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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Paris War Days, by Charles Inman Barnard
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Paris War Days
+       Diary of an American
+
+Author: Charles Inman Barnard
+
+Posting Date: December 7, 2011 [EBook #9975]
+Release Date: February, 2006
+First Posted: November 5, 2003
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PARIS WAR DAYS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Carlo Traverso and PG Distributed Proofreaders.
+This file was produced from images generously made available
+by the Bibliotheque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at
+http://gallica.bnf.fr.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PARIS WAR DAYS
+
+[Illustration: Myron T. Herrick, American Ambassador in Paris.
+_Frontispiece._]
+
+
+
+
+PARIS WAR DAYS
+
+DIARY OF AN AMERICAN
+
+
+
+BY
+
+
+
+CHARLES INMAN BARNARD, LL.B. (HARVARD)
+
+Knight of the Legion of Honor
+Paris Correspondent of The New York Tribune
+President of The Association of the Foreign Press in Paris
+Chairman of the Harvard Club of Paris
+
+
+
+
+  TO
+  _Ogden Mills Reid_
+  EDITOR OF THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE
+  THIS  DIARY IS DEDICATED
+  IN AFFECTIONATE MEMORY OF
+  HIS FATHER, THE LATE
+  _Whitelaw Reid_
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+This is not a story of the world-wide war. These notes, jotted down at
+odd moments in a diary, are published with the idea of recording, day by
+day, the aspect, temper, mood, and humor of Paris, when the entire
+manhood of France responds with profound spontaneous patriotism to the
+call of mobilization in defense of national existence. France is herself
+again. Her capital, during this supreme trial, is a new Paris, the like
+of which, after the present crisis is over, will probably not be seen
+again by any one now living.
+
+As a youth in the spring of 1871, I witnessed Paris, partly in ruins,
+emerging from the scourges of German invasion and of the Commune. As a
+correspondent of the _New York Herald_, under the personal
+direction of my chief, Mr. James Gordon Bennett--for whom I retain a
+deep-rooted friendship and admiration for his sterling, rugged qualities
+of a true American and a masterly journalist--it was my good fortune,
+during fourteen years, to share the joys and charms of Parisian life. I
+was in Paris during the throes of the Dreyfus affair when, at the call
+of the late Whitelaw Reid, I began my duties as resident correspondent
+of the _New York Tribune_. I saw Paris suffer the winter floods of
+1910. Whether in storm or in sunshine, I have always found myself among
+friends in this vivacious center of humanity, intelligence, art,
+science, and sentiment, where our countrymen, and above all our
+countrywomen, realize that they have a second home. With a finger on the
+pulse, as it were, of Paris, I have sought to register the throbs and
+feelings of Parisians and Americans during these war days.
+
+I acknowledge deep indebtedness to the European edition of the _New
+York Herald_, and to the Continental edition of the _Daily
+Mail_, from whose columns useful data and information have been
+freely drawn.
+
+C. I. B.
+
+_Paris, October, 1914._
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+Myron T. Herrick, American Ambassador in Paris. _Frontispiece_
+
+Shop of a German merchant in Paris, wrecked by French mobs
+
+Sewing-girls at work in the American Episcopal Church
+
+American Ambulance Hospital at Neuilly
+
+Paris workmen hastening to join the colors
+
+Woman replacing man in traffic work
+
+General Victor Constant Michel, Military Governor of Paris until August
+27, 1914
+
+The Statue of Strasbourg, after the capture of Altkirch in Alsace by
+French troops
+
+Americans in Paris besieging the American Express Company's office for
+funds for their daily bread
+
+French Negro troops from Africa entraining in Paris
+
+Flag of the 132nd German Infantry Regiment, captured at Saint-Blaise by
+the 1st Battalion of Chasseurs a Pied
+
+Robert Woods Bliss, First Secretary of the United States Embassy in
+Paris, September, 1914
+
+A party of American volunteers crossing the Place de l'Opera in Paris on
+their way to enlist
+
+General Joseph Simon Gallieni, appointed Military Governor and Commander
+of the Army of Paris, August 26, 1914
+
+Etienne Alexandre Millerand, Minister of War, August 27, 1914
+
+Parisians watching the German air craft that drop bombs on the city
+
+Eiffel Tower's searchlight to reveal bomb-throwing air craft and air
+scouts of the Germans
+
+Wounded French soldiers returning to Paris with trophies from the
+battlefields
+
+29th Infantry Reserves, Army of the Defence of Paris
+
+General Joffre, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies in France
+
+M. Emile Laurent, appointed Prefect of Police of Paris, September 3,
+1914
+
+Workmen erecting a barricade in Paris
+
+"Sauf-Conduit" issued by the Prefecture of Police to persons wishing to
+travel
+
+One of the wards in the American Ambulance Hospital at Neuilly
+
+
+
+
+PARIS WAR DAYS
+
+
+
+
+_Saturday, August 1, 1914_
+
+
+This war comes like the traditional "Bolt from the Blue!" I had made
+arrangements to retire from active journalism and relinquish the duties
+of Paris correspondent of the _New York Tribune_, which I had
+fulfilled for sixteen consecutive years. In reply to a request from Mr.
+Ogden Reid, I had expressed willingness to remain at my post in Paris
+until the early autumn, inasmuch as "a quiet summer was expected."
+Spring was a busy time for newspaper men. There had been the sensational
+assassination of Gaston Calmette, editor of the _Figaro_, by Mme.
+Caillaux, wife of the cabinet minister. Then there was the "caving-in"
+of the streets of Paris, owing to the effect of storms on the thin
+surface left by the underground tunnelling for the electric tramways,
+and for the new metropolitan "tubes." The big prize fight between Jack
+Johnson and Frank Moran for the heavy-weight championship of the world
+followed. Next came the trial of Mme. Caillaux and her acquittal. Then
+followed the newspaper campaign of the brothers, MM. Paul and Guy de
+Cassagnac, against German newspaper correspondents in Paris. The
+Cassagnacs demanded that certain German correspondents should quit
+French territory within twenty-four hours. As several German
+correspondents were members of the "Association of the Foreign Press,"
+of which I happen to be president, I was able to smooth matters over a
+little. Although my personal sympathies were strongly with the
+Cassagnacs, who are editors of _L'Autorite_, especially in their
+condemnation of the severity of the German Government in regard to
+"Hansi," the Alsatian caricaturist and author of _Mon Village_, I
+managed with the help of some of my Russian, Italian, English, and
+Spanish colleagues to avoid needless duels and quarrels between French
+and German journalists. Finally, the day of the "Grand Prix de Paris"
+brought the news of the murder at Sarajevo of the heir to the
+Austro-Hungarian throne. My friend, Mr. Edward Schuler, was despatched
+by the Associated Press to Vienna, and when he returned, I readily saw,
+from the state of feeling that he described as existing in Vienna, that
+war between Austria and Servia was inevitable, and that unless some
+supreme effort should be made for peace by Emperor William, a general
+European war must follow.
+
+Wednesday, July 29, the day after Austria's declaration of war against
+Servia, I lunched at the Hotel Ritz with Mrs. Marshall Field and her
+nephew, Mr. Spencer Eddy. Mrs. Field was about to leave Paris for
+Aix-les-Bains. We talked about the probability of Russia being forced to
+make war with Germany. I warned Mrs. Field of the risk she would run in
+going to Aix-les-Bains, and in the event of mobilization, of being
+deprived of her motor-car and of all means of getting away. At that time
+no one seemed to think that war really would break out. Mrs. Field
+finally gave up her plan of going to Aix-les-Bains and went to London.
+The following evening Maitre Charles Philippe of the Paris Bar and M.
+Max-Lyon, a French railroad engineer who had built many of the Turkish
+and Servian railroads, dined with me. They both felt that nothing could
+now avert war between France and Germany.
+
+Yesterday (July 31) a sort of war fever permeated the air. A cabinet
+minister assured me that at whatever capital there was the slightest
+hope of engaging in negotiations and compromise, at that very point the
+"mailed fist" diplomacy of the Kaiser William dealt an unexpected blow.
+There seems no longer any hope for peace, because it is evident that the
+Military Pretorian Guard, advisers to the German and Austrian emperors,
+are in the ascendency, and they want war. "Very well, they will have
+it!" remarked the veteran French statesman, M. Georges Clemenceau.
+
+After dinner last evening I happened to be near the Cafe du Croissant
+near the Bourse and in the heart of the newspaper quarter of Paris.
+Suddenly an excited crowd collected. "Jaures has been assassinated!"
+shouted a waiter. The French deputy and anti-war agitator was sitting
+with his friends at a table near an open window in the cafe. A young
+Frenchman named Raoul Villain, son of a clerk of the Civil Court of
+Rheims, pushed a revolver through the window and shot Jaures through the
+head. He died a few moments later. The murder of the socialist leader
+would in ordinary times have so aroused party hatred that almost civil
+war would have broken out in Paris. But to-night, under the tremendous
+patriotic pressure of the German emperor's impending onslaught upon
+France, the whole nation is united as one man. As M. Arthur Meyer,
+editor of the _Gaulois_, remarked: "France is now herself again!
+Not since a hundred years has the world seen '_France Debout!_'"
+
+At four o'clock this afternoon I was standing on the Place de la Bourse
+when the mobilization notices were posted. Paris seemed electrified. All
+cabs were immediately taken. I walked to the Place de l'Opera and Rue de
+la Paix to note the effect of the mobilization call upon the people.
+Crowds of young men, with French flags, promenaded the streets, shouting
+"Vive La France!" Bevies of young sewing-girls, _midinettes_,
+collected at the open windows and on the balconies of the Rue de la
+Paix, cheering, waving their handkerchiefs at the youthful patriots, and
+throwing down upon them handfuls of flowers and garlands that had decked
+the fronts of the shops. The crowd was not particularly noisy or
+boisterous. No cries of "On to Berlin!" or "Down with the Germans!" were
+heard. The shouts that predominated were simply: "Vive La France!" "Vive
+l'Armee!" and "Vive l'Angleterre!" One or two British flags were also
+borne along beside the French tricolor.
+
+I cabled the following message to Mr. Ogden Reid, editor of the _New
+York Tribune_:
+
+  Tribune, New York, Private for Mr. Reid. Suggest
+  supreme importance event hostilities of Brussels as center
+  of all war news. Also that Harry Lawson, _Daily Telegraph_,
+  London, is open any propositions coming from you
+  concerning _Tribune_ sharing war news service with his
+  paper. According best military information be useless
+  expense sending special men to front with French owing
+  absolute rigid censorship.
+
+    BARNARD.
+
+I based this suggestion about the supreme importance of Brussels because
+it has for years been an open secret among military men that the only
+hope of the famous _attaque brusquee_ of the German armies being
+successful would be by violating Belgian neutrality and swarming in like
+wasps near Liege and Namur, and surprising the French mobilization by
+sweeping by the lines of forts constructed by the foremost military
+engineer in Europe, the late Belgian general, De Brialmont.
+
+I subsequently received a cable message from the editor of the
+_Tribune_ expressing the wish to count upon my services during the
+present crisis. To this I promptly agreed.
+
+
+
+
+_Sunday, August 2._
+
+
+This is the first day of mobilization. I looked out of the dining-room
+window of my apartment at Number 8 Rue Theodule-Ribot at four this
+morning. Already the streets resounded with the buzz, whirl, and horns
+of motor-cars speeding along the Boulevard de Courcelles, and the
+excited conversation of men and women gathered in groups on the
+sidewalks. It was warm, rather cloudy weather. Thermometer, 20 degrees
+centigrade, with light, southwesterly breezes. My servant, Felicien,
+summoned by the mobilization notices calling out the reservists, was
+getting ready to join his regiment, the Thirty-second Dragoons. His
+young wife and child had arrived the day before from Brittany. My
+housekeeper, Sophie, who was born in Baden-Baden and came to Paris with
+her mother when a girl of eight, is in great anxiety lest she be
+expelled, owing to her German nationality.
+
+I walked to the chancellery of the American Embassy, Number 5 Rue de
+Chaillot, where fifty stranded Americans were vainly asking the clerks
+how they could get away from Paris and how they could have their letters
+of credit cashed. Three stray Americans drove up in a one-horse cab. I
+took the cab, after it had been discharged, and went to the Ministry of
+Foreign Affairs, where I expected to find our Ambassador, Mr. Myron T.
+Herrick. M. Viviani, the President of the Council of Ministers and
+Minister of Foreign Affairs, was there awaiting the arrival of Baron de
+Schoen, the German Ambassador, who had made an appointment for eleven
+o'clock. It was now half-past eleven, and his German excellency had not
+yet come.
+
+I watched the arrival of the St. Cyr cadets at the Gare d'Orsay station
+on their way to the Gare de l'Est. These young French "West Pointers"
+are sturdy, active, wiry little chaps, brimful of pluck, intelligence,
+and determination. They carried their bags and boxes in their hands, and
+their overcoats were neatly folded _bandeliere_ fashion from the
+right shoulder to the left hip. Then came a couple of hundred
+requisitioned horses led by cavalrymen. Driving by the Invalides, I
+noticed about five hundred requisitioned automobiles. I was very much
+impressed by the earnest, grave determination of the reservists, who
+were silently rejoining their posts. Some of them were accompanied by
+wives, sisters, or sweethearts, who concealed their tears with forced
+smiles. Now and then groups of young men escorted the reservists,
+singing the "Marseillaise" and waving French, British, and Russian
+flags. At the Place de la Concorde, near the statue of "Strasbourg," was
+a procession of Italians, who had offered their military services to the
+Minister of War in spite of Italy's obligation to the Triple Alliance.
+
+Later, at the American Embassy, Number 5 Rue Francois Premier, I found
+Ambassador Herrick arranging for a sort of relief committee of Americans
+to aid and regulate the situation of our stranded countrymen and women
+here. There are about three thousand who want to get home, but who are
+unable to obtain money on their letters of credit; if they have money,
+they are unable to find trains, or passenger space on westward bound
+liners. Mr. Herrick showed me a cablegram from the State Department at
+Washington instructing him to remain at his post until his successor,
+Mr. Sharp, can reach Paris; also to inform Mr. Thomas Nelson Page,
+American Ambassador at Rome, to cancel his leave of absence and stop in
+Rome, even if "Italy had decided to remain neutral." As soon as the
+German and Austro-Hungarian ambassadors quit the capital, Mr. Herrick
+will be placed in charge of all the German and Austro-Hungarian subjects
+left behind here. I met also M. J. J. Jusserand, French Ambassador at
+Washington, who intends sailing Tuesday for New York. M. Jusserand
+informed me that official news had reached the Paris Ministry of the
+Interior of Germany's violation of the territory of Luxemburg, the
+independence of which had been guaranteed by the Powers, including of
+course Prussia, by the Treaty of London in 1867. M. Jusserand was very
+indignant at this reckless breach of international law.
+
+At the suggestion of Mr. Herrick, a committee of Americans was chosen to
+co-operate with him in giving such information and advice to Americans
+in Paris as the efforts of the committee to ascertain facts and
+conditions may justify. The committee think there is no cause for alarm
+on the part of those who remain in the city for the present; and that
+Americans will be able to leave at some later date, if any desire to do
+so.
+
+The committee will endeavor to learn what can be done in securing money
+on letters of credit or travelers' cheques, or in getting means of
+transportation to such places as they may desire to go.
+
+The committee includes Messrs. Laurence B. Benet, W.S. Dalliba, Charles
+Carroll, Frederick Coudert, James Deering, Chauncey M. Depew, E.H. Gary,
+H. Herman Harjes, William Jay, F.B. Kellog, Percy Peixotto, and Henry S.
+Priest. The chairman is Judge E.H. Gary.
+
+Mr. Herrick asked me to convey a private message to one of his friends,
+but as the telephone service was interrupted, Mr. Laurence Norton, the
+Ambassador's secretary, loaned me his motor-car for the purpose. On the
+Cour La Reine a procession of young men escorting reservists and bearing
+a French flag appeared. I naturally raised my hat to salute the colors.
+The crowd, noticing the red, white, and blue cockades on the hats of the
+chauffeur and the footman, mistook me for the American Ambassador or for
+a cabinet minister, and burst into frantic cheers.
+
+In the German quarter, near the Rue d'Hauteville, a couple of German
+socialists who were so imprudent as to shout "_A bas l'armee!_"
+were surrounded by angry Frenchmen, and despite an attempt of the police
+to protect them, were very roughly handled. A German shoemaker who
+attempted to charge exaggerated prices for boots had his windows smashed
+and his stock looted by an infuriated crowd.
+
+The news that the German shops were being attacked soon spread, and
+youths gathered in bands, going from one shop to the other and wrecking
+them in the course of a few moments. Further riots occurred near the
+Gare de l'Est, a district which is inhabited by a large number of
+Germans. A great deal of damage was done.
+
+Measures were taken at once by the authorities, and several cavalry
+detachments were called to the aid of the police. The youths were quite
+docile on the whole, a word from a policeman being sufficient to turn
+them away.
+
+The cavalry, too, only made a few charges at a sharp trot and were
+received with hearty cheers. Policemen and municipal guards were,
+however, stationed before shops known to be owned by Germans.
+
+[Illustration: Shop of a German merchant in Paris, wrecked by French
+mobs.]
+
+In spite of this rioting, responsible Parisians may be said to have
+remained as calm as they have been all through this critical time. Among
+those taking part in wrecking shops were few people older than seventeen
+or eighteen.
+
+Already the familiar aspect of the Parisian street crowd has changed. It
+is now composed almost exclusively of men either too young or too old
+for military service and of women and children. Most of the younger
+generation have already left to join corps on the front or elsewhere in
+France. It is impossible to spend more than a few minutes in the streets
+without witnessing scenes which speak of war.
+
+There are long processions of vehicles of all sorts, market carts,
+two-wheeled lorries, furniture vans, all of them stocked with rifles for
+the reserves and all of them led or driven by soldiers.
+
+Not a motor-omnibus is to be seen. The taxi-cabs and cabs are scarce.
+Tramway-cars are running, although on some lines the service is reduced
+considerably. In spite of the disorganization of traffic, the majority
+of Parisians go about their business quietly.
+
+There is deep confidence in the national cause. "We did not want this
+war, but as Germany has begun we will fight, and Germany will find that
+the heart of France is in a war for freedom," is an expression heard on
+all sides.
+
+Everywhere there are touching scenes. In the early hours of the morning
+a _chasseur_ covered with dust, who had come to bid farewell to his
+family, was seen riding through the city. As he rode down the street, an
+old woman stopped him and said: "Do your best! They killed my husband in
+'70." The young soldier stooped from his saddle and silently gripped the
+old woman's hand.
+
+
+
+
+_Monday, August 3._
+
+
+This is the second day of mobilization. A warm, cloudy day with
+occasional showers. Thermometer, 20 degrees centigrade.
+
+At six this morning Felicien, with a brown paper parcel containing a
+day's rations consisting of cold roast beef, sandwiches, hard-boiled
+eggs, bread, butter, and potato salad, walked off to the Gare St.
+Lazare, which is his point of rendezvous indicated by the mobilization
+paper. His young wife wept as if broken-hearted. Felicien, like all the
+reservists, restrained his emotions. I shook him warmly by the hand and
+said that I would surely see him again here within six months, and that
+he would come home a victor. "Don't be afraid of that, sir!" was his
+reply, and away he went.
+
+I watched the looting of the Maggi milk shops near the Place des Ternes.
+The marauders were youths from fifteen to eighteen years old, and seemed
+to have no idea of the crimes they were committing. The Maggi is no
+longer a German enterprise, and the stupid acts of these young ruffians
+can only have the effect of depriving French mothers and infants of
+much-needed milk. I bought a bicycle to-day at Peugeot's in the Avenue
+of the Grande Armee, because it is hopeless to get cabs or motor-cabs.
+While there, the shop was requisitioned by an officer, who took away
+with him three hundred bicycles for the army.
+
+The aspect of the main thoroughfares in the Opera quarter, the center of
+English and American tourist traffic, was depressing in the extreme this
+afternoon. All the shipping offices in the Rue Scribe closed in the
+morning. The Rue de la Paix is never very brilliant in August, but now
+it is an abode of desolation. Nine tenths of the shops have their
+shutters up and the jewelers who keep open have withdrawn all their
+stock from the windows.
+
+Many of the closed shops on the boulevards and elsewhere bear placards
+designed to protect them from the possible attentions of the mob. On
+these placards are such texts as "Maison Francaise" or even "Maison
+ultrafrancaise."
+
+On the Cafe de la Paix is the following announcement, in several places:
+"The proprietor, Andre Millon, who is mayor of Evecquemont
+(Seine-et-Oise), has been called out for service in the army and left
+this morning." Similar messages, written in chalk, are to be seen on
+hundreds of shutters.
+
+Steps have been taken at the American Embassy to supply credentials, in
+the form of "a paper of nationality," to citizens of the United States,
+which will make it possible for them to register as such with the
+police, as required by the French Government.
+
+The proposed American Ambulance has been organized under the official
+patronage of Ambassador Herrick, and the auspices of the American
+Hospital of Paris.
+
+Beginning to-day, all cafes and restaurants will be closed at eight in
+the evening. They were left open till nine yesterday as an exceptional
+measure, owing to the fact that there was not time to distribute the
+order for early closing by eight o'clock.
+
+The aspect of the boulevards last night was the completest possible
+contrast to what was seen on Sunday night. The city was under martial
+law, and the police showed very plainly that they did not intend to be
+trifled with.
+
+Instead of shouting crowds and stone-throwing by excited youths and
+women, one saw only a few citizens walking slowly along. One group of
+policemen took shelter from the intermittent showers under the marquise
+of the Vaudeville Theater, and other detachments were in readiness at
+corners all along the line of the boulevards, which were dotted with
+isolated policemen.
+
+No one was allowed to loiter. To wait five minutes outside a house was
+to court investigation and possibly arrest. There was no sound except
+that of footfalls and a low murmur of conversation. It was the first
+night of war's stern government.
+
+Germany officially declared war upon France at five forty-five this
+evening. The notification was made by Baron von Schoen, the German
+Ambassador to France, when he called at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
+to ask for his passports.
+
+Baron von Schoen declared that his Government had instructed him to
+inform the Government of the Republic that French aviators had flown
+over Belgium and that other French aviators had flown over Germany and
+dropped bombs as far as Nuremberg. He added that this constituted an act
+of aggression and violation of German territory.
+
+M. Viviani listened in silence to Baron von Schoen's statement, and when
+the German Ambassador had finished, replied that it was absolutely false
+that French aviators had flown over Belgium and Germany and had dropped
+bombs.
+
+Immediately after this interview, M. Viviani telegraphed to M. Jules
+Cambon, French Ambassador in Berlin, instructing him to immediately ask
+for his passports and to make a report on France's protest against the
+violation of the neutrality of Luxemburg and the ultimatum sent to
+Belgium. M. Cambon will leave Berlin to-morrow.
+
+Since acts of war were committed by German troops two days ago, the
+delay in the recall of the German Ambassador had appeared inexplicable
+to the great majority of French people, to whom Baron von Schoen
+appeared to be decidedly outstopping his welcome.
+
+The Ambassador himself seemed conscious of this feeling, for not only
+did he take care to proceed to the Quai d'Orsay in as inconspicuous a
+manner as possible, but he also applied to the authorities to detail a
+policeman to accompany him in his automobile.
+
+Baron von Schoen's departure from Paris was a solemn affair. He left the
+Embassy last, after a vast collection of luggage had gone off in
+motor-wagons and other vehicles. A few minutes before ten o'clock,
+wearing a soft felt hat and black frock coat adorned with the rosette of
+the Legion of Honor and carrying a rainproof coat over his arm, he left
+in a powerful automobile, which, by way of the Invalides, the Trocadero,
+and the Boulevard Flandrin, conveyed him to the station.
+
+The station employes and the police on duty at the station formed a
+silent cordon, through which the departing Ambassador passed with
+downcast eyes.
+
+Not a word was spoken as the baron stood for a few minutes on the
+platform.
+
+Then the stationmaster said quietly: "_En voiture_," there was a
+shrill whistle, and the train, composed of five coaches and three goods
+trucks, glided slowly out of the station.
+
+
+
+
+_Tuesday, August 4._
+
+
+We are now in the third day of mobilization. Weather slightly cooler, 17
+degrees centigrade, with moderate southwest wind.
+
+At seven this morning I went with Sophie to the registration office for
+Germans, Alsatians, and Austro-Hungarians, Number 213 Place Boulevard
+Periere. A crowd of some five hundred persons--men, women, and
+children--were waiting at the doors of the public schoolroom now used as
+the _Siege du District_ for the seventeenth arrondissement.
+Although a German by birth, Sophie is French at heart. She came to Paris
+when only eight years old and has remained here ever since--she is now
+sixty-one--and has been thirty-two years with me as housekeeper and
+cook. All her German relatives are dead. Hers is a hard case, for if
+expelled from France, she would have to become practically a stranger in
+a strange land. Fortunately she has all her papers in order, and can
+show that she has nine nephews actually in the French army. I made a
+statement in writing for her to this effect, which she took to the
+registration office, but she had to wait, standing without shelter from
+eight in the morning to six o'clock at night. After carefully
+scrutinizing her papers, the officials told her that her papers must go
+for inspection to the Prefecture of Police, and that she must come back
+for them to-morrow. She had with her photographs of three of her nephews
+in military uniforms. One of these nephews had received a decoration
+during the Morocco campaign for saving his captain's life during an
+engagement.
+
+I managed to see the Commissary of Police of the quarter and spoke to
+him about Sophie, explaining her case and saying that as she was such a
+splendid cook it would be a great pity if Paris should lose her
+services. The commissary smiled and said: "It will be all right. Sophie
+will be allowed to remain in Paris!" I profited by the occasion to
+obtain a _permis de sejour_, or residence permit, for myself. The
+commissary, after noting on paper my personal description and measuring
+my height, handed me the precious document authorizing me to reside in
+the "entrenched camp of Paris." These papers must be kept on one's
+person, ready to be shown whenever called for. Outside of the office
+about three hundred foreigners, including Emile Wauters, the Belgian
+painter, and several well-known Americans and English, were waiting
+their turn to get into the office. I congratulated myself on having a
+journalist's _coupe-file_ card that had enabled me to get in before
+the others, some of whom stood waiting for six hours before their turn
+came. This is an instance of stupid French bureaucracy or red-tapism. It
+would have been very easy to have distributed numbers to those waiting,
+and the applicants would then have been able, by calculating the time,
+to go about their business and return when necessary. Another instance
+of this fatal red-tapism of French officialdom came in the shape of a
+summons from the fiscal office of Vernon, where I have a little country
+place on the Seine, to pay the sum of two francs, which is the annual
+tax for a float I had there for boating purposes. This trivial paper,
+coming in amidst the whirlpool of mobilization, displays the mentality
+of the provincial officials.
+
+After doing some writing, I went on my new bicycle to the chancellery of
+the United States Embassy and saw a crowd of about seventy Americans on
+the sidewalk awaiting their turn to obtain identification papers. I met
+here Mr. Bernard J. Schoninger, former president of the American Chamber
+of Commerce in Paris. The news of the outbreak of war found him at
+Luchon in the Pyrenees. All train service being monopolized for the
+troops, he came in his automobile to Paris, a distance of about a
+thousand kilometers. All went smoothly until he reached Tours, when he
+was held up at every five kilometers by guards who demanded his papers.
+Chains or ropes were often stretched across the roads. Mr. Schoninger
+showed the guards his visiting card, explained who he was, and said that
+he was going to Paris on purpose to get his papers. The authorities were
+very civil, as they usually are to all Americans who approach them
+politely, and allowed him to motor to Neuilly, just outside the
+fortifications of Paris.
+
+I proceeded on my wheel to the Embassy, where I found our Ambassador
+very busy with the American Relief Committee and with the American
+Ambulance people.
+
+Several Americans at the Embassy were making impractical requests, as
+for instance that the American Ambassador demand that the French
+Government accept the passports or identification papers issued by the
+American Embassy here in lieu of _permis de sejour_. If the French
+Government accorded this favor to the United States, all the other
+neutral nations would require the same privilege, and thus in time of
+war, with fighting going on only a little over two hundred kilometers
+from Paris, the French Government would lose direct control of
+permission for foreigners to remain in the capital.
+
+It is estimated that there are over forty thousand Americans at present
+stranded in Europe, seventy-five hundred of them being in Paris. Of
+these fifteen hundred are without present means.
+
+The Embassy is literally besieged by hundreds of these unfortunate
+travelers. There were so many of them, and their demands were so urgent,
+that the Military Attache, Major Spencer Cosby, had to utilize the
+services of eight American army officers on leave to form a sort of
+guard to control their compatriots. These officers were Major Morton
+John Henry, Captain Frank Parker, Captain Francis H. Pope, Lieutenants
+B.B. Summerwell, F.W. Honeycutt, Joseph B. Treat, J.H. Jouett, and H.F.
+Loomis. The last four are young graduates of West Point, the others
+being on the active list of the United States army.
+
+Ambassador Herrick set his face against any favoritism in receiving the
+applicants, and some very prominent citizens had to stand in line for
+hours before they could be admitted. Mr. Oscar Underwood, son of
+Senator-elect Underwood, is organizing means to alleviate the distress
+among his countrymen and countrywomen in Paris. He has also asked the
+Ministry of Foreign Affairs to extend the time allowed for Americans to
+obtain formal permission to remain in France, and his request will no
+doubt be granted.
+
+Doctor Watson, rector of the American Church of the Holy Trinity, in the
+Avenue de l'Alma, has offered that building as temporary sleeping
+quarters for Americans who are unable to obtain shelter elsewhere, and
+is arranging to hold some trained nurses at the disposal of the feeble
+and sick.
+
+War is a wonderful leveler, but there could hardly be a greater piece of
+irony perpetrated by Fate than compelling well-to-do Americans, who have
+no share in the quarrel on hand, to sleep in a church in France like
+destitutes before any of the French themselves are called upon to
+undergo such an experience.
+
+[Illustration: Photo. H.C. Ellis Paris. Sewing-girls at work in the
+American Episcopal Church, making garments for the American Ambulance
+Hospital.]
+
+At the Chamber of Deputies I witnessed a historic scene never to be
+forgotten. Some of the deputies were reservists and had come in their
+uniforms, but the rules prevented them from taking their seats in
+military attire. In the Diplomatic Tribune sat Sir Francis Bertie, the
+British Ambassador, side by side with M. Alexander Iswolsky, the Russian
+Ambassador. The Chamber filled in complete silence. The whole House,
+from royalists to socialists, listened, standing, to a glowing tribute
+by M. Paul Deschanel, president of the Chamber, to M. Jaures, over whose
+coffin, he said, the whole of France was united. "There are no more
+adversaries," exclaimed M. Deschanel, with a voice trembling with
+emotion, "there are only Frenchmen." The whole house as one man raised a
+resounding shout of "Vive la France!"
+
+When M. Deschanel concluded, there was a pause during the absence of M.
+Viviani. The Premier entered, pale but confident, amid a hurricane of
+cheers and read amid a silence broken only by frenzied shouts of "Vive
+la France!" a speech detailing the whole course of the diplomatic
+negotiations, in which he placed upon Germany crushing responsibility
+for the catastrophe which has overtaken Europe.
+
+The Chamber, before rising, adopted unanimously without discussion a
+whole series of bills making provision for national defense and the
+maintenance of order in France.
+
+M. Viviani's speech was interrupted by terrific cheering when he
+referred to the attitude adopted by the British and Belgian governments.
+All rose to face the diplomatic tribune, cheering again and again.
+
+M. Viviani's last phrase, "We are without reproach. We shall be without
+fear," swept the whole Chamber off its feet.
+
+The vast hemicycle was a compact mass of cheering deputies, all waving
+aloft in their hands papers and handkerchiefs. From the tribunes of the
+public gallery shout after shout went up. At the foot of the
+presidential platform the gray-haired usher, with his 1870 war medals on
+his breasts, was seated, overcome with emotion, the tears coursing down
+his cheeks.
+
+Paris is back in the days of the curfew, and at eight o'clock, by order
+of the Military Governor of Paris, it is "lights out" on the boulevards,
+all the cafes close their doors, the underground railway ceases running,
+and policemen and sentinels challenge any one going home late, lest he
+should be a German spy. Paris is no longer "_la ville lumiere_"--
+it is a sad and gloomy city, where men and women go about with solemn,
+anxious faces, and every conversation seems to begin and end with the
+dreadful word "War!"
+
+There is no more rioting in the streets. The bands of young blackguards
+who went about pillaging the shops of inoffensive citizens have been
+cleared from the streets, and demonstrations of every kind are strictly
+forbidden. So far is this carried that a cab was stopped at the
+Madeleine, and a policeman ordered the cab driver to take the little
+French flag out of the horse's collar.
+
+In the evening the city is wrapped in a silence which makes it difficult
+to realize that one is in the capital of a great commercial center. The
+smallest of provincial villages would seem lively compared with the
+boulevards last night. But for large numbers of policemen and occasional
+military patrols, the streets were practically deserted.
+
+There is, however, nothing for the police to do, for the sternly worded
+announcement that disturbers of the peace would be court-martialed had
+the instant effect of putting a stop to any noisy demonstrations, let
+alone any attempts at pillage. Policemen can be seen sitting about on
+doorsteps or leaning against trees.
+
+Parisians are already going through a small revival of what they did
+during the siege of 1871. They are lining up at regular hours outside
+provision shops and waiting their turn to be served. Many large
+groceries are open only from nine to eleven in the morning and from
+three to five in the afternoon, not because there is any scarcity of
+food, but on account of lack of assistants, all their young men being at
+the front or on their way there.
+
+Great activity is already being shown in preparing to receive wounded
+soldiers from the front, and all the ambulance and nursing societies are
+working hand in hand.
+
+The women of Paris are being enrolled in special schools where they will
+be taught the art of nursing, and thousands of young women and girls in
+the provinces have promised to help their country by making uniforms and
+bandages. Others will look after the children of widowers who have gone
+to the front, and in various other ways the women of France are
+justifying their reputation for cheerful self-abnegation.
+
+[Illustration: Photo. H.C. Ellis, Paris American Ambulance Hospital at
+Neuilly. Ambulance train of motor-cars ready to start out to get the
+wounded.]
+
+The Medical Board of the American Hospital held another meeting at the
+hospital in Neuilly, to consider further the organization of the
+hospital for wounded soldiers, with an ambulance service, which it is
+proposed to offer as an American contribution to France in her hour of
+trouble.
+
+Just how extensive this medical service will be depends upon the amount
+of money that will be obtained from Americans. The enterprise was given
+its first impulse at a meeting of the Board of Governors and the Medical
+Board of the American Hospital held on Monday at the request of
+Ambassador Herrick.
+
+It is intended to establish at first a hospital of one hundred or two
+hundred beds, fully equipped to care for wounded French soldiers.
+Several places are under consideration, but at present no information
+of a definite character can be given on this subject. Later, if
+Americans are sufficiently generous in their contributions, it is
+proposed to obtain from the French Government the use of the Lycee
+Pasteur in Neuilly, not far from the American Hospital. In this building
+a thousand beds could be placed, and it is hoped that funds will be
+available to undertake this larger ambulance service.
+
+Meanwhile the American Hospital at Neuilly is not to be affected in any
+way by this emergency undertaking, but it will continue its work for
+Americans in need of medical attention. The special hospital for
+soldiers is to be an American offering under the auspices of the
+American Hospital and under the direction of the Medical Board of that
+institution.
+
+The Medical Board of the American Hospital consists of Doctor Robert
+Turner, chairman; Doctor Magnier, who is well known as the founder of
+the hospital; Doctor Debuchet, Doctor Gros, Doctor Koenig and Doctor
+Whitman.
+
+Mrs. Herrick, Mrs. Potter Palmer, Mrs. Carolan, and other prominent
+American women have applied for service with the Red Cross.
+
+
+
+
+_Wednesday, August 5._
+
+
+Fourth day of mobilization. Cloudy weather with southwesterly wind,
+temperature at five P.M. 21 degrees centigrade.
+
+Looking out of the window this morning I noticed British flags waving
+beside French flags on several balconies and shops. England's
+declaration of war against Germany arouses tremendous enthusiasm. The
+heroic defense made by the Belgians against three German army corps
+advancing on the almost impregnable fortress of Liege--a second Port
+Arthur--is a magnificent encouragement for the French. At some of the
+houses in Paris one now sees occasionally assembled the flags of France,
+Russia, Great Britain, Belgium, and Servia.
+
+Paris is beginning to settle down more or less to the abnormal state of
+things prevailing in the city since the departure of the reservists.
+Those who remain behind are showing an admirable spirit. Nowhere are
+complaints voiced in regard to the complete disorganization of the
+public services. M. Hennion, chief of police, has devised an excellent
+means of clearing the streets of dangerous individuals. He has arranged
+for half a dozen auto-busses containing a dozen policemen to circulate
+in the different quarters at night. The auto-busses stop now and then,
+and the police make a silent search for marauders. Any one found with a
+revolver or a knife is arrested, put in handcuffs, and placed in the
+auto-bus and carried to the police station.
+
+Sophie at last got her _permis de sejour_ this evening. The
+expelled Germans will be sent to a remote station near the Spanish
+frontier. The undesirable Austro-Hungarians will be relegated to
+Brittany, where perhaps they may be utilized in harvesting the wheat
+crop. Germans in the domestic service of French citizens are allowed to
+remain in Paris.
+
+The French Institute is participating in the campaign reservist
+mobilization. M. Etienne Lamy, Perpetual Secretary of the French
+Academy, is a major in the territorial army and is about to take the
+field. M. Pierre Loti, who is a captain in the navy, will be provided
+with a suitable command. M. Marcel Prevost, graduate of the Polytechnic
+School, is a major of artillery, and will command a battery in one of
+the forts near Paris.
+
+Among American ladies added to the list of those who have volunteered
+for service with the Red Cross are Mrs. Gary, Mrs. E. Tuck, Mrs. Hickox,
+Mrs. George Munroe, Mrs. Smith, Mrs. Bell, Mrs. French, Mrs. G. Gray,
+Mrs. Gurnee, Mrs. Burden, Mrs. Harjes, Mrs. Bennett, Mrs. Dalliba, Mrs.
+Burnell, Mrs. Farwell, Mrs. Blumenthal, Mrs. Moore, Mrs. Walter Gay,
+Mrs. Tiffany, Mrs. Allan, Miss Gillett, and Miss Gurnee.
+
+A number of American and English-speaking physicians and surgeons
+responded to the appeal made by Doctor J.M. Gershberg, of New York,
+visiting physician to the Hopital Broca, and attended a meeting held at
+Professor Pozzi's dispensary to form an organization offering their
+medical and surgical services to the French Government and the Red Cross
+Society.
+
+Doctor Gershberg explained that the plan is to form three bodies: a body
+of English-speaking physicians and surgeons, a body of English-speaking
+nurses, and a body of English-speaking attendants. The proprietor of
+the Hotel Chatham, a reserve officer in the artillery, and M. C.
+Michaut, ex-reserve officer of artillery, have decided to place the
+establishment at the disposal of the Red Cross Society for the reception
+of wounded soldiers.
+
+Americans arriving in Paris from Germany and Switzerland continue to
+bring stories of hardships inflicted on them by the sudden outbreak of
+war. Mr. T.C. Estee, of New York, who reached Paris with his family,
+reported that he left behind at Zurich two hundred Americans who
+apparently had no means of getting away.
+
+He and his family were lucky enough to catch the last train conveying
+troops westward. They traveled for two days without food or water, one
+of the ladies fainting from exhaustion, and after the train reached its
+destination they had to walk several miles across the frontier, where
+they were taken on board a French troop train. They lost all their
+baggage.
+
+Eight other Americans reported a similar experience. They had a tramp of
+ten miles into France, and one of their number, a lady partly paralyzed,
+had to be carried. They could procure no food until they reached France.
+Finally they obtained a motor-car which brought them to Paris. This
+memorable journey began at Dresden.
+
+
+
+
+_Thursday, August 6._
+
+
+Fifth day of mobilization. Cloudy in the morning, fair in the afternoon.
+Thermometer at five P.M. 17 degrees centigrade.
+
+Our Ambassador, Mr. Herrick, whom I saw in the afternoon, is delighted
+with the progress being made with the American Hospital for the French
+wounded. Mrs. Herrick is getting on famously with her organization of
+the woman's committee of the American Ambulance of Paris, which is to be
+offered to the French Military Government for the aid of wounded
+soldiers.
+
+Mrs. Herrick was elected president of the committee, Mrs. Potter Palmer
+vice-president, Mrs. H. Herman Harjes treasurer, and Mrs. Laurence V.
+Benet secretary. An executive committee was then elected, consisting of
+Mrs. Laurence V. Benet, Mrs. H. Herman Harjes, Mrs. Potter Palmer, Mrs.
+Carroll of Carrollton, and Mrs. George Munroe.
+
+Among the women present at the meeting, in addition to those already
+named, were: Mrs. Elbert H. Gary, Mrs. William Jay, Mrs. A. M. Thackara,
+Mrs. James Henry Smith, Mrs. J. Burden, Mrs. Dalliba, Mrs. Blumenthal,
+Mrs. Walter Gay, Mrs. Tuck, Mrs. Charles Barney, Mrs. Whitney Warren,
+Mrs. Philip Lydig, Mrs. Hickox, Mrs. F. Bell, Mrs. French, Mrs.
+Frederick Allen, Mrs. Farwell, Miss Edyth Deacon, Mrs. Cameron, Mrs.
+William Crocker, Mrs. Herman B. Duryea, Mrs. Roche, Miss Hallmark, Mrs.
+Robert Bliss, Mrs. Crosby, Mrs. Webb, Mrs. Howe, Miss Allen, Mrs.
+Carolan and Mrs. Marcou.
+
+At the Embassy, I met Colonel William Jay, whom I had known as a boy
+when he was aide-de-camp to General Meade, then in command of the Army
+of the Potomac. We talked about the prospects of the war and especially
+of the Belgians' superb defense at Liege and also discussed the report
+that a British force had been transported to Havre. I called at the
+Ministry of War this morning, and Colonel Commandant Duval, chief of the
+press bureau there, gave me a _laisser-passer_ to enter the
+Ministry three times a day: ten in the morning, three in the afternoon,
+and at eleven o'clock at night to get the official news communicated by
+the War Department to the newspapers. It is odd to notice the martial
+aspect of the doorkeepers and ushers at the War Office. Their moustaches
+have become longer and fiercer, and their replies to most trivial
+questions are pronounced with an air of impressive mystery. At the War
+Office, I met M. Louis Barthou, former prime minister, who expressed
+genuine enthusiasm at the heroic fighting of the Belgians. I afterwards
+went to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to see about having my
+_coupe-file_, or special pass, vised with a _laisser-passer_
+label. This can only be obtained at the Prefecture of Police upon the
+special authorization of the Foreign Office. I was told that although a
+few such permits had been granted, no decision will be taken in the
+matter before Saturday.
+
+[Illustration: Photo, by Paul Thompson. Paris workmen hastening to join
+the colors.]
+
+M. Jusserand, French Ambassador at Washington, together with his wife,
+made a vain attempt a few days ago to reach Havre in time to catch the
+_France_, which sailed before her schedule time--a precautionary
+measure, taken, it is said, to elude German cruisers. M. and Mme.
+Jusserand consequently failed to catch the liner and returned to Paris.
+
+Much to my surprise, Felicien, my servant, turned up at six P.M., having
+obtained leave from the reserve squadron of his regiment, the
+Thirty-second Dragoons at Versailles, to visit his wife in Paris. The
+active squadrons of his regiment are at Chalons. The married reservists
+are held back until the others have gone to the front. This system is
+likely to be an economical one, for all the widows of soldiers killed in
+the war will have fairly good pensions.
+
+There is probably no more forlorn street in Paris at the present moment
+than the Rue de la Paix, the headquarters for dressmakers and milliners.
+Upwards of seventy-five per cent. of the shops are closed, and on both
+sides the street presents a long, gray expanse--broken only at
+intervals--of forbidding iron shutters.
+
+It is not here, however, that one must look for the effect of the war on
+American business, but rather along the Avenue de l'Opera, the Grand
+Boulevards, and other well-known business streets.
+
+In the Avenue de l'Opera, at the intersection of the Rue Louis-le-Grand,
+the Paris shop of the Singer Sewing Machine Company is closed, while on
+the other side Hanan's boot and shoe store is also shut. Just off the
+avenue, where the Rue des Pyramides cuts in, the establishment where the
+Colgate and the Chesebrough companies exploit their products likewise
+presents barred doors. Two conspicuous American establishments remaining
+open in the Avenue de l'Opera are the Butterick shop and Brentano's.
+
+Mr. Lewis J. Ford, manager of Brentano's, said that they had lost a
+quarter of their employes and fifty per cent. of their trade by reason
+of the war, but proposed to keep open just the same.
+
+In the Grand Boulevards the Remington typewriter headquarters are
+closed, as is the Spalding shop for athletic supplies; but the
+establishments of the Walkover Shoe Company, both on the Boulevard des
+Capucines and the Boulevard des Italiens, are open.
+
+In spite of the hardship entailed upon American firms, they are far from
+complaining. On the contrary, there is a concerted movement among
+American business men at this time to assist the French in keeping the
+industrial life of Paris going as normally as possible during the war.
+
+At night Paris is still dark and silent, but in the daytime the city is
+beginning to adapt itself to the new state of things. Many places from
+which the men have been called away to serve their country are being
+filled by women.
+
+Women are becoming tramway conductors, and there is talk of their
+working the underground railway. Girl clerks are taking places in
+government and other offices.
+
+The unusual state of things prevailing in Paris is the cause of many
+picturesque scenes. This morning there was an unwonted sight of a
+hundred cows being driven by herdsmen of rustic appearance along the
+Boulevard des Capucines. A little further on, the eye was arrested by a
+brilliant mass of red and blue on the steps of the Madeleine, where a
+number of men of the Second Cuirassiers were attending special mass.
+
+The cheerful tone which prevails among the people in the street is very
+noticeable. All faces are smiling and give the impression of a holiday
+crowd out enjoying themselves at the national fete, an impression which
+is reinforced by the gay display of bunting in most of the streets in
+the center of Paris.
+
+A remarkable sight is the Rue du Croissant in the afternoon, at the time
+when the evening newspapers are printed. The unusual number of papers
+sold in the streets has brought thousands of boys, girls, women, and old
+men from the outlying districts of the city.
+
+[Illustration: Photo by Paul Thompson. Woman replacing man in traffic
+work.]
+
+There are thousands of them eagerly awaiting the appearance of the
+_Presse_, _Intransigeant_, and other papers. The narrow,
+picturesque old street is one seething mass of human beings. Hundreds
+also wait in the Rue Montmartre. As they wait, they pass the time by
+playing cards or dice.
+
+Many industries are severely affected owing to the absence of men. One
+of them is the laundry industry, which is unable to deliver washing,
+owing to the want of vehicles and drivers. In consequence, many
+Parisians have now adopted the soft collar. No one at this hour pays
+attention to questions of toilette or personal elegance.
+
+However, no one dreams of complaining of lack of comfort. All want to do
+their best to help the national cause in any way they can. The warmth of
+patriotic feeling is magnificent.
+
+Already it is proposed to name streets in Paris after Samain, the young
+Alsatian who was shot in Metz for French sympathies, and after the cure
+of the frontier village who was murdered by German soldiers because he
+rang his church bells to give the alarm of their approach. Never did a
+nation rise to repel attack with a deeper resentment or a more vigorous
+_elan_.
+
+One effect of the war has been to anathematize the name of Germany. The
+Villette district, through its local representatives, has presented a
+petition to the City Council praying that the name Rue d'Allemagne shall
+be changed to that of Rue Jean Jaures, in honor of the assassinated
+socialist leader.
+
+Scenes of extraordinary enthusiasm marked the departure of the Fifth
+Regiment of Line from the Pepiniere barracks to-day. Long before six
+o'clock, the appointed hour of departure, the Avenue Portalis and the
+steps of the Church of Saint-Philippe du Roule were black with people.
+
+At six o'clock the bugles sounded, the iron gates opened, and the
+regiment, with fixed bayonets, swung out into the road amid ringing
+cheers and shouts of "Vive la France!" As the standard-bearer passed,
+the cheer increased in volume, and men stood with bared heads and waved
+their hats in the air. The regiment entrained last night for the Belgian
+frontier.
+
+
+
+
+_Friday, August 7._
+
+
+This is the sixth day of mobilization. Steady rain during the morning.
+Temperature at five P.M. 16 degrees centigrade.
+
+Disembarking of British troops in France has begun, and the greatest
+enthusiasm is reported from the northern departments. I went to see the
+Duc de Loubet this morning and met there Mr. De Courcey Forbes, who told
+me that the French mobilization was working like clock-work two days
+ahead of scheduled time. He said that about a hundred Germans and
+Austrians had been arrested as spies. They were tried by court martial
+at eleven o'clock yesterday morning, and fifty-nine of them, who were
+found guilty, were shot at Vincennes at four o'clock the same afternoon.
+
+It subsequently turned out that these spies had not been shot, after
+all, but had been imprisoned and kept in close confinement.
+
+When Baron Schoen left the German Embassy in Paris, he was treated with
+great courtesy and escorted by the Chef de Protocol, M. William Martin,
+to the railway station, where he was provided with a special _train de
+luxe_ with a restaurant car. Upon the arrival at the frontier, the
+Germans actually seized and confiscated the train! Reports of French
+families returning from Germany show that not only individual Frenchmen
+but French diplomatists and Russian diplomatists have been greatly
+insulted in Germany, especially in Berlin and Munich.
+
+Contrast with this the attitude of a crowd which I saw to-day watching
+about a thousand Germans and Austrians tramp to a railway station, where
+they were entrained for their concentration camp. They marched between
+soldiers with fixed bayonets ready to protect them. But the crowd
+watched them almost sympathetically, with not an insult, not a jeer.
+
+The mobilization in France has caused an extraordinary increase in the
+number of marriages contracted at the various Paris town halls. From
+morning till night the mayors and their assistants have been kept busy
+uniting couples who would be separated the same day or the next, when
+the husband joined his regiment. At the bare announcement of the
+possibility of war, the marriage offices at the town halls were
+literally taken by assault. As there was no time to be lost,
+arrangements were made by the chief officials to accept the minimum of
+documentary proofs of identity in all cases where the bridegrooms were
+called upon to serve their country. The other papers required by the law
+will be put in later.
+
+The statistics of the first five days of the mobilization show that one
+hundred and eighty-one marriages were performed a day as against the
+ordinary figure of one hundred and ten. In the suburbs the increase is
+even greater, and a notable fact, both in Paris and outside, is that the
+largest number of marriages took place in the most populous districts.
+In the eleventh arrondissement the ordinary figures were trebled. All
+wedding parties wear little French, English, Russian, and Belgian flags.
+
+General Michel, Military Governor of Paris, has issued an order formally
+forbidding any one to leave or enter Paris either on foot or in any kind
+of vehicle between the hours of six at night and six in the morning.
+
+At a meeting of the executive committee of the American Ambulance of
+Paris, it was announced that more than thirty thousand francs had been
+received, exclusive of the sums obtained by the women's committee, and
+apart from the promises of larger subscriptions.
+
+Up to yesterday morning twelve physicians and surgeons and twice that
+number of nurses had volunteered to assist the regular staff of the
+American Hospital in the work of caring for wounded French soldiers.
+Among the physicians and surgeons who have volunteered are Doctor Joseph
+Blake, of New York; Doctor Charles Roland, formerly a surgeon of the
+United States army; and Doctor George B. Hayes, of Paris.
+
+The women's committee held a meeting at the American Embassy, when
+further subscriptions were received, that brought the total amount
+obtained by this committee up to eighteen thousand francs.
+
+The executive committee now consists of Mrs. Laurence V. Benet, Mrs. H.
+Herman Harjes, Mrs. Potter Palmer, Mrs. Charles Carroll of Carrollton,
+Mrs. George Munroe, Mrs. Edith Wharton, Mrs. William Jay, Mrs. Tuck,
+Mrs. C.C. Cuyler and Mrs. Elbert H. Gary.
+
+[Illustration: Photo. Henri Manuel, Paris. General Victor Constant
+Michel, Military Governor of Paris until August 27, 1914.]
+
+I was to-day with an American journalist who has an apartment in the Rue
+Hardy at Versailles. He is a single man, and his house is a fairly roomy
+one. The other day he was waited upon by a military officer, who told
+him that sixty thousand soldiers were to be billeted on the
+inhabitants--making one to every man, woman, and child in the city of
+the "Roi Soleil." They would need some part of his house--which, by the
+way, was formerly the domicile of Louis David, the great painter of
+Napoleon--and he would be glad if he could make arrangements to lodge
+four soldiers. My friend at once consented, and out of the five rooms he
+has kept two to himself. In the other three are billeted a cavalry
+officer and four soldiers. The only thing the American has had to
+complain of up to now is that every morning at six o'clock the officer
+wakes him up by playing the "Pilgrims' Chorus" from "Tannhauser" on the
+piano.
+
+Germans are still found in strange places, considering the fact that the
+French are at war with them. I saw one man ask for his papers at the
+Gare de l'Est this afternoon, where with incredible assurance he was
+watching the entraining of French troops. He was led away between two
+policemen, and ought to feel thankful that the crowd did not get hold of
+him. He might have shared the same fate as that which befell one of his
+imprudent compatriots last Sunday at Clarendon. It was the day after
+mobilization had been declared, and the German knew that he must leave
+the country. But in a swaggering mood he said he would not leave until
+he had killed at least one of these condemned Frenchmen. His words were
+reported, and he fled into an entry and made his way into an adjoining
+house, where the crowd lost sight of him. When he emerged a cavalry
+escort protected him against the mad people who wanted to lynch him, and
+bundled him into a cab. He had been very badly handled, and his face was
+streaming with blood. He drove away as fast as the horse could gallop,
+but bystanders went after him, climbed up behind at the rear of the cab,
+and shot him dead through the little window.
+
+Foreigners who know the women of France, who have lived in the country,
+have always given them a very high place as wives, mothers, and
+managers. But to-day they merit the admiration of the world more than
+ever.
+
+I have seen them taking farewell of their husbands, sons, and brothers
+during the past few days, and nothing could surpass the courage with
+which they have sent them off to the war. They have struggled bravely to
+conceal their emotion, and only after the men have gone have the women
+given their feelings free play. An American lady who has seen some of
+these departures told me the other day that the sight of the children
+clinging to their fathers' hands so as to prevent them going away to the
+war was one of the saddest sights she had ever witnessed.
+
+
+
+
+_Saturday, August 8._
+
+
+Seventh day of mobilization. Ideal summer weather. Temperature, 16
+centigrade, with light westerly breezes. The moon is now full--a
+first-rate thing for the British fleet in search of German ships; also
+useful for French military operations, and for lighting the streets of
+Paris, thereby enabling economy in gas.
+
+The news of the capture of Altkirch, in Alsace, by the French troops,
+reached Paris at about five o'clock this afternoon. It spread like
+wildfire through the city, and a rush was immediately made to buy the
+special editions of the newspapers announcing the victory.
+
+To those who are not familiar with the Parisian character, the
+comparative silence with which the news was received came as a surprise.
+There was no enthusiastic outbreak of popular sentiment, no cheering, no
+throwing into the air of hats or sticks.
+
+After forty-three years of weary waiting, the Tricolor floated over an
+Alsatian town. "At last!" That was the word that was heard on every
+side. The moment was too solemn to Frenchmen to allow them to say more.
+
+The existence of war will be further brought home to Parisians on Monday
+by the disappearance of the morning breakfast rolls. In consequence of
+the great number of bakers now serving with the colors, it has been
+decided to simplify bread making in Paris so as to ensure the supply
+being regular, and consequently the only kinds obtainable after to-day
+will be those known as _boulot_ and _demi-fendu_.
+
+The regulation of the milk supply is being rapidly organized. Those
+households in which milk is a necessity, for children, invalids, or the
+old, can obtain certificates giving them the preference. On the day
+after application for these certificates they are delivered, together
+with full particulars as to the amount, quantity, price, and place of
+purchase.
+
+The position of other food supplies is excellent. The only difficulty is
+to get them delivered. Housekeepers must fetch their bread and milk if
+they want them to time.
+
+Few articles of food have reached the maximum price laid down for them
+by the authorities. Fresh vegetables and fruit are very cheap. The only
+important articles which the shops have difficulty in supplying are
+sugar, condensed milk, and dried cereals.
+
+During the past week about three thousand papers of nationality were
+issued at the American Consulate-general, and some sixteen hundred at
+the Embassy. This number may be taken as approximately coinciding with
+the number of American tourists now in Paris, as virtually all of these
+had to secure papers of nationality in order to register with the
+police.
+
+Post-office regulations are still very strict. Following the discovery
+of numerous spies in and about Paris, General Michel has issued an order
+strictly prohibiting conversations on the telephone in any other
+language but French. When this order is not obeyed, the communication is
+immediately cut off.
+
+
+
+
+_Sunday, August 9._
+
+
+Eighth day of mobilization. Hot summer day, with light southwesterly
+breezes. Temperature at five P. M. 26 degrees centigrade.
+
+This may be regarded as the first Sunday of the war. Last Sunday was a
+day of rush and clamor in Paris. All shops were open and filled with
+eager customers; the streets were crammed with shouting crowds and
+hurrying vehicles; everything was forgotten in the outburst of national
+enthusiasm. In the afternoon and evening the city was the scene of riots
+and pillage.
+
+To-day Paris presented a strong contrast. The news of French and Belgian
+successes at the front had cheered the hearts of Parisians, and, in
+spite of the strange aspect of the boulevards, denuded of their gay
+terraces, and of most of the ordinary means of locomotion, the city had
+something of a holiday aspect about it.
+
+In the afternoon the city was crowded with promenaders dressed in Sunday
+garb. The proportion of women to men has largely increased, but the
+arrival of numerous reservists from the provinces caused Paris to
+appear, temporarily at least, somewhat less empty of men.
+
+Indeed, the aspect of the city very much resembled that of any Sunday in
+summer, when the city is normally far from crowded.
+
+I met MacAlpin of the _Daily Mail_, who said to me:
+
+"I took a walk in the Bois de Boulogne yesterday afternoon. In a lonely
+alley I was stopped by three cyclist policemen. They asked for my
+papers. Fortunately, I had with me my passport and the 'permission to
+remain' issued to me as a foreigner. If I had happened to have left
+these in another coat, I should have been arrested.
+
+"The policemen told me those were their orders. They added
+confidentially that they were looking for Germans. After this I saw many
+more cyclists on the same errand. They are hunting the woods
+systematically, because many Germans of suspicious character have taken
+refuge there.
+
+"I rang up a friend on the telephone, and began, as usual: 'Hullo, is
+that you?' I was immediately told by the girl at the exchange that
+'speaking in foreign languages was not permitted.' 'Unless you speak in
+French' she said, 'I shall cut you off at once.' I suppose she listened
+to what we were saying all the time.
+
+"I went into a post-office to send a telegram to my wife. 'You must get
+it authorized at a police office' I was told. Not the simplest private
+message can be accepted until it has passed the censor."
+
+No one is to be allowed from now on to have a complete wireless
+installation in Paris. Many people have set up instruments, some for
+amusement, some, it appears, for sinister purposes. No one may send
+messages now, though they are allowed to keep their receivers. In order
+to hear the messages which come through from Russia, the Eiffel Tower
+station, it is explained, needs "dead silence" in the air.
+
+It was even announced two days ago that no one would be allowed to pass
+in or out of Paris between six at night and six in the morning. But this
+caused such inconvenience to so many people that the Military Governor
+of Paris was asked by the police to rescind his order, which he at once
+did.
+
+The tenors and baritones and sopranos of the Opera and other theaters
+are going round singing in the courtyards for the benefit of the Red
+Cross. The Salon is turned into a military stable. Where the pictures
+hung, horses are munching their hay. The Comedie Francaise is to become
+a day nursery for the children of women who, in the absence of their
+husbands, are obliged to go out to work.
+
+Mr. Herrick told me this afternoon that a few days ago the Telegraph
+Office refused his cipher cables to Washington. The Ambassador at once
+protested at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where the Minister, M.
+Doumergue, forthwith gave orders authorizing the telegraph office to
+accept his cipher messages. The Austrian Ambassador, who is still here,
+is not permitted to communicate by cipher telegrams with his Government.
+This is quite natural.
+
+
+
+
+_Monday, August 10._
+
+
+Ninth day of mobilization. Hot, sunny weather. Temperature at five P.M.
+29 degrees centigrade. Light southerly breeze.
+
+Depicted on all faces this morning is anxious but confident expectation,
+for the public are conscious that a desperate encounter between two
+millions of men is impending in Belgium and on the Alsace-Lorraine
+border from Liege to Colmar.
+
+The French capital is, at the present moment, a city of strange
+contrasts. Mothers, wives, sisters, and brides were last week red-eyed
+from the sorrow of parting. Now these same women have decorated their
+windows with bunting and have no thought other than of working as best
+they may to help the national cause.
+
+In the streets, the shrill voices of children pipe the latest news from
+the front; small girls cry grim details of the war.
+
+All prisoners charged with light offenses who are mobilizable have been
+allowed to go to the front to rehabilitate themselves. The central
+prison of Fresnes, which ten days ago contained nine hundred criminals,
+has now only two hundred and fifty left.
+
+And all the time Paris lives an every-day, humdrum life, makes the best
+of everything, and never complains.
+
+Day by day the aspect of the streets becomes more normal, for the reason
+that more and more vehicles are freed from military service and can now
+resume their ordinary duties of transporting the public. Pending the
+return of the motor-omnibuses, a service of _char-a-bancs_ has been
+started on the boulevards, which reminds Parisians of the days of the
+popular "Madeleine-Bastille" omnibus.
+
+Diplomatic relations between France and Austria-Hungary were broken off
+to-day. War however has not been declared between France and Austria.
+
+I met to-day M. Hedeman, the correspondent of the _Matin_, who
+recently witnessed in Berlin the arrival of Emperor William and the
+Crown Prince, which he compared to the departure of Napoleon III for
+Sedan in 1870. We were talking at the Ministry of War, where I also met
+the Marquis Robert de Flers, the well-known dramatist and editor of the
+_Figaro_, and M. Lazare Weiler, deputy. M. Hedeman told me that two
+days after the declaration of war a skirmish took place near the village
+of Genaville in the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, between French
+custom-house officials and a squadron of German cavalry. The commander
+of the German detachment was shot in the stomach, fell to the ground,
+and was captured. He was Lieutenant Baron Marshall von Bieberstein, son
+of the former German Ambassador at Constantinople. A French lieutenant
+of gendarmes helped the prisoner to his feet. Lieutenant von
+Bieberstein, who was mortally wounded, said: "Thank you, gentlemen! I
+have done my duty in serving my country, just as you are serving your
+own!" He then died. M. Charles Humbert, senator of the Meuse, gave the
+helmet and sabre that had been worn by Lieutenant Marshall von
+Bieberstein to the editor of the _Matin_.
+
+[Illustration: The Statue of Strasbourg, after the capture of Altkirch
+in Alsace by French troops.]
+
+
+
+
+_Tuesday, August 11._
+
+
+Tenth day of mobilization. Warm, sunny weather, with light northerly
+breezes. Temperature at five P.M. 27 degrees centigrade.
+
+Expectation of the great battle believed to be forthcoming to the north
+of Liege dominates the situation here.
+
+I breakfasted to-day at the restaurant Paillard with M. Max-Lyon and M.
+Arthur Meyer, manager of the _Gaulois_. Mlle. Zinia Brozia, of the
+Opera Comique, who remains in Paris, was also of our party. All sorts of
+war rumors were current, but as M. Messimy, the minister of war, has
+given to M. Arthur Meyer the assurance that while the news given out
+"might not be _all_ the news, it would nevertheless be invariably
+_true news_," confidence in the official communications to the
+press, which are the only authentic source of war news, is unshaken. The
+French Ministry of War, in its official _communique_ of the
+military situation, issued at 11.30 this evening, states that the French
+troops are in contact with the enemy along almost the entire front. The
+only fighting that has taken place, however, has been engagements
+between the outposts, in which the French soldiers everywhere showed
+irresistible courage and ardor.
+
+A Uhlan who was captured near Liege on Saturday was found to be the
+bearer of a map marked with the proposed marches of the German army.
+According to this map, the Germans were to be in Brussels on August 3
+and at Lille on August 5.
+
+
+
+
+_Wednesday, August 12._
+
+
+Eleventh day of mobilization. Hot weather, with light northerly breeze.
+Temperature at five P.M. 29 degrees centigrade.
+
+Breakfasted with M. Galtier at the Cercle Artistique et Litteraire, Rue
+Volney. Several members of the club had just arrived from various
+watering-places. One of them, who came from Evian-les-Bains, said that
+he was sixty-two hours en route. The trains stop at every station so
+that they have uniform speed, thus rendering accidents almost out of the
+question. Only third-class tickets are sold, but these admit to all
+places.
+
+It seems certain that the first part of the German plan--namely to come
+with a lightning-like, overwhelming crash through Belgium, via Liege and
+Namur--has failed. But the battle of millions along the vast front of
+two hundred and fifty miles between Liege and Verdun has opened, and the
+opposing armies are in touch with each other. Every one in Paris has
+confidence in the final result.
+
+There is news of stupendous importance in the official announcement that
+Germany is employing the bulk of her twenty-six army corps against
+France and Belgium between Liege and Luxemburg. The disappearance of the
+German first line troops from the Russian frontier is now explained. By
+flinging this immense force upon France, Germany gains an advantage of
+numbers. How will she use it?
+
+Paris seems to have seen very little, after all, of the mobilization.
+Most people may have seen an odd regiment pass, or perhaps numbers of
+horses obviously requisitioned. But they realize none of the feverish
+bustle of the mobilization centers.
+
+Versailles relieves Paris of all this, and Versailles, since the first
+day of August, has been amazing. The broad avenues of the sleepy old
+town have been packed from side to side with men in uniform, men only
+partly in uniform, or men carrying their uniforms under their arm. At
+the first glance there seemed nothing but confusion, but the appearance
+was misleading, for at the Chantiers Station trainload after trainload
+of troops--men, guns, horses, material--have been despatched, taking the
+route of the Grande Ceinture Railway around Paris to Noisy-le-Sec, and
+on to the Est system.
+
+At Versailles one realizes very fully that France is at war. For there
+are lines and lines of guns awaiting teams and drivers, hundreds upon
+hundreds of provision wagons, rows and rows of light draught-horses,
+many being shod in the street, while out along the road to Saint-Cyr, in
+a broad pasturage stretching perhaps half a mile, are thousands of
+magnificent cattle tightly packed together. They are to feed some of
+France's fighting force.
+
+And at Saint-Cyr there is unheard-of activity. The second army flying
+corps is being organized. It consists of nearly eighty certificated
+volunteer pilots, including Garros, Chevillard, Verrier, Champel,
+Audemars, and many more well-known names. There are others than French
+airmen in the corps. Audemars is Swiss, while there are also an
+Englishman, a Peruvian, and a Dane. These men are all waiting eagerly
+the order to move.
+
+Those at the American Embassy who are in charge of advancing funds to
+Americans in need of them had their busiest day since the work began, on
+Monday. Forty-six persons received a total of 3,514 francs.
+
+The total amount of money distributed for the three days has been 8,869
+francs. This has gone to 105 persons, which gives an average of the
+modest sum of 84 francs apiece, or less than seventeen dollars.
+
+At least nine out of ten of the applicants are virtually without
+bankable credit of any kind. One man gave as security--because the money
+is advanced as a loan, not as a gift--a cheque on a Chicago bank, but he
+admitted that the cheque was not negotiable, as it was drawn on one of
+the Lorrimer banks of Chicago, which had gone into the hands of
+receivers since he left for Europe.
+
+Callers included a number of negro song and dance artists who had come
+to the end of their resources.
+
+The work of distributing money is entirely in the hands of American army
+officers, and they investigate every case which has not already been
+investigated by the relief committee appointed by the Ambassador. Major
+Spencer Cosby, the military attache at the Embassy, is the treasurer of
+the fund. Investigations are made by Captain Frank Parker, assisted by
+Lieutenants William H. Jouett and H. F. Loomis. The cashier is Captain
+Francis H. Pope, with Lieutenants Francis W. Honeycutt and B.B.
+Somervell as assistants.
+
+When the history of the great war is written, a very honorable place
+will have to be reserved for the women of Paris. In the work of caring
+for the destitute and unemployed of their own sex, and anticipating the
+needs of great numbers of wounded men, they are showing extraordinary
+energy. Every day new and special philanthropic institutions are started
+and carried on by women in Paris.
+
+Comtesse Greffulhe has taken in hand the provision of food and lodging
+for convalescent soldiers, so as to relieve the pressure on public and
+private hospitals and ambulances. Mme. Couyba, wife of the Minister of
+Labor, is arranging for the supply of free food to girls and women out
+of work. Marquise de Dion, Mme. Le Menuet and other ladies are opening
+temporary workshops where women can obtain employment at rates that will
+enable them to tide over the hard times before them.
+
+The Union des Femmes de France is doing wonderful work in the
+organization of hospitals and in sending out nurses to wherever they are
+most likely to be needed.
+
+One of the finest examples of energy and devotion is being set by the
+wife of the Military Governor of Paris, Mme. Michel. She has identified
+herself specially with what may be briefly described as "saving the
+babies." Her idea is to see that the coming generation shall not be
+sacrificed and that expectant mothers whose natural defenders have gone
+to the war shall not feel themselves forsaken.
+
+Mme. Michel is the president of a committee of ladies who have
+undertaken, each in her own district, to seek out needy mothers, to see
+that they and their children receive assistance, and to give them all
+possible moral support.
+
+Mme. Michel is putting in about eighteen hours' work a day in the
+discharge of her duties. She is up at daylight, and after dealing with a
+mass of correspondence, is out in her motor-car before seven o'clock, on
+a round of the various _mairies_, to see that the permanent
+maternity office, which it has been found necessary to start in every
+one of these municipal centers, is doing its work properly.
+
+At eleven o'clock she is back at the big house which is the official
+residence of her husband, close to the Invalides, and is presiding over
+a committee meeting. She lunches in about a quarter of an hour, and
+plunges into more committee work, which usually lasts until well after
+four o'clock.
+
+The latter part of the afternoon is taken up in another tour of
+inspection, dinner is a movable feast to be observed if there happens to
+be time for it, and then there is another pile of letters and telegrams
+a foot high to be gone through and answered; and so to bed, very late.
+
+
+
+
+_Thursday, August 13._
+
+
+Twelfth day of mobilization. Hot, sultry weather with faint
+northeasterly wind. Thermometer at five P.M. 30 degrees centigrade.
+
+Breakfasted to-day at the restaurant Paillard and met there M. Arthur
+Meyer, M. Max-Lyon, Maitre Charles Philippe of the French Bar, and Mr.
+Slade, manager of the Paris branch of the Equitable Trust Company. War!
+War! War! was the subject of the conversation, but no real news from the
+front except of outpost fighting, with success for the French and the
+Belgians. Gabriele d'Annunzio's flaming "Ode for the Latin
+Resurrection," published to-day in the _Figaro_, is evidently
+intended to excite Italians to seize an opportunity to abandon
+neutrality and join France and the Allied Powers against Austria, and
+thereby win back the "Italia Irredenta." D'Annunzio invokes the Austrian
+oppression of bygone days in Mantua and Verona, calls Austria the
+"double-headed Vulture," and summons all true Italians to take the
+war-path of revenge. "Italy! Thine hour has struck for Barbarians call
+thee to arms! _Vae Victis!_ Remember Mantua!"
+
+After lunch I met Mrs. Edith Wharton, who had made some valuable mental
+and written notes of what she has seen in Paris. She is about to leave
+for England.
+
+So sure were the Germans of advancing rapidly into France that they had
+decided to complete their mobilization on French territory. According to
+the _Figaro_, an Alsatian doctor, who came to France on the
+outbreak of hostilities, had been ordered to join the German army at
+Verdun on the third day of mobilization. A German tailor, living in
+Paris, had instructions to join at Rheims on the thirteenth day.
+
+Although the early closing hour of all cafes and restaurants causes some
+inconvenience, it is being taken in good part by Parisians. It has not
+the slightest effect on the habits of the city as far as keeping late
+hours is concerned--no power on earth could make the Parisian go to bed
+at nine o'clock.
+
+People cannot spend their evenings in the cafes, so they spend them
+either strolling or sitting about in the streets, smoking and chatting
+for hours. But the new closing hour has had the effect expected by the
+authorities. It has made Paris the most orderly city in the world. The
+police are, however, kept very busy, for the regulation as to carrying
+papers is being rigorously enforced, and the belated pedestrian is
+invariably challenged by a cavalry patrol or by the ordinary police. If
+his answers are unsatisfactory, he undergoes a more searching
+examination at the police station.
+
+Paris has become a paradise for cyclists. Owing to the lack of
+transportation facilities, hundreds of Parisians have taken to using
+bicycles as a practical mode of locomotion, and the city now swarms with
+them. This state of things is not, however, likely to last very long,
+for every day brings more vehicles back to the capital, and every day
+brings a further step towards a more normal situation.
+
+Some cars requisitioned will hardly be returned,--as is evidenced by
+the experience of Mrs. Julia Newell and her sister, Miss Josephine
+Pomeroy, two Americans just returned to Paris.
+
+Before the war broke out, Miss Pomeroy left Frankfort by automobile, but
+in passing through Metz her $5,000 Delaunay-Belleville machine was
+confiscated by the Germans, and her footman and chauffeur, who were
+Frenchmen, were put into prison. All her luggage was lost. No attention
+was paid to her protests that she was an American citizen.
+
+
+
+
+_Friday, August 14._
+
+
+Thirteenth day of mobilization. Another hot, stifling day with
+thermometer (centigrade) 31 degrees at five P.M.
+
+Lunched at the Cercle Artistique et Litteraire, Rue Volney. Only the old
+servants remain. The club is no longer open to non-member dinner guests.
+The price of meals is reduced to three and a half francs for lunch, and
+to four francs for dinner, including wine, mineral water, beer, or
+cider. There is great scarcity of small change. To alleviate this, ivory
+bridge or poker counters, marked fifty _centimes_, and one
+_franc_, are given in change and circulate for payment of meals,
+drinks, etc.
+
+Greater military activity is noticed in the streets than for some days
+past. Many movements of troops took place all day, and long convoys of
+the ambulance corps, including several complete field hospital staffs,
+were seen driving and marching through the city.
+
+This was due to the fact that within the last few days large bodies of
+the territorial forces had concentrated in the environs, notably at
+Versailles, from whence they left for the front.
+
+Early this morning certain districts of Paris literally swarmed with
+soldiers of the territorial reserve.
+
+Although most of them are married men and fathers, they display as fine
+a spirit as their younger comrades. They may, perhaps, show less
+enthusiasm, but that they are quite as calm is shown by the fact that a
+number of them spent the last hours before their departure fishing in
+the Ourcq Canal.
+
+A detachment of naval reserves has been brought to Paris to assist the
+police and the Municipal Guards in assuring order in the capital. The
+men wear the uniform of _fusiliers marins_, and correspond to the
+marines in the British navy. They will be placed under the orders of the
+Prefect of Police.
+
+Mr. A. Beaumont of the _Daily Telegraph_ has had a very narrow
+escape from being shot as a spy. He is a naturalized American citizen,
+but was born in Alsace. When the present war broke out, he started in a
+motor-car to the front without the necessary passes and permits. He
+circulated about and obtained good and useful news for his paper. The
+other day, however, he was brought to a standstill in Belgium and was
+arrested. The Belgian authorities asked at the French headquarters:
+"What shall we do with him?" The reply was: "Send him on here to
+headquarters, and if he proves to be a spy he will be court-martialed
+and shot." This arose from the confusion of names. It seems that the
+doings of a German spy named Bremont, of Alsatian birth, had become
+known to the military authorities in France and Belgium. Beaumont
+stoutly asserted that he was the victim of mistaken identity, and only
+after very great difficulty, and with the exceptional efforts of Mr.
+Herrick and of Sir Francis Bertie, the British Ambassador, was he able
+to establish his true identity, when he was released by the French
+Headquarter Staff, and handed over to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
+
+Arrivals of detachments of German prisoners continue to be reported from
+various parts of France. A Prussian officer, speaking French fluently,
+was among a convoy of prisoners at Versailles yesterday. The officer, on
+seeing some French territorials march past, singing the "Marseillaise,"
+remarked to his guard: "What a disillusion awaits us!"
+
+
+
+
+_Saturday, August 15._
+
+
+(_Feast of the Assumption._)
+
+Fourteenth day of mobilization. Heavy thunder storms set in at three
+A.M. Showers followed until one o'clock; cloudy afternoon with variable
+wind. Thermometer at five P.M. 22 degrees centigrade.
+
+Huge crowds lined the streets leading from the Gare du Nord to the
+British Embassy, to welcome Field-marshal Sir John French, Commander of
+the British expeditionary force, who came to visit President Poincare
+before taking command of his army. At quarter to one, three motor-cars
+rapidly approached the Embassy. In the second I could get a glimpse of
+Sir John in his gray-brown khaki uniform. His firm, trim appearance and
+his clear blue eyes, genial smile, and sunburnt face made an excellent
+impression, and he was greeted with loud cheers. He had a long talk with
+M. Messimy, Minister of War.
+
+I am having a very busy time trying to obtain permission for American
+war correspondents to accompany the French armies in the field. Mr.
+Richard Harding Davis and Mr. D. Gerald Morgan have arrived in London on
+the _Lusitania_ from New York to act as war correspondents in the
+field with the French forces. As president of the Association of the
+Foreign Press, and as Paris correspondent of the _New York
+Tribune_, I made special applications at the Ministry of Foreign
+Affairs and at the War Office for authority for them to act as war
+correspondents for the _New York Tribune_. These applications were
+endorsed by Ambassador Herrick, who also did everything possible to
+secure permission for them to take the field.
+
+The official regulations for war correspondents are much more severe,
+however, than those enforced during the Japanese and Turkish wars. In
+the first place, only Frenchmen and correspondents of one of the
+belligerent nationalities, that is to say French, British, Russian,
+Belgian, or Servian, are allowed to act as war correspondents. Frenchmen
+may represent foreign papers. All despatches must be written in the
+French language and must be sent by the military post, and only after
+having been formally approved by the military censor. No despatches can
+be sent by wire or by wireless telegraphy. No correspondent can
+circulate in the zone of operations unless accompanied by an officer
+especially designated for that purpose. All private as well as
+professional correspondence must pass through the hands of the censor.
+War correspondents of whatever nationality will, during their sojourn
+with the army, be subject to martial law, and if they infringe
+regulations by trying to communicate news not especially authorized by
+the official censors, will be dealt with by the laws of espionage in war
+time. These are merely a few among the many rigid prescriptions
+governing war correspondents.
+
+I talked with several editors of Paris papers on the subject, notably
+with M. Arthur Meyer of the _Gaulois_, Marquis Robert de Flers of
+the _Figaro_, and M. Georges Clemenceau of the _Homme Libre_.
+They one and all expressed the opinion that war correspondents would
+enjoy exceptional opportunities, enabling them to get mental snap-shots
+of picturesque events and to acquire valuable first-hand information for
+writing magazine articles or books, but that from a newspaper standpoint
+there would be insurmountable difficulties preventing them from getting
+their "news to market," that is to say, in getting their despatches on
+the wires for their respective papers. However, Mr. Herrick is doing
+everything he can to obtain all possible facilities for Mr. Davis and
+for Mr. Morgan.
+
+Almost every day brings some fresh measure in the interest of the
+public. Yesterday the Prefect of Police issued an order forbidding the
+sale of absinthe in the cafes under pain of immediate closure, and again
+called the attention of motorists to the regulations which they are
+daily breaking.
+
+The sanitary authorities, too, have their hands full. So far, however,
+the present circumstances have had no influence on the state of health
+in Paris. The weekly bulletin published by the municipality shows that
+the death and disease figures are quite normal.
+
+Mr. Bernard J. Schoninger, chairman of the committee which has recently
+been formed by the American Chamber of Commerce in Paris with the object
+of settling difficult questions which may arise in Franco-American
+commercial relations, states that his committee is collaborating with
+the ladies' committee founded by the wife of the American Ambassador to
+assist wounded soldiers. In a few days this committee collected one
+hundred and seventy-five thousand francs. His own committee has issued
+an appeal to all Chambers of Commerce in the United States, and he
+trusts that considerable funds will be forthcoming for the ambulance
+corps created under the auspices of the American Hospital in Paris. The
+Minister for War has granted the use of the Lycee Pasteur, where it is
+hoped to establish an ambulance of two hundred beds, which may later be
+increased to one thousand.
+
+The committee has also taken up the question of the payment of customs
+duties on American imports into France, and Mr. Schoninger states that
+he has met with the greatest kindness and that the French customs
+authorities have agreed to accept guarantees from various commercial
+syndicates instead of actual immediate cash payments. This will obviate
+difficulties occasioned by the refusal of French banking establishments,
+acting under the terms of the moratorium, in handing over funds which
+they have on deposit.
+
+
+
+
+_Sunday, August 16._
+
+
+Fifteenth day of mobilization. Gray, cloudy day with occasional showers
+and westerly wind. Thermometer at five P.M. 17 degrees centigrade.
+
+I drove out in the Bois de Boulogne after lunch with the Duc de Loubat.
