash;a
  few were walking leisurely with downcast looks&mdash;others quickly, uneasy
  and excited. A stout and well-contented gentleman or two leaned against the
  high pillars of the building, and formed the centre of a human circle, that
  smiled as he smiled, and stopped when he stopped.</p>

  <p>"Nice place to study in, sir," said Thompson, as we walked along.</p>

  <p>I smiled.</p>

  <p>"I mean it though," said he. "I see a man now that comes here on purpose
  to study&mdash;as clever a man at his books as ever I saw, and as fine a
  fellow to talk as you know&mdash;there, just look across the
  road&mdash;under that pillar&mdash;near the archway. There, just where them
  two men has left a open space. Tell me, who do you see there, sir?"</p>

  <p>"Why, Mr CLAYTON!" I replied, astonished at the sight.</p>

  <p>"Yes, and if you'll come here every day of your life, there you'll find
  him. I've watched him often, since Smith first put me up to his tricks, and
  I have never missed him. There he is making money, and wearing his soul out
  because he can't make half enough to satisfy his greedy maw. His
  covetousness is awful. There's nothing that he doesn't speckylate in;
  there's hardly a man of business in his congregation that he doesn't, either
  by himself or others, lend money out at usury. I mean such on 'em as he
  knows are right; for catch him, if he knows it, trusting the rotten
  brothers. Smith says he has got something to do with every one of the
  stocks. I don't know whether that is any thing to eat and drink or not, but
  I think they call this here bear-garden the Stock Exchange, and here the
  out-and-outer spends more than half his days." Whilst Thompson spoke, one of
  the two men, whom I have mentioned as being for many hours together closeted
  with the minister in his private study, and whom I set down as
  missionaries&mdash;came up in great haste to Mr Clayton, and communicated to
  him news, apparently, of importance. The latter immediately produced a
  pocket-book, in which he wrote a few words with a pencil, and the individual
  departed. The information, whatever it may have been, had deeply affected
  the man to whom it had been brought. He did not stand still, as before, but
  walked nervously about, looked pale, care-worn, and miserably anxious. He
  referred to his book a dozen times&mdash;restored it frequently to his
  pocket, and had it out again immediately for surer satisfaction, or for
  further calculations. In about ten minutes, "<i>the missionary</i>"
  returned. This time he was the bearer of a better tale. The minister
  smiled&mdash;his brow expanded, and his eye had the vivacity and fire that
  belonged to it in the pulpit. Another memorandum was written in the pocket
  book, and the two gentlemen walked quickly, and side by side, along the
  covered avenue. I had seen sufficient.</p>

  <p>"Let us go," I said to Thompson.</p>

  <p>"Why, you don't mean to say you have had enough!" returned he; "oh, wait
  a bit, and see the other boy. They make a precious trio."</p>

  <p>I declined to witness the melancholy spectacle any longer. I was
  oppressed, grieved, sickened, at the sad presentation of humanity. What an
  overthrow was this! What a problem in the moral structure of man! I could
  not understand it. I had no power to enquire into it. Against all
  preconceived notions of possibility, there existed a palpable fact. What
  could reason do in a case in which the senses almost refused to acknowledge
  the evidence which they themselves had produced?</p>

  <p>Thompson was delighted at the result of our "voyage of discovery," and
  continued to be facetious at the expense of the unhappy minister. I implored
  him to desist.</p>

  <p>"Say no more, Thompson. This is no subject for laughter. I have suffered
  much since your brother carried me to Birmingham. This is the hardest blow
  yet. I believe now that all is a dream. This is not Mr Clayton. It is a
  cheat of Satan. We are deluded and made fools in the hands of the Wicked
  One."</p>

  <p>"You'll excuse me, sir," said Thompson, "but if I didn't know you better,
  I should say, to hear you talk in that uncommonly queer way, that you were
  as big a wessel as any of 'em. Don't flatter yourself you are dreaming, when
  you never were wider awake in all your life."</p>

  <p>It is perhaps needless to say, that I had no heart to present myself
  again before my friend and benefactor&mdash;the once beloved, and still
  deeply compassionated minister of religion. I pitied him on account of the
  passion which had overmastered him, and trembled for myself when I
  contemplated the ruins of such an edifice. But I could visit him no longer.
  What could I say to him? How should I address him? How could I bear to meet
  his eye&mdash;I did not hate him sufficiently to inflict upon him the shame
  and ignominy of meeting mine. I avoided the house of Mr Clayton, and
  absented myself from his chapel. But I was not content with the first view
  that had been afforded me at the Exchange. I was unwilling to decide for
  ever upon the character of my former friend without a complete
  self-justification. I went again to the house of commerce, and alone. Again
  I beheld Mr Clayton immersed in the doings of the place. For a week I
  continued my observation. Proofs of his worldliness and gross hypocrisy came
  fast and thick upon each other. I no longer doubted the statement of
  Thompson and the speculator Smith. I resolved upon seeing my preserver no
  more. I could not think of him without shuddering, and I endeavoured to
  forget him. One evening, about ten days after the chapel scene, sitting
  alone in my apartment, I was attracted by a slight movement on the stairs. A
  moment afterwards there was a knock at my door. The door opened, and Mr
  Clayton himself walked into the room. I trembled instantly from head to
  foot. The minister had a serious countenance, and was very placid. He took a
  chair, and I waited till he spoke.</p>

  <p>"You have not visited me of late, Caleb," he began. "You have surely
  forgotten me. You have forgotten your promise&mdash;our
  friendship&mdash;your obligations&mdash;gratitude&mdash;every thing. How is
  this?"</p>

  <p>Still I did not speak.</p>

  <p>"Tell me," he continued, "who has taught you to become a spy? Who has
  taught you that it is honourable and just to track the movements and to
  break upon the privacy of others. I saw you in the Exchange this
  morning&mdash;I saw you yesterday&mdash;and the day before. Tell me, what
  took you there?"</p>

  <p>I gave no answer.</p>

  <p>"Your Bible, Caleb, gives no encouragement to the feeling which has
  prompted you to act thus. You have read the word of truth imperfectly. There
  is a holiness&mdash;a peculiar sanctity"&mdash;&mdash;</p>

  <p>"For heaven's sake, Mr Clayton," I cried out, interrupting him, "do not
  talk so. Do not deceive yourself. Do not attempt to bewilder me. Do not
  provoke the wrath of heaven. You have been kinder to me than I can express.
  The recollection of what you have done is ever present to me. Oh, would that
  I owed you nothing! Would that I could pay you back to the last farthing,
  and that the past could be obliterated from my mind. I would have parted
  with my life willingly, gladly, to serve you. Had you been poor, how
  delightful would it have been to labour for my benefactor! I will not
  deceive you. I lave learnt every thing. Such miserable knowledge never came
  to the ears of man, save in those regions where perdition is first made
  known, and suffered everlastingly. I dare not distrust the evidence of my
  eyes and ears. The bitterest hour that I have known, was that in which you
  fell, and I beheld your fall. Whom can I trust now? Whom shall I believe? To
  whom attach myself? Mr Clayton, it seems incredible to me that I can talk
  thus to you. It is indeed, and I tremble as I do so. But what is to be done?
  I can respect you no longer, however my poor heart throbs towards you, and
  pities"&mdash;&mdash;</p>

  <p>I burst into tears.</p>

  <p>"Spare your pity, boy," said Mr Clayton, coldly; "and spare those hollow
  tears. You acknowledge that there exists a debt between us. Well have you
  attempted to repay it! Listen to me. I have been your friend. I am willing
  to remain so. Come to me as before, and you shall find me as I have ever
  been&mdash;affectionate and kind. Avoid me&mdash;place yourself in the
  condition of my opponent, and <i>beware</i>. In a moment, by one word, I can
  throw you back into the slough from whence I dragged you. To-morrow morning,
  if I so will it, you shall wander forth again, an outcast, depending for
  your bread upon a roadside charity. It is a dreadful thing to walk a marked
  and branded man through this cold world; yet it is only for me to say the
  word, and <i>infamy</i> is attached to your name for ever. And what greater
  crime exists than black ingratitude? It is our duty to expose and punish it.
  It is for you to make the choice. If you are wise, you will not hesitate. If
  Christianity has worked"&mdash;&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Sir, what has <i>Christianity</i> to do with this? Satan must witness
  the compact that you would have us make. I cannot sell myself?"</p>

  <p>"Your new companions have taught you these fine phrases, Caleb. They will
  support you, no doubt, and you will remain faithful to them, until a fresh
  acquaintance shall poison your ear against them, as they have corrupted it
  to win you from the man whom you have sworn to serve. I have nothing more to
  say. You promised to be faithful through good report and evil. You have
  broken your plighted word. I forgive you, if you are sorry for the fault,
  and my arms are ready to receive you. Punishment shall follow&mdash;strict
  justice, and no mercy&mdash;if you persist in evil. Within a week present
  yourself at my abode, and every thing is forgotten and forgiven. I am your
  friend for ever. Do not come, be obstinate and unyielding, and prepare
  yourself for misery."</p>

  <p>The minister left me. The week elapsed, and at the end of it, I had not
  presented myself at his residence. But, in the mean while, I had been active
  in taking measures for the security of the office which I held, and whose
  duties I had hitherto performed to the perfect satisfaction of my employers.
  I had been given to understand that it remained with Mr Bombasty to continue
  my appointment, or to dismiss me at once; that he was in the hands of Mr
  Clayton; and that if the latter desired my dismissal, and could bring
  against me the shadow of a complaint to justify Mr Bombasty in the eye of
  the Society, nothing could save me from ejection. It was proposed to me by a
  fellow-servant of the Society, to place myself as soon as possible beyond
  the reach and influence of Mr Clayton. He advised me to secede at once from
  the Church, and to attach myself to another, professing the same principles,
  and like that in connexion with the Society. By this means, Clayton and I
  would be separated, and his power over me effectually removed. Exclusion was
  to me starvation, and I eagerly adopted the counsel of my companion. To be,
  however, in a condition to join another church, it was necessary to procure,
  either by personal application, or at the instance of the minister of the
  new church, <i>a letter of dismission</i>, which letter should contain an
  assurance of the candidate's previous good conduct and present
  qualification. In my case, the minister himself proposed to apply for my
  testimonials. He did apply, and at the end of a month, no answer had been
  returned to his communication. He wrote a second, and the second application
  met with no greater respect than the first. At length I received a very
  formal and polite letter from Mr Tomkins, informing me that "a
  church-meeting had been convened for the purpose of considering the
  propriety of affording Brother Stukely the opportunity of joining another
  connexion, by granting him a letter of dismission," and that my presence was
  requested on that very important occasion.</p>

  <p>If there was one thing upon earth more than another which at this
  particular time of my life I abominated with unmitigated and ineffable
  disgust, it was the frequent recurrence of these eternal church-meetings.
  Nothing, however trifling, could be carried forward without them; no man's
  affairs, however private and worldly, were too uninteresting for their
  investigation. My connexion with the church had hardly commenced, before two
  had taken place, principally on my account, and now a third was proposed in
  order to enable the minister to write a letter of civility, and to state the
  simple fact of my having conducted myself with propriety and decorum. Still
  it was proper that I should attend it; I did so, accompanied by Thompson,
  and a crowded assembly, as befitted the occasion, welcomed us amoungst them,
  with many short coughs, and much suppressed hissing. There was the usual
  routine. The hymn, the portion of Scripture, and the prayer of Brother
  Buster. In the latter, there were many dark hints that were intended to be
  appropriate to my case, and were, to all appearance, well understood by the
  congregation at large. They did not frighten me. I was guilty of no crime
  against their church. They could bring no charge against me. The prayer
  concluded, Mr Clayton coldly requested me to retire. I did so. I passed into
  the vestry, which was separated from the main building by a very thin
  partition, that enabled me to hear every word spoken in the chapel. Mr
  Clayton began. He introduced his subject by lamenting, in the most feeling
  terms, the unhappy state of the brother who had just departed from the
  congregation&mdash;(the crocodile weeping over the fate of the doomed wretch
  he was about to destroy!) He had hoped great things of him. He had believed
  him to be a child of God. It was not for him to judge their brother now; but
  this was a world of disappointment, and the fairest hopes were blasted, even
  as the rose withereth beneath the canker. They all knew&mdash;it was not for
  him to disguise or hide the fact&mdash;that their brother had not realized
  the ardent expectations that one and all had formed of him. Their brother
  himself carried about with him this miserable consciousness, and under such
  circumstances it was that he proposed to withdraw from their communion, and
  to receive a dismission that should entitle him to a seat elsewhere. It was
  for them to consider how far they were justified in complying with his
  request. As for himself, he was sorely distressed in spirit. His carnal
  heart urged him to listen to the desire of his brother in the flesh, and
  that heart warred with his spiritual conviction. To be charitable was one
  thing, to involve one's self in guilt, to encourage sinfulness, and to
  reward backsliding&mdash;oh, surely, this was another! He had no right in
  his high capacity to indulge a personal affection. It was his glory that he
  could sacrifice it at the call of duty. Accordingly, in the answer to the
  application that he had received, he had humbly attempted rather to embody
  the views of the church, than the suggestions of his own weak bosom. That
  answer he would now submit to them, and their voice must pronounce upon its
  justice. He did not fear for them. They were highly privileged; they had
  been wonderfully directed hitherto, and they would, adorned as they were
  with humility and faith, be directed even unto the end.</p>

  <p>"Ha-men," responded Buster very audibly, and the minister forthwith
  proceeded to his letter.</p>

  <p>It was my honour to be represented in it as a person but too likely to
  disturb the peace of any church; whose conduct, however exemplary on my
  first joining the congregation, had lately been such as to give great reason
  to fear that I had been suddenly deprived of all godliness and grace; who
  had caused the brethren great pain; and whom recent circumstances had
  especially rendered an object of suspicion and alarm. There was much more to
  the same effect. There was no distinct charge&mdash;nothing tangible, or of
  which I could defy them to the proof. All was dark doubt and murderous
  innuendo. There was nothing for which I could claim relief from the laws of
  my country&mdash;more than enough to complete my ruin. I burned with anger
  and indignation; forgot every thing but the cold-blooded designs of the
  minister; and, stung to action by the imminent danger in which I stood, I
  rushed at once from the vestry into the midst of the congregation. Thompson
  was already on his legs, and had ventured something on my behalf, which had
  been drowned in loud and universal clamour. Silence was, in measure,
  restored by my appearance, and I took the opportunity to demand from the
  minister a reperusal of the letter that had just been read.</p>

  <p>He scowled upon me with a natural hate, and refused to comply with my
  request.</p>

  <p>"What!" I asked aloud, "am I denied the privilege that is extended to the
  vilest of his species? Will you condemn me unheard? Accuse me in my
  absence&mdash;keep me in ignorance of my charge&mdash;and stab me in the
  dark?"</p>

  <p>I received no answer, and then I turned to the congregation. I implored
  them&mdash;little knowing the men to whom I trusted my appeal&mdash;to save
  me from the persecution of a man who had resolved upon my downfall. "I asked
  nothing from them, from him, but the liberty of gaining, by daily labour, an
  honourable subsistence. Would they deny it me?"&mdash;</p>

  <p>I was interrupted by groans and hisses, and loud cries of "Yes, yes,"
  from Brother Buster.</p>

  <p>I addressed the minister again.</p>

  <p>"Mr Clayton," said I, "beware how you tread me down. Beware how you drive
  me to desperation. Cruel, heartless man! What have I done that you should
  follow me with this relentless spite? Can you sleep? Can you walk and live
  without the fear of a punishment adequate to your offence? Let me go. Be
  satisfied that I possess the power of exposing unheard-of turpitude and
  hypocrisy, and that I refrain from using it. Dismiss me; let me leave your
  sight for ever, and you are safe&mdash;for me."</p>

  <p>"Viper!" exclaimed the minister rising in his seat, "whom I have warmed
  and nourished in my bosom; viper! whom I took to my hearth, and kept there
  till the returning sense of life gave vigour to your blood, and fresh venom
  to your sting! Is it thus you pay me back for food and raiment&mdash;thus
  you heap upon me the expressions of a glowing gratitude!&mdash;with threats
  and deadly accusations? Spit forth your malice! Pile up falsehoods to the
  skies!&mdash;WHO WILL BELIEVE THE TALE OF PROBABILITY? Brethren! behold the
  man whose cause I pleaded with you&mdash;for whom my feelings had well-nigh
  mastered my better judgment. Behold him, and learn how hard it is to pierce
  the stony heart of him whose youth has passed in dissolute living, and in
  adultery. Shall I approach thy ear with the voice of her who cries from the
  grave for justice on her seducer? Look, my beloved, on the man whom I found
  discarded by mankind, friendless and naked whom I clothed and fostered, and
  whom I brought in confidence amongst you. Look at him, and oh, be
  warned!"</p>

  <p>The hissing and groaning were redoubled. Thompson rose a dozen times to
  speak, but a volley assailed him on each occasion, and he was obliged to
  resume his seat. He grew irritated and violent, and at length, when the
  public disapprobation had reached its height, and for the twenty and first
  time had cut short his address almost before he spoke, unable to contain
  himself any longer, he uttered at the top of his stentorian voice a fearful
  imprecation, and recommended to the care of a gentleman who had more to do
  with that society than was generally supposed&mdash;Mr Clayton, and every
  individual brother in the congregation.</p>

  <p>Jabez Buster, after looking to the ceiling, and satisfying himself that
  it had not fallen in, rose, dreadfully distressed.</p>

  <p>"He had lived," he said, "to see sich sights, and hear sich language as
  had made his nature groan within him. He could only compare their beloved
  minister to one of them there ancient martyrs who had died for
  conscience-sake before Smithfield was a cattle market; but he hoped he would
  have strength for the conflict, and that the congregation would help him to
  fight the good fight. He called upon 'em all now to do their duty, to
  exclude and excommunicate for ever the unrighteous brethren&mdash;and to
  make them over to Satan without further delay."</p>

  <p>The shout with which the proposition was received, decided the fate of
  poor Thompson and myself. It was hardly submitted, before it was carried
  <i>nemine contradicente</i>; and immediately afterwards, Thompson buttoned
  his coat in disgust, and was hooted out of the assembly. I followed him.</p>
  <hr class="full" />

  <h2><a name="bw327s4" id="bw327s4"></a>IMAGINARY CONVERSATION.</h2>

  <h3>BY WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR.</h3>

  <h3>TASSO AND CORNELIA.</h3>
  <hr />

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;She is dead, Cornelia&mdash;she is dead!</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Torquato! my Torquato! after so many years of
  separation do I bend once more your beloved head to my embrace?</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;She is dead!</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Tenderest of brothers! bravest and best and most
  unfortunate of men! What, in the name of heaven! so bewilders you?</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;Sister! sister! sister! I could not save her.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Certainly it was a sad event; and they who are out
  of spirits may be ready to take it for an evil omen. At this season of the
  year the vintagers are joyous and negligent.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;How! what is this?</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;The little girl was crushed, they say, by a wheel
  of the car laden with grapes, as she held out a handful of vine-leaves to
  one of the oxen. And did you happen to be there just at the moment?</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;So then the little too can suffer! the ignorant, the
  indigent, the unaspiring! Poor child! She was kind-hearted; else never would
  calamity have befallen her.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;I wish you had not seen the accident.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;I see it? I? I saw it not. There is but one crushed
  where I am. The little girl died for her kindness!&mdash;natural death!</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Be calm, be composed, my brother!</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;You would not require me to be composed or calm if
  you comprehended a thousandth part of my sufferings.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Peace! peace! we know them all.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;Who has dared to name them? Imprisonment, derision,
  madness.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Hush! sweet Torquato! If ever these existed, they
  are past.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;You do think they are sufferings? ay?</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Too surely.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;No, not too surely: I will not have that answer. They
  would have been; but Leonora was then living. Unmanly as I am! did I
  complain of them? and while she was left me?</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;My own Torquato! is there no comfort in a sister's
  love? Is there no happiness but under the passions? Think, O my brother, how
  many courts there are in Italy; are the princes more fortunate than you?
  Which among them all loves truly, deeply, and virtuously? Among them all is
  there any one, for his genius, for his generosity, for his gentleness, ay,
  or for his mere humanity, worthy to be beloved?</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;Princes! talk to me of princes! How much
  coarse-grained wood a little gypsum covers! a little carmine quite
  beautifies! Wet your forefinger with your spittle; stick a broken gold-leaf
  on the sinciput; clip off a beggar's beard to make it tresses, kiss it; fall
  down before it; worship it. Are you not irradiated by the light of its
  countenance? Princes! princes! Italian princes! Estes! What matters that
  costly carrion? Who thinks about it? (<i>After a pause</i>.) She is dead!
  She is dead!</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;We have not heard it here.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;At Sorrento you hear nothing but the light surges of
  the sea, and the sweet sprinkles of the guitar.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Suppose the worst to be true.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;Always, always.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;If she ceases, as then perhaps she must, to love
  and to lament you, think gratefully, contentedly, devoutly, that her arms
  had encircled your neck before they were crossed upon her bosom, in that
  long sleep which you have rendered placid, and from which your harmonious
  voice shall once more awaken her. Yes, Torquato! her bosom had throbbed to
  yours, often and often, before the organ-peel shook the fringes round the
  catafalc. Is not this much, from one so high, so beautiful?</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;Much? yes; for abject me. But I did so love her! so
  love her!</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Ah! let the tears flow: she sends thee that balm
  from heaven.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;So loved her did poor Tasso! Else, O Cornelia, it had
  indeed been much. I thought in the simplicity of my heart that God was as
  great as an emperor, and could bestow, and had bestowed on me as much as the
  German had conferred, or could confer on his vassal. No part of my insanity
  was ever held in such ridicule as this. And yet the idea cleaves to me
  strangely, and is liable to stick to my shroud.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Woe betide the woman who bids you to forget that
  woman who has loved you: she sins against her sex. Leonora was unblameable.
  Never think ill of her for what you have suffered.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;Think ill of her? I? I? I? No; those we love, we love
  for every thing; even for the pain they have given us. But she gave me none:
  it was where she was not, that pain was.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Surely, if love and sorrow are destined for
  companionship, there is no reason why the last comer of the two should
  supersede the first.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;Argue with me, and you drive me into darkness. I am
  easily persuaded and led on while no reasons are thrown before me. With
  these, you have made my temples throb again. Just heaven! dost thou grant us
  fairer fields, and wider, for the whirlwind to lay waste? Dost thou build us
  up habitations above the street, above the palace, above the citadel, for
  the Plague to enter and carouse in? Has not my youth paid its dues, paid its
  penalties? Cannot our griefs come first, while we have strength to bear
  them? The fool! the fool! who thinks it a misfortune that his love is
  unrequited. Happier young man! look at the violets until thou drop asleep on
  them. Ah! but thou must wake!</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;O heavens! what must you have suffered. For a
  man's heart is sensitive in proportion to its greatness.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;And a woman's?</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Alas! I know not; but I think it can have no
  other. Comfort thee&mdash;comfort thee, dear Torquato!</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;Then do not rest thy face upon my arm; it so reminds
  me of her. And thy tears, too! they melt me into her grave.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Hear you not her voice as it appeals to you:
  saying to you as the priests around have been saying to <i>her</i>, Blessed
  soul! rest in peace?</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;I heard it not; and yet I am sure she said it. A
  thousand times has she repeated it, laying her hand on my heart to quiet
  it&mdash;simple girl! She told it to rest in peace, and she went from me!
  Insatiable love! ever self-torturer, never self-destroyer! the world, with
  all its weight of miseries, cannot crush thee, cannot keep thee down.
  Generally mens' tears, like the droppings of certain springs, only harden
  and petrify what they fall on; but mine sank deep into a tender heart, and
  were its very blood. Never will I believe she has left me utterly.
  Oftentimes, and long before her departure, I fancied we were in heaven
  together. I fancied it in the fields, in the gardens, in the palace, in the
  prison. I fancied it in the broad daylight, when my eyes were open, when
  blessed spirits drew around me that golden circle which one only of earth's
  inhabitants could enter. Oftentimes in my sleep also I fancied it&mdash;and
  sometimes in the intermediate state&mdash;in that serenity which breathes
  about the transported soul, enjoying its pure and perfect rest, a span below
  the feet of the Immortal.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;She has not left you; do not disturb her peace by
  these repinings.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;She will bear with them. Thou knowest not what she
  was, Cornelia; for I wrote to thee about her while she seemed but human. In
  my hours of sadness, not only her beautiful form, but her very voice bent
  over me. How girlish in the gracefulness of her lofty form! how pliable in
  her majesty! what composure at my petulance and reproaches! what pity in her
  reproofs! Like the air that angels breathe in the metropolitan temple of the
  Christian world, her soul at every season preserved one temperature. But it
  was when she could and did love me! Unchanged must ever be the blessed one
  who has leaned in fond security on the unchangeable. The purifying flame
  shoots upward, and is the glory that encircles their brows when they meet
  above.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Indulge in these delightful thoughts, my Torquato!
  and believe that your love is and ought to be imperishable as your glory.
  Generations of men move forward in endless procession to consecrate and
  commemorate both. Colour-grinders and gilders, year after year, are
  bargained with to refresh the crumbling monuments and tarnished decorations
  of rude unregarded royalty, and to fasten the nails that cramp the crown
  upon the head. Meanwhile, in the laurels of my Torquato, there will always
  be one leaf, above man's reach, above time's wrath and injury, inscribed
  with the name of Leonora.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;O Jerusalem! I have not then sung in vain the Holy
  Sepulchre.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;After such devotion of your genius, you have
  undergone too many misfortunes.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;Congratulate the man who has had many, and may have
  more. I have had, I have, I can have&mdash;one only.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Life runs not smoothly at all seasons, even with
  the happiest; but after a long course, the rocks subside, the views widen,
  and it flows on more equably at the end.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;Have the stars smooth surfaces? No, no; but how they
  shine!</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Capable of thoughts so exalted, so far above the
  earth we dwell on, why suffer any to depress and anguish you?</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;Cornelia, Cornelia! the mind has within it temples,
  and porticoes, and palaces, and towers: the mind has under it, ready for the
  course, steeds brighter than the sun, and stronger than the storm; and
  beside them stand winged chariots, more in number than the Psalmist hath
  attributed to the Almighty. The mind, I tell thee again, hath its hundred
  gates, compared whereto the Theban are but willow wickets; and all those
  hundred gates can genius throw open. But there are some that groan heavily
  on their hinges, and the hand of God alone can close them.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Torquato has thrown open those of his holy temple;
  Torquato hath stood, another angel, at his tomb; and am I the sister of
  Torquato? Kiss me, my brother, and let my tears run only from my pride and
  joy! Princes have bestowed knighthood on the worthy and unworthy; thou hast
  called forth those princes from their ranks, pushing back the arrogant and
  presumptuous of them like intrusive varlets, and conferring on the
  bettermost crowns and robes, imperishable and unfading.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;I seem to live back into those days. I feel the
  helmet on my head; I wave the standard over it; brave men smile upon me;
  beautiful maidens pull them gently back by the scarf, and will not let them
  break my slumber, nor undraw the curtain. Corneliolina!&mdash;&mdash;</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Well, my dear brother! Why do you stop so suddenly
  in the midst of them? They are the pleasantest and best company, and they
  make you look quite happy and joyous.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;Corneliolina, dost thou remember Bergamo? What city
  was ever so celebrated for honest and valiant men, in all classes, or for
  beautiful girls? There is but one class of those: Beauty is above all ranks;
  the true Madonna, the patroness and bestower of felicity, the queen of
  heaven.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Hush, Torquato, hush! talk not so.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;What rivers, how sunshiny and revelling, are the
  Brembo and the Serio! What a country the Valtellina! I went back to our
  father's house, thinking to find thee again, my little sister&mdash;thinking
  to kick away thy ball of yellow silk as thou went stooping for it, to make
  thee run after me and beat me. I woke early in the morning; thou wert grown
  up and gone. Away to Sorrento&mdash;I knew the road&mdash;a few strides
  brought me back&mdash;here I am. To-morrow, my Cornelia, we will walk
  together, as we used to do, into the cool and quiet caves on the shore; and
  we will catch the little breezes as they come in and go out again on the
  backs of the jocund waves.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;We will, indeed, to-morrow; but before we set out
  we must take a few hours' rest, that we may enjoy our ramble the better.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;Our Sorrentines, I see, are grown rich and
  avaricious. They have uprooted the old pomegranate hedges, and have built
  high walls to prohibit the wayfarer from their vineyards.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;I have a basket of grapes for you in the bookroom
  that overlooks our garden.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;Does the old twisted sage-tree grow still against the
  window?</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;It harboured too many insects at last, and there
  was always a nest of scorpions in the crevice.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;O! what a prince of a sage-tree! And the well too,
  with its bucket of shining metal, large enough for the largest
  cocomero<a id="footnotetag9" name="footnotetag9"></a><a href=
  "#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a> to cool in it for dinner!</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;The well, I assure you, is as cool as ever.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;Delicious! delicious! And the stone-work round it,
  bearing no other marks of waste than my pruning-hook and dagger left
  behind?</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;None whatever.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;White in that place no longer? There has been time
  enough for it to become all of one colour; grey, mossy, half-decayed.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;No, no; not even the rope has wanted repair.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;Who sings yonder?</p>

  <p>Cornelia.&mdash;Enchanter! No sooner did you say the word
  <i>cocomero</i>, than here comes a boy carrying one upon his head.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;Listen! listen! I have read in some book or other
  those verses long ago. They are not unlike my <i>Aminta</i>. The very
  words!</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Purifier of love, and humanizer of ferocity! how
  many, my Torquato, will your gentle thoughts make happy!</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;At this moment I almost think I am one among
  them.<a id="footnotetag10" name="footnotetag10"></a><a href=
  "#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a></p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Be quite persuaded of it. Come, brother, come with
  me. You shall bathe your heated brow and weary limbs in the chamber of your
  boyhood. It is there we are always the most certain of repose. The child
  shall sing to you those sweet verses; and we will reward him with a slice of
  his own fruit.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;He deserves it; cut it thick.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Come then, my truant! Come along, my sweet smiling
  Torquato!</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;The passage is darker than ever. Is this the way to
  the little court? Surely those are not the steps that lead down toward the
  bath? Oh yes! we are right; I smell the lemon-blossoms. Beware of the old
  wilding that bears them; it may catch your veil; it may scratch your
  fingers! Pray, take care: it has many thorns about it. And now, Leonora! you
  shall hear my last verses! Lean your ear a little toward me; for I must
  repeat them softly under this low archway, else others may hear them too.
  Ah! you press my hand once more. Drop it, drop it! or the verses will sink
  into my breast again, and lie there silent! Good girl!</p>

  <div class="poem">
    <p>Many, well I know, there are</p>

    <p>Ready in your joys to share,</p>

    <p>And (I never blame it) you</p>

    <p>Are almost as ready too.</p>

    <p>But when comes the darker day,</p>

    <p>And those friends have dropt away;</p>

    <p>Which is there among them all</p>

    <p>You should, if you could, recall?</p>

    <p>One who wisely loves, and well,</p>

    <p>Hears and shares the griefs you tell;</p>

    <p>Him you ever call apart</p>

    <p>When the springs o'erflow the heart;</p>

    <p>For you know that he alone</p>

    <p>Wishes they were <i>but</i> his own.</p>

    <p>Give, while these he may divide,</p>

    <p>Smiles to all the world beside.</p>
  </div>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;We are now in the full light of the chamber:
  cannot you remember it, having looked so intently all around?</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;O sister! I could have slept another hour. You
  thought I wanted rest: why did you waken me so early? I could have slept
  another hour, or longer. What a dream! But I am calm and happy.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;May you never more be otherwise! Indeed, he cannot
  be whose last verses are such as those.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;Have you written any since that morning?</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;What morning?</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;When you caught the swallow in my curtains, and trod
  upon my knees in catching it, luckily with naked feet. The little girl of
  thirteen laughed at the outcry of her brother Torquatino, and sang without a
  blush her earliest lay.</p>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;I do not recollect it.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;I do.</p>

  <div class="poem">
    <p>Rondinello! rondinello!</p>

    <p>Tu sei nero, ma sei bello.</p>

    <p>Cosa f&agrave; se tu sei nero?</p>

    <p>Rondinello! sei il premiero</p>

    <p>De' volanti, palpitanti</p>

    <p>(E vi sono quanti quanti!)</p>

    <p>Mai tenuto a questo petto,</p>

    <p>E percio sei il mio diletto.<a id="footnotetag11" name=
    "footnotetag11"></a><a href="#footnote11"><sup>11</sup></a></p>
  </div>

  <p><i>Cornelia</i>.&mdash;Here is the cocomero; it cannot be more insipid.
  Try it.</p>

  <p><i>Tasso</i>.&mdash;Where is the boy who brought it? where is the boy who
  sang my Aminta? Serve him first; give him largely. Cut deeper; the knife is
  too short: deeper, mia brave Corneliolina! quite through all the red, and
  into the middle of the seeds. Well done!</p>
  <hr class="full" />

  <h2><a name="bw327s5" id="bw327s5"></a>THE WORLD OF LONDON. SECOND
  SERIES.</h2>

  <h3>PART I.</h3>

  <h3>ARISTOCRACIES OF LONDON LIFE.</h3>
  <hr />

  <h3>OF ARISTOCRACIES IN GENERAL.</h3>

  <p>The cumulative or aggregative property of wealth and power, and in a less
  degree of knowledge also, make up in time a consolidation of these elements
  in the hands of particular classes, which, for our present purposes, we
  choose to term an aristocracy of birth, wealth, knowledge, or power, as the
  case nay be. The word aristocracy, distinctive of these particular classes,
  we use in a conventional sense only, and beg leave to protest, <i>in
  limine</i>, against any other acceptation of the term. We use the word,
  because it is popularly comprehensive; the <span class="greek" title=
  "hoi aristoi">&omicron;&iota;
  &alpha;&rho;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&omicron;&iota;,</span> distinguished from the
  <span class="greek" title="hoi polloi">&omicron;&iota;
  &pi;&omicron;&lambda;&lambda;&omicron;&iota;</span> : "good men," as is the
  value of goodness in the city; "the great," as they are understood by
  penners of fashionable novels; "talented," or "a genius," as we say in the
  <i>coteries</i>; but not a word, mark you, of the abstract value of these
  signs&mdash;their positive significations; good may be bad, great mean,
  talented or a genius, ignorant or a puppy. We have nothing to do with that;
  these are thy terms, our Public; thou art responsible for the use made of
  them. Thou it is who tellest us that the sun rises and sets, (which it does
  not,) and talkest of the good and great, without knowing whether they are
  great and good, or no. Our business is to borrow your recognized
  improprieties of speech, only so far as they will assist us in making
  ourselves understood.</p>

  <p>When Archimedes, or some other gentleman, said that he could unfix the
  earth had he a point of resistance for his lever, he illustrated, by a
  hypothesis of physics, the law of the generation of aristocracies.
  Aristocracies begin by having a leg to stand on, or by getting a finger in
  the pie. The multitude, on the contrary, never have any thing, because they
  never <i>had</i> any thing, they want the <i>point d'oppui</i>, the
  springing-ground whence to jump above their condition, where, transformed by
  the gilded rays of wealth or power, discarding their several skins or
  sloughs, they sport and flutter, like lesser insects, in the sunny beams of
  aristocratic life.</p>

  <p>Indeed, we have often thought that the transformation of the insect
  tribes was intended, by a wise Omnipotence, as an illustration (for our own
  benefit) of the rise and progress of the mere aristocracy of fashionable
  life.</p>

  <p>The first condition of existence of these diminutive creatures, is the
  egg, or <i>embryo</i> state; this the anxious parent attaches firmly to some
  leaf or bough, capable of affording sufficient sustenance to the future
  grub, who, in due course, eats his way through the vegetable kingdom upon
  which he is quartered, for no merit or exertion of his own; and where his
  career is only to be noted by the ravages of his insatiable jaws. After a
  brief period of lethargy or <i>pupa</i> state, this good-for-nothing
  creature flutters forth, powdered, painted, perfumed, scorning the dirt from
  which he sprung, and leading a life of uselessness and vanity, until death,
  in the shape of an autumnal shower, prostrates himself and his finery in the
  dust.</p>

  <p>How beautiful and how complete is the analogy between the insect and his
  brother butterfly of fashionable life! While yet an <i>embryo</i>, a worm,
  he <i>grubs</i> his way through a good estate, and not a little ready money.
  Then, after a long sojourn in the <i>pupa</i> or <i>puppy</i>
  state&mdash;longer far than that of any other maggot&mdash;he emerges a
  perfect butterfly, vain, empty, fluttering, and conceited, idling, flirting,
  flaunting, philandering, until the summer of his <i>ton</i> is past, when he
  dies, or is arrested, and expiates a life of puerile vanity in Purgatory or
  the Queen's Bench.</p>

  <p>Let the beginning once be made&mdash;the point of extreme depression once
  be got over: the cares of the daily recurring poor necessities of
  life&mdash;shelter, clothing, food, be of no moment: let a man taste, though
  it were next to nothing, of the delicious luxury of accumulation, let him,
  with every hoarded shilling, or half-crown, or pound, carry his head higher,
  smiling in secret at the world and his friends, and the aristocrat of wealth
  is formed: he is removed for ever from the hand-to-mouth family of man, and
  thenceforth represents his breeches pocket.</p>

  <p>It is the same with the aristocrat of birth: some fortunate
  accident&mdash;some well-aimed and successful stroke of profligacy, or more
  rarely of virtue, redeems an individual from the common herd: the rays,
  mayhap, of royal favour fall upon him, and he begins to bloat; his growth is
  as the growth of the grain of mustard-seed, and in a little while he
  overshadoweth the land: Noble and Right Honourable are his posterity to the
  end of time.</p>

  <p>There is a poor lad sitting biting his nails till he bites them to the
  quick, wearing out his heart-strings in constrained silence on the back
  benches of Westminster Hall: he maketh speeches, eloquent, inwardly, and
  briefless, mutely bothereth judges, and seduceth innocent juries to his
  <i>No</i>-side: he findeth out mistakes in his learned brethren, and
  chuckleth secretly therefor: he scratcheth his wig with a pen, and thinketh
  by what train of circumstantial evidence he may be able to prove a dinner:
  he laugheth derisively at the income-tax, and the collectors thereof: yet,
  when he may not have even a "little brown" to fly with, haply, some good
  angel, in mortal shape of a solicitor, may bestow on him a brief: rushing
  home to his chambers in the Temple, he mastereth the points of the case,
  cogitating <i>pros</i> and <i>cons</i>: he heareth his own voice in court
  for the first time: the bottled black-letter of years falleth from his lips,
  like treacle from a pipkin: he maketh good his points, winneth the verdict
  and the commendations of the judge: solicitors whisper that there is
  something in him, and clerks express their conviction that he is a "trump:"
  the young man eloquent is rewarded in one hour for the toil, rust, and
  enforced obscurity of years: he is no longer a common soldier of the bar; he
  steppeth by right divine, forth of the ranks, and becometh a man of mark and
  likelihood: he is now an aristocrat of the bar&mdash;perhaps, a
  Lyndhurst.</p>

  <p>Again, behold the future aristocrat of literary life: to-day regard him
  in a suit of rusty black, a twice-turned stock, and shirt of Isabella
  colour, with an affecting hat: in and out of every bookseller's in the Row
  is he, like a dog in a fair: a brown paper parcel he putteth into your hand,
  the which, before he openeth, he demands how much cash down you mean to give
  for it: then, having unfolded the same, giveth you to understand that it is
  such a work as is not to be seen every day, which you may safely swear to.
  He journeyeth from the east to the west, from the rising of the sun to the
  setting thereof, manuscript in hand: from Leadenhall Street, where Minerva
  has her press, to the street hight Albemarle, which John Murray delighteth
  to honour, but to no purpose: his name is unknown, and his works are nothing
  worth. Let him once make a <i>hit,</i> as it is termed, and it is no longer
  hit or miss with him: he getteth a reputation, and he lieth in bed all day:
  he shaketh the alphabet in a bag, calling it his last new work, and it goeth
  through three editions in as many days: he lordeth it over "the trade," and
  will let nobody have any profit but himself: he turneth up his nose at the
  man who invites him to a plain dinner, and utterly refuseth evening parties:
  he holdeth <i>conversaziones</i>, where he talks you dead: he driveth a
  chay, taketh a whole house, sporteth a wife and a minute tiger: in brief, he
  is now an aristocrat of letters.</p>

  <p>The materials for the growth and preservation of these several
  aristocracies abound in London; and no where on the earth have we the same
  facilities for the study and investigation of their family likenesses and
  contrasts, their points of contact and repulsion.</p>

  <h3>THE ARISTOCRACY OF FASHION.</h3>

  <p>Approach, reader, but <i>awful</i>, as Pope says&mdash;approach "with
  mincing steps and bow profound;" we are about to introduce you to persons of
  quality.</p>

