diff options
Diffstat (limited to '9918.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 9918.txt | 1815 |
1 files changed, 1815 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/9918.txt b/9918.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c178411 --- /dev/null +++ b/9918.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1815 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and +Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 265, July 21, 1827, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 265, July 21, 1827 + +Author: Various + +Posting Date: December 5, 2011 [EBook #9918] +Release Date: February, 2006 +First Posted: October 31, 2003 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, JULY 21, 1827 *** + + + + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram and Project Gutenberg +Distributed Proofreaders + + + + + + + + + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +VOL. 10, No. 265.] SATURDAY, JULY 21, 1827. [PRICE 2d. + + + + * * * * * + + + +ASHBY-DE-LA-ZOUCH CASTLE. + +[Illustration] + +Ashby-de-la-Zouch is a small market town in Leicestershire, pleasantly +situated in a fertile vale, on the skirts of the adjoining county of +Derbyshire, on the banks of a small liver called the Gilwiskaw, over +which is a handsome stone bridge. The original name of this town was +simply Ashby, but it acquired the addition of De-la-Zouch, to +distinguish it from other Ashbys, from the Zouches, who were formerly +lords of this manor, which after the extinction of the male line of that +family, in the first year of the reign of Henry IV. came to Sir Hugh +Burnel, knight of the garter, by his marriage with Joice, the heiress of +the Zouches. From him it devolved to James Butler, earl of Ormond and +Wiltshire; who being attainted on account of his adherence to the party +of Henry VI. it escheated to the crown, and was, in the first year of +Edward IV. granted by that king to Sir William Hastings, in +consideration of his great services; he was also created a baron, +chamberlain of the household; captain of Calais, and knight of the +garter, and had license to make a park and cranellate, or fortify +several of his houses, amongst which was one at this place, which was of +great extent, strength, and importance, and where he and his descendants +resided for about two hundred years. It was situated on the south side +of the town, on a rising ground, and was chiefly composed of brick and +stone; the rooms were spacious and magnificent, attached to which was a +costly private chapel. The building had two lofty towers of immense +size, one of them containing a large hall, great chambers, bedchambers, +kitchen, cellars, and all other offices. The other was called the +kitchen tower. Parts of the wall of the hall, chapel, and kitchen, are +still remaining, which display a grand and interesting mass of ruins; +the mutilated walls being richly decorated with doorways, +chimney-pieces, windows, coats of arms, and other devices. In this, +castle, the unfortunate and persecuted Mary queen of Scots, who has +given celebrity to so many castles and old mansions, by her melancholy +imprisonment beneath their lofty turrets, was for some time confined, +while in the custody of the earl of Huntingdon. In the year 1603, Anne, +consort of James I. and her son, prince Henry, were entertained by the +earl of Huntingdon at this castle, which was at that time the seat of +much hospitality. It was afterwards honoured by a visit from that +monarch, who remained here for several days, during which time dinner +was always served up by thirty poor knights, with gold chains and velvet +gowns. In the civil wars between king Charles and his parliament, this +castle was deeply involved, being garrisoned for the king; it was +besieged by the parliamentary forces, and although it was never actually +conquered, (from whence the garrison obtained the name of Maiden,) it +was evacuated and dismantled by capitulation in the year 1648. + +For the spirited engraving of the ruins of this famous castle, we +acknowledge ourselves indebted to our obliging friend _S.I.B._ who +supplied us with an original drawing. + + * * * * * + + +THE AUTHOR OF "LACON." + +_(To the Editor of the Mirror.)_ + + +SIR,--The following additional particulars respecting the celebrated +author of "Lacon," may not be unacceptable to your readers, as a sequel +to the interesting account of that eccentric individual inserted at p. +431, in your recently completed volume. + +It will be in the recollection of many, that about the period of the +murder of Weare, by Thurtel, Mr. Colton suddenly disappeared from among +his friends, and no trace of him, notwithstanding the most vigilant +inquiry, could be discovered. As Weare's murder produced an +unprecedented sensation in the public mind, it gave rise to a variety of +reports against the perpetrators of that horrible crime, imputing to +them other atrocities of a similar kind. It is needless now to say that +most of these suspicions were wholly without foundation. + +It was at length ascertained, that Mr. C., finding himself embarrassed +with his creditors, had taken his departure for America, where he +remained about two years, travelling over the greater part of the United +States; and it is much to be desired that he would favour the public +with the result of his observations during his residence in that +country; as probably no person living is qualified