+The Bois was rather deserted; only a few couples were strolling about or
+seated on benches reading newspapers. Went to the Cercle des Patineurs,
+where fences were being put up on the lawns to enclose sheep and oxen to
+provision Paris. In the tennis court we saw about two hundred Kabyles
+from Algeria, who had been found astray in Paris. They sleep on straw
+beds in the tennis court and are provided with rations. They are all
+men, and will be drafted into the Algerian reserves.
+
+Madame Waddington, formerly Miss King of New York, and widow of the late
+William Henry Waddington, senator, and member of several French
+Cabinets, and one of the French delegates to the Berlin Conference in
+1878, remains in Paris, and is stopping with her sister, Miss King, at
+her apartment in the Rue de La Tremouille. Madame Waddington was a great
+friend of the late King Edward VII, who never passed through Paris
+without calling to see her and lunching with her and her family. Madame
+Waddington, who is in excellent health and spirits, told me that the
+feeling was so strong against the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador, Count
+Szecsen de Temerin, during the last few days of his stay here after
+hostilities had begun with Germany, that one evening, as he was about to
+sit down to dinner with his fellow diplomatist, M. Alexandre Lahovary,
+the Roumanian Minister, at the Cercle de l'Union, which is one of the
+most select and restricted clubs of Paris, the secretary of the club
+requested M. Lahovary to announce to the Austrian Ambassador that the
+committee of the club expressed the wish that he should no longer take
+his meals at the club nor appear on the premises, because his presence
+under prevailing political conditions rendered the Austrian Ambassador
+an "undesirable personage." The Austrian Ambassador, who had just
+ordered an excellent bottle of Mouton Rothschild claret for his dinner,
+at once left the club.
+
+[Illustration: French Negro troops from Africa entraining in Paris.
+Photo by Paul Thompson.]
+
+Parisians flocked in thousands to-day to the basilica of the Sacre Coeur
+of Montmartre, where special services were held. This church was planned
+and built in expiation of the war of 1870. It was finished only a few
+months ago, and was to have been definitely "inaugurated" next month.
+
+A detachment of about four thousand men of the Naval Reserve, most of
+whom are Bretons, is encamped to the north of Paris at Le Bourget, and
+there have been stirring scenes in the little church there. It has been
+crowded with sailors and soldiers at every service, for Bretons are
+among the most religious of all peoples of France.
+
+Abbe Marcade, the cure of Le Bourget, has had magnificent congregations.
+On the Feast of the Assumption the Abbe decided to hold Mass in the open
+air. An altar was accordingly set up in a large field beside a haystack.
+Thirty-five hundred soldiers attended. At the end, the Abbe, standing on
+a table, preached a sermon in the falling rain.
+
+These military services at Le Bourget have been strikingly picturesque.
+The Abbe's sermons are interrupted from time to time by cheers, as if he
+were making a political speech. His words on patriotism and soldiers'
+duty have been greeted with shouts of "Vive la France." Loudest of all
+was the applause when he declared that feelings of party were now
+drowned in love for the country. In the evening, after the service at
+which this sermon was preached, the Abbe dined with the officers of the
+regiment and with the socialist mayor of the commune, a thing which
+would have been impossible in ordinary times. The war has made Frenchmen
+stand together in closer unity than they have ever done before.
+
+One of the strangest changes brought about by the war is that of the
+fashionable race-courses of Auteuil and Longchamp. These have been
+turned into large grazing farms for sheep and cattle requisitioned by
+the military authorities. Another curious requisition is that of all
+French military uniforms in the wardrobes of the Paris theaters.
+
+Mobilization orders to rejoin his regiment at Rheims on August 7 have
+been found in the possession of a wounded German soldier in hospital at
+Brussels. The man stated that several of his comrades had received
+orders to join the colors at other French towns on specified dates. This
+shows how the German plans were upset by the resistance at Liege.
+
+Field-marshal Sir John French slept at the British Embassy last night,
+and after a rousing reception left Paris at seven o'clock this morning
+in an automobile for an "unknown destination."
+
+Every man in France is envying the young dragoon officer, Lieutenant
+Bruyant, who has been given the first Cross of the Legion of Honor in
+the war. The lieutenant with six men was scouting near the frontier,
+when suddenly he saw a number of horsemen moving a good way off, and
+made them out to be a patrol of twenty-seven Uhlans. Shots were
+exchanged and a German fell. Then the Uhlans cantered away. They were
+four to one, but did not care to fight.
+
+The French followed up resolutely, but the Germans kept their distance.
+When the dragoons trotted, the Uhlans trotted too. Now the former would
+gallop across a bit of open country, and the Germans would gallop away
+just as quickly. Evidently they were making for shelter.
+
+Soon Lieutenant Bruyant saw that they were trying to reach a wood, where
+they could take cover. No time was to be lost. He knew that if they got
+there they would escape him. Now was the moment to unchain the ardor of
+his men. He gave the orders "Draw swords!" "Charge!"
+
+The seven spurred their horses and fell upon the twenty-seven with
+shouts of defiance. The shock demoralized the Germans, who made no stand
+at all. One was killed by a lance thrust. The officer in command was
+drawing his revolver when Lieutenant Bruyant cut him down with his
+sabre. Six more were wounded and knocked off their horses. The rest fled
+in disorder.
+
+
+
+
+_Monday, August 17._
+
+
+Sixteenth day of mobilization. Gray, cloudy weather with northerly
+breezes. Thermometer at five P.M. 17 degrees centigrade.
+
+The first trophy of the war, the flag of the One Hundred and
+Thirty-second German Infantry Regiment (First Regiment of Lower Alsace),
+arrived in Paris this morning, having been brought by motor-car from the
+front, where it was captured at Sainte-Blaise by the Tenth Battalion of
+Chasseurs-a-Pieds (riflemen), a corps which distinguished itself in the
+Franco-Austrian war of 1859 by capturing the first Austrian flag at
+Solferino. In 1840, the Tenth Chasseurs-a-Pied were commanded by Patrice
+de MacMahon, then a major and afterwards Marshal of France and Duc de
+Magenta, and whose name is remembered by the corps in their march song:
+
+  "L' dixiem' batallion,
+  Commandant Mac-Mahon,
+  N'a pas peur du canon,
+  Nom de nom!"
+
+The captured flag is of magenta colored silk, with a white St. Andrew's
+cross, on which the imperial eagle and the regimental insignia are
+embroidered in gold. The news that a German flag was being shown spread
+rapidly, and a large crowd gathered. There were no insulting remarks,
+merely quiet observation. Among the first to see the trophy were some
+school-children headed by their master, who explained the significance
+of the capture. The flag was taken to the Elysee Palace and shown to
+President Poincare, who is himself a major of chasseurs-a-pied. It was
+afterwards placed in the Invalides.
+
+General Michel, the Governor of Paris, has notified all places of public
+entertainment that their programmes must henceforth be submitted to the
+censors under pain of closure of the establishment.
+
+Except for trifling drawbacks, inevitable in times like the present,
+Paris has little to complain of. There are everywhere signs of a gradual
+return to normal conditions. Among these is the reappearance of flowers
+on the costermongers' carts and at the kiosks. In the early stages of
+the mobilization, when many thousands of families were saying good-by to
+their men, no one had the heart to buy flowers, even had any supply been
+available. The conveyance to Paris of flowers grown in the neighborhood
+of the capital has now been reorganized, and roses and carnations are
+being sold on the main thoroughfares at normal prices.
+
+Women and girl newspaper-sellers have become familiar figures in Paris,
+and their number is increasing steadily as the needs of the army are
+depriving more and more families of their bread-winners. A pathetic
+figure seen on the Boulevard des Italiens yesterday afternoon was a
+woman toiling along under the weight of a sleeping child about five
+years old, and calling her newspapers gently, so as not to wake him.
+
+
+
+
+_Tuesday, August 18._
+
+
+Seventeenth day of mobilization. Cloudy weather with occasional patches
+of blue sky. Thermometer at five P.M. 17 degrees centigrade. Light
+northeasterly wind.
+
+It is now for the first time officially announced that the British
+expeditionary force has safely landed in France and in Belgium. The
+transportation has been effected in perfect order, promptly on schedule
+time, and without the slightest hitch or casualty. British troops were
+everywhere received with immense enthusiasm. Not only have they landed
+at Ostend, Boulogne, and Havre, with all their field transports, but
+they have been taken up the Seine in steamers to Rouen, whence they were
+entrained on the strategic lines for Belgium. M.J.A. Picard, a young
+Frenchman, and his wife arrived from New York and reached Paris via
+Boulogne. M. Picard will join the army to-morrow as a reservist employed
+in the general staff. His wife will act as a correspondent of the
+_Tribune_ in France. M. Picard said that Boulogne was full of
+British troops. They marched through the narrow streets of the city
+wearing their khaki uniforms, thousands upon thousands of them, roaring
+as they pass the new British war slogan: "Are we downhearted?
+_No-o-o-o-o! Shall we win? Ye-e-e-e-e-s-s-s!_" Then came an Irish
+regiment with their brown jolly faces beaming with fun, and singing:
+"It's a long way to Tipperary ... It's a long way to go!" A Welsh
+battalion followed, whistling the "Marseillaise." The prettiest girls in
+every town throw flowers and kisses to these stalwart British lads. As
+soon as the order to break ranks is given, bevies of smiling lasses
+surround the troops, offering them sandwiches, fruit, wine, and flowers,
+and even kisses. There would be thousands of jealous girls in England,
+Scotland, Ireland, and Wales to-day if they could but witness the
+reception. Highland regiments wearing the kilt have stupendous success
+with the blushing young women of France.
+
+From the seat of war in Belgium, and also in the North Sea, the same
+awful silence continues, and Parisians manifest growing impatience for
+the inevitable great battle. I went to the Ministry of War with M. and
+Mme. Picard, but no news of military importance was communicated.
+
+
+
+
+_Wednesday, August 19._
+
+
+Eighteenth day of mobilization. Fine summer weather, with light
+northerly wind. Temperature at five P.M. 17 degrees centigrade.
+
+Absolute silence concerning military movements in Belgium. No official
+communication was made to-day at the Ministry of War. Parisians feel
+that momentous events are about to take place but look forward with calm
+confidence.
+
+I called upon my old friend, M. Rene Baschet, manager of the
+_Illustration_, which is the only illustrated weekly paper in
+France to continue its issue. I hastened to tell M. Baschet that I had
+received a private telegram from Rome announcing that the Pope was so
+ill that his physicians, and above all Monseigneur Zampini, did not
+think that His Holiness could live through the night. M. Baschet paid
+genuine tribute to Lord Kitchener's instructions "to every soldier of
+the British expeditionary forces," and said that the British War
+Minister showed himself at once "heroic and hygienic," and cited the
+passage: "You may find temptations, both in wine and women. You must
+entirely resist both temptations, and while treating all women with
+perfect courtesy, you should avoid any intimacy."
+
+At the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, I met M. Jules Cambon, French
+Ambassador at Berlin, who after being treated discourteously by the
+Germans and dealt with practically as a prisoner, reached Paris by way
+of Denmark and England. It would have been indiscreet to ask M. Jules
+Cambon to disclose diplomatic secrets, but after conversing with persons
+who accompanied him, it seems certain that there had been complete
+understanding between Germany and Austria about the sending of Austria's
+ultimatum to Servia. It is true that German diplomacy had not accepted
+the exact terms of the ultimatum communicated to Servia on July 23 and
+had asked for certain modifications in the text, which Austria refused
+to make. M. Cambon drew an important distinction between German
+_diplomacy_, and the German _military clique_. The former were
+willing only to go so far as _risking_ a war, while the latter
+seized the opportunity to _bring on_ the war and to attack France.
+The discussion lasted two or three days, and the military caste,
+receiving the strong personal encouragement and support of Emperor
+William, became omnipotent, and from that moment war was inevitable. In
+regard to France, Germany constantly repeated the formula: "Put strong
+pressure upon Russia, your ally, to prevent her from helping the
+Servians!" To this France replied: "Very good, but you yourself should
+put strong pressure upon Austria, your ally, to prevent her from
+provoking a catastrophe!" To this Germany rejoined: "Ah! But that is not
+the same thing!" Thus it was in this "_cercle vicieux_" that the
+diplomatic conversation continued, which, under the circumstances, and
+especially owing to the attitude of Emperor William, could end in
+nothing else but war.
+
+
+
+
+_Thursday, August 20._
+
+
+Nineteenth day of mobilization. Ideal summer weather. Light northerly
+breezes. Temperature at five P.M. 16 degrees centigrade.
+
+Good news of further French advances in Upper Alsace and the recapture
+of Muelhausen make Parisians cheerful. The death of the Pope during the
+present tension is scarcely noticed. All thoughts and expectations are
+centered on Belgium, where the great battle is impending.
+
+It is announced at the Ministry of War that it was not the Tenth but the
+First Battalion of Chasseurs-a-Pied that captured the German regimental
+flag now hung in the Invalides. The French tobacco factories are working
+night and day to supply the armies with tobacco, for in all countries
+soldiers and sailors are ardent devotees to "My Lady Nicotine." In honor
+of the Belgians, a special cigarette, _La Liegeoise_, has been
+produced, which is naturally tipped with cork (_liege_). The stock
+of "Virginia" has run short for supply to the British soldiers. The
+"Virginia," being slightly scented, is known in France as _tabac a la
+confiture_, but large quantities are being imported from Liverpool
+expressly to satisfy Tommy Atkins.
+
+I met at the War Office, M. Pegoud, inventor of "looping the loop," who
+was being congratulated by M. Messimy, Minister of War. He came here to
+get a new aeroplane, his own having been riddled through the wings by
+ninety-seven bullets and two shells when he was making a raid of one
+hundred and eighty miles into German territory. He naturally did not
+tell me _where_ he went, but simply said he crossed the Rhine with
+an official observer and blew up, by means of bombs, two German convoys.
+"Captain Fink," he stated, "destroyed the Frascati airship shed near
+Metz, where there was a Zeppelin which was wrecked. He also destroyed
+three Taube aeroplanes, which were also in the shed."
+
+General Bonnal, formerly professor of strategy at the Ecole Militaire,
+says: "The greatest piece of good fortune for France that can be
+expected, is that Emperor William will take personal command of all the
+German armies. This is now an accomplished fact, and it gives us all
+immense encouragement."
+
+[Illustration: From _L'Illustration._ Flag of the 132nd German
+Infantry Regiment. Captured at Saint-Blaise by the 1st Battalion of
+Chasseurs a Pied (riflemen) and exhibited at a window of the Ministry
+of War.]
+
+
+
+
+_Friday, August 21._
+
+
+Twentieth day of mobilization. Threatening weather with overcast sky.
+Northwesterly wind. Temperature at five P.M. 19 degrees centigrade. No
+clouds prevented the eclipse of the sun from being seen in Paris. Most
+people however were profoundly indifferent to the celestial phenomena.
+
+Thousands of foreign volunteers assembled on the Esplanade des Invalides
+this morning to offer their services for the war. These young foreigners
+are mostly strong, active youths and have all received more or less
+military training. They marched through the streets in detachments of
+from two to six hundred, grouped together according to nationalities,
+bearing French flags alongside flags of their own countries. There were
+about five thousand Russians, five thousand Italians, two thousand
+Belgians, numerous Czecs, Slavs, Roumanians, and Armenians, together
+with smaller contingents of Americans, British, and Greeks. Mr. Arthur
+Bles and his second in command, Mr. Victor Little, are busy organizing
+the "Rough Riders" in a riding-school in Rue Avenue des Chasseurs.
+
+M. Geissler, manager of the Hotel Astoria, who was recently reported as
+having been shot as a spy for arranging disks on the roof of his hotel
+to interfere with the French wireless telegraphy, was tried today, not
+by court martial, but by a civil judge, M. Tortat, to whom the court
+martial had referred the matter for further evidence. It appears that M.
+Geissler had been denounced on insufficient grounds by a clerk in his
+employment. His innocence was established, this morning, and he was
+released from the Sante prison and handed over to the military
+authorities, who will probably let the matter drop.
+
+
+
+
+_Saturday, August 22._
+
+
+Mobilization is now completed. This is the nineteenth day since the
+declaration of war (August 3). A sultry day with light northwesterly
+breezes. Thermometer at five P.M. 22 degrees centigrade.
+
+"All that I can say to you is that the battle has begun. That is all I
+know," is the statement made by M. Malvy, Minister of the Interior, as
+he stepped into his motor-car at the Elysee Palace on his way home this
+evening after the meeting of the Council of National Defence.
+Remarkable, impressive silence prevails everywhere. If people speak, it
+seems to be in a whisper. Never before was Paris so full of
+motor-ambulances, all driving hurriedly hither and thither, bearing
+nurses or Red Cross attendants, but never a wounded. The whole of the
+Rue Francois-Premier is lined on both sides with Red Cross motor-cars.
+The railway stations have an unusual appearance, with hundreds of wooden
+booths forming a sort of barrier to approaches. The calm, confident,
+silent, patriotic expectation augurs well for the future and vividly
+contrasts with the noisy, braggadocio spirit of 1870. Paris at the
+present moment is the most orderly, well-behaved city in the world.
+
+I met at the Cafe Napolitain, a favorite resort of journalists, my
+friend Laurence Jerrold, chief Paris correspondent of the _London
+Daily Telegraph_. We spoke of the stories showing the amazing
+ignorance in which German officers have been kept regarding the
+situation. Mr. Jerrold told me that a relative of his, who is a French
+officer, saw yesterday two Prussian lieutenants, who, as prisoners of
+war, were being taken around Paris, to a town in western France. Both
+spoke French perfectly. At Juvisy station, where the train stopped, they
+said to the French officer: "Of course, we know why you are taking us
+around Paris and not _into_ Paris. Paris is in a state of
+revolution, and you don't want us to see what is going on there."
+Argument followed; the Prussian officers persisted that Paris was in
+revolt, that France stood alone, that England had declared neutrality,
+that an Italian army had already crossed the French frontier and had
+invaded the department of Haute Savoie, etc. The French officer rushed
+to the waiting-room, bought all the newspapers he could find, and
+brought them back to the Prussian prisoners, who fell aghast and read
+them in silence, as the train proceeded.
+
+The curator of the Louvre Museum has taken every possible precaution to
+ensure the safety of the works of art under his care. The Venus of Milo
+has been placed in a strong-room lined with steel plates--a sort of
+gigantic safe--and stands in absolute security from any stray Zeppelin
+bombs. The Winged Victory of Samothrace is also protected by armor
+plates. Mona Lisa once more smiles in darkness. The Salle Greque,
+containing masterpieces of Phidias, is protected by sand bags. Many
+unique treasures of statuary and painting are placed in the cellars.
+Similar precautions are taken at the Luxembourg and at other museums.
+The upper stories of the Louvre, which are roofed in glass, are being
+converted into hospital wards, and thus the collections of the national
+museum, which belong to all time and to all nations, enjoy the
+protection of the Red Cross flag.
+
+I made a brief trip to Versailles, which has been transformed into an
+arsenal and a vast supply depot for food and forage. Troops of the
+military commissariat train are cantoned in the parks and shooting
+preserves of Prince Murat and of Mr. James Gordon Bennett. The
+attractive little summer residence of Miss Elsie de Wolff and Miss
+Elizabeth Marbury is occupied by cavalry officers. Versailles is the
+mobilization center or assembly for the southwestern military regions,
+and over fifty thousand men have been equipped here and sent on to their
+destinations at the front. Herds of cattle and flocks of sheep are
+grazing contentedly on the lawns and meadows of the chateau.
+
+The membership of the executive committee of the women's committee of
+the American Ambulance has been increased by the addition of Mrs. Robert
+Woods Bliss, Mrs. Cooper Hewitt, and Mrs. Barton French.
+
+Among the American women who have volunteered to serve as nurses in the
+hospital now being established in the Lycee Pasteur, in Neuilly, are the
+following: Mrs. H. Herman Harjes, Mrs. Frederick H. Allen, Mrs. Laurence
+V. Benet, Mrs. Whitney Warren, Mrs. Charles Carroll, Miss Ives, Miss
+Edith Deacon, Mrs. Barton French and Miss Treadwell.
+
+
+
+
+_Sunday, August 23_.
+
+
+Twenty-first day of the war. A hot sultry day, with southerly wind.
+Temperature at five P.M. 25 degrees centigrade.
+
+The fourth Sunday of August finds Paris silently awaiting news from the
+great battle going on for a distance of one hundred and five miles
+extending from Mons to the Luxemburg frontier, and which is expected to
+rage for several days. Parisians receive with enthusiasm the news
+communicated by M. Iswolski, the Russian Ambassador, announcing that
+three of the five army corps which Germany has in East Prussia have been
+defeated by the army of General Rennekampf, near Gumbinnen.
+
+I drove to-day with the Duke de Loubat, who is a close friend of
+Cardinal Ferrata, now spoken of as foremost favorite among the
+_Papabili_ Cardinals. Monseigneur Ferrata enjoys great popularity
+not only at Rome but abroad, and is a warm friend of the United States.
+He has also a keen sense of humor. Not long ago a distinguished member
+of the French parliament lunched with Monseigneur Ferrata and remarked:
+"How is it that the Church requires such a long lapse of time before
+pronouncing a decree of nullity of marriage?" "Well," replied Cardinal
+Ferrata, "before the end of the ten years' delay, it is usually found
+that _one of the three_ dies or disappears, and that the petition
+consequently is no longer pressed!" A great change is noticeable in the
+Paris churches. They have been more crowded since the war than for many
+years past. I entered the Madeleine to-day and found, to my surprise, an
+unusually large proportion of men among the congregation. Most of them
+were reservists called to arms. In other churches the congregations were
+almost entirely composed of women and children.
+
+Our Ambassador, Herrick, is a sort of guardian angel for Americans in
+Paris. I saw him to-day working with Mr. Robert Woods Bliss, first
+secretary of the Embassy. He rose at six in the morning, and except for
+a brief repose for breakfast and dinner, is constantly ready to give
+advice to Americans or to attend to intricate diplomatic duties that
+crop up here at every turn. Our Ambassador also has on his shoulders the
+affairs of all the Germans and Austrians who remain in France. Some of
+our countrymen are very hard to please. Everything possible is being
+done for those who wish to return home, and money, when necessary, is
+advanced to them for the purpose. But they strongly object to waiting
+in line for their turn, whether at the Embassy, the Consulate, or at the
+Transatlantic Company, where, owing to the crowd of applicants, there is
+some necessary delay in attending to them.
+
+[Illustration: Robert Woods Bliss, First Secretary of the United States
+Embassy in Paris, September, 1914.]
+
+A number of complications have arisen by discharged servants filing
+statements against their former employers, denouncing them as "probable
+spies." Several examples of this have already occurred with prominent
+American ladies who permanently reside here. I spoke with M. Hennion,
+the prefect of police, on the subject, and he said that "such malicious
+accusations"--and he showed me a pile of denunciations nearly a yard
+high--"were never acted upon, unless under _really suspicious
+circumstances_."
+
+One of Mr. Herrick's callers at the American Embassy was Mme. Henri de
+Sincay, a grand-daughter of General Logan, of Civil War fame. She is the
+wife of a French army officer and when the war broke out was living in a
+chateau near Liege. She fled to Brussels with her child, and then,
+leaving the latter there with her sister-in-law, came to Paris to say
+good-by to her husband, who is attached to the aviation corps near
+Versailles. Now Mme. de Sincay cannot return to her child, but she is
+not worrying over the situation and has offered her services to the
+American Ambulance here in Paris.
+
+The earnest, practical way in which General Victor Constant Michel,
+Military Governor of Paris, carries out his work, is admirable. General
+Michel has quietly despatched large numbers of the unruly youths of
+Belleville, Montmartre, and Montparnasse,--known as the "apaches"--to
+the country, in small gangs, to reap the wheat harvest, and he also
+employs them in the government cartridge and ammunition factories. In
+Paris, they have completely vanished from sight. The prohibition of the
+drinking and sale of absinthe, not only in Paris, but throughout France,
+was also due to the foresight of the Military Governor. General Michel,
+although a rigid disciplinarian and a masterful organizer, is extremely
+affable and agreeable. He was born at Auteuil in 1850, and after
+graduation from Saint-Cyr, the French West Point, served in the war of
+1870-1871 as second lieutenant of infantry. In 1894 he was made colonel
+of an infantry regiment and showed such proficiency during the
+manoeuvers that he became general-of-brigade in 1897. He was made
+general-of-division in 1902; he is member of the Supreme War Council,
+and in 1910 was awarded the high distinction of Grand Officer of the
+Legion of Honor.
+
+
+
+
+_Monday, August 24._
+
+
+Twenty-second day of the war. Hot day with bright blue sky and
+southeasterly wind. Thermometer at five P.M. 27 degrees centigrade.
+
+Terrific night and day fighting continues on the Sambre and Meuse. The
+French attack seems to have been repulsed. The allies remain on the
+defensive, awaiting further German attacks. The losses on both sides are
+terrible. Some days yet must elapse before the final result of the great
+battle can be known. Meanwhile, Paris waits with patriotic confidence.
+Russian victories in East Prussia, the Japanese bombardment of Tsin-Tao,
+in Kiao-Chow, the advance of the Servians, and the increasing probability
+of Italy claiming eventually her "_irredenta_" territory, are all
+encouraging factors in this world-wide war.
+
+The American volunteers mustered to-day at their recruiting offices in
+the Rue de Valais and marched to the Invalides, where they passed the
+French medical test prior to enrolment in the French army. The men are
+wonderfully fit, and their splendid muscular, wiry physique was greatly
+admired as they marched through the streets. Out of the two hundred
+present, only one was not passed by the army surgeons, and even he was
+not definitely refused. The corps will proceed to-morrow to the Gare
+Saint-Lazare for entrainment. They will be sent, at first, to Rouen.
+
+M.F.A. Granger, a young Frenchman, arrived to-day in Paris from New
+York, where he left his wife and family. He sailed on the
+_Rochambeau_ with many of his countrymen, coming, like himself, to
+join the colors. M. Granger tells me that he saw near Lisieux a train of
+German prisoners, mostly cavalrymen, some of whom had been wounded by
+lance thrusts. They seemed resigned to their fate, without enthusiasm,
+and on the whole rather pleased at the prospect of being confined and
+fed in France, instead of remaining at the front. They said that they
+had no idea that England and Belgium were fighting against them, until
+they crossed swords with the Belgian cavalry, which they at first
+supposed were French.
+
+
+
+
+_Tuesday, August 25._
+
+
+This is the twenty-third day of the war. Another warm, sunny day, with
+northwesterly breezes. Thermometer at five P.M. 24 degrees centigrade.
+
+Better news from the front this morning. The great battle that has been
+raging for three days from Mons to Virton, during which the French and
+British attacks were repulsed, has been resumed, and renewed German
+attacks have been checked. Considerable anxiety as to the result
+nevertheless prevails. My concierge, Baptiste, for instance, shakes his
+head in a mournful way and says: "Ah! Monsieur, there is already
+terrible loss of life. My brother-in-law, who left Luxemburg three weeks
+ago to join his reserve regiment in France, is without a cent in the
+world, and what will become of his wife and two little children--the
+Lord only knows! Their little farmhouse, with all their belongings, has
+been burned, and nothing is left."
+
+I breakfasted to-day at the restaurant Champeaux, Place de la Bourse.
+Two agents-de-change (official members of the Paris Stock Exchange) took
+very gloomy views of the situation. It seems, however, that the French
+rentes maintain their quotation of seventy-five francs. Mr. Elmer
+Roberts of the Associated Press and Mr. Hart O. Berg sat at our table.
+Both thought that the war would be much longer than at first expected
+and would depend upon how long Germany could exist, owing to the
+impossibility of obtaining food from abroad. "Eight months," said Mr.
+Berg.
+
+After lunch I went with Roberts to see the departure of the first
+contingent of American volunteers from the Gare Saint-Lazare. These
+youths are a tall, stalwart lot, marching with a sort of cowboy swing.
+They were not in uniform, but wore flannel shirts, broad-brimmed felt
+hats, and khaki trousers. They carried a big American flag surmounted
+with a huge bouquet of roses, and alongside this a large French flag.
+They were loudly cheered as they were entrained for Rouen, where they
+will be drilled into effective shape.
+
+I met Mrs. Edith Wharton, who remains in Paris, and is doing good work
+with her _ouvroir_, or sewing-circle, which, with Mrs. Thorne, she
+has organized in the Rue Vaneau. This _ouvroir_ is to supply work
+to unmarried French women and widows. Among those who have liberally
+subscribed to this are Mrs. William Jay, Mrs. Elbert H. Gary, Mrs. Beach
+Grant, and Mrs. Griswold Gray.
+
+I went in the afternoon to see Madame Waddington at her _ouvroir_,
+156 Boulevard Haussmann. Madame Waddington makes an appeal by cable to
+the _New York Tribune_, calling upon all American women and men to
+aid her indigent French sewing-women, who are employed in making
+garments for the sick and wounded, for which they receive one and a half
+francs (thirty cents) and one meal, for a day's work. Madame Waddington
+wore a gray linen gown, with a red cross, and was working away very
+merrily, distributing materials to the women. She told me that her son
+had joined the colors as a sergeant in an infantry reservist regiment
+and was at the front.
+
+M. Maurice Maeterlinck, the Belgian writer and philosopher, is living at
+his quaint Abbaye de Sainte-Wandrille, on the Seine near Caudebec. The
+author of _La Vie des Abeilles_ has been helping the peasants
+gather the wheat harvest.
+
+[Photograph: Photo by Paul Thompson. A party of American volunteers
+crossing the Place de l'Opera in Paris on their way to enlist.]
+
+After three weeks, during which relief funds have been advanced to
+Americans at the Embassy, the demands for money continue to be as heavy
+as ever. Paris is a human clearing-house, into which new arrivals are
+now coming every day from Switzerland and elsewhere. Although many
+tourists have been helped and started on their way for the United
+States, new ones take their places before they are fairly out of the
+way.
+
+Thus, although the Embassy hoped that it had succeeded in getting the
+persons in most urgent need off to America on the _Espagne_, the
+departure of that vessel has caused no let-up in the demand for funds,
+and some individuals who have already been helped once are now coming
+back for further assistance.
+
+One of the negro song and dance artists, who was given some money a
+couple of weeks ago and who was supposed to have left on the
+_Espagne_, presented himself and asked for further funds after that
+vessel steamed. When asked how it happened that he did not go, as
+arranged, he replied: "'Deed, Ah overslept mahself."
+
+"Considering that the boat train left at six o'clock in the evening,"
+remarked Major Cosby, who has charge of the administration of the relief
+fund, "he would seem to be a good sleeper."
+
+In the case of all persons who are helped, the stipulation is made that
+they must take the earliest possible means of transport to America. The
+Government has no intention of financing tourists who desire to visit
+Europe at this time. The sole object of the relief fund is to get them
+back to the United States as soon as possible.
+
+In addition to the ordinary relief fund, one hundred and seventy
+thousand francs have been paid out at the Embassy this week by cable
+orders against funds already deposited with the Department of State.
+This is a purely business transaction, the Government having already
+received the full amount of the payment made, but it has been a source
+of much relief to many travelers.
+
+
+
+
+_Wednesday, August 26_.
+
+
+Twenty-fourth day of the war. Dull, cheerless weather, with a Scotch
+drizzle in the afternoon and heavy rain in the evening. Southwesterly
+wind. Temperature at five P.M. 20 degrees centigrade.
+
+The great battle on the Sambre and Meuse continues with frightful
+slaughter on both sides. The allies have been partially forced back but
+resist with dogged determination.
+
+Mrs. Hermann Duryea, a family relative of mine, and whose husband's
+horse "Durbar" won the English Derby this spring, has come to Paris for
+a few days from their country place near Argentan in Normandy, and is
+stopping at her apartment in the Avenue Gabriel. Mrs. Duryea's
+chauffeur, who is a young Frenchman, says that Belgian chauffeurs have
+reached Normandy from the north, telling harrowing tales of the
+brutality and cruelty of the Germans, and announcing that the "German
+cavalry and armored motor-cars would soon prevent people from leaving
+Paris." Mrs. Duryea, who is an exceedingly cool-headed, plucky woman,
+came to me for advice. I told her that there was no probability at
+present of communication from Paris to the westward being interfered
+with. She sent some of her servants home to the United States and made
+arrangements to rejoin her husband at Bazoches-en-Houlme, near Argentan.
+The chateau has, through the generosity of the Duryeas, been turned into
+a Red Cross hospital.
+
+President Poincare has taken a leaf from Great Britain, and Premier Rene
+Viviani has reconstructed a new Cabinet with eminent men, representing
+all political parties, making a government of national defence. Since
+the outbreak of the war, the Cabinet has been taking advice from
+statesmen such as MM. Millerand, Delcasse, Briand, and Ribot. These men
+now form part of the Ministry, the formation of which was announced to a
+group of journalists at 11.30 this evening at the Ministry of War, when
+we assembled there for the usual nightly _communique_. The new
+Cabinet is made up as follows: Prime Minister (without Portfolio), M.
+Rene Viviani; Vice-President of Council and Minister of Justice, M.
+Aristide Briand; Interior, M. Malvy; Foreign Affairs, M. Delcasse; War,
+M. Millerand; Navy, M. Augagneur; Finance, M. Ribot; Agriculture, M.
+Fernand David; Public Works, M. Marcel Sembat; Labor, M.
+Bienvenu-Martin; Commerce, M. Thomson; Public Instruction, M. Albert
+Sarraut; Colonies, M. G. Doumergue; Minister without Portfolio, M. Jules
+Guesde.
+
+M. Etienne Alexandre Millerand is an illustrious member of the Paris
+Bar, who has been several times a cabinet minister. As head of the War
+Department, two years ago, he did more than any living Frenchman towards
+the reconstitution of true _esprit militaire_ in the French army.
+He prepared the way for the three years' service, and reorganized the
+forces of the nation that had grown rusty during the decade that
+preceded the alarm caused by the German Emperor at Agadir. It is quite
+probable that M. Millerand will prove to be the Lazare Carnot--"The
+Organizer of Victory"--of the present war. With M. Theophile Delcasse as
+Minister of Foreign Affairs, French diplomacy cannot be in better hands.
+In calling upon M. Jules Guesde, socialist deputy for Lille, and upon M.
+Marcel Sembat, a red-hot socialist--both unified socialists and trusted
+friends of the late Jean Jaures, the Government is assured of the hearty
+support of the extreme "revolutionary" parties.
+
+MM. Guesde and Sembat can certainly do the Government less harm _inside_
+the Cabinet than they might do _outside_ of it. No better evidence that
+all bitterness of political parties is now in the melting-pot can be
+found than in the comment of the reactionary, ultra-Catholic, royalist
+_Gaulois_, which says: "We are to-day all united in the bonds of
+patriotism in face of the common enemy. We place absolute confidence in
+the men who have assumed a task, the success of which means the salvation
+of France and the triumph of civilization." M. Georges Clemenceau was
+offered a place in the Cabinet, but declined to accept it.
+
+The appointment of General Joseph Simon Gallieni as commander of the
+army of Paris, and military governor, in succession to General Michel,
+means that France is resolved to put Paris in a thoroughly efficient
+state of defence, and to be ready for the worst possible emergencies.
+General Michel is an admirable organizer and administrator, but he has
+not had the vast military experience of General Gallieni, who is, by the
+way, a warm friend and comrade of the former military governor. Moreover
+General Michel will now serve under General Gallieni's orders.
+
+[Photograph: Photo. Henri Munuel, Paris. General Joseph Simon Gallieni,
+appointed Military Governor and Commander of the Army of Paris, August 26,
+1914.]
+
+General Gallieni, as a strategist, enjoys the same high reputation as
+the commander-in-chief, General Joffre. He was born on April 24, 1849,
+at Saint-Beat in the department of the Haute Garonne. He entered the
+Saint-Cyr military academy in 1868, and was appointed a sub-lieutenant
+in the Third Regiment of Marine Infantry two years later, and he fought
+with his regiment through the war of 1870. Since then he has
+distinguished himself in Tonkin, Senegal, and Madagascar. Everywhere he
+has shown exceptional qualities, both as a soldier and administrator.
+His brilliant career finally led to his appointment as a member of the
+Higher Council of War, and, in acknowledgment of his great services, he
+was maintained on the active list after passing the age limit. He is a
+Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor.
+
+President Poincare to-day confers further extraordinary powers upon
+General Joffre, authorizing him to exercise the almost sovereign right
+of promoting officers on the spot, just as Napoleon did, by simply
+naming them to the posts where he thinks they may be most useful. Thus,
+General Joffre can make a captain a colonel or a full-fledged
+general-of-division, by word of mouth. This privilege was not even
+granted by Napoleon to his marshals. These promotions are, however, only
+provisional during the war, and when peace is made, must be ratified by
+Parliament. This renders it possible to replace general officers, killed
+or wounded, by officers selected on the battlefield, and above all
+enables important commands to be filled by young officers, who give
+proof of their qualities in face of the enemy.
+
+An idea of the infinite tragedy of war was brought home to many
+Parisians by a visit to the Cirque de Paris, where twenty-five hundred
+Belgian refugees, men, women, and children, have been provided with at
+least a temporary shelter.
+
+The vast building, where so many famous boxing-matches have taken place,
+is now completely transformed. The ring has been cut in two, and
+hundreds of fauteuils have been placed in small groups so arranged as to
+form substitutes for beds. The boxes have been reserved for the many
+women with infants in arms.
+
+Hardly were they installed, and hardly had the news spread in Paris of
+their miserable plight, than hundreds of Parisians visited the Cirque de
+Paris, all bringing gifts of food, drink, or clothing. It was a pathetic
+and at the same time a cheering sight to watch the refugees hungrily
+eating the midday meal which their French sympathizers had helped to
+provide. These refugees, many of whom carry babies in arms, will
+probably be sent into Normandy and Brittany to be cared for.
+
+
+
+
+_Thursday, August 27._
+
+
+Twenty-fifth day of the war. Rain, severe thunderstorm at noon,
+northwesterly wind. Temperature at five P.M. 17 degrees centigrade.
+
+The huge German army, making its desperate struggle to invade France at
+many points from Maubeuge to the Vosges, is still held in check.
+Meanwhile the hand of fate, in the shape of the gigantic "Russian
+steam-roller," steadily advances in East Prussia. Cossacks have
+penetrated to within two hundred miles of Berlin.
+
+Minister of War Millerand has revived the daily meetings of heads of
+departments at the War Office. To-day the defensive condition of Paris
+was discussed. Work already in progress, under the supervision of
+General Gallieni, is pushed forward rapidly and methodically, and
+obstructions to artillery fire are being cleared away in the suburbs.
+
+I rambled this morning through the so-called German quarter of Paris
+around the Rue d'Hauteville and between the main boulevards and the Rue
+Lafayette. All the German and Austrian _teutons_ shops and places
+of business are closed. The _brasseries_, where the best Munich or
+Pilsener beer, with _wiener Schnitzel_ or _leber-knoedel
+suppe_ could be obtained until the end of July, are invisible behind
+signless iron shutters. The "intelligence section" of the German general
+staff had for years obtained precious military information through the
+enterprising, affable German commercial agents, restaurant keepers,
+commission merchants, waiters, and hotel errand boys (_chasseurs_)
+who thrived in this thrifty quarter.
+
+A wounded sergeant of a Highland regiment, in talking yesterday with an
+American friend of mine at Amiens station, bitterly denounced the German
+practice of concealing their advance by driving along in front of them
+numbers of refugee women and children. The Scottish sergeant said: "Our
+battalion was badly cut up. We were using our machine guns to repel a
+German advance. Suddenly we saw a lot of women and children coming along
+the road towards us. Our officers ordered us to cease firing. The
+refugees came pouring through our lines. Immediately behind them,
+however, were the German riflemen, who suddenly opened fire on us at
+short range with terrible effect. Had it not been for this dastardly
+trick of shoving women and children ahead of them at the points of their
+bayonets, we might have wiped out this German rifle battalion that
+attacked us, but instead of that, we were driven back. Damn these
+Germans!" With these words the Scottish sergeant, his right arm
+shattered from shoulder to elbow, climbed into the train of British
+wounded and was carried off towards Rouen.
+
+A number of French wounded soldiers from the Northern Army arrived in
+Paris during the night and were sent to the Military Hospital, Rue des
+Recollets, to the Hospital of Saint-Louis, and to a hospital installed
+in the College Rollin. Among them were a number slightly wounded, but
+very few severely. Their spirit seems excellent, and all agree that few
+were killed considering the number of wounded.
+
+All promise to obey orders more closely when they are well and back in
+the firing line, and not to be too rash. Rashness and too great anxiety
+to get at the foe seem, indeed, to have been the cause of a great many
+casualties.
+
+
+
+
+_Friday, August 28._
+
+
+Twenty-sixth day of the war. Bright, clear weather with northeasterly
+breezes. Temperature at five P.M. 20 degrees centigrade.
+
+I saw, in the Rue Franklin, M. Georges Clemenceau, the veteran
+demolisher of cabinets, and former Prime Minister, who in his youthful
+days was a mayor of the eighteenth arrondissement of Paris, the
+turbulent Montmartre quarter. M. Clemenceau severely criticizes the new
+Viviani Cabinet. "Viviani," said he, "asked me twice to form part of it.
+I declined because, in addition to personal reasons, the Ministry did
+not seem to me to realize the elements of power and action required by
+this war. Having this opinion, it would not be fair either to Viviani or
+to myself to enter into a combination where I should have to assume the
+responsibility for acts that to my mind would not adequately meet the
+emergency. Under the circumstances, there are only three ministers that
+count for anything; those of war, foreign affairs, and finance." M.
+Clemenceau said: "There must be something wrong with the mobilization
+scheme, because when our troops were outnumbered at the front, there
+were great quantities of young officers and men who for ten days had
+been awaiting, at their various points of assembly, orders to join their
+corps, and at the last moment were told to go home."
+
+On the other hand, M. Millerand, Minister of War, has visited General
+Joffre at the army headquarters and returned to Paris to-night "very
+satisfied with the situation."
+
+I took a spin in an automobile to-day to Versailles, and thence to Buc
+with its red brick aerodrome tower, sheds, and long rows of hangars.
+Here were groups of airmen in the rough, serviceable French sapper
+uniform--loose-fitting blue coat, blue trousers with a double red
+stripe, blue flannel scarf about their necks, as if they had all got
+sore throats, and blue pointed forage caps. Here is Chevillard, that
+wonderful gymnast of the air. There is Verrier, and here, driving a
+sporting-looking car, is Carpentier, whose more familiar costume is a
+pair of white slips and a pair of four-ounce gloves. For Carpentier has
+been mobilized, too. Instead of making thousands of dollars this month
+by his fight with Young Ahearn, and possibly other matches with
+Bombardier Wells and Gunboat Smith, he, too, is on the pay list of the
+army at next to nothing a day. He is attached to the flying center as a
+chauffeur, and that car he is driving is his own, only he cannot take it
+out without orders now.
+
+[Photograph: Etienne Alexandre Millerand, Minister of War, August 27,
+1914.]
+
+Morning and evening they fly at Buc. They are constantly testing new
+machines, and then, when they have tested them, they fly off to the army
+on the eastern frontier, or to Amiens, perhaps. The other day a pilot
+even flew to Antwerp right across the German lines over the heads of the
+German army, but so high up that they never even guessed he was there.
+Then they practise bomb-dropping, too, and they are always on the alert
+for a possible Zeppelin raid on Paris. The other night a wireless
+message reached the Eiffel Tower from the frontier that one had started.
+It was midnight, and instantly the alarm was given at Buc. The airmen
+sleep in the hangars there, and in five minutes they had their machines
+wheeled out.
+
+By the light of lanterns you could see mechanics running to and fro. The
+airmen themselves were hurriedly putting on helmets and woollen gloves
+and leather coats, for it is cold work hunting airships at midnight.
+Their little armory of bombs was quickly overhauled, and the belt of the
+machine gun that the man in the passenger's seat uses--the "syringe" as
+they call it--was filled, and the engines were set running to see that
+they were all right. But it was a false alarm after all, for, although a
+close lookout was kept everywhere between Paris and the frontier for the
+adventurous Zeppelin, and a hundred guns were craning up into the sky
+ready for her if she hove in sight, she never came, and the tired airmen
+turned in again to snatch a little sleep before morning parade.
+
+Constantly airmen fly off to the front. Those who have been there say
+that the supply trains and the whole service is working splendidly. They
+have organized a new sport among the air-scouts. Every day, at the end
+of the day's reconnoitring, the airmen count the bullet-holes in the
+wings and body of their machines. The aeroplane that has the most is the
+cock machine of the squadrilla--six in the squadrilla--and holds the
+title until some one gets a bigger peppering and displaces him. They are
+very jealous of this distinction, and the counting has to be very
+carefully carried out by an impartial jury, for the cock aeroplane has
+the honor of carrying the mascot of the squadrilla.
+
+
+
+
+_Saturday, August 29._
+
+
+Twenty-seventh day of the war. Sultry weather, with light northerly
+breezes. Temperature at five P.M. 26 degrees centigrade.
+
+"Hold tight!" Such is the watchword given by the French Government, and
+French and British soldiers are holding tight for all they are worth
+against the slowly advancing German armies. Heavy fighting all along the
+lines from the Somme to the Vosges continues without a break. The
+Prussian Guard Corps and the Tenth German Army Corps have been driven
+back to Guise, in the department of the Aisne (one hundred and ninety
+kilometers from Paris), but on the French left the Germans have fought
+their way to La Fere (northwest of Laon, about one hundred and forty
+kilometers from Paris). In the eastern theater of the war, Koenigsberg
+has been invested by the Russians under Rennenkampf, who continue their
+advance towards Berlin.
+
+Paris begins to realize that the war is coming closer to them, by the
+following official announcement:
+
+DEFENCES OF PARIS
+
+_The Military Governor of Paris, in view of the urgent military
+requirements, has decided:
+
+1. Within a delay of four full days, starting from August 30, all
+proprietors, occupants, and tenants of all descriptions of houses and
+buildings situated in the military zone of old and new forts must
+evacuate and demolish the aforesaid houses and buildings.
+
+2. In the event of these instructions not being fulfilled within the
+prescribed delay, these houses and buildings will be immediately
+demolished by military authority and the materials taken away.
+
+The Military Governor of Paris, Commander of the Armies of Paris.
+
+(Signed)
+
+GALLIENI._
+
+General Pau, the gallant one-armed general who commands the French Army
+of the East, arrived in Paris at four o'clock this afternoon, but the
+reason for his visit is naturally kept secret. He had a conference at
+the Ministry of War with M. Millerand. He called for a few moments at
+his residence in the Boulevard Raspail. General Pau's son, a
+sub-lieutenant of infantry, is lying wounded at the hospital at Troyes.
+General Pau had an informal conversation with President Poincare at the
+Elysee Palace, and leaves again for the front to-morrow morning.
+
+Refugees from Belgium and northern France continue to pour into Paris.
+But the authorities, having had time to organize, are sending them on
+with very little delay to various places in the west and south of
+France.
+
+It is impossible to prevent these frightened people from taking refuge
+in Paris, which they regard as a place of safety, and the only course
+open is to send them on as soon as possible.
+
+Among the financial victims of the war are a number of Chinese students
+who have found their supplies of money from home suddenly cut off. A
+body of about sixty went to the Chinese Legation in the Rue de Babylone
+on Friday evening, and clamored for money.
+
+The Minister, Mr. Liu Shih-shen, was out but, to the great disgust of
+the staff, the students invaded the dining-room and kitchen and
+commandeered the dinner which was being prepared for the Minister.
+
+A message was sent to his Excellency, who dined at a restaurant.
+Meanwhile the students, having dined, began to gamble, and several made
+preparations to spend the night in the Legation. They were, however,
+expelled by the police.
+
+At the meeting of the women's auxiliary of the American Ambulance at the
+Embassy this afternoon, many details in connection with the
+establishment and maintenance of the hospital in the Lycee Pasteur were
+discussed.
+
+A committee was appointed for the special purpose of supplying with
+clothing such wounded soldiers as may be brought to the hospital.
+
+It was announced that Miss Matthews will succeed Miss Cameron as the
+chairman of the sewing committee, the latter having been called to
+America by her brother's illness.
+
+Mrs. W.K. Vanderbilt has offered to contribute many articles needed in
+the installation of the hospital, particularly such things as window
+curtains and other furnishings designed to make the institution as
+comfortable as possible for the sufferers.
+
+For just four weeks now the American Government has been advancing money
+to citizens in need of it at the Embassy, and still the stream of
+applicants continues in about the same proportions as ever.
+
+The undiminishing demand for funds is due largely to the fact that there
+are new arrivals in the city every day, but Major Cosby, who is in
+charge of the distribution of the money, believes that with the
+departure of the _Rochambeau_ and the _Flandre_ there will
+come a gradually lessening demand for assistance.
+
+So far about five hundred persons have received money, and the total
+paid out for the four weeks is 62,100 francs. This represents about one
+hundred and twenty-five francs, or twenty-five dollars, apiece.
+
+In addition to the Government fund, which is paid only to persons who
+accept it as a loan, about twenty-seven thousand francs, raised here in
+Paris, has been given outright to persons who for various reasons could
+not be assisted out of the Government fund.
+
+Captain Brinton has also paid out from sixty to seventy thousand dollars
+to various persons upon cable orders from the Department of State in
+Washington. This represents a purely business transaction, as the money
+has first been deposited with the Government by friends in the United
+States. It has, however, been an exceedingly practical means of helping
+persons who otherwise might have had to fall back on the relief funds.
+
+
+
+
+_Sunday, August 30._
+
+
+Twenty-eighth day of the war. Sunny, but sultry, August Sunday. Light
+northerly breeze, thermometer at five P.M. 26 degrees centigrade.
+
+No let-up in the fighting. The Germans continue with wonderful tenacity
+their favorite tactics of rolling up their forces on their right, and
+then enveloping and striving to turn the Anglo-French left. The French
+left, as officially announced at the War Office, has been forced to
+yield ground. But the result of the gigantic battle in the department of
+the Aisne near La Fere, Guise, and Laon, on the road to Paris, still
+hangs in the balance.
+
+It seems pretty certain that the French armies were concentrated too far
+to the east. The temptation to enter Alsace, where strong force is
+needless, was too great for the then war minister, M. Messimy, to
+withstand. France is paying for this now. For over twenty years it was
+an open secret among military authorities that the main German attack
+upon France would burst in through Belgium and the northern departments
+of France, which seem to have been left without adequate fortifications.
+Here is France's vulnerable point. For France to be now outnumbered in
+this theater of the war is strong evidence of her also being
+out-generaled. While the French have wasted needless troops in futile
+excursions beyond the Vosges and in the Ardennes, they seem to have been
+blind to the tremendous concentration of German fighting strength in the
+north. Had it not been for the solid, heroic resistance of the British
+army under Field-marshal Sir John French, on the extreme French left at
+Mons and Cambrai, it is very likely that the French would have sustained
+a crushing defeat. That the French should be outnumbered on the lines
+near La Fere seems incomprehensible and requires satisfactory
+explanation from the Ministry of War. Further proof of this primary
+fault is forthcoming in the proclamation issued to-day, calling to the
+colors the 1914 class, some two hundred and fifty thousand young men of
+twenty, due to join the army in October. Moreover, those classes of the
+reserves of the territorial army called up when the general mobilization
+order was issued and for some unaccountable reason _actually sent home
+again_, have also been recalled.
+
+[Photograph: Copyright by American Press Association. Parisians watching
+the German air-craft that drop bombs on the city.]
+
+In broad daylight, at 1.15 this afternoon, the Germans left their first
+visiting-card in Paris. This came in the shape of three bombs dropped
+from a German aeroplane, that made a curved flight over the city at an
+altitude of two thousand meters. The first bomb fell at the corner of
+the Rue des Vinaigriers and the Rue du Marais, another in the Rue des
+Recollets, and a third near an asylum for aged workmen on the Quai
+Valmy. The airman also let fall an oriflamme, two and a half meters
+long, bearing the black and white Prussian colors, ballasted by sand in
+an india-rubber football, attached to which was a letter, written in
+German, which ran as follows: "The German Army is at the gates of Paris.
+The only thing left for you to do is to surrender! (Signed) LIEUTENANT
+VON HEIDSSEN."
+
+The first bomb wounded two women, one of whom died of her injuries at
+the hospital shortly afterwards. She was concierge of the house Number
+39 Rue des Vinaigriers. No other damage was done. There were thousands
+of Parisians promenading the streets at the time. The news spread like
+wild-fire, but no panic, nor even undue excitement, ensued; the people
+of Paris are totally different to-day from what they were in 1870. Of
+course the intention of these aeroplane bomb-throwers, of whose exploits
+we shall probably hear a great deal, was to create a panic and
+demoralize the inhabitants, and especially to terrify women and
+children. This utterly failed. After dropping the three bombs and his
+_carte de visite_, the German aeroplane vanished towards the east.
+It seems strange that the flotillas of air-craft at Buc were thus caught
+napping and allowed the German air-lieutenant to escape.
+
+I called in the afternoon upon Madame Waddington and her sister, Miss
+King. Madame Waddington was anxious about her grandchildren, who are at
+their country place not far from Laon, where the battle is now raging.
+Madame Waddington says that Mr. Herrick, whom she saw this morning, told
+her that if worse came to the worst, the seat of government would
+probably be transferred to Bordeaux.
+
+A large sum in gold coin, it is said, has been taken from the vaults of
+the Bank of France and sent to Rennes. Sharp comment is elicited by an
+incident at the Travellers Club, a somewhat select resort of Americans,
+English, and other foreigners, in the former hotel of the famous beauty
+of the Second Empire, Madame de Paiva, in the Champs-Elysees. It appears
+that a wealthy and prominent German by birth, but naturalized American,
+Mr. X., casually remarked one day at the club that he did not intend to
+trouble himself to get a _permis de sejour_ (permission to reside
+in Paris), because "when the German troops arrived in the capital, these
+papers would no longer be needed." Mr. X. was told that if he persisted
+in expressing such views, offensive to the members of the club and to
+the hospitable city in which the club was situated, his resignation
+would be forthwith accepted by the house committee. Mr. X. paid no
+attention to the warning, but when next he entered the club--a few days
+after the incident--he was informed that his name had been stricken from
+the list of members.
+
+M. Adrien Mithouard, President of the Municipal Council, states that
+arrangements were made months ago to store a large quantity of flour in
+the city, so as to provide the civilian inhabitants with bread. This
+flour is in the hands of the military authorities, who have a
+considerably larger supply than was originally intended, and are still
+adding to it.
+
+There will be no lack of coal. The army has accumulated enormous
+quantities, and the Gas Company has enough coal for five months. M.
+Mithouard also says he recently made a personal investigation of the
+water supply, and found that, even if the aqueducts were cut, the city
+would have two hundred and sixty thousand cubic meters of filtered water
+available every day from the Ivry and Saint-Maur waterworks; and even
+without these, Paris could still have two hundred and sixty thousand
+cubic meters a day chemically purified.
+
+The Municipal Council has also approved a proposal to buy up certain
+provisions to be added to the necessaries of life for the civilian
+population.
+
+M. Georges Clemenceau, the "parliamentary tiger," who, although
+remaining outside the Cabinet, is one of the greatest personal forces of
+France, has made a stirring statement to Mr. Somerville Story, editor of
+the _Daily Mail_. M. Clemenceau said:
+
+"Yes, their guns are almost within sound of Paris. And what if they are?
+What if we were yet to be defeated again and again? We should still go
+on. Let them burn Paris if they can. Let them wipe it out, raze it to
+the level of the ground. We shall still fight on.
+
+"This is not my personal resolve alone. The Government, too, is just as
+grimly determined. Do you know, it is strange that one should have been
+able to come to feel like this, but the Germans could destroy all these
+beautiful places that I love so much; they may blow up the museums,
+overthrow monuments--it would only leave me still determined to fight
+on.
+
+"France may disappear, if you like. It may be called Frankreich, if you
+like. We may be driven back to the very Pyrenees. It will not abate one
+fraction our vigor and our decision.
+
+"And in this terrible war we must all realize how unutterably great are
+the stakes. It is we in France and our friends in Belgium who are doomed
+to suffer the most bitterly. England will be spared much that we must
+endure. But we must all make sacrifices almost beyond reckoning. We are
+fighting for the dignity of humanity. We are fighting for the right of
+civilization to continue to exist. We are fighting so that nations may
+continue to live in Europe without being under the heel of another
+nation. It is a great cause; it is worthy of great sacrifices.
+
+"I say this to convince you of the unbreakable spirit of the French
+nation.
+
+"But the situation is not yet so grave. We knew our frontier would be
+invaded somewhere. We have many troops in reserve for the big battle
+that will follow this one.
+
+"The Germans cannot besiege or invest Paris. Its size is too vast. Its
+defence will be assisted by the armies now fighting on the Oise, seventy
+miles away.
+
+"The fortifications of Paris are by no means the feeble things they were
+in 1870. From the Eiffel Tower we can control the movements in
+co-operation with our armies in the provinces of France.
+
+"The situation is in no way desperate, although the Germans have invaded
+France. France will fight on and on until this attempt to establish
+tyranny in Europe is overthrown."
+
+[Photograph: Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, N.Y. Eiffel Tower's
+searchlight, to reveal bomb-throwing air craft and air-scouts of the
+Germans.]
+
+
+
+
+_Monday, August 31._
+
+
+Twenty-ninth day of the war. Hot, somewhat hazy, summer weather, with
+faint northerly wind. Thermometer at five P.M. 27 degrees centigrade.
+
+Kaiser William, who it appears was on the field during the battle of
+Charleroi, is pressing forward in hot haste, regardless of consequences,
+on the road to Paris, close behind the steel-tipped elite of his vast
+armies, consisting of the Royal Prussian Guard Corps and the famous
+Third Army Corps. To-morrow will be the anniversary of the Battle of
+Sedan. The "Mailed Fist" is doing his best to celebrate it by leading
+his legions to Paris. It is daredevil desperation that spurs him on, for
+nowhere, as yet, have the Franco-British armies been broken through, and
+they continue to present successive stone walls to the Teuton invasion,
+and oppose every inch of ground with dogged tenacity. The allied left
+wing has been forced--always by the traditional enveloping tactics on
+their right--to retreat, but they do so sullenly and in good order,
+making the Germans pay dearly for every step gained. The battle is
+raging continuously, and much depends upon which side first receives
+strong reenforcements to fill up the gaps made by tremendous losses. The
+Russian advance in East Prussia, according to accounts from Brussels,
+has already forced the Germans to send back to Berlin from their center
+at least one army corps.
+
+There is hurry and skurry all day long among Parisians and foreign
+residents to get away from Paris to more peaceful towns in the south and
+west. The railway stations are so crowded that it is almost impossible,
+at the Gare of Saint-Lazare or at the Quai d'Orsay to get anywhere near
+the booking office. Motor-cabs are being hired at extravagant prices to
+convey families to Tours, Orleans, Le Mans, or Bordeaux. The bearing of
+the public however by no means resembles that of "nerves," and less
+still a panic.
+
+[Illustration: Copyright by International News Service. Wounded French
+soldiers returning to Paris with trophies from the battlefields.]
+
+I lunched to-day with Mr. Hulme Beaman, correspondent of the _London
+Standard_, and his charming wife, who live just across the way from
+me, in the Boulevard de Courcelles. Mr. Beaman passed Sunday at Poissy,
+where he usually goes fishing for gudgeon. At Acheres, the junction of
+the lines from Picardy and Belgium, he saw train after train filled with
+wounded French soldiers, who seemed in good spirits and who, in spite of
+their suffering, were burning to get back again to the front.
+
+Another German air-lieutenant made a flight over Paris this afternoon
+and dropped two bombs near the Notre Dame Cathedral, but caused no
+damage; one of the projectiles fell into the Seine. The airman also
+tossed into Paris a German flag, to which was tied a postal card calling
+upon Paris to surrender. Groups watched the aeroplane, which never came
+lower than fifteen hundred meters, and women and children seemed rather
+amused at the sight.
+
+A fugitive from Belgium, who was at Louvain shortly before the wilful
+destruction of the once beautiful university town, tells a curious story
+of a Dutchman who had a thrilling escape on the arrival of the Germans.
+He rushed for the Dutch flag, which, in his nervousness, he hoisted
+outside his door upside down. This then represented the French flag, and
+the Dutchman, who spoke no German, was immediately seized by the enemy
+and ordered to be shot. He was placed upright against a wall and was
+about to be riddled with bullets when his employer rushed up and told
+the Germans that they were going to shoot a Dutchman, which saved his
+life.
+
+General Gallieni, Governor of Paris, has issued a decree prohibiting
+newspapers to publish "spread-head" lines extending over two columns in
+width. The news vendors are not allowed to shout out the news, or even
+the names of the papers on the streets. The type of headlines must not
+be of alarming size. In fact, a worldwide war was required to check the
+march of the sensational Paris "yellow" press.
+
+The Minister of War has suppressed _sauf-conduits_ for travelers
+leaving Paris by rail, but they must be provided with proper
+identification papers. The _laisser-passer_, delivered by the
+Prefecture of Police, is still required however for all who leave Paris
+by automobile.
+
+The American committee, in a circular to Americans, signed by Judge
+Elbert H. Gary, chairman, and H. Herman Harjes, secretary, gives a
+warning against sensational reports about the "imminent occupation" of
+the city by the Germans, but expresses the opinion that "it would be
+wise for Americans who cannot be of special service during the war, or
+who are not required to remain by their business or professional
+interests, to leave the city in an orderly and quiet way, whenever
+reasonable opportunity is offered."
+
+
+
+
+_Tuesday, September 1._
+
+
+Thirtieth day of the war, and forty-fourth anniversary of the Battle of
+Sedan. Oppressive sultry weather, with northeasterly wind. Thermometer
+at five P.M. 23 degrees centigrade.
+
+The War Office _communique_ to-night states that: "on our left
+wing, in consequence of the enveloping movement of the Germans and with
+the object of not entering into a decisive action under bad conditions,
+our troops have fallen back, some towards the south and others towards
+the southwest. The action which took place in the district of Rethel has
+enabled our forces to stop the enemy for the time being. In the center
+and on the right (Woevre, Lorraine, and the Vosges), there is no change
+in the situation."
+
+This means that Emperor William is hacking his way still nearer to
+Paris. The failure however to realize his boast that he would celebrate
+the anniversary of Sedan by appearing within striking distance of the
+French capital may indicate that the turning point of this phase of the
+war is near at hand.
+
+The allied troops north of Paris have established themselves in a
+fighting position more favorable than that into which an attempt was
+made to draw them. The dam still holds good, and breaches are being
+repaired.
+
+The people of Paris are quite calm, in spite of false rumors and of
+pyrotechnics aloft executed by the German _taubes_.
+
+At quarter past five this afternoon, I was walking across the Place de
+la Bourse to file a cable message to the _New York Tribune_. I
+heard a loud explosion, followed by clashing of broken glass. A
+projectile had fallen a hundred yards distant and hit the top of a house
+in the Rue de Hanovre. The _pompiers_ were on the spot within three
+minutes, having been summoned by the fire-alarm box near the Bourse. No
+serious damage was done, but little lead pellets were found in
+profusion. When I heard the explosion, I looked up and saw an aeroplane
+at an altitude of about fourteen hundred meters vanishing towards the
+northeast. It was pale yellow, and white near the after part. It was a
+German _taube_. A sand-bag with a German Uhlan's pennant was
+dropped, bearing a card reminding Parisians that it was "the anniversary
+of Sedan, that they would soon be obliged to surrender the city, and
+that the Russians had been crushed on the Prussian frontier." Another
+bomb had been dropped on the roof of Number 29 Rue du Mail and broke
+into an empty room, but did not explode. A third bomb fell on a
+schoolhouse in the Rue Colbert; ricochetting off the wall, it fell into
+a courtyard, where it exploded and made a hole in the ground. Other
+bombs were dropped in the Rue de Londres and in the Rue de la Condamine;
+the last one injured a woman and a little girl, who were hit in the
+chest and head by fragments of the projectile. As the _taube_
+passed over the Pepiniere barracks, and the Place de l'Opera, at an
+altitude of perhaps twelve hundred meters, some soldiers fired at it
+with their rifles, but without effect. The German air-lieutenants have
+so far avoided the Eiffel Tower, where machine guns are placed.
+
+The War Office announces that a flotilla of armored aeroplanes provided
+with machine guns has been organized to attack the German aeroplanes
+that fly over Paris. Spectacular sights are thus in store for us.
+
+[Photograph: Photo. Henri Manuel, Paris. 29th Infantry Reserves, Army
+of the Defence of Paris.]
+
+The American committee, constituted by the American Ambassador and
+including some of the most eminent Americans residing in Paris on the
+day of the declaration of war, has requested the Minister of War to
+supply it with formal proofs of the fact that the bombs which have
+fallen in Paris were thrown from a German aeroplane.
+
+M. Millerand, in response to this request, has submitted to the American
+Ambassador and two delegates from the committee the complete "dossier."
+
+The Ambassador, after having examined the evidence submitted to him, and
+to the members of the committee, decided to cable a report to his
+Government concerning these methods of warfare, which are not only acts
+against humanity, but, further, are in absolute violation of The Hague
+Convention, signed by Germany herself.
+
+The committee has also decided to ask the American Government, while
+remaining loyal to its declaration of neutrality, to make a strong
+protest to the German Government.
+
+The Minister of War has issued a decree calling up territorial
+reservists of all classes in the north and northeastern districts of
+France, not yet with the colors.
+
+The French "left wing," which, as foreseen more than twenty years ago,
+must be the vulnerable spot in the defence of Paris, will very likely be
+forced to retire still nearer to the capital. In that case, a battle
+would be likely under the shelter of the Paris forts, which encircle the
+city at from thirty to forty kilometers from the Notre Dame. This belt
+of forts, connected by three lines of formidable entrenchments and rifle
+pits, now being dug, not only by the troops, but by thousands of Paris
+workmen out of regular employment, make a circumference of two hundred
+kilometers, or about one hundred and twenty-five miles. This line of
+defence would protect Paris and also a field army with all its own
+resources, and probably make it impossible for the Germans to completely
+invest the city, as they did in 1870. Meanwhile the allied armies
+outside of Paris would be able to keep the rest of the German armies
+"busy," and threaten the long line of German communications. Paris would
+thus be able to hold out for a long time. The Germans would obtain food
+supplies from the rich country that they occupy, but their supplies of
+ammunition, and of men to fill gaps in the fighting units of the first
+line, must become precarious. Meanwhile the Russian "steam-roller" is
+moving towards Berlin.
+
+At six o'clock this evening the following decree was issued by the
+Prefecture of Police:
+
+
+ "By order of the Military Governor of Paris, no civilian automobile
+carriage will be allowed to leave Paris from today. This order has
+been immediately enforced."
+
+Streams of people from the regions to the north of Paris within the
+sphere of the German operations are swarming into Paris, bringing their
+belongings with them. I saw a train pull slowly into the Gare du Nord
+laden with about fifteen hundred peasants--old men, women,
+children--encumbered with bags, boxes, bundles, fowls, and provisions of
+various kinds. The station is strewn with straw, on which country folk
+fleeing from the Germans are soundly sleeping for the first time in many
+days. These refugees are being shunted on to the _chemin de fer de la
+ceinture_ and proceed around the city to other stations, from which
+they are transported towards the south.
+
+Tens of thousands of Parisians throng the railway stations, seeking
+their turn to buy tickets to points outside the city. At the Gare de
+Lyon, Montparnasse, d'Orsay, d'Orleans, people are standing in lines ten
+abreast and a quarter of a mile in length, waiting for hours and hours
+to book for Bordeaux, Biarritz, Brest, Rennes, or Nantes. Some of these
+people have waited from seven in the morning until three in the
+afternoon to obtain tickets.
+
+If matters get worse, President Poincare and the Ministry will establish
+themselves at Bordeaux. Ambassador Herrick intends to remain in Paris,
+as Minister Elihu Washburne did in 1870. He will delegate a secretary to
+represent the United States Embassy at the seat of government. Perhaps
+Mr. Sharp, the newly appointed Ambassador, might be utilized for this
+purpose.
+
+A convoy of one hundred and forty British soldiers, wounded in the
+recent fighting in the Aisne Department, arrived at nine o'clock this
+morning at the Gare du Nord.
+
+Most of them were shot in the legs and arms, but in spite of their
+sufferings, none of them showed the least sign of being broken in
+spirit. As they were transported from the train, there were touching
+demonstrations of sympathy from the crowd, which the wounded men
+acknowledged to the best of their ability.
+
+By a pretty little attention on the part of the Red Cross workers in
+Chantilly, all the men wore a flower and had been the recipients of
+refreshments and fair words of encouragement.
+
+There was quite a procession of wounded of various nationalities at the
+station, and scenes were witnessed which caused the tears to start in
+many eyes. A group of Belgian soldiers, including several wounded,
+encountered the British convoy on their arrival, and hearty handshakes
+were exchanged.
+
+Half an hour after the arrival of the British wounded, a party of thirty
+Turcos wounded in the battle of Guise came in and were in turn accorded
+an ovation. According to one of the men, they fought for nine days and
+nights without a break, but were gratified in the end by beating back
+the enemy. With one voice they declared that they are impatient to get
+back again into the fighting line.
+
+A British private, wounded in the leg by a German shell, described the
+fighting around Mons on Sunday week as "terrific." They first got the
+German shell fire quite unexpectedly near the railway station. Two of
+their battalions marched through the streets of Mons and were fired on
+from house windows by the Germans. Some of the German shells, he said,
+were filled with broken glass and emitted a suffocating gas when they
+exploded.
+
+Mr. Elbert H. Gary, chairman of the American Committee, left to-day by
+automobile for Havre, whence he expects to start for New York on
+Saturday on the _France_. It was decided at the meeting of the
+committee yesterday afternoon that Mr. Gary should, though absent,
+retain the chairmanship, with Mr. H. Herman Harjes, the secretary,
+acting as presiding officer. Mr. Lazo, the assistant secretary, becomes
+secretary in Mr. Harjes' place.
+
+Mr. F. E. Drake, Major Clyde M. Hunt, Mr. Henry S. Downe and Mr. W. H.
+Ingram were added to the membership of the committee.
+
+
+
+
+_Wednesday, September 2_.
+
+
+Thirty-first day of the war. Beautifully clear weather, cloudless sky,
+northeasterly wind. Temperature at five P.M. 25 degrees centigrade.
+
+German prisoners declare that Emperor William has made it known to every
+soldier that his orders are to "take Paris or die." A German cavalry
+division came into contact with British troops yesterday in the forest
+of Compiegne. The British captured ten field guns. But the right wing of
+the German army, which ever since the battles of Charleroi and Mons has
+enveloped and turned the allied left, continues its advance. The allied
+troops have retired partly to the south and partly to the southwest. A
+great battle must consequently take place within the range of the Paris
+forts. Work on the entrenched lines connecting the forts is actively
+carried out and is said to give every satisfaction. The positions,
+believed to be impregnable, are strengthened by ingenious arrangements
+of barbed wire. It is reported that some of this barbed entanglement
+contains live wires fed by the electric batteries of the defence.
+
+In a stirring editorial in his newspaper _L'Homme Libre_, M.
+Georges Clemenceau frankly faces the situation now that "the Germans are
+close to Paris." He adds: "We have left open the approach to Paris,
+while reserving to ourselves flank attacks on the enemy. If the forts do
+their duty, this move may be a happy one. From what we have seen of him,
+General Joffre belongs to the temporizing school. At this moment there
+are no better tactics. The supreme art will be to seize the instant when
+temporization must give way to a carefully prepared offensive movement.
+I have full confidence in General Joffre."
+
+Lord Kitchener made a rapid incognito visit to Paris yesterday, where he
+met Field-marshal Sir John French. As far as can be ascertained, Lord
+Kitchener went to the front and had a conference with General Joffre.
+There seems to be no doubt but what General Joffre's plans have the
+heartiest approval and support of Lord Kitchener. French troops from the
+eastern theater of the war are being brought up rapidly, so as to attack
+the German lines of communications, possibly near Rethel. Reenforcements
+are coming in rapidly from England, and a large new army has formed, at
+Le Mans, and will soon be ready to take the field with great effect.
+
+[Illustration: General Joffre, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies
+in France.]
+
+The usual six o'clock serenade of the German air-lieutenants this
+afternoon drew forth a few rifle shots from roofs of Paris houses, and
+even a quick-firing gun was discharged at one of these _taubes_.
+But the distance was too great, and the two German aeroplanes vanished
+shortly before seven in a northerly direction.
+
+This evening President Poincare and the French Government removed the
+seat of government from Paris to Bordeaux, and the following
+proclamation was issued:
+
+Frenchmen,
+
+For several weeks, during desperate fighting, our heroic troops have
+struggled with the enemy's army. Our soldiers' valiance has brought them
+marked advantages on several points. But to the north the advance of the
+German forces has compelled us to draw back.
+
+This situation imposes on the President of the Republic and the
+Government a painful decision. To safeguard the national salvation, the
+public powers have as a duty momentarily to leave the city of Paris.
+
+Under the command of an eminent leader, a French army, full of courage
+and zest, will defend the capital and its patriotic population against
+the invader. But the war must be pursued at the same time over the rest
+of the land.
+
+Without peace or truce, without halt or faltering, the sacred struggle
+for the honor of the nation and the reparation of violated right will be
+continued.
+
+None of our armies is cut into. If some of them have undergone
+losses--too great losses--the vacant places have been immediately filled
+by the depots, and the call of the recruits ensures for us for to-morrow
+further resources of men and energies.
+
+Fight and stand firm--such must be the watchword of the allied armies,
+British, Russian, Belgian, and French.
+
+Fight and stand firm; while on the sea the British help us to cut our
+enemy's line of communications with the outside world.
+
+Fight and stand firm; while the Russians continue to advance to strike
+the decisive blow in the heart of the German Empire.
+
+It is the duty of the Government of the Republic to direct this stubborn
+resistance.
+
+Frenchmen will rise on every side for the sake of independence. But in
+order that this formidable struggle shall be conducted as efficaciously
+and with as much spirit as possible, it is essential that the Government
+should be left free to act.
+
+At the request of the military authorities, therefore, the Government
+will be temporarily transferred to a point in French territory where it
+can remain in constant relations with the whole of the country.
+
+The Government requests members of Parliament not to remain too distant
+from it, in order that, in conjunction with them and with their
+colleagues, they may be able to form a solid core of national unity in
+the face of the enemy.
+
+The Government leaves Paris only after having assured, by every means
+within its power, the defence of the city and the entrenched camp.
+
+It knows that there is no necessity to recommend the admirable
+population of Paris to remain calm, resolute, and self-possessed. Every
+day the people show that it is equal to this highest duty.
+
+Frenchmen,
+
+Let us be worthy of these tragic circumstances. We shall win the victory
+finally.
+
+We shall win it by untiring will, endurance, and tenacity.
+
+A nation which is determined not to perish, and which recoils neither
+before suffering nor sacrifice, is sure to conquer.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+This proclamation had a good effect on the population.
+
+The wife of my concierge voiced the popular sentiment when she said this
+evening: "Ah! Monsieur! We may have some pretty bad _quarts
+d'heures_ here, but we have such confidence that all must end well,
+that my husband's old mother and our little children will remain in
+Paris with us." This remark was made five minutes after a German
+air-lieutenant had flown over the roof of the houses in my street, Rue
+Theodule-Ribot, and had dropped near the Parc Monceau a bomb that made a
+terrific noise, but did no damage.
+
+
+
+
+_Thursday, September 3._
+
+
+Thirty-second day of the war. Dazzling sunshine, cloudless sky, and
+light northeasterly wind. Thermometer at five P.M. 27 degrees
+centigrade.
+
+The forward movement of the Germans, the "Paris or Death" rush of the
+Kaiser, seems, for a moment at least, to have come to a standstill.
+Although precautions had been taken in expectation of a German attack
+from the region of Compiegne-Senlis, no contact, says the French
+official _communique_, occurred to-day. In the northeast all is
+reported quiet.
+
+Disappointed Parisians scanned the sky in vain for their five o'clock
+_taube_. A _marchand-de-vin_ on the famous "Butte" of Montmartre
+arranged a tribune with numbered seats commanding a splendid view of the
+city. Field-glasses were on hand for hire. Orchestra stalls were paid
+for at the rate of ten cents a seat. The performance was announced to
+begin at half-past five. This worked very well yesterday, when the
+evolutions of the two German air-lieutenants, accompanied by pyrotechnic
+display, netted a lucrative harvest. To-day, however, the enterprising
+theatrical manager was forced by his public to return the money at the
+"box office;" this was promptly done, the performance "being postponed."
+The postponement was due to the appearance of several French aeroplanes,
+which evidently had been sighted by the Germans.
+
+Now that the French Government has gone to Bordeaux and temporarily
+transferred the capital to Gascony, the only heads of the diplomatic
+corps remaining in Paris are the American Ambassador; the Spanish
+Ambassador, the Marquis de Villa Urrutia; the Swiss Minister, M. C.
+Lardy; the Danish Minister, M. H.A. Bernhoft; and the Norwegian
+Minister, Baron de Wedel Jarlsberg.
+
+That American property may be safeguarded, in the extremely improbable
+event of an occupation of the city by the Germans, Ambassador Herrick
+requests all American citizens owning or leasing houses or apartments in
+the city of Paris or its vicinity to register their names, with
+descriptions of their dwellings, at the Embassy. If worse comes to the
+worst, notices will be posted on American dwellings, giving them the
+protection of the American flag.
+
+Mr. Robert Bacon, former Ambassador to France, is stopping at the Hotel
+de Crillon in the Place Vendome. He lunched to-day with Mr. Herrick, and
+both express optimistic views of the situation from military,
+diplomatic, and financial standpoints.
+
+My servant, Felicien, telephoned me from Aubervillier, some ten
+kilometers from Paris, saying that he, together with four men of his
+squadron, had become separated from his regiment, the Thirty-second
+Dragoons. They had lost their horses in the marshes and woods near
+Chantilly during a cavalry engagement and had been instructed to make
+their way to Paris and rejoin their regimental depot at Versailles. The
+party was in charge of their sergeant, who explained that the regiment
+had at first been sent towards Metz, where they took part in the daily
+fighting all along the line there, and that suddenly they were entrained
+and rushed across country to Peronne, to check the advance of the
+Germans in their march upon Paris. This seems to indicate that the
+French generals did not fully appreciate until too late the really vital
+importance of the concentrated rush upon Paris of the right wing of the
+German armies, where all their strength had been assembled. The dragoons
+seemed pretty worn out, but were in good spirits and anxious to get back
+again in the fighting line. But they must go to Versailles to obtain
+their remounts. Sophie made a succulent lunch for them in the kitchen.
+They ate beefsteak, potatoes, cabbage, fruit, rice, and cheese, washed
+down with half a dozen bottles of light claret.
+
+Every one seems to be trying to get away from Paris. It is a sort of
+exodus. I watched my opposite neighbors, Baron and Baroness Pierre de
+Bourgoing--the latter better known as Suzanne Reichenberg of the Comedie
+Francaise--getting into their motor-car at half-past five this morning,
+accompanied by a maid and a pet dog. Baron de Bourgoing was in the
+uniform of a captain of territorials. He will go with his wife as far as
+the outer fortifications in the direction of Versailles.
+
+The news of the election of Cardinal Jacques della Chiesa as Pope, with
+the title Benoit XV, does not arouse as much public interest here as
+does the nomination of M. Emile Laurent as Prefect of Police, in place
+of M. Hennion who, on account of ill health, retires at his own request.
+M. Laurent has for twenty-three years been secretary-general of the
+Prefecture of Police. He was born in 1852. He is thoroughly familiar
+with every phase of Paris life. He is a man of great energy and of
+prompt decision. He is a very kind-hearted man and has done much toward
+relieving misery in the capital. The appointment is a very popular one
+and gives general satisfaction.
+
+[Photograph: Photo. Henri Manuel, Paris. M. Emile Laurent, appointed
+Prefect of Police of Paris, September 3, 1914.]
+
+
+
+
+_Friday, September 4._
+
+
+Thirty-third day of the war. Hot, sultry day with light northeast wind.
+Thunderstorm, with heavy rain in the evening. Temperature at five P.M.
+28 degrees centigrade.
+
+Americans still left in Paris were very busy to-day registering their
+addresses at the chancellery of the Embassy in the Rue de Chaillot. They
+had to have their leases with them. I registered for my little place at
+Vernon and also for my apartment in the Rue Theodule-Ribot. Among well
+known Americans whom I saw at the chancellery were Messrs. James Gordon
+Bennett, De Courcey Forbes, Julius and Robert Stewart, William Morton
+Fullerton, Mrs. Duer, formerly Mrs. Clarence Mackay, Dr. Joseph Blake,
+and about a hundred others. All sorts of wild rumors about the
+approaching Germans were current. One tremulous little lady said that
+"when the Germans entered the forest of Compiegne, the French set fire
+to the woods, and then shot down the Germans like rabbits as they fled
+from the burning thicket!"
+
+I met here Mr. Robert Dunn, war correspondent of the _New York Evening
+Post_, who is the only newspaper man I have talked with who really
+saw the fighting near La Cateau and Saint Quentin. Mr. Dunn went on a
+train with his bicycle last week, provided only with a _laisser-passer_
+for Aulnay in the Department of the North. The train was brought to a
+stop near Aulnay, and the passengers were informed that German cavalry
+occupied the line a couple of kilometers further on. Every one got out.
+Mr. Dunn jumped on his bicycle and wheeled off to La Cateau. Here he met
+the British retreating in good order. He remained with them as they
+retired toward Saint Quentin. He saw them spread out in thin lines and
+pick off the German gunners by their splendid marksmanship. Most of the
+British were wounded by shells. Very few of them had bullet wounds. At
+Saint Quentin a few Highlanders came limping along, thoroughly exhausted
+with their five days' continuous fighting. But although pale and hungry,
+their jaws were set with determined grit. Their superb pluck impressed
+Mr. Dunn immensely. As they were sitting at a cafe, some French soldiers
+led away a German spy, with a towel wrapped around his eyes. The man
+was executed.
+
+I met a British staff officer at Brentano's bookstore, as he was buying
+maps of the environs of Paris. I told him that Lord Kitchener had been
+to Paris and had conferred with M. Millerand, the French Minister of
+War. The officer said: "I am glad to hear of _that_, because at a
+certain phase of the fighting in the north, the _French completely
+failed to support us_."
+
+I called upon Mr. William G. Sharp, the newly appointed United States
+Ambassador, and upon Mr. Robert Bacon, the former United States
+Ambassador. Both are stopping at the Hotel de Crillon. The Paris
+newspapers seem highly pleased at this "strong diplomatic
+manifestation"--the American Ambassador of yesterday, the American
+Ambassador of today, and the American Ambassador of tomorrow
+--constituting a delegation from the United States to see that
+the rights of universal humanity are respected. Parisians salute the
+Star Spangled Banner as it floats over the American Embassy as the
+symbol of the "World's Vigilance against Barbarity,"--such are the
+words of _La Liberte_. M. Gabriel Hanotaux, writing in the _Figaro_,
+attaches equal importance to the attitude of the United States as
+interpreted by its three representatives, saying: "Mr. Herrick is very
+happily not leaving us. He has followed the whole course of events which
+led to this fatal war, watching with a just and noble spirit. He has
+kept his Government accurately informed of all, and he will continue at
+the head of the Embassy."
+
+The _Matin_ says, "that of all the diplomatists accredited to
+France, it was Mr. Herrick who took the gallant initiative to remain in
+Paris, and Parisians deeply appreciate this. In making this choice, Mr.
+Herrick said that he regarded Paris not only as the capital of France,
+but as that 'Metropolis of the World' spoken of by Marcus Aurelius. He
+feels that he is the American Ambassador to both these cities. In his
+eyes this 'Metropolis of the World' possesses a Government, invisible
+doubtless, but perpetually present, and one with which he wishes to
+remain in touch. It is at one and the same time to Paris, in its period
+of trial, and to the fatherland of the human race, that Mr. Herrick
+wishes to give the pledge of his affection. Thus he is remaining as a
+link between those of his compatriots who are residing among us and the
+citizens of the free Republic across the sea that has more than once
+declared itself the sister Republic and which professes as much love for
+our 'traditions' as we ourselves esteem the passion for 'progress', of
+which it gives the example."
+
+
+
+
+_Saturday, September 5._
+
+
+Thirty-fourth day of the war. Hazy autumnal morning, clear and hot in
+the afternoon, with light northerly breeze. Thermometer at five P.M. 26
+degrees centigrade.
+
+Germans appear to have evacuated the Compiegne-Senlis region, and are
+apparently moving towards the southeast, thus continuing a movement that
+began on Friday. General Cherfils, the military critic of the
+_Gaulois_, taking a very optimistic view of the situation, thinks
+the movement may be to assure a retreat by some route other than by a
+return through Belgium. General Cherfils says: "This rush of the German
+right wing upon Paris is the last bluff of terrorism of the last German
+Emperor! The Kaiser thought that he could frighten us and induce France
+to make peace. After which he would be free to return with his armies
+against Russia."
+
+Mr. d'Arcy Morel, the financial correspondent of the _London Daily
+Telegraph_, came to see me to-day. He lives at Reuil, in the military
+zone northwest of Fort Mount-Valerian. He had been up all night, getting
+his belongings to Paris, and had just sent his little daughter to Dieppe
+on her way to England. Mr. Morel said that the night trains out of Paris
+at the Gare Saint-Lazare were filled to overflowing. No lights were
+permitted in the cars, and a dozen soldiers with loaded rifles were
+placed in a car just behind the locomotive, and a dozen more soldiers at
+the rear end of the train. These trains stop at every station and take
+about ten hours to reach Dieppe, instead of four hours as usual.
+Precautions of guarding the trains are made because several German
+armored motor-cars had been signalled dashing about near Marly and
+Pontoise. The gardener of my little place at Vernon, which is on the
+western line of the Seine, at a point where it is intersected by a
+strategic line between Chartres in the south and Gisors and Beauvais in
+the north, seems to be confident that Vernon will not be occupied by the
+Germans, for he managed to send me today a big basket full of peaches,
+pears, string beans, and green corn.
+
+To-day the first oysters make their appearance! This event, trivial in
+itself, is significant as showing that the Paris central markets are
+able to supply Parisians not only with necessities but with luxuries.
+The mute oyster that comes in with the months having the letter "R" in
+their names bears eloquent testimony to uninterrupted communications.
+
+I looked in for a few moments this afternoon at the National Library in
+the Rue de Richelieu. No signs of war here! A score of inveterate
+bookworms were pondering over dusty volumes, inquisitive writers were
+exploring literature bearing upon the war of 1870, seeking precedents
+and parallels for coming events; a few ladies were looking up files of
+old newspapers and fashion plates. The National Library seemed exactly
+as in the most peaceful days.
+
+I lunched to-day at the restaurant Beauge, in the Rue Saint-Marc, a
+favorite resort of journalists. The manager told me that it would be
+closed that evening. It seems that he had received a "third warning" not
+to keep open after half-past nine. As he could never pluck up courage to
+eject his customers while enjoying succulent repasts, he decided to shut
+up his place altogether. The suggestion made by an Irishman, Mr.
+Sullivan of Reuter's Agency, to employ a London "chucker-out" did not at
+all appeal to his notions of the traditions of Parisian gastronomic
+hospitality.
+
+I met to-day another British officer buying books at Brentano's. He gave
+me a picturesque description of the German method of advance. "It is the
+scientific development of the wild, fanatic, life-regardless, condensed
+rush of the Soudan dervishes," he said. "The Germans mass together all
+their big field guns. They close in around them serried infantry, goaded
+on by their wonderful, machine-made, non-commissioned officers, who
+prick them with sword bayonets, and whenever, from wounds or from sheer
+exhaustion, men fall out, they are shoved aside, to die by the roadside,
+or to be trampled under foot, like mechanical tools that have become
+useless. The German officers and non-commissioned officers are utterly
+regardless of life. The German flanks are protected by quantities of
+machine guns placed so close together that their gunners jostle one
+another. This strange engine of modern warfare creeps on like a monster
+of the apocalypse, carrying all before it. Aeroplanes hovering over the
+fronts of the columns direct movements by signalling. The dense, serried
+mass of infantry offers a splendid target. The losses must have been
+frightful--exceeding anything recorded in modern war. The German
+infantry are poor marksmen. They don't know how to shoot. Scarcely any
+of our men were wounded by bullets. Nearly all the wounds were inflicted
+by shells."
+
+The Marquis de Valtierra has been appointed Spanish Ambassador to the
+French Republic, in place of the Marquis de Villa Urrutia, who has
+resigned. The new Ambassador, who has presented his credentials to
+President Poincare at Bordeaux, and who is expected to arrive in Paris
+to-morrow, has not followed a diplomatic career. He is a captain-general
+--a title corresponding with that of an army corps commander in
+France--and until a few days ago was in command of the military region
+of Burgos.
+
+News that the representatives of France, Great Britain, and Russia have
+signed an agreement in London not to make peace without previous
+understanding with the others, meets with popular approval here, and is
+taken as further evidence that the allies are determined to fight the
+war to a finish.
+
+
+
+
+_Sunday, September 6._
+
+
+Thirty-fifth day of the war. Ideal September weather, with light
+easterly wind. Temperature at five P.M. 24 degrees centigrade. The moon
+is now full.
+
+Instead of making a ferocious _attaque brusquee_ on Paris, the four
+army corps composing the German right wing are moving southeastward, in
+a supreme effort to crush the left flank of the French center, which is
+reported to be engaged with the main German forces near Rethel, striving
+to cut off and surround the French center, and thus achieve a second,
+but far more gigantic, Sedan. In any event, the Germans are certainly
+moving away from Paris to the southeast.
+
+Paris assumes a holiday aspect. Thousands of people made excursions to
+the suburbs of the city, and particularly to the Bois de Boulogne, to
+see something of the preparations for the defence. Boys and girls from
+boarding-schools, under care of their teachers, were among those who
+watched gangs of men digging wide and deep trenches, while trees that
+obstructed the ground in the vicinity were being cut down.
+
+The daily crop of Paris newspapers is becoming beautifully less. The
+_Temps_ published its last Paris issue on Friday and has transferred its
+headquarters to Bordeaux. M. Georges Clemenceau's _Homme Libre_ has
+ceased to appear. So also have the _Gil Blas_ and _Autorite_. The _Daily
+Mail_ has migrated to Bordeaux. Most of the newspapers that remain are
+published on a single sheet. The veteran _Journal des Debats_ announces
+that for one hundred and twenty-five years it has appeared in Paris,
+being interrupted only at rare and brief intervals when provisional
+governments, resulting from violence, by brute force prevented
+publication. _Le Journal des Debats_ will continue to be printed and
+published in Paris "so long as it is materially possible to do so." M.
+Arthur Meyer, editor and proprietor of _Le Gaulois_, announces that he
+will "remain in Paris in 1914 as he did in 1870." He will continue to
+edit and publish the _Gaulois_ in Paris, having around him "a small
+family of editors and reporters, who replace my own family, now, Alas!
+far away!" The _Echo de Paris_ continues to publish each day an edition
+of four pages. So also does _Le Figaro_. The _Matin_ and _Liberte_
+appear on single sheets.
+
+[Photograph: Photo. by Paul Thompson. Workmen erecting a barricade in
+Paris.]
+
+The European edition of the _New York Herald_ appears every day on
+its nice white glazed _papier de luxe_, in a four-page edition
+Sundays, and on a single sheet on week days. The _Paris Herald_, as
+it is familiarly called, is printed half in English and half in French.
+The war has not frightened away the venerable "Old Philadelphia Lady,"
+who daily continues, as she has done since Christmas eve, 1899, to put
+the following question:
+
+TO THE EDITOR OF THE HERALD:--
+
+I am anxious to find out the way to figure the temperature from
+Centigrade to Fahrenheit and vice-versa. In other words, I want to know,
+whenever I see the temperature designated on Centigrade thermometer, how
+to find out what it would be on Fahrenheit's thermometer.
+
+OLD PHILADELPHIA LADY.
+
+Paris, December 24, 1899.
+
+
+
+
+_Monday, September 7_.
+
+
+Thirty-sixth day of the war. Hot September weather, with brisk east
+wind. Temperature at five P.M. 24 degrees centigrade.
+
+The great battle begun Sunday morning continues with slight advantages
+obtained by the allies and extends over a front of one hundred and
+thirty miles, from Nanteuil le Haudoin, on the allied left, to Verdun.
+The allies occupy very strong positions. Their left is supported by
+Paris, their right by the fortresses of Verdun, and their center by the
+entrenched camps of Mailly, just south of Vitry-le-Francois.
+
+About thirty American and English newspaper men met at lunch to-day at
+the restaurant Hubin, Number 22 Rue Brouot. Among those present were
+Fullerton, Grundy, MacAlpin, Williams, Knox, Reeves, O'Niel, Sims, and
+others. Every one was in fine spirits, the trend of feeling being that
+Paris was the most interesting place to be in just now, and that perhaps
+the best story of the war may yet be written in Paris.
+
+I drove in a cab with MacAlpin to the Gare du Nord to meet a train of
+British wounded that was expected to arrive there. We found the station
+almost deserted. A reserve captain of the Forty-sixth Infantry, whose
+left forearm had been smashed by a shell, arrived and was very glad to
+get some hot soup provided by the railroad ambulance women. Saw a
+brigadier-general and his staff going full speed in a motor-car to the
+east. Artillery firing was heard this morning to the east of Paris, but
+was no longer audible after eleven A.M. While sitting at a cafe opposite
+the Gare du Nord, I noticed the huge statues of "Berlin" and "Vienna"
+over the front of the building, and wondered if they would remain intact
+during the war. Driving to the Gare de l'Est, we saw gangs of workmen
+with entrenching tools, going into trains, under the direction of
+engineer officers, to dig rifle pits.
+
+The sanitary condition of Paris is excellent. No epidemic of any kind is
+reported. There were several cases of scarlatina, but the number is
+insignificant.
+
+The board of governors of the American Hospital has turned over its
+responsibility to the American Ambulance Committee, which will manage
+the Hospital service for the benefit of the French army, at the Lycee
+Pasteur, Neuilly. The committee is composed of William S. Dalliba,
+honorary chairman, Reverend Doctor S.N. Watson, chairman, Messrs.
+Laurence B. Benet, Charles Carroll, F.W. Monahan, and I.V. Twyeffort.
+
+I met in the Rue de la Paix two Irish cavalry soldiers, who had become
+detached from their squadron during the operations north of Paris. "The
+last place we remember fighting at was _Copenhagen_," said one of
+the men. But on being further questioned, it turned out that Copenhagen
+was Tipperary dialect for Compiegne.
+
+The _Herald_ has decided to remain in Paris, but its price will be
+twenty-five centimes instead of fifteen centimes. The reasons for the
+increased price are that advertisements, the main source of revenue for
+a newspaper, have almost completely disappeared. The _Herald_ at
+present is being run at a loss of thirty-five thousand francs a week. As
+the editor points out: "This may be journalism, but it is not business."
+The increased price will probably diminish the weekly loss.
+
+
+
+
+_Tuesday, September 8._
+
+
+Thirty-seventh day of the war. Cloudy weather with rain in the
+afternoon. Brisk southeasterly wind. Thermometer at five P.M. 22 degrees
+centigrade.
+
+The allied armies are more than holding their own on the vast line
+between the Ourcq and Verdun. Meanwhile all precautions are being taken
+by the Military Government of Paris for an eventual siege. The Bois de
+Boulogne resembles a cattle ranch. The census of the civil population of
+the "entrenched camp of Paris," just taken with a view of providing
+rations during a possible siege, shows that there are 887,267 families
+residing in Paris, representing a total of 2,106,786 individuals of all
+ages and both sexes. This is a decrease of thirty percent since the last
+census in 1911. The health of the city is excellent. The census sheets
+notify inhabitants that gas during a siege must be used exclusively for
+lighting purposes and never for cooking or heating. This will cause some
+tribulation in the small menages, where the cheap, popular, and handy
+gas-stove has replaced the coal or charcoal ovens and ranges.
+
+The ram came on this afternoon at four, while a large crowd of Parisians
+stood in the square in front of the church of Saint-Etienne du Mont,
+beside the Pantheon, but it failed to disperse the faithful, who were
+taking part in the outdoor service of homage to Sainte-Genevieve, the
+protectress of Paris, whose remains are buried in this small church of
+the Gothic-Renaissance period (1517-1620), one of the most beautiful of
+all the sacred edifices of France.
+
+Those who recently hastened away from Paris in search of a place of
+refuge, quiet, and safety, have met with many disappointments. The roads
+to Tours are blocked with vehicles of every description, many of them
+filled with refugees who have turned them into temporary dwellings.
+Automobiles are brought to a standstill for lack of benzol. Everything
+on the way from Paris to Bordeaux is requisitioned. At Orleans, people
+wander about vainly seeking a place in which to sleep. The town is
+filled. People buy ham and sausages, which they eat in cafes or in the
+streets. At Blois, the citizens offer to lodge refugees and travelers at
+the rate of five francs a day. The Blois people are very hospitable and
+do not seek to unduly profit by the situation. The Grand Hotel is of
+course overflowing, but the prices remain the same as in ordinary times.
+At Tours, the inhabitants are less hospitable and more avaricious. One
+of the biggest hotels in the town asks fifty francs (ten dollars) for a
+simple armchair in which to pass the night. Three special trains
+yesterday carried away to Provence the inmates of the insane asylums of
+Bicetre and Charenton. It was a weird sight to see these men and women,
+utterly unconscious of the war, gazing with nervous uncertainty upon the
+strange scenes through which they were conducted to the Orleans Station,
+somewhat like helpless flocks of sheep.
+
+Shortly after leaving the large room at Number 31 Boulevard des
+Invalides, where the official _communiques_ are now given out to
+the French and foreign press, I met a sergeant of an infantry regiment
+who had been wounded during the fighting between Coulommier and
+Ferte-Gaucher. "At daybreak on Sunday," he said, "we were sent forward
+to prevent the German infantry from making their favorite turning
+movement on our left wing. Our orders were to hold on to the enemy and
+prevent his advance until the allied troops near Meaux had repulsed the
+German attack being made in their direction. Early in the afternoon, the
+Germans retired from Meaux before the allied divisions. We advanced and
+drove them north of Ferte-Gaucher. The fighting lasted all night and
+became very severe on Monday morning, but shortly afterwards the Germans
+offered but slight resistance. For thirty kilometers we followed up two
+German infantry regiments, supported by their cavalry and a section of
+artillery. During their retreat, the Germans did not fire a single shot.
+We soon succeeded in cutting off a detachment of infantry and in
+capturing seven field guns and two machine guns. One of the prisoners,
+an infantry sergeant, admitted that his men were short of ammunition,
+and that their orders were to use as little of it as possible. It was
+during the last combat that I was wounded in the thigh by a Prussian
+officer, who cut me with his sword as I was trying to disarm him."
+
+A wounded French infantry lieutenant says that the German troops seem
+"fatigued and fagged out." Another officer says that in the trenches
+near Coulommier, a dozen German infantry soldiers were found dead,
+having been killed by French .75 millimeter shells, and were in the same
+attitudes of firing that they had taken at the moment when they had been
+"crisped" by death. An Algerian Turco was found dead, grasping his
+rifle, the bayonet of which had pierced and killed a German soldier.
+Both were corpses, but stood in grim death like a group of statuary.
+
+I received to-day a letter from my gardener at Vernon. He says that the
+roads are filled with refugees, who are being sent on to Brittany by way
+of Louviers. Motorists along the roads say that they have passed
+continuous lines of refugees, sometimes seventy kilometers in length.
+The Chateau de Bizy is transformed into a hospital and so also is the
+Chateau des Penitents at Vernonnet. Most of the injured have slight
+wounds in the arms or legs. Many of them, after five days' treatment,
+are able to go back to the front.
+
+
+
+
+_Wednesday, September 9._
+
+
+Thirty-eighth day of the war. Somewhat cooler weather, with cloudy sky
+and with south to southwesterly wind, at times blowing in sharp gusts.
+Thermometer at five P.M. 21 degrees centigrade.
+
+The air is still overcharged with uncertainty as to the result of the
+great battle along the front of one hundred and twenty miles between the
+Ourcq and Verdun. Will the Germans succeed in forcing their tremendous
+wedge through the French center near Vitry and separate the allied
+armies to the west and around Paris, from the great French armies to the
+east and around Verdun?
+
+A German repulse means a German tragedy. But if they succeed in their
+bold move on the center, and separate the allied armies, they will gain
+a very great strategic success and can then turn their attention to the
+investment of a segment of the fortifications of Paris.
+
+Meanwhile the official _communiques_ given out at three P.M. and at
+eleven P.M., at the Military Government of Paris, are, to say the least,
+hopeful. Every attempt to break through the French lines on the Ourcq
+has failed. No change noted on the center and on the allied right.
+
+At two this afternoon I saw a small, low, dusty motor-car come spinning
+along the Boulevard des Invalides, containing four soldiers, who had
+with them two German flags, captured this morning during the fighting
+near the Ourcq. They were bringing their trophies to General Gallieni,
+who conferred the Military Medal--the highest French distinction for
+valor in action--on the reserve infantry soldier Guillemard, who
+captured one of these flags in a hand-to-hand encounter. The flag
+belonged to the Thirty-sixth Prussian Infantry Regiment, the Magdeburg
+Fusiliers, and had been decorated with the Iron Cross in 1870.
+
+One of the French biplanes that scour the sky daily in search of German
+_taubes_ met with sad disaster yesterday while flying over the Bois
+de Vincennes. The aeroplane contained a lieutenant and a corporal of the
+aviation corps. A violent gust of wind capsized it, and it fell to the
+ground, burying the occupants in a heap of debris. When extricated, both
+were dead. A few moments after the biplane struck the earth, either its
+motor, or the bombs that it had on board, exploded, and four passers-by
+were killed by flying fragments. Two of them were ten-year-old lads. A
+little girl and several other persons were more or less bruised. It so
+happened that I had watched this biplane from the Boulevard de
+Courcelles as it soared over Paris at a height of fifteen hundred
+meters. It was very steady in its movements and was going in an easterly
+direction. This must have been some ten minutes before the catastrophe.
+
+The committee of the National Society of Fine Arts held a meeting today
+at the Grand Palais, to render aid to painters, sculptors, and artists
+in need of assistance, without regard to nationality, passed resolutions
+of indignation at the injury of works of art in France and Belgium
+committed by the German armies, and at the destruction of the objects of
+art solicited by Germany and entrusted by France to the International
+Exhibition at Leipsic, and unanimously voted to strike from the list of
+members the names of all artists of German nationality.
+
+The art critic of the _Gil Blas_, M. Louis Vauxelles, whose
+scathing criticisms of the "classic" _pompier_ academic school of
+painting and of sculpture, and whose intelligent censure of the extreme
+"futurist" clique elicit the hearty approval of all true lovers of art,
+in the United States, as well as in France, is serving as a simple
+soldier in an infantry regiment, but finds time occasionally to write to
+the _Intransigeant_ picturesque descriptions of military life.
+
+I received a letter from a friend at Tours, where the refugees are
+becoming less numerous, but the hospitals on the contrary are nearly
+full of wounded. Comtesse Paul de Pourtales is doing splendid work there
+as the head of the Red Cross, and M. Gaston Menier, the popular senator,
+a warm personal friend of Mr. Andrew Carnegie and the owner of the great
+chocolate works, has turned his Chateau of Chenonceaux into a perfectly
+organized hospital with a corps of surgeons and professional nurses,
+which he maintains at his own expense. Nearly a hundred French wounded
+are already being cared for in the Chenonceaux hospital. As soon as they
+get well enough, they are sent back to rejoin their regiments. All the
+villas in the neighborhood of Tours are already leased to families that
+have gone away from Paris.
+
+In accordance with the notices of the Military Governor of Paris, I was
+vaccinated against smallpox to-day, together with all those now living
+in the house--in all twelve persons.
+
+Mr. William G. Sharp, who has been appointed to succeed Mr. Myron T.
+Herrick as American Ambassador in France, remains here with his son,
+George, and is preparing to make himself familiar with the situation, so
+that when the proper time comes, he may take over his office. Mr. Sharp
+is already making headway with his somewhat theoretical knowledge of
+French. He told me that the war had upset many diplomatic and other
+precedents. "It is quite obvious," he said, "that at this critical
+period, Mr. Herrick could not desert his post, where his knowledge and
+experience have been so valuable." Mr. Sharp added: "It is needless to
+say that there will be no change of policy with my arrival as Ambassador
+to France. The friendship between the United States and France was never
+firmer than it is to-day. Personally, I am a fervent admirer of France,
+of French art, culture, and science.
+
+"Probably no country in the world is more universally admired for its
+high degree of civilization than France. But it is my duty, as the
+future representative of the United States, to be absolutely neutral in
+everything concerning the present conflict. It cannot be too strongly
+stated that the United States Government will not swerve from its
+attitude of strict neutrality. The more impartial we remain, the
+stronger our position will be, and the better it will be, indeed, for
+all the belligerents when the time comes for discussing the conclusion
+of peace.
+
+"For I shall not be indiscreet if I give voice to the thought held by
+many people that the role of the United States is bound to be a most
+important one at that moment.
+
+"President Wilson's recent offer," he said, "was timely, and although
+every one knew that it could not then be accepted, yet it had the effect
+of setting men's minds thinking.
+
+"What nation could be more fitted than the United States to take the
+lead in the peace negotiations?" asked Mr. Sharp. "In our nation are
+amalgamated all the races now at war. Our sincerity is undoubted. Our
+natural position of impartiality and neutrality is such that America's
+voice would be surely listened to at the opportune moment."
+
+Mr. Sharp himself belongs to several peace organizations in America. He
+believes that after the present war there will be a complete revulsion
+of public opinion throughout the world in favor of peace. Never, he
+said, will there have been a riper moment for some scheme of general
+disarmament.
+
+Mr. Sharp would like to see the United States a party to an epoch-making
+treaty sealing such an international accord. In this respect he believes
+that, atrocious as this European conflagration is, good will be the
+outcome for all nations, whoever the victors may be, if Europe reaps a
+lasting peace.
+
+Mr. Sharp comes to Paris with a general knowledge of international
+political affairs, having served as a member in the United States
+Congress for three terms, and holding position of ranking member of the
+Foreign Affairs Committee at the time of his appointment.
+
+
+
+
+_Thursday, September 10._
+
+
+Thirty-ninth day of the war. Cloudy weather, with a brisk shower and
+some thunder at three this afternoon. Afterwards fine. Southerly wind.
+Temperature at five P.M. 22 degrees centigrade.
+
+Favorable news was communicated at eleven o'clock this evening at the
+headquarters at the Invalides. After four days of steady fighting, the
+allied left wing has crossed the Marne near Charly and driven back the
+enemy sixty kilometers, the British taking many prisoners and machine
+guns. Near Sezanne, the Prussian Guard Corps has been driven back, north
+of the marshes of St. Gond. No change is noted in relative positions on
+the allied center and right, where fighting still continues with great
+violence.
+
+I went to the official press bureau at three this afternoon and met
+there M. Arthur Meyer, the genial and venerable editor of the
+_Gaulois_, and about forty French and foreign journalists. M.
+Arthur Meyer, as "dean" of our calling, had a pleasant word and smile
+for all. Just before the official _communique_, the director of the
+Press Bureau, Commandant Klotz, former Minister of Finance, instructed
+his assistant to notify all present that "any reproduction of or even
+allusion to the interview published in an American morning paper (the
+_Paris Herald_) with an American diplomatist would not pass the
+censor if handed in at the telegraph or cable offices, and also that its
+appearance in any French newspaper was prohibited. The reason for this
+is that the interview might cause misunderstanding, and that it merely
+reflected the personal opinions of a private individual who in no way
+was an accredited representative of the United States."
+
+This "official rebuke" was of course intended for Mr. William G. Sharp,
+whose interview was printed in today's _Herald_. According to
+European custom, diplomacy is a special calling or profession like those
+of the soldier, sailor, lawyer, or physician. Amateur diplomacy has no
+place in Europe, and to the French mind, the presence in Paris of an
+unaccredited, although designated, ambassador, who expresses his
+personal opinions on every subject, while there is a duly accredited
+ambassador here, is an anomaly, causing no little annoyance to the
+authorities, and tending to hamper and discredit the official
+representative of the United States in Paris.
+
+It is whispered that this "diplomatic indiscretion" of Mr. Sharp may
+lead to a refusal of the French Government, when the time comes, to
+grant his credentials. All the more so, because when Mr. Sharp was first
+spoken of as a possible ambassador to Russia, the Russian Foreign Office
+notified Washington that Mr. Sharp was not exactly a _persona
+grata_, owing to certain public statements attributed to him
+concerning the attitude of the Russian Government in regard to passports
+to Jews of American and other nationalities. When Mr. Sharp was
+nominated as American Ambassador to France, the French Foreign Office
+discreetly inquired at St. Petersburg whether the Russian Government had
+any objection to Mr. Sharp being accepted in Paris as the United States
+Ambassador. The reply from St. Petersburg was that "there were no
+objections," consequently the usual intimation was given by the Quai
+d'Orsay that Mr. Sharp would be an agreeable person in Paris. The
+arrival here of Mr. Sharp, in the midst of the war, and his interview on
+the situation, however, has not influenced the French officials at the
+Foreign Office in his favor. Mr. Sharp is unquestionably a patriotic,
+clear-headed, capable, and highly intelligent representative of our
+countrymen, and moreover, he is now obtaining diplomatic experience.
+
+Spain has also had some tribulation with its ambassadors to France. When
+President Poincare and the French Cabinet decided to transfer the seat
+of government to Bordeaux, the Spanish Ambassador, Marquis de Villa
+Urrutia, was about to quit Paris with President Poincare, but the King
+of Spain wished his representative to remain in Paris. The marquis,
+however, to use an American expression, got "cold feet" and expressed a
+wish to go to Bordeaux. When this news reached King Alfonso, it so
+happened that Lieutenant-general de los Monteros, Marquis de Valtierra,
+Captain-general of Northern Spain at Burgos and San Sebastian, was in
+conference with the king. King Alfonso asked the Marquis de Valtierra
+where in his opinion would be the proper place in France for the Spanish
+Ambassador. "Why," was the quick reply, "Paris, of course." "Well," said
+the king, "that is not the opinion of the Marquis de Villa Urrutia, but
+it is also my own opinion, and I have now decided to send you to Paris
+as my ambassador!" Consequently, the Marquis de Villa Urrutia was
+forthwith replaced by the Marquis de Valtierra, who is already duly
+installed in the Spanish Embassy in the Boulevard de Courcelles. The new
+Spanish Ambassador speaks English perfectly, as well as French, and he
+is a personal friend of Ambassador Herrick.
+
+The condition at the outbreak of the war of some of the French
+fortresses in the north near the Belgian frontier, as well as around
+Rheims and Vitry-le-Francois, for which the French Chamber of Deputies
+refused in 1899 to vote appropriations, is being paid for a thousandfold
+to-day. In 1885, when experiments made at Malmaison with the
+newly-invented torpedo shells, then about to be adopted by the German
+artillery, showed that no forts could resist them unless provided with
+armor plates and with _beton_ protection for men and ammunition, a
+new plan of defence was drawn up. As the cost of the new armor and
+protection for the forts was very great, it was decided to
+_declasser_ a number of fortresses, among which were Lille, Douai,
+Arras, Landrecies, Peronne, Vitry-le-Francois, and others. It had
+already been foreseen that the main German attack would some day be made
+through Luxemburg and Belgium. The fortresses of Maubeuge, Charlemont
+(Givet), Montmedy, and Longwy then became of supreme importance, for the
+defence of northern France against an invading army through Belgium. The
+Chamber of Deputies persistently refused to vote the necessary money,
+and the result of this want of foresight became painfully apparent
+during the present war, when the Germans made their broad sweep from
+Belgium to Compiegne, meeting on their way with no permanent works of
+defence.
+
+The civil and religious wedding of Mr. James Gordon Bennett, proprietor
+of the _New York Herald_, with Baroness George de Reuter took place
+to-day at the Town Hall of the ninth arrondissement of Paris, and at the
+American Episcopal Church of the Holy Trinity, in the Avenue de l'Alma.
+The witnesses of the bride were the Duc de Camastra and Vicomte de
+Breteuil. Those for Mr. Bennett were the American Ambassador, Mr.
+Herrick, and Professor Albert Robin, the well-known scientist and member
+of the French Academy of Medicine. The bride was the widow of Baron
+George de Reuter, and was formerly Miss Potter of Baltimore. The
+ceremonies were very simple, the only guests being Mrs. Herrick and the
+Vicomtesse de Breteuil. The ceremony in the church was performed by the
+Reverend Doctor Watson. Those present afterwards took tea at the
+residence of Mrs. Bennett in the Rue de Lubeck. The day before the
+wedding Mr. Bennett had been confirmed by the Reverend Doctor Watson in
+the faith of the American Episcopal Church. It will be remembered that
+Mr. Bennett's father was a Scotch Roman Catholic, while his mother was
+an Irish Protestant, a combination that seldom occurs, and which often
+induced Mr. Bennett to playfully remark: "I take after both my father
+and my mother, for when I find myself surrounded by genial conviviality,
+I feel that I am an Irishman, but when amidst grave cares and weighty
+business, I am a Scotchman."
+
+
+
+
+_Friday, September 11._
+
+
+Fortieth day of the war. Overcast sky from dawn to noon, then steady,
+heavy rain all the afternoon. Southwest wind, blowing in gusts.
+Thermometer at five P.M. 17 degrees centigrade.
+
+The Germans continue to retire north of the Marne towards Soissons. The
+British army has captured eleven guns, stores, ammunition, and fifteen
+hundred prisoners. The German retreat measures seventy kilometers in
+four days. All seems to go well with the allies. The heavy rain is bad
+for the German retreat, especially in the swampy ground they must pass
+through.
+
+All this cheerful news from the front gives renewed confidence to the
+two millions of Parisians remaining at home, who begin to feel that
+there is no longer any imminent danger of being besieged.
+
+What might be called a side-issue of the war appeared to-day in the
+shape of a new English daily newspaper published in Paris, called the
+_Paris Daily Post_. It consists of a small single sheet--the
+_Figaro_, and the _Echo de Paris_, are the only papers now
+printed on double sheets--and in an editorial note declares that its
+policy is to "preach courage and confidence." It is an unpretentious,
+lively, amusing little production and may eventually have a brilliant
+career.
+
+Many of the wounded now coming in to the hospitals are being treated for
+rheumatism contracted in the trenches during days and nights of exposure
+to the rain. A man of the East Lancashire Regiment, who had his left arm
+smashed by a shell, said that when his detachment were attacked at dawn
+in a village near Compiegne, "the terrified women and children rushed
+into the streets in their night gowns. Their houses were being smashed
+like pie-crust. It made us feel badly to see some of these poor women
+and children blown to pieces by the German shells. We tried to put them
+in whatever shelter was available."
+
+Professor Pierre Delbet, of the Paris Faculty of Medicine, relates an
+extraordinary conversation between a young general commanding a division
+of the Prussian Guard Corps and Doctor Delbet's mother, who is a
+venerable lady of seventy-seven. Professor Delbet went yesterday to
+visit his mother at her country house situated in a village on the Grand
+Morin River, in the heart of the region where the fighting took place a
+few days ago. Madame Delbet's house is in the center of the village, and
+on her grounds a small wooden bridge connects the courtyard and flower
+garden with the vegetable garden on the other bank. There are two public
+bridges at the ends of the village, but these had been blown up by the
+French engineer soldiers. Last Friday morning the Germans arrived and
+smashed open the double gate of Madame Delbet's house. A young general,
+with an eyeglass fixed to his left eye, approached, while a soldier
+stood with a loaded revolver pointed at the old lady's head. The general
+remarked with politeness: "Madame, you will let us pass over your
+private bridge."
+
+"I have no means of preventing you, but I warn you the bridge is not
+very solid."
+
+"Ah! we will see to that."
+
+The general gave orders, and in fifteen minutes the rickety bridge was
+braced up with three strong trusses. Then thirty soldiers were put on
+the bridge and jumped six times in unison at the word of command. After
+this test, the passage of troops began, while the _pontoniers_ were
+repairing the two public bridges. The general approached Madame Delbet
+and with great courtesy placed two comfortable armchairs in a shady nook
+of the courtyard, and by an invitation that seemed to be a command,
+requested her to take a seat and see "the little Prussian review that
+would surely be interesting." The old lady sat beside the general and
+witnessed the _defile_ that lasted seven hours--from 11.30 in the
+morning to 6.30 in the evening. The general scrutinized his men through
+his monocle. By and by he had his servant make some tea and toast, which
+he offered to his "hostess." While sipping tea, the general said:
+"Madame, when you become a German, as will surely be the case, you will
+be proud to recollect that you witnessed the passage of my troops over
+your bridge. I shall have a bronze tablet made and placed over your gate
+to commemorate the event."
+
+When Madame Delbet protested, the general burst into a hearty laugh, and
+said: "Why, Madame, that is already settled. You cannot defend
+yourselves. Oh, yes! you have in mind your friends the English and your
+friends the Russians. But your good friends the English can only fight
+on the sea; they are of no value on land. As for the Russians, they
+don't know what an army is!"
+
+At this moment the cavalry was passing over the bridge three abreast,
+and a lancer accidentally knocked over a bison's head that was hung in
+the court as a hunting trophy. The general severely reprimanded the
+trooper for his carelessness, and ordered the cavalry to cross two
+abreast. The conversation continued. Madame Delbet said that she thought
+the Russians had made considerable progress since the Japanese war. "Ah,
+yes, perhaps, but they have no real army _yet!_"
+
+The general then remarked: "Now about the French. You, yourself, Madame,
+must be aware, as you belong to a medical family, that the French are
+absolutely degenerate. The French have come to the end of their tether!
+I will let you into one of our secrets. This will be our
+_ultimatum_, of which I have already read the text. Voila! We have
+decided to preserve a selection of the best and healthiest Frenchmen and
+marry them to well-chosen North German girls of strong shape and build.
+The result of this cross may be useful children. As to the other
+Frenchmen who survive the war, we have arranged to export them all to
+North and South America!"
+
+"But, General," replied Madame Delbet, "we have had at least _some_
+success during the war."
+
+"None whatever, Madame!"
+
+"Why! We have captured some flags, anyway!"
+
+"Where did you see that?"
+
+"In the newspapers."
+
+"The French, English, and American newspapers publish nothing but lies.
+In two days we shall be in Paris."
+
+The general then gave a fresh turn to his eyeglass and called Madame
+Delbet's attention to the splendid physique, smart appearance, perfect
+order, method, and discipline of his troops. Madame Delbet admitted that
+this praise was fully justified, for the troops and horses were quite
+fresh, their uniforms and equipments were all spick and span, and the
+officers even wore fresh, unspotted gloves.
+
+On Sunday the general took his departure. As he came to bid Madame
+Delbet good-by, he said: "I am going to Paris, Madame, and if I can be
+of any service to you there, kindly let me know." He then mounted his
+beautiful bay charger and rode away, followed by his staff. A couple of
+officers and a small detachment were left in the village.
+
+Monday morning a German automobile dashed through the village at fourth
+speed. A sentry discharged his rifle as a signal. The same troops came
+trotting back again over the three bridges. One of them, who had been
+particularly attentive to Madame Delbet's maid, passed through the
+little courtyard. The maid slyly asked: "Is that the road to Paris?" She
+received the reply from her admirer: _"Plus Paris! Plus Paris!"_
+
+Soon afterwards, some French dragoons galloped into the village over the
+bridges that the Germans had had no time to destroy. Then came two
+battalions of British infantry, at a double, over Madame Delbet's little
+garden bridge, and they deployed and opened fire on the retreating
+Germans. _"A Paris!"_ and _"Plus Paris!"_ are words that
+Madame Delbet says will always ring in her ears, for these phrases
+exactly describe the picturesque side glimpse of the war that passed in
+her pretty little courtyard, lined with rose-bushes, near her rustic
+wooden bridge. Professor Pierre Delbet vouches for the implicit accuracy
+of this characteristic conversation between his mother and the young
+lieutenant-general of the Prussian Guard Corps.
+
+
+
+
+_Saturday, September 12._
+
+
+Forty-first day of the war. Rain and drizzle with southwesterly wind.
+Thermometer at five P.M. 15 degrees centigrade.
+
+Good news. Six days' steady, hard fighting results in a French victory
+all along the line of the Marne. The German retreat is general. It is
+astonishing to see how quietly and calmly Parisians receive the welcome
+news. They are naturally delighted, but there are no wild outbursts of
+enthusiasm. They fully realize that this is merely one of the phases of
+the long, hard struggle.
+
+Both General-in-Chief Joffre, and the German General Staff, foresaw that
+the great battle of the Marne must be decisive. General Joffre, in his
+order of the day of September 6, impressed upon his troops that "upon
+the coming battle the salvation of the country would depend," and
+admonished his soldiers that "if they should be unable to advance
+further, they must hold their ground or be killed on the spot, rather
+than retire." When the French cavalry made a sudden dash into
+Vitry-le-Francois and entered the house that had been occupied by the
+headquarters staff of the Eighth Army Corps, which had been hastily
+abandoned a few minutes before, they found, signed by Lieutenant-general
+Tulff von Tscheppe und Werdenbach, a general order which ran as follows:
+
+Vitry-le-Francois, September 7, 10.30 A.M.--The goal pursued by our long
+and painful marches is reached. The principal French forces have had to
+accept battle after withdrawing continually. The great decision is
+undoubtedly near at hand. To-morrow, therefore, the total forces of the
+German army, as well as all those of our army corps, will have to be
+engaged all along the line going from Paris to Verdun. To save the
+happiness and honor of Germany, I expect from each officer and soldier,
+despite the hard and heroic fighting of the last few days, that he will
+accomplish his duty entirely and to his last breath. All depends upon
+the result of to-morrow's battle.
+
+
+
+
+_Sunday, September 13._
+
+
+Forty-second day of the war. Cloudy weather, with strong westerly wind.
+Temperature at five P.M. 19 degrees centigrade.
+
+I took one of the four daily trains for Havre, leaving the Gare
+Saint-Lazare, for my little country place in Vernon at 9.33 this morning
+and met in the same compartment Captain Decker, commander of the U.S.S.
+_Tennessee_, and two officers of his ship, which acts as a sort of
+ferry-boat for Americans stranded in France, carrying them to England.
+The _Tennessee_ will sail from Havre to-morrow for Falmouth. The
+United States naval officers were in uniform and were constantly
+mistaken for British army officers. The military commanders at the
+stations came on board the train to ask if they could be of any service
+to them, and they were saluted with enthusiasm whenever they showed
+themselves. The train, conforming to the war regulations on all the
+railroads, went at the uniform prescribed pace of thirty miles an hour
+and stopped at every station, consequently we were four hours, instead
+of the usual one hour and ten minutes in getting to Vernon, which is
+only fifty miles from Paris. At Acheres, the junction with the northern
+lines, two carloads of wounded were hitched to our train. I found
+barricades on the outskirts of Vernon and the beautiful bridge, that had
+been blown up by the French in 1870 in a vain attempt to prevent the
+German occupation, was mined, so that it could be instantly destroyed. I
+found my little garden rather neglected, for the man who looks after it
+had been "mobilized" and is now lying in a hospital at Bordeaux, getting
+over a shrapnel wound in the leg. The place nevertheless was full of
+pears, peaches, figs, green corn, American squashes, beans, tomatoes,
+and no end of roses, gladioli, tobacco plant, hollyhocks, heliotrope,
+dahlias, morning-glories, verbena, and sunflowers.
+
+[Photograph: Photo H. C. Ellis, Paris. "Sauf-Conduit" issued by the
+Prefecture of Police to persons wishing to travel.]
+
+I visited the Red Cross Hospital which, under the direction of Madame
+Steiner, wife of the mayor of Vernon, is doing splendid work at
+Vernonnet. There were two hundred wounded officers and soldiers here;
+among them were a dozen Belgians and a score of "Turcos," Algerian
+riflemen, who seemed very patient and docile. Some twenty wounded
+Germans here receive exactly the same treatment as the French. The
+German soldiers were from Prussian-Polish and Saxon regiments. The
+officers, five altogether, in a separate ward, were extremely reticent,
+and it was only with great difficulty that they could be induced to give
+their names and the numbers of their regiments. Happening to speak
+German, I acted as interpreter during the inspection by the French
+Medical Director. These young officers seemed greatly depressed and
+mortified at finding themselves prisoners.
+
+While strolling about Vernon, I met Frederick MacMonnies, the American
+sculptor, and his wife, riding on bicycles. They had come from Giverny,
+some three miles away, where MacMonnies has his studio, not far from
+that of Claude Monet. MacMonnies told me that his studio was now a
+hospital with fifty beds, all of which were occupied by French and
+Belgians. Mrs. MacMonnies aids the surgeons in tending the wounded.
+During the approach of the Germans towards Beauvais, it was thought that
+Uhlans would soon appear at Vernon, and orders had been given to
+evacuate the hospitals. MacMonnies buried his valuable tapestries and
+rare works of French and Italian Renaissance art and prepared for the
+worst. Fortunately Vernon, Giverny, Paris, and its delightful
+neighborhood seems no longer to be in danger from invaders, and the
+people are recovering their peace of mind.
+
+
+
+
+_Monday, September 14._
+
+
+Forty-third day of the war. Dull morning with slight showers. Sky
+overcast all the afternoon. Southwesterly wind blowing strong.
+Thermometer at five P.M. 16 degrees centigrade.
+
+Back in Paris again, after a five hours' ride in a second-class
+compartment intended for ten, packed with twelve. Most of my
+fellow-passengers were refugees returning to Creil, Beaumont-sur-Oise,
+and other places north of Paris, now evacuated by the Germans.
+
+Within living memory Paris has rarely seen so dense and vast a throng as
+that which assembled on Sunday in the Cathedral of Notre Dame for the
+special service of "intercession for the success of French arms," when
+Monseigneur Amette, Cardinal of Paris, preached a stirring sermon,
+exhorting people to "make extreme sacrifice for their native land."
+There must have been eight thousand persons in the cathedral. Not only
+were the five naves densely packed, but all the chapels along the side
+aisles were crowded with worshippers. An imposing procession was formed,
+including many religious bodies, associations of young girls, and all
+the Roman Catholic clergy of Paris. This cortege left the cathedral
+through the three gates of the great facade and took up its position
+between the basilica and the exterior railings. Here a temporary
+platform had been erected, from which Monseigneur Amette addressed the
+enormous crowd that filled the Rue d'Argonne, the Pont Notre Dame, and
+the Place Notre Dame, right up to the Prefecture of Police. After the
+Cardinal had pronounced the benediction, the crowd joined with
+impressive solemnity in the invocation of Sainte-Genevieve, Saint-Denis,
+Joan of Arc, and other saints on behalf of the French armies, and
+afterwards dispersed quietly and reverently.
+
+
+
+
+_Tuesday, September 15._
+
+
+Forty-fourth day of the war. Gray, cloudy day, with occasional glimpses
+of sunshine. Brisk southwest wind. Temperature at five P.M. 15 degrees
+centigrade.
+
+The Franco-British armies are close on the Germans' heels, but as
+everybody in Paris expected, the enemy is inclined to resist along their
+new lines. They are throwing up defences on the northwest, from the
+forest of l'Aigle to Craonne, and in the center from north of Rheims and
+the Camp of Chalons to Vienne-la-Ville on the west fringe of the
+Argonne.
+
+The outlook seems so encouraging to the _Herald_ that it has
+returned to ante-bellum conditions and reduced its price to fifteen
+centimes in France, and twenty-five centimes abroad, and usually appears
+in double sheet form.
+
+Another American wedding to-day at the Town Hall of the sixth
+arrondissement. The bridegroom was Mr. John R. Clarke of New York, and
+the bride was Miss Marion Virginia Goode, also an American. Mr. Clarke
+went to the front immediately after the wedding, having volunteered in
+the British army for automobile service. He was arrayed in the
+regulation khaki uniform, and as he drove to the Mairie in his car just
+brought back from the Aisne with a number of bullet-holes in it, he was
+greeted with cheers. The bridal party was accompanied by Mr. Charles G.
+Loeb, of the American law firm of Valois, Loeb and Company.
+
+The American Ambulance Hospital at Neuilly is doing really effective
+work. Among the wounded being treated there are French, Belgians, a few
+"Turcos," British officers and men, and some wounded German prisoners.
+Mrs. William K. Vanderbilt, who has been entrusted by the French Red
+Cross Association with the charge of the hospital, is indefatigable in
+her personal attention and efforts. The organization seems perfect. The
+funds so far subscribed exceed five hundred and seventy-four thousand
+francs. During a brief visit to the hospital, I noticed that Mrs.
+Vanderbilt herself visited the wounded, and with the aid of her
+experienced staff of trained nurses, prepared them for surgical
+operations. Mrs. Vanderbilt wore the white Red Cross uniform. Half
+concealed about her neck was a double string of pearls. Rose-colored
+silk stockings were tipped with neat but serviceable white shoes, and in
+this attire she seemed to impersonate the presiding "good angel" of the
+hospital.
+
+[Illustration: Photo. H.C. Ellis, Paris. One of the wards in the
+American Ambulance Hospital at Neuilly.]
+
+Through the courtesy of a friend who was going to Meaux in charge of a
+Red Cross automobile to distribute hospital stores to a field hospital
+near Plessis-Pacy, I had an opportunity to visit the scene of the recent
+battles along the Ourcq Canal, where General von Kluck's army met its
+first signal defeat. We came near to the villages of Chambry, Marcilly,
+Etrepilly, and Vincy--along the road from Meaux to Soissons--and found
+that the trenches dug by the Germans were filled with human corpses in
+thick, serried masses. Quicklime and straw had been thrown over them by
+the ton. Piles of bodies of men and of horses had been partially
+cremated in the most rudimentary fashion. The country seemed to be one
+endless charnel-house. The stench of the dead was appalling. Of the
+fifty odd houses that form the village of Etrepilly, not one remained
+intact. Some of them had been hit by a shell that penetrated through the
+roof, falling into the cellar, and by its explosion bringing down from
+garret or second story all the furniture in one confused mass of ruin.
+But many other houses had been simply sacked and looted. Cupboards,
+chests of drawers, and wardrobes were smashed open, and their contents
+scattered pell-mell in the streets, courtyards, and fields. Here was the
+portrait of an ancestor ripped to shreds by a bayonet; there was a
+child's cradle. An old-fashioned grandmother's armchair, with its
+cushions and ear-laps, lay smashed in fragments in the gutter. The
+village had fortunately been deserted by its inhabitants at the approach
+of the Germans, who, furious with rage, had looted, sacked, or wantonly
+destroyed whatever they found.
+
+How thirsty the Germans were! The roads and fields and trenches were
+strewn with bottles, full or half-empty. The Germans must have been
+obliged to retreat suddenly, for heaps of unexploded shells for the
+three-inch and five-inch German field-guns were abandoned, and in wicker
+baskets were loads of three-inch unexploded shells, apparently about to
+be served to the gunners. Wanton, ruthless devastation everywhere! In a
+field was a wrecked aeroplane, a white and yellow _taube_, with its
+right wing reaching into the air, looking like some gigantic, wounded
+bird. Towards sunset, an automobile passed along the road through this
+terrible desolate valley of death. In it sat Monseigneur Marbeau, the
+venerable Bishop of Meaux--the successor of Bossuet, the famous "Eagle
+of Meaux"--who now and then raised his right finger aloft and then
+lowered it with the sign of the cross, as he pronounced benedictions on
+this vast charnel-house. A great number of German killed and wounded
+wearing uniforms of the Eleventh Prussian Infantry Regiment indicated
+that this corps had occupied the village of Etrepilly. As there were no
+civilian villagers noticed in this part of the country, this seems
+presumptive evidence that the Eleventh Prussian Infantry participated in
+this looting and wanton devastation.
+
+As we were about to return to Paris, we met a friend of M. Gaston Menier
+on his way from the latter's country-house near Villa-Cotterets, where
+the memorable _chasses a courre_ take place in the forest, which,
+under normal conditions, abounds in deer and stags. The chateau had been
+used as the headquarters of a brigade of Bavarian infantry. The house
+was intact, but some valuable furniture of the Louis XV period and some
+paintings had been destroyed, and the cellar, that had contained over
+two thousand bottles of excellent wine, including forty dozen bottles of
+champagne of the admirable vintage of 1904, had been "visited," and only
+seven bottles remained. The Bavarians, in pursuance of their practice in
+1870, carried away all the clocks in the chateau.
+
+
+
+
+_Wednesday, September 16._
+
+
+Forty-fifth day of the war. Sky heavily overcast. Southwesterly wind.
+Thermometer at five P.M. 15 degrees centigrade.
+
+After the victorious contest of the Marne, we are now to have the
+gigantic struggle of the Aisne. The battle now engaged, because the
+Franco-British pursuit has compelled the German armies all along the
+line to reenforce their rear guards and fight, extends some one hundred
+and fifty miles in length on one front from Noyon, the heights north of
+Vic-sur-Aisne, Soissons, Rheims, to Ville-sur-Tourbe, west of the wooded
+ridge of the Argonne. Another "front," where vigorous defence is made by
+the German eastern armies, extends from the eastern border of the
+Argonne to the Forges forest north of Verdun, some fifty miles long.
+
+Now that the Germans are fighting on the defensive, it is not too soon
+to record the fact that their extraordinary raid of a million of
+soldiers through Belgium to within twenty miles of Paris has failed.
+Nothing in military history approaches this avalanche of armies. The
+German invasion of France and the threat to invest and capture Paris is
+coming to an end. Yet this war can only be ended by an invasion either
+of France or of Germany being driven to a triumphant conclusion. The
+theater of war must soon be transferred from France to the east. The
+curtain falls upon the German invasion of France, and for the present,
+at least, Paris is no longer in danger. I see that a change has come
+over the Parisians, and I can read in their calm, confident faces the
+brighter phase that the war has assumed. Parisians of every class, from
+the _grande dame_ of the Faubourg Saint-Germain to the _midinette_ of
+the Rue de la Paix, or the professional beauty of Montmartre, are
+subdued and chastened by the sudden change that overtook their bright
+and exuberant existence. During this first period of the war, Paris
+assumed the aspect of a Scottish Sabbath. Feverish pursuit of pleasure,
+earnest hard work, luxury, elegant distinction, thrift, thronged
+boulevards, crowded theaters, clamorous music halls, frisky supper
+parties, tango teas, overflowing gaiety, sparkling wit, boisterous fun,
+and sly humor, have all vanished. The machinery of Parisian life is
+working at quarter speed. Streets are nearly deserted, except for
+rapidly flitting automobiles, used mostly for military purposes. The Rue
+de la Paix is a vacant pathway, where one might play lawn tennis all day
+long. Probably three fourths of the Paris shops are still closed. The
+underground trains are as yet few and far between. Now and then a
+tramway rumbles along the streets, but there is not a solitary omnibus
+running in the city. The popularity of the bicycle is regained, for
+well-to-do folk whose motor-cars have been requisitioned now make use of
+the humble wheel. The quaint, one-horse cab, evoking souvenirs of
+Muerger, Paul de Kock, and Guy de Maupassant, with venerable _cocher_,
+re-appears. There are some auto-taxicabs about, and their slowly
+increasing number indicates that Paris is beginning to shake off the
+paralysis imposed by the outbreak of the war. Undisturbed by the
+turmoil, the forty "immortal" Academicians are continuing their labors
+on the Dictionary of the Academy. They are approaching the end of the
+letter "E" and are to-day discussing, with singular actuality, the word
+"Exodus." May that mean the German exodus from French soil!
+
+THE END
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Paris War Days, by Charles Inman Barnard
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