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<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 265, July 21, 1827, by  Various</h1>

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Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 265, July 21, 1827

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</pre>
  <h3>
  Note: The zipped version of this HTML file includes the original illustrations.
        See <a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext06/8m26510h.zip">http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext06/8m26510h.zip</a>
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<br />
  <h3>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram<br />
      and Project Gutenberg Distributed Proofreaders</h3>
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  <br />
  <hr class="full" />
    <span class="pagenum"><a id="page49" name="page49"></a>[pg 49]</span>
    <!-- Mirror of Literature header -->
    <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
    OF<br />
    LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
    <hr class="full" />
    <table width="100%">
      <tr>
        <td align="left"><b>Vol. 10, No. 265.]</b></td>
        <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, JULY 21, 1827.</b></td>
        <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
      </tr>
    </table>
    <hr class="full" />
    <!-- end of header -->
    <h2>ASHBY-DE-LA-ZOUCH CASTLE.</h2>
    <p class="figure"><a href="images/265-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/265-1.png"
    alt="" /></a><br />
    </p>
    <p>Ashby-de-la-Zouch is a small market town in Leicestershire, pleasantly situated in
    a fertile vale, on the skirts of the adjoining county of Derbyshire, on the banks of
    a small liver called the Gilwiskaw, over which is a handsome stone bridge. The
    original name of this town was simply Ashby, but it acquired the addition of
    De-la-Zouch, to distinguish it from other Ashbys, from the Zouches, who were formerly
    lords of this manor, which after the extinction of the male line of that family, in
    the first year of the reign of Henry IV. came to Sir Hugh Burnel, knight of the
    garter, by his marriage with Joice, the heiress of the Zouches. From him it devolved
    to James Butler, earl of Ormond and Wiltshire; who being attainted on account of his
    adherence to the party of Henry VI. it escheated to the crown, and was, in the first
    year of Edward IV. granted by that king to Sir William Hastings, in consideration of
    his great services; he was also created a baron, chamberlain of the household;
    captain of Calais, and knight of the garter, and had license to make a park and
    cranellate, or fortify several of his houses, amongst which was one at this place,
    which was of great extent, strength, and importance, and where he and his descendants
    resided for about two hundred years. It was situated on the south side of the town,
    on a rising ground, and was chiefly composed of brick and stone; the rooms were
    spacious and magnificent, attached to which was a costly private chapel. The building
    had two lofty towers of immense size, one of them containing a large hall, great
    chambers, bedchambers, kitchen, cellars, and all other offices. The other was called
    the kitchen tower. Parts of the wall of the hall, chapel, and kitchen, are still
    remaining, which display a grand and interesting mass of ruins; the mutilated walls
    being richly decorated with doorways, chimney-pieces, windows, coats of arms, and
    other devices. In this, castle, the unfortunate and persecuted Mary queen of Scots,
    who has given celebrity to so many castles and old mansions, by her melancholy
    imprisonment beneath their lofty turrets, was for some time confined, while in the
    custody of the earl of Huntingdon. In the year 1603, Anne, consort of James I. and
    her son, prince Henry, were entertained by the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page50"
    name="page50"></a>[pg 50]</span> earl of Huntingdon at this castle, which was at that
    time the seat of much hospitality. It was afterwards honoured by a visit from that
    monarch, who remained here for several days, during which time dinner was always
    served up by thirty poor knights, with gold chains and velvet gowns. In the civil
    wars between king Charles and his parliament, this castle was deeply involved, being
    garrisoned for the king; it was besieged by the parliamentary forces, and although it
    was never actually conquered, (from whence the garrison obtained the name of Maiden,)
    it was evacuated and dismantled by capitulation in the year 1648.</p>
    <p>For the spirited engraving of the ruins of this famous castle, we acknowledge
    ourselves indebted to our obliging friend <i>S.I.B.</i> who supplied us with an
    original drawing.</p>
    <hr />
    <h3>THE AUTHOR OF "LACON."</h3>
    <h4><i>(To the Editor of the Mirror.)</i></h4>
    <p>SIR,&mdash;The following additional particulars respecting the celebrated author
    of "Lacon," may not be unacceptable to your readers, as a sequel to the interesting
    account of that eccentric individual inserted at p. 431, in your recently completed
    volume.</p>
    <p>It will be in the recollection of many, that about the period of the murder of
    Weare, by Thurtel, Mr. Colton suddenly disappeared from among his friends, and no
    trace of him, notwithstanding the most vigilant inquiry, could be discovered. As
    Weare's murder produced an unprecedented sensation in the public mind, it gave rise
    to a variety of reports against the perpetrators of that horrible crime, imputing to
    them other atrocities of a similar kind. It is needless now to say that most of these
    suspicions were wholly without foundation.</p>
    <p>It was at length ascertained, that Mr. C., finding himself embarrassed with his
    creditors, had taken his departure for America, where he remained about two years,
    travelling over the greater part of the United States; and it is much to be desired
    that he would favour the public with the result of his observations during his
    residence in that country; as probably no person living is qualified to execute such
    a task with more shrewdness, judgment, or ability.</p>
    <p>He is now residing at Paris, where he has been about two years and a half, and
    where I had frequently the pleasure of meeting him during the last winter, and of
    enjoying the raciness of his conversation, which abounds in wit, anecdote, and an
    universality of knowledge. It is too well known that he is not unaddicted to the
    allurements of the gaming table, and it is understood among his immediate friends,
    that he has been&mdash;what few are&mdash;successful adventurer, having repaired in
    the saloons of Paris, in a great degree, the loss he sustained by the forfeiture of
    his church livings. His singular coolness, calculation, and self-mastery, give him an
    advantage in this respect over, perhaps, every other votary of the gaming table.</p>
    <p>Mr. Colton has an excellent taste for the fine arts, and has expended considerable
    sums in forming a picture gallery. Every nook of his apartment is literally covered
    with the treasures of art, including many of the <i>chefs d'oeuvres</i> of the great
    masters, and many valuable paintings are placed on the floor for want of room to
    suspend them against the wainscot. I may here observe, that his present domicile does
    not exactly correspond with that described as his former "castle" in London, inasmuch
    as it is part of a royal residence, it being on the second floor, on one side of the
    quadrangle of the Palais Royal, overlooking the large area of that building, and
    opposite to the <i>jet d'eau</i> in the centre. But his habits and mode of dress
    appear to be unchanged. He has only one room; he keeps no servant, (unless a boy to
    take care of his horse and cabriolet); he lights his own fire, and, I believe,
    performs all his other domestic offices himself. But, notwithstanding these
    whimsicalities, he is generous, hospitable and friendly. He still, when a friend
    "drops in," produces a bottle or two of the finest wines and a case of the best
    cigars, of which he is a determined smoker.</p>
    <p>I will only add, that he continues to employ himself in literary composition.
    Among other pieces not published in England, he has written an ode on the death of
    Lord Byron, a copy of which he presented me, but which I unfortunately lent&mdash;and
    lost. A small edition was printed at Paris for private circulation. He has also
    written an unpublished poem in the form of a letter from Lord Castlereagh in the
    shades, to Mr. Canning on earth, the caustic severity of which, in the opinion of
    those who have heard it read, is equal to that of any satire in the English language.
    I remember only the two first lines&mdash;</p>
    <blockquote class="poetry">
      "Dear George, from these <i>Shades</i>, where no wine's to be had.<br />
      But where rivers of flame run like rivers run mad."<br />
    </blockquote>
    <p>And the following, in allusion to the instrument with which Lord C. severed the
    carotid artery, and which was the means of producing such a change in the destiny
    <span class="pagenum"><a id="page51" name="page51"></a>[pg 51]</span> of the present
    prime minister, who was then on the eve of going out to India as
    governor-general,&mdash;</p>
    <blockquote class="poetry">
      "Have you pensioned the Jew boy that sold me the knife?"<br />
    </blockquote>
    <p>It is to be lamented that such a man should be an exile from his native
    country.&mdash;But I draw a veil over the rest, and sincerely hope that his absence
    from England will not be perpetual.</p>
    <p>* * *</p>
    <hr />
    <h3>THE DEAD TRUMPETER.</h3>
    <h4>TO ILLUSTRATE A CELEBRATED FRENCH PICTURE.</h4>
    <h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4>
    <blockquote class="poetry">
      'Tis evening! the red rayless sun<br />
      &nbsp;&nbsp;Glares fiercely on the battle plain;&mdash;<br />
      <i>Morn</i> saw the deadly fray begun,<br />
      &nbsp;&nbsp;Morn heard <i>thy</i> bugle wake a strain,<br />
      Poor soldier! and its warning breath<br />
      Call'd <i>thee</i>, and myriads to death!<br />
      <br />
      <i>Thou</i> wert thy mother's darling, thou,<br />
      &nbsp;&nbsp;Light to thy father's failing eyes;<br />
      Thou wert thy sisters' <i>dearest!</i> now<br />
      &nbsp;&nbsp;What <i>art</i> thou? something to despise<br />
      Yet tremble at; to hide, and be<br />
      <i>Forgot,</i> but by <i>their</i> misery!<br />
      <br />
      Thou <i>wert</i> the beautiful! the brave!<br />
      &nbsp;&nbsp;Thou wert all joy, and love, and light;<br />
      But oh! thy grace was for the <i>grave,</i><br />
      &nbsp;&nbsp;Thy dawning day, for mornless night!<br />
      And thou, so loving, so carest<br />
      Hast sunk&mdash;unpitied&mdash;unblest!<br />
      <br />
      Yes, warrior! and the life-stream flows<br />
      &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>Yet</i> from thee, in thy foe-man's land,<br />
      Welling before the gate of those<br />
      &nbsp;&nbsp;Who <i>should</i> stretch forth a kindly hand<br />
      To save th' unhonour'd, <i>friendless</i> dead<br />
      From rushing legion's scouring tread.<br />
      <br />
      <i>Friendless</i> poor soldier?&mdash;nay thy steed<br />
      &nbsp;&nbsp;Stands gazing on thee, with an eye<br />
      <i>Too</i> piteous: he <i>felt</i> thee bleed,&mdash;<br />
      &nbsp;&nbsp;He <i>saw</i> thee, dropping from him,&mdash;<i>die!</i><br />
      And in thine helpless, lorn estate,<br />
      <i>He</i> cannot leave thee, desolate.<br />
      <br />
      Nor thy poor <i>dog</i>, whose anxious gaze,<br />
      &nbsp;&nbsp;On helm and bugle's lowly place,<br />
      Speaks his deep sorrow and amaze!<br />
      &nbsp;&nbsp;<i>He</i>, watching yet, thine icy face<br />
      Licks thy pale forehead with a moan<br />
      To tell thee&mdash;<i>Thou art not alone!</i><br />
    </blockquote>
    <p>M. L. B.</p>
    <hr class="full" />
    <h2>ORIGINS AND INVENTIONS.</h2>
    <h4>No. XXVIII.</h4>
    <hr />
    <h3>THE SPHYNX.</h3>
    <br />

    <p>The Sphynx is supposed to have been engendered by Typhon, and sent by Juno to be
    revenged on the Thebans. It is represented with the head and breasts of a woman, the
    wings of a bird, the claws of a lion, and the rest of the body like a dog or lion.
    Its office they say, was to propose dark enigmatical questions to all passers by;
    and, if they did not give the explication of them,&mdash;to devour them. It made
    horrible ravages, as the story goes, on a mountain near Thebes. Apollo told Creon
    that she could not be vanquished, till some one had expounded her riddle. The riddle
    was&mdash;<i>"What creature is that, which has four legs in the morning, two at noon,
    and three at night?"</i> Oedipus expounded it, telling her it was a man,&mdash;who
    when a child, creepeth on all fours; in his middle age, walketh on two legs, and in
    his old age, two and a staff. This put the Sphynx into a great rage, who, finding her
    riddle solved, threw herself down and broke her neck. Among the Egyptians, the Sphynx
    was the symbol of religion, by reason of the obscurity of its mysteries. And, on the
    same account, the Romans placed a Sphynx in the pronaos, or porch, of their temples.
    Sphynxes were used by the Egyptians, to show the beginning of the water's rising in
    the Nile; with this view, as it had the head of a woman and body of a lion, it
    signified that the Nile began to swell in the months of July and August, when the sun
    passes through the signs of Leo and Virgo; accordingly it was a hieroglyphic, which
    taught the people the period of the most important event in the year, as the swelling
    and overflowing of the Nile gave fertility to Egypt. Accordingly they were multiplied
    without end, so that they were to be seen before all their remarkable monuments.</p>
    <p>P. T. W.</p>
    <hr class="full" />
    <h2>THE SKETCH-BOOK.</h2>
    <h4>NO. XLII.</h4>
    <hr />
    <h3>WHITSUN-EVE.</h3>
    <h4><i>By Miss Mitford.</i></h4>
    <p>The pride of my heart and the delight of my eyes is my garden. Our house, which is
    in dimensions very much like a bird-cage, and might, with almost equal convenience,
    be laid on a shelf, or hung up in a tree, would be utterly unbearable in warm
    weather, were it not that we have a retreat out of doors,&mdash;and a very pleasant
    retreat it is. To make my readers fully comprehend it, I must describe our whole
    territories.</p>
    <p>Fancy a small plot of ground, with a pretty low irregular cottage at one end; a
    large granary, divided from the dwelling by a little court running along one side;
    and a long thatched shed open towards the garden, and supported by wooden pillars on
    the other. The bottom is bounded, half by an old wall, and half <span
    class="pagenum"><a id="page52" name="page52"></a>[pg 52]</span> by an old paling,
    over which we see a pretty distance of woody hills. The house, granary, wall, and
    paling, are covered with vines, cherry-trees, roses, honey-suckles, and jessamines,
    with great clusters of tall hollyhocks running up between them; a large elder
    overhanging the little gate, and a magnificent bay-tree, such a tree as shall
    scarcely be matched in these parts, breaking with its beautiful conical form the
    horizontal lines of the buildings. This is my garden; and the long pillared shed, the
    sort of rustic arcade which runs along one side, parted from the flower-beds by a row
    of rich geraniums, is our out-of-door drawing-room.</p>
    <p>I know nothing so pleasant as to sit there on a summer afternoon, with the western
    sun flickering through the great elder-tree, and lighting up our gay parterres, where
    flowers and flowering shrubs are set as thick as grass in a field, a wilderness of
    blossom, interwoven, intertwined, wreathy, garlandy, profuse beyond all profusion,
    where we may guess that there is such a thing as mould, but never see it. I know
    nothing so pleasant as to sit in the shade of that dark bower, with the eye resting
    on that bright piece of colour, lighted so gloriously by the evening sun, now
    catching a glimpse of the little birds as they fly rapidly in and out of their
    nests&mdash;for there are always two or three birds' nests in the thick tapestry of
    cherry-trees, honey-suckles, and China roses, which cover our walls&mdash;now tracing
    the gay gambols of the common butterflies as they sport around the dahlias; now
    watching that rarer moth, which the country people, fertile in pretty names, call the
    bee-bird;<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a
    href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a> that bird-like insect, which flutters in the
    hottest days over the sweetest flowers, inserting its long proboscis into the small
    tube of the jessamine, and hovering over the scarlet blossoms of the geranium, whose
    bright colour seems reflected on its own feathery breast; that insect which seems so
    thoroughly a creature of the air, never at rest; always, even when feeding,
    self-poised, and self-supported, and whose wings in their ceaseless motion, have a
    sound so deep, so full, so lulling, so musical. Nothing so pleasant as to sit amid
    that mixture of the flower and the leaf, watching the bee-bird! Nothing so pretty to
    look at as my garden! It is quite a picture; only unluckily it resembles a picture in
    more qualities than one,&mdash;it is fit for nothing but to look at. One might as
    well think of walking in a bit of framed canvass. There are walks to be
    sure&mdash;tiny paths of smooth gravel, by courtesy called such&mdash;but&mdash;they
    are so overhung by roses and lilies, and such gay encroachers&mdash;so over-run by
    convolvolus, and heart's-ease, and mignonette, and other sweet stragglers, that,
    except to edge through them occasionally, for the purpose of planting, or weeding, or
    watering, there might as well be no paths at all. Nobody thinks of walking in my
    garden. Even May glides along with a delicate and trackless step, like a swan through
    the wafer; and we, its two-footed denizens, are fain to treat it as if it were really
    a saloon, and go out for a walk towards sun-set, just as if we had not been sitting
    in the open air all day.</p>
    <p>What a contrast from the quiet garden to the lively street! Saturday night is
    always a time of stir and bustle in our village, and this is Whitsun Eve, the
    pleasantest Saturday of all the year, when London journeymen and servant lads and
    lasses snatch a short holiday to visit their families. A short and precious holiday,
    the happiest and liveliest of any; for even the gambols and merrymakings of Christmas
    offer but a poor enjoyment, compared with the rural diversions, the Mayings, revels,
    and cricket-matches of Whitsuntide.</p>
    <p>We ourselves are to have a cricket-match on Monday, not played by the men, who,
    since their misadventure with the Beech-hillers, are, I am sorry to say, rather
    chap-fallen, but by the boys, who, zealous for the honours of their parish, and
    headed by their bold leader, Ben Kirby, marched in a body to our antagonist's ground
    the Sunday after our melancholy defeat, challenged the boys of that proud hamlet, and
    beat them out and out on the spot. Never was a more signal victory. Our boys enjoyed
    this triumph with so little moderation, that it had like to have produced a very
    tragical catastrophe. The captain of the Beech-hill youngsters, a capital bowler, by
    name Amos Stokes, enraged past all bearing by the crowing of his adversaries, flung
    the ball at Ben Kirby with so true an aim, that if that sagacious leader had not
    warily ducked his head when he saw it coming, there would probably have been a
    coroner's inquest on the case, and Amos Stokes would have been tried for
    manslaughter. He let fly with such vengeance, that the cricket-ball was found
    embedded in a bank of clay five hundred yards off, as if it had been a cannon shot.
    Tom Coper and Farmer Thackum, the umpires, both say that they never saw so tremendous
    a ball. If Amos Stokes live to be a man (I mean to say if he be not hanged first),
    he'll be a pretty player. He is coming here on Monday with his <span
    class="pagenum"><a id="page53" name="page53"></a>[pg 53]</span> party to play the
    return match, the umpires having respectively engaged Farmer Thackum that Amos shall
    keep the peace, Tom Coper that Ben shall give no unnecessary or wanton
    provocation&mdash;a nicely-worded and lawyer-like clause, and one that proves that
    Tom Coper hath his doubts of the young gentleman's discretion; and, of a truth, so
    have I. I would not be Ben Kirby's surety, cautiously as the security is
    worded,&mdash;no! not for a white double dahlia, the present object of my
    ambition.</p>
    <p>This village of our's is swarming to-night like a hive of bees, and all the church
    bells round are pouring out their merriest peals, as if to call them together. I must
    try to give some notion of the various figures.</p>
    <p>First, there is a groupe suited to Teniers, a cluster of out-of-door customers of
    the Rose, old benchers of the inn, who sit round a table smoking and drinking in high
    solemnity to the sound of Timothy's fiddle. Next, a mass of eager boys, the
    combatants of Monday, who are surrounding the shoemaker's shop, where an invisible
    hole in their ball is mending by Master Keep himself, under the joint superintendence
    of Ben Kirby and Tom Coper, Ben showing much verbal respect and outward deference for
    his umpire's judgment and experience, but managing to get the ball done his own way
    after all; whilst outside the shop, the rest of the eleven, the less-trusted commons,
    are shouting and bawling round Joel Brent, who is twisting the waxed twine round the
    handles of bats&mdash;the poor bats, which please nobody, which the taller youths are
    despising as too little and too light, and the smaller are abusing as too heavy and
    two large. Happy critics! winning their match can hardly be a greater
    delight&mdash;even if to win it they be doomed! Farther down the street is the pretty
    black-eyed girl, Sally Wheeler, come home for a day's holiday from B., escorted by a
    tall footman in a dashing livery, whom she is trying to curtesy off before her deaf
    grandmother sees him. I wonder whether she will succeed!</p>
    <p>Ascending the hill are two couples of different description, Daniel Tubb and Sally
    North, walking boldly along like licensed lovers; they have been asked twice in
    church, and are to be married on Tuesday; and closely following that happy pair, near
    each other, but not together, come Jem Tanner and Susan Green, the poor culprits of
    the wheat-hoeing. Ah! the little clerk hath not relented! The course of true love
    doth not yet run smooth in that quarter. Jem dodges along, whistling "Cherry Ripe,"
    pretending to walk by himself, and to be thinking of nobody; but every now and then
    he pauses in his negligent saunter, and turns round outright to steal a glance at
    Susan, who, on her part, is making believe to walk with poor Olive Hathaway, the lame
    mantua-maker, and even affecting to talk and to listen to that gentle humble creature
    as she points to the wild flowers on the common, and the lambs and children
    disporting amongst the gorse, but whose thoughts and eyes are evidently fixed on Jem
    Tanner, as she meets his backward glance with a blushing smile, and half springs
    forward to meet him; whilst Olive has broken off the conversation as soon as she
    perceived the preoccupation of her companion, and began humming, perhaps
    unconsciously, two or three lines of Burns, whose "Whistle and I'll come to thee, my
    love," and "Gi'e me a glance of thy bonny black ee," were never better exemplified
    than in the couple before her. Really it is curious to watch them, and to see how
    gradually the attraction of this tantalizing vicinity becomes irresistible, and the
    rustic lover rushes to his pretty mistress like the needle to the magnet. On they go,
    trusting to the deepening twilight, to the little clerk's absence, to the good humour
    of the happy lads and lasses, who are passing and re-passing on all sides&mdash;or
    rather, perhaps, in a happy oblivion of the cross uncle, the kind villagers, the
    squinting lover, and the whole world. On they trip, linked arm-in-arm, he trying to
    catch a glimpse of her glowing face under her bonnet, and she hanging down her head
    and avoiding his gaze with a mixture of modesty and coquetry, which well becomes the
    rural beauty. On they go, with a reality and intensity of affection, which must
    overcome all obstacles; and poor Olive follows with art evident sympathy in their
    happiness, which makes her almost as enviable as they; and we pursue our walk amidst
    the moonshine and the nightingales, with Jacob Frost's cart looming in the distance,
    and the merry sounds of Whitsuntide, the shout, the laugh, and the song echoing all
    around us, like "noises of the air."&mdash;<i>Monthly Magazine.</i></p>
    <hr class="full" />
    <h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.</h2>
    <hr />
    <h3>THE LETTER-WRITER.</h3>
    <p>Fortune surely shifted me from my birth, or first looked on me in a mood as
    splenetic as that of nature, when she produced that most sombre and unpleasing <span
    class="pagenum"><a id="page54" name="page54"></a>[pg 54]</span> of trees, the olive;
    to pursue the simile; I may have conduced to the comfort of others, nay, even to
    their convenience and luxury, but it never availed aught to my own appearance or
    circumstances; I went on, like that unhappy-looking tree, decaying in the trunk and
    blighting in the branches, and yielding up the produce of a liberal education and an
    active nature to the public, but reaping for my own portion only misfortune and
    disappointment; I had sprung up in the wilderness of the world, and I was left to
    grow or wither as I might; every one was ready to profit by me when a fruitful season
    rendered me available to them, but none cared to toil to give me space for growth, or
    to enrich the perishing earth at my unlucky root!</p>
    <p>I was educated for the church, but my father died while I was at college, and I
    lost the curacy, which was in the gift of my uncle, through the pretty face of a city
    merchant's daughter, who wrote a sonnet to my worthy relative on his recovery from a
    fit of the gout, and obtained the curacy for her brother in exchange for her
    effusion. What was to be done? I offered myself as tutor to a young gentleman who was
    to study the classics until he was of age, and then to turn fox-hunter to supply the
    place of his deceased father; but I was considered by his relations to be too
    good-looking to be domesticated in the house of a rich widow under fifty, and I had
    the satisfaction of seeing the vacant seat in the family coach filled by an old,
    sandy-haired M.A., with bow legs and a squint&mdash;handsome or ugly, it availed not;
    a face had twice ruined my prospects; I was at my wit's end! I could not turn fine
    gentleman, for I had not brass enough to make my veracity a pander to my voracity; I
    could not turn tradesman, for I had not gold enough even to purchase a yard measure,
    or to lay in a stock of tapes. My heart bounded at the idea of the army; but I
    thought of it like a novice&mdash;of wounds and gallant deeds; of fame and laurels; I
    was obliged to look closer&mdash;my relations were neither noblemen nor bankers, and
    I found that even the Colonial corps were becoming aristocratical and profuse; the
    navy&mdash;I walked from London to Chatham on speculation; saw the second son of an
    earl covered with tar, out at elbows and at heels, and I returned to town, fully
    satisfied that here I certainly had no chance. I offered myself as clerk to a wealthy
    brewer, and, at length, I was accepted&mdash;this was an opening! I registered malt,
    hops, ale, and small-beer, till I began to feel as though the world was one vast
    brewhouse; and calculated, added, and subtracted pounds, shillings, and pence, until
    all other lore appeared "stale, flat, and unprofitable." I was in this counting-house
    four years, and was, finally, discharged by my prudent principal as an unthrifty
    servant, for having, during a day of unusual business, cut up two entire quills, and
    overturned the inkstand on a new ledger! Again "the world was all before me where to
    choose"&mdash;but enough of this; suffice it that my choice availed me nothing, and
    after years of struggling and striving, I found myself, as free as air, in a small
    market town in England, with five shillings in my pocket, and sundry grey hairs on my
    head. From mere dearth of occupation, I took my station at the window of a small
    stationer's shop, and commenced a survey of the volumes and pamphlets which were
    attractively opened at the title-pages to display their highly coloured
    frontispieces. The first which I noticed was, "The Young Gentleman's Multiplication
    Table, or Two and Two make Four"&mdash;I sighed as I remembered how little this
    promising study had availed <i>me</i>! Then came "Little Tom Tucker, he sang for his
    Supper"&mdash;I would have danced for one. "Young's Night Thoughts," with a well
    dressed gentleman in mourning, looking at the moon. "How to Grow Rich, or a Penny
    Saved is a Penny Got;" I would have bought the book, and learned the secret, though I
    had but five shillings left in the world, had not the second part of the title
    intimated to me that I ought to keep my money. "The Castle of St. Altobrand," where a
    gentleman in pea-green might be seen communing with a lady in sky-blue. "Raising the
    Wind"&mdash;I turned away with a shudder; I had played a part in this drama for
    years, and I well knew it was no farce. "The Polite Letter-Writer, or"&mdash;I did
    not stop to read more; an idea flashed through my mind, and in two minutes more I was
    beside the counter of the stationer; we soon became acquainted; I left two and
    sixpence in his shop, and quitted it with renewed hope; the promise of a
    recommendation, two quires of letter paper, twelve good quills, and some ink in a
    small phial. I rejoiced at having made a friend, even of the stationer, for my pride
    and my property had long been travelling companions, and were seldom at home. On the
    following day, a placard was pasted to a window on the ground floor of a neat house,
    in the best street, announcing that "within, letters were written on all subjects,
    for all persons, with precision and secrecy;" I shall never forget the tremor with
    which I awaited the arrival of a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page55"
    name="page55"></a>[pg 55]</span> customer! I had sunk half of my slender capital, and
    encumbered myself with a lodging; I did not dare to think, so I sat down and began,
    resolutely, to sharpen my penknife on the sole of my fearfully dilapidated shoe;
    then, I spread my paper before me; divided the quires; looked carefully through a
    sheet of it at the light; laid it down again; began to grow melancholy; shook off
    reflection as I would have done a serpent, and again betook myself most zealously to
    the sharpening of my penknife. A single, well articulated stroke on the door of my
    apartment, roused me at once to action, and I shouted, "come in," with nervous
    eagerness; it opened, and gave egress to a staid matron, of high stature, and sharp
    countenance; I would have pledged my existence on her shrewishness from the first
    moment I beheld her. When I had placed a chair for her, and reseated myself, this
    prelude to my prosperity commenced business at once.</p>
    <p>"You're a letter-writer, Mr. What-d'ye-call-'em."</p>
    <p>I bowed assent.</p>
    <p>"Silent&mdash;"</p>
    <p>"As the grave, madam."</p>
    <p>This sufficed; the lady took a pinch of snuff&mdash;told me that she had been
    recommended to employ me by Mr. Quireandquill; and I prepared for action. She had a
    daughter young, beautiful, and innocent&mdash;but gay, affectionate, and thoughtless;
    she had given her heart in keeping to one who, though rich in love, lacked all other
    possessions; and, finally, she had bestowed her hand where affection prompted. But
    the chilled heart feels not like that which is warm with youth&mdash;its pulses beat
    not to the same measure&mdash;its impulses impel not to the same arts; the mother
    felt as a guardian and a parent&mdash;the daughter as a woman and a fond one; the one
    had been imprudent&mdash;the other was inexorable; my first task was to be the
    unwrenching of the holy bonds which united a child and her parent,&mdash;the
    announcement of an abandonment utter and irrevocable; I wrote the letter, and if I
    softened down a few harsh expressions, and omitted some sentences of heart-breaking
    severity, surely it was no breach of faith, or if, indeed, it were, it was one for
    which, even at this time, I do not blush.</p>
    <p>The old lady saw her letter sealed and addressed, and departed; and I hastily
    partook of a scanty breakfast, the produce of my first episolatory speculation. I
    need not have been so precipitate in dispatching my repast, for some dreary hours
    intervened ere the arrival of another visiter. One, however, came at length; a
    tremulous, almost inaudible, stroke upon the door, and a nervous clasp of the latch,
    again spoke hope to my sinking spirits; and, with a swift step, I rose and gave
    admittance to a young and timid girl, blushing, and trembling, and wondering, as it
    seemed, at the extent of her own daring. This business was not so readily despatched
    as that of the angry matron. There were a thousand promises of secrecy to be given; a
    thousand tremors to be overcome.</p>
    <p>"I am a poor girl, Sir," she said at length, "but I am an honest one; therefore,
    before I take up your time, I must know whether I can afford to pay for it."</p>
    <p>"That," said I, and even amid my poverty I could not suppress a feeling of
    amusement, "that depends wholly on the subject of your epistle; business requires few
    words, and less ingenuity, and is fairly paid for by a couple of shillings; but a
    love letter is cheap at three and sixpence, for it requires an infinity of each."</p>
    <p>"Then I may as well wish you good day at once, Sir, for I have but half-a-crown in
    the world that I can call my own, and I cannot run into debt, even to write to
    Charles." There was a tear in her eye as she rose to go, and it was a beautiful blue
    eye, better fitted to smiles than tears; this was enough, and, even poor as I was, I
    would not have missed the opportunity of writing this letter, though I had been a
    loser by the task. Happy Charles! I wrote from her dictation, and it is wonderful how
    well the heart prompts to eloquence, even among the uneducated and obscure. In all
    honesty, though I had but jested with my pretty employer, this genuine love-letter
    was well worth the three and sixpence&mdash;it was written, and crossed, and
    rewritten at right angles, and covered on the folds and under the wafer, and,
    finally, unsealed to insert a few "more last words." It was a very history of the
    heart!&mdash;of a heart untainted by error&mdash;unsophisticated by
    fashion&mdash;unfettered by the world's ways: a little catalogue of woman's best, and
    tenderest, and holiest feelings, warm from the spirit's core, and welling out like
    the pure waters of a ground spring. How the eye fell, and the voice sunk, as she
    recorded some little doubt, some fond self-created fear; how the tones gladdened, and
    the blue eyes laughed out in joy, as she spoke of hopes and prospects, to which she
    clung trustingly, as woman ever does to her first affection. What would I not have
    given to have been the receiver of such a letter?&mdash;What to have been the idol of
    <span class="pagenum"><a id="page56" name="page56"></a>[pg 56]</span> such a heart?
    And, as she eagerly bent over me to watch the progress of her epistle, her hand
    resting on my arm, and her warm breath playing over my brow, while at intervals a
    fond sigh escaped her, she from time to time reminded me of the promises I had made
    never to betray her secret&mdash;beautiful innocent! I would have died first. She was
    with me nearly two hours, and left me with a flushed cheek, her letter in one hand
    and her half-crown in the other&mdash;had I robbed her of it, I should have merited
    the pillory.</p>
    <p>My third customer was a stiff, tall, bony man, of about fifty-five, and for this
    worthy I wrote an advertisement for a wife. He was thin, and shy, and
    emaciated&mdash;a breathing skeleton, in the receipt of some hundred and twenty
    pounds a-year; a martyr to the rheumatism, and a radical. He required but little; a
    moderate fortune; tolerable person; good education; perfect housewifery; implicit
    obedience; and, finally, wound up the list of requisites from mere lack of breath,
    and modestly intimated that youth would not be considered an objection, provided that
    great prudence and rigid economy accompanied it. He was the veriest antidote to
    matrimony I ever beheld!</p>
    <p>My calling prospered. I wrote letters of condolence and of congratulation; made
    out bills, and composed valentines; became the friend of every pretty girl and fine
    youth in the parish; and never breathed one of their mighty secrets in the wrong
    quarter. In the midst of this success, a new ambition fired me&mdash;I had been an
    author for months; but though I had found my finances more flourishing, the bays
    bloomed not upon my brow; and I was just about to turn author in good earnest, when a
    distant relation died, and bequeathed to me an annuity of four hundred pounds a-year;
    and I have been so much engaged ever since in receiving the visits of some hitherto
    unknown relatives and connexions, that I have only been able to compose the
    title-page, and to send this hint to destitute young gentlemen who may have an
    epistolatory turn; and to such I offer the assurance, that there is pleasure in being
    the depositary of a pretty girl's secrets. "There are worse occupations in the world,
    <i>Yorick</i>, than feeling a woman's pulse."&mdash;<i>The Inspector</i>.</p>
    <hr />
    <h3>SUNRISE AT MOUNT ETNA.</h3>
    <p>Of a sunrise at Mount Etna, an acute traveller remarks, no imagination can form an
    idea of this glorious and magnificent scene. Neither is there on the surface of this
    globe any one point that unites so many awful and sublime objects:&mdash;the immense
    elevation from the surface of the earth, drawn as it were to a single apex, without
    any neighbouring mountain for the senses and imagination to rest upon, and recover
    from their astonishment in their way down to the world&mdash;and this point, or
    pinnacle raised on the brink of a bottomless gulf, often discharging rivers of fire,
    and throwing out burning rocks, with a noise that shakes the whole island. Add to
    this, the unbounded extent of the prospect, comprehending the greatest diversity, and
    the most beautiful scenery in nature; with the rising sun advancing in the east to
    illuminate the wondrous scene. The whole atmosphere by degrees kindled up, and showed
    dimly and faintly the boundless prospect around. Both sea and land looked dark and
    confused, as if only emerging from their original chaos; and light and darkness
    seemed still undivided, till the morning by degrees advancing, completed the
    separation. The stars are extinguished, and the shades disappear. The forests, which
    but now seemed black and bottomless gulfs, from whence no ray was reflected to show
    their form or colours, appear a new creation rising to the sight, catching life and
    beauty from every increasing beam. The scene still enlarges, and the horizon seems to
    widen and expand itself on all sides; till the sun appears in the east, and with his
    plastic ray completes the mighty scene. All appears enchantment; and it is with
    difficulty we can believe we are still on earth. The senses, unaccustomed to such
    objects, are bewildered and confounded; and it is not till after some time that they
    are capable of separating and judging of them. The body of the sun is seen rising
    from the ocean, immense tracks both of sea and land intervening; various islands
    appear under your feet; and you look down on the whole of Sicily as on a map, and can
    trace every river through all its windings, from its source to its mouth. The view is
    absolutely boundless on every side; nor is there any one object within the circle of
    vision to interrupt it; so that the sight is every where lost in the immensity; and
    there is little doubt, that were it not for the imperfection of our organs, the
    coasts of Africa, and even of Greece, would be discovered, as they are certainly
    above the horizon.&mdash;<i>Time's Telescope</i>.</p>
    <hr class="full" />
    <span class="pagenum"><a id="page57" name="page57"></a>[pg 57]</span>
    <h2>GARRICK'S MULBERRY CUP.</h2>
    <p class="figure"><a href="images/265-2.png"><img width="50%" src="images/265-2.png"
    alt="" /></a><br />
    </p>
    <p>In the garden attached to New Place, flourished a mulberry-tree, which Shakspeare
    had planted with his own hands; and in 1742, when Garrick and Macklin visited
    Stratford, they were regaled beneath its venerable branches by Sir Hugh Clopton, who,
    instead of pulling down New Place according to Malone's assertion, repaired it, and
    did every thing in his power for its preservation. The Rev. Francis Gastrell
    purchased the building from Sir Hugh Clopton's heir, and being disgusted with the
    trouble of showing the mulberry-tree to so many visitors, he caused this interesting
    and beautiful memorial of Shakspeare to be cut down, to the great mortification of
    his neighbours, who were so enraged at his conduct, that they soon rendered the
    place, out of revenge, too disagreeable for him to remain in it. He therefore was
    obliged to quit it; and the tree, being purchased by a carpenter, was retailed and
    cut out in various relics.</p>
    <p>The catalogue of the property of the late David Garrick, Esq. sold on the 5th of
    May, 1825, describes the cup as follows:&mdash;"Lot 170. The original cup carved from
    Shakspeare's mulberry-tree, which was presented to David Garrick by the Mayor and
    Corporation at the time of the Jubilee at Stratford-on-Avon, lined with silver gilt,
    with a cover, surmounted by a bunch of mulberry leaves and fruit, also of silver
    gilt."</p>
    <p>This relic acquires additional value from the circumstance of its never having
    changed possessors from the time it was presented to Garrick in September, 1769, to
    1825, a period of nearly three score years, and during the greater part of which time
    it has been virtually locked up from public view. The tree was cut down about the
    year 1756, and could not have been less than 140 years old. It is said the mulberry
    was first planted in England about 1609. It is not a little singular, that at the
    time Garrick received this relic of the immortal bard, he resided in
    Southampton-street, as appears by his letter to the Mayor and Corporation of
    Stratford, returning thanks for having elected him a burgess of Stratford-on-Avon;
    and the residence of its second possessor, Mr. J. Johnson, (who bought it for 127l.
    1s.,) after a lapse of nearly sixty years, is in the same street.</p>
    <p>The cup itself is of a very chaste and handsome form; plain, but in good taste,
    and the wood prettily marked. The mulberry cup has also been recorded in the
    celebrated ballad, beginning, "Behold this fair goblet," &amp;c. sung by Garrick at
    the Jubilee, holding the cup in his hand.</p>
    <p>G.W.</p>
    <hr class="full" />
    <h2>MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS.</h2>
    <h4>NO. X.</h4>
    <hr />
    <h3>THE GREEKS.</h3>
    <h4>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</h4>
    <p>The delightful country of Greece, once the finest in the world, is inhabited by a
    bold and intelligent race of men, whose noble struggles to rescue themselves from an
    odious servitude has rendered them objects of our esteem and admiration. For more
    than five years has this unfortunate land been the scene of continual warfare and
    desolation; and though the attempts of the Turks have been many and great, they have
    notwithstanding entirely failed in their design,&mdash;that of exterminating the
    Greeks.</p>
    <p>The Greeks are of the same religion as the Russians, and, like that nation, have
    monks and nuns. Great decorum is visible in their churches, the females being
    excluded from the sight of the males by means of lattices. Their bishops lead a life
    of great simplicity, as will be seen from the following account of a dinner given by
    the bishop of Salona to Mr. Dodwell:&mdash;"There was nothing to eat except rice and
    bad cheese; the wine was execrable, and so impregnated with resin, that it almost
    took the skin from our lips. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page58"
    name="page58"></a>[pg 58]</span> Before sitting down to dinner, as well as
    afterwards, we had to perform the ceremony of the <i>cheironiptron</i>, or washing of
    the hands. We dined at a round table of copper tinned, supported upon one leg, and
    sat on cushions placed on the floor. The bishop insisted upon my Greek servant
    sitting at table with us; and on my observing that it was contrary to our custom, he
    answered, that he could not bear such ridiculous distinctions in his house. It was
    with difficulty I obtained the privilege of drinking out of my own glass, instead of
    out of the large goblet, which served for the whole party. The Greeks seldom drink
    till they have dined. After dinner, strong thick coffee, without sugar, was handed
    round."&mdash;The strictest frugality is observable in all the meals of these people.
    The higher orders live principally on fish and rice, and the common people on olives,
    honey, and onions. The food of the Levantine sailors, according to the Hon. Mr.
    Douglas, consists entirely of salted olives, called by the Greeks <i>columbades</i>.
    They dress mutton in a singular manner, it being stewed with honey. In a very rare
    work, published in 1686, entitled, "The Present State of the Morea," is the following
    account of their manner of thrashing corn:&mdash;"They have no barns, but
    thrashing-floors, which are situated on high grounds, and open to the winds. Here
    they tread it out with horses, which are made fast to a post, round which the corn is
    put; the horses trampling upon it make great despatch: they then cleanse it with the
    wind, and send it home."</p>
    <p>The houses of the Greeks are generally built of brick, made of clay and chopped
    straw; those at Napoli di Romania are considered among the best, and are spacious and
    convenient. The stranger, on entering, is struck with the singular appearance they
    present, the lower story being set apart for the <i>horses</i>, while not a bell is
    visible in any part of the building. When the attendance of a servant is required, it
    is signified by the master clapping his hands. Most of the houses in the villages
    have very pretty gardens, with walks round them covered with vines. The Greeks are
    remarkable for their love of dancing, particularly the <i>Romaika</i>, which is thus
    described by the Hon. Mr. Douglas:&mdash;"I never shall forget the first time I saw
    this dance: I had landed on a fine Sunday evening in the island of Scio, after three
    months spent amidst Turkish despotism, and I found most of the poorer inhabitants of
    the town strolling upon the shore, and the rich absent at their farms; but in riding
    three miles along the coast, I saw above thirty parties engaged in dancing the
    Romaika upon the sand; in some of these groups, the girl who led them chased the
    retreating wave, and it was in vain that her followers hurried their steps; some of
    them were generally caught by the returning sea, and all would court the laugh rather
    than break the indissoluble chain. Near each party was seated a group of parents and
    elder friends, who rekindled the last spark of their expiring gaiety and vigour in
    the happiness they saw around them."</p>
    <p>Though the Greeks are an oppressed nation, yet, as Sir William Gell testifies,
    they cannot be called uncleanly in their habits. The bath is in constant use among
    them, and a Greek peasant would on no account retire to rest without having
    previously washed his feet. The females, generally speaking, are kept very secluded
    from society, and it is seldom that their marriages are founded on mutual love or
    attachment. The conduct of the married women in Greece is deserving of our highest
    praise, both for their great virtue and goodness of heart, while instances of divorce
    are extremely rare.</p>
    <p>The burial-places of the Greeks are situated without the walls of their towns, and
    round the tombs are a variety of plants, (principally parsley,) which they take great
    care to keep alive. Numerous ceremonies are observed at their funerals; but the most
    interesting scene is the last. "Before the body is covered with earth, the relations
    approach in turn, and lifting the corpse in their arms, indulge in the full pleasure
    of their grief, while they call in vain on the friend they have lost, or curse the
    fate by which that loss has been occasioned." The Greeks, when occasion requires it,
    make use of flowers to express their thoughts. Thus for instance, if a lover wishes
    to convey any private intelligence to his mistress, he has only to make a selection
    of certain flowers, the signification of which is perfectly understood if once seen
    by the object of his love. The manners of the Greeks in many cases bear a striking
    resemblance to those of the Turks. Like that nation, they smoke with long pipes, and
    write with the left hand. The inhabitants of Napoli di Romania have still further
    imitated their oppressors by wearing the turban trimmed with white, together with the
    red <i>papouches</i>, or slippers. The costume of the Greek soldiers is thus
    described by the author of "Letters from the East:"&mdash;"The costume of these
    soldiers was light and graceful; a thin vest, sash, and a loose pantaloon, which fell
    just below the knee. The head was covered with a small and ugly cap. They had most of
    them pistols and muskets, to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page59"
    name="page59"></a>[pg 59]</span> which many added sabres or ataghans." The dress of
    the females is very elegant; over the head is worn a veil, called <i>macrama</i>, and
    between the eyelid and the pupil is inserted a black powder, named <i>surme</i>,
    which, according to the Hon. Mr. Douglas, gives a pleasing expression to the
    countenance. On their hair (generally of a beautiful auburn) they bestow great pains,
    adorning it with a variety of ornaments, and suffering it to hang down in long
    tresses or ringlets, which present a most graceful appearance. In stature the men are
    tall and well made; but their countenances, though expressive, have generally an air
    of dejection, which no change of time or circumstances have power to remove. The
    Greek women are very beautiful, and remarkable for vivacity and intelligence of
    mind.</p>
    <p>The character of the Greeks consists of a singular mixture of good and bad
    qualities. They are vain, fickle, treacherous, and turbulent; but, on the other hand,
    are industrious, bold, polite, moderate in their living, with a lively and ingenious
    disposition. If it be asserted that they are in some cases too much given to wine, it
    may be replied to in the words of Cicero, <i>Necessitatis crimen est, non
    voluntatis</i>. When we consider that from the earliest age they are accustomed to
    witness among the Turks the most disgusting scenes of profligacy and villany, that,
    like wandering pilgrims, they have no fixed abode, and are continually subject to all
    the miseries attendant on war and poverty, can it be wondered if in their character
    we find something worthy of reprehension?</p>
    <p>W. C&mdash;Y</p>
    <hr class="full" />
    <h2>THE SELECTOR;<br />
    AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS.</h2>
    <hr />
    <h3>PERSONAL CHARACTER OF BONAPARTE.</h3>
    <p>Sir Walter Scott observes, on closing the history of Napoleon Bonaparte, that the
    reader may be disposed to pause a moment to reflect on the character of that
    wonderful person, on whom fortune showered so many favours in the beginning and
    through the middle of his career, to overwhelm its close with such deep and unwonted
    afflictions.</p>
    <p>The external appearance of Napoleon was not imposing at the first glance, his
    stature being only five feet six inches English. His person, thin in youth, and
    somewhat corpulent in age, was rather delicate than robust in outward appearance, but
    cast in the mould most capable of enduring privation and fatigue. He rode
    ungracefully, and without the command of his horse which distinguishes a perfect
    cavalier; so that he showed to disadvantage when riding beside such a horseman as
    Murat. But he was fearless, sat firm in his seat, rode with rapidity, and was capable
    of enduring the exercise for a longer time than most men. We have already mentioned
    his indifference to the quality of his food, and his power of enduring abstinence. A
    morsel of food, and a flask of wine hung at his saddle-bow, used, in his earlier
    campaigns, to support him for days. In his latter wars, he more frequently used a
    carriage; not, as has been surmised, from any particular illness, but from feeling in
    a frame so constantly in exercise the premature effects of age.</p>
    <p>The countenance of Napoleon is familiar to almost every one from description, and
    the portraits which are found everywhere. The dark-brown hair bore little marks of
    the attentions of the toilet. The shape of the countenance approached more than is
    usual in the human race to a square. His eyes were grey, and full of expression, the
    pupils rather large, and the eye-brows not very strongly marked. The brow and upper
    part of the countenance was rather of a stern character. His nose and mouth were
    beautifully formed. The upper lip was very short. The teeth were indifferent, but
    were little shown in speaking.<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a
    href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> His smile possessed uncommon sweetness, and is
    stated to have been irresistible. The complexion was a clear olive, otherwise in
    general colourless. The prevailing character of his countenance was grave, even to
    melancholy, but without any signs of severity or violence. After death, the placidity
    and dignity of expression which continued to occupy the features, rendered them
    eminently beautiful, and the admiration of all who looked on them.</p>
    <p>Such was Napoleon's exterior. His personal and private character was decidedly
    amiable, excepting in one particular. His temper, when he received, or thought he
    received, provocation, especially if of a personal character, was warm and
    vindictive. He was, however, placable in the case even of his enemies, providing that
    they submitted to his mercy; but he had not that species of generosity which respects
    the sincerity of a manly and fair opponent. On the other hand, no one was a more
    liberal rewarder of the attachment of his friends. He was an excellent husband, a
    kind relation, and, unless when state policy intervened, a most affectionate brother.
    General Gourgaud, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page60" name="page60"></a>[pg
    60]</span> whose communications were not in every case to Napoleon's advantage,
    states him to have been the best of masters, labouring to assist all his domestics
    wherever it lay in his power, giving them the highest credit for such talents as they
    actually possessed, and imputing, in some instances, good qualities to such as had
    them not.</p>
    <p>There was gentleness, and even softness, in his character. He was affected when he
    rode over the fields of battle, which his ambition had strewed with the dead and the
    dying, and seemed not only desirous to relieve the victims,&mdash;issuing for that
    purpose directions, which too often were not, and could not be, obeyed,&mdash;but
    showed himself subject to the influence of that more acute and imaginative species of
    sympathy which is termed sensibility. He mentions a circumstance which indicates a
    deep sense of feeling. As he passed over a field of battle in Italy, with some of his
    generals, he saw a houseless dog lying on the body of his slain master. The creature
    came towards them, then returned to the dead body, moaned over it pitifully, and
    seemed to ask their assistance. "Whether it were the feeling of the moment,"
    continued Napoleon, "the scene, the hour, or the circumstance itself, I was never so
    deeply affected by any thing which I have seen upon a field of battle. That man, I
    thought, has perhaps had a house, friends, comrades, and here he lies deserted by
    every one but his dog. How mysterious are the impressions to which we are subject! I
    was in the habit, without emotion, of ordering battles which must decide the fate of
    a campaign, and could look with a dry eye on the execution of manoeuvres which must
    be attended with much loss, and here I was moved&mdash;nay, painfully
    affected&mdash;by the cries and the grief of a dog. It is certain that at that moment
    I should have been more accessible to a suppliant enemy, and could better understand
    the conduct of Achilles in restoring the body of Hector to the tears of Priam."<a
    id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a> The
    anecdote at once shows that Napoleon possessed a heart amenable to humane feelings,
    and that they were usually in total subjection to the stern precepts of military
    stoicism. It was his common and expressive phrase, that the heart of a politician
    should be in his head; but his feelings sometimes surprised him in a gentler
    mood.</p>
    <p>A calculator by nature and by habit, Napoleon was fond of order, and a friend to
    that moral conduct in which order is best exemplified. The libels of the day have
    made some scandalous averments to the contrary, but without adequate foundation.
    Napoleon respected himself too much, and understood the value of public opinion too
    well, to have plunged into general or vague debauchery.&mdash;<i>Scott's Life of
    Napoleon.</i></p>
    <hr />
    <h3>THE FESTIVAL OF THE MOON AT MEMPHIS.</h3>
    <p>The rising of the moon, slow and majestic, as if conscious of the honours that
    awaited her upon earth, was welcomed with a loud acclaim from every eminence, where
    multitudes stood watching for her first light. And seldom had she risen upon a scene
    more beautiful. Memphis,&mdash;still grand, though no longer the unrivalled Memphis,
    that had borne away from Thebes the crown of supremacy, and worn it undisputed
    through so many centuries,&mdash;now, softened by the moonlight that harmonised with
    her decline, shone forth among her lakes, her pyramids, and her shrines, like a dream
    of glory that was soon to pass away. Ruin, even now, was but too visible around her.
    The sands of the Libyan desert gained upon her like a sea; and, among solitary
    columns and sphynxes, already half sunk from sight, Time seemed to stand waiting,
    till all that now flourished around, should fall beneath his desolating hand, like
    the rest.</p>
    <p>On the waters all was life and gaiety. As far as eye could reach, the lights of
    innumerable boats were seen, studding, like rubies, the surface of the stream.
    Vessels of all kinds,&mdash;from the light coracle, built for shooting down the
    cataracts, to the large yacht that glides to the sound of flutes,&mdash;all were
    afloat for this sacred festival, filled with crowds of the young and the gay, not
    only from Memphis and Babylon, but from cities still farther removed from the
    scene.</p>
    <p>As I approached the island, could see, glittering through the trees on the bank,
    the lamps of the pilgrims hastening to the ceremony. Landing in the direction which
    those lights pointed out, I soon joined the crowd; and passing through a long alley
    of sphynxes, whose spangling marble shone out from the dark sycamores around them, in
    a short time reached the grand vestibule of the temple, where I found the ceremonies
    of the evening already commenced.</p>
    <p>In this vast hall, which was surrounded by a double range of columns, and lay open
    over-head to the stars of heaven, I saw a group of young maidens, moving, in a sort
    of measured step, between walk and dance, round a small shrine, upon which stood one
    of those sacred birds, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page61" name="page61"></a>[pg
    61]</span> that, on account of the variegated colour of their wings, are dedicated to
    the moon. The vestibule was dimly lighted,&mdash;there being but one lamp of naphta
    on each of the great pillars that encircled it. But, having taken my station beside
    one of those pillars, I had a distinct view of the young dancers, as in succession
    they passed me.</p>
    <p>Their long, graceful drapery was as white as snow; and each wore loosely, beneath
    the rounded bosom, a dark-blue zone, or bandelet, studded, like the skies at
    midnight, with little silver stars. Through their dark locks was wreathed the white
    lily of the Nile,&mdash;that flower being accounted as welcome to the moon, as the
    golden blossoms of the bean-flower are to the sun. As they passed under the lamp, a
    gleam of light flashed from their bosoms, which, I could perceive, was the reflection
    of a small mirror, that, in the manner of the women of the East, each wore beneath
    her left shoulder.</p>
    <p>There was no music to regulate their steps; but as they gracefully went round the
    bird on the shrine, some, by the beat of the Castanet, some, by the shrill ring of
    the sistrum,&mdash;which they held uplifted in the attitude of their own divine
    Isis,&mdash;harmoniously timed the cadence of their feet; while others, at every
    step, shook a small chain of silver, whose sound, mingling with those of the
    castanets and sistrums, produced a wild, but not an unpleasing harmony.</p>
    <p>They seemed all lovely; but there was one&mdash;whose face the light had not yet
    reached, so downcast she held it,&mdash;who attracted, and at length rivetted all my
    attention&mdash;<i>The Epicurean, by Thomas Moore, Esq.</i></p>
    <hr />
    <h3>MATERIALS OF ANCIENT BOOKS.</h3>
    <p>No material for books has, perhaps, a higher claim to antiquity than the skin of
    the calf or goat tanned soft, and usually dyed red or yellow: the skins were
    generally connected in lengths, sometimes of a hundred feet, sufficient to contain an
    entire book, which then formed one roll or <i>volume</i>. These soft skins seem to
    have been more in use among the Jews and other Asiatics than among the people of
    Europe. The copies of the law found in the synagogues are often of this kind: the
    most ancient manuscripts extant are some copies of the Pentateuch on rolls of
    leather.</p>
    <p>Parchment&mdash;Pergamena, so called long after the time of its first use, from
    Pergamus, a city of Mysia, where the manufacture was improved and carried on to a
    great extent, is mentioned by Herodotus and Ctesias as a material which had been from
    time immemorial used for books: it has proved to be of all others, except that
    abovementioned, the most durable. The greater part of all manuscripts that are of
    higher antiquity than the sixth century are on parchment; as well as, generally, all
    carefully written and curiously decorated manuscripts of later ages. The palimpsests
    are usually parchments: "It often happened," says Montfau&ccedil;on, "that from the
    scarcity of parchment, the copyists, having erased the writing of ancient books,
    wrote upon them anew: these rewritten parchments were called
    palimpsests&mdash;scraped a second time, and often the ancient work was one of far
    greater value than that to which it gave place: this we have on many occasions had
    opportunity to observe in the MSS. of the king's library, and in those of Italy. In
    some of these rescripts, the first writing is so much obliterated as to be scarcely
    perceptible; while in others, though not without much labour, it may still be
    read."</p>
    <p>The practice, still followed in the east, of writing upon the leaves of trees, was
    common in the remotest ages. The leaves of the mallow or of the palm were most used
    for this purpose: they were sometimes wrought together into larger surfaces; but it
    is probable that this fragile and inconvenient material was only employed for
    ordinary purposes of business, letter-writing, or the instruction of children.</p>
    <p>The inner bark of the linden or teil tree, and perhaps of some others, railed by
    the Romans <i>liber</i>, by the Greeks <i>biblos,</i><a id="footnotetag4"
    name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a> was so generally used
    as a material for writing as to have given its name to a book in both languages.
    Tables of solid wood called <i>codices</i>, whence the term <i>codex</i> for a
    manuscript on any material, has passed into common use, were also employed, but
    chiefly for legal documents, on which account a system of laws came to be called a
    code. Leaves or tablets of lead or ivory are frequently mentioned by ancient authors
    as in common use for writing. But no material or preparation seems to have been so
    frequently employed on ordinary occasions as tablets covered with a thin coat of
    coloured wax, which was readily removed by an iron needle, called a <i>style</i>; and
    from which the writing was as readily effaced by the blunt end of the same
    instrument.</p>
    <p>But during many ages the article most in use, and of which the consumption was so
    great as to form a principal branch <span class="pagenum"><a id="page62"
    name="page62"></a>[pg 62]</span> of the commerce of the Mediterranean, was that
    manufactured from the papyrus of Egypt. Many manuscripts written upon this kind of
    paper in the sixth, and some even so early as the fourth century, are still extant.
    It formed the material of by far the larger proportion of all books from very early
    times till about the seventh or eighth century, when it gradually gave place to a
    still more convenient manufacture.</p>
    <p>The papyrus, or Egyptian reed, grew in vast quantities in the stagnant pools
    formed by the inundations of the Nile. The plant consists of a single stem, rising
    sometimes to the height of ten cubits; this stem, gradually tapering from the root,
    supports a spreading tuft at its summit. The substance of the stem is fibrous, and
    the pith contains a sweet juice. Every part of this plant was put to some use by the
    Egyptians. The harder and lower part they formed into cups and other utensils; the
    upper part into staves, or the ribs of boats; the sweet pith was a common article of
    food; while the fibrous part of the stem was manufactured into cloth, sails for
    ships, ropes, strings, shoes, baskets, wicks for lamps, and, especially, into paper.
    For this purpose the fibrous coats of the plant were peeled off, the whole length of
    the stem. One layer of fibres was then laid across another upon a block, and being
    moistened, the glutinous juice of the plant formed a cement, sufficiently strong to
    give coherence to the fibres; when greater solidity was required, a size made from
    bread or glue was employed. The two films being thus connected, were pressed, dried
    in the sun, beaten with a broad mallet, and then polished with a shell. This texture
    was cut into various sizes, according to the use for which it was intended, varying
    from thirteen to four fingers' breadth, and of proportionate length.</p>
    <p>By progressive improvements, especially in the hands of the Roman artists, this
    Egyptian paper was brought to a high degree of perfection. In later ages it was
    manufactured of considerable thickness, perfect whiteness, and an entire continuity
    and smoothness of surface. It was, however, at the best, so friable that when
    durability was required the copyists inserted a page of parchment between every five
    or six pages of the papyrus. Thus the firmness of the one substance defended the
    brittleness of the other; and great numbers of books so constituted have resisted the
    accidents and decays of twelve centuries.</p>
    <p>Three hundred years before the Christian era the commerce in this article had
    extended over most parts of the civilized world; and long afterwards it continued to
    be a principal source of wealth to the Egyptians. But at length the invention of
    another manufacture, and the interruption of commerce occasioned by the possession of
    Egypt by the Saracens, banished the paper of Egypt from common use. Comparatively few
    manuscripts on this material are found of later date than the eighth or ninth
    century; though it continued to be occasionally used long afterwards.</p>
    <p>The charta bombycina or cotton paper, often improperly called <i>silk</i> paper,
    was unquestionably manufactured in the east as early as the ninth century, possibly
    much earlier; and in the tenth it came into general use throughout Europe. This
    invention, not long afterwards, became still more available for general purposes by
    the substitution of old linen or cotton rags for the raw material; by which means
    both the price of the article was reduced, and the quality improved. The cotton paper
    manufactured in the ancient mode is still used in the east, and is a beautiful
    fabric.</p>
    <p>From this brief account of the materials successively employed for books, it will
    be obvious, that a knowledge of the changes which these several manufactures
    underwent will often serve, especially when employed in subservience to other
    evidence, to ascertain the age of manuscripts; or at least to furnish the means of
    detecting fabricated documents.</p>
    <p>The preservation of books, framed as they are of materials so destructible,
    through a period of twelve, or even fifteen hundred years, is a fact which might seem
    almost incredible; especially as the decay of apparently more durable substances
    within a much shorter period, is continually presented to our notice. The massive
    walls of the monasteries of the middle ages are often seen prostrate, and fast
    mingling with the soil; while manuscripts penned within them, or perhaps when their
    stones were yet in the quarry, are still fair and perfect, glittering with their gold
    and silver, their cerulean and cinnabar.</p>
    <p>But the materials of books, though destructible, are so far from being in
    themselves perishable that, while defended from positive injuries, they appear to
    suffer scarcely at all from any intrinsic principle of decay, or to be liable to any
    perceptible process of decomposition. "No one," says Father Mabillon,<a
    id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a>
    "unless totally unacquainted with what relates to antiquity, can call in question the
    great durability of parchments; since there are <span class="pagenum"><a id="page63"
    name="page63"></a>[pg 63]</span> extant innumerable books, written on that material,
    in the seventh and sixth centuries; and some of a still more remote antiquity, by
    which all doubt on that subject might be removed. It may suffice here to mention the
    Virgil of the Vatican Library, which appears to be of more ancient date than the
    fourth century; and another in the King's Library little less ancient; also the
    Prudentius, in the same library, of equal age; to which you may add several, already
    mentioned, as the Psalter of S. Germanus, the book of the councils, and others, which
    are all of parchment. Many other instances I might name if it were proper to dwell
    upon a matter so well known to every one who is acquainted with antiquity.</p>
    <p>"The paper of Egypt, being more frail and brittle, may seem to be open to greater
    doubt; yet there are not wanting books of great antiquity, by which its durability
    may be established. To go no further, there is in the Royal Library a very old codex
    written upon the philyra (or bark of the linden tree) containing the homilies of
    Avitus, I mean the copy from which the celebrated Jac. Sirmundus prepared his
    edition; we have also seen two other codices of the same material in the Petavian
    Library, containing some sermons of S. Augustine, which, in the opinion of the
    learned, are about 1100 years old. Of the same kind is that rare and very ancient
    codex in the Ambrosian Library, mutilated indeed, but consisting of many leaves of
    Egyptian paper, which contain some portions of the Jewish history of Josephus. These
    examples are sufficient to demonstrate the durability of the Egyptian paper in
    ancient books." The author then goes on to mention several instances of deeds and
    chartas written upon the paper of Egypt, still extant, though executed in the fourth
    and fifth centuries.</p>
    <p>Books have owed their conservation, not merely to the durability of the material
    of which they were formed, but to the peculiarity of their being at once precious,
    and yet not (in periods of general ignorance) marketable articles; of inestimable
    value to a few, and absolutely worthless in the opinion of the multitude. They were
    also often indebted for their preservation in periods of disorder and violence to the
    sacredness of the roofs under which they were lodged.&mdash;<i>Taylor's History of
    the Transmission of Ancient Books to Modern Times.</i></p>
    <hr />
    <h3>A PERSIAN'S DESCRIPTION OF AN ENGLISH THEATRE.</h3>
    <p>In Europe the manner in which plays are acted, and balls and musical parties
    conducted, is (entirely) different from that of Hindoostan. The people of this
    country (India) send for the singers to their own houses, where they view the
    entertainments, and squander away a large sum of money for one night's (amusement.)
    In Europe it is usual for a few individuals to enter into partnership, (or) as it is
    called in English, a company. They fit up a house in which dancing girls, skilful
    musicians, singers, and actors, are engaged to perform. The audience consists of from
    three to four thousand people. The lower orders, who sit above all, give one
    shilling, equal in value to half a rupee; the middle classes, who sit lowest off all,
    a rupee and a half; and the great folks and noblemen, who sit (round) the middle of
    the house, give two rupees and a half. Separate rooms (boxes) are allotted for them.
    The place where the king sits is in front of the dancers. His majesty sits there
    along with one or two of the princes, and these give each an ashrufee. Now it is to
    be understood, that a poor man for eight anas, and a rich individual for two rupees
    and a half, see a spectacle which is fit for royalty itself, and which the people of
    this country have not even seen in their dreams. In one night the dancers and
    musicians collect five or six thousand rupees, which cover the expenses, and the
    audience is sufficiently amused.</p>
    <p>It is the aim of this <i>caste</i> to accomplish great undertakings at little
    expense. In Hindoostan, luxurious young men, for seeing a nautch [dance,] squander
    away, in one night, one or two hundred rupees; and lakhs of rupees of patrimony,
    which they may succeed to, in a short time take wing.</p>
    <p>How can I describe the dances, the melodious sound of violins and guitars, and the
    interesting stories which I heard, and (all the things) which I saw? My pen lacks
    ability to write even a short panegyric.</p>
    <p>From amongst all the spectacles, that of the curtains of seven colours (the
    scenes) is exceedingly wonderful, for every instant a new painting is exhibited. Then
    people, disguised like angels and fairies, the one moment come upon the stage and
    dance, and the next vanish from the sight. There is also a man with a black face, who
    is a kind of devil, and called harlequin; at one time he appears, and at another time
    hides himself, and sometimes attaches himself to the others, and taking the hands of
    the dancing girls, he dances with them; he then scampers off, and taking a leap, he
    jumps through a window. At seeing this sport <span class="pagenum"><a id="page64"
    name="page64"></a>[pg 64]</span> I laughed very heartily. In a word, the (whole)
    entertainment is excellent and wonderful.</p>
    <p>Talking is not permitted in the theatre, although the crowd is great, yet there is
    neither noise nor clamour. When a pleasing storey or adventure is heard or witnessed,
    and they wish to express their approbation, instead of saying <i>shabash!</i>
    [excellent] or <i>wah! wah!</i> [bravo! bravo!] they beat the floor with their feet,
    or they clap their hands, by which they signify their approval.&mdash;<i>Travels of
    Mirza Itesa Modeen in Great Britain and France.</i></p>
    <hr class="full" />
    <h2>MISCELLANIES.</h2>
    <hr />
    <h3>LANDING IN INDIA.</h3>
    <p>Nothing can be more ludicrous than a young Englishman's first landing in Calcutta.
    The shore is thronged with the swarthy natives, eagerly awaiting his arrival.
    Innumerable palanquins are brought down to the boat, and the bearers, like the
    Paddington stagecoach men, are all violently struggling to procure a passenger. The
    bewildered stranger is puzzled which to choose; and when he has made up his mind, he
    finds it no easy matter to jostle through the countless rival conveyances which
    completely surround him. He is also sure to make some laughable mistake in entering
    the palanquin. It requires a certain tact to steady the vehicle as you throw yourself
    into it, or it is apt to turn over, like a tailor's swinging cot. Another ridiculous
    error which a stranger is liable to, is his endeavouring to seat himself on the
    little drawer inside, supposing it to be intended for that purpose. But he soon
    finds, after having doubled himself up, like people passing on a coach top under a
    low gateway, that it would be utterly impossible to remain long in that position,
    unless the human back were as pliable as a piece of whalebone. After all, perhaps,
    the bearers are compelled to rest the palanquin on the ground, and the abashed
    stranger, creeping hastily in, is glad to escape from the ill suppressed smiles of
    the surrounding multitude.</p>
    <p><i>London Weekly Review.</i></p>
    <h3>INCUBATION AND AGE OF BIRDS.</h3>
    <p>The full period of incubation by the hen in this country, is well known to be
    twenty-one days. In warmer climates it is said to be a day or two less. The periods
    of incubation vary much in different species of birds. We introduce the following
    table, which has been compiled from different authors by Count Morozzo, in a letter
    from him to Lac&eacute;p&eacute;pe, to show the periods of incubation compared with
    those of the life of certain birds.</p>
    <table width="100%" rules="groups">
      <colgroup>
        <col />
      </colgroup>
      <colgroup>
        <col align="center" />
      </colgroup>
      <colgroup>
        <col align="center" />
      </colgroup>
      <colgroup>
        <col />
      </colgroup>
      <thead>
        <tr>
          <th>Names of Birds</th>
          <th>Periods of Incubation<br />
          (Days)</th>
          <th>Duration of Life<br />
          (Years)</th>
          <th>Authority</th>
        </tr>
      </thead>
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td>Swan</td>
          <td>42</td>
          <td>About 200</td>
          <td>Aldrovande</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>Parrot</td>
          <td>40</td>
          <td>About 100</td>
          <td>Wulmaer</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>Goose</td>
          <td>30</td>
          <td>80 or more</td>
          <td>Willoughby</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>Eagle</td>
          <td>30</td>
          <td rowspan="4">Period of<br />
          life<br />
          not known.</td>
          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>Bustard</td>
          <td>30</td>
          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>Duck</td>
          <td>30</td>
          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>Turkey</td>
          <td>30</td>
          <td>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>Peacock</td>
          <td>26 to 27</td>
          <td>25 to 28</td>
          <td>Aristot. &amp; Pliny</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>Pheasant</td>
          <td>20 to 25</td>
          <td>18 to 20</td>
          <td>A Treatise on Pheasants</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>Crow</td>
          <td>20</td>
          <td>100 or more</td>
          <td>Hesiod</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>Nightingale</td>
          <td>19 to 20</td>
          <td>17 to 18</td>
          <td>Buffon</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>Hen</td>
          <td>18 to 19</td>
          <td>16 to 18</td>
          <td>Buffon</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>Pigeon</td>
          <td>17 or 18</td>
          <td>16 to 17</td>
          <td>Several observations</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>Linnet</td>
          <td>14</td>
          <td>13 to 14</td>
          <td>Willoughby</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>Canary</td>
          <td>13 to 14</td>
          <td>13 to 14</td>
          <td>A Treatise on these birds</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>Goldfinch</td>
          <td>13 to 14</td>
          <td>18 to 20</td>
          <td>Buffon</td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
    <hr class="full" />
    <h2>THE GATHERER</h2>
    <blockquote>
      "I am but a <i>Gatherer</i> and disposer of other men's
      stuff."&mdash;<i>Wotton.</i>
    </blockquote>
    <hr />
    <p>One of the band of Covent-Garden, who played the French horn, was telling some
    anecdote of Garrick's generosity. Macklin, who heard him at the lower end of the
    table, and who always fired at the praises of Garrick, called out, "Sir, I believe
    you are a <i>trumpeter.</i>"&mdash;"Well, sir," said the poor man, quite confounded,
    "and if I am, what then?"&mdash;"Nothing more, sir, than being a trumpeter, you are a
    dealer in <i>puffs</i> by profession."</p>
    <hr />
    <p>An Irish dignitary of the church (not remarkable for veracity) complaining that a
    tradesman of his parish had called him a <i>liar</i>, Macklin asked him what reply he
    made him. "I told him," says he, "that a lie was amongst the things I <i>dared</i>
    not commit."&mdash;"And why, doctor," replied Macklin, "did you give the rascal <i>so
    mean an opinion of your courage?</i>"</p>
    <hr />
    <p>In the neighbourhood of Yeovil are now living, in the same house, and at the same
    board, a man and his wife, two sons, three daughters, two grandsons, one
    grand-daughter, one grandfather, two fathers, two mothers, one father-in-law, one
    son-in-law, three brothers, three sisters, two brothers-in-law, two sisters-in-law,
    two uncles, two aunts, two nephews, three nieces, three first cousins, one great
    uncle, two great nephews, and one great niece; the whole consisting of seven
    individuals only.</p>
    <hr class="full" />
    <blockquote class="footnote">
      <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a> <b>Footnote 1</b>: <a
      href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
      <p>Sphinx ligustri, privet hank-moth.</p>
    </blockquote>
    <blockquote class="footnote">
      <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a> <b>Footnote 2</b>: <a
      href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
      <p>When at St. Helena, he was much troubled with toothache and scurvy in the
      gums.</p>
    </blockquote>
    <blockquote class="footnote">
      <a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a> <b>Footnote 3</b>: <a
      href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
      <p>Las Cases, Vol. I partie 2de, p. 5.</p>
    </blockquote>
    <blockquote class="footnote">
      <a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a> <b>Footnote 4</b>: <a
      href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
      <p>The word biblos or byblos, was afterwards almost appropriated to books written
      upon the paper of Egypt.</p>
    </blockquote>
    <blockquote class="footnote">
      <a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a> <b>Footnote 5</b>: <a
      href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
      <p>De Re Diplomatica.</p>
    </blockquote>
    <hr class="full" />
    <i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset-House,) and sold
    by all Newsmen and Booksellers.</i>
    <hr class="full" />
<pre>



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