  <p>It is an extraordinary fact, illustrative how far the ignorance of a
  discerning public will carry those who make a living by practising upon
  their credulity, that notwithstanding there is an immense number of books
  annually presented to the do-nothing world, under the curiosity-provoking
  title of fashionable novels, we have hardly more than one or two generally
  recognised true and faithful pictures of really fashionable life. The
  caricatures of caricatures of this Elysian state are
  numberless&mdash;imagination has been exhausted, sense confounded, grammar
  put on the rack, the "well of English undefiled" stirred up from the very
  dregs, to give the excluded pictures of the life of the
  exclusives&mdash;yet, what have we? You will excuse us, reader, disturbing
  the current of our thoughts, by recollecting any of this forty novel-power
  of inanity, vulgarity, and pertness; but if you take up any of the many
  volumes in marbled boards, with calf backs, that you will find in cart-loads
  at the circulating libraries, and look over a page of the fashionable
  "<i>lingo</i>" the Lord Jacob talks to the Lady Suky, or the conversation
  between Sir Silly Billy and the Honourable Snuffy Duffy; or what the Duke of
  Dabchick thinks of the Princess Molly; and when you are satisfied, which we
  take it will be in the course of two pages, if you do not throw down the
  book, and swear by the Lord Harry&mdash;why then, read on and be jolly!</p>

  <p>The indescribable absurdities, vices, and follies of the bulk of that
  class of literature called the fashionable novel, are past the power of
  catalogue-makers to record; but perhaps overwhelming ignorance of the
  peculiar class they pretend to describe is not the least conspicuous. Next
  to lack of knowledge, or sound materials deduced from actual observation, we
  may place want of taste. There are writers to write the exclusives up, and
  writers to write them down; one raises our envy, and makes us miserable,
  because we are not permitted to enter their paradise of social life; another
  devotes three volumes post octavo, in exemplification of the not altogether
  forgotten moral fiction of the fox and the sour grapes.</p>

  <p>The writers of fashionable novels may be divided, as to their social
  positions, into the tolerated fashionable novel writers, and the intolerable
  fashionable novel writers; the first, moving in phases more or less
  equivocal round their centre and their deity, the exclusive set; the last,
  desperate from the fact of their total and permanent exclusion from society,
  but still moving round the outside of the boundary wall, and peeping through
  chinks in the palings. From the former we have the eulogistic, from the
  latter the depreciatory fashionable novels; these make us familiar with the
  celestial attributes of countesses-dowager, and the amiability of their
  pugs. They are slavering, servile, self-degrading productions, and only
  serve the exclusives as provocatives to laughter; they are usually written
  by tutors, ladies who have married tutors, or superannuated governesses,
  patronized by some charitable member of some distinguished family.</p>

  <p>The depreciatory or vilificatory fashionable novel delights in exposing
  the peccadilloes, or imagined peccadilloes, (for it is all the same,) of
  young or old people of fashion: a <i>gourmand</i> peer, a titled demirep, a
  "desperate dandy," a black-leg, and a few such other respectable characters,
  are dialogued through the customary number of chapters, and conducted to the
  usual catastrophe: virtue is triumphant, vice abashed, towards the latter
  end of the last volume; and some low-born hero and heroine, introduced to
  exhibit, by contrast, the vices of the aristocracy, suddenly, and without
  any effort of their own, acquire large fortunes, perhaps titles, which it
  would have been just as easy to have given them at first&mdash;go to church
  in an orthodox manner, and set up a virtuous aristocracy of their own.</p>

  <p>We are indebted for this class of fashionable novel to outlaws of both
  sexes; persons who might have held, but for their own misconduct,
  respectable positions in society; persons of this sort have the impudence,
  with their no-characters staring them in the face, to set up as public
  instructors, and to give us ensamples, drawn from their own perverted
  imaginations, of a class of which they might have known something, but which
  it is now past human possibility they can ever know.</p>

  <p>These people are not merely not in society&mdash;which implies no
  crime&mdash;but they are, notwithstanding their nominal rank or title,
  <i>out</i> of society, for reasons well and thoroughly known: they are those
  not merely who cannot come in, but those who, if they did intrude, would be
  immediately turned out.</p>

  <p>Next, ascending from this equivocal class, we have the fashionable novel
  writers of fashionable life. I do not mean exclusive fashionable life, for
  there are no writers of these works in that class; but I allude to those who
  mingle with general fashionable society upon such terms, that if they
  possessed the talent, they might have supplied with ease the want of which
  the world complains&mdash;that of a just and natural picture of the lives of
  those forming the Corinthian capital of society in London.</p>

  <p>Take, for example, a noble and late viceregal lord and his brother, the
  Honourable Edmund Phipps. These gentlemen have written fashionable novels,
  and ought to have written good ones; yet we don't know how it is, but
  whenever we send to a circulating library to enquire whether they have "YES
  AND NO," the noes have it; and when we venture to ask for the "FERGUSONS,"
  we find that the three post octavo gentlemen of that title not only do not
  lodge here or there, but that they don't lodge <i>any where</i>.</p>

  <p>The fact is, opportunity of observation will do little or nothing without
  <i>faculty</i> of observation: though the whole social world, old or new,
  lay bare under the eyes of some men, not one idea could they extract from
  it; and who, wanting also the descriptive power, still more rare, fail in
  any attempt to give to the world the results of their experience.</p>

  <p>Of this class is the larger number of writers of the better sort, in the
  line we are talking of: they go into society as they go to galleries, not to
  copy pictures, but to enjoy them. They enter into the amusements and
  dissipation of their class, not to look on merely, but to play the game.</p>

  <p>In addition to all this, there is a point of honour involved, we think an
  erroneous one, among persons of quality, as to violating the freemasonry,
  the signs, ceremonies, and absurdities, of their privacy. Now, this applies
  only so far as individuals are indicated, and it is so far right. But
  fashionable classes are fair game, if not shot at sitting; or poached, or
  snared, or bagged, in any ungentlemanlike, unsportsmanlike fashion. They
  belong to human character, and human nature; and the reason they have seldom
  been painted well is, that they have seldom been painted after nature; and
  any artist will inform you, that whatever is painted to the life, must be
  painted from the life.</p>

  <p>They have not been painted by themselves, because they would have their
  lives, like the walls that encircle their town houses, impervious to the
  curious excursive eye; they have not been painted by themselves, because,
  secondly, the power of depicting graphically what they are in the daily
  habit of seeing, is not in them, not having been cultivated by study and
  practice; and thirdly, not being stimulated to literary activity by that
  Muse of the imperative mood, Necessity, they find more pleasure in having
  these things brought under their eyes, results of the mental toil and
  culture of others.</p>

  <p>There is a vulgar error uppermost in the minds of some men, which is
  this: the world of fashion has not hitherto been painted with effect, for
  the same reason that nobody thinks it worth while to describe a ditch; both
  being, in the estimation of these persons, stagnant perfumed entities, rich
  in peculiarly useless vegetation, abounding in vermin and animalculae, and
  diffusing a contagious effluvia over the surface of society. This error,
  like many other errors, is an excuse for ignorance, and only shows the
  innate uncharitableness of some men; they run down, like other sceptics,
  what they do not know and cannot understand, nor will they believe there can
  be any good therein; forgetting, knaves and fools as they are, that the
  aristocratic classes are human beings, with the same intermingled elements
  of good and ill as themselves, modified by accidental circumstances, which,
  as the Parliamentary people say, they cannot control, and possessing at
  least as much of the ordinary good principles and feelings of our common
  nature, as any other class of our graduated social scale.</p>

  <p>Can any thing be more illiberal, more ignorant, more stupid, than for a
  low man to turn leveller, because he is a low man, and attack, without
  ceremony and without mercy, people of whom he can by any possibility know no
  more than the worst side, that is to say, the <i>outside</i>: and whom he
  considers, like the gilt gingerbread he sees in his biennial visit to
  Greenwich Fair, as vastly fine, but exceedingly unwholesome?</p>

  <p>The truth is, fashionable life has been exalted above its just and proper
  level, and depressed below it, by the slaverers and the vituperaters, solely
  because they cannot get at it; the former are idolatrous from hope, the
  latter devilish in despair; and the result we are familiar with, in
  caricatures portraying this sort of life alternately as a Heaven and a
  Hell.</p>

  <p>The peculiarities of fashionable life are, it is true, few, but they are
  characteristic, and we now proceed to&mdash;</p>

  <p><i>You</i> proceed to&mdash;! Now, my good fellow, tell us, will you, how
  such a person as you, a garreteer, confessing to dining upon the heel of a
  twopenny loaf and half an onion; making no secret of running up beer scores
  at public houses, when they will trust you; retailing your nasty scenes of
  low life, creatures dying in hospitals, work-house funerals, the adventures
  of street apple-women, and matters and things incomprehensible to genteel
  families like ourselves living in Russell Square; an outlaw, living from
  tavern to tavern, from pot-house to pot-house, without name, residence, or
  station; a mere fellow, subsisting on the misplaced indulgence of an
  undiscerning public, and one who, if gentlemen and ladies (like ourselves)
  would only condescend to write, would find his appropriate circle in a
  work-house, unless he escaped it by dying in an hospital. <i>You</i> proceed
  to&mdash;&mdash;! What, in the name of gentility, can <i>you</i> know of
  fashionable life?</p>

  <p>Sir, or madam, have mercy, or at least have manners. How astonished you
  will be&mdash;we say, how astonished you <i>will</i> be&mdash;if in the
  fulness of time our title shall dignify the title-page; when it might
  appear, that by the pen of a peer these papers were made apparent; when,
  instead of the sort of person you have chosen to imagine your caterer for
  the good things of fashionable life in London, you may discern to your
  dismay that a lord&mdash;a real lord, alive and kicking, has made a
  Bude-light of himself, illuminating the shadows of your ignorance: you may
  read a preparatory memoir, informing you how these ideas of ours were
  collected in a coach and four, and transmitted to paper in a study
  overlooking the Green Park; with paper velvet-like, and golden pen
  ruby-headed, upon rose-wood desk inlaid with ivory, you may find that these
  essays have been transcribed: you will grovel, you will slaver, you will rub
  your nose in the pebbles, like a salmon at spawning-time, when this very
  immortal work shall come out, clothed in purple morocco, our arms emblazoned
  on the covers, and coroneted on the back, after the manner of publication of
  the works of royal and noble authors. Then, what running to Debrett for our
  genealogy, our connexions, our <i>set</i>, and all that customary
  inquisition of the affairs of the great which makes the delight of the
  little: the "Book of Beauty," and "Pictures of the Nobility," will be
  ransacked, of course, for verses by our lordship, or portraits of our
  lordship's ladyship, or of the ladies Exquisitina or Nonsuchina, daughters
  of our lordship, with slavering verses by intolerable poets; then it will be
  discovered, and the discovery duly recorded, that our lordship's eldest son,
  Viscount Ne'er-do-weel, and the Honourable Mr Nogo, are pursuing cricket and
  pie-crust (commonly called their <i>studies</i>) at Eton or Harrow, but are
  expected at our lordship's seat in Some-Shire for their holidays: then we
  will be proposed, seconded, and elected, like other noblemen equally
  undistinguished in the world of science, a fellow of the Royal Society and a
  fellow of the Society of Arts&mdash;and for the same good reason, because we
  may be a lord; and you, and all the world, will say it was very proper that
  I should have been elected, though knowing no more of science than that
  acoustics (if we mistake not) means a pump; or of arts, than that
  calico-printing and letterpress printing are, somehow or other, not exactly
  one and the same thing.</p>

  <p>Then, sir, we shall hear no more of the bread and cheese and onions,
  pot-house scores, and low company, with which you have so unceremoniously
  taxed our lordship. You will drive your jumped-up coach, with your awkward
  wives and dowdy daughters, and your tawdry liveries, all the way from
  Russell Square to the Green Park, to catch the chance of a glimpse of our
  lordship. You find out from our lordship's footman that our lordship wears a
  particular collar to his coat, and you will move heaven and earth to find
  out our lordship's tailor. When you apply to him to make a coat in our
  lordship's style, our tailor, who sees at a glance that you are not fit to
  be his customer, will tell you with an air, that he "declines to
  execute."</p>

  <p>You will discover, from the same authority, that our lordship smokes a
  particular tobacco, to be had only at a particular shop; and forthwith even
  real Havannah stinks in your nostrils, and you apply to Pontet. Pontet gives
  you a tobacco, (<i>not</i> our tobacco,) and you go away in the innocent
  consciousness of smoking the exclusive weed of a man of fashion.</p>

  <p>Prithee, fool, mind thy own business, and stick to thy shop or thy
  station, whatever it may be; to which while thou stickest, thou must be
  respectable, but which when thou wouldst quit, desperately to seize the hem
  of our lordship's garment, thou becomest the laughing-stock of us and of our
  class, and we cannot choose but despise thee thoroughly.</p>

  <p>When we look at the shelves of a circulating library, groaning beneath
  that generally despicable class of volumes called fashionable novels, when
  we take up, only to lay down in disgust, "NOTORIETY, OR FASHIONABLES
  UNVEILED," "PAVILION, OR A MONTH AT BRIGHTON," "MEMOIRS OF A PEERESS,"
  "MARRIAGE IN HIGH LIFE," "ALMACK S REVISITED," or some such stuff, we cannot
  but infer, that it is not the vices or absurdities of what is ignorantly
  called fashionable life that creates this never-ceasing demand for trash and
  nonsense, but rather a morbid appetite for vapidity and small-talk, a
  lady's-maid's curiosity of the secrets of her betters, a servile love of
  imitating what is unworthy imitation, and of following that which is not
  worth following, simply because it is supposed that these ridiculous
  caricatures represent the real life of</p>

  <div class="poem">
    <p>"The twice ten thousand for whom earth was made,"</p>
  </div>

  <p>When we recollect, to our shame, that not only these swarms of trashy
  volumes, which penetrate even into the back-slums, and may be seen unfolded
  in the paper-patched windows of eighteen-penny milliners in the lowest
  quarters of our metropolis, find a never-failing succession of ravenous
  readers, but that newspapers&mdash;Sunday newspapers, forsooth&mdash;devoted
  to smutty epigrams, low abuse, vile insinuations, and openly indecent
  allusion to the connexions, habits of life, and even personal appearance, of
  fashionable and <i>pseudo</i>-fashionable people, receive a disgraceful and
  dangerous support; we must come to the conclusion, that in this, as in all
  other merchandize, the demand creates the supply, and that it is among the
  lower orders of the middle classes that these caricaturers by profession of
  the upper, their slanderers and their eulogists, find sympathy and
  encouragement.</p>

  <p>There is a sort of "hero-worship," as Mr Carlyle would term it, attaching
  to the most absurd, ridiculous, and even vicious doings of people who
  <i>might be</i> fashionable; a counter-jumper, barber's clerk, medical
  student, or tailor's apprentice, adores the memory of that great man whom we
  are happy to be able to style the <i>late</i> "markis." The
  <i>pav&eacute;</i> of the Haymarket he considers classic ground, and the
  "Waterford Arms" a most select wine-bibbing establishment. If he does not
  break a dozen bells or wrench three or four brace of knockers in the season,
  this penny-cigar-smoking creature hardly thinks he attains to his fractional
  proportion of humanity.</p>

  <p>This may be relied on, that the great inducement of young scapegraces of
  fashion to the committal of their diurnal and nocturnal outrages upon
  propriety, is the mischievous gratification they derive from the awkward
  imitation of their inferiors; and the most effectual method of bringing
  these aristocratic pranks into disrepute, will be, to treat them as merely
  vulgar outrages, and punish the perpetrators accordingly.</p>

  <p>If, indeed, the small-fry of society would set themselves to imitate all
  that is worthy imitation in the better sort of their betters, following good
  examples instead of bad, it would be something to talk of. But since it is
  not to be expected that they will pursue virtue, piety, good sense, and good
  breeding for their own sakes, and as these attributes, when they exist in
  fashionable life&mdash;and they <i>do</i> exist among the most fashionable
  of fashionable people&mdash;are in their nature retiring and unobtrusive,
  while all that is bad in good society is pushed into notoriety, for the
  example of the mob, we must take pains to point out at some length the
  difference between really "good society" and what is vulgarly called good
  society; that is, in fact, the difference between good and bad, and to mark
  the distinguishing characteristics of the truly fashionable and the vulgarly
  fashionable man, as wide and deep as is the gulf between a gent and a
  gentleman.</p>

  <p>If the fashionable world be truly represented, as it is not, in the
  swarms of so-called fashionable novels, gleaned from the sloppy conversation
  of footmen's ordinaries, or the retail tittle-tattle of lady's-maids in
  waiting at the registry-offices, how little is it to the credit of the mass
  of the reading public that they peruse such stuff; or would it be perused at
  all, but for that vulgar love, so prevalent about town, of imitation of the
  Lady Fannys and Lady Mary Dollymops, their <i>nonchalance</i>, their
  insipidity, their studied ease, and their affectation of being
  unaffected?</p>

  <p>We therefore desire, before we begin, that our young lady readers, our
  jury of maidens, will do us the favour to dismiss from their recollection
  all that they may have heard and read of the fashionable world; that they
  will not believe the exclusives to be as dull as so many bottles of stale
  small-beer, or as lively as Seltzer water from the spring, with a dash of
  brandy in it; that they will forget that there is, in fashionable life, any
  thing worthy their imitation or adoption, unless it should otherwise appear
  by the evidence; and that they will not once take up a professedly
  fashionable novel till they have carefully studied and slept upon what we
  are going to say.</p>

  <p>The word "world" is a comprehensive term, and should be taken in all its
  relations with great latitude, whether with adjectives or without. For
  example, the "fashionable world" is far from being an integral quantity, or
  capable of being reasoned upon as if it were as definite in its relations
  and proportions as an equilateral triangle. It contains within itself a
  complete gradation from fashionable excellence to fashionable villany; from
  fashionable virtue to fashionable vice; fashionable ladies and gentlemen,
  fashionable pimps, demireps, and profligates. It must be individualized if
  we wish to treat it fairly, as judges try prisoners severally, not in a
  lump. But our impressions of the fashionable world, as a class, must be
  taken from the general preponderating characteristics of good or evil of the
  whole.</p>

  <p>Hast ever been, reader, to Bartlemy fair? If you have, you may have
  seen&mdash;nay, you <i>must</i> have seen&mdash;Richardson's immortal show.
  You must have seen a tall platform in front of the migratory edifice, and on
  that platform you must have delighted your visual orb with the clown, the
  pantaloon, the harlequin, the dancing ladies, the walking dandy, the king
  with his crown, the queen in her rabbit-skin robes, the smock-frocked
  countryman, the top-booted jockey, and all the <i>dramatis person&aelig;</i>
  of the performance that every moment of every day, during every fair, is for
  ever "going to begin." You may hardly have observed, sliding quietly through
  all this tinselled and spangled poverty, a plain carpenter-like man, in a
  decent suit, who looks as if he had never seen a performance in the whole
  course of his life, and as if he never cared to see one. This man is, or
  rather was, the late Mr Richardson, who died worth thirty thousand pounds,
  and all the clowns, harlequins, pantaloons, dancing ladies, walking dandies,
  kings with their crowns, and queens in their rabbit-skins, and the rest, are
  poor pinch-bellied devils, caricaturing humanity for some twelve or fourteen
  shillings a-week, finding their own paint and frippery. Now, whenever you
  wish to form a correct idea of the two great classes of fashionable life,
  call to your remembrance the gentlemen who, like the late lamented Mr
  Richardson, are proprietors of shows, and the berouged, bedraggled creatures
  who exhibit on the platform outside for their living.</p>

  <p>To be sure, there may be a little difference in names. The proprietors of
  the show may be dukes, and earls, and marquisses, and so forth. The
  mountebanks outside may be called counts, chevaliers, knights of the order
  of the golden fleece, or of the thimble, or of Malta. But the realities are
  the same. Fashionable life is a show, truly fashionable people are the
  proprietors, who are never prominently or ridiculously seen therein; and
  these several orders of over dressed, under-fed, empty-pocketed mountebanks,
  are the people put on the platform outside, to astonish the eyes and ears of
  the groundlings.</p>

  <p>The <i>physique</i> of the true fashionable is peculiar and
  characteristic. From the toe of his boot to the crown of his hat, there is
  that unostentatious, undefinable something about him distinctive of his
  social position. Professional men, every body knows, have an expression
  common to their profession. A purblind cyclops could never mistake the
  expression of an Independent preacher, an universal free-black-nigger
  Baptist minister, or a Jesuit. Every body knows an infantry officer, with
  his "eyes right" physiognomy, his odious black-stock, and his habit of
  treading on his heels, and can distinguish him from the cavalry man,
  straddling like a gander at a pond side. Your medical doctor has an
  obsequious, mealy-mouthed, hope-I-see-you-better face, and carries his hands
  as if he had just taken his fingers from a poultice; while your lawyer is
  recognised at once by his perking, conceited, cross-examination phiz, the
  exact counterpart to the expression of an over-indulged jackdaw.</p>

  <p>The gentleman of fashion has nothing in common with the professional
  gentleman, or any other. He stands alone, "like Adam's recollection of his
  fall." He has an air, it is true, but his air is not a breeze, like the air
  of a pretender to fashion. The air of the man of fashion is a zephyr.</p>

  <p>The expression of the man of fashion is the more difficult to reduce to
  words, in that it is mostly negative. It is easier to say what this
  expression is not, than what it is. We can only say, that there is nothing
  professionally distinctive about it. It is the expression of a man perfectly
  at ease in his position, and so well aware that he is so, that he does not
  <i>seem</i> to be aware of it. An absence of all straining after effect; a
  solicitude rather to avoid than to court observation. If there is any thing
  positively indicative in his expression, by which I include his manner, it
  is that of a good-humoured indifference, an inoffensive, unobtrusive
  stoicism. He would seem to have adopted the excellent advice given by the
  Apostle to the Thessalonians&mdash;"STUDY TO BE QUIET." This is his rule of
  life, and he acts upon it upon great and small occasions. He only desires
  that you will have the goodness to let him alone. If he is cheated by a man
  of his own <i>set</i>, (for he knows that he is cheated, as a matter of
  course, by tradespeople,) he <i>cuts</i> the fellow coolly. If he is
  insulted, he coolly calls out his man. He falls in love with coolness,
  marries coolly, and leads a cool connubial life. Whether he wins or loses,
  whatever happens to disturb the world or himself, he takes coolly, and if he
  has an aspiration on earth, it is that he may be cool and comfortable.</p>

  <p>His philosophy is the mingled Stoical and Epicurean. With him life is a
  trifle to be gracefully played with&mdash;a "froward child, to be humoured
  till it falls asleep, and all is over." His indifference is imputed to him
  as a crime; but it should not be forgotten that, if there be any fault at
  all in this indifference, it is the fault of his position. Fortune is to
  blame, not he, for setting up a man with no other enemy than time, and no
  other business than amusement. We do not say that this is the true end of
  life; we do not enter into the enquiry, which might carry us to leeward of
  our subject, whether men who have the means of enjoying life, do not show
  the truest wisdom in pursuing enjoyment. We only know that most men
  similarly circumstanced would act similarly; and whether there is most vice
  or greatest misery in the idleness of fashionable life, or in the business
  of the busy world, <i>as it is carried on in our time</i>, I leave to those
  who have experience and leisure to determine.</p>

  <p>Those who wish to study the subject further, may read at their leisure
  the pleasant paper in which an agreeable writer, Fontenelle, describes
  Aristotle and Anacreon contending for the prize of wisdom; and may decide
  with the essayist, giving the prize to the generous old toper of Scios, as
  we should have done, or to the beetlebrowed Reviewer, according to their
  humour.</p>

  <p>The constitutional and habitual indifference of the man of fashion is
  generally supposed by those who do not know it, to be an effect of pride;
  but it is, generally speaking, a symptom of something more akin to
  humility&mdash;of timidity, in short. It is part of his system to avoid
  contact, save with his fellows; and with those who are not his fellows, or
  of his <i>set</i>, he is altogether out of his element. Therefore, as he is
  afraid of giving, and incapable of taking offence, he entrenches himself in
  the unstudied reserve which he finds by experience renders his individuality
  least assailable, exactly as he surrounds his ornamental woods, his
  shrubberies, and his parterres with fences, not the less strong because they
  are invisible.</p>

  <p>With adventurers, people who are treading upon his kibes, equivocal
  pretenders who are galling his heel, he is hopelessly exclusive, preserving
  towards them an armed neutrality. His friendship is extended to his equals,
  and to his equals alone: with these his intercourse is free and
  unrestrained. These alone see the English man of fashion as he really
  exists, denuded of that armour of reserve with which he goes clothed
  <i>cap-&agrave;-pie</i> in public. Towards others he is distantly polite;
  and with such nice tact does he blend a distant manner with politeness, that
  you cannot carp at the former, or catch at the latter. He lets you see that
  you cannot be <i>one of them</i>, but in such a way that you may not quarrel
  with the manner in which he conveys his intimation.</p>

  <p>With his inferior he will not be intimate, nor towards him will he be
  "proudly condescending." He declines to forget himself so far as for a
  moment to put you on a level with him; but he will not (as <i>you</i> too
  often do) degrade you by sinking you below your own level. He holds the even
  tenor of his way whether you trot, spaniel-like, at his heels or no; nor
  will he once turn round to bestow upon you either cuffs or caresses.</p>

  <p>Although by leisure, education, and intelligence, he is qualified to
  converse with men of genius, he prefers conversing with them through the
  medium of their works. He is aware that the days of subscriptions, and
  "striking for dedications," are past and gone, and that the public have
  taken the place of the patron. He knows that the habits, employments, and in
  most instances the circumstances, of intellectual men preclude their
  mingling familiarly in fashionable circles, on equal terms, and that upon no
  other terms will they consent to be met. He neither patronizes nor neglects
  them, but is content to stand in the relation towards them of one of the
  reading public.</p>

  <p>His indifference to the fate and fortunes of deserving men has been,
  among the vulgar, a common imputation upon the man of fashion, of which
  class most frequently is the man of power. He is accused of lavishing his
  favours only upon the toady and the tuft-hunter, and leaving men of
  independent mind to the caprice of fortune.</p>

  <p>This complaint comes with a very bad grace from men who would be thought
  independent. The man who wants the patronage of the great, must go in search
  of it, whether he call himself independent or no. Men in power are
  accustomed to be met more than half way; and the independent man, whether he
  have merit or no, who expects people of rank to come in search of him, and
  to hunt him out of the obscurity of his garret, will find himself very much
  mistaken.</p>

  <p>None are truly independent while in pursuit of objects which are
  attainable only by the pleasure of another. The truly independent are those
  who not only do not solicit favours, but those who do not want them: and
  there is seen too often, among needy and struggling men of merit, an
  irritable pride, a "<i>fiert&eacute;</i>," arising not from a sense of
  independence, but a consciousness of neglect; and many men boast of the
  pleasure of an independent life, as many ladies exalt the delights of single
  blessedness, only because they have never had the offer of changing their
  condition.</p>

  <p>It is quite as unfair, too, to accuse people of condition of bestowing
  all their favours upon toadies, tuft-hunters, and bear-leaders. The truth
  is, as they are not in the habit of going into the highways to lookout for
  persons whereupon to confer obligations, they are obliged to take up with
  such as offer themselves to their notice. While the man of independence is
  dreaming away his existence over books and papers in his closet, and cursing
  the barbarism of the age that does not take him by the hand, and set him up
  in high places, the man of the world is pushing his fortune in a worldly
  way, and is content not to talk of independence until he has secured it. The
  hard words, tuft-hunter, toady, and so forth, are applied, it may be,
  oftener than they are deserved: led-captain is a term of frequent reproach,
  but it must always be considered that that sort of talent will be chiefly
  noticed and rewarded which is in demand in certain circles; fashionable
  people desire neither to be deafened with wit, nor bewildered with
  philosophy, nor oppressed with learning; their business, to which they have
  been brought up, is to glide smoothly through life, and their patronage is
  chiefly extended to those who offer to relieve them of its petty cares and
  small annoyances, which men of solid and sterling merit are not able, and,
  if they were able, are not willing to do.</p>

  <p>A wealthy cit has as little regard for men of letters as a fashionable,
  nor has he the same tact of concealing his indifference; the well-bred man
  of fashion, who is alone truly the man of fashion, studies <i>tact</i> above
  all things, and his tact prevents him ever regarding men of mind with any
  thing approaching contempt.</p>

  <p>His friendly offices, which his equals never require, he generally
  bestows upon men whose position in society is marked and permanent, and who
  never can by any possibility compete with him; to these, if they be
  <i>safe</i>&mdash;that is, if they keep quiet, and are content to enjoy a
  sort of unpretending familiarity, without boasting or pluming themselves
  upon their position, he does the kindest and most liberal things, in the
  kindest and most liberal way; in a way that no other man than one truly
  fashionable can accomplish. He confers benefits with an affable and
  disinterested air, which, while it increases the burden of obligation, seems
  to demand no acknowledgement; he bestows without seeming to know that he is
  bestowing, and knowing enough of human nature to be aware that to the
  deserving, obligations have something humiliating, he wishes to make the
  burden as light as possible.</p>

  <p>One of the most amiable qualities about the aristocracy is their
  liberality and kindness to their dependents; you seldom or never hear any
  one who has served them faithfully and long having reason to complain. To do
  something for these people is part of their system, and not to see them
  neglected or in want, a point of honour. This kindly feeling they extend, as
  far as their power or influence extends&mdash;to humble friends,
  electioneering partizans, poor connexions. They are always kind and
  considerate, provided only these persons possess that unpresuming quietude
  of manner, which makes up a considerable part of that character they delight
  in, and which they call <i>safe</i>. If you introduce to one of these people
  of fashion, any man who may have an object in view, the first enquiry is,
  what are his claims&mdash;that is, what equivalent has he given, or can he
  give, for the favours he expects? for it is with the high, as with the low
  world, nothing for nothing; and secondly, you must be prepared to answer for
  his <i>safety</i>, so that, whatever may be said or done, nothing may, by
  any possibility, leak out of the <i>proteg&eacute;</i>. This accounts for so
  many perfumed, be-wigged, purblind, silky fellows being taken in and "done
  for" by the great; and although these fellows dress like fools, and look
  like fools, depend on't, they are not the fools you take them for: they are
  aware, that nothing so effectually throws off their guard and disarms the
  great, as a well-carried affectation of gentlemanly effeminacy, and "a still
  small voice, like a woman's." We happen to know that some of these people,
  for this very delicacy of air and manner picked out of the dirt, and carried
  into high places, who are <i>au naturel</i>, as we may say, when they go
  home, and have laid aside the wigs, silk waistcoats, quizzing-glasses, and
  the rest of their disguise, as honest, friendly, and unaffected fellows, as
  are in the world&mdash;only they do not desire that any body should say
  so.</p>

  <p>Of a man with a stiff back, black beard, short hair, loud voice, and buff
  waistcoat, people of fashion, on the contrary, stand in continual awe; his
  tongue is to them a rattlesnake's tail wagging only as a signal for them to
  get out of his way; they quiver like an aspen at the sound of his voice, and
  for their own particular, would rather hear the sharpening of a saw: if such
  a one courts their acquaintance, they are hopelessly, despairingly polite;
  if, as is usual, he then waxes insolent, and, as the fast fellows would call
  it, <i>slangs</i> them, they are delighted with the opportunity of
  displaying that placid indifference upon which they pride themselves as one
  of their exclusive accomplishments.</p>

  <p>Another peculiarity of truly fashionable people is, that they never say
  or do spiteful, or vindictive things; revenge and spite they consider
  <i>low</i>, plebeian, and vulgar; besides, vindictiveness of any kind
  disturbs their equanimity, puts them out of their way, and levels them with
  the people who may have injured or annoyed them; they cannot endure jaundice
  of body or mind, and equally abhor any thing that sticks either in the gall,
  bladder, or "gizzard." Their defensive armour, than which none can be less
  penetrable, is equanimity; their weapons, unstudied indifference and
  dignified neglect.</p>

  <p>Towards their own "order," they are invariably consistent in kindness and
  consideration; they stand by, and stand to, one another with a paternal
  amity, which is only <i>outwardly</i> disturbed by politics; embarrassment
  or necessity effaces conventional distinctions of politics, and Whig or Tory
  is always ready to provide for "honest Jack," or "do something" for "poor
  Fred." But we are not to consider their exertions in this way, accompanied
  with any self-sacrifice or self-denial; holding in their own hands the means
  of providing for their friends or relatives, they usually so contrive
  matters that they lose nothing by it.</p>

  <p>To the peculiar quietude of manner, and characteristic gentleness of
  persons of fashion, in their intercourse with each other, we have many
  concurring testimonies of impartial observers: of these, the most just at
  once, and eloquent, that we remember to have read, is that contained in an
  ever-memorable letter from a Mr Tomkins to a Mrs Jenkins, attributed (with
  what justice, deponent knoweth not) to a noble and learned lord, supreme in
  natural theology and excitability, remarkable for versatile nose and
  talents, and distinguished for chequered fortunes, and "inexpressibles" to
  match. This learned lord, or Tomkins aforesaid, or whoever may have been the
  inditer of the epistle <i>ad</i> Jenkins, is eloquent exceedingly upon the
  <i>narcotine</i> of fashionable life: declares that its soothing influences
  were unequalled by vapour of purest mundungus, or acetate of morphia, or
  even pill of opium, blended intimately with glass of <i>eau-de-vie</i>.
  Tomkins is quite right: no man, admitted by whatever door, or ascending by
  whatever staircase, to the <i>salons</i> of the great, fails to be impressed
  with the idea that there exists among what the <i>Post</i> calls the "gay
  and fastidious <i>habitu&eacute;s</i>" of the place, every disposition to
  place him perfectly at his ease: and, if he cannot be at ease, the fault is
  in him, not in his entertainers. To a great <i>nisi prius</i> lawyer,
  accustomed during a long life to the discrimination of character in the way
  of his profession, such a contrast as is presented by the repose and
  unobtrusive <i>politesse</i> of high life, compared with the
  <i>brusquerie</i> of the world below, must have been doubly delightful; and
  we are glad to have upon record the just and eloquent testimony to its
  existence and social value from so eloquent a pen.</p>

  <p>The world without is apt to confound reserve and distance among the
  great, with pride and insensibility: even those who, admitted by sufferance
  to fashionable circles, behold the peculiar charm of high life through a
  wintry atmosphere: the free and unrestrained converse of men of fashion with
  their equals, none but themselves can know, and none but themselves
  describe.</p>

  <p>Their habit of living, among themselves, is generally simple, and devoid
  of extravagance or ostentation: they have the best of every thing it is
  true, but then they have all the advantages of unbounded competition. and
  unlimited credit: they pay when they think proper, but no tradesman ever
  dares venture to ask them for money: such as have the bad taste to "dun" are
  "done:" the patient and long-suffering find their money "after many days."
  Their amusements among themselves are inexpensive, almost to meanness: the
  subscription to Almacks, that paradise of exclusives, and envy of the
  excluded, amounts to not more than half a-guinea a ball, if so much: a stall
  at the opera costs a young man of fashion, for the season, forty, fifty, or
  sixty pounds, according to position: for this he is entitled to an ivory
  ticket, which, when he does not feel inclined to go himself, he can transfer
  for the evening to another. If he have the misfortune to be a younger
  brother, many little windfalls come to his share, the results of his
  relationship. He has an apartment at his elder brother's town-house, or he
  resides with the dowager, or with a maiden aunt; somebody keeps his cab
  horse, and some other body keeps the saddle-horse that Lady Mary or Jack
  Somebody gave him; his "tiger" has the run of all his friends' kitchens as a
  matter of course, and, as a matter of course, himself has two or three
  invitations a-day during the season; though, like other poor men, he prefers
  dining independently at his club. He is on very good terms with the "girls"
  of his <i>set</i>, and is allowed a little innocent flirtation, because he
  is known to have <i>tact</i> enough not to compromise himself or them by
  falling in love, or paying "ridiculous" addresses: although a little "fast"
  perhaps, he is perfectly <i>safe</i>, and is on good terms with every body
  except his eldest brother: he is the idol of countesses-dowager, who hand
  him a few hundreds whenever he is short, pay his debts for him&mdash;give
  him good advice, and call him "Freddy dear:" in short, although he has
  nothing, excepting his boot-hooks, that he can possibly call his own, he is
  a merry, good-natured, honest, harmless fellow, a favourite with every body,
  and envied for his light-heartedness even by his more fortunate elder
  brother.</p>

  <p>In a book published some five-and-thirty years ago, is an account of the
  then prevailing method of killing a fashionable day: as the pursuit of
  inanity and folly has a tedious sameness about it, this picture will answer,
  with a few variations, for the man of fashion of to-day.</p>

  <p>"About twelve, he (the man of fashion) rises, lolls upon a sofa, skims
  the newspaper, and curses its stupidity. He is particularly angry if he does
  not find in it a paragraph which he sent to the agent of a fashionable
  newspaper, generally the <i>Morning Post</i>, who lives by procuring such
  sort of intelligence, containing an account of his having dined at some
  titled man's table the day before, with whom, if he has no rank himself, he
  is particularly anxious to mingle. After swallowing several cups of tea and
  cocoa, and slices of foreign sausages and fowls, he assumes his riding coat,
  and sallies out to his stables to inspect his horses, and chat with his
  coachman and grooms.</p>

  <p>"Having finished this review and audience, he orders his curricle, and,
  followed by a couple of grooms, he dashes through most of the principal
  streets, and calls upon the most celebrated coach and harness makers; at the
  latter he is shown several new bits for his approbation. He then proceeds to
  his breeches-maker, thence to Tattersall's, where he is sure to meet a great
  number of friends, with whom he kills another hour discussing the merits of
  the different animals he meets with there. These important duties being
  done, he strolls to an exhibition, or to a print-shop, and looks over a
  portfolio of caricatures; thence he keeps on moving to a fashionable hotel,
  to take white spruce beer(!) and sandwiches; here, after arranging his
  parties for the evening, be returns home to dress. After looking over the
  cards which have been left for him, he proceeds to his <i>toilette</i> with
  his valet, and is dressed about seven, when his chariot is at the door, and
  he drives either to some family to dinner, or to the hotel he visited in the
  morning, when he perhaps formed a party of four. At ten o'clock he enters
  the Opera, and like a butterfly moves from box to box; thence behind the
  scenes; after which he proceeds to one or two routs, or some fashionable
  gaming-house, and about four is in bed, to recruit himself for a repetition
  of the same course the next day.</p>

  <p>"These loungers have a phraseology peculiar to themselves. A short time
  since, if one of them was asked how he was, the answer would have been, 'we
  are in <i>force</i> to-day;' if his wife was enquired after, 'she is in high
  preservation;' if asked how often he had been at the opera, 'it is my
  <i>second</i> opera.' They also say, perhaps, speaking of some illustrious
  hero, 'he's a fine brave fellow, but he ties his handkerchief most
  shockingly.' I also remember being one day in Hyde Park, when a gentleman
  rode up to one of these loungers, and after exchanging salutations, the
  former said to the latter, I wish much to have the pleasure of seeing
  you&mdash;are you engaged next Wednesday? Upon which the other turned round
  to a little half starved groom, and said, 'John, am I engaged next
  Wednesday?'</p>

  <p>"The women of fashion," observes this writer, "are just as great and as
  insipid idlers, in their way, as are the male triflers. They seldom walk in
  the streets, but are almost always cooped up in their carriages, driving
  about the streets, and leaving their cards at the houses of their friends,
  whom they never think of seeing, although they may be at home at the time;
  thence they proceed to the most expensive jewellers, where they order a
  piece of plate or a trinket; thence to some fashionable milliner."</p>

  <p>This picture is not altogether like, but some of the features may
  certainly be easily reorganized; if we substitute sherry, a chop, and a club
  in Pall-Mall, for white spruce beer, sandwiches, and a tavern; replacing the
  curricle and footman by a cab and tiger, the remainder, with trivial
  alterations, may stand good of the fashionable idler of to-day, as of him of
  the last century.</p>

  <p>In childhood, nay, even in infancy, for all I can see to the contrary,
  the <i>physique</i> of persons of fashion is sufficiently distinctive and
  characteristic of the class. If you walk in the parks and gardens, and
  notice these young thoroughbreds exercising under the care of their nurses,
  their tutors, and their nursery governesses, you will be perfectly convinced
  that they are as easily to be distinguished in all their points and paces
  from the children of the <i>mobility</i>, as is a well-blooded Arabian from
  a Suffolk punch.</p>

  <p>The small oval head, clustered with <i>rippling</i> ringlets, as Alfred
  Jennyson calls them; the clear laughing eye, the long fair neck, the
  porcelain skin, warmed with the tenderest tinge of pink, so transparent
  withal that you almost see the animal spirit careering within; the
  <i>drooping</i> shoulder, the rounded bust, clean limbs, well-turned ankle,
  fine almost to a fault, the light springy step, the graceful easy carriage,
  the absence of sheepishness or shyness, an air cheerful without noise, a
  manner playful without rudeness, and you have the true son or daughter of
  the Englishman of fashion.</p>

  <p>Then, how characteristic of the class of which these children are the
  rising hope, is the taste displayed in their dress; they are attired with
  costly simplicity; or, if a fond mamma indulges in any little extravagance
  of childish costume, you see that it is the extravagance of taste; there is
  no tawdriness, no over-dressing, no little ones in masquerade, they dress
  appropriately, and, at the same time, distinctively.</p>

  <p>Pretty souls! Many a time and oft have we wandered forth of the turbulent
  town, less to brace our unstrung nerves by the elastic air&mdash;less to
  bathe our wearied eyes in the green light of earth's bosom, than to drive
  away sad thoughts in the contemplation of your innocent gambols; with our
  stick; delight we to launch your mimic barks from the sandy shores of
  Serpentine; with you, glad are we to make haste, expecting the fastest
  sailer on the further shore; with you, we exult, once more a boy, in the
  speed of our trim-built favourite.</p>

  <p>We love the old Newfoundland dog, ay, and the old footman, as much as you
  do, and could hang like you about both their necks; we wish you would not
  think us too big a boy to "stop" for you at single-wicket; imaginary hoops
  we trundle in your gleesome train; like you, we have a decided aversion to
  "taw," considering it not young-gentleman-like; we, too, forgetting that the
  governess is single and two-and-thirty, wonder on earth what <i>can</i> make
  governess so cross; we love you, when we see you hand in hand squiring your
  little sister, saluting your little sister's little friends, carrying their
  little parasols, and helping them over little stony places, like little
  gentlemen. Happy, happy dogs! we envy neither your birth nor the fortune
  that awaits you, nor repine we that our fate condemns us to tug the
  unremitting oar against that tide of fortune upon which, with easy sail, you
  will float lightly down to death; the whole heart, the buoyant spirit, the
  conscience yet unstung by mute reproach of sin; these things we envy
  you&mdash;not the things so mean a world can give, but the things which,
  though it cannot give, soon&mdash;alas, how soon&mdash;it takes away!</p>

  <p>Contrast these children with the children of Mr Deputy Stubbs of the ward
  of Farringdon Within, or common Councillor Muggs of Bassishaw; they really
  do not look like animals of the same species.</p>

  <p>The rising Stubbses and Muggses have heads shaped like a China orange,
  croppy hair, chubby chins, chubby cheeks, and blazing red and chubby
  noses&mdash;short, pursy, apoplectic necks, like their fathers&mdash;squab,
  four-square figures, mounted upon turned legs, with measly skins; so that,
  taken altogether, they are exceedingly offensive and disagreeable. Then they
  eat, these young, Stubbses and Muggses, how they <i>do</i> eat! then they
  are dressed, how they <i>are</i> dressed! five different tartans, four
  colours in velvet, seven sorts of ribbons, and a woolpack of fleecy hosiery,
  as if there wasn't another Stubbs or Muggs in existence; then how they annoy
  and infest, with bad manners and noise, the deputies and common-councilmen
  who visit at Stubbses and Muggses; how the maids "drat them" all day long,
  and how Mrs Stubbs and Mrs Muggs <i>hate</i> Mr Sucklethumb, the butterman,
  because he never "notices the child."</p>

  <p>Another extraordinary phenomenon you cannot fail to observe in the
  children of the aristocracy; they seem to skip over the equivocal period,
  the neutral ground of human life, and emerge from the chrysaloid state of
  childhood, into the full and perfect <i>imago</i> of little lords and
  gentlemen, and little ladies, without any of those intermediate conditions
  of laddism, hobble-de-hoyism, or bread-and-butterishness, so prominently
  characteristic of the approaching puberty of the rest of the rising
  generation. Your Eton boy is not a boy, he is a young gentleman; your Lady
  Louisa is not a girl, she is only not yet "come out;" how to account for the
  peculiarity I know not, except the knowledge of the fact, that attention to
  the <i>petites morales</i> forms so great a part of the education of our
  rising aristocracy, and is considered so vitally important to their proper
  carriage, as well in their <i>set</i> as out of it, that their children are
  as far advanced in this particular at fifteen, as the children of middling
  people at twenty-five. The petticoat-string by which the youth of the
  non-fashionable class is tied to their mother, is a ligature not in use
  among the fashionable world; from the earliest period professional persons
  are employed in their education, and the <i>mother</i> never shows in the
  matter. Whether this, or any other peculiarity of the class, be an advantage
  or a disadvantage, natural or unnatural, right or wrong, it is not for the
  writer to say; he only points out what he has observed; and if he has failed
  to state it properly, let him be properly corrected.</p>

  <p>Our aristocratic youth we take the liberty to classify, as they do
  coaches, of which they are so passionately fond, into</p>

  <ol>
    <li>FAST,</li>

    <li>SLOW.</li>
  </ol>

  <p>The fast youths have several degrees of swiftness, from the railway pace,
  down through imperceptible gradations, to ten miles an hour, at which rate
  of going the fast fellows end, and the slow fellows begin.</p>

  <p>Of these last there are also many varieties, from the tandem and tax-cart
  down to the waggon and dog-truck; and it cannot be denied, that as regards
  the former more especially, there is a great similarity between the youths
  themselves and the vehicles they govern; they go very fast, don't know what
  they are driving at, are propelled in any direction by much more sagacious
  animals than themselves, and are usually empty inside. The fast fellows are
  divided, moreover, into the occasional and permanently fast; and first of
  the occasional fast fellows:&mdash;</p>

  <p>These form a very considerable proportion of our fashionable youth, and
  combine the gentleman with a dash of the <i>petit-maitre</i>, overlaying a
  naturally good disposition with a surface of scampishness, which, however,
  they lay down when they marry, and thenceforward they belong altogether to
  the slow school.</p>

  <p>The permanently fast fellows deserve a more detailed notice, since they
  are always before the police magistrates and the public, in one shape or
  another; and although often committing themselves, are seldom or never
  committed.</p>

  <p>The members of this class it is who furnish the democratic Sunday papers
  with a never-ending succession of articles, headed "THE ARISTOCRACY AGAIN,"
  "BRUTALITY OF THE HIGHER CLASSES," "DEPRAVITY OF THE NOBBY ONES," and the
  like and it is from these fast fellows, unfortunately, that a great many
  ignorant people draw their conclusions of fashionable life and conversation
  in general, extending the vices of a few shameless profligates to the entire
  of the little world, commonly called the great.</p>

  <p>The permanently fast fellows, or, as we think their general demeanour
  entitles them to be called, "Blackguard Nobs," are a lot of little, scrubby,
  bad-blooded, groom-like fellows, who have always, even from childhood, been
  incorrigible, of whom nursery governesses could make nothing, and whose
  education tutors abandoned in despair; expelled from Eton, rusticated at
  Cambridge, good for nothing but mischief in boyhood, regularly bred scamps
  and profligates in youth, and, luckily for mankind, generally worn-out
  before they attain the wrong side of forty. A stable is their delight,
  almost their home, and their olfactories are refreshed by nothing so much as
  by the smell of old litter, to which attar of roses is assafoetida in
  comparison.</p>

  <p>Their knowledge of horses, which they get at second-hand from Field, or
  some of the other <i>crack</i> veterinaries, is their only pride, and indeed
  the only thing they imagine any man ought to be proud of; they reverence a
  fellow who has a good seat in his saddle, and delight in horsemanship,
  because horsemanship requires no brains; driving a "buggy" in good style is
  respectable, but "shoving along" a four-in-hand the highest exercise of
  human intellect, as for Milton and Shakspeare, and such inky-fingered old
  prigs, who never had a good horse in their lives, they despise such low
  fellows thoroughly. Their chief companions, or rather, their most intimate
  friends, are the fellows who hang about livery stables, betting-rooms,
  race-courses, and hippodromes; crop-eared grooms, <i>chaunters</i>,
  dog-stealers, starveling jockeys, blacklegs, foreign counts, breeders,
  feeders; these are all "d&mdash;d honest fellows," and the "best fellows in
  the world," although they get their living by cheating the fast fellows, who
  patronize them.</p>

  <p>Of money, they know no more than that it is a necessary instrument of
  their pleasures, and must be got some how or anyhow; accordingly, they are
  on intimate terms with a species of shark called a bill-discounter, who
  commits upon them every sort of robbery, under the sanction of the law; and
  who also is always a "d&mdash;d honest fellow."</p>

  <p>They can be sufficiently liberal of their money, whenever they have any,
  to all who do not want, or who do not deserve it; if a prize-fighter becomes
  embarrassed in his circumstances, or a jockey is "down upon his luck," it is
  quite refreshing to see the madness with which the fast fellows strike for a
  subscription; an opera-dancer out of an engagement, or an actress in the
  same interesting condition, provided they are not modest women, have, they
  think, a claim upon their generosity&mdash;and perhaps they have.</p>

  <p>They think it ungentlemanly to cheat, or, as they call it, "<i>stick</i>"
  any of their own set, except in matters of horse-flesh; but "sticking" any
  body out of their own set, especially tradesmen, is considered an excellent
  joke, and the "sticker" rises several degrees in public estimation.</p>

  <p>We should be doing great injustice to the fast fellows if we omitted a
  brief notice of their accomplishments. Driving is, of course, the chief;
  and, by long experience and impunity, wonderfully grand exploits are
  achieved by the fast fellows in this department.</p>

  <p>One of the most original is to get into a strong cab, with a very
  powerful horse, lamps lit, tiger inside, and to go quietly along, keeping a
  sharp look-out for any night cabman who may be "lobbing," as the phrase is,
  off his stand, the moment the "game," who is generally one part asleep and
  three parts drunk, is espied, put your horse to full gallop, and, guiding
  your vehicle with the precision fast fellows alone attain, whip inside the
  cabwheel, and take it off. The night cab comes down by the run, the night
  cabman tumbles off, breaking his nose or neck, as it may happen, and you
  drive off as if the devil kicked you. When you have gone a couple of miles,
  make a circumbendibus back again to the night-house frequented by your set,
  and relate the adventure, with the same voice and countenance as a broker
  quotes the price of stocks; then order a cool bottle of claret with the air
  of a man who has done a meritorious action!</p>

  <p>Another accomplishment, at which not a few of the fast fellows excel, is
  that of imitating upon a key-bugle various animals, in an especial manner
  the braying of an ass: when the fast fellows drive down to the Trafalgar at
  Greenwich, the Toy at Hampton Court, or the Swan at Henley upon Thames, the
  bugle-player mounts aloft, the rest of the fast fellows keeping a lookout
  for donkeys; when one is seen, a hideous imitative bray is set up by the man
  of music, and his quadrupedal brother, attracted by the congenial sound,
  rushes to the roadside&mdash;mutual recognition, with much merriment, is the
  result.</p>

  <p>The fast fellow who does this best, is considered one of the immortals;
  and we are not without expectation, in due time, of seeing his talent
  rewarded by a pension.</p>

  <p>Breaking bells, twisting knockers, and "knapping" rail-heads, has
  descended so low of late that the fast fellows are ashamed of it, and have
  resigned it to the medical students, patriotic young members of Parliament,
  and others of the imitative classes; but there yet exists, or very lately
  existed, a collection of these and various other surreptitiously acquired
  properties, known among the fast fellow by the title of &mdash;&mdash;'s
  Museum, every article being ticketed artistically, and the whole presenting
  an example of devotion to the cause of science, we believe, without a
  parallel.</p>

  <p>These are a few of the comparatively innocent amusements of the fast
  fellows; others there are of graver character, which we need not refer to,
  especially as the fast school is fast wearing itself out, and many of the
  fast fellows already begin to "put on the drag," and go at a more reasonable
  pace.</p>

  <p>Their ignorance, with the single exception of horse-flesh, is appalling.
  Nobody who does not know the fast fellows, would credit that men could by
  any possibility grow up in such absolute ignorance of whatever a gentleman
  is expected to know; whatever a gentleman is expected not to know, they have
  at their tongues' and fingers' ends.</p>

  <p>Intellectual men, of whatever description, they regard with the most
  perfect indifference&mdash;an indifference too passive for contempt; they
  affect to wonder, or probably do wonder, what such men are for, or why
  people sometimes talk about them. Books they find convenient for putting
  under the legs of barrack-room tables, to bring them to a level, and think
  they are made of different sizes for that purpose; but no fast fellow was
  ever yet detected in looking into one of them, to see whether there was any
  thing inside. Such as have been taught to spell, employ part of the Sunday
  in deciphering the smutty jokes of the <i>Satirist</i>, and pronounce the
  jokes "d&mdash;d good," and the paper "a d&mdash;d honest paper." If they
  happen, by any chance, to come into contact with one of the slow school, or
  any body who has been taught to read, they have a method of silencing his
  battery, which they think "capital." If a man should say in their company,
  that Chaucer was a great poet, one will immediately enquire, "<i>how
  much?</i>" while another wishes to know if Chaucer is entered for the
  "Derby?" "How much?" is the invariable slang, whenever a man gets the bit
  out of his mouth, or, in other words, talks of any thing but horses.</p>

  <p>There is no novelty in this; it is only a second edition of Dean Swift's
  "new-fashioned way of being witty," which, in his fashionable day, was
  called "a bite." "You must ask a bantering question," he informs Stella, "or
  tell some damned lie in a serious manner, and then they will answer or speak
  as if you were in earnest; then cry you, 'there's a <i>bite</i>.' I would
  not have you undervalue this, for it is the constant amusement in court, and
  every where else among the great people; and I let you know it, in order to
  have it obtain amongst you, and teach you a new refinement."</p>

  <p>If they accept an invitation from Lord Northampton to go to one of his
  <i>soir&eacute;es</i>, which they sometimes do for a "lark," their antics
  are vastly amusing; they put on grave, philosophic faces, and mimic the
  <i>savans</i> to the life; if the noble president, thinking he is doing the
  polite thing, points out to them a poet, for example, or a professor, they
  have a knack of elevating the shoulders, looking at the man with a pitying
  air, and whispering the words "<i>poor beast</i>," with a tone and manner
  quite inimitable. Indeed this is one of the few clever things they do, and
  on or off the stage we have never seen any thing like it.</p>

  <p>If Dickens were to die&mdash;an event that, we hope and trust, may not
  occur these fifty years, the fast fellows would have some such conversation
  upon the event, as follows:&mdash;</p>

  <p>A. So, Dickens, I hear, is dead.</p>

  <p>B. How much?</p>

  <p>C. What's that?</p>

  <p>A. Why, Pickwick, to be sure.</p>

  <p>B. Oh! Eh? Pickwick&mdash;Moses&mdash;Bath coach&mdash;<i>I</i> know.</p>

  <p>C. Pickwick&mdash;near Chippenham? Paul Methven lives
  there&mdash;<i>I</i> know.</p>

  <p>A. No&mdash;no&mdash;I tell you, he's a man that writes.</p>

  <p>B. Is he? He may be. How should I know?</p>

  <p>C. Well&mdash;it's a d&mdash;&mdash;d hard case, that, at the beginning
  of the season, I should have lost a d&mdash;&mdash;d good tiger. Has any
  body got a d&mdash;&mdash;d small tiger for sale?</p>

  <p>As we are in the humour for dialogue, we may as well give a
  <i>verbatim</i> report of our last interview with Lord&mdash;&mdash;, who
  had been a fast fellow in his youth. We encountered him on the sunny side of
  St James's Street, the other day, tottering to Brookes's: although we don't
  expect you to believe it, what passed was, as we recollect it, exactly as
  follows:&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Well, my Lord, I hope your gout is better?"</p>

  <p>"Eh&mdash;how are you? Well, I think I <i>am</i> better, d'ye know."</p>

  <p>"Glad to hear it."</p>

  <p>"Thankee&mdash;thankee&mdash;d'ye know, eh, I've changed my doctor?"</p>

  <p>"Well, and how d'ye like your new one?"</p>

  <p>"Capitally&mdash;eh&mdash;d'ye know, he's a clever fellow.
  Young&mdash;eh&mdash;but clever&mdash;very. D'ye know, eh&mdash;he
  corresponds regularly with&mdash;eh&mdash;with Sir <i>Humphrey</i> Newton
  and Sir <i>Isaac</i> Davy!"</p>
  <hr class="full" />

  <h2><a name="bw327s6" id="bw327s6"></a>THE DREAM OF LORD NITHSDALE.</h2>

  <h3>BY CHARLES MACKAY.</h3>

  <blockquote class="note">
    [Lord Nithsdale, as is well known, was condemned to death for his
    participation in the Rebellion of 1715. By the exertions of his
    true-hearted wife, Winifred, he was enabled to escape from the Tower of
    London on the night before the morning appointed for his execution. The
    lady herself&mdash;noble soul!&mdash;has related, in simple and touching
    language, in a letter to her sister, the whole circumstances of her lord's
    escape. The letter is preserved in the Appendix to "Cromek's Remains of
    Nithsdale and Galloway Song," page 313 to 329&mdash;London, 1810.]
  </blockquote>
  <hr />

  <div class="poem">
    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"Farewell to thee, Winifred, dearest and best!</p>

      <p class="i2">Farewell to thee, wife of a courage so high!&mdash;</p>

      <p>Come hither, and nestle again in my breast,</p>

      <p class="i2">Come hither, and kiss me again ere I die!&mdash;</p>

      <p>And when I am laid bleeding and low in the dust,</p>

      <p class="i2">And yield my last breath at a tyrant's decree,</p>

      <p>Look up&mdash;be resign'd&mdash;and the God of the just</p>

      <p class="i2">Will shelter thy fatherless bairnies and thee!"</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>She wept on his breast, but, ashamed of her tears,</p>

      <p class="i2">She dash'd off the drops that ran warm down her cheek;</p>

      <p>"Be sorrow for those who have leisure for tears&mdash;</p>

      <p class="i2">O pardon thy wife that her soul was so weak!</p>

      <p>There is hope for us still, and I will not despair,</p>

      <p class="i2">Though cowards and traitors exult at thy fate;</p>

      <p>I'll show the oppressors what woman can dare,</p>

      <p class="i2">I'll show them that love can be stronger than hate!"</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>Lip to lip, heart to heart, and their fond arms entwined,</p>

      <p class="i2">He has kiss'd her again, and again, and again;</p>

      <p>"Farewell to thee, Winifred, pride of thy kind,</p>

      <p class="i2">Sole ray in my darkness, sole joy in my pain!"</p>

      <p>She has gone&mdash;he has heard the last sound of her tread;</p>

      <p class="i2">He has caught the last glimpse of her robes at the
      door;&mdash;</p>

      <p>She has gone, and the joy that her presence had shed,</p>

      <p class="i2">May cheer the sad heart of Lord Nithsdale no more.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>And the prisoner pray'd in his dungeon alone,</p>

      <p class="i2">And thought of the morn and its dreadful array,</p>

      <p>Then rested his head on his pillow of stone,</p>

      <p class="i2">And slumber'd an hour ere the dawning of day.</p>

      <p>Oh, balm of the Weary! Oh, soother of pain!</p>

      <p class="i2">That still to the sad givest pity and dole;</p>

      <p>How gently, oh sleep! lay thy wings on his brain,</p>

      <p class="i2">How sweet were thy dreams to his desolate soul!</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>Once more on his green native braes of the Nith,</p>

      <p class="i2">He pluck'd the wild bracken, a frolicsome boy;</p>

      <p>He sported his limbs in the waves of the Frith;</p>

      <p class="i2">He trod the green heather in gladness and joy;&mdash;</p>

      <p>On his gallant grey steed to the hunting he rode,</p>

      <p class="i2">In his bonnet a plume, on his bosom a star;</p>

      <p>He chased the red deer to its mountain abode,</p>

      <p class="i2">And track'd the wild roe to its covert afar.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>The vision was changed. In a midsummer night</p>

      <p class="i2">He roam'd with his Winifred, blooming and young;</p>

      <p>He gazed on her face by the moon's mellow light,</p>

      <p class="i2">And loving and warm were the words on his tongue.</p>

      <p>Thro' good and thro' evil, he swore to be true,</p>

      <p class="i2">And love through all fortune his Winnie alone;</p>

      <p>And he saw the red blush o'er her cheek as it flew,</p>

      <p class="i2">And heard her sweet voice that replied to his own.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>Once more it has changed. In his martial array,</p>

      <p class="i2">Lo, he rides at the head of his gallant young men!</p>

      <p>And the pibroch is heard on the hills far away,</p>

      <p class="i2">And the clans are all gather'd from mountain and glen.</p>

      <p>For exiled King Jamie, their darling and lord,</p>

      <p class="i2">They raise the loud slogan&mdash;they rush to the war.</p>

      <p>The tramp of the battle resounds on the sward&mdash;</p>

      <p class="i2">Unfurl'd is the banner&mdash;unsheath'd the claymore!</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>The vision has fled like a sparkle of light,</p>

      <p class="i2">And dark is the dream that possesses him now;</p>

      <p>The morn of his doom has succeeded the night,</p>

      <p class="i2">And the damp dews of death gather fast on his brow.</p>

      <p>He hears in the distance a faint muffled drum,</p>

      <p class="i2">And the low sullen boom of the death-tolling bell;</p>

      <p>The block is prepared, and the headsman is come,</p>

      <p class="i2">And the victim, bareheaded, walks forth from his
      cell.&mdash;</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>No! No! 'twas a vision! his hour was not yet,</p>

      <p class="i2">And waking, he turn'd on his pallet of straw,</p>

      <p>And a form by his side he could never forget,</p>

      <p class="i2">By the pale misty light of a taper he saw.</p>

      <p>"'Tis I! 'tis thy Winifred!"&mdash;softly she said,</p>

      <p class="i2">"Arouse thee, and follow&mdash;be bold, never fear!</p>

      <p>There was danger abroad, but my errand has sped,</p>

      <p class="i2">I promised to save thee&mdash;and lo I am here!"</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>He rose at the summons, and little they spoke,</p>

      <p class="i2">The gear of a lady she placed on his head;</p>

      <p>She cover'd his limbs with a womanly cloak,</p>

      <p class="i2">And painted his cheeks of a maidenly red.</p>

      <p>"One kiss, my dear lord, and begone!&mdash;and beware!</p>

      <p class="i2">Walk softly&mdash;I follow!" Oh guide them, and save,</p>

      <p>From the open assault, from the intricate snare,</p>

      <p class="i2">Thou, Providence, friend of the good and the brave!</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>They have pass'd unsuspected the guard at the cell,</p>

      <p class="i2">And the sentinel band that keep watch at the gate;</p>

      <p>One peril remains&mdash;it is past&mdash;all is well!</p>

      <p class="i2">They are free; and her love has proved stronger than
      hate.</p>

      <p>They are gone&mdash;who shall follow?&mdash;their ship's on the
      brine,</p>

      <p class="i2">And they sail unpursued to a far friendly shore,</p>

      <p>Where love and content at their hearth may entwine,</p>

      <p class="i2">And the warfare of kingdoms divide them no more.</p>
    </div>
  </div>
  <hr class="full" />

  <h2><a name="bw327s7" id="bw327s7"></a>TWO HOURS OF MYSTERY.</h2>
  <hr />

  <h3>CHAPTER I.</h3>

  <p>One bright day, last June, one of the London coaches rattled at an
  amazing rate down the main street of a garrison town, and, with a sudden
  jerk which threw the smoking horses on their haunches, pulled up at the door
  of the Waterloo hotel. A beautiful sight it is&mdash;a fine, well appointed
  coach, of what we must now call the ancient fashion, with its smart driver,
  brilliant harness, and thoroughbred team. Then it is a spectacle pleasing to
  gods and men, the knowing and instantaneous manner in which the grooms
  perform their work in leading off the horses, and putting fresh ones
  to&mdash;the rapid diving for carpet-bags and portmanteaus into the various
  boots and luggage holes&mdash;the stepping down or out (as the case may be)
  of the passengers&mdash;the tip to the coachman&mdash;the touch of the hat
  in return&mdash;the remounting of that functionary into his chair of
  honour&mdash;the chick, chick! with which he hints to the pawing greys he is
  ready for a start&mdash;and, finally, the roll off into dim distance of the
  splendid vehicle, watched by the crowd that have gathered round it, till it
  is lost from their sight. A steam-coach, with its disgusting, hissing,
  sputtering, shapeless, lifeless engine, ought to be ashamed of itself, and
  would probably blush for its appearance, if it were not for the quantity of
  brass that goes to its composition. On the above-mentioned bright day in
  June, only two passengers go out from the inside of the Celerity. The
  outsides, who were apparently pushed for time, urged them to make haste; and
  the lady, the first who stept on the pavement, took their admonitions in
  good part. With only a small basket on her arm, and a dark veil drawn close
  down over her face, she dropt half-a-crown into the hand of the expectant
  coachman, and walked rapidly up the street. The gentleman, however, put off
  a good deal of time in identifying his carpet-bag&mdash;then his pocket
  seemed to be indefinitely deep, as his hand appeared to have immense
  difficulty in getting to the bottom of it. At last he succeeded in catching
  hold of some coin, and, while he dropt it into the extended palm of the
  impatient Jehu, he sad, "Hem! I say, coachie, who is that lady? Eh! fine
  eyes&mdash;hem!"</p>

  <p>"Can't say, sir&mdash;no name in the way-bill&mdash;thank ye, sir."</p>

  <p>"Then you can't tell me any thing about her? Prettiest critter I ever saw
  in my life. As to Mrs Moss"&mdash;</p>

  <p>But before the inquisitive gentleman, who stood all this time with the
  carpet-bag in his hand, had an opportunity of making any further revelation
  as to Mrs Moss, or any more enquiries as to his unknown travelling
  companion, the coachman had mounted the box, and, after asserting in a very
  complacent tone that it was all right, had driven off, and left him in the
  same state of ignorance as before.</p>

  <p>"Sleep here, sir?&mdash;Dinner, sir?&mdash;This way to the coffee-room,"
  said a smart young man, with long hair and a blue coat, with a napkin over
  his arm.</p>

  <p>"Oh! you're the waiter, I suppose. Now, waiter, I want to find out
  something, and I daresay you can help me"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"This way, sir. You can have a mutton-chop in twenty minutes."</p>

  <p>"No&mdash;listen to me&mdash;I'm going to ask you some questions. Did you
  see the lady that got out of the coach when I did? She's a beautiful
  critter; such black eyes!&mdash;such a sweet voice!&mdash;such a small hand!
  We travelled together the whole way from town. She spoke very little, and
  kept her name a secret. I couldn't find out what she came here for. Do you
  understand?"</p>

  <p>"Yes, sir&mdash;perfectly," said the waiter, at the same time evidently
  understanding nothing about it.</p>

  <p>"Well, you see, I don't know what you think of it down here; but, for my
  part, I think ladies at forty-five are past their prime. Now, my next
  neighbour in London&mdash;Mrs Moss is her name&mdash;she's exactly that age.
  You hear what I am saying, waiter?"</p>

  <p>"Yes, sir."</p>

  <p>"Now, I don't think this young lady, from her eyes and mouth, can be more
  than twenty-three&mdash;a charming age, waiter&mdash;hem! You never saw her
  before, did you?"</p>

  <p>"No, sir&mdash;never."</p>

  <p>"Well, its very astonishing what a beautiful girl she is. I am retired
  from the lace and ribbon business, waiter, but I think she's the sweetest
  specimen of the fair sex I ever saw. And you don't know who she is, do
  you?"</p>

  <p>"No, sir. You'll sleep here, sir, I think you said? shammaid!"</p>

  <p>"No&mdash;I haven't said so yet," said the stranger, rather sharply.</p>

  <p>"Oh!" said the waiter, who had not attended to a syllable the gentleman
  had spoken&mdash;and retired under the archway into the hotel.</p>

  <p>"The only way to get information," mused the gentleman with the
  carpet-bag, still standing on the pavement, "is to have your eyes about you
  and ask questions. It's what I always do since I have begun to travel for
  improvement&mdash;I got all the waiter knew out of him in a moment&mdash;I
  ought to have been an Old Bailey barrister&mdash;there ain't such a
  cross-questioner as I am in the whole profession."</p>

  <p>The person who possessed such astonishing powers of investigation, was a
  man about fifty years of age, little and stout, with a face of perfect
  good-nature, and presenting the unmistakeable appearance of a prosperous
  man. The twinkle about his eye spoke strongly of the three-and-a-half per
  cents, and a mortgage or two might be detected in the puckers round his
  mouth. I shouldn't at all care to change banker's books with him on
  chance.</p>

  <p>"How lucky I haven't proposed to Mrs M.! Charming woman, but
  fat&mdash;decidedly fat&mdash;and a little dictatorial too. Travel, says
  she&mdash;enlarge your mind&mdash;why, how big would she have
  it?&mdash;expand your intellect&mdash;does she think a man's brains are
  shaped like a fan? I wish to heaven I could find out who this
  beautiful"&mdash;</p>

  <p>But, as if his wish was that moment to be gratified, a small light hand
  was laid upon his shoulder, and, on turning round, he saw his fair
  fellow-traveller.</p>

  <p>"Excuse me, sir," she said, in a very sweet but slightly agitated voice,
  "excuse me for addressing you, but I am emboldened by your appearance
  to"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Oh, ma'am&mdash;you're very polite&mdash;I feel it a great compliment, I
  assure you."</p>

  <p>"The benevolent expression of your counternance encourages me
  to"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Oh, ma'am, don't mention it, I beg"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"To ask your assistance in my present difficulty."</p>

  <p>"Now, then," thought the gentleman thus appealed to, "I'll find out all
  about her&mdash;how I'll question her!"</p>

  <p>"You will help me, I feel sure," continued the lady.</p>

  <p>"Oh, certainly&mdash;how can you doubt it?&mdash;(Hem&mdash;what white
  teeth! Mrs. M. is a martyr to toothache.) How can I be useful, ma'am? Don't
  you think it's a curious coincidence we travelled together, ma'am, and both
  of us coming to the same town? It strikes me to be very singular; doesn't it
  you, ma'am?"</p>

  <p>"I shall be glad of it, if"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Ah! by-the-bye&mdash;another queer thing is your applying to me&mdash;a
  man past the bloom of boyhood, to be sure, in fact a little
  beyond"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"The prime of life," added the lady, not regarding the disappointed look
  with which her interpolation was received; "it is for that reason, sir, I
  throw myself on your kindness; you have perhaps daughters, sir, or
  grandchildren, who"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Devil a one. Gad, ma'am, I wish you heard Mrs M., a neighbour of
  mine&mdash;why, she's always talking of my wildness and juvenile liveliness,
  and all that sort of thing; an excellent woman Mrs M., but
  stout&mdash;certainly stout."</p>

  <p>"Are you acquainted with this town, sir?" said the lady.</p>

  <p>"God bless ye! read an immense account of it in the Penny Magazine ever
  so long ago; but whether it is famous for a breakwater, or a harbour, or a
  cliff, or some dock-yard machinery, I can't recollect; perhaps it's all of
  them together; we shall find out soon; for travelling, as Mrs M. says,
  enlarges the mind, and expands the intellect."</p>

  <p>The lady looked in the face of the disciple of Mrs M. with an anxious
  expression, as if she repented having addressed him.</p>

  <p>"But are you acquainted with the localities here?" she said at last. "As
  to myself, I am utterly ignorant of the place I have to go to; and if you
  knew what reason I have to"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Ah! that's the very thing; give me your confidence, and I can refuse you
  nothing."</p>

  <p>"My confidence!&mdash;alas, the business I come on can only be
  interesting to the parties concerned. I came from London for one sole
  object; and if I fail, if any delay occurs, the consequences may
  be&mdash;oh, I dread to think of them!"</p>

  <p>"You don't say so? Lord! what a thing it is to travel!"</p>

  <p>"It was of the utmost consequence that my journey here should be unknown.
  I had no one to trust. Alas, alas! I have no friend in all the world in whom
  I could confide!"</p>

  <p>"Hem, hem!" said the little man, moved by the earnest sadness of her tone
  and looks, "you have one friend, ma'am; you may trust <i>me</i> with any
  thing in the world; yes, me, Nicholas Clam, No. 4, Waterloo Place,
  Wellington Road, Regent's Park, London. I tell you my name, that you may
  know I am somebody. I retired from business some years ago, because uncle
  John died one day, and left me his heir; got into a snug cottage, green
  verandah, trellice porch, green door, with bell handle in the wall; next
  door to Mrs Moss&mdash;clever woman, but large&mdash;very large. And now
  that you know who I am, you will perhaps tell me"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"I have little to tell, sir; I came here to see an officer who was to
  have landed this morning from foreign service; if I don't see him instantly
  there will be death&mdash;ah!"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Soldiers&mdash;death&mdash;ah!" thought Mr Clam; "wild fellows them
  officers&mdash;breach of promise&mdash;short memories&mdash;a lovely
  critter, but rather silly I'm afraid; I should like to see a soldier coming
  the sentimental over Mrs M. Well, ma'am?"</p>

  <p>The lady perceived something in the expression of Mr Clam's face (which
  was radiant with the wonderful discovery he thought he had made) which
  probably displeased her; for she said, in a very abrupt and almost
  commanding manner&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Do you know the way, sir, to the infantry barracks?"</p>

  <p>"Not I, ma'am; never knew a soldier in my life. (Think of Mrs M. paying a
  morning visit to the barracks! What a critter this is!")</p>

  <p>"Then you can't assist me, sir, as I had hoped, and therefore"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Oh, by no means, ma'am; I can find out where the barracks are in a
  moment. There's a young officer crossing the street; I'll ask him, and be
  back in a minute."</p>

  <p>So saying, Mr Clam placed his, carpet-bag in safety inside the archway of
  the hotel, and started off in pursuit of information. While her Mercury was
  gone on his voyage of discovery, the lady looked at the officer he was
  following. He was a young handsome man of two or three-and-twenty, lounging
  slowly along with the air of modest appreciation of his own value to Queen
  and country&mdash;not to mention private dinner parties and county
  balls&mdash;which seems soon to become a part of the military character in a
  garrison town. As he turned round to speak to Mr Nicholas Clam, the lady
  half shrieked, and pulled her veil more carefully over her face.</p>

  <p>"I'm lost! I'm lost!" she said; "'tis Chatterton himself! Oh, why did I
  allow this talkative old man to trouble himself with my affairs? If the
  meeting takes place before I can explain, my happiness is gone for
  ever!"</p>

  <p>She turned away, and walked as quickly as she could up one of the side
  streets. Not daring to turn round, she was alarmed by hearing steps rapidly
  nearing her in pursuit; and, from the heaviness of the sound, concluded at
  once that there was more than one person close behind. It turned out,
  however, to be nobody but her portly, and now breathless companion, Mr
  Clan.</p>

  <p>"Stop, for heaven's sake, ma'am! that ain't the way," he said. "What a
  pace she goes at! Ma'am! ma'am! She's as deaf as a post, and would drive me
  into consumption in a week; and this in a hot day in June, too! Mrs M. has
  more sense&mdash;stop!"</p>

  <p>"Have you discovered the way, sir?" she enquired, hurriedly.</p>

  <p>"Haven't I? I certainly have the knack of picking up information. I told
  the young man I had travelled with you from London; that you had some secret
  business at the barracks; that I didn't know what it was; and the moment I
  asked him all these questions"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Questions, sir?" said the lady, spitefully; "it strikes me you were
  telling every thing, and asking nothing"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"The moment he found out, I say, that there was a lady in the case, and
  that you wanted to know the way to the barracks, he insisted on coming to
  show you the way himself&mdash;a civil young man."</p>

  <p>"Oh, why did you speak to him?" exclaimed the lady, still hurrying on;
  "to him of all men? you have ruined me!"</p>

  <p>"Me ruined you! That's going it a little too strong. I never ruined any
  body in my life. How did I know you knew the man? There's some awful mystery
  in this young woman," muttered Mr Clam, puffing like a broken-winded coach
  horse, "and if I live I'll find it out. There's nothing improves the mind,
  as Mrs M. says, so much as curiosity."</p>

  <p>"Is it far to the barracks, sir?"</p>

  <p>"This ain't the way, ma'am; you're making it further every minute; and,
  besides, you're running away from the young officer."</p>

  <p>"I <i>mustn't</i> meet him, sir&mdash;do you hear me?&mdash;I <i>must</i>
  not be recognized."</p>

  <p>"Well, ma'am," said Mr Clam, "there's no great harm done yet; I did every
  thing for the best&mdash;following the dictates of an unbiassed judgment, as
  Mrs M. says; and if I've brought you into a scrape, I'll get you out of it.
  Take my arm, ma'am, turn boldly round, and I'll soon set him about his
  business."</p>

  <p>The lady did as she was told, and they retraced their steps. The young
  officer now approached, and touching his hat with an air of unspeakable
  elegance, and then swinging his cane, said, "You asked me, sir, to show the
  way to the barracks."</p>

  <p>"Quite a mistake, sir," replied Mr Clam, drily; "we know the way
  perfectly well ourselves."</p>

  <p>"It isn't far," pursued the officer; "and I shall be delighted to
  accompany you. Any thing that you, sir, or your beautiful companion, may
  require, I shall be happy to procure for you. Is there any one you wish to
  see at the barracks?"</p>

  <p>This question was addressed to the lady, who drew back, and made no
  reply.</p>

  <p>"If there's any body we want to see," said Mr Clam, "we'll ask for him;
  but we're in a hurry, sir. This lady travelled all the way from London
  expressly on purpose to"&mdash;</p>

  <p>But here a pinch in the arm prevented any further revelation, and made Mr
  Clam wince as if he had been stung by an adder.</p>

  <p>"You needn't grip, so hard," he said to his companion; "for its my solemn
  opinion you've taken the bit out. Let us go, sir," he continued, addressing
  the officer once more. "We don't need your assistance."</p>

  <p>The young man looked surprised.</p>

  <p>"Well, sir," he said, "it was entirely to do you a favour that I
  came."</p>

  <p>"You'll do us a far greater if you'll go," replied Mr Clam, becoming
  boisterous and dignified, after the manner of a turkey-cock.</p>

  <p>"Sir, I don't understand such language," said the officer.</p>

  <p>"Then your education has been neglected, sir. It's English&mdash;plain,
  downright English. We have no desire for your society, sir.&mdash;Right
  about wheel&mdash;march."</p>

  <p>"<i>You</i> are below my notice," said the young man, flushing up; "and
  your insolent vulgarity is, therefore, safe. At the same time, if the lady
  needs my assistance"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"She doesn't need your assistance&mdash;far from it&mdash;she told me she
  wished never to"&mdash;</p>

  <p>Another pinch, more powerful apparently than the former, from the
  writhing of the sufferer, interrupted once more the stream of his eloquence;
  and he was worked up into a tremendous passion, partly, perhaps, by the cool
  contempt of the young officer, and principally by the pain he suffered in
  his arm.</p>

  <p>"You're an impudent fellow, sir," he said. "I don't care twopence for all
  the puppies that ever wore red coats, sir. My name is Nicholas Clam, Esq.,
  No. 4, Waterloo Place, Wellington Road, Regent's Park, London; and I can
  shoot at a popinjay as well as another."</p>

  <p>"You shall hear from me, sir," said the officer, biting his lips. "My
  name is Chatterton&mdash;Lieutenant Chatterton. Good day, sir."</p>

  <p>He touched his hat proudly, and walked away.</p>

  <p>"A good riddance, ma'am," said Mr Clam. "Them young chaps think to have
  it all their own way. I wish I had seen a policeman or a serjeant of
  soldiers; I would have charged him, as sure as a gun!"</p>

  <p>"Oh, come quick, quick!" exclaimed the lady, pressing more hurriedly on
  his arm. "Take me to the barracks! I must see him instantly!"</p>

  <p>"Who?" enquired Mr Clam. "I'm all on the teeters to understand what all
  this is about. Who is it you must see? Now, for my own part, I don't want to
  see any one; only I wish you would tell me what"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Oh, spare me the recital at present. I'm so agitated by recent events,
  that, that&mdash;indeed you must excuse me. Oh come&mdash;quickly, quickly,
  come!"</p>

  <p>There was no answer possible to such a request, more especially as by
  suiting the action to the word, and drawing her companion forward at a
  tremendous rate, she had entirely taken away the quantity of breath required
  to carry on a conversation. Mr Clam's cogitations, however, were deep; and,
  among them, the most prominent was a doubt as to the great advantages to be
  derived from travel, and a firm persuasion that it is a very foolish thing
  to become the champion of any lady whatever, more particularly if she
  conceals her name, and refuses to satisfy one's curiosity in the smallest
  point.</p>

  <h3>CHAPTER II.</h3>

  <p>The young man who has been introduced to us as Lieutenant Chatterton,
  pursued his way up the main street in no very equable temper. A little,
  grey-eyed, snub-nosed civilian, to have insulted an officer and a gentleman!
  the disgrace was past all bearing, especially as it had been inflicted on
  him in the presence of a lady. Burning with the indignation befitting his
  age and profession, and determined to call out the insulter, his present
  object was to meet with a friend whom he might send with the message.
  Luckily for his purpose, he was met by Major McToddy.</p>

  <p>"Ha! major&mdash;never was so happy to see any one in my life," exclaimed
  Chatterton, seizing the hand of his friend&mdash;a tall, raw-boned,
  red-faced man, with a good-natured expression of face, not unmixed with a
  considerable share of good sense.</p>

  <p>"I really," replied the major, in an accent that was a great deal more
  redolent of Renfrew than Middlesex&mdash;"I really jist at this moment dinna
  happen to have a single guinea aboot me, so ye needna go on wi' your
  compliments; but at hame in the kist,&mdash;the <i>arca</i>, as a body may
  say"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Poh! I don't want to borrow just now&mdash;except, indeed, your
  assistance in a matter of the highest importance. You have always been so
  kind, so obliging, that I am sure you wont refuse."</p>

  <p>"Weel, say awa', speak on; <i>perge, puer</i>, as a body may say,"
  interrupted the major, who seemed resolved to show what command of language
  he had, for he uniformly began his speeches in his vernacular, and
  translated them, though with an effort, into English, or any other tongue he
  chanced to recollect.</p>

  <p>"Did you see a lady near the Waterloo? tall, graceful, timid; by heavens,
  a shape to dream of, not to see?"</p>

  <p>"Then, what for did ye look at it?&mdash;answer that if you
  please&mdash;<i>responde, s'il vous plait</i>."</p>

  <p>"A creature so sweet, so beautiful; ah, McToddy!"</p>

  <p>"What's a' this aboot. What's the meaning of all this? Is't in some wild
  play aboot a woman&mdash;<i>une femme,</i>&mdash;a <i>f&aelig;mina</i>, as a
  body may say, you want my help? Gae wa' wi' ye&mdash;be off with
  you,&mdash;<i>apage, Sathanas</i>, as a body may say&mdash;I'm owre auld in
  the horn for sic nonsense&mdash;<i>non mihi tantas</i>."</p>

  <p>"I tell you, major, she is the loveliest creature in Europe. Such a foot
  &mdash;such shoulders&mdash;such a walk&mdash;by heavens! I'll shoot him as
  dead as Julius C&aelig;sar."</p>

  <p>"Who are you going to shoot?&mdash;is't a woman in man's claes?" enquired
  the major, astonished.</p>

  <p>"I'll shoot him&mdash;the cursed, fat, pudgy, beastly rascal, her
  husband. I've never seen her face, but"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Lord seff us!&mdash;heaven preserve us, as a body may say. Is that a
  respectable reason for shooting a man that you have never seen his wife's
  face? Come, come, be cool, John Chatterton&mdash;be cool; <i>animum
  rege</i>, as a body may"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Cool? a pretty thing for a steady old stager like you, to tell me to be
  cool. I tell you, I've been insulted, threatened, quizzed, laughed at."</p>

  <p>"Wha laughed at ye?" enquired the major.</p>

  <p>"The woman. I'm certain, she must have laughed. How could she avoid it? I
  know she laughed at me; for though I couldn't see her face for the horrid
  veil she kept over it, I saw from the anxiety she was in to hide it, from
  the shaking, of her whole figure, that she was in the convulsions of a
  suppressed titter. I'll shoot him as I would a partridge."</p>

  <p>"But ye've nae license, sir, nor nae qualification either that I can
  see&mdash;for what did the honest man do?" said the major, amazed at the
  wrath of his companion.</p>

  <p>"Do! He didn't actually call me a puppy, but he meant it. I know he
  did&mdash;I saw it in the twinkle of his light, prying, silly-looking
  eyes&mdash;the pucking up of his long, red, sneering lip."</p>

  <p>"But ye canna fecht a man&mdash;you can't challenge a person, as a body
  may say, for having light eyes and long lips&mdash;what mair? <i>quid
  ultra?</i> as a body"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"He asked me the way to the barracks."</p>

  <p>"Weel, there's no great harm in that&mdash;<i>non nocet</i>, as
  a"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"I told him the way, and offered to escort them there; I offered to be of
  any use to them in my power, for I knew every officer in garrison, you know,
  except our own regiment, that only came in to-day; and just when I was going
  to offer my arm to the lovely creature at his side, he said that they didn't
  need my guidance, that they did not desire my society&mdash;that he could
  shoot at a popinjay; now, what the devil <i>is</i> a popinjay?"</p>

  <p>"I'm thinking jay is the English for some sort of a pyet&mdash;a
  tale-bearer, as a body may say&mdash;a blab."</p>

  <p>"A blab!&mdash;by heavens, Major M'Toddy, I don't know what to
  say&mdash;if I thought the fellow really meant to insinuate any thing of
  that kind, I would horsewhip him though I met him in a church."</p>

  <p>"Oho! so your conscience is pricked at last?&mdash;<i>mens sibi non
  conscia</i>, as a body may say," answered the major. "Noo, I want to speak
  to you on a point of great importance to yourself, my young friend, before
  you get acquainted with the regiment. Hoo long have you been in the depot
  here, John Chatterton?"</p>

  <p>"Eighteen months."</p>

  <p>"Weel, man, that's a-year-and-a-half, and you must be almost a man
  noo."</p>

  <p>The youth looked somewhat inclined to be angry at this mode of hinting
  that he was still rather juvenile&mdash;but the major went on.</p>

  <p>"And you were engaged, six months ago, to the beauty you used to tell me
  so much about, Miss Hope of Oakside."</p>

  <p>"Yes&mdash;yes&mdash;well?" replied the youth.</p>

  <p>"And what for have ye broke off in such a sudden manner?&mdash;<i>unde
  rixa?</i> as a body may say."</p>

  <p>"I broke off, Major M'Toddy? I tell you <i>she</i> broke off with
  me."</p>

  <p>"Did she tell you so?" enquired the senior.</p>

  <p>"No&mdash;do you think I would condescend to ask her? No; but doesn't
  every body know that she is married?"</p>

  <p>"Have you seen the announcement in the papers?"</p>

  <p>"I never look at the papers&mdash;but I tell you I know from the best
  authority, that she is either married, or is going to marry an old worn-out
  fellow of the name of Smith. A friend of Smith's told me so, the last time I
  came down by the coach."</p>

  <p>"A man on the top of the coach told you that she was going to be
  married&mdash;that is, <i>in vulgum pargere voces</i>, as a body may
  say&mdash;capital authority! And what did you do then?"</p>

  <p>"Sent her back her letters&mdash;with a tickler to herself on her
  conduct."</p>

  <p>"And was that a'?&mdash;did you not write to any of her family?"</p>

  <p>"No. Her eldest sister is a very delightful, sensible girl, and I am
  certain must have been as angry at Marion's behaviour as I was."</p>

  <p>"And now her brother's come home to-day&mdash;you're sure to meet
  him&mdash;it'll be an awkward meeting."</p>

  <p>"I can meet him or any man in England," replied the youth. "If there's
  any awkwardness about it, it sha'n't be on my side."</p>

  <p>"Noo, John Chatterton, my young friend, I'm going to say some words to
  you that ye'll no like. Ye're very vain o' yoursel'&mdash;but maybe at your
  time o' life it's not a very great fault to have a decent bump o'
  self-conceit; you're the best-hearted, most honourable-minded, pleasantest
  lad I know any where, and very like some nephews of my own in the Company's
  service: ye'll be a baronet when your father dies, and as rich as a Jew. But
  oh, John Chatterton, ye're an ass&mdash;a reg'lar donkey, as a body may say,
  to get into tiffs of passion, and send back a beautiful girl's letters,
  because some land-louping vagabond on the top of a coach told you some
  report or other about a Mr Smith"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"<i>Captain</i> Smith," said Chatterton, biting his lips; "he's a well
  known man; he was an ensign in this very regiment, succeeded to a large
  fortune, and retired: he's a very old man."</p>

  <p>"He's very fine fellow, and as gallant a soldier as ever lived," answered
  the major; "and if you think that a man of six or seven-and-thirty is ow'r
  auld to marry, by my troth, Mister Chatterton, I tak' the liberty to tell
  you that you labour under a very considerable mistake."</p>

  <p>Chatterton looked at the irate face of his companion, in which the
  crow-feet of forty years were distinctly visible, and perceived that he had
  gone on a wrong tack.</p>

  <p>"Well, but then, major, what the deuce right had she to marry without
  giving me notice of her intentions?"</p>

  <p>"Set ye up, and push ye forrit!&mdash;marry come up! as a body may
  say&mdash;who made you the young lassie's guardian? If you were really
  engaged to her, why didn't you go to Oakside at once and find out the truth,
  and then go instantaneously and kick the fellow you met on the top of the
  coach, round and round the barrack yard, till there was not enough of him
  left to plant your boot on?"</p>

  <p>The young man looked down as if a little ashamed of himself.</p>

  <p>"Never mind, major," said he, "it can't be helped now; so do, like a good
  fellow, go and find out the little rascal who insulted me so horribly just
  now. It would be an immense satisfaction to pull his nose with a regulation
  glove on."</p>

  <p>"But you must describe him, and tell me his name, for it would be a sad
  occurrence if I were to give your message to the wrong man."</p>

  <p>"You can't mistake him; the most impudent-looking vulgarian in England.
  His name is Nicholas Clam, living in some unheard-of district near the
  Regent's Park."</p>

  <p>"And the lady is his wife, is she?"</p>

  <p>"Of course. Who the devil would walk with such a fellow that wasn't
  obliged to do it by law?"</p>

  <p>"Well, my young friend, I'll see what's to be done in this matter, and
  will bring you, most likely, a solemn declaration that he never shot at a
  popinjay in his life. And you're really going to end the conversation
  without asking me for a loan? You're not going to be like Virtus, <i>post
  nummos</i> after the siller, as a body may say?"</p>

  <p>"No, not to-day, thank you. The governor keeps me rather short just now,
  and won't come down handsome till I'm married; but"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"So you've lost that and the girl too&mdash;the lass and the tocher, as a
  body may say&mdash;all by the lies of a blackguard on the top of a coach?
  Ye're a wild lad, John Chatterton, and so <i>vale, et memor esto
  mei&mdash;au revoir</i>, as a body may say."</p>

  <p>The major turned away on warlike thoughts intent, that is to say, with
  the intention of finding out Mr Clam, and enquiring into the circumstances
  of the insult to his friend. Mr Chatterton was also on the point of hurrying
  off, when a gentleman, who had overheard the last sentence of the
  sonorous-voiced major's parting speech, stopped suddenly, as if struck by
  what was said, and politely addressed the youth.</p>

  <p>"I believe, sir, I heard the name of Chatterton mentioned by the
  gentleman who has just left you?"</p>

  <p>"Yes, he was speaking of him."</p>

  <p>"Of your regiment, sir?"</p>

  <p>"Yes, we have a man of that name," replied Mr Chatterton. "What the deuce
  can this fellow want?"</p>

  <p>"I am extremely anxious to meet him," continued the stranger, "as I have
  some business with him of the highest importance."</p>

  <p>"Oh, a dun, by Jupiter!" thought the young soldier. He looked at the
  stranger, a very well dressed gentlemanly man&mdash;too manlike for a tailor
  &mdash;too polished for a horse-dealer; his Wellingtons were brightly
  polished&mdash;he was perhaps his boot-maker. "Oh, you wish to see Mr
  Chatterton?" he said aloud.</p>

  <p>"Very much," replied the stranger. "I have some business with him that
  admits of no delay."</p>

  <p>"An arrest at least," thought the youth. "I wish to heaven M'Toddy had
  not left me! Is it fair to ask," he continued, aloud, "of what nature your
  business is with Mr Chatterton? I am his most intimate acquaintance;
  whatever you say to me is sure to reach him."</p>

  <p>"I must speak to him myself, sir," replied the stranger, coldly. "Where
  am I likely to find him?"</p>

  <p>"Oh, most likely at the bankers," said the young man, by way of putting
  his questioner on the wrong scent. "He has just stept into an immense
  fortune from a maiden aunt, and is making arrangements to pay off all his
  debts."</p>

  <p>"There are some he will find it difficult to settle," replied the
  stranger with a sneer, "in spite of his new-found wealth."</p>

  <p>"Indeed, sir! What an exorbitant Jew this fellow is; and yet I never
  signed any bond!"</p>

  <p>"Yes, sir," continued the other, with a bitterer sneer than before, "and
  at the same time such as he can't deny. I have vouchers for every
  charge."</p>

  <p>"Well, he will not dispute your charges. I daresay they are much the same
  as those of other people in the same situation with yourself."</p>

  <p>"Are there others in that condition?" enquired the stranger; "what an
  unprincipled scoundrel!"</p>

  <p>"Who, sir? How dare you apply such language to a gentleman?"</p>

  <p>"I did not, sir, apply it to a gentleman; I applied it to Mr
  Chatterton."</p>

  <p>"To <i>me</i>, sir! It was to me! <i>I'm</i> Mr Chatterton, sir; and now,
  out with your writ&mdash;whose suit? What's the amount? Is it Stulz or
  Dean?"</p>

  <p>The stranger steps back on this announcement, and politely but coldly
  lifted his hat.</p>

  <p>"Oh, curse your politeness!" exclaimed the young man, in the extremity of
  anger. "Where's the bill?"</p>

  <p>"I don't know your meaning, sir," answered the stranger, "in talking
  about writs and bills; but"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Why&mdash;are you not a tailor, or a bootmaker, or something of the
  kind? Don't you say you have claims on me, and don't you talk of charges
  with vouchers, and heaven knows what? Come, let us hear. I'll give you a
  promissory note, and I daresay my friend Major M'Toddy will give me his
  security."</p>

  <p>"I thought you had recently succeeded to a fortune, sir? but that, I
  suppose, was only another of your false and unfounded assertions. Do you
  know me, sir?"</p>

  <p>"No&mdash;except that you are the most insulting scoundrel I ever met,
  and that I wish you were worth powder and shot."</p>

  <p>"Let that pass, sir," continued the stranger, with a bitter smile. "Did
  you ever hear of Captain Smith, sir?"</p>

  <p>"Of twenty, sir. I know fifteen Captain Smiths most intimately."</p>

  <p>"But I happen to be one of the five unhonoured by your acquaintance. You
  are acquainted with Mrs Smith; sir?"</p>

  <p>"I'm acquainted with three-and-twenty, sir. What then?"</p>

  <p>"I was in hopes, that the recollection of Oakside would have induced you
  to treat her name with more respect."</p>

  <p>Chatterton's brow grew dark with rage. "So, then," he said, lifting his
  hat with even more pride and coldness than his adversary&mdash;"so, then,
  you're the Captain Smith I have heard of, and it was no false report? I am
  delighted, sir, to see you here, and to know that you are a gentleman, that
  I may, without degradation to her Majesty's commission, put a bullet or two
  into your body. Your insulting conduct deserves chastisement, sir, and it
  shall have it."</p>

  <p>"With all my heart," replied Captain Smith; the pleasure of calling you
  to account was the object of my visit. I accept your challenge&mdash;only
  wondering that you have spirit and honour enough left to resent an
  intentional affront. Can we meet to-night?"</p>

  <p>"Certainly. I shall send a friend to you in half an hour. He is gone on a
  similar message to another person already; and I will let you know at what
  hour I shall be disengaged."</p>

  <p>"Agreed," said Captain Smith; and the enemies, after a deep and formal
  bow on either side, pursued their way in different directions.</p>

  <h3>CHAPTER III.</h3>

  <p>In the meanwhile Mr Nicholas Clam, and the lady leaning on his arm, had
  proceeded in silence, for the lady's thoughts were so absorbed that she paid
  no attention to the many prefatory coughs with which her companion was
  continually clearing his throat. He thought of fifty different ways of
  commencing a conversation, and putting an end to the rapid pace they were
  going at. But onward still hurried the lady, and breathless, tired,
  disconcerted, and very much perplexed, Mr Clam was obliged to continue at
  her side.</p>

  <p>"This all comes of Mrs Moss writing a book," he muttered, "and being a
  philosophical character. What business had she to go publishing all that
  wonderful big volume above my mantel-piece&mdash;'Woman's Dignity; developed
  in Dialogues?' Without that she never would have found out that I could not
  be a sympathizing companion without the advantages of travel, and I never
  should have left number four, to be quarrelled with by every whipper-snapper
  of a soldier, and dragged to death by a woman unknown&mdash;a synonymous
  personage, as Mrs M. would say, that I encountered in a coach. 'Pon my word,
  ma'am," he added aloud, driven to desperation by fear of apoplexy from the
  speed they were hurrying on with, "this is carrying matters a little too
  far, or a great deal too fast at least. Will you let me ask you one
  question, ma'am?"</p>

  <p>"Certainly, sir," replied the lady; "but oh, do not delay!"</p>

  <p>"But I must delay though, for who do you think can have breath enough
  both to speak and run? And now, will you tell me, ma'am, what all this is
  about&mdash;why that young soldier and I were forced to quarrel&mdash;what
  you came down from London for, and what you are going to do at the
  barracks?"</p>

  <p>"You will hear it all, sir; you shall know all when we arrive. But do not
  harrow my feelings at present, I beseech you. It may all end well, if we are
  in time; but if not"&mdash;</p>

  <p>The look of the lady, and her tone as she said this, did not by any means
  contribute to Mr Clam's satisfaction. However, he perceived at once that
  further attempts to penetrate the mystery would be useless, and he kept
  musing on the strangeness of the circumstance, as profoundly puzzled as
  before. On getting into the barrack-yard, the lady muffled herself in her
  veil more closely than ever, and asked one of the soldiers she met in the
  archway, if Captain Hope "was in his room?"</p>

  <p>"He's not come ashore yet, ma'am," said the soldier, "we expect him every
  moment with the last detachment from the transport."</p>

  <p>"Not come yet?" exclaimed the lady; "which way will they march in?"</p>

  <p>"Up the Main Street, and across the drawbridge," said the soldier,
  goodnaturedly.</p>

  <p>"I wished to see him&mdash;to see him alone. Oh, how unfortunate he is
  not arrived!"</p>

  <p>"Now, 'pon my word," muttered Mr Clam, "this is by no means a favourable
  specimen of woman's dignity developed in dialogues. I wish my infernal
  thirst for knowledge and swelling-out the intellect hadn't led me into an
  acquaintance with a critter so desperate fond of the soldiers; and Captain
  Hope, too! Oh, I see how it is&mdash;this here lady, in spite of all her
  veils and pretences, is no better than she should be; or rather, a great
  deal worse. Think of Mrs M. falling into hysterics about a Captain Hope!
  It's a case of a breach of promise. What should we do now, ma'am?" he said,
  anxious to disengage himself, and a little piqued at the want of confidence
  his advances had hitherto been received with. "If you'll tell me the whole
  story, I shall be able to advise"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Oh, you will know it all ere long. Soldier," she said to the man who had
  answered her former questions, "is there any lady in the barrack&mdash;the
  wife of one of the officers?"</p>

  <p>"There's our colonel, ma'am&mdash;at least the colonel's wife, ma'am;
  she's inspecting the regiments baggage in the inner court"</p>

  <p>"Come, come!" said the lady hurriedly, on hearing this, and again Mr Clam
  was forced along. In the inner court a stout lady, dressed in a man's hat
  and a green riding-habit without the skirts, was busily employed in taking
  the numbers of an amazing quantity of trunks and boxes, and seeing that all
  was right, with the skill and quickness of the guard of a heavy coach. She
  looked up quickly when she saw Mr Clam and his companion approach.</p>

  <p>"I hope you will pardon me, madam, for addressing you," said the latter,
  dropping Mr Clam's arm, and lifting her veil.</p>

  <p>"Be quick about it," said the colonel's wife; "I've no time to put off.
  Hand down that box, No. 19, H. G.," she continued to a sergeant who was
  perched on the top of the luggage.</p>

  <p>"I wished to see you on a very interesting subject, madam."</p>

  <p>"Love, I'll bet a guinea&mdash;who has deserted you now?&mdash;that green
  chest, Henicky, No. 34."</p>

  <p>"There is an officer in this regiment of the name of Chatterton?"</p>

  <p>"Yes, he's one of my young men, though I've not seen him yet. What
  then?"</p>

  <p>"Can I speak to you for a minute alone?"</p>

  <p>"If it's on regimental business, I shall listen to you, of course; but if
  it's some nonsensical love affair, you must go to Colonel Sword. I never
  trouble myself about such matters."</p>

  <p>"If I could see Colonel Sword, madam"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Why can't you see him? Go into the commandant's room. You'll find him
  rocking the cradle of Tippoo Wellington, my youngest son! That other box,
  Henicky, L. M. And who is this old man with you?" continued Mrs Sword. "Your
  attorney, I suppose? See that you aren't ducked at the pump before you get
  out, old man; for I allow no lawyers inside these walls."</p>

  <p>"Ma'am?" enquired Mr Clam, bewildered at the sudden address of the
  officer in command.</p>

  <p>"It's a fact, as you'll find; so, make haste, young woman, and Sword will
  settle your business."</p>

  <p>"Captain Hope is not come on shore yet, I believe?" said the lady.</p>

  <p>"Charlie Hope? No! he's bringing the men and baggage. Has <i>he</i>
  deserted you too? Go to Sword, I tell you; and let your legal friend retreat
  without beat of drum. How many chests is this, Henicky?"</p>

  <p>The Amazonian Mrs Sword proceeded with her work, and Mr Clam stood
  stupified with surprise. His companion, in the mean time, proceeded as
  directed to the commandant's house, and in a short time found herself in
  presence of Colonel Sword.</p>

  <p>The colonel was a tall thin man, with a very pale face, and a very hooked
  nose. He was not exactly rocking the cradle of Tippoo Wellington, as
  supposed by his wife, but he was reposing in an easy attitude, with his head
  thrown back, and his feet thrown forward, and his hands deeply ensconced in
  his pockets. The apparition of a stranger roused him in a moment. He was as
  indefatigable in politeness, as his wife had been in her regimental
  duties.</p>

  <p>"I was in hopes of finding my brother, Captain Hope, in the barracks,
  sir," she began; "but as I am disappointed, I throw myself on your
  indulgence, in requesting a few minutes' private conversation."</p>

  <p>"A sister of Captain Hope? delighted to see you, my dear&mdash;did you
  see Mrs Sword as you came in?"</p>

  <p>"For a minute, but she was busy, and referred me to you."</p>

  <p>"She's very good, I am sure," said the colonel.&mdash;"How can I be of
  use?"</p>

  <p>"I have a sister, Colonel Sword, very thoughtless, and very young. She
  became acquainted about a year ago with Mr Chatterton of your
  regiment&mdash;they were engaged&mdash;all the friends on both sides
  approved of the match, and all of a sudden Mr Chatterton wrote a very
  insulting letter, and withdrew from his engagement."</p>

  <p>"The devil he did? Is your sister like you, my dear?"</p>

  <p>"We are said to be like, but she is much younger&mdash;only
  eighteen."</p>

  <p>"Then this Chatterton is an ass. Good God! what chances silly fellows
  throw away! And what would you have me do?"</p>

  <p>"Prevent a duel, Colonel Sword. My brother is hot and fiery; Mr
  Chatterton is rash and headstrong. There will be enquiries, explanations,
  quarrels, and bloodshed. Oh, Colonel, help me to guard against so dreadful a
  calamity. I was anxious to see Charles, to tell him that the rupture was on
  Marion's side&mdash;that she had taken a dislike to Chatterton. We have kept
  it secret from every body yet. I haven't even told my husband."</p>

  <p>"You're married, then?"</p>

  <p>"To Captain Smith, once of this regiment."</p>

  <p>"Ah, an old friend. Give me your hand, my dear&mdash;we must keep those
  wild young fellows in order. If I see them look at each other, I'll put them
  both in arrest. But what can be the meaning of Chatterton's behaviour? I
  hear such good reports of him from all hands! M'Toddy writes me he is the
  finest young man in the corps."</p>

  <p>"I can't pretend to guess. He merely returned all my sister's letters,
  and wished her happy in her new position."</p>

  <p>"What position was that?"</p>

  <p>"A very unhappy one. She has been ill and nervous ever since."</p>

  <p>"So she liked the rascal. Strange creatures you girls are! Well, I'll do
  my best. I'll give my wife a hint of it, and you may depend on it, if she
  takes it in hand, there will be no quarrelling under her&mdash;I mean under
  my command. If you go towards the harbour, you'll most likely encounter your
  brother. In the meantime, I will go to Chatterton, and take all necessary
  precautions. And Captain Smith knows nothing of this?"</p>

  <p>"Nothing.&mdash;He was on a visit at Oakside, my sister's home, and I
  took the opportunity of his absence, to run down and explain matters to
  Charles. I must return to town immediately; for if I am missed, my husband
  will make enquiries, and he will be more difficult to pacify than my
  brother." So saying, they parted after a warm shake of the hand&mdash;but
  great events had occurred in the meantime in the barrack-yard.</p>

  <p>"Who is that young woman?" said the Colonel's wife, to our astonished
  friend Mr Clam. "Have you lost your tongue, sir?&mdash;who is she, I
  say?"</p>

  <p>"If you were to draw me with horses, I could'nt tell you,
  ma'am&mdash;'pon my solemn davit," said Mr Clam.</p>

  <p>"Oh, you won't tell, won't you?" returned the lady, cocking her hat, and
  leaving the mountain of baggage to the care of her friend Sergeant Henicky.
  "I tell you, sir, I insist on knowing; and if you don't confess this moment,
  I shall perhaps find means to make you."</p>

  <p>"Me, ma'am? How is it possible for me to confess, when I tell you I know
  nothing about her? I travelled with her from London in the coach&mdash;am
  very likely to get shot by a young soldier on her account&mdash;brought her
  here at a rate that has taken away all my breath&mdash;and know no more
  about her than you do."</p>

  <p>"A likely story!&mdash;but it won't do for me, sir; no, sir&mdash;I see
  you are an attorney&mdash;ready to prosecute some of my poor young men for
  breach of promise; but we stand no nonsense of that kind in the gallant
  Sucking Pidgeons. So, trot off, old man, and take your decoy-duck with you,
  or I think its extremely likely you'll be tost in a blanket. Do you
  hear?&mdash;go for your broken-hearted Desdemona, and double-quick out of
  the yard. I'll teach a set of lawyers to come playing the Jew to my young
  men. They shall jilt every girl in England if they think proper, and serve
  them right too&mdash;and no pitiful green-bag rascal shall trouble them
  about such trifles&mdash;right about face&mdash;march"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Madam," said Mr Clam, in the extremity of amazement and fear, "did you
  ever happen to read 'Woman's Dignity, developed in Dialogues?' It's written
  by my friend, Mrs Moss, No. 5, Waterloo Place, Wellington Road, Regent's
  Park&mdash;in fact, she's my next door neighbour&mdash;a clever woman, but
  corpulent, very corpulent&mdash;you never met with 'Woman's Dignity,
  developed in Dialogues?'"</p>

  <p>"Woman's idiocy, enveloped in petticoats! Who the devil cares about
  woman, or her dignity either? I never could bear the contemptible wretches.
  No&mdash;give me a man&mdash;a good, stout-hearted, front-rank
  man&mdash;there's some dignity there&mdash;with the eye glaring, nostril
  widening, bayonet fixed, and double-quick the word, against the enemies'
  line. But woman's dignity!&mdash;let her sit and sew&mdash;work squares for
  ottomans, or borders for chair-bottoms&mdash;psha!&mdash;beat a retreat, old
  man, or you'll be under the pump in two minutes. I'll teach you to talk
  nonsense about your women&mdash;I will&mdash;as sure as my name is Jane
  Sword and I command the Sucking Pigeons!"</p>

  <p>"Pigeons don't suck, ma'am. Mrs M. lent me book of nat'ral
  history"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"You'll find they'll bite, tho'&mdash;Henicky, take a corporal's guard,
  and"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Oh no, for heaven's sake, ma'am!" exclaimed Mr Clam. "Your servant,
  ma'am. I'm off this moment."</p>

  <p>The unhappy victim of Mrs Moss's advice to travel for the improvement of
  his mind, thought it best to follow the orders of the military lady in the
  riding-habit, and retired as quickly as he could from the barrack yard. But,
  on arriving at the outer archway, shame, or curiosity, or some other
  feeling, made him pause. "Am I to go away," he thought, "after all, without
  finding out who the lady is or what business brought her here&mdash;what she
  knows about Chatterton&mdash;and what she wants with Hope? There's a mystery
  in it all. Mrs M. would never forgive me if I didn't find it out. I'll wait
  for the pretty critter&mdash;for she is a pretty critter, in spite of her
  not telling me her story&mdash;I think I never saw such eyes in my life.
  Yes&mdash;I'll wait." Mr Clam accordingly stopped short, and looked sharply
  all round, to watch if his fair companion was coming. She was still detained
  in the colonel's room.</p>

  <p>"Will you pardon me for addressing a stranger, sir?" said a gentleman,
  politely bowing to Mr Clam.</p>

  <p>"Oh, if it's to ask what o'clock it is, or when the coach starts, or any
  thing like that, I shall be happy to answer you, sir, if I can," replied Mr
  Clam, whose liking for new acquaintances had not been much increased by the
  events of the day.</p>

  <p>"I should certainly not have taken the liberty of applying to you,"
  continued the stranger, "if it had not been under very peculiar
  circumstances."</p>

  <p>"Are they very peculiar, sir?" enquired Mr Clam.</p>

  <p>"Yes&mdash;as you shall have explained to you some other time."</p>

  <p>"Oh, you won't tell them now, won't you? Here's another mystery. 'Pon my
  word, sir, so many queer things happen in this town, that I wish I had never
  come into it. I came down only to-day per coach"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"That's fortunate, sir; if you are a stranger here, your service to me
  will be greater."</p>

  <p>"What is it you want? My neighbour in No. 5&mdash;a very talented woman,
  but big, uncommonly big&mdash;says in her book, never purchase the offspring
  of the sty enveloped in canvass&mdash;which means, never meddle with any
  thing you don't know."</p>

  <p>"You shall know all&mdash;but I must first ask, if you are satisfied,
  will you be my friend in a troublesome matter in which I am a party?"</p>

  <p>"Oh, you're in a troublesome matter too, are you?&mdash;as for me, I came
  down from London with such a critter, so pretty, so gentle, such a perfect
  angel to look at!"</p>

  <p>"Oh, I don't wish to have your confidence in such affairs. I am pressed
  for time," replied the stranger, smiling.</p>

  <p>"But I tell you, I am trying to find out what the matter is that you need
  my help in."</p>

  <p>"I beg pardon. I thought you were telling me an adventure of your
  own"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Well sir, this beautiful critter asked my help, just as you're
  doing&mdash;dragged me hither and thither, first asking for one soldier,
  then another."</p>

  <p>"And finally, smiling very sweetly on yourself. I know their
  ways&mdash;said the stranger.</p>

  <p>"Do you, now? Not joking?&mdash;Oh lord! the sooner the better, for such
  lips to smile with, are not met with every day. Well sir, then there came up
  a puppy fellow of the name of Chatterton."</p>

  <p>"Oh, Chatterton!" said the stranger; "that is curious."</p>

  <p>"And insulted us, either her or me I forget which; but I blew him up, and
  he said he would send a friend to me"&mdash;here a new thought seemed to
  strike Mr Clam&mdash;his countenance assumed a very anxious
  expression&mdash;"you're not his friend, sir?" he asked.</p>

  <p>"No sir; far from it. He is the very person with whom I have the
  quarrel."</p>

  <p>"You've quarrelled with him too? Another breach of promise?&mdash;a wild
  dog that Chatterton."</p>

  <p>"Another breach! I did not know that that was <i>your</i> cause of
  quarrel."</p>

  <p>"Nor I; 'pon my solemn davit, I'm as ignorant as a child of what my
  quarrel is about; all that I know is, that my beautiful companion seemed to
  hate the sight of him."</p>

  <p>"Then I trust you won't refuse me your assistance, since you have insults
  of your own to chastise. I expect his message every moment. My name is
  Captain Smith."</p>

  <p>"And mine, Nicholas Clam, No. 4, Waterloo Place, Welling"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Then, gentlemen," said Major M'Toddy, lifting his hat, "I'm a lucky
  man&mdash;<i>fortunatus nimium</i>, as a body may say, to find you both
  together; for I am charged with an invitation to you from my friend Mr
  Chatterton."</p>

  <p>"Oh! he wants to make it up, does he, and asks us to dinner? No. I won't
  go," said Mr Clam.</p>

  <p>"Then you know the alternative, I suppose!" said the Major.</p>

  <p>"To pay for my own dinner at the inn," replied Mr Clam; "of course I know
  that."</p>

  <p>The Major threw a glance at Mr Clam, which he would probably have taken
  the trouble to translate into two or three languages, although it was
  sufficiently intelligible without any explanations, but he had no time. He
  turned to Captain Smith, and said:&mdash;</p>

  <p>"I'm very sorry, Captain Smith, to make your acquaintance on such a
  disagreeable occasion. I've heard so much of you from mutual friends, that I
  feel as if I had known you myself, <i>quod facit per alium facit per
  se</i>&mdash;I'm Major M'Toddy of this regiment."</p>

  <p>"I have long wished to know you, Major, and I hope even this matter need
  not extend any of its bitterness to us."</p>

  <p>The gentlemen here shook hands very cordially&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Well, that's a rum way," said Mr Clam, "of asking a fellow to go out and
  be shot at. But this whole place is a mystery. I'll listen, however, and
  find out what this is all about."</p>

  <p>"And noo, Captain Smith, let me say a word in your private ear."</p>

  <p>"Privateer! that's a sort of ship," said Mr Clam.</p>

  <p>"I hate eaves-droppers," continued the Major, with another glance at Mr
  Clam&mdash;"<i>odi profanum vulgus</i>, as a body may say&mdash;and a
  minute's talk will maybe explain matters."</p>

  <p>"I doubt the power of a minute's talk for any such purpose," said Captain
  Smith, with a smile; "but," going a few yards further from Mr Clam at the
  same time&mdash;"I shall listen to you with pleasure."</p>

  <p>"Weel, then, I canna deny&mdash;<i>convenio</i>, as a body may
  say&mdash;that in the first instance, you played rather a severe trick on Mr
  Chatterton."</p>

  <p>"I play a trick!" exclaimed Captain Smith; "I don't understand you. But
  proceed, I beg. I will not interrupt you."</p>

  <p>"But then, on the other hand, it's not to be denied that Mr Chatterton's
  method of showing his anger was highly reprehensible."</p>

  <p>"His anger, Major M'Toddy!"</p>

  <p>"'Deed ay, just his anger&mdash;<i>ira furor brevis</i>&mdash;and it's
  really very excusable in a proud-spirited young man to resent his being
  jilted in such a sudden and barefaced manner."</p>

  <p>"<i>He</i> jilted! but again I beg pardon&mdash;go on."</p>

  <p>"Nae doubt&mdash;<i>sine dubio</i>, as a body may say&mdash;the lassie
  had a right to change her mind; and if she thought proper to prefer you to
  him, I canna see what law, human or divine"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Does the puppy actually try to excuse himself on so base a calumny as
  that Marion preferred me? Major M'Toddy, I am here to receive your message;
  pray deliver it, and let us settle this matter as soon as possible."</p>

  <p>"Whar's the calumny?" said the major. "You wadna have me to believe,
  Captain Smith, that the lady does not prefer you to him?"</p>

  <p>"Now perhaps she does, for she has sense enough and pride enough, I hope,
  to despise him; but never girl was more attached to a man in the world than
  she to Chatterton. Her health is gone&mdash;she has lost the liveliness of
  youth. No, no&mdash;I am much afraid, in spite of all that has passed, she
  is fond of the fellow yet."</p>

  <p>"How long have you suspected this?" enquired the major.</p>

  <p>"For some time; before my marriage, of course, I had not such good
  opportunities of judging as I have had since."</p>

  <p>"Of course, of course," said the major, in a sympathizing tone; "it's bad
  business. But if you had these suspicions before, what for did you
  marry?"</p>

  <p>"Why? Do you think things of that sort should hinder a man from marrying
  the girl he likes? Mrs Smith regrets it as much as I do."</p>

  <p>"Then what for did she not tell Chatterton she was going to marry
  you?"</p>

  <p>"What right had he to know, sir?"</p>

  <p>"A vera good right, I think; or if he hadna, I wad like to know wha
  had?"</p>

  <p>"There, sir, we differ in opinion. Will you deliver your message, name
  your place and hour, and I shall meet you. I shall easily get a friend in
  this town, though I thought it better at one time to apply to a civilian;
  but I fear," he added, with a smile, "my friend Mr Clam will scarcely
  do."</p>

  <p>"I really dinna ken&mdash;I positively don't know, as a body may say, how
  to proceed in this matter. In the first place, if your wife is over fond of
  Chatterton."</p>

  <p>"My wife, sir?"</p>

  <p>"'Deed ay&mdash;<i>placens uxor</i>, as a body may say&mdash;I say if
  your wife continues to like Chatterton, you had better send a message to
  him, and not he to you."</p>

  <p>"So I would, if she gave me occasion, Major M'Toddy; but if your friend
  boasts of any thing of that kind, his conduct is still more infamous and
  intolerable than I thought it."</p>

  <p>"But your ainsel'&mdash;your own self told me so this minute."</p>

  <p>"You mistake, sir. I say that Marion Hope, my wife's sister, is still
  foolish enough to like him."</p>

  <p>"Your wife's sister! You didna marry Chatterton's sweetheart?"</p>

  <p>"No, sir&mdash;her elder sister."</p>

  <p>"Oh, lord, if I had my fingers round the thrapple o' that leein'
  scoundrel on the tap of the coach! Gie me your hand, Captain
  Smith&mdash;it's all a mistake. I'll set it right in two minutes. Come with
  me to Chatterton's rooms&mdash;ye'll make him the happiest man in England.
  He's wud wi' love&mdash;mad with affection, as a body may say. He thought
  you had run off with his sweetheart, and it was only her sister!"</p>

  <p>Captain Smith began to have some glimmerings of the real state of the
  case; and Mr Clam was on the point of going up to where they stood to make
  further enquiries for the improvement of his mind, when his travelling
  companion, again deeply veiled, laid her hand on his arm.</p>

  <p>"Move not for your life!" she said.</p>

  <p>"I'm not agoing to move, ma'am."</p>

  <p>"Let them go," she continued; "we can get down by a side street. If they
  see me, I'm lost."</p>

  <p>"Lost again! The mystery grows deeper and deeper."</p>

  <p>"One of these is my husband."</p>

  <p>Mr Clam drops her arm. "A married woman, and running after captains and
  colonels! Will you explain a little ma'am, for my head is so puzzled, that
  hang me if I know whether I stand on my head or my heels?"</p>

  <p>"Not now&mdash;sometime or other you will perhaps know all; but come with
  me to the beach&mdash;all will end well."</p>

  <p>"Will it?&mdash;then I hope to heaven it will end soon, for an hour or
  two more of this will kill me."</p>

  <p>The two gentlemen, in the meantime, had disappeared, and Mr Clam was on
  the eve of being hurried off to the harbour, when a young officer came
  rapidly towards them.</p>

  <p>"Charles!" cried the lady, and put her arms round his neck.</p>

  <p>"There she goes!" said Mr Clam&mdash;"another soldier!&mdash;She'll know
  the whole army soon."</p>

  <p>"Mary!" exclaimed the soldier&mdash;"so good, so kind of you to come to
  receive me."</p>

  <p>"I wished to see you particularly," she said, "alone, for one
  minute."</p>

  <p>The brother and sister retired to one side, leaving Mr Clam once more out
  of ear-shot.</p>

  <p>"More whispering!" muttered that disappointed gentleman. "This can never
  enlarge the intellect or improve the mind. Mrs M. is a humbug&mdash;not a
  drop of information can I get for love or money. Nothing but whisperings
  here, closetings there&mdash;all that comes to my share is threats of
  shootings and duckings under pumps. I'll go back to Waterloo Place this
  blessed night, and burn 'Woman's Dignity' the moment I get home."</p>

  <p>"Then let us go to Chatterton's rooms," said the young officer, giving
  his arm to his sister; "I have no doubt he will explain it all, and I shall
  be delighted to see your husband."</p>

  <p>"She's going to see her husband! She's the wickedest woman in England,"
  said Mr Clam, who caught the last sentence.</p>

  <p>"Still here'" said a voice at his ear&mdash;"lurking about the
  barracks!"</p>

  <p>He looked round and saw the irate features of the tremendous Mrs Sword.
  He made a rapid bolt and disappeared, as if he had a pulk of Cossacks in
  full chase at his heels.</p>

  <p>The conversation of the good-natured Colonel Sword with Chatterton had
  opened that young hero's eye so entirely to the folly of his conduct, that
  it needed many encouraging speeches from his superior to keep him from
  sinking into despair.&mdash;"That I should have been such a fool," he said,
  "as to think that Marion would prefer any body to me!" Such was the style of
  his soliloquy, from which it will be perceived, that in spite of his
  discovery of his stupidity, he had not entirely lost his good opinion of
  himself&mdash;"to think that she would marry an old fellow of thirty-six!
  What will she think of me! How lucky I did not write to my father that I had
  broken matters off. Do you think she'll ever forgive me, colonel?"</p>

  <p>"Forgive you, my, dear fellow?" said the colonel; "girls, as Mrs Sword
  says, are such fools, they'll forgive any thing."</p>

  <p>"And Captain Smith!&mdash;a fine gentlemanly fellow&mdash;the husband of
  Marion's sister&mdash;I have insulted him&mdash;I must fight him, of
  course."</p>

  <p>"No fighting here, young man; you must apologize if you've done wrong; if
  not, he must apologize to you; Mrs Sword would never look over a duel
  between two Sucking Pigeons."</p>

  <p>"Then <i>I</i> must apologize."</p>

  <p>"Ye canna have a better chance&mdash;you can't have a better opportunity,
  as a body may say," said the bilingual major, entering the room, "for here's
  Captain Smith ready to accept it."</p>

  <p>"With all his heart, I assure you," said that gentleman, shaking
  Chatterton's hand; "so I beg you'll say no more about it."</p>

  <p>"This is all right&mdash;just as it should be," said the Colonel.
  "Captain Smith, you'll plead poor Chatterton's cause with the offended
  lady."</p>

  <p>"Perhaps the culprit had better be his own advocate&mdash;he will find
  the court very favourably disposed; and as the judge is herself at the
  Waterloo hotel"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Marion here!" exclaimed Chatterton; "good heavens, what an atrocious ass
  I have been!"</p>

  <p>"She is indeed," replied the Captain. "I knew she would be anxious to
  receive her brother Charles on his landing, and as I had wormed out from her
  the circumstances of this lover's quarrel"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"<i>Amantium ira amoris redintegratio est</i>&mdash;as a body may say,"
  interposed Major M'Toddy.</p>

  <p>"And was determined to enquire into it, I thought that the pretence of
  welcoming Captain Hope would allay any suspicion of my intention; and so,
  with her good mother's permission, I brought her down, leaving my wife in
  Henley Street"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Where she didn't long remain," said no other than Captain Charles Hope,
  himself leading in Mrs Smith, the mysterious travelling acquaintance of Mr
  Clam.</p>

  <p>"Do you forgive me," she said to her husband, "for coming down without
  your knowledge?"</p>

  <p>"I suppose I must," said Captain Smith, laughing, "on condition that you
  pardon me for the same offence?"</p>

  <p>"And noo, then," said Major M'Toddy, "I propose that we all, together and
  singly, <i>conjunctim ac separatim</i>&mdash;as a body may say&mdash;go down
  instanter to the Waterloo Hotel. We can arrange every thing there better
  than here, for we must hear the other side&mdash;<i>audi alteram partem</i>,
  as a body may say."</p>

  <p>"This will be a regular <i>jour de noce</i>, as you would say, Major,"
  remarked Colonel Sword, giving his arm to Mrs Smith.</p>

  <p>"It's a <i>nos non nobis</i>, poor auld bachelors&mdash;as a body may
  say," replied the Major, and the whole party proceeded to the hotel.</p>

  <p>Mr Clan, on making his escape from the fulminations of Mrs Sword, had
  been rejoiced to see his carpet-bag still resting against the wall under the
  archway of the inn, as he had left it when he first arrived.</p>

  <p>"Waiter!" he cried; and the same long-haired individual in the blue coat,
  with the napkin over his arm, came to his call.</p>

  <p>"Is there any coach to London this evening?"</p>

  <p>"Yes, sir&mdash;at half-past six."</p>

  <p>"Thank heaven!" exclaimed Mr Clam, "I shall get out of this infernal
  town. Waiter!"</p>

  <p>"Yes, sir."</p>

  <p>"I came from London to-day with a lady&mdash;close veiled, all muffled
  up. She is a married woman, too&mdash;more shame for her."</p>

  <p>"Yes, sir. Do you dine before you go, sir." said the waiter, not
  attending to Mr Clan's observations.</p>

  <p>"No. Her husband doesn't know she's here; but, waiter, Mr Chatterton
  does." Mr Clam accompanied this piece of information with a significant
  wink, which, however, made no sensible impression on the waiter's mind.</p>

  <p>"Yes, Chatterton does; for you may depend on it, by this time he's found
  out who she is."</p>

  <p>"Yes, sir. Have you secured a place, sir?"</p>

  <p>"Now, she wouldn't have her husband know she is here for the world."</p>

  <p>"Outside or in, sir? The office is next door"&mdash;continued the
  waiter.</p>

  <p>"Then, there's a tall gentleman, who speaks with a curious accent. I
  wonder who the deuce <i>he</i> can be."</p>

  <p>"No luggage but this, sir? Porter will take it to the office, sir."</p>

  <p>"Nor that dreadful he-woman in the hat&mdash;who the mischief can
  <i>she</i> be? What had Chatterton done?&mdash;who is the husband?&mdash;who
  is the lady? Waiter, is there a lunatic asylum here?"</p>

  <p>"No, sir. We've a penitentiary."</p>

  <p>"Then, 'pon my davit, the young woman"&mdash;</p>

  <p>But Mr Clam's observation, whatever it was&mdash;and it was evidently not
  very complimentary to his travelling companion&mdash;was interrupted by the
  entrance of the happy party from Chatterton's rooms.</p>

  <p>Mr Clam looked first at the colonel and Captain Hope, and Mrs
  Smith&mdash;but they were so busy in their own conversation, that they did
  not observe him. Then followed Major M'Toddy, Captain Smith, and Mr
  Chatterton.</p>

  <p>"Here's our civil friend," said the Major&mdash;"<i>amicas noster</i>, as
  a body may say."</p>

  <p>"Oh, by Jove!" said Mr Chatterton, "I ought to teach this fellow a lesson
  in natural history."</p>

  <p>"He's the scientific naturalist that called you popinjay," continued the
  major&mdash;"<i>ludit convivia miles</i>, as a body may say."</p>

  <p>"He's the fellow that refused to be my friend, and told me some foolish
  story of his flirtations with a lady he met in the coach," added Captain
  Smith.</p>

  <p>"Gentlemen," said Mr Clam, "I'm here in search of information; will you
  have the kindness to tell me what we have all been fighting, and
  quarrelling, and whispering and threatening about for the last two hours? My
  esteemed and talented neighbour, the author of 'Women's Dignity developed in
  Dialogues'"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"May gang to the deevil," interposed Major M'Toddy&mdash;<i>abeat in
  malam crucem</i>, as a body may say&mdash;We've no time for havers, <i>i
  prae, sequar</i>, as a body may say. What's the number of her room?"</p>

  <p>"No. 14," said the Captain, and the three gentlemen passed on.</p>

  <p>"<i>Her</i> room!" said Mr Clam, "another lady! Waiter!"</p>

  <p>"Yes sir."</p>

  <p>"I'll send you a post-office order for five shillings, if you'll find out
  all this, and let me know the particulars&mdash;address to me, No. 4,
  Waterloo Place, Wellington Road, Regent's Park, London. I've done every
  thing in my power to gain information according to the advice of Mrs M., but
  it's of no use. Let me know as soon as you discover any thing, and I'll send
  you the order by return of post."</p>

  <p>"Coach is coming, sir," said the waiter.</p>

  <p>"And I'm going; and very glad I am to get out of the town alive. And as
  to the female banditti in the riding habit, with all the trunks and boxes;
  if you'll let me know"&mdash;</p>

  <p>"The coach can't wait a moment, sir."</p>

  <p>Mr Clam cast a despairing look as he saw his last hope of finding out the
  mystery disappear. He stept into the inside of the coach&mdash;</p>

  <p>"Coachman," he said, with his foot on the step&mdash;"There's no lady
  inside, is there?"</p>

  <p>"No, sir."</p>

  <p>"Then drive on; if there had been, I wouldn't have travelled a mile with
  her." The roll of the coach drowned the remainder of Mr Clam's eloquence;
  and it is much feared that his enquiries have been unsuccessful to the
  present day.</p>
  <hr class="full" />

  <h2><a name="bw327s8" id="bw327s8"></a>THE EAST AND SOUTH OF EUROPE.</h2>

  <blockquote class="note">
    A Steam-voyage to Constantinople, by the Rhine and Danube, in 1840-41, and
    to Portugal, Spain, &amp;c. By the Marquis of Londonderry. In 2 vols. 8vo.
  </blockquote>
  <hr />

  <p>We have a very considerable respect for the writer of the Tour of which
  we are about to give extracts in the following pages. The Marquis of
  Londonderry is certainly no common person. We are perfectly aware that he
  has been uncommonly abused by the Whigs&mdash;which we regard as almost a
  necessary tribute to his name; that he has received an ultra share of libel
  from the Radicals&mdash;which we regard as equally to his honour; and that
  he is looked on by all the neutrals, of whatever colour, as a personage too
  straightforward to be managed by a bow and a smile. Yet, for all these
  things, we like him the better, and wish, as says the old song&mdash;</p>

  <div class="poem">
    <p>"We had within the realm</p>

    <p>Five hundred good as he."</p>
  </div>

  <p>He is a straightforward, manly, and high-spirited noble, making up his
  mind without fee or reward, and speaking it with as little fear as he made
  it up; managing a large and turbulent population with that authority which
  derives its force from good intention; constant in his attendance on his
  parliamentary duty; plainspoken there, as he is every where; and possessing
  the influence which sincerity gives in every part of the world, however
  abounding in polish and place-hunting.</p>

  <p>His early career, too, has been manly. He was a soldier, and a gallant
  one. His mission to the Allied armies, in the greatest campaign ever made in
  Europe, showed that he had the talents of council as well as of the field;
  and his appointment as ambassador to Vienna, gave a character of spirit, and
  even of splendour, to British diplomacy which it had seldom exhibited
  before, and which, it is to be hoped, it may recover with as little delay as
  possible.</p>

  <p>We even like his employment of his superfluous time. Instead of giving
  way to the fooleries of fashionable life, the absurdities of galloping after
  hares and foxes, for months together, at Melton, or the patronage of those
  scenes of perpetual knavery which belong to the race-course, the Marquis has
  spent his vacations in making tours to the most remarkable parts of Europe.
  It is true that Englishmen are great travellers, and that our nobility are
  in the habit of wandering over the Continent. But the world knows no more of
  their discoveries, if they make such, or of their views of society and
  opinions of governments, if they ever take the trouble to form any upon the
  subject, than of their notions of the fixed stars. That there are many
  accomplished among them, many learned, and many even desirous to acquaint
  themselves with what Burke called "the mighty modifications of the human
  race," beginning with a land within fifteen miles of our shores, and
  spreading to the extremities of the earth, we have no doubt. But in the
  countless majority of instances, the nation reaps no more benefit from their
  travels than if they had been limited from Bond Street to Berkeley Square.
  This cannot be said of the Marquis of Londonderry. He travels with his eyes
  open, looking for objects of interest, and recording them. We are not now
  about to give him any idle panegyric on the occasion. We regret that his
  tours are so rapid, and his journals so brief. He passes by many objects
  which we should wish to see illustrated, and turns off from many topics on
  which we should desire to hear the opinions of a witness on the spot. But we
  thank him for what he has given; hope that he will spend his next autumn and
  many others as he has spent the former; and wish him only to write more at
  large, to give us more characters of the rank with which he naturally
  associates, draw more contrasts between the growing civilization of the
  European kingdoms and our own; and, adhering to his own straightforward
  conceptions, and telling them in his own sincere style, give us an annual
  volume as long as he lives.</p>

  <p>Steam-boats and railways have produced one curious effect, which no one
  anticipated. Of all <i>levellers</i> they are the greatest. Their
  superiority to all other modes of travelling crowds them with the peer as
  well as the peasant. Cabinets, and even queens, now abandon their easy, but
  lazy, equipages for the bird-like flight of iron and fire, and though the
  "special train" still sounds exclusive, the principle of commixture is
  already there, and all ranks will sweep on together.</p>

  <p>The Marquis, wisely adopting the bourgeois mode of travelling, set forth
  from the Tower Stairs, on a lovely morning at the close of August 1840.
  Fifty years ago, the idea of a general, an ambassador, and a peer, with his
  marchioness and suite, embarking on board the common conveyance of the
  common race of mankind, would have been regarded as an absolute
  impossibility; but the common sense of the world has now decided otherwise.
  Speed and safety are wisely judged to be valuable compensations for state
  and seclusion; and when we see majesty itself, after making the experiment
  of yachts and frigates, quietly and comfortably return to its palace on
  board a steamer, we may be the less surprised at finding the Marquis of
  Londonderry and his family making their way across the Channel in the
  steamer Giraffe. Yet it is to be remarked, that though nothing can be more
  miscellaneous than the passengers, consisting of Englishmen, Frenchmen,
  Germans, and Yankee; of Jews, Turks, and heretics; of tourists, physicians,
  smugglers, and all the other diversities of idling, business, and knavery;
  yet families who choose to pay for them, may have separate cabins, and enjoy
  as much privacy as is possible with specimens of all the world within
  half-an-inch of their abode.</p>

  <p>The voyage was without incident; and after a thirty hours' passage, the
  Giraffe brought them to the Brill and Rotterdam. It has been an old
  observation that the Dutch clean every thing but themselves; and nothing can
  be more matter of fact than that the dirtiest thing in a house in Holland is
  generally the woman under whose direction all this scrubbing has been
  accomplished. The first aspect of Rotterdam is strongly in favour of the
  people. It exhibits very considerable neatness for a seaport&mdash;the
  Wapping of the kingdom; paint and even gilding is common on the outsides of
  the shops. The shipping, which here form a part of the town furniture, and
  are to be seen every where in the midst of the streets, are painted with
  every colour of the rainbow, and carved and ornamented according to such
  ideas of taste in sculpture as are prevalent among Dutchmen; and the whole
  exhibits a good specimen of a people who have as much to struggle with mud
  as if they had been born so many eels, and whose conceptions of the real
  colour of the sky are even a shade darker than our own.</p>

  <p>The steam-boats also form a striking feature, which utterly eluded the
  wisdom of our ancestors. There are here, bearing all colours, from all the
  Rhenish towns, smoking and suffocating the Dutch, flying past their
  hard-working, slow-moving craft; and bringing down, and carrying away,
  cargoes of every species of mankind. The increase of Holland in wealth and
  activity since the separation from Belgium, the Marquis regards as
  remarkable; and evidently having no <i>penchant</i> for our cousin Leopold,
  he declares that Rotterdam is at this moment worth more solid money than
  Antwerp, Brussels, and, he believes, "all Leopold's kingdom together."</p>

  <p>At Antwerp, he happened to arrive at the celebration of the f&ecirc;te in
  honour of Rubens. "To commemorate the painter may be all very well," he
  observes; "but it is not very well to see a large plaster-of-Paris statue
  erected on a lofty pedestal, and crowned with laurels, while the whole
  population of the town is called out for fourteen days together, to indulge
  in idleness and dissipation, merely to announce that Rubens was a famed
  <i>Dutch</i> painter in times long past." We think it lucky for the Marquis
  that he had left Antwerp before he called Rubens a Dutch painter. We are
  afraid that he would have hazarded a summary application of the Lynch law of
  the Flemish avengers of their country.</p>

  <p>"If such celebrations," says the Marquis, "are proper, why not do equal
  honour to a Shakspeare, a Pitt, a Newton, or any of those illustrious men by
  whose superior intelligence society has so greatly profited?" The obvious
  truth is, that such "celebrations" are not to our taste, that there is
  something burlesque, to our ideas, in this useless honour; and that we think
  a bonfire, a discharge of squibs, or even a discharge of rhetoric, and a
  display of tinsel banners and buffoonery, does not supply the most natural
  way of reviving the memory of departed genius. At the same time, they have
  their use, where they do not create their ridicule. On the Continent, life
  is idle; and the idlers are more harmlessly employed going to those
  pageants, than in the gin-shop. The finery and the foolery together also
  attract strangers, the idlers of other towns; it makes money, it makes
  conversation, it makes amusement, and it kills time. Can it have better
  recommendations to ninety-nine hundredths of mankind?</p>

  <p>In 1840, when this tour was written, all the politicians of the earth
  were deciding, in their various coffee-houses, what all the monarchs were to
  do with the Eastern question. Stopford and Napier were better employed, in
  battering down the fortifications of Acre, and the politicians were soon
  relieved from their care of the general concerns of Europe. England settled
  this matter as she had often done before, and by the means which she has
  always found more natural than protocols. But a curious question is raised
  by the Marquis, as to the side on which Belgium might be inclined to stand
  in case of an European struggle; his opinion being altogether <i>for</i> the
  English alliance.</p>

  <p>"France could undoubtedly <i>at first</i> seize possession of a country
  so close to her empire as to be in fact a province. But still, with Antwerp
  and other fortresses, Holland in the rear, and Hanover and Germany at hand,
  and, above all, England, aiding perhaps with a British army, the
  independence of King Leopold's throne and kingdom might be more permanently
  secured by adhering to the Allies, than if he linked himself to Louis
  Philippe, in whose power alone, in case of non-resistance to France, he
  would ever afterwards remain; and far better would it be, in my opinion, for
  this founder of a Belgian monarchy, if he would achieve for his dynasty an
  honourable duration, to throw himself into the arms of the many, and reap
  advantages from all, than to place his destiny at the mercy of the future
  rulers of France."</p>

  <p>No doubt this is sound advice; and if the decision were to depend on
  himself, there can be as little doubt that he would be wiser in accepting
  the honest aid of England, than throwing his crown at the feet of France.
  But he reigns over a priest-ridden kingdom, and Popery will settle the point
  for him on the first shock. His situation certainly is a singular one; as
  the uncle of the Queen of England, and the son-in-law of the King of France,
  he seems to have two anchors dropped out, either of which might secure a
  throne in ordinary times. But times that are <i>not</i> ordinary may soon
  arise, and then he must cut both cables and trust to his own steerage. If
  coldness is prudence, and neutrality strength, he may weather the storm; but
  it would require other qualities to preserve Belgium.</p>

  <p>Brussels was full of English. The Marquis naturally talks in the style of
  one accustomed to large expenditure. The chief part of the English residents
  in Brussels, are families "who live there on three or four thousand
  a-year&mdash;far better as to luxuries and education than they could in
  England for half as much more." He evidently thinks of three or four
  thousand a-year, as others might think of as many hundreds. But if any
  families, possessed of thousands a-year, are living abroad for the mere sake
  of <i>cheaper</i> luxuries and <i>cheaper</i> education, we say, more shame
  for them. We even can conceive nothing more selfish and more contemptible.
  Every rational luxury is to be procured in England by such an income. Every
  advantage of education is to be procured by the same means. We can perfectly
  comprehend the advantages offered by the cheapness of the Continent to large
  families with narrow incomes; but that the opulent should abandon their
  country, their natural station, and their duties, simply to drink champagne
  at a lower rate, and have cheaper dancing-masters, we must always regard as
  a scandalous dereliction of the services which every man of wealth and rank
  owes to his tenantry, his neighbours, and his nation. Of course, we except
  the traveller for curiosity; the man of science, whose object is to enlarge
  his knowledge; and even the man of rank, who desires to improve the minds of
  his children by a view of continental wonders. Our reprobation is, of the
  habit of living abroad, and living there for the vulgar and unmanly purpose
  of self-indulgence or paltry avarice. Those absentees have their reward in
  profligate sons, and foreignized daughters, in giving them manners
  ridiculous to the people of the Continent, and disgusting to their
  countrymen&mdash;morals adopting the grossness of continental life, and
  general habits rendered utterly unfit for a return to their country, and, of
  course, for any rational and meritorious conduct, until they sink into the
  grave.</p>

  <p>The Marquis, who in every instance submitted to the rough work of the
  road, took the common conveyance by railroad to Liege. It has been a good
  deal the custom of our late tourists to applaud the superior excellence of
  the continental railroads. Our noble traveller gives all this praise the
  strongest contradiction. He found their inferiority quite remarkable. The
  materials, all of an inadequate nature, commencing with their uncouth
  engine, and ending with their ill-contrived double seats and carriages for
  passengers. The attempts made at order and regularity in the arrangements
  altogether failed. Every body seemed in confusion. The carriages are of two
  sorts&mdash;the first class, and the <i>char-&agrave;-banc</i>. The latter
  are all open; the people sit back to back, and face to face, as they like,
  and get at their places by scrambling, squeezing, and altercation. Even the
  Marquis had a hard fight to preserve the seats which he had taken for his
  family. At Malines, the train changes carriages. Here a curious scene
  occurred. An inundation of priests poured into all the carriages. They came
  so thick that they were literally thrown back by their attempt to squeeze
  themselves in; "and their cocked hats and black flowing robes gave them the
  appearance of ravens with their wide-spreading wings, hovering over their
  prey in the vehicles."</p>

  <p>Travelling, like poverty, brings one acquainted with strange companions;
  and, accustomed as the Marquis was to foreign life, one railway traveller
  evidently much amused him. This was a personage who stretched himself at
  full length on a seat opposite the ladies, "his two huge legs and thighs
  clothed in light blue, with long Spanish boots, and heavy silver spurs,
  formed the foreground of his extended body. A black satin waistcoat,
  overlaid with gold chains, a black velvet Spanish cloak and hat, red beard
  and whiskers, and a face resembling the Saracen's on Snow-Hill, completed
  his <i>ensemble</i>." He was probably some travelling mountebank apeing the
  Spanish grandee.</p>

  <p>Aix-la-Chapelle exhibited a decided improvement on the City of the
  Congress five-and-twenty years ago. The principal streets were now paved,
  with fine <i>trottoirs</i>, the buildings had become large and handsome, and
  the hotels had undergone the same advantageous change. From Liege to Cologne
  the country exhibited one boundless harvest. The vast cathedral of Cologne
  at last came in sight, still unfinished, though the process of building has
  gone on for some hundred years. The extraordinary attempt which has been
  made, within the last few months, to unite Protestantism with Popery, in the
  completion of this gigantic building, will give it a new and unfortunate
  character in history. The union is impossible, though the confusion is easy,
  and the very attempt to reconcile them only shows to what absurdities men
  may be betrayed by political theories, and to what trivial and temporary
  objects the highest interests of our nature may be sacrificed. Cologne, too,
  is rapidly improving. The free navigation of the Rhine has done something of
  this, but the free passage of the English has done a great deal more. A
  perpetual stream of British travellers, flowing through Germany, benefits
  it, not merely by their expenditure, but by their habits. Where they reside
  for any length of time, they naturally introduce the improvements and
  conveniences of English life. Even where they but pass along, they demand
  comforts, without which the native would have plodded on for ever. The
  hotels are gradually provided with carpets, fire-places, and a multitude of
  other matters essential to the civilized life of England; for if
  civilization depends on bringing the highest quantity of rational enjoyment
  within the reach of general society, England is wholly superior in
  civilization to the shivering splendours of the Continent. Foreigners are
  beginning to learn this; and those who are most disposed to scoff at our
  taste, are the readiest to follow our example.</p>

  <p>The streets of Cologne, formerly dirty and narrow, and the houses, old
  and tumbling down, have given way to wide spaces, handsome edifices, and
  attractive shops. The railway, which we have lent to the Continent, will
  shortly unite Brussels, Liege, and Cologne, and the three cities will be
  thereby rapidly augmented in wealth, numbers, and civilization.</p>

  <p>The steam-boats on the Rhine are in general of a good description. The
  arrangements are convenient, considering that at times there are two hundred
  passengers, and that among foreigners the filthy habit of smoking, with all
  its filthy consequences, is universal; but, below decks, the party,
  especially if they take the <i>pavillion</i> to themselves, may escape this
  abomination. The Rhine has been too often described to require a record
  here; but the rapturous nonsense which the Germans pour forth whenever they
  write about the national river, offends truth as much as it does taste. The
  larger extent of this famous stream is absolutely as dull as a Dutch pond.
  The whole run from the sea to Cologne is flat and fenny. As it approaches
  the hill country it becomes picturesque, and its wanderings among the fine
  declivities of the Rheingate exhibit beautiful scenery. The hills,
  occasionally topped with ruins, all of which have some original (or
  invented) legend of love or murder attached to them, indulge the romance of
  which there is a fragment or a fibre in every bosom; and the general aspect
  of the country, as the steam-boat breasts the upward stream, is various and
  luxuriant. But the German architecture is fatal to beauty. Nothing can be
  more <i>barbarian</i> (with one or two exceptions) than the whole range of
  buildings, public and private, along the Rhine; gloomy, huge, and
  heavy&mdash;whether palace, convent, or chateau, they have all a
  prison-look; and if some English philanthropist, in pity to the Teutonic
  taste, would erect one or two "English villas" on the banks of the Rhine, to
  give the Germans some idea of what architecture ought to be, he would render
  them a national service, scarcely inferior to the introduction of carpets
  and coal-fires.</p>

  <p>Johannisberg naturally attracts the eye of the English traveller, whose
  cellar has contributed so largely to its cultivation. This mountain-vineyard
  had been given by Napoleon to Kellerman; but Napoleon's gifts were as
  precarious as himself, and the Johannisberg fell into hands that better
  deserved it. At the peace of 1814 it was presented by the Emperor Francis to
  the great statesman who had taught his sovereign to set his foot on the neck
  of the conqueror of Vienna. The mountain is terraced, clothed with
  vineyards, and forms a very gay object to those who look up to it from the
  river. The view from the summit of the hill is commanding and beautiful, but
  its grape is <i>unique</i>. The chief portion of the produce goes amongst
  the principalities and powers of the Continent; yet as the Englishman must
  have his share of all the good things of the earth, the Johannisberg wine
  finds its way across the Channel, and John Bull satisfies himself that he
  shares the luxury of Emperors.</p>

  <p>The next <i>lion</i> is Ehrenbreitstein, lying on the right bank of the
  Rhine, the most famous fortress of Germany, and more frequently battered,
  bruised, and demolished, than any other work of nature or man on the face of
  the globe. It has been always the first object of attack in the French
  invasions, and, with all its fortifications, has always been taken. The
  Prussians are now laying out immense sums upon it, and evidently intend to
  make it an indigestible morsel to the all-swallowing ambition of their
  neighbours; but it is to be hoped that nations are growing wiser&mdash;a
  consummation to which they are daily arriving by growing poorer. Happily for
  Europe, there is not a nation on the Continent which would not be bankrupt
  in a single campaign, provided England closed her purse. In the last war she
  was the general paymaster: but that system is at an end; and if she is wise,
  she will never suffer another shilling of hers to drop into the pocket of
  the foreigner.</p>

  <p>The Prussians have formed an entrenched camp under cover of this great
  fortress, capable of containing 120,000 men. They are obviously right in
  keeping the French as far from Berlin as they can; but those enormous
  fortresses and entrenched camps are out of date. They belonged to the times
  when 30,000 men were an army, and when campaigns were spent in sieges.
  Napoleon changed all this, yet it was only in imitation of Marlborough, a
  hundred years before. The great duke's march to Bavaria, leaving all the
  fortresses behind him, was the true tactic for conquest. He beat the army in
  the field, and then let the fortresses drop one by one into his hands. The
  change of things has helped this bold system. Formerly there was but one
  road through a province&mdash;it led through the principal
  fortress&mdash;all the rest was mire and desolation. Thus the fortress must
  be taken before a gun or a waggon could move. Now, there are a dozen roads
  through every province&mdash;the fortress may be passed out of gun-shot in
  all quarters&mdash;and the "grand army" of a hundred and fifty thousand men
  marches direct on the capital. The <i>t&ecirc;tes-du-pont</i> on the Niemen,
  and the entrenched camp which it had cost Russia two years to fortify, were
  turned in the first march of the French; and the futility of the whole
  costly and rather timorous system was exhibited in the fact, that the
  crowning battle was fought within hearing of Moscow.</p>

  <p>Beyond Mayence the Rhine reverts to its former flatness, the hills
  vanish, the shores are level, but the southern influence is felt, and the
  landscape is rich.</p>

  <p>Wisbaden is the next stage of the English&mdash;a stage at which too many
  stop, and from which not a few are glad to escape on any terms. The Duke of
  Nassau has done all in his power to make his watering-place handsome and
  popular, and he has succeeded in both. The Great Square, containing the
  assembly-room, is a very showy specimen of ducal taste. Its colonnades and
  shops are striking, and its baths are in the highest order. Music, dancing,
  and promenading form the enjoyment of the crowd, and the gardens and
  surrounding country give ample indulgence for the lovers of air and
  exercise. <i>The</i> vice of the place, as of all continental scenes of
  amusement, is gambling. Both sexes, and all ages, are busy at all times in
  the mysteries of the gaming-table. Dollars and florins are constantly
  changing hands. The bloated German, the meagre Frenchman, the sallow
  Russian, and even the placid Dutchman, hurry to those tables, and continue
  at them from morning till night, and often from night till morning. The fair
  sex are often as eager and miserable as the rest. It is impossible to doubt
  that this passion is fatal to more than the purse. Money becomes the price
  of every thing; and, without meaning to go into discussion on such topics,
  nothing can be clearer than that the female gambler, in this frenzy of
  avarice, inevitably forfeits the self-respect which forms at least the
  outwork of female virtue. Though the ancient architecture of Germany is
  altogether dungeon-like, yet they can make pretty imitations. The summer
  palace of the duke at Biberach might be adopted in lieu of the enormous
  fabrics which have cost such inordinate sums in our island. "The circular
  room in the centre of the building is ornamented with magnificent marble
  pillars. The floor is also of marble. The galleries are stuccoed, with gold
  ornaments encrusted upon them. From the middle compartment of the great hall
  there are varied prospects of the Rhine, which becomes studded here with
  small islands: and the multitudinous orange, myrtle, cedar, and cypress
  trees on all sides render Biberach a most enchanting abode."</p>

  <p>The Marquis makes some shrewd remarks on the evident attention of the
  Great Powers to establish an interest among the little sovereignties of
  Germany. Thus, Russia has married "her eldest daughter to an adopted
  Bavarian. The Cesarowitch is married to a princess of Darmstadt," &amp;c. He
  might have added Louis Philippe, who is an indefatigable advocate of
  marrying and giving in marriage. Austria is extending her olive branches as
  far as she can; and all princes, now having nothing better to do, are
  following her example.</p>

  <p>Yet, we altogether doubt that family alliances have much weight in times
  of trouble. Of course, in times of peace, they may facilitate the common
  business of politics. But, when powerful interests appear on the stage, the
  matrimonial tie is of slender importance; kindred put on their
  coats-of-mail, and, like Francis of Austria and his son-in-law Napoleon,
  they throw shot and shell at each other without any ceremony. It is only in
  poetry that Cupid is more powerful than either Mammon or Mars.</p>

  <p>The next <i>lion</i> is Frankfort&mdash;a very old lion, 'tis true, but
  one of the noblest cities of Germany, connected with high recollections, and
  doing honour, by its fame, to the spirit of commerce. Frankfort has been
  always a striking object to the traveller; but it has shared, or rather led
  the way to the general improvement. Its shops, streets, and public buildings
  all exhibit that march, which is so much superior to the "march of mind,"
  panegyrised by our rabble orators&mdash;the march of industry, activity, and
  invention; Frankfort is one of the liveliest and pleasantest of continental
  residences.</p>

  <p>But the Marquis is discontented with the inns; which, undoubtedly, are
  places of importance to the sojourner&mdash;perhaps of much more importance
  than the palaces. He reckons them by a "sliding scale;" which, however, is a
  descending one&mdash;Holland bad, Belgium worse, Germany the third degree of
  comparison. Some of the inns in the great towns are stately; but it
  unluckily happens that the masters and mistresses of those inns are to the
  full as stately, and that, after a bow or curtsey at the door to their
  arriving guests, all their part is at an end. The master and mistress
  thenceforth transact their affairs by deputy. They are sovereigns, and
  responsible for nothing. The <i>gar&ccedil;ons</i> are the cabinet, and
  responsible for every thing; but they, like superior personages, shift their
  responsibility upon any one inclined to take it up; and all is naturally
  discontent, disturbance, and discomfort. We wonder that the Marquis has not
  mentioned the German <i>table-d'h&ocirc;te</i> among his annoyances; for he
  dined at it. Nothing, in general, can be more adverse to the quiet, the
  ease, or the good-sense of English manners. The <i>table-d'h&ocirc;te</i> is
  essentially vulgar; and no excellence of <i>cuisine</i>, or completeness of
  equipment, can prevent it from exhibiting proof of its original purpose,
  namely&mdash;to give a cheap dinner to a miscellaneous rabble.</p>

  <p>German posting is on a par with German inns, which is as much as to say
  that it is detestable, even if the roads were good. The roughness, mire, and
  continual ascents and descents of the roads, try the traveller's patience.
  The only resource is sleep; but even that is denied by the continual
  groanings of a miserable French horn, with which the postilion announces his
  approach to every village.</p>

  <div class="poem">
    <p>"Silence, ye wolves, while tipsy Mein-Herr howls,</p>

    <p>Making night hideous; answer him, ye owls."</p>
  </div>

  <p>The best chance of getting a tolerable meal in the majority of these
  roadside houses, is, to take one's own provisions, carry a cook, if we can,
  and, if not, turn cooks ourselves; but the grand hotels are too "grand" for
  this, and they insist on supplying the dinner, for which the general name is
  <i>cochonerrie</i>, and with perfect justice.</p>

  <p>On the 12th of September, the Marquis and his family arrived at
  Nuremberg, where the Bavarian court were assembled, in order to be present
  at a Camp of Exercise. To the eye of an officer who had been in the habit of
  seeing the armies of the late war, the military spectacle could not be a
  matter of much importance, for the camp consisted of but 1800 men. But he
  had been a comrade of the king, when prince-royal, during the campaigns of
  1814 and 1815; and, as such, had helped (and not slightly) to keep the
  tottering crown on the brow of Bavaria. He now sent to request the
  opportunity of paying his respects; but Germany, absurd in many things, is
  especially so in point of etiquette. Those miraculous productions of
  Providence, the little German sovereigns, live on etiquette, never abate an
  atom of their opportunities of convincing inferior mortals that they are of
  a super-eminent breed; and, in part, seem to have strangely forgotten that
  salutary lesson which Napoleon and his captains taught them, in the days
  when a republican brigadier, or an imperial aid-de-camp, though the son of a
  tailor, treated their "Serene Highnesses" and "High Mightinesses" with as
  little ceremony as the thoroughly beaten deserved from the conquerors. In
  the present instance, the little king did <i>not</i> choose to receive the
  gallant soldier, whom, in days of difficulty, he had been rejoiced to find
  at his side; and the ground assigned was, that the monarch received none but
  in uniform; the Marquis having mentioned, that he must appear in plain
  clothes, in consequence of dispatching his uniform to Munich, doubtless
  under the idea of attending the court there in his proper rank of a general
  officer.</p>

  <p>The Marquis was angry, and the fragment of his reply which we give, was
  probably as unpalatable a missive as the little king had received since the
  days of Napoleon.</p>

  <p>"My intention was, to express my respect for his majesty, in taking this
  opportunity to pay my court to him, in the interesting recollection of the
  kindly feelings which he deigned to exhibit to me and my <i>brother</i> at
  Vienna, when Prince Royal of Bavaria.</p>

  <p>"I had flattered myself, that as the companion-in-arms of the excellent
  Marshal Wrede in the campaigns of 1814 and 1815, his majesty would have
  granted this much of remembrance to an individual, without regard to
  uniform; or, at least, would have done me the honour of a private audience.
  I find, however, that I have been mistaken, and I have now only to offer my
  apologies to his majesty.</p>

  <p>"The flattering reception which I have enjoyed in other courts, and the
  idea that this was connected with the name and services of the individual,
  and not dependent on the uniform, was the cause of my indiscretion. As my
  profound respect for his majesty was the sole feeling which led me towards
  Munich, I shall not <i>delay a moment</i> in quitting his majesty's
  territory."</p>

  <p>If his majesty had been aware that this Parthian arrow would have been
  shot at him, he would have been well advised in relaxing his etiquette.</p>

  <p>In the vicinity where this trifling transaction occurred, is the
  <i>locale</i> of an undertaking which will probably outlast all the little
  diadems of all the little kings. This is the canal by which it is proposed
  to unite the Rhine, the Mayne, and the Danube; in other words, to make the
  longest water communication in the world, through the heart of Europe; by
  which the Englishman embarking at London-bridge, may arrive at
  Constantinople in a travelling palace, with all the comforts&mdash;nay, all
  the luxuries of life, round him; his books, pictures, furniture, music, and
  society; and all this, while sweeping through some of the most magnificent
  scenery of the earth, safe from surge or storm, sheltered from winter's cold
  and summer's sun, rushing along at the rate of a couple of hundred miles
  a-day, until he finds himself in the Bosphorus, with all the glories of the
  City of the Sultans glittering before him.</p>

  <p>This is the finest speculation that was ever born of this generation of
  wonders, steam; and if once realized, must be a most prolific source of good
  to mankind. But the Germans are an intolerably tardy race in every thing,
  but the use of the tongue. They harangue, and mystify, and magnify, but they
  will not act; and this incomparable design, which, in England, would join
  the whole power of the nation in one unanimous effort, languishes among the
  philosophists and prognosticators of Germany, finds no favour in the eyes of
  its formal courts, and threatens to be lost in the smoke of a
  tobacco-saturated and slumber-loving people.</p>

  <p>But the chief monument of Bavaria is the Val Halla, a modern temple
  designed to receive memorials of all the great names of Germany. The idea is
  kingly, and so is the temple; but it is built on the model of the
  Parthenon&mdash;evidently a formidable blunder in a land whose history,
  habits, and genius, are of the north. A Gothic temple or palace would have
  been a much more suitable, and therefore a finer conception. The combination
  of the palatial, the cathedral, and the fortress style, would have given
  scope to superb invention, if invention was to be found in the land; and in
  such an edifice, for such a purpose, Germany would have found a truer point
  of union, than it will ever find in the absurd attempt to mix opposing
  faiths, or in the nonsense of a rebel Gazette, and clamorous Gazetteers.</p>

  <p>Still the Bavarian monarch deserves the credit of an unrivalled zeal to
  decorate his country. He is a great builder, he has filled Munich with fine
  edifices, and called in the aid of talents from every part of Europe, to
  stir up the flame, if it is to be found among his drowsy nation.</p>

  <p>The Val Halla is on a pinnacle of rising ground, about a hundred yards
  from the Danube, from whose bank the ascent is by a stupendous marble
  staircase, to the grand portico. The columns are of the finest white stone,
  and the interior is completely lined with German marbles. Busts of the
  distinguished warriors, poets, statesmen, and scholars, are to be placed in
  niches round the walls, but <i>not</i> till they are dead. A curious
  arrangement is adopted with respect to the living: Persons of any public
  note may send their busts, while living, to the Val Halla, where they are
  deposited in a certain chamber, a kind of marble purgatory or limbo. When
  they die, a jury is to sit upon them, and if they are fortunate enough to
  have a verdict in their favour, they take their place amongst these marble
  immortals. As the process does not occur until the parties are beyond the
  reach of human disappointment, they cannot feel the worse in case of
  failure; but the vanity which tempts a man thus to declare himself deserving
  of perpetual renown, by the act of sending his bust as a candidate, is
  perfectly <i>foreign</i>, and must be continually ridiculous.</p>

  <p>The temple has been inaugurated or consecrated by the king in person,
  within the last month. He has made a speech, and dedicated it to German fame
  for ever. He certainly has had the merit of doing what ought to have been
  long since done in every kingdom of Europe; what a slight retrenchment in
  every royal expenditure would have enabled every sovereign to set on foot;
  and what could be done most magnificently, would be most deserved, and ought
  to be done without delay, in England.</p>

  <p>At Ratisbon, the steam navigation on the Danube begins, taking passengers
  and carriages to Linz, where the Austrian steam navigation commences,
  completing the course down the mighty river. The former land-journey from
  Ratisbon to Vienna generally occupied six days. By the steam-boat, it is now
  accomplished in forty-eight hours, a prodigious saving of space and time.
  The Bavarian boats are smaller than those on the Rhine, owing to the
  shallows on the upper part of the river, but they are well managed and
  comfortable. The steamer is, in fact, a floating hotel, where every thing is
  provided on board, and the general arrangements are exact and convenient.
  The scenery in this portion of the river is highly exciting.&mdash;"The
  Rhine, with its hanging woods and multitudinous inhabited castles, affords a
  more cultivated picture; but in the steep and craggy mountains of the
  Danube, in its wild outlines and dilapidated castles, the imagination
  embraces a bolder range. At one time the river is confined within its
  narrowest limits, and proceeds through a defile of considerable altitude,
  with overhanging rocks menacing destruction. At another it offers an open,
  wild archipelago of islands. The mountains have disappeared, and a long
  plain bounds on each side of the river its barren banks."</p>

  <p>The steam-boats stop at Neudorf, a German mile from Vienna. On his
  arrival, the Marquis found the servants and carriages of Prince Esterhazy
  waiting for him, and quarters provided at the Swan Hotel, until one of the
  prince's palaces could be prepared for his reception. The importance of
  getting private quarters on arriving at Vienna is great, the inns being all
  indifferent and noisy. They have another disqualification not less
  important&mdash;they seem to be intolerably dear. The Marquis's
  accommodations, though on a <i>third</i> story of the Swan, cost him eight
  pounds sterling a-day. This he justly characterizes as extravagant, and says
  he was glad to remove on the third day, there being an additional annoyance,
  in a club of the young nobles at the Swan, which prevented a moment's quiet.
  The <i>cuisine</i>, however, was particularly good, and the house, though a
  formidable affair for a family, is represented as desirable for a
  "bachelor"&mdash;we presume, a rich one.</p>

  <p>Vienna has had her share in the general improvement of the Continent. She
  has become commercial, and her streets exhibit shops with gilding,
  plate-glass, and showy sign-boards, in place of the very old, very
  barbarous, and very squalid, displays of the last century. War is a rough
  teacher, but it is evidently the only one for the Continent. The foreigner
  is as bigoted to his original dinginess and discomfort, as the Turk to the
  Koran. Nothing but fear or force ever changes him. The French invasions were
  desperate things, but they swept away a prodigious quantity of the cobwebs
  which grow over the heads of nations who will not use the broom for
  themselves. Feudalities and follies a thousand years old were trampled down
  by the foot of the conscript; and the only glimpses of common-sense which
  have visited three-fourths of Europe in our day, were let in through chinks
  made by the French bayonet. The French were the grand improvers of every
  thing, though only for their own objects. They made high roads for their own
  troops, and left them to the Germans; they cleared the cities of streets
  loaded with nuisances of all kinds, and taught the natives to live without
  the constant dread of pestilence; they compelled, for example the Portuguese
  to wash their clothes, and the Spaniards to wash their hands. They proved to
  the German that his ponderous fortifications only brought bombardments on
  his cities, and thus induced him to throw down his crumbling walls, fill up
  his muddy ditches, turn his barren glacis into a public walk, and open his
  wretched streets to the light and air of heaven. Thus Hamburgh, and a
  hundred other towns, have put on a new face, and almost begun a new
  existence. Thus Vienna is now thrown open to its suburbs, and its suburbs
  are spread into the country.</p>

  <p>The first days were given up to dinner at the British ambassador's, (Lord
  Beauvale's,) at the Prussian ambassador's, and at Prince Metternich's. Lord
  Beauvale's was "nearly private He lived on a second floor, in a fine house,
  of which, however, the lower part was understood to be still unfurnished.
  His lordship sees but few people, and seldom gives any grand receptions, his
  indifferent health being the reason for living privately." However, on this
  point the Marquis has his own conceptions, which he gives with a plainness
  perfectly characteristic, and very well worth being remembered.</p>

  <p>"I think," says he, "that an ambassador of England, at an imperial court,
  with <i>eleven thousand pounds</i> per annum! should <i>not</i> live as a
  private gentleman, nor consult solely his own ease, unmindful of the
  sovereign he represents. A habit has stolen in among them of adopting a
  spare <i>menage</i>, to augment <i>private fortune when recalled</i>! This
  is wrong. And when France and Russia, and even Prussia, entertain constantly
  and very handsomely; our embassies and legations, generally speaking, are
  niggardly and shut up."</p>

  <p>However the Lord Beauvale and his class may relish this honesty of
  opinion, we are satisfied that the British public will perfectly agree with
  the Marquis. A man who receives L. 11,000 a-year to show hospitality and
  exhibit state, ought to do both. But there is another and a much more
  important point for the nation to consider. Why should eleven thousand
  pounds a-year be given to any ambassador at Vienna, or at any other court of
  the earth? Cannot his actual diplomatic functions be amply served for a
  tenth of the money? Or what is the actual result, but to furnish, in nine
  instances out of ten, a splendid sinecure to some man of powerful interest,
  without any, or but slight, reference to his faculties? Or is there any
  necessity for endowing an embassy with an enormous income of this order, to
  provide dinners, and balls, and a central spot for the crowd of loungers who
  visit their residences; or to do actual mischief by alluring those idlers to
  remain absentees from their own country? We see no possible reason why the
  whole ambassadorial establishment might not be cut down to salaries of
  fifteen hundred a-year. Thus, men of business would be employed, instead of
  the relatives of our cabinets; dinner-giving would not be an essential of
  diplomacy; the ambassador's house would not be a centre for all the ramblers
  and triflers who preferred a silly and lavish life abroad to doing their
  duty at home; and a sum of much more than a hundred thousand pounds a-year
  would be saved to the country. Jonathan acts the only rational part on the
  subject. He gives his ambassador a sum on which a private gentleman can
  live, and no more. He has not the slightest sense of giving superb feasts,
  furnishing huge palaces, supplying all the rambling Jonathans with balls and
  suppers, or astonishing John Bull by the tinsel of his appointments. Yet he
  is at least as well served as others. His man is a man of business; his
  embassy is no showy sinecure; his ambassador is no showy sinecurist. The
  office is an understood step to distinction at home; and the man who
  exhibits ability here, is sure of eminence on his return. We have not found
  that the American diplomacy is consigned to mean hands, or inefficient, or
  despised in any country.</p>

  <p>The relative value of money, too, makes the folly still more extravagant.
  In Vienna, L. 11,000 a-year is equal to twice the sum in England. We thus
  virtually pay L. 22,000 a-year for Austrian diplomacy. In France about the
  same proportion exists. But in Spain, the dollar goes as far as the pound in
  England. There L. 10,000 sterling would be equivalent to L. 40,000 here. How
  long is this waste to go on? We remember a strong and true
  <i>expos&eacute;</i>, made by Sir James Graham, on the subject, a few years
  ago; and we are convinced that, if he were to take up the topic again, he
  would render the country a service of remarkable value; and, moreover, that
  if he does not, it will be taken up by more strenuous, but more dangerous
  hands. The whole system is one of lavish absurdity.</p>

  <p>The Russian ambassador's dinner "was of a different description.
  Perfection in <i>cuisine</i>, wine, and attendance. Sumptuousness in
  liveries and lights; the company, about thirty, the <i>&eacute;lite</i> of
  Vienna."</p>

  <p>But the most interesting of those banquets, from the character of the
  distinguished giver, was Prince Meternich's. The prince was residing at his
  "Garten," (villa) two miles out of town. He had enlarged his house of late
  years, and it now consisted of three, one for his children, another for his
  own residence, and a third for his guests. This last was "really a fairy
  edifice, so contrived with reflecting mirrors, as to give the idea of being
  transparent." It was ornamented with rare malachite, prophyry, jasper, and
  other vases, presents from the sovereigns of Europe, besides statues, and
  copies of the most celebrated works of Italy.</p>

  <p>The Marquis had not seen this eminent person since 1823, and time had
  played its part with his countenance; the smile was more languid, the eye
  less illumined, the person more slight than formerly, the hair of a more
  silvery hue, the features of his expressive face more distinctly marked; the
  erect posture was still maintained, but the gait had become more solemn; and
  when he rose from his chair, he had no longer his wonted elasticity.</p>

  <p>But this inevitable change of the exterior seems to have no effect on the
  "inner man." "In the Prince's conversation I found the same talent, the
  unrivalled <i>esprit</i>. The fluency and elocution, so entirely his own,
  were as graceful, and the memory was as perfect, as at any former
  period."</p>

  <p>This memorable man is fond of matrimony; his present wife, a daughter of
  Count Zichy Ferraris, being his third. A son of the second marriage is his
  heir, and he has by his present princess two boys and a girl. The Princess
  seems to have alarmed her guest by her vivacity; for he describes her in the
  awful language with which the world speaks of a confirmed
  <i>blue</i>:&mdash;"Though not so handsome as her predecessor, she combines
  a <i>very spirited</i> expression of countenance, with a clever
  conversation, a versatility of genius, and a wit rather satirical than
  humorous, which makes her <i>somewhat formidable</i> to her acquaintance."
  We dare say that she is a very showy tigress.</p>

  <p>The Marquis found Vienna less gay than it was on his former visit. It is
  true that he then saw it in the height of the Congress, flushed with
  conquest, glittering with all kinds of festivity; and not an individual in
  bad spirits in Europe, but Napoleon himself. Yet in later times the court
  has changed; "the Emperor keeps singularly aloof from society; the splendid
  court-days are no more; the families are withdrawing into coteries; the
  beauties of former years have lost much of their brilliancy, and a new
  generation equal to them has not yet appeared."</p>

  <p>This is certainly not the language of a young marquis; but it is probably
  not far from the estimate which every admirer of the sex makes, <i>after</i>
  a five-and-twenty years' absence. But he gallantly defends them against the
  sneer of the cleverest of her sex, Lady Wortley Montagu, a hundred years
  ago; her verdict being, "That their costume disfigured the natural ugliness
  with which Heaven had been pleased to endow them." He contends, however,
  that speaking within the last twenty (he probably means
  <i>five-and-twenty</i>) years, "Vienna has produced some of the handsomest
  women in the world: and in frequenting the public walks, the Prater, and
  places of amusement, you meet as many bewitching countenances, especially as
  to eyes, hair, and <i>tournure</i>, as in any other capital whatever."</p>

  <p>We think the Marquis fortunate; for we must acknowledge, that in our
  occasional rambles on the Continent, we <i>never</i> saw beauty in a German
  visage. The rotundity of the countenance, the coarse colours, the stunted
  nose, and the thick lip, which constitute the general mould of the native
  physiognomy, are to us the very antipodes of beauty. Dress, diamonds, rouge,
  and lively manners, may go far, and the ball-room may help the deception;
  but we strongly suspect that where beauty casually appears in society, we
  must look for its existence only among foreigners to Teutchland. The general
  state of intercourse, even among the highest circles, is dull. There are few
  houses of rank where strangers are received; the animation of former times
  is gone. The ambassadors live retired. The monarch's state of health makes
  him averse to society. Prince Metternich's house is the only one constantly
  open; "but while he remains at his Garten, to trudge there for a couple of
  hours' general conversation, is not very alluring." Still, for a family
  which can go so far to look for cheap playhouses and cheap living, Vienna is
  a convenient capital.</p>

  <p>But Austria has one quality, which shows her common sense in a striking
  point of view. She abhors change. She has not a radical in her whole
  dominions, except in jail&mdash;the only place fit for him. The agitations
  and vexations of other governments stop at the Austrian frontier. The people
  have not made the grand discovery, that universal suffrage is meat and
  drink, and annual parliaments lodging and clothing. They labour, and live by
  their labour; yet they have as much dancing as the French, and better music.
  They are probably the richest and most comfortable population of Europe at
  this hour. Their country has risen to be the protector of Southern Europe;
  and they are making admirable highways, laying down railroads, and building
  steam-boats, ten times as fast as the French, with all their regicide plots,
  and a revolution threatened once-a-month by the calendar of patriotism.
  "Like the great Danube, which rolls through the centre of her dominions, the
  course of her ministry and its tributary branches continue, without any
  deviation from its accustomed channel." The comparison is a good one, and
  what can be more fortunate than such tranquillity?</p>

  <p>The two leading ministers, the government in effect, are Metternich and
  Kollowrath; the former the Foreign Minister, the latter the Minister of the
  Interior. They are understood to be of different principles; the latter
  leaning to the "Movement," or, more probably, allowing himself to be thought
  to do so, for the sake of popularity. But Metternich is the true head. A
  Conservative from the beginning, sagacious enough to see through the dupery
  of the pretended friends of the human race, and firm enough to crush their
  hypocrisy&mdash;Metternich is one of those statesmen, of whom men of sense
  never could have had two opinions&mdash;a mind which stamped itself from the
  beginning as a leader, compelled by circumstances often to yield, but never
  suffering even the most desperate circumstances to make it despair. He saw
  where the strength of Europe lay, from the commencement of the Revolutionary
  war; and, guided by the example of Pitt, he laboured for a general European
  alliance. When he failed there, he husbanded the strength of Austria for the
  day of struggle, which he knew would come; and when it came, his genius
  raised his country at once from a defeated dependency of France, into the
  arbiter of Europe. While this great man lives, he ought to be supreme in the
  affairs of his country. But in case of his death, General Fiquelmont, the
  late ambassador to Russia, has been regarded as his probable successor. He
  is a man of ability and experience, and his appointment to the court of St
  Petersburg was probably intended to complete that experience, in the quarter
  to which Austria, by her new relations, and especially by her new navigation
  of the Danube, must look with the most vigilant anxiety.</p>

  <p>The Austrian army is kept up in very fine condition; but nearly all the
  officers distinguished in the war are dead, and its present leaders have to
  acquire a name. It is only to be hoped that they will never have the
  opportunity. The regimental officers are generally from a higher class than
  those of the other German armies.</p>

  <p>After remaining for a fortnight at Vienna, the Marquis paid a visit to
  his friend Prince Esterhazy.</p>

  <p>This nobleman, long known and much-esteemed in England, is equally well
  known to be a kind of monarch in Hungary. Whatever novelist shall write the
  "Troubles of rank and riches," should take the prince for his hero. He has
  eight or nine princely mansions scattered over the empire, and in each of
  them it is expected, by his subjects of the soil, that his highness should
  reside.</p>

  <p>The Marquis made a round of the principal of those mansions. The first
  visit was to a castle in the neighbourhood of Vienna, which the prince has
  modernized into a magnificent villa. Here all is constructed to the taste of
  a statesman only eager to escape the tumult of the capital, and pining to
  refresh himself with cooling shades and crystal streams. All is verdure,
  trout streams, leafy walks, water blue as the sky above it, and the most
  profound privacy and seclusion.</p>

  <p>After a "most exquisite entertainment" here, the Marquis and his family
  set out early next morning to visit Falkenstein. Every castle in this part
  of the world is historical, and derives its honours from a Turkish siege.
  Falkenstein, crowning the summit of a mountain of granite, up which no
  carriage can be dragged but by the stout Hungarian horses trained to the
  work, has been handsomely bruised by the Turkish balls in its day; but it is
  now converted into a superb mansion; very grand, and still more curious than
  grand; for it is full of relics of the olden time, portraits of the old
  warriors of Hungary, armour and arms, and all the other odd and pompous
  things which turn an age of barbarism into an age of romance. The prince and
  princess are hailed and received at the castle as king and queen. A guard of
  soldiers of the family, which the Esterhazy have the sovereign right to
  maintain, form the garrison of this palatial fortress, and it has a whole
  establishment of salaried officials within. The next expedition was to two
  more of those mansions&mdash;Esterhazy, built by one of the richest princes
  of the house, and Eisenstadt. The former resembles the imperial palace at
  Schonbrun, but smaller. The prince is fitting it up gorgeously in the Louis
  XIV.th style. Here he has his principal studs for breeding horses; but
  Eisenstadt outshone all the chateaus of this superb possessor. The
  splendours here were regal: Two hundred chambers for guests&mdash;a saloon
  capable of dining a thousand people&mdash;a battalion of the "Esterhazy
  Guard" at the principal entrances; all paid from the estate. To this all the
  ornamental part was proportioned&mdash;conservatory and greenhouses on the
  most unrivalled scale&mdash;three or four hundred orange-trees alone,
  throwing the Duke of Northumberland's gardens into eclipse, and stimulating
  his Grace of Devonshire even to add new greens and glories to
  Chatsworth.</p>

  <p>On his return to Vienna, the Marquis was honoured with a private
  interview by the emperor&mdash;a remarkable distinction, as the ambassador
  was informed "that the emperor was too well acquainted with the Marquis's
  services to require any presentation, and desired that he might come alone."
  He was received with great politeness and condescension. Next day he had an
  interview with Prince Metternich, who, with graceful familiarity, took him
  over his house in Vienna, to show him its improvements since the days of
  Congress. He remarks it as a strange point in the character of this
  celebrated statesman, how minutely he sometimes interests himself in mere
  trifles, especially where art and mechanism are concerned. He had seen him
  one evening remain for half an hour studiously examining the construction of
  a musical clock. The Prince then showed his <i>cabinet de travail</i>, which
  he had retained unchanged. "Here," said he, "is a spot which is exactly as
  it was the last day you saw it." Its identity had been rigidly preserved,
  down to the placing of its paper and pencils. All was in the same order. The
  Prince evidently, and justly, looked on those days as the glory of his
  life.</p>

  <p>We regret that the conversation of so eminent a person could not be more
  largely given; for Metternich is less a statesman than statemanship itself.
  But one remark was at once singularly philosophical and practical. In
  evident allusion to the miserable tergiversations of our Whig policy a
  couple of years since, he said, "that throughout life, he had always acted
  on the plan of adopting the <i>best determination on all important
  subjects</i>. That to this point of view he had steadfastly adhered; and
  that, in the indescribable workings of time and circumstances, it had
  <i>always happened to him</i> that matters were brought round to the very
  spot, from which, owing to the folly of misguided notions or inexperienced
  men, they had for a time taken their departure." This was in 1840, when the
  Whigs ruled us; it must be an admirable maxim for honest men, but it must be
  perpetually thwarting the oblique. To form a view on principle, and to
  adhere to it under all difficulties, is the palpable way to attain great
  ultimate success; but the paltry and the selfish, the hollow and the
  intriguing, have neither power nor will to look beyond the moment; they are
  not steering the vessel to a harbour; they have no other object than to keep
  possession of the ship as long as they can, and let her roll wherever the
  gale may carry her.</p>

  <p>After all, one grows weary of every thing that is to be had for the mere
  act of wishing. Difficulty is essential to enjoyment. High life is as likely
  to tire on one's hands as any other. The Marquis, giving all the praise of
  manners and agreeability to Vienna, sums up all in one prodigious yawn. "The
  <i>same</i> evenings at Metternich's, the <i>same</i> lounges for making
  purchases and visits on a morning, the <i>same</i> idleness and fatigue at
  night, the searching and arid climate, and the clouds of execrable fine
  dust"&mdash;all conspiring to tell the great of the earth that they can
  escape <i>ennui</i> no more than the little.</p>

  <p>On leaving Vienna, he wrote a note of farewell to the Prince, who
  returned an answer, of remarkable elegance&mdash;a mixture of the pathetic
  and the playful. His note says that he has no chance of going to see any
  body, for he is like a coral fixed to a rock&mdash;both must move together.
  He touches lightly on their share in the great war, "which is now becoming a
  part of those times which history itself names heroic;" and concludes by
  recommending him on his journey to the care of an officer of rank, on a
  mission to Turkey&mdash;"Car il s&ccedil;ait le Turc, aussi bien que nous
  deux ne le s&ccedil;avons pas." With this Voltairism he finishes, and gives
  his "Dieu prot&egrave;ge."</p>

  <p>We now come to the Austrian steam passage. This is the boldest effort
  which Austria has ever made, and its effects will be felt through every
  generation of her mighty empire. The honour of originating this great design
  is due to Count Etienne Zecheny, a Hungarian nobleman, distinguished for
  every quality which can make a man a benefactor to his country. The plan of
  this steam-navigation is now about ten years old. The Marquis justly
  observes, that nothing more patriotic was ever projected; and it is mainly
  owing to this high-spirited nobleman that the great advantage is now enjoyed
  of performing, in ten or twelve days, the journey to the capital of Turkey,
  which some years ago could be achieved only by riding the whole way, and
  occupying, by couriers, two or three weeks. The chief direction of the
  company is at Vienna. It had, at the time of the tour, eighteen boats,
  varying from sixty to one hundred horse-power, and twenty-four more were to
  be added within the year. Some of these were to be of iron.</p>

  <p>But the poverty of all foreign countries is a formidable obstacle to the
  progress of magnificent speculations like those. The shares have continued
  low, the company has had financial difficulties to encounter, and the
  popular purse is tardy. However, the prospect is improving, the profits have
  increased; and the Austrian archdukes and many of the great nobles having
  lately taken shares, the steam-boats will probably become as favourite as
  they are necessary. But all this takes time; and as by degrees the
  "disagreeables" of the voyage down the Danube will be changed into
  agreeables, we shall allude no more to the noble traveller's voyage, than to
  say, that on the 4th of November, a day of more than autumnal beauty, his
  steamer anchored in the Bosphorus.</p>

  <p>Here we were prepared for a burst of description. But the present
  describer is a matter-of-fact personage; and though he makes no attempt at
  poetic fame, has the faculty of telling what he saw, with very sufficient
  distinctness. "I never experienced more disappointment," is his phrase,
  "than in my first view of the Ottoman capital. I was bold enough at once to
  come to the conclusion, that what I had heard or read was overcharged. The
  most eminent of the describers, I think, could never have been on the spot."
  Such is the plain language of the last authority.</p>

  <p>"The entrance of the Tagus, the Bay of Naples, the splendid approach to
  the grand quays of St Petersburg, the Kremlin, and view of Moscow, all
  struck me as far preferable to the scene at the entrance of the
  Bosphorus."</p>

  <p>He admits, that in the advance to the city up this famous channel, there
  are many pretty views, that there is a line of handsome residences in some
  parts, and that the whole has a good deal the look of a "drop-scene in a
  theatre;" still he thinks it poor in comparison of its descriptions, the
  outline low, feeble, and rugged, and that the less it is examined, probably
  the more it may be admired. Even the famous capital fares not much better.
  "In point of fine architectural features, monuments of art, and magnificent
  structures, (excepting only the great Mosques,) the chisel of the mason, the
  marble, the granite, Constantinople is more destitute than any other great
  capital. But then, you are told that these objects are not in the style and
  taste of the people. Be it so; but then do not let the minds of those who
  cannot see for themselves be led away by high-wrought and fallacious
  descriptions of things which do not exist." The maxim is a valuable one, and
  we hope that the rebuke will save the reading public from a heap of those
  "picturesque" labours, which really much more resemble the heaviest brush of
  the scene-painter, than the truth of nature.</p>

  <p>But if art has done little, nature has done wonders for Constantinople.
  The site contains some of the noblest elements of beauty and grandeur;
  mountain, plain, forest, waters; its position is obviously the key of Europe
  and Asia Minor&mdash;even of more, it is the point at which the north and
  south meet; by the Bosphorus it commands the communication of the Black Sea,
  and with it, of all the boundless region, once Scythia, and now Russia and
  Tartary; by the Dardanelles, it has the most immediate command over the
  Mediterranean, the most important sea in the world. Russia, doubtless, may
  be the paramount power of the Black Sea; the European nations may divide the
  power of the Mediterranean; but Constantinople, once under the authority of
  a monarch, or a government, adequate to its natural faculties, would be more
  directly the sovereign of both seas, than Russia, with its state machinery
  in St Petersburg, a thousand miles off, or France a thousand miles, or
  England more nearly two thousand miles. This dominion will never be
  exercised by the ignorant, profligate, and unprincipled Turk; but if an
  independent Christian power should be established there, in that spot lie
  the materials of empire. In the fullest sense, Constantinople, uniting all
  the high-roads between east and west, north and south, is the centre of the
  living world. We are by no means to be reckoned among the theorists who
  calculate day by day on the fall of Turkey. In ancient times the fall of
  guilty empires was sudden, and connected with marked evidences of guilt. But
  those events were so nearly connected with the fortunes of the Jewish
  people, that the suddenness of the catastrophe was essential to the lesson.
  The same necessity exists no longer, the Chosen People are now beyond the
  lesson, and nations undergo suffering, and approach dissolution, by laws not
  unlike those of the decadence of the human frame; the disease makes
  progress, but the evidence scarcely strikes the eye, and the seat of the
  distemper is almost beyond human investigation. The jealousy of the European
  powers, too, protects the Turk. But he must go down&mdash;Mahometanism is
  already decaying. Stamboul, its headquarters, will not survive its fall; and
  a future generation will inevitably see Constantinople the seat of a
  Christian empire, and that empire, not improbably, only the forerunner of an
  empire of Palestine.</p>

  <p>The general view of Constantinople is superb. A bridge has been thrown
  across the "Golden Horn," connecting its shores; and from this the city, or
  rather the four cities, spread out in lengthened stateliness before the eye.
  From this point are seen, to the most striking advantage, the two
  mountainous elevations on which Constantinople and Pera are built, and other
  heights surrounding. A communication subsists across the "Golden Horn," not
  only by water and the bridge, but also by the road, which by the land is a
  distance of five or six miles. Viewing Constantinople as a whole, it strikes
  one as larger by far than Paris or London, but they are both larger. The
  reason of the deception being, that here the eye embraces a larger
  space.</p>

  <p>The Turks never improve anything. The distinction between them and the
  Europeans is, that the latter think of conveniences, the former only of
  luxuries. The Turks, for example, build handsome pavilions, plant showy
  gardens, and erect marble fountains to cool them in marble halls. But they
  never mend a high-road&mdash;they never even make one. Now and then a bridge
  is forced on them by the necessity of having one, or being drowned; but they
  never repair that bridge, nor sweep away the accumulated abomination of
  their streets, nor do any thing that it is possible to leave undone.</p>

  <p>Pera is the quarter in which all the Christians even of the highest rank
  live; the intercourse between it and Constantinople is, of course,
  perpetual, yet perhaps a stone has not been smoothed in the road since the
  siege of the city. From Pera were the most harassing trips down rugged
  declivities on horseback, besides the awkwardness of the passage in
  boats.</p>

  <p>One extraordinary circumstance strikes the stranger, that but one sex
  seems to exist. The dress of the women gives no idea of the female form, and
  the whole population seems to be male.</p>

  <p>The masses of people are dense, and among them the utmost silence in
  general prevails. About seven or eight at night the streets are cleared, and
  their only tenants are whole hosts of growling, hideous dogs; or a few Turks
  gliding about with paper lanterns; these, too, being the only lights in the
  streets, if streets they are to be called, which are only narrow passes,
  through which the vehicles can scarcely move.</p>

  <p>The dogs are curious animals. It is probable that civilization does as
  much injury to the lower tribes of creation, as it does good to man. If it
  polishes our faculties, it enfeebles their instincts. The Turkish dog,
  living nearly as he would have done in the wilderness, exhibits the same
  sagacity, amounting to something of government. For instance, the Turkish
  dogs divide the capital into quarters, and each set has its own; if an
  adventurous or an ambitious dog enters the quarters of his neighbours, the
  whole pack in possession set upon him at once, and he is expelled by hue and
  cry. They also know how to conduct themselves according to times and
  seasons. In the daytime, they ramble about, and suffer themselves to be
  kicked with impunity; but at night the case is different: they are the
  majority&mdash;they know their strength, and insist on their privileges.
  They howl and growl then at their own discretion, fly at the accidental
  stranger with open mouth, attack him singly, charge him <i>en masse</i>, and
  nothing but a stout bludgeon, wielded by a strong arm, can save the
  passenger from feeling that he is in the kingdom of his four-footed
  masters.</p>

  <p>The Marquis arrived during the Ramazan, when no Turk eats, drinks, or
  even smokes, from sunrise to sunset. Thus the Turk is a harder faster than
  the papist. The moment the sun goes down, the Turk rushes to his meal and
  his pipe, "not eating but devouring, not inhaling but wallowing in smoke."
  At the Bajazet colonnade, where the principal Turks rush to enjoy the night,
  the lighted coffee-houses, the varieties of costume, the eager crowd, and
  the illumination of myriads of paper lanterns, make a scene that revives the
  memory of Oriental tales.</p>

  <p>Every thing in Turkey is unlike any thing in Europe. In the bazar,
  instead of the rapid sale and dismissal in our places of traffic, the
  Turkish dealer, in any case of value, invites his applicant into his shop,
  makes him sit down, gives him a pipe, smokes him into
  familiarity&mdash;hands him a cup of coffee, and drinks him into confidence;
  in short, treats him as if they were a pair of ambassadors appointed to dine
  and bribe each other&mdash;converses with, and cheats him.</p>

  <p>But the Marquis regards the bazars as contemptible places, says that they
  are not to be compared with similar establishments at Petersburg or Moscow,
  and recommends whatever purchases are made, to be made at one's own
  quarters, "where you escape being jostled, harangued, smoked, and poisoned
  with insufferable smells."</p>

  <p>One of the curious features of the sojourn at Constantinople, is the
  presentation to the Ministers and the Sultan. Redschid Pasha appointed to
  see the Marquis at three o'clock, <i>&agrave; la Turque</i>&mdash;which, as
  those Orientals always count from the sunset, means eight o'clock in the
  evening.</p>

  <p>He was led in a kind of procession to the Minister, received in the
  customary manner, and had the customary conversation on Constantinople,
  England, the war, &amp;c. Then, a dozen slaves entered, and universal
  smoking began. "When the cabinet was so full of smoke that one could hardly
  see," the attendants returned, and carried away the pipes. Then came a
  dropping fire of conversation, then coffee; then sherbet, which the guest
  pronounced good, and "thought the most agreeable part of the ceremonial."
  The Minister spoke French fluently, and, after an hour's visit, the ceremony
  ended&mdash;the pasha politely attending his visiter through the rooms. The
  next visit was to Achmet Pasha, who had been in England at the time of the
  Coronation&mdash;had been ambassador at Vienna for some years&mdash;spoke
  French fluently&mdash;was a great friend of Prince and Princess Metternich,
  and, besides all this, had married one of the Sultan's sisters. The last
  honour was said to be due to his immense wealth. It seems that the "course
  of true love" does not run more smoothly in Turkey than elsewhere&mdash;for
  the young lady was stated to be in love with the commander-in-chief, an
  older man, but possessing more character. Achmet was now Minister of
  Commerce, and in high favour. He kept his young wife at his country house,
  and she had not been seen since her marriage. When asked permission for
  ladies to visit her, he always deferred it "till next spring, when," said
  he, "she will be civilized." The third nocturnal interview was more
  picturesque&mdash;it was with the young Sultana's flame, the Seraskier,
  (commander-in-chief.) His residence is at the Porte, where he has one of the
  splendid palaces.</p>

  <p>"You enter an immense court, with his stables on one side and his harem
  on the other. A regiment of guards was drawn up at the entrance, and two
  companies were stationed at the lower court. The staircase was filled with
  soldiers, slaves, and attendants of different nations. I saw Greeks,
  Armenians, Sclavonians, Georgians, all in their native costume; and dark as
  were the corridors and entrance, by the flashes of my flambeaux through the
  mist, the scene struck me as much more grand and imposing than the others.
  The Seraskier is a robust, soldier-like man, with a fierce look and beard,
  and an agreeable smile." The Minister was peculiarly polite, and showed him
  through the rooms and the war department, exhibiting, amongst the rest, his
  military council, composed of twenty-four officers, sitting at that moment.
  They were of all ranks, and chosen, as it was said, without any reference as
  to qualification, but simply by favour. The Turks still act as oddly as
  ever. A friend of the Marquis told him, that he had lately applied to the
  Seraskier to promote a young Turkish officer. A few days after, the officer
  came to thank him, and said, that though the Seraskier had not given him the
  command of a regiment, he had given him "the command of a ship." The true
  wonder is, that the Turks have either ships or regiments. But there is a
  fine quantity of patronage in this department&mdash;the number of clerks
  alone being reckoned at between seven and eight hundred.</p>

  <p>The opinions of the Marquis on Mediterranean politics are worth
  regarding, because he has had much political experience in the highest ranks
  of foreign life&mdash;because from that experience he is enabled to give the
  opinions of many men of high name and living influence, and because he is an
  honest man, speaking sincerely, and speaking intelligibly. He regards the
  preservation of Turkey as the first principle of all English diplomacy in
  the east of Europe, and considers our successive attempts to make a Greek
  kingdom, and our sufferance of an Egyptian dynasty, as sins against the
  common peace of the world. Thus, within a few years, Greece has been taken
  away; Egypt has not merely been taken away, but rendered dangerous to the
  Porte; the great Danubian provinces, Moldavia and Wallachia, have been taken
  away, and thus Russia has been brought to the banks of the Danube. Servia, a
  vast and powerful province, has followed, and is now more Russian than
  Turkish; and while those limbs have been torn from the great trunk, and that
  trunk is still bleeding from the wounds of the late war, it is forced to
  more exhausting efforts, the less power it retains. But, with respect to
  Russia, he does not look upon her force and her ambition with the alarm
  generally entertained of that encroaching and immense power. He even thinks
  that, even if she possessed Constantinople, she could not long retain it. As
  all this is future, and of course conjectural, we may legitimately express
  our doubts of any authority on the subject. That Russia does not think with
  the Marquis is evident, for all her real movements for the last fifty years
  have been but preliminaries to the seizure of Turkey. Her exhibitions in all
  other quarters have been mere disguises. She at one time displays a large
  fleet in the Baltic, or at another sends an army across Tartary; but she
  never attempts any thing with either, except the excitement of alarm. But it
  is in the direction of Turkey that all the solid advances are made. There
  she always finishes her hostility by making some solid acquisition. She is
  now carrying on a wasteful war in the Caucasus; its difficulty has probably
  surprised herself, but she still carries it on; and let the loss of life and
  the expenditure of money be what they will, she will think them well
  encountered if they end in giving her the full possession of the northern
  road into Asia Minor. Russia, in possession of Constantinople, would have
  the power of inflicting dreadful injuries on Europe. If she possessed a
  responsible government, her ambition might be restrained by public opinion;
  or the necessity of appealing to the national representatives for
  money&mdash;of all checks on war the most powerful, and in fact the grand
  operative check, at this moment, on the most restless of European
  governments, France. But with her whole power, her revenues, and her
  military means completely at the disposal of a single mind, her movements,
  for either good or evil, are wholly dependent on the caprice, the ambition,
  or the absurdity of the individual on the throne. The idea that Russia would
  weaken her power by the possession of Constantinople, seems to us utterly
  incapable of proof. She has been able to maintain her power at once on the
  Black Sea, seven hundred miles from her capital; on the Danube, at nearly
  the same distance, and on the Vistula, pressing on the Prussian frontier. In
  Constantinople she would have the most magnificent fortress in the world,
  the command of the head of the Mediterranean, Syria, and inevitably Egypt.
  By the Dardanelles, she would be wholly inaccessible; for no fleet could
  pass, if the batteries on shore were well manned. The Black Sea would be
  simply her wet-dock, in which she might build ships while there was oak or
  iron in the north, and build them in complete security from all disturbance;
  for all the fleets of Europe could not reach them through the Bosphorus,
  even if they had forced the Dardanelles&mdash;that must be the operation of
  an army in the field. On the north, Russia is almost wholly invulnerable.
  The Czar might retreat until his pursuers perished of fatigue and hunger.
  The unquestionable result of the whole is, that Russia is the real terror of
  Europe. France is dangerous, and madly prone to hostilities; but France is
  open on every side, and experience shows that she never can resist the
  combined power of England and Germany. It is strong evidence of our
  position, that she has never <i>ultimately</i> triumphed in any war against
  England; and the experience of the last war, which showed her, with all the
  advantages of her great military chief, her whole population thrown into the
  current of war, and her banner followed by vassal kings, only the more
  consummately overthrown, should be a lesson to her for all ages. But Russia
  has never been effectually checked since the reign of Peter the Great, when
  she first began to move. Even disastrous wars have only hastened her
  advance; keen intrigue has assisted military violence, and when we see even
  the destruction of Moscow followed by the final subjugation of Poland, we
  may estimate the sudden and fearful superiority which she would be enabled
  to assume, with her foot standing on Constantinople, and her arm stretching
  at will over Europe and Asia. Against this tremendous result there are but
  two checks, the preservation of the Osmanli government by the jealousy of
  the European states, and the establishment of a Greek empire at
  Constantinople: the former, the only expedient which can be adopted for the
  moment, but in its nature temporary, imperfect, and liable to intrigue: the
  latter, natural, secure, and lasting. It is to this event that all the
  rational hopes of European politicians should be finally directed. Yet,
  while the Turk retains possession we must adhere to him; for treaties must
  be rigidly observed, and no policy is safe that is not strictly honest. But
  if the dynasty should fail, or any of those unexpected changes occur which
  leave great questions open, the formation of a Greek empire ought to be
  contemplated as the true, and the only, mode of effectually rescuing Europe
  from the most formidable struggle that she has ever seen. But the first
  measure, even of temporary defence, ought to be the fortification of
  Constantinople. It is computed that the expense would not exceed a million
  and a half sterling.</p>

  <p>The Marquis, by a fortunate chance for a looker-on, happened to be in the
  Turkish capital at the time when the populace were all exulting at the
  capture of Acre. It was admitted that the British squadron had done more in
  rapidity of action, and in effect of firing, than it was supposed possible
  for ships to accomplish, and all was popular admiration and ministerial
  gratitude. In addition to the lighting of the mosques for the Ramazan, Pera
  and Constantinople were lighted up, and the whole scene was brilliant.
  Constant salvoes were fired from the ships and batteries during the day, and
  at night, of course, all was splendour on the seven hills of the great
  city.</p>

  <p>On the "Seraskier's Square," two of the Egyptian regiments taken at
  Beyrout defiled before the commander-in-chief. The Turkish bands in garrison
  moved at their head. The prisoners marched in file; and, having but just
  landed from their prison-ships, looked wretchedly. Having a red woollen
  bonnet, white jackets, and large white trowsers, they looked like an
  assemblage of "cricketers." The men were universally young, slight made, and
  active, with sallow cheeks, many nearly yellow, orange, and even black;
  still, if well fed and clothed, they would make by no means bad light
  troops. The Turks armed and clothed then forthwith, and scattered them among
  their regiments; a proceeding which shows that even the Turk is sharing the
  general improvement of mankind. Once he would have thrown them all into the
  Bosphorus.</p>

  <p>From this professional display, the Marquis adjourned to the "Grand
  Promenade," where the sultanas see the world, unseen themselves, in their
  carriages. "Though," as he writes, "I never had an opportunity of
  <i>verifying</i> any thing like Miss Pardoe's anecdote of the 'sentries
  being ordered to face about when presenting arms,' rather than be permitted
  to gaze on the <i>tempting</i> and <i>forbidden</i> fruit; but, on the
  contrary, witnessed soldiers escorting all the sultanas' carriages: it is
  nevertheless true, that a gruff attendant attacked and found fault with me
  for daring to raise my eyes to a beautiful Turkish woman, whom it was quite
  impossible I could admire beyond her forehead and two large black eyes,
  eyebrows, and lashes, which glanced from under her yashmack." But the
  Marquis has no mercy on the performances of poor Miss Pardoe.</p>

  <p>The sultana-mother was a personage of high importance at this time, from
  her supposed influence over her son. Her equipage was somewhat
  European&mdash;a chariot, with hammer-cloth, (apparently lately received
  from Long-Acre.) The coachman drove four large bay horses, with a plurality
  of reins. There were attendants, running Turks, and guards before to clear
  the way. Two open barouches, ornamented after the manner of the country,
  followed, and the rear of the sultanas' procession was closed by arebas (or
  covered and gilded vans) full of women and slaves.</p>

  <p>But the most characteristic display of all is the "Cabinet." "On the side
  of this drive is a long colonnade of shops; and, at the bottom of it, a
  <i>barber's</i>, in which all the ministers of the divan and the pasha
  assemble! They sit on cushions in grand conclave and conference; and, while
  affecting to discuss the affairs of the state, the direction of their eyes,
  and their signs to the recumbent houris in the carriages, show their
  thoughts to be directed to other objects."</p>

  <p>What should we think of the chancellor, the premier, and the three
  secretaries of state, sitting in council at a fruiterer's in Regent Street,
  and nodding to the ladies as they pass? But this is not all. The sultan, in
  his kiosk, sits at one end of the drive, inspecting the whole panorama.
  Still, it is not yet complete; at the lower end of the colonnade there is a
  woman-market, where each slave, attended by a duenna, passes and parades,
  casting her languishing eyes through the files of lounging officers and
  merchants, who crowd this part of the promenade. All this is essentially
  Turkish, and probably without any thing like it in the world besides.</p>

  <p>The beauty of the Turkish women is still a matter of dispute. When beauty
  is an object of unlimited purchase, its frequency will be probably found a
  safe admission. But Turkish women occasionally unveil, and it is then
  generally discovered that the veil is one of their principal charms. They
  have even been described as merely good-humoured looking "fatties"&mdash;a
  sufficiently humble panegyric. Lord Londonderry gives it as his opinion,
  that they are "not generally handsome, but all well-built and well-grown,
  strong, and apparently healthy. Their eyes and eyebrows are invariably fine
  and expressive; and their hair is, beyond measure, superior to that of other
  nations. The thickness of its braidings and plaits, and the masses that are
  occasionally to be seen, leave no doubt of this."</p>

  <p>Long and luxuriant tresses belong to all the southern nations of Europe,
  and seem to be the results of heat of climate; and there are few facts in
  physiology more singular than the sudden check given to this luxuriance on
  the confines of Negroland. There, with all predisposing causes for its
  growth, it is coarse, curled, and never attains to length or fineness of any
  kind. The Georgians and Circassians were once the boast of the harem; but
  the war and the predominance of the Russian power in the Caucasus, have much
  restricted this detestable national traffic&mdash;a circumstance said to be
  much to the regret of both parents and daughters; the former losing the
  price, and the latter losing the preferment, to which the young beauties
  looked forward as to a certain fortune. But later experience has told the
  world, that the charms of those Armidas were desperately exaggerated by
  Turkish romance and European credulity; that the general style of Circassian
  features, though fair, is Tartarish, and that the Georgian is frequently
  coarse and of the deepest brown, though with larger eyes than the
  Circassian, which are small, and like those of the Chinese. The accounts
  written by ladies visiting the harems are to be taken with the allowance due
  to showy dress, jewels, cosmetics, and the general effect of a prepared
  exhibition, scarcely less than theatrical. It is scarcely possible that
  either the human face or form can long preserve symmetry of any kind in a
  life almost wholly destitute of exercise, in the confined air of their
  prison, and in the full indulgence of their meals. Activity, animation, and
  grace&mdash;the great constituents of all true beauty&mdash;must soon perish
  in the harem.</p>

  <p>The Marquis (an excellent judge of a horse) did not much admire the
  steeds of the pashas. On a visit to the Seraskier's stables, the head groom
  brought out fourteen, with light Tartars on them to show their points. Their
  stables were miserable. The horses were without stalls or litter, in a dark,
  ill-paved barn. They were heavily covered with rugs. Three or four were very
  fine Arabs; but the rest were of Turkish blood, with large heads, lopped
  ears, and thick necks, of indifferent action, and by no means desirable in
  any shape.</p>

  <p>The interview with the Sultan was the last, and was interesting and
  characteristic. The Marquis had naturally expected to find him in the midst
  of pomp. Instead of all this, on entering a common French carpeted room, he
  perceived, on an ordinary little French sofa, the sovereign crosslegged, and
  alone; two small sofas, half-a-dozen chairs, and several wax-lights, were
  all the ornaments of this very plain saloon. But the Sultan was diamonded
  all over, and fully made amends for the plainness of his reception-room. As
  to his person, Abdul-Mehjid is a tall sallow youth of nineteen or twenty,
  with a long visage, but possessing fine eyes and eyebrows, so that, when his
  face is lighted up, it is agreeable and spiritual.</p>

  <p>We must now close our sketch of those diversified and pleasant volumes.
  We regret to hear that their distinguished and active author has lately met
  with a severe accident in following the sports of his country; but we are
  gratified with the hope of his recovery, and the hope, too, of seeing him
  undertake more excursions, and narrate them with equal interest, truth, and
  animation.</p>
  <hr class="full" />

  <h2><a name="bw327s9" id="bw327s9"></a>THE CURSE OF GLENCOE.<a id=
  "footnotetag12" name="footnotetag12"></a><a href=
  "#footnote12"><sup>12</sup></a></h2>

  <h3>BY B. SIMMONS.</h3>
  <hr />

  <div class="poem">
    <div class="stanza">
      <p>The fair calm eve on wood and wold</p>

      <p class="i2">Shone down with softest ray,</p>

      <p>Beneath the sycamore's red leaf</p>

      <p class="i2">The mavis trill'd her lay,</p>

      <p>Murmur'd the Tweed afar, as if</p>

      <p class="i2">Complaining for the day.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>And evening's light, and wild-bird's song,</p>

      <p class="i2">And Tweed's complaining tune;</p>

      <p>And far-off hills, whose restless pines</p>

      <p class="i2">Were beckoning up the moon&mdash;</p>

      <p>Beheld and heard, shed silence through</p>

      <p class="i2">A lofty dim saloon.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>The fruits of mellow autumn glow'd</p>

      <p class="i2">Upon the ebon board;</p>

      <p>The blood that grape of Burgundy</p>

      <p class="i2">In other days had pour'd,</p>

      <p>Gleam'd from its crystal vase&mdash;but all</p>

      <p class="i2">Untasted stood the hoard.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>Two guests alone sat listlessly</p>

      <p class="i2">That lavish board beside;</p>

      <p>The one a fair-haired stripling, tall,</p>

      <p class="i2">Blithe-brow'd and eager-ey'd,</p>

      <p>Caressing still two hounds in leash,</p>

      <p class="i2">That by his chair abide.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>Right opposite, in musing mood,</p>

      <p class="i2">A stalwart man was placed,</p>

      <p>With veteran aspect, like a tower</p>

      <p class="i2">By war, not time, defaced,</p>

      <p>Whose shatter'd walls exhibit Power</p>

      <p class="i2">Contending still with Waste.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>And as the ivy's sudden veil</p>

      <p class="i2">Will round the fortress spring,</p>

      <p>Some grief unfading o'er that brow</p>

      <p class="i2">Its shadow seemed to fling,</p>

      <p>And made that stalwart man's whole air</p>

      <p class="i2">A sad and solemn thing.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>And so they sat, both Youth and Years,</p>

      <p class="i2">An hour without a word&mdash;</p>

      <p>The pines that beckon'd up the moon</p>

      <p class="i2">Their arms no longer stirr'd,</p>

      <p>And through the open windows wide</p>

      <p class="i2">The Tweed alone was heard.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>The elder's mood gave way at last,</p>

      <p class="i2">Perhaps some sudden whine</p>

      <p>Of the lithe quest-hounds startled him,</p>

      <p class="i2">Or timepiece striking nine;</p>

      <p>"Fill for thyself, forgotten Boy,"</p>

      <p class="i2">He said, "and pass the wine."</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"A churlish host I ween am I</p>

      <p class="i2">To thee, who, day by day,</p>

      <p>Thus comest to cheer my solitude</p>

      <p class="i2">With converse frank and gay,</p>

      <p>Or tempt me with thy dogs to course</p>

      <p class="i2">The moorlands far away.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"But still the fit returns"&mdash;he paused,</p>

      <p class="i2">Then with a sigh resumed,</p>

      <p>"Remember'st thou how once beneath,</p>

      <p class="i2">Yon chestnut, when it bloom'd,</p>

      <p>Thou ask'd'st me why I wore the air</p>

      <p class="i2">Of spirit disentomb'd;</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"And why, apart from man, I chose</p>

      <p class="i2">This mansion grim and hoary,</p>

      <p>Nor in my ancient lineage seem'd,</p>

      <p class="i2">Nor ancient name, to glory?</p>

      <p>I shunn'd thy questions then&mdash;now list,</p>

      <p class="i2">And thou shalt hear the story&mdash;</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"With a brief preface, and thro' life</p>

      <p class="i2">Believe its warning true&mdash;</p>

      <p>That they who (save in righteous cause)</p>

      <p class="i2">Their hands with blood imbrue&mdash;</p>

      <p>Man's sacred blood&mdash;avenging heaven</p>

      <p class="i2">Will long in wrath pursue.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"A curse has fallen upon my race;</p>

      <p class="i2">The Law once given in fire,</p>

      <p>While Sinai trembled to its base,</p>

      <p class="i2">That curse inflicted dire,</p>

      <p>TO VISIT STILL UPON THE SON,</p>

      <p class="i2">THE OFFENCES OF THE SIRE.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"My fathers strong, of iron hand,</p>

      <p class="i2">Had hearts as iron hard,</p>

      <p>That never love nor pity's touch,</p>

      <p class="i2">From ruthless deeds bebarr'd.</p>

      <p>And well they held their Highland glen,</p>

      <p class="i2">Whatever factions warr'd.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"When Stuart's great but godless race</p>

      <p class="i2">Dissolved like thinnest snow</p>

      <p>Before bright Freedom's face, my clan,</p>

      <p class="i2">The Campbells, served their foe.</p>

      <p>&mdash;Boy&mdash;'twas my grandsire" (soft he said)</p>

      <p class="i2">"Commanded at Glencoe."</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>The stripling shrank, nor quite suppress'd</p>

      <p class="i2">His startled bosom's groan;</p>

      <p>Forward and back the casements huge</p>

      <p class="i2">By sudden gust were blown,</p>

      <p>And at the sound one dreaming hound</p>

      <p class="i2">Awaken'd with a moan.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"<i>Glencoe</i>&mdash;ay, well the word may stir,</p>

      <p class="i2">The stoutest heart with fear,</p>

      <p>Or burn with monstrous shame the face</p>

      <p class="i2">Of man from year to year,</p>

      <p>As long as Scotland's girdling rocks</p>

      <p class="i2">The roar of seas shall hear.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"Enough&mdash;Glenlyon redly earn'd</p>

      <p class="i2">The curse he won that night,</p>

      <p>When rising from the social hearth</p>

      <p class="i2">He gave the word to smite,</p>

      <p>And all was shriek and helplessness,</p>

      <p class="i2">And massacre and flight.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"And such a flight!&mdash;O, outraged Heaven,</p>

      <p class="i2">How could'st thou, since, have smiled?</p>

      <p>A fathom deep the frozen snow</p>

      <p class="i2">Lay horrid on the wild,</p>

      <p>Where fled to perish youth and age,</p>

      <p class="i2">And wife and feeble child.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"My couch is soft&mdash;yet dreams will still</p>

      <p class="i2">Convert that couch to snow,</p>

      <p>And in my slumbers shot and shout</p>

      <p class="i2">Are ringing from Glencoe."</p>

      <p>That stalwart man arose and paced</p>

      <p class="i2">The chamber to and fro,</p>

      <p>While to his brow the sweat-drop sprung</p>

      <p class="i2">Like one in mortal throe.</p>
    </div>
    <hr />

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"Glenlyon died, be sure, as die</p>

      <p class="i2">All desperate men of blood,</p>

      <p>And from my sire (his son) our lands</p>

      <p class="i2">Departed sod by sod,</p>

      <p>Till the sole wealth bequeathed me was</p>

      <p class="i2">A mother fearing God.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"She rear'd me in that holy fear,</p>

      <p class="i2">In stainless honour's love,</p>

      <p>And from the past she warned me,</p>

      <p class="i2">Whate'er my fate should prove,</p>

      <p>To shrink from bloodshed as a sin.</p>

      <p class="i2">All human sins above.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"I kept the precept;&mdash;by the sword</p>

      <p class="i2">Compell'd to win me bread,</p>

      <p>A soldier's life of storm and strife</p>

      <p class="i2">For forty years I led,</p>

      <p>Yet ne'er by this reluctant arm</p>

      <p class="i2">Has friend or foeman bled.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"But still I felt Glencoe's dark curse</p>

      <p class="i2">My head suspended o'er,</p>

      <p>&mdash;Look, this reluctant hand, for all,</p>

      <p class="i2">Is red with human gore!"</p>

      <p>Again that white-lipp'd man arose</p>

      <p class="i2">And strode the echoing floor.</p>
    </div>
    <hr />

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"A prosperous course through life was mine</p>

      <p class="i2">On rampart, field, and wave,</p>

      <p>Though more my warrior skill than deeds,</p>

      <p class="i2">Command and fortune gave.</p>

      <p>Years roll'd away, and I prepared</p>

      <p class="i2">To drop the weary glaive.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"'Twas when beyond th' Atlantic foam,</p>

      <p class="i2">To check encroaching France,</p>

      <p>Our war spread wide, and, on his tide,</p>

      <p class="i2">In many a martial glance,</p>

      <p>St Lawrence saw grey Albyn's plumes</p>

      <p class="i2">And Highland pennons dance.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"E'en while I waited for the Chief,</p>

      <p class="i2">By whom relieved at last,</p>

      <p>Heart-young, though time-worn, I was free</p>

      <p class="i2">To hail my country's blast&mdash;</p>

      <p>That on a sentry, absent found,</p>

      <p class="i2">The doom of death was pass'd.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"POOR RONALD BLAIR! a fleeter foot</p>

      <p class="i2">Ne'er track'd through Morvern moss</p>

      <p>The wind-hoof'd deer; nor swimmer's arm</p>

      <p class="i2">More wide the surge could toss</p>

      <p>Than his, for whom dishonour's hand</p>

      <p class="i2">Now dug the griesly fosse.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"Suspicion of those hunter tribes,</p>

      <p class="i2">Along whose giant screen</p>

      <p>Of shadowy woods our host encamp'd,</p>

      <p class="i2">The early cause had been</p>

      <p>Of rule, that none of Indian race</p>

      <p class="i2">Should come our lines within.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"The law was kept, yet, far away,</p>

      <p class="i2">Amid the forests' glade,</p>

      <p>The fair-hair'd warriors of the North</p>

      <p class="i2">Woo'd many a dusky maid,</p>

      <p>Who charm'd, perhaps, not less because</p>

      <p class="i2">In Nature's garb array'd.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"And warm and bright as southern night,</p>

      <p class="i2">When all is stars and dew,</p>

      <p>Was that dark girl, who, to the banks,</p>

      <p class="i2">Where lay her light canoe,</p>

      <p>Lured Ronald's footsteps, day by day,</p>

      <p class="i2">What time the sun withdrew.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"Far down the stream she dwelt, 'twould seem,</p>

      <p class="i2">Yet stream nor breeze could bar</p>

      <p>Her little boat, that to a nook,</p>

      <p class="i2">Dark with the pine-tree's spar,</p>

      <p>Each evening Ronald saw shoot up</p>

      <p class="i2">As constant as a star.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"Alone she came&mdash;she went alone:&mdash;</p>

      <p class="i2">She came with fondest freight</p>

      <p>Of maize and milky fruits and furs</p>

      <p class="i2">Her lover's eyes to greet;</p>

      <p>She went&mdash;ah, 'twas her bosom then,</p>

      <p class="i2">Not bark, that bore the weight!</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"How fast flew time to hearts like theirs!</p>

      <p class="i2">The ruddy summer died,</p>

      <p>And Arctic frosts must soon enchain</p>

      <p class="i2">St. Lawrence' mighty tide;</p>

      <p>But yet awhile the little boat</p>

      <p class="i2">Came up the river-side.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"One night while from their northern lair</p>

      <p class="i2">With intermittent swell,</p>

      <p>The keen winds grumbled loud and long,</p>

      <p class="i2">To Ronald's turn it fell</p>

      <p>Close to the shore to keep the lines,</p>

      <p class="i2">A lonely sentinel.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"'Twas now the hour was wont to bring</p>

      <p class="i2">His Indian maid; and hark!</p>

      <p>As constant as a star it comes,</p>

      <p class="i2">That small love-laden bark,</p>

      <p>It anchors in the cove below&mdash;</p>

      <p class="i2">She calls him through the dark.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"He dared not answer, dared not stir,</p>

      <p class="i2">Where Discipline had bound him;</p>

      <p>Nor was there need&mdash;led by her heart</p>

      <p class="i2">The joyous girl has found him;</p>

      <p>She understands it not, nor cares,</p>

      <p class="i2">Her raptured arms are round him.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"He kiss'd her face&mdash;he breathed low</p>

      <p class="i2">Those brook-like, murmuring words</p>

      <p>That, without meaning, speak out all</p>

      <p class="i2">The heart's impassion'd chords,</p>

      <p>The truest language human lip</p>

      <p class="i2">To human lip affords.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"He pointed towards the distant camp,</p>

      <p class="i2">Her clasping arms undid,</p>

      <p>And show'd that till the morrow's sun</p>

      <p class="i2">Their meeting was forbid;</p>

      <p>She went&mdash;her eyes in tears&mdash;he call'd,</p>

      <p class="i2">And kiss'd them from the lid.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"She went&mdash;he heard her far below</p>

      <p class="i2">Unmoor her little boat;</p>

      <p>He caught the oars' first dip that sent</p>

      <p class="i2">It from the bank afloat;</p>

      <p>Next moment, down the tempest swept</p>

      <p class="i2">With an all-deafening throat.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"Loud roar'd the storm, but louder still</p>

      <p class="i2">The river roar'd and rose,</p>

      <p>Tumbling its angry billows, white</p>

      <p class="i2">And huge as Alpine snows;</p>

      <p>Yet clear through all, one piercing cry</p>

      <p class="i2">His heart with terror froze.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"She shrieks, and calls upon the name</p>

      <p class="i2">She learn'd to love him by;</p>

      <p>The waves have swamp'd her little boat&mdash;</p>

      <p class="i2">She sinks before his eye!</p>

      <p>And he must keep his dangerous post,</p>

      <p class="i2">And leave her there to die!</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"One moment's dreadful strife&mdash;Love wins;</p>

      <p class="i2">He plunges in the water;</p>

      <p>The moon is out, his strokes are stout,</p>

      <p class="i2">The swimmer's arm has caught her,</p>

      <p>And back he bears, with gasping heart,</p>

      <p class="i2">The Forest's matchless daughter!</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"'Twas but a chance!&mdash;her life is gain'd,</p>

      <p class="i2">And his is gone&mdash;for, lo!</p>

      <p>The picquet round has come, and found,</p>

      <p class="i2">Left open to the foe,</p>

      <p>The dangerous post that Ronald kept</p>

      <p class="i2">So short a time ago.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"They met him bearing her&mdash;he scorn'd</p>

      <p class="i2">To palter or to plead:</p>

      <p>Arrested&mdash;bound&mdash;ere beat of drum,</p>

      <p class="i2">The Judgment-court decreed</p>

      <p>That Ronald Blair should with his life</p>

      <p class="i2">Pay forfeit for his deed.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"He knew it well&mdash;that deed involved</p>

      <p class="i2">Such mischief to the host,</p>

      <p>While prowling spy and open foe</p>

      <p class="i2">Watch'd every jealous post,</p>

      <p>That, of a soldier's crimes, it call'd</p>

      <p class="i2">For punishment the most.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"On me, as senior in command,</p>

      <p class="i2">The charge I might not shun</p>

      <p>Devolved, to see the doom of death</p>

      <p class="i2">Upon the culprit done.</p>

      <p>The place&mdash;a league from camp; the hour&mdash;</p>

      <p class="i2">The morrow's evening sun.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"Meanwhile some touches of the tale</p>

      <p class="i2">That reach'd the distant tent</p>

      <p>Of Him who led the war in Chief,</p>

      <p class="i2">Won justice to relent.</p>

      <p>That night, in private, a REPRIEVE</p>

      <p class="i2">Unto my care was sent,</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"With secret orders to pursue</p>

      <p class="i2">The sentence to the last,</p>

      <p>And when the prisoner's prayer was o'er,</p>

      <p class="i2">And the death-fillet past,</p>

      <p><i>But not till then</i>, to read to him</p>

      <p class="i2">That Pardon for the past.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"The morrow came; the evening sun</p>

      <p class="i2">Was sinking red and cold,</p>

      <p>When Ronald Blair, a league from camp</p>

      <p class="i2">We led, erect and bold,</p>

      <p>To die the soldier's death, while low</p>

      <p class="i2">The funeral drum was roll'd.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"With arms reversed, our plaided ranks</p>

      <p class="i2">The distance due retire,</p>

      <p>The fatal musqueteers advance</p>

      <p class="i2">The signal to require:</p>

      <p>'<i>Till I produce this kerchief blue,</i></p>

      <p class="i2"><i>Be sure withhold your fire</i>.'</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"His eyes are bound&mdash;the prayer is said&mdash;</p>

      <p class="i2">He kneels upon his bier;</p>

      <p>So dread a silence sank on all,</p>

      <p class="i2">You might have heard a tear</p>

      <p>Drop to the earth. My heart beat quick</p>

      <p class="i2">With happiness and fear,</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"To feel conceal'd within my vest</p>

      <p class="i2">A parting soul's relief!</p>

      <p>I kept my hand on that REPRIEVE</p>

      <p class="i2">Another moment brief;</p>

      <p>Then drew it forth, but with it drew,</p>

      <p class="i2">O God! the handkerchief.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"He fell!&mdash;and whether He or I</p>

      <p class="i2">Had died I hardly knew&mdash;</p>

      <p>But when the gusty forest breeze</p>

      <p class="i2">Aside the death-smoke blew,</p>

      <p>I heard those bearing off the dead,</p>

      <p class="i2">Proclaim that there were <i>two</i>.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"They said that as the volley ceased,</p>

      <p class="i2">A low sob call'd them where</p>

      <p>They found an Indian maiden dead,</p>

      <p class="i2">Clasping in death's despair</p>

      <p>One feather from a Highland plume</p>

      <p class="i2">And one bright lock of hair.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"I've long forgot what follow'd, save</p>

      <p class="i2">That standing by his bier,</p>

      <p>I shouted out the words some fiend</p>

      <p class="i2">Was whispering in my ear&mdash;</p>

      <p>'My race is run&mdash;<i>the curse of Heaven</i></p>

      <p class="i2"><i>And of Glencoe is here</i>!'<a id="footnotetag13" name=
      "footnotetag13"></a><a href="#footnote13"><sup>13</sup></a></p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"From that dark hour all hope to me,</p>

      <p class="i2">All <i>human</i> hope was gone;</p>

      <p>I shrank from life a branded man&mdash;</p>

      <p class="i2">I sought my land alone,</p>

      <p>And of a stranger's purchased halls</p>

      <p class="i2">I joy'd to make my own.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"Thou'st known me long as Campbell&mdash;now</p>

      <p class="i2">Thou know'st the Campbell's story,</p>

      <p>And why, apart from man, I chose</p>

      <p class="i2">This mansion grim and hoary,</p>

      <p>Nor in my ancient lineage seem'd,</p>

      <p class="i2">Nor ancient name, to glory.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>"Though drear my lot, yet, noble boy,</p>

      <p class="i2">Not always I repine;</p>

      <p>Come, wipe those watery drops away</p>

      <p class="i2">That in thine eyelids shine;</p>

      <p>Fill for thyself," the old man said,</p>

      <p class="i2">"Once more, and pass the wine."</p>
    </div>
  </div>
  <hr class="full" />

  <h2><a name="bw327s10" id="bw327s10"></a>THE MARTYRS' MONUMENT.</h2>

  <h3>A MONOLOGUE.</h3>
  <hr />

  <div class="poem">
    <div class="stanza">
      <p>Now glory to our Councillors, that true and trusty band&mdash;</p>

      <p>And glory to each gallant heart that loathes its fatherland;</p>

      <p>And glory evermore to those who the battle first began,</p>

      <p>For the cause of just fraternity, and the equal rights of man.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>Ye citizens of Mary-le-bone! 'twas yours to point the way</p>

      <p>How freemen best might mock the laws which none but slaves obey;</p>

      <p>How classic fanes should rise to mark the honour that we owe</p>

      <p>To all who hated Church and King, and planned their overthrow.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>O fresh and bright shone reason's light through superstition's
      gloom,</p>

      <p>When one and all ye heard the call of honest Joseph Hume;</p>

      <p>When listening to his flowing words, than honey-dew more sweet,</p>

      <p>Ye sate, dissolved in holy tears, at that Gamaliel's feet!</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>How touchingly he spoke of those now gather'd to their rest,</p>

      <p>By knaves and laws upbraided, but by righteous patriots bless'd;</p>

      <p>How brightly gleamed his eagle eye, as he poured his ancient
      grudge</p>

      <p>On that foul throng that wrought them wrong&mdash;on Jury and on
      Judge!</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>Well may ye boast among the host of patriots tried and true,</p>

      <p>That to your bold humanity the foremost place is due;</p>

      <p>Yet others follow fast behind, though ye have led the van,</p>

      <p>In the cause of just fraternity, and the equal rights of man!</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>Dun-Edin's civic Councillors come closely in your wake,</p>

      <p>They, too, can feel for injured truth, and blush for Scotland's
      sake;</p>

      <p>Well have they wiped the stain away, affix'd in former years</p>

      <p>Upon the citizens of France, and on their bold compeers.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>Let women moan and maunder against the glorious time,</p>

      <p>When France arose in all her might, when loyalty was crime;</p>

      <p>When prison shambles stream'd with blood, and red the gutters
      ran,</p>

      <p>In the cause of just fraternity, and the equal rights of man!</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>When piled within the crazy boats, chain'd closely to the beam,</p>

      <p>By hundreds the aristocrats sank in the sullen stream;</p>

      <p>When age and sex were no respite, and merrily and keen,</p>

      <p>From morning until night, rush'd down the clanking guillotine.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>'Tis ours to render homage, where homage most is due&mdash;</p>

      <p>Now glory be to DANTON, and to his valiant crew&mdash;</p>

      <p>And glory to those mighty shades, who never stoop'd to spare,</p>

      <p>The virtuous regicides of France, and the hero, ROBESPIERRE.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>But greater glory still to those, who strove within our land,</p>

      <p>To hoist the cap of liberty, and bare the British brand,</p>

      <p>To drag our ancient Parliament from its place of honour down,</p>

      <p>To ride rough-shod upon the Lords, and spit upon the Crown.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>What though the bigots of the bench declared their treason
      vile&mdash;</p>

      <p>What though they languish'd slowly in the felon's distant
      isle&mdash;</p>

      <p>Shall we, the children of Reform, withhold our just applause</p>

      <p>From those who loved the people and, of course, despised the
      laws?</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>We'll rear a stately monument&mdash;we'll build it fair and high,</p>

      <p>And on the porch this graven verse shall greet the
      passers-by&mdash;</p>

      <p>"IN HONOUR OF THE MARTYRS WHO THE BATTLE FIRST BEGAN</p>

      <p>FOR THE CAUSE OF JUST FRATERNITY, AND THE EQUAL RIGHTS OF MAN!"</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>'Twill be a proud memorial, when we have pass'd away,</p>

      <p>Of old Dun-Edin's loyalty, and the Civic Council's sway;</p>

      <p>And it shall stand while earth is green and skies are summer
      blue,</p>

      <p>Eternal as the sleep of those who fell at Peterloo!</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>Were I a chosen Councillor&mdash;a tetrarch of the town,</p>

      <p>I'd drag from off their pedestals these Tory statues down;</p>

      <p>I'd make a universal sweep of all that serves to show</p>

      <p>How vilely the aristocrats have used us long ago.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>The column rear'd to victory in that detested war,</p>

      <p>When the Tricolor went down before our flag at Trafalgar,</p>

      <p>The column that hath taught our sons to mutter Nelson's name,</p>

      <p>I'd level straightway with the dust, and with it sink our shame.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>Yes! in that place a classic fane should stand where Nelson's
      stood,</p>

      <p>With new baptismal cognizance from famous THISTLEWOOD;</p>

      <p>His bust should in the centre shine, and round it, placed on
      guard,</p>

      <p>The effigies of HATFIELD, INGS, and of the good DESPARD.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>There's Pitt, the Lar of Frederick Street&mdash;O shame to us and
      ours!</p>

      <p>Was it not he whose policy struck back the Gallic powers?</p>

      <p>Was it not he whose iron hand so ruthlessly kept down</p>

      <p>The tide of bold democracy, and saved the British crown?</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>I'd fetch him from his lofty perch; I'd dash him on the stones;</p>

      <p>I'd serve the lifeless bronze the same as I'd have served his
      bones;</p>

      <p>And on the empty stance I would in radiant metal show,</p>

      <p>A bolder and a braver man&mdash;the patriot PAPINEAU.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>Down, down, I say, with George the Fourth!&mdash;for him there's no
      delay;</p>

      <p>Let all askance direct their glance, for virtue's sake, we pray;</p>

      <p>So says our new Pygmalion, the purist of the town,</p>

      <p>'Twere shame that he compelled should be, in passing, to look
      down.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>Let's find another statue of the brave old English breed,</p>

      <p>A worthy of an earlier age&mdash;a champion good at need;</p>

      <p>No cause were then to seem ashamed, though slaves might feel
      afraid,</p>

      <p>When emancipated bondsmen bow'd to the image of JACK CADE.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>There's room enough where Royal Charles sits stiffly in the
      Square,</p>

      <p>To rear a double effigy&mdash;Why not of BURKE and HARE?</p>

      <p>Though not in freedom's cause they died, remember'd let it be,</p>

      <p>That science has its martyrdom, as well as liberty.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>A monument to Walter Scott!&mdash;A monument forsooth!</p>

      <p>What has that bigot done for us, for freedom, or for truth?</p>

      <p>He always back'd the Cavalier against the Puritan,</p>

      <p>And sneer'd at just fraternity, and the equal rights of man.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>What good to us have ever done his Legends of Montrose,</p>

      <p>Of Douglas and of dark Dundee, the fellest of our foes?</p>

      <p>What care we for the Border chiefs, or for the Stuart line,</p>

      <p>Or the thraldom of the people in "the days of auld langsyne?"</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>Men dream'd not of equality in days so darkly wild,</p>

      <p>Nor was the peasant's bantling <i>then</i> mate for the baron's
      child;</p>

      <p>But we've learn'd another lesson since the golden age drew near,</p>

      <p>And working men may keep the wall, and jostle prince and peer.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>Ye fools! take down your monument&mdash;or rear it, if ye will,</p>

      <p>But choose another effigy that lofty niche to fill.</p>

      <p>None better, say ye? Pause awhile, and I will tell you one,</p>

      <p>Who never bent the servile knee at altar or at throne.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>No fond illusions dull'd <i>his</i> eye, no tales of wither'd
      eld;</p>

      <p>No childish faith was <i>his</i> to trust aught save what he
      beheld;</p>

      <p>No sovereignty would he allow save Reason's rightful reign;</p>

      <p>No laws save those of Nature's code&mdash;and such was THOMAS
      PAINE.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>Place him within your Gothic arch, the only fit compeer</p>

      <p>Of those whose martyr monument the Council seek to rear;</p>

      <p>Since traitors to the laws of man may boldly look abroad,</p>

      <p>Towards the image of their friend who broke the laws of God.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>Since anarchy must have its meed, let's leave no statue here,</p>

      <p>That might from other lips than ours provoke a cynic sneer:</p>

      <p>If temples must be built to crime, we'll worship there alone,</p>

      <p>Nor leave a mark of loyalty or honour in the stone.</p>
    </div>

    <div class="stanza">
      <p>Then glory to our Councillors, that true and trusty band&mdash;</p>

      <p>And glory to each gallant heart that loathes its fatherland;</p>

      <p>And glory evermore to those who the battle first began,</p>

      <p>For the cause of just fraternity, and the equal rights of man!</p>
    </div>
  </div>
  <hr class="full" />

  <h2><a name="bw327s11" id="bw327s11"></a>TASTE AND MUSIC IN ENGLAND.</h2>

  <h3>PART I.</h3>
  <hr />

  <p>The heart of an Englishman must ever swell with pride as he contemplates
  his country's greatness. He looks around him, and his eye every where meets
  with the signs of increasing opulence and prosperity, while his ear is
  filled with the busy hum of an industrious, and, despite the idle babblings
  of the ignorant, and the empty declamation of interested, selfish, and
  disappointed men, a contented population, happy in the enjoyment of comfort,
  beyond that of the labouring classes of most other countries. He visits her
  marts, her harbours, and her ports&mdash;men of all nations are met together
  there&mdash;fleets of rich argosies are ever arriving and
  departing&mdash;and myriads of steamers flit to and fro, happily now engaged
  in promoting the arts of peace, but ready at a moment's notice to become the
  defenders of his country's shores, and, as recent events have shown the
  world, able also to carry war and devastation along the coasts of her
  enemies, even to the uttermost parts of the earth. He explores the seats of
  her manufactures; there he beholds vast edifices teeming with crowds of
  work-people, occupied in supplying the wants of mankind. In short, wherever
  he bends his steps, all are usefully employed&mdash;industry, enterprise,
  and perseverance, are found throughout the land. He also feels it no vain
  boast to be a denizen of that small isle, whose inhabitants, by their own
  proper energy, have extended their dominion over a territory on which the
  sun never sets&mdash;peopled by upwards of two hundred million
  souls&mdash;consisting of colonies, nations, and people, differing from each
  other in form of person, complexion, habits, manners, and in
  language&mdash;elements apparently the most discordant and heterogeneous,
  yet firmly knit and bound into one vast glorious empire, which, successfully
  resisting the rudest shocks, often assaulted, ever victorious, and, thanks
  to the bravery of her warriors, and the wisdom of those who now guide her
  councils, having defeated alike the open attacks and the secret machinations
  of her enemies, at this moment constitutes the most powerful state of
  ancient or modern times&mdash;abounding in wealth, and rejoicing in freedom,
  beyond all other nations of the earth.</p>

  <p>He glories also in the intellectual pre-eminence of his country. Her
  victories by sea and land attest the genius of her captains; her
  institutions bear witness to the sagacity of her lawgivers and her
  statesmen. Her railroads, docks, canals, and other public works, bear the
  marks of superior intelligence acting for the general good. His countrymen
  were the first to press steam into the active service of mankind. By the
  genius of Watt and his successors, a power, before destructive and
  uncontrollable, has been rendered the mighty agent of man's will, the
  supplier of his wants, and the minister of his convenience. Through their
  inventions, steam has become, as it were, the breath, the life, of a noble
  animal of man's creation, untiring in its ceaseless labours, irresistible in
  its tremendous strength; and, when its maker chooses to endow it with powers
  of motion, fleeter also than the wind, but of imposing might and majesty as
  it pursues its headlong course; and yet, withal, checked by a single touch,
  yielding a perfect obedience to the hand of its ruler, and submissive to the
  slightest intimation of his will. In the walks of science, literature, and
  philosophy, he finds equal reason to be proud of his country. Splendid
  discoveries in every branch of science meet him as he enquires, and but a
  few years have passed away since the death of one&mdash;Sir Humphry
  Davy&mdash;of whom it is scarce too much to say, that he revolutionized a
  great science by his discoveries, or that, by the power of his single
  intellect, he dived deeper into the hidden mysteries of the material world
  than all preceding generations had been able to penetrate. In short, an
  Englishman finds his country possessed of warriors, statesmen, philosophers,
  historians, poets, and authors, in every branch of literature, who are the
  admiration of the whole civilized world. In all these, England stands
  proudly pre-eminent, the first, the very first, among the nations. It is
  much to be able to feel this, but an Englishman would fain feel even more
  than this; his noble ambition is to see his country first in every thing; he
  would have her pre-eminent alike in the fine arts and those pursuits which
  distinguish the recreations and amusements of a refined and polished people,
  as in the more useful arts of life.</p>

  <p>But here the pleasing portion of the picture ceases&mdash;</p>

  <div class="poem">
    <p>"Ogni medaglia ha il suo rovescio,"</p>
  </div>

  <p>every medal has its obverse, says the Italian proverb; and the
  comparatively low rank which his country occupies in this new field of view,
  is a melancholy contemplation for an Englishman. He finds that, in general,
  things are judged of only by the measure of their practical utility, and
  that the beautiful and the useful are usually deemed to be incompatible;
  thereby affording, however reluctantly we may admit it, at least some
  justification of Napoleon's celebrated and bitter reproach, that we are a
  nation of shopkeepers. It would seem, in truth, that we do not possess that
  quick perception of the beautiful which is enjoyed by the more excitable and
  imaginative sons of the south. In painting, we believe we possess a school
  second to none of modern art. But, beautiful as their works may be, can we
  place our Reynolds, Lawrence, Hogarth, and Gainsborough in competition with
  Raphael, Correggio, Rubens, or Claude? In sculpture also, can Westmacott, or
  even Chantrey&mdash;we speak with reverence of the illustrious dead&mdash;be
  compared with Michael Angelo or Giovanni de Bologna? When pressed on these
  topics, the candid Englishman must, with a sigh, confess his country's
  inferiority. Architecture also, with few exceptions, has long been our
  reproach. We judge of the degree of civilization and refinement to which
  ancient Greece and Rome attained, by the beauty and elegance of their
  mutilated remains. We find their temples, even in ruins, beautiful beyond
  the day-dream of our modern architects; some of them, till bold and
  sacrilegious hands despoiled them, adorned with sculptures which, surviving
  the destruction of the people who raised them, the wanton rage of barbarous
  enemies, and the inroads of the elements for near two thousand years, sill
  remain, in their decay, the wonder and admiration of the world, the models
  of modern sculptors, and the greatest treasure of art a nation can
  possess.</p>

  <p>In the lapse of ages, perhaps, England, in her turn, may be deserted, her
  mines exhausted, her edifies ruined, her existence as a nation terminated.
  The site of her vast metropolis may once more become an undulating verdant
  plain, intersected by a tidal river; and, perhaps, nothing may remain
  outwardly to show the curious traveller where the ancient city stood. The
  pristine abode of man upon the earth, may again be thickly peopled, and
  civilization may have rolled back to the south, its ancient source. Then may
  history or tradition vaguely tell of powerful nations who once flourished in
  the north; their very existence doubted, perhaps, by all, and by many
  disbelieved. Some day, perchance, one whom accident or curiosity may have
  brought to the shores of ancient Britain, may wend his weary way along the
  bank of the noblest river of the land. On a mound a little higher than the
  rest, something on which the hand of man had evidently been employed may
  attract his attention, and stimulate him to search among the tangled weeds
  and brushwood which grow around. The discovery of a marble fragment may,
  perhaps, eventually lead to the uncovering of one of those statues which now
  grace the interior of our St Paul's, on the site of which the stranger had
  unconsciously been exploring. Or, suppose the traveller to have bent his
  steps in a north-easterly direction, towards the foot of that gentle slope
  which terminates at the base of the heights of Highgate and of Hampstead.
  Suppose him, by some strange chance, to stumble upon that incomparable
  specimen of modern sculpture which stands on high at King's-Cross, lifted
  up, in order, we presume, to enable the good citizens duly to feast their
  eyes upon its manifold perfections, as they daily hie them to and fro
  between their western or suburban retreats and the purlieus of King Street
  or Cheapside. What estimate would the stranger form of the taste or skill of
  those who placed on its pedestal the statue we have first supposed him to
  have found? It avails not to disguise the truth. What that truth may be, we
  leave to the intelligence of the reader to divine. But what would be the
  effect of the other discovery we have imagined? The traveller would turn
  away, convinced that history or tradition gave false accounts of the power
  and genius of the ancient inhabitants of the land on which he trod, that
  their glory was a dream, their civilization a delusion, their proficiency in
  the arts a fable. For the honour of our country, let us hope that the figure
  of which we speak may not be suffered much longer to disgrace a leading
  thoroughfare of our metropolis. It has already stood some eight or ten
  years, a melancholy monument of English taste and English art in the
  nineteenth century.</p>

  <p>For the attainment of excellence in the higher branches of art, as has
  been well observed by an intelligent foreigner, M. Passavant, it is
  requisite that a people should possess deep poetic feeling, and that art
  should not be considered among them as a thing of separate nature, but that
  it should interweave itself with the ties of social life, and be employed in
  adding beauty to its nearest, dearest interests. Now, the English, he
  continues, are more disposed to an active than to a contemplative life. They
  possess, it must be owned, a character of much earnestness and energy; yet,
  from the earliest times, their attention has been more directed to the
  cultivation of the mechanical arts and the sciences appertaining to them
  than to those nobler branches of art which flourish spontaneously in a more
  contemplative nation. This characteristic disposition, and the physical
  activity necessarily connected with it, have been by some ascribed to the
  influence of our climate, to our moist and heavy atmosphere, and clouded
  skies, to counteract the influence of which, and to preserve a
  counterbalancing buoyancy of mind and body, an active habit of life is
  requisite. But this hypothesis is untenable; for Flanders, with a similar
  climate, and flourishing likewise by means of its native industry, affords
  sufficient proof how little these circumstances are prejudicial to the
  cultivation of the fine arts. Perhaps a better reason may be found in the
  wide difference which is observable between the national habits of our
  countrymen and those of the people among whom the arts have been cultivated
  with the greatest success. In those countries where the beautiful was felt,
  where the arts were objects of national importance, where a people assembled
  to award the palm between rival sculptors; and also, in comparatively modern
  times, when a reigning monarch did not disdain to pick up a painter's
  pencil, and a whole city mourned an artist's death, and paid honours to his
  remains; all the rank, wealth, genius, talent, taste, and intelligence of
  the people were concentrated in one grand focus. Among the states of ancient
  Greece and modern Italy, the city was in fact the nation; and at Athens,
  Rome, Venice, and Florence, was collected all of genius, taste, and talent,
  the people as a body possessed. The mental qualities were thereby rendered
  more acute, and the tastes and manners of the people more refined and
  cultivated, by constant intercourse and communication with each other. This
  refinenent was shared by all classes, and the lower taking pattern from the
  higher, the whole mass was learned. In England, the very reverse of this
  takes place. Here, for the most part, those alone frequent our towns, whose
  doom it is to labour for their bread, they have no leisure from the
  engrossing pursuits of wealth; business, like a jealous mistress, leaves
  them no time for other objects. In spite of various disadvantages of soil
  and climate, the taste for rural pursuits seems part and parcel of our
  nature, and that species of the genus <i>homo</i>, the country gentleman,
  seems peculiar to our island. Till within a few years, the great majority of
  this class, whose abundant wealth and leisure might seem to constitute them
  the peculiar patrons of the arts, seldom or never frequented even the
  metropolis, but for generations remained fixed and immovable in the place of
  their forefathers, rooted to the soil as one of their old oaks. "His guns,
  dogs, and horses, were the things the squire held most dear." Hunting,
  shooting, and other sports, formed not only the amusements of his leisure
  hours, but the business of his life. His intercourse with the world confined
  to a narrow circle of acquaintance, all of the same tastes and pursuits with
  himself, he could learn or know no others. Generous pursuits, hospitable,
  liberal, and open hearted, hating alike poachers and dissenters, possessed
  of many virtues, avoiding many a crime, discharging the duties, as well as
  exercising the rights of property; exemplary in all the relations of life, a
  good father, a tender husband, a kind master, an indulgent landlord, a
  blessing to himself and those around him, he lived and died the <i>Squire
  Western</i> of his day, without that refinement and cultivation of the
  tastes and mental powers which the more polished inhabitants of the
  metropolis insensibly contract. Sure there were many to whom this does not
  apply, many who combined the "gifts" of both a town and country life. But,
  nevertheless such was the great bulk of that class, among whom, had London
  been England, as even in our own time Paris is or was France, the beautiful
  would not probably have been so much neglected.</p>

  <p>So occupied have the great mass of our countrymen been in the pursuit of
  wealth, that all that did not directly contribute to this end has been
  uniformly rejected as useless. A familiar example of the truth of this
  observation may be seen in the numerous factories and other buildings
  erected for commercial purposes, in the manufacturing districts of
  Lancashire and Yorkshire. In buildings of this class, all embellishment and
  ornament, however simple, which good taste, had it been consulted, might
  have suggested, to relieve the wearying straightness of outline, or the
  plain dull flatness of these large ponderous masses of brick and mortar,
  have been neglected, or rejected, probably as not increasing its productive
  powers, and therefore unworthy of consideration. Such has been the general
  principle. But this neglect has at length recoiled upon the heads of its
  promoters. As long as the world was content to take our manufactures as we
  chose to make them&mdash;when, no other nation having entered the lists with
  us, we were without competitors, and absolute masters of the commerce of the
  world, this make-all save-all principle was undoubtedly the most effective.
  But now, when our manufacturers meet with the keenest competition in every
  market; when a suicidal export of machinery enables the foreigner
  immediately to benefit by every mechanical discovery, or improvement in
  machinery, that is made by our engineers, the case is wholly altered, and
  the English manufacturer finds out the grievous mistake that he has made.
  Beauty of design has at length become of paramount importance, and the
  beautiful, so long neglected, is now avenged. The public taste has advanced
  too fast. Since the introduction of foreign goods, such as silks and other
  ornamental fabrics, the inferiority of our native designs for these
  materials has become manifest to all. We are credibly informed, that there
  now exists a regular organized system, viz. supply of French designs to our
  manufacturers; that from these designs all their ideas are borrowed and all
  their patterns taken, and that, in fact, scarcely a single pattern of purely
  home invention is worked in a season. The manufacturers are, however, now
  roused from their lethargy, and great efforts are made to remedy the evil.
  Schools of design are established, and copyright of design has just been
  conferred by act of parliament. In some of our commercial towns, large rooms
  or galleries are opened to the mechanic, where he may study the beautiful
  and ideal from casts and models of the antique. Pictures also are
  occasionally exhibited for his instruction. These are indeed great and
  praiseworthy efforts, in which utilitarianism has assumed a new character,
  and found a new field of action. These novel institutions, not organized and
  supported from a pure abstract love of the arts ostensibly promoted by them,
  but from dire necessity created by successful competition in the more
  elegant branches of manufacture, in which the exercise of taste and fancy is
  required, may eventually produce great general results; years, however, must
  necessarily elapse before their benefits can be felt.</p>

  <p>We have hitherto purposely abstained from any allusion to music and
  musical taste, for the purpose of showing, that music is not the only fruit
  of civilization which has not as yet arrived at maturity among us; and also
  for the purpose of ascertaining, whether there might not be some general
  causes in operation, which affect, in an equal degree, every branch of the
  more intellectual refinements of civilized life. In this case, the low
  standard of musical taste and science which will hereafter become the
  subject of more particular observation, cannot be attributed solely to
  causes which relate exclusively to music, but must be considered as one
  amongst other results of general principles. If there be any truth in the
  foregoing speculations, they apply more particularly to music, and musical
  taste and science, than to the fine arts, to which we have hitherto confined
  our observations. Music is peculiarly a social pursuit. It can be cultivated
  only among the haunts of men. The taste deteriorates, and the mental
  standard of excellence which each possesses, is lowered when really good
  music is seldom or never heard. By "the million," it can be heard only while
  mixing with the world at large; the performer can acquire his mastery over
  the instrument, at the cost of much time and labour, and he can maintain
  this mastery, and the purity of his style, only where he can compare himself
  with others of acknowledged excellence. This can be done only where men
  congregate in large and populous cities, where the want of amusement is best
  supplied; the recluse or the solitary man can be no musician.</p>

  <p>It may seem anomalous at first sight, and we can well conceive it to be
  objected to our argument, that it is impossible, that while architecture,
  sculpture, painting, and music, should have been comparatively neglected,
  that literature, in all its branches, should be so highly esteemed among us.
  Milton, and more especially Shakspeare, have never lost one tittle of their
  value; nay, even at this moment, there are three rival editions of
  Shakspeare's works in the course of publication. Many volumes of poetry put
  in their claim to immortality every year. Novel after novel appears each to
  elbow its predecessor out of the public mind, and be in its turn forgotten.
  It is easy to imagine, that to many it may appear a paradox in the history
  of the human race, that a people should exist, endowed by nature with a high
  degree of poetic feeling, having, as Mr Hallam observes, produced more
  eminent original poets than any other nation can boast, and attaching a high
  value to literary talent of every description, but, nevertheless, whose
  attainments in the fine arts during a thousand years of national existence,
  should never have passed mediocrity. This apparent inconsistency, however,
  lies only on the surface. The language of true poetry is understood by all;
  it strikes home: however rude the thoughts, however uncultivated the
  understanding, the heart can feel; and it is to the heart the poet speaks;
  and even in the rudest ages of mankind his power was acknowledged. Voltaire
  has remarked, that "amusement is one of the wants of man".</p>

  <p>Novels are taken up to amuse the vacant hour&mdash;in this consists their
  use. They are read without effort&mdash;the mind lies fallow as they are
  perused, and no study is required, no cultivation of any taste is necessary,
  to place this amusement within reach. With music and the fine arts, this is
  not so. The taste for these pursuits requires cultivation; and in order to
  estimate and appreciate them correctly, the judgment must be formed by a
  process of education, far different from that which enables all who read to
  value our poets and authors in the various departments of literature.</p>

  <p>On examining the records of mankind, it will be found that this has been
  the ordinary succession of events in the history of civilization; and that
  poetry and oratory, the more independent efforts of the human mind, appear
  in the earlier stages of society, and that by them man is first
  distinguished as an intellectual and rational creature.</p>

  <p>Of Egyptian literature, we know nothing. The destruction of the library
  of the Ptolemies may be the principal cause of our ignorance. The gigantic
  remains of this people, and the manner in which they worked in a stone which
  no modern tool will touch, show that among them the useful arts were
  considerably advanced. We have, however, abundant evidence of the small
  degree of proficiency in the fine arts. Their sculptors are characterized by
  Flaxman as "mere beginners," or "laborious mechanics;" their works as
  "lifeless forms, menial vehicles of an idea." When Egyptian art ended, then
  Grecian art began. It appears, however, to have made but little progress
  down to the time of Homer; and D&aelig;dalus and his disciple Eud&aelig;us
  are, we believe, the only artists of that early period whose fame has
  survived. These sculptors worked in wood, and by their proficiency we may
  form a pretty accurate idea of the state of art in Greece when Homer wrote.
  The works of D&aelig;dalus are described by Pausanias as rude and uncomely
  in aspect. In his Grecian tour, Pausanias twice makes mention of a statue of
  Hercules by D&aelig;dalus, from which circumstance it would appear to have
  been held in high estimation. On this statue Flaxman observes&mdash;"In the
  British Museum, as well as in other collections in Europe, are several small
  bronzes of a naked Hercules, whose right arm, holding a club, is raised to
  strike; whilst the left is extended, bearing a lion's skin as a shield. From
  the style of extreme antiquity in these statues&mdash;from the rude attempt
  at bold action, which was the peculiarity of D&aelig;dalus&mdash;the general
  adoption of this action in the early ages&mdash;the traits of savage nature
  in the face and figure, expressed with little knowledge, but strong
  feeling&mdash;by the narrow loins, turgid muscles of the breast, thighs, and
  calves of the legs, will all find reason to believe they are copied from the
  above-mentioned statue." Greece, it must be owned, possessed musicians long
  anterior to Homer: Chiron the Centaur, regarded by the ancients as one of
  the inventors of medicine, botany, and chirurgery, who, when eighty-eight
  years of age, formed the constellations for the use of the Argonauts; Linus,
  the preceptor of Hercules, who added a string to the lyre, and is said to be
  the inventor of rhythm and melody; Orpheus, who also extended the scale of
  the lyre, and was the inventor and propagator of many arts and doctrines
  among the Greeks; and Mus&aelig;us, the priest of Ceres, are all remembered
  as musicians, as well as poets, historians, and philosophers; characters
  which, in those days, were all combined in the same individuals. The
  ancients, indeed, appear to have used the term music in a much more extended
  sense than has been attached to it in modern times, and to have applied it
  to all the arts and sciences. But even if the ancient meaning of the term
  were identical with its modern signification, there may be good reason to
  suppose that their fame as musicians would principally survive. The memory
  of these first preceptors of mankind was long preserved as the general
  benefactors of their species. But while the other arts they taught advanced,
  it does not appear that music made any progress. Thus, they came chiefly to
  be remembered for that talent in which posterity had produced no equals. As
  poets they were once celebrated; but, eclipsed by the glory and splendour of
  the great historian of Troy, their poetical productions were forgotten;
  whilst, as musicians, unrivalled through many centuries, their skill was
  long remembered as the most excellent the world had ever known. The arts of
  sculpture and painting appear to have remained even more stationary than
  music. For, while about the middle or latter end of the seventh century,
  B.C., the names of Archilochus and Terpander adorn the page of musical
  history, followed by many others, including Alc&aelig;us, Sappho, and
  Simonides, down to Pindar and his rival Corinna, the former of whom,
  according to the chronology of Dr Blair, died in 435 B.C. aged 86, it is
  evident, says Flaxman, "that sculpture was 800 years, from D&aelig;dalus to
  the time immediately preceding Phidias, in attaining a tolerable resemblance
  of the human form." It appears, therefore, that the greatest epic poem ever
  written had been read, appreciated, and admired, for nearly five centuries
  before the arts arrived at perfection. Then, indeed, there burst a flood of
  glory over ancient Greece, and names never to be forgotten were borne upon
  the tide. Contemporary with Pindar and Corinna were Phidias, Alcamenes, and
  many other sculptors, together with poets, philosophers, warriors, and
  statesmen; men whose names will rise superior to the lapse of time, and
  whose fame, like the rocky barriers of the ocean, on which the elements in
  vain expend their fury, will be of equal duration with the world itself.</p>

  <p>Ancient Rome was indebted to others for all of the liberal arts and
  sciences she possessed. In the earlier periods of her existence, and before
  Greece had become known in Rome, Etruria was the instructress of her sons.
  When Greece had been subdued, and rendered a tributary province of the
  all-conquering city, her polished people, nevertheless, exercised an
  intellectual sovereignty over their masters. In the streets of Athens a
  singular spectacle was exhibited; <i>there</i> might be seen the conqueror
  learning of the vanquished; Romans, of exalted rank and unbounded power, had
  become the disciples of Grecian philosophers. Nevertheless, when Rome
  possessed orators and poets, each of whom has raised</p>

  <div class="poem">
    <p>"Monumentum &aelig;re perennius,"</p>
  </div>

  <p>in that the golden age of her existence, it does not appear, says Dr
  Burney, that "except Vitruvius, the Romans had one architect, sculptor,
  painter, or musician; those who have been celebrated in the arts of Rome
  having been Asiatics or European Greeks, who came to exercise such arts
  among the Latins, as the Latins had not among themselves. This custom was
  continued under the successors of Augustus; and those Romans who were
  prevented, by more important concerns, from going into Greece, combined, in
  a manner, to bring Greece to Rome, by receiving into their service the most
  able professors of Greece and Asia in all the arts." Vitruvius, in the
  chapter on music inserted in his treatise on architecture, complains that
  "the science of music, in itself obscure, is particularly so to such as
  understand not the Greek language." This observation shows the low state of
  music at Rome at that time; indeed Vitruvius is said to be the first who has
  treated of music in the Latin tongue.</p>

  <p>Modern Europe also furnishes another illustration and example of the
  truth of our proposition. When the mists of ignorance and superstition which
  had for centuries enveloped the world, had begun to clear away, and when
  Europe first attempted to throw off the errors of the Dark Ages, the arts
  were dead, and the only music known was that cultivated by the monks and
  clergy, as necessary to their profession, and the songs of the Troubadours.
  "The fame of the Troubadours," remarks Mr Hallam, "depends less on their
  positive excellence than on the darkness of preceding ages, the temporary
  sensation they excited, and their permanent influence on the state of
  European poetry." The intrinsic merit of the music of this period may be
  collected from the following observation of Dr Burney:&mdash;"However
  barbarous and wretched the melody and harmony of the secular songs of this
  period may have been, they were in both respects superior to the music of
  the church." The Troubadours flourished from the middle of the twelfth
  century till the latter end of the fourteenth century, when their dissolute
  and licentious habits caused them to be universally banished and proscribed.
  During the barbarism of these times, not only had the arts themselves been
  lost, but even the principles on which they rest had been forgotten. Italy,
  indeed, possessed many ancient marbles, but they seemed to have lost their
  value; and it was not till the thirteenth century that any attempt to
  imitate these remains of antiquity was made. Nicola Pisano, about the year
  1231, taking for his model an ancient sarcophagus at Pisa, which contained
  the remains of Beatrice, mother of the Countess Matilda, sculptured an
  urn&mdash;a feat in those days so extraordinary, as to have conferred upon
  him the title of Nicolas of the Urn. This artist, in the words of Lanzi,
  "was the first to see and follow light." He was, however, more ambitious
  than successful, and was followed by his sons and others, in whose hands the
  art seems to have no very rapid progress. The art of painting, in which
  there were no models in existence, was later in manifesting any improvement.
  It was not till after the year 1250 that, according to Vasari, some Greek
  painters were invited to Florence by the rulers of the city, for the express
  purpose of restoring the art to Florence, where it was rather wholly lost
  than degenerated. Cimabue, the reviver of painting, received instruction
  from the Greeks. He died in 1300. Fierce as the age in which he lived, says
  Lanzi, his Madonnas were without beauty, and his angels, even in the same
  picture, were all in the same attitude. To Cimabue succeeded his pupil, the
  famous Giotto, who died in 1337. With him the ruggedness of his master's
  manner was softened down, and considerable advances made towards a better
  style. He was honourably received at many of the principal towns and cities
  of Italy, and may, perhaps, be considered as the real founder of their
  several schools; at all events, painters every where were long the imitators
  of Giotto. His faults partook also of the character of the age, and among
  other defects, the dry hardness of his works has given rise to an opinion,
  that he partly formed his style upon the works of the Pisani. Giotto and his
  school, indeed, conducted the art through infancy, but it still exhibited
  many signs of childhood, especially in chiara-oscuro, and even more so in
  perspective. Figures sometimes appeared as if sliding from the
  canvass&mdash;buildings had not the true point of view, and foreshortening
  was only rudely attempted. Stefano Fiorentino, a <i>grandson</i> of Giotto,
  was the first and only one of the school who endeavoured to grapple with
  this last difficulty, which he may be said to have perceived rather than
  overcome; his contemporaries, for the most part, evaded it, and concealed
  their deficiency as they could. Such is the summary of the merits of this
  school of art given by Lanzi, who dates the commencement of the first epoch
  of modern painting from the death of Giotto. In further illustration of the
  low state of art in the early part of the fourteenth century, it may be
  observed, that Lanzi also describes a great work of Masaccio, who flourished
  in the succeeding century, as "beautiful <i>for those times</i>;" and that
  it was not till the year 1410 that oil-painting was invented or improved by
  Van-Eyck.</p>

  <p>From this sketch of the history of the arts of music, sculpture, and
  painting during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, will be seen their
  state and condition, when the great work of the immortal Dante took his
  country by surprise. The <i>Divina Comedia</i> was written about the year
  1300. Its illustrious author, the creator of the national poetry of his
  country, died in 1321, leaving behind him Petrarch, who was crowned in the
  Capitol in 1341, and Boccaccio, who&mdash;though, as Byron said of Scott, he
  spoiled his poetry by writing better prose&mdash;was nevertheless a poet of
  no mean merit, and the probable inventor of the <i>ottava rima</i>. Two
  centuries after the last of these parents of modern literature had nearly
  elapsed, ere he who has been styled the Dante of the arts, Michael Angelo,
  and his contemporaries, among whom were Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael,
  appeared upon the stage. Thus language, the first great want of man, the
  necessary instrument of reason, by which its possessor is distinguished from
  the rest of creation, the vehicle of human thoughts, the means by which
  man's wants, desires, griefs, and joys, are communicated and made known,
  would seem to form the earliest object of his attention. He enriches and
  improves it, till it is rendered capable of expressing all the workings of
  his reason. This done, genius and invention are applied to other pursuits;
  and in many instances it may be, that the poet and the artist were but the
  creatures of the age which produced them. Had he lived at a later period,
  Homer, the great sire of song, might perhaps have shone the Phidias or the
  Zeuxis of his day; or, had his birth been anticipated two hundred years, the
  genius of "the Dante of the arts" might possibly have been displayed in
  works like those which have immortalized Dante Alighieri. It is, therefore,
  no inconsistency in the character of a people amongst whom poetry is
  passionately admired, and books of all kinds eagerly devoured, that the arts
  should be generally uncared-for and unknown. When another century has passed
  away, their history may tell another tale, and the powers of mind hitherto
  employed principally upon the physical sciences, may have achieved like
  triumphs in the liberal arts. That this may be the case, the past history of
  other nations affords every reason to hope. What man has done, man may, and
  doubtless <i>will</i>, do again.</p>

  <p>In the earlier ages of the world, music, in its rudest, simplest form, is
  said to have stopped the flow of rivers, to have tamed wild beasts, and to
  have raised the walls of cities; allegories which at least show the
  prodigious influence the art possessed over the inhabitants of infant
  Greece. In the course of time, love of the art was a national characteristic
  of this people; and music became a specific in the hand of the physician, a
  fundamental principle of public education, and the medium of instruction in
  religion, morals, and the laws. The lyre may be said to have ruled Greece,
  the glorious and the free, with the same despotic sway with which the iron
  hand of tyranny has in our own day governed her. Discord, and civil
  commotions arose among the Laced&aelig;monians; Terpander came, and with his
  lyre at once appeased the angry multitude. Among the Athenians it was
  forbidden, under pain of death, to propose the conquest of the isle of
  Salamis; but the songs of Solon raised a tumult amongst the people; they
  rose, compelled the repeal of the obnoxious decree, and Salamis straightway
  fell. Was it found necessary to civilize a wild and extensive province?
  Music was employed for this desirable object; and Arcadia, before the
  habitation of a fierce and savage people, became famed as the abode of
  happiness and peace. Plutarch places the masters of tragedy&mdash;to which
  the modern opera bears a great resemblance&mdash;on a level with the
  greatest captains: nor did the people fail in gratitude to their
  benefactors; they held their memory in veneration. The lyre of Orpheus was
  transplanted to the skies, there to shine for countless ages; and divine
  honours were paid to the name of Sappho.</p>

  <p>The Greeks, although perhaps excelling all other nations in this, as in
  the other arts, are not the only people among whom music was cultivated and
  esteemed. Both China and Arabia are said to have felt its influence upon
  their customs, manners, and institutions. The musical traditions of China
  might seem to be but repetitions of the marvels of the Greeks. King-lun,
  Kovei, and Pinmonkia, are said to have arrested the flow of rivers, and to
  have caused the woods and forests, attracted by the melody of their
  performance, to crowd around. The Chinese are said to believe, that the
  ancient music of their country has drawn angels down from heaven, and
  conjured up from hell departed souls: they also believe that music can
  inspire men with the love of virtue, and cause them faithfully to fulfil
  their several duties. Confucius says "to know if a kingdom be well governed,
  and if the customs of its inhabitants be bad or good, examine the musical
  taste which there prevails." There is still extant a curious document, which
  shows the importance which a ruler of this people attached to music, as a
  moral and political agent. We allude to a proclamation of the Emperor
  Ngaiti, who ascended the throne of the Celestial Empire in the year of the
  tenth &aelig;ra 364. After complaining, that tender, artificial, and
  effeminate strains inspire libertinism, he proceeds, in severe terms, to
  order a reformation in these matters; the first step to which, is a
  prohibition of every sort of music but that which serves for war, and for
  the ceremony Tido. The Arabs also appear to have held similar opinions as to
  the power of music. They boast of Ishac, Kathab Al Moussouly, Alfarabi, and
  other musicians, whom they relate to have worked miracles by their vocal and
  instrumental performances. With the Arabs, music was interwoven with
  philosophy; and their wise men imagined a marvellous relation to exist
  between harmonious sounds and the operations of nature. Harmony was esteemed
  the panacea, or universal remedy, in mental and even bodily affections; in
  the tones of the lute were found medical recipes in almost all diseases.
  Upon one occasion, in the presence of the grand vizier, Alfarabi,
  accompanying his voice with an instrument, is related to have roused a large
  assembly to an extreme pitch of joyful excitement, from which he moved them
  to grief and tears, and then plunged all present into a deep sleep, none
  having the power to resist the enchantment of his performance.</p>

  <p>The children of Israel cultivated music in the earliest periods of their
  existence as a people. After the passage of the Red Sea, Moses, and his
  sister Miriam, the prophetess, assembled two choruses, one of men, and the
  other of women, with timbrels, who sang and danced. The facility with which
  the instruments were collected on the spot, and with which the choruses and
  dances were arranged and executed, necessarily implies a skill in these
  exercises, which must have been acquired long before, probably from the
  Egyptians. We have abundant evidence in Holy Writ, of the high estimation in
  which music was held among the Hebrews at a later period of their history.
  They also appear to have successfully applied it to the cure of diseases.
  The whole of David's power over the disorder of Saul may, without any
  miraculous intervention, be attributed to his skilful performance upon the
  harp. In 1st Samuel, c. xvi., we read that Saul's servants said unto him,
  "Behold now, an evil spirit from God troubleth thee: Let our lord now
  command thy servants, which are before thee, to seek out a man who is a
  cunning player on an harp: and it shall come to pass, when the evil spirit
  from God is upon thee, that he shall play with his hand, and thou shalt be
  well." Saul having assented to this proposal, the son of Jesse the
  Bethlemite was sent for, and stood before him. "And it came to pass, when
  the evil spirit from God was upon Saul, that David took an harp, and played
  with his hand: so Saul was refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit
  departed from him." So great were the esteem and love for music among this
  people when David ascended the throne, that we find that he appointed 4000
  Levites to praise the Lord with instruments, (1. Chron. c. xxiii.;) and that
  the number of those that were <i>cunning</i> in song, was two hundred four
  score and eight, (c. xxv.) Solomon is related by Josephus to have made
  200,000 trumpets, and 40,000 instruments of music, to praise God with. In
  the 2d chapter of Ecclesiastes, music is mentioned by Solomon among the
  vanities and follies in which he found no profit, in terms which show how
  generally a cultivated taste was diffused among his subjects. "I gat me
  men-singers and women-singers, and the delights of the sons of men, as
  musical instruments, and that of all sorts." Many other passages of similar
  import might be quoted from the sacred writings, and among others, some from
  which it would appear that musicians marched in the van of the Jewish
  armies, and not unfrequently contributed to the victory by the animation of
  their strains; and that music was the universal language of joy and
  lamentation. There is, however, one portion of Holy Writ, which, from the
  highly interesting testimony it incidentally bears to the love of music
  which prevailed in Jerusalem, and the skill of her inhabitants, we cannot
  forbear to notice. We allude to the 137th Psalm, "By the waters of Babylon
  we sat down and wept, when we remembered thee, O Sion. As for our harps, we
  hanged them up upon the trees that are therein. For they that led us away
  captive required of us there a song and melody in our heaviness: Sing us one
  of the songs of Sion." From the facts here narrated, we may judge how great
  was the attachment of the Jewish people for the musical art; their beloved
  city sacked, their temple plundered and destroyed, their homes desolate, in
  the midst of danger and despair, deserted by their God, surrounded by
  infuriated enemies, (Isaiah, xiii. 16.,) nevertheless their harps were not
  forgotten. From this beautiful and pathetic lamentation, it would also
  appear that the repute of Hebrew musicians was far extended. No sooner had
  they arrived in the land of their captivity, than the Chaldean conqueror
  required of them a song and melody in their heaviness, demanding <i>one of
  the songs of Sion</i>. The fame of the captives must have long preceded
  them, for, according to Dr Burney, the art was then declining in Judea.</p>

  <p>In the physical sciences, we have surpassed the nations who excelled in
  music; in war we have equalled their most glorious feats; in poetry and
  oratory we are not inferior. Shall not our future history also tell of
  triumphs in the tuneful art? We believe that sooner or later, the time will
  surely come when our country in her turn will boast of masters in the art,
  whose memories will ever be preserved and hallowed. But whatever the future
  may bring forth, the marvellous accounts of the powers of ancient music will
  meet with little indulgence from modern scepticism. At present such effects
  are unknown among us, and therefore unintelligible. Among the early Greeks,
  for many centuries, the several characters of poet, musician, lawgiver, and
  philosopher, were combined in the same individual; and it is probable that
  the music of that period consisted principally of recitative or musical
  declamation. This species of composition, so utterly neglected and unknown
  to the English school, possesses great powers of expression, both when in
  its simple form and when accompanied. A modern example of the effects it is
  capable of is recorded by Tartini. He relates, in the following terms, as
  one of many similar instances which had come under his
  observation:&mdash;"In the 14th year of the present century, (the 18th,) in
  the opera they were performing at Ancona, there was at the beginning of the
  3d act a line of recitative, unaccompanied by any instruments but the bass,
  by which, equally among the professors and the audience, was raised such and
  so great a commotion of mind, that all looked in one another's faces, on
  account of the evident change of colour which took place in each. The effect
  was not that of grief, (I very well remember that the words expressed
  indignation,) but that of a certain congealing and coldness of the blood,
  which completely disturbed the mind. Thirteen times was the drama repeated,
  and the same effect always followed universally; a palpable sign of which
  was the deep previous silence with which the audience prepared themselves to
  enjoy its effects."<a id="footnotetag14" name="footnotetag14"></a><a href=
  "#footnote14"><sup>14</sup></a></p>

  <p>The line of recitative has unfortunately not been preserved; nor is it
  known what the opera, or whose the music, which produced an effect which may
  not be inaptly described in the words of Byron:&mdash;</p>

  <div class="poem">
    <p>"An undefined and sudden thrill,</p>

    <p>Which made the heart a moment still,</p>

    <p>Then beat with quicker pulse."</p>
  </div>

  <p>The music of Allessandro Scarlatti was then current and universally
  popular in Italy. This composer was particularly famous for the excellence
  of his recitative; and his general merit may be judged of by the fact, that
  he is placed by Arteaga, in his work on the revolutions of the musical drama
  in Italy, among the early authors belonging to the period which he terms the
  golden age of Italian music. On these grounds, we may reasonably conclude,
  that he was the composer of that terrible line of recitative.</p>

  <p>We have ourselves also witnessed a somewhat similar example of the powers
  of Italian recitative. Many of our readers, doubtless, have witnessed
  Pasta's wonderful performance in Anna Bolena, who also may remember Anna's
  exclamation, "Giudici ad Anna! ad Anna giudici!" when Henry's intention of
  bringing her to trial is first made known to her. Such was the fearful tone,
  of mingled horror, amaze, and wrathful indignation, with which that greatest
  queen of tragic song gave out these words, that, in a foreign land, we have
  on more than one occasion observed some of the audience, as these fiery
  accents burst forth upon them, to start, change colour, and almost shudder
  at the intensity of the conflicting passions she exhibited. Much, nay most,
  of this was undoubtedly owing to the genius of the songstress. We do but
  mention these examples, to show how perfect a medium of musical expression
  and dramatic effect, good recitative becomes, when adequately performed.
  Still, the wonders related of ancient music&mdash;wonders not confined to
  one age, one people, or to one quarter of the globe, but, on the contrary,
  commencing at a remote period of man's history, including Jews, Chinese,
  Arabs, and Greeks, amongst whose records their memory is
  preserved&mdash;will meet with a cold assent from most; and perhaps few
  among us would be found bold enough to avow a belief in their reality. We
  have certainly no warrant for their truth in the powers or effects of our
  national music, and thus experience directly contradicts the testimony of
  antiquity.</p>

  <p>On the same grounds, however, had no specimens of ancient handiwork been
  preserved, we might also have doubted the excellence and beauty of any of
  those works of art which, nevertheless, immortalized those by whose hands
  they were fashioned. Were not the Dying Gladiator now before us, it might,
  at this day, be deemed a monstrous supposition, that a statue of a dying man
  should have existed, in which there might be seen how much of life was left.
  Inferiority is ever sceptical and self-satisfied; it is only given to the
  really wise to know how much lies hidden from their view. Though the scope
  and object of all the imitative arts is the same, to dignify, elevate, and
  embellish nature&mdash;though the beauty of the ideal is the aim of the
  musician, equally as it is the aspiration of the poet, painter, and the
  sculptor, the character of these pursuits is in some respects essentially
  different. In the latter, material objects are imitated and embellished, the
  things themselves are bodily before the eyes, and the beauty and excellence
  of the work will appear by comparison with nature herself. These arts also
  possess great landmarks of taste and skill, which speak the same language to
  all ages. Of the symmetry of the sculptor's chiselled forms, of the beauty
  of the poet's or the painter's pictures, we have a standard in nature's own
  originals, seldom, probably never, exhibiting the same concentration of
  refined and elevated beauty in one individual object, but, nevertheless,
  furnishing an accurate and never varying standard, for the exercise of the
  judgement; while the heart, that inner world, ever uniform and unchanging
  amid the manifold vicissitudes of human life, supplies a test by which the
  poet's thoughts and sentiments may be correctly tried. Thus, in the lapse of
  ages, the public taste has known no change; and though more than 2000 years
  have passed away, the works of ancient Greece are worshipped still.</p>

  <p>It cannot, however, be imagined, that the music of those times could have
  among us the same influence it possessed of old. It is no new remark, that
  in no other branch of the imitative arts have the same rapid and successive
  changes occurred, as are observed to have taken place in music. From this
  fact, the following question naturally arises, whether there are any fixed
  first principles of art, by adhering to which, music might be produced which
  would please equally all ages and amongst all people; or, in other words,
  whether the pleasure which music brings, is the result of education, habit,
  or association, or an inherent and necessary effect of any particular
  succession or combination of sounds. We have thrown together the following
  observations of Rousseau, which occur in several different portions of his
  essay on the origin of languages, and which, though not made with reference
  to this question, nevertheless appear to us conclusive upon it. "As the
  feelings which a beautiful picture excites are not caused by mere colour, so
  the empire which music possesses over our souls is not the work of sound
  alone. All men love to listen to sweet sounds; but if this love be not
  quickened by such melodious inflexions as are familiar to the hearer, it
  cannot be converted into pleasure. Melody, such as, to our taste, may be
  most beautiful, will have little effect upon the ear which is unaccustomed
  to it; it is a language of which we must possess a dictionary. Sounds in a
  melody do not operate as mere sounds, but as signs of our affections and our
  feelings; it is thus they excite the emotions they express, and whose image
  we there recognize. If this influence of our sensations is not owing to
  moral causes, how is it that we are so sensitive where a barbarian would
  feel nothing? How is it that our most touching airs would be but so much
  empty noise to the ear of a Carribee? All require the kind of melody whose
  phrases they can understand; to an Italian, his country's airs are
  necessary; to a Turk, a Turkish melody; each is affected only by those
  accents with which he is familiar. In short, he must understand the language
  that is spoken to him." This reasoning seems to show that there are no
  principles or rules of art, by following which music would be produced of
  that inherent beauty which would intrinsically command universal
  admiration.</p>

  <p>This being so, music is at the mercy of many circumstances, the influence
  of which is felt, in some degree, even in those arts whose principles have
  long been fixed and ascertained, and whose rules are not merely
  conventional. The love of novelty, which the weariness caused by a constant
  repetition of the same musical phrase or idea renders more <i>exigeant</i>
  in this than in other arts, the want or impossibility of having any classic
  examples which might fix the taste or guide the studies of the novice, are
  doubtless among the causes of these frequent changes. The style of the
  leading singer of the day often forms and rules the passing taste, and even
  characterizes the works of contemporary composers. Music is often composed
  purposely for the singer; his intonation, his peculiarities, his very
  mannerisms, are borne in mind. Not merely sounds, but <i>his</i> sounds, are
  the vehicles of the composer's thoughts, the medium through which alone the
  composer's ideas can be adequately expressed. In the next generation, when
  performer and composer are dead and gone, all that is left of this their
  <i>mutual</i> work, once the object of universal admiration becomes
  comparatively unintelligible. The melody, the harmony, indeed, remain, but
  they are a body without a soul; the fire and genius of him who lighted up
  the whole, who realized and brought home to the hearer the <i>whole</i>
  creation of the composer's imagination, are no more. The manner of the
  performance, therefore, being, as it were, part and parcel of the very
  music, and a necessary ingredient of the excellence of the composition, to
  judge of the merit of the whole from the qualities of the portion which is
  left, would be to judge of the beauty of the Grecian Helen by the aspect or
  appearance of her lifeless remains. On looking at the greater portion of the
  music by the execution of which Catalani raised herself to the highest
  pinnacle of fame, we are compelled to the conclusion, that in the singer lay
  the charm. The effects said to have been produced by Handel's operas are now
  inconceivable and unintelligible, so "mechanical and dull" do these works
  appear, "beyond mere simplicity and traits of melody." Handel, in one
  species of composition, wrote <i>down</i> to the singers of his time.
  Whoever examines the bass songs of that period, will perceive that they were
  composed for inflexible and unwieldy voices, possessing a large and heavy
  volume of tone, but incapable of executing any but simple passages,
  constructed according to an ascertained routine of intervals. Lord
  Mount-Edgcumbe truly conjectured, that Mozart was led to make the bass so
  prominent a part in the Don Giovanni and Le Nozze di Figaro, by writing for
  a particular singer. The part of Figaro was, in fact, composed for Benucci.
  The sparkling brilliancy of Rossini would perhaps never have been so fully
  developed, had not the skill and flexibility of voice possessed by the
  singer David, for whom he wrote, enabled him to indulge it to the uttermost.
  The characters thus imparted to the music of the day are necessarily
  perishable and evanescent, to be again superseded by later artists, whose
  excellences or peculiarities will again lead to like results. Thus change
  succeeds change; the judgment of the public is led by the composer and the
  performer, who, mutually deferring to each other, often mould at will the
  taste of their countrymen. We, of course, speak only of those whose talent,
  science, and ability, have constituted them the masters of their art.</p>

  <p>In England we have but few of those giants; they appear among us only at
  long intervals; for which reason, perhaps, musical taste has undergone fewer
  mutations in England than in most other countries. Handel has now reigned
  supreme among us for near a century, and his bass songs still influence the
  style of this branch of our native music. Though bass singing has advanced
  elsewhere, it has stood comparatively still with us; the same rude
  intervals, the same ponderous passages, through which the voice moves
  heavily, as if a mountain heaved, are still retained in the few bass songs
  of our school; in fact, without them, many think a bass song cannot exist.
  This mannerism received a blow from Weber, whom, as in the case of Handel,
  we have grown to consider national property. His early death, however,
  prevented his acquiring that permanent influence on the musical mind, which
  he might have acquired had he lived, and continued to be successful.</p>

  <p>From the glance we have taken of the rate at which poetry, literature,
  and the fine arts, respectively advance as civilization holds her onward
  course; from the wide diffusion and cultivation of musical taste and musical
  science, ere barbarism and ignorance resumed their sway over mankind; we
  cannot entertain a doubt that, ultimately, we also as a people may emulate
  the glory other nations have acquired in each of those pursuits. We are,
  perhaps, less excitable and less easily moved than they; but the English
  character contains within it the elements of greatness in every thing to
  which its energies are directed. Circumstances may erelong rouse
  long-dormant tastes. Riches bring with them new wants, they create new
  passions, new desires. Much wealth was amassed by the preceding generation;
  their sons, now affluent and educated, already form a vast addition to that
  class which we have designated as the peculiar patron of the arts, and
  which, as commercial prosperity continues to advance, will, in each
  succeeding generation, receive another incalculable accession to its
  numbers.</p>

  <p>The philosophical observer may even now discover the evidences of these
  new wants of increasing opulence; and should providence, in its mercy, deign
  still to bless the world with peace, the Augustan age of England may be
  nearer than we think. However, it is most certain that this age, as yet, has
  not arrived. An accurate knowledge of our defects will soonest lead to their
  cure. By a searching, rigorous, and impartial self-examination can these
  deficiencies only become known. It may be necessary to apply the cautery;
  but the hand that wounds would also heal; and if, in the course of the
  preceding observations, or in any subsequent remarks, as we enquire into the
  present state of musical taste and science in England, we may be deemed
  severe, let it be borne in mind, that ours is a "tender fierceness," and
  that self-knowledge, the first grand step to all improvement, is alone our
  object and our aim.</p>
  <hr class="full" />
  <!-- Footnotes -->

  <h2><a name="bw327-footnotes" id="bw327-footnotes"></a>FOOTNOTES.</h2>

  <blockquote class="footnote">
    <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>: <a href=
    "#footnotetag1">(return)</a>

    <p>Malte Brun, xi. 179. Alison, x. 256.</p>
  </blockquote>

  <blockquote class="footnote">
    <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>: <a href=
    "#footnotetag2">(return)</a>

    <p>Hansard, vol. lxi. col. 423.</p>
  </blockquote>

  <blockquote class="footnote">
    <a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>: <a href=
    "#footnotetag3">(return)</a>

    <p>Hansard, vol. lxi. col. 429, 430, 431.</p>
  </blockquote>

  <blockquote class="footnote">
    <a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a> <b>Footnote 4</b>: <a href=
    "#footnotetag4">(return)</a>

    <p>Hansard, vol, lxi. col. 439.</p>
  </blockquote>

  <blockquote class="footnote">
    <a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a> <b>Footnote 5</b>: <a href=
    "#footnotetag5">(return)</a>

    <p>Year ending 5th January 1840, L.2,390,764!&mdash;1841,
    L.1,342,604!&mdash;1842, L.1,495,540!&mdash;(<i>Finance Accounts</i>,
    1842, p. 2.)</p>
  </blockquote>

  <blockquote class="footnote">
    <a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a> <b>Footnote 6</b>: <a href=
    "#footnotetag6">(return)</a>

    <p>Parliamentary History, vol. xxxiv. p. 271.</p>
  </blockquote>

  <blockquote class="footnote">
    <a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a> <b>Footnote 7</b>: <a href=
    "#footnotetag7">(return)</a>

    <p>The <i>Si&egrave;cle</i>. (See No. cccxxi. p. 112.)</p>
  </blockquote>

  <blockquote class="footnote">
    <a id="footnote8" name="footnote8"></a> <b>Footnote 8</b>: <a href=
    "#footnotetag8">(return)</a>

    <p>An atrocious gang of thieves, who adopted the unnecessary brutality of
    burning the unfortunate victims they intended to rob.</p>
  </blockquote>

  <blockquote class="footnote">
    <a id="footnote9" name="footnote9"></a> <b>Footnote 9</b>: <a href=
    "#footnotetag9">(return)</a>

    <p>Water-melon.</p>
  </blockquote>

  <blockquote class="footnote">
    <a id="footnote10" name="footnote10"></a> <b>Footnote 10</b>: <a href=
    "#footnotetag10">(return)</a>

    <p>The miseries of Tasso arose not only from the imagination and the
    heart. In the metropolis of the Christian world, with many admirers and
    many patrons, cardinals and princes of all sizes, he was left destitute,
    and almost famished. These are his own words.&mdash;"<i>Appena</i> in
    questo stato ho comprato <i>due meloni</i>: e benche io sia stato <i>quasi
    sempre inferno</i>, molte volte mi sono contentato del' manzo e la
    ministra di latte o di zucca, <i>quando ho potuto averne</i>, mi e stata
    in vece di delizie." In another part he says that he was unable to pay the
    carriage of a parcel, (1590:) no wonder; if he had not wherewithal to buy
    enough of zucca for a meal. Even had he been in health and appetite, he
    might have satisfied his hunger with it for about five farthings, and have
    left half for supper. And now a word on his insanity. Having been so
    imprudent not only as to make it too evident in his poetry that he was the
    lover of Leonora, but also to signify (not very obscurely) that his love
    was returned, he much perplexed the Duke of Ferrara, who, with great
    discretion, suggested to him the necessity of feigning madness. The lady's
    honour required it from a brother; and a true lover, to convince the
    world, would embrace the project with alacrity. But there was no reason
    why the seclusion should be in a dungeon, or why exercise and air should
    be interdicted. This cruelty, and perhaps his uncertainty of Leonora's
    compassion, may well be imagined to have produced at last the malady he
    had feigned. But did Leonora love Tasso as a man would be loved? If we
    wish to do her honour, let us hope it: for what greater glory can there be
    than to have estimated at the full value so exalted a genius, so
    affectionate and so generous a heart!</p>
  </blockquote>

  <blockquote class="footnote">
    <a id="footnote11" name="footnote11"></a> <b>Footnote 11</b>: <a href=
    "#footnotetag11">(return)</a>

    <p>The author wrote the verses first in English, but he found it easy to
    write them better in Italian. They stood in the text as below:&mdash;</p>

    <div class="poem">
      <div class="stanza">
        <p>Swallow! swallow! though so jetty</p>

        <p>Are your pinions, you are pretty:</p>

        <p>And what matter were it though</p>

        <p>You were blacker than a crow?</p>

        <p>Of the many birds that fly</p>

        <p>(And how many pass me by!)</p>

        <p>You're the first I ever prest,</p>

        <p>Of the many, to my breast:</p>

        <p>Therefore it is very right</p>

        <p>You should be my own delight.</p>
      </div>
    </div>
  </blockquote>

  <blockquote class="footnote">
    <a id="footnote12" name="footnote12"></a> <b>Footnote 12</b>: <a href=
    "#footnotetag12">(return)</a>

    <p>The tale that follows is founded upon an incident that occurred some
    little time before the American War, to Colonel Campbell of Glenlyon,
    whose grandfather, the Laird of Glenlyon, was the officer in King
    William's service who commanded at the slaughter of the Macdonalds of
    Glencoe. The anecdote is told in Colonel David Stewart's valuable history
    of the Highland Regiments. Edin 1822.</p>
  </blockquote>

  <blockquote class="footnote">
    <a id="footnote13" name="footnote13"></a> <b>Footnote 13</b>: <a href=
    "#footnotetag13">(return)</a>

    <p>Such was his exclamation, as repeated in the History before referred
    to. Colonel Campbell always imputed the unfortunate occurrence that
    clouded the evening of his life to the share his ancestor had in the
    disastrous affair of Glencoe.</p>
  </blockquote>

  <blockquote class="footnote">
    <a id="footnote14" name="footnote14"></a> <b>Footnote 14</b>: <a href=
    "#footnotetag14">(return)</a>

    <p>We may refer to this hereafter, and to show that <i>we</i> at least are
    not guilty of exaggeration, we subjoin the passage in the original
    Italian, from which it will be seen that our translation is as literal as
    possible.</p>

    <p>"L'anno quatuor-decimo del secolo presente, nel dramma che si
    rappresentava in Ancona, v'era, su'l principio dell' atto terzo, una riga
    di recitativo, non accompagnato da altri stromenti che dal basso; per cui,
    tanto in noi professori quanto negli ascoltanti, si destava una tale e
    tanta commozione di animo, che tutti si guardavano in faccia l'un l'altro,
    per la evidente mutazione di colore che si faceva in ciascheduno di noi.
    L'effetto non era di pianto (mi ricordo benissimo che le parole erano di
    sdegno) ma di un certo rigore e freddo nel sangue, che di fatto turbava
    l'animo. Tredici volte si recito il dramma, e sempre segui l'effetto
    stesso universalmente: di che era segno palpabile il sommo previo
    silenzio, con cui l'uditorio tutto si apparechiava a goderne
    l'effetto."</p>
  </blockquote>
  <hr class="full" />







<pre>





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