to execute such a +task with more shrewdness, judgment, or ability. + +He is now residing at Paris, where he has been about two years and a +half, and where I had frequently the pleasure of meeting him during the +last winter, and of enjoying the raciness of his conversation, which +abounds in wit, anecdote, and an universality of knowledge. It is too +well known that he is not unaddicted to the allurements of the gaming +table, and it is understood among his immediate friends, that he has +been--what few are--successful adventurer, having repaired in the +saloons of Paris, in a great degree, the loss he sustained by the +forfeiture of his church livings. His singular coolness, calculation, +and self-mastery, give him an advantage in this respect over, perhaps, +every other votary of the gaming table. + +Mr. Colton has an excellent taste for the fine arts, and has expended +considerable sums in forming a picture gallery. Every nook of his +apartment is literally covered with the treasures of art, including many +of the _chefs d'oeuvres_ of the great masters, and many valuable +paintings are placed on the floor for want of room to suspend them +against the wainscot. I may here observe, that his present domicile does +not exactly correspond with that described as his former "castle" in +London, inasmuch as it is part of a royal residence, it being on the +second floor, on one side of the quadrangle of the Palais Royal, +overlooking the large area of that building, and opposite to the _jet +d'eau_ in the centre. But his habits and mode of dress appear to be +unchanged. He has only one room; he keeps no servant, (unless a boy to +take care of his horse and cabriolet); he lights his own fire, and, I +believe, performs all his other domestic offices himself. But, +notwithstanding these whimsicalities, he is generous, hospitable and +friendly. He still, when a friend "drops in," produces a bottle or two +of the finest wines and a case of the best cigars, of which he is a +determined smoker. + +I will only add, that he continues to employ himself in literary +composition. Among other pieces not published in England, he has written +an ode on the death of Lord Byron, a copy of which he presented me, but +which I unfortunately lent--and lost. A small edition was printed at +Paris for private circulation. He has also written an unpublished poem +in the form of a letter from Lord Castlereagh in the shades, to Mr. +Canning on earth, the caustic severity of which, in the opinion of those +who have heard it read, is equal to that of any satire in the English +language. I remember only the two first lines-- + + "Dear George, from these _Shades_, where no wine's to be had. + But where rivers of flame run like rivers run mad." + +And the following, in allusion to the instrument with which Lord C. +severed the carotid artery, and which was the means of producing such a +change in the destiny of the present prime minister, who was then on the +eve of going out to India as governor-general,-- + + "Have you pensioned the Jew boy that sold me the knife?" + +It is to be lamented that such a man should be an exile from his native +country.--But I draw a veil over the rest, and sincerely hope that his +absence from England will not be perpetual. + +* * * + + * * * * * + + +THE DEAD TRUMPETER. + +TO ILLUSTRATE A CELEBRATED FRENCH PICTURE. + +_(For the Mirror.)_ + + + 'Tis evening! the red rayless sun + Glares fiercely on the battle plain;-- + _Morn_ saw the deadly fray begun, + Morn heard _thy_ bugle wake a strain, + Poor soldier! and its warning breath + Call'd _thee_, and myriads to death! + + _Thou_ wert thy mother's darling, thou, + Light to thy father's failing eyes; + Thou wert thy sisters' _dearest!_ now + What _art_ thou? something to despise + Yet tremble at; to hide, and be + _Forgot,_ but by _their_ misery! + + Thou _wert_ the beautiful! the brave! + Thou wert all joy, and love, and light; + But oh! thy grace was for the _grave,_ + Thy dawning day, for mornless night! + And thou, so loving, so carest + Hast sunk--unpitied--unblest! + + Yes, warrior! and the life-stream flows + _Yet_ from thee, in thy foe-man's land, + Welling before the gate of those + Who _should_ stretch forth a kindly hand + To save th' unhonour'd, _friendless_ dead + From rushing legion's scouring tread. + + _Friendless_ poor soldier?--nay thy steed + Stands gazing on thee, with an eye + _Too_ piteous: he _felt_ thee bleed,-- + He _saw_ thee, dropping from him,--_die!_ + And in thine helpless, lorn estate, + _He_ cannot leave thee, desolate. + + Nor thy poor _dog_, whose anxious gaze, + On helm and bugle's lowly place, + Speaks his deep sorrow and amaze! + _He_, watching yet, thine icy face + Licks thy pale forehead with a moan + To tell thee--_Thou art not alone!_ + +M. L. B. + + * * * * * + + + +ORIGINS AND INVENTIONS. + +No. XXVIII. + + + * * * * * + + +THE SPHYNX. + + +The Sphynx is supposed to have been engendered by Typhon, and sent by +Juno to be revenged on the Thebans. It is represented with the head and +breasts of a woman, the wings of a bird, the claws of a lion, and the +rest of the body like a dog or lion. Its office they say, was to propose +dark enigmatical questions to all passers by; and, if they did not give +the explication of them,--to devour them. It made horrible ravages, as +the story goes, on a mountain near Thebes. Apollo told Creon that she +could not be vanquished, till some one had expounded her riddle. The +riddle was--_"What creature is that, which has four legs in the morning, +two at noon, and three at night?"_ Oedipus expounded it, telling her it +was a man,--who when a child, creepeth on all fours; in his middle age, +walketh on two legs, and in his old age, two and a staff. This put the +Sphynx into a great rage, who, finding her riddle solved, threw herself +down and broke her neck. Among the Egyptians, the Sphynx was the symbol +of religion, by reason of the obscurity of its mysteries. And, on the +same account, the Romans placed a Sphynx in the pronaos, or porch, of +their temples. Sphynxes were used by the Egyptians, to show the +beginning of the water's rising in the Nile; with this view, as it had +the head of a woman and body of a lion, it signified that the Nile began +to swell in the months of July and August, when the sun passes through +the signs of Leo and Virgo; accordingly it was a hieroglyphic, which +taught the people the period of the most important event in the year, as +the swelling and overflowing of the Nile gave fertility to Egypt. +Accordingly they were multiplied without end, so that they were to be +seen before all their remarkable monuments. + +P. T. W. + + * * * * * + + + +THE SKETCH-BOOK. + +NO. XLII. + + + * * * * * + + +WHITSUN-EVE. + +_By Miss Mitford._ + + +The pride of my heart and the delight of my eyes is my garden. Our +house, which is in dimensions very much like a bird-cage, and might, +with almost equal convenience, be laid on a shelf, or hung up in a tree, +would be utterly unbearable in warm weather, were it not that we have a +retreat out of doors,--and a very pleasant retreat it is. To make my +readers fully comprehend it, I must describe our whole territories. + +Fancy a small plot of ground, with a pretty low irregular cottage at one +end; a large granary, divided from the dwelling by a little court +running along one side; and a long thatched shed open towards the +garden, and supported by wooden pillars on the other. The bottom is +bounded, half by an old wall, and half by an old paling, over which we +see a pretty distance of woody hills. The house, granary, wall, and +paling, are covered with vines, cherry-trees, roses, honey-suckles, and +jessamines, with great clusters of tall hollyhocks running up between +them; a large elder overhanging the little gate, and a magnificent +bay-tree, such a tree as shall scarcely be matched in these parts, +breaking with its beautiful conical form the horizontal lines of the +buildings. This is my garden; and the long pillared shed, the sort of +rustic arcade which runs along one side, parted from the flower-beds by +a row of rich geraniums, is our out-of-door drawing-room. + +I know nothing so pleasant as to sit there on a summer afternoon, with +the western sun flickering through the great elder-tree, and lighting up +our gay parterres, where flowers and flowering shrubs are set as thick +as grass in a field, a wilderness of blossom, interwoven, intertwined, +wreathy, garlandy, profuse beyond all profusion, where we may guess that +there is such a thing as mould, but never see it. I know nothing so +pleasant as to sit in the shade of that dark bower, with the eye resting +on that bright piece of colour, lighted so gloriously by the evening +sun, now catching a glimpse of the little birds as they fly rapidly in +and out of their nests--for there are always two or three birds' nests +in the thick tapestry of cherry-trees, honey-suckles, and China roses, +which cover our walls--now tracing the gay gambols of the common +butterflies as they sport around the dahlias; now watching that rarer +moth, which the country people, fertile in pretty names, call the +bee-bird;[1] that bird-like insect, which flutters in the hottest days +over the sweetest flowers, inserting its long proboscis into the small +tube of the jessamine, and hovering over the scarlet blossoms of the +geranium, whose bright colour seems reflected on its own feathery +breast; that insect which seems so thoroughly a creature of the air, +never at rest; always, even when feeding, self-poised, and +self-supported, and whose wings in their ceaseless motion, have a sound +so deep, so full, so lulling, so musical. Nothing so pleasant as to sit +amid that mixture of the flower and the leaf, watching the bee-bird! +Nothing so pretty to look at as my garden! It is quite a picture; only +unluckily it resembles a picture in more qualities than one,--it is fit +for nothing but to look at. One might as well think of walking in a bit +of framed canvass. There are walks to be sure--tiny paths of smooth +gravel, by courtesy called such--but--they are so overhung by roses and +lilies, and such gay encroachers--so over-run by convolvolus, and +heart's-ease, and mignonette, and other sweet stragglers, that, except +to edge through them occasionally, for the purpose of planting, or +weeding, or watering, there might as well be no paths at all. Nobody +thinks of walking in my garden. Even May glides along with a delicate +and trackless step, like a swan through the wafer; and we, its +two-footed denizens, are fain to treat it as if it were really a saloon, +and go out for a walk towards sun-set, just as if we had not been +sitting in the open air all day. + + [1] Sphinx ligustri, privet hank-moth. + +What a contrast from the quiet garden to the lively street! Saturday +night is always a time of stir and bustle in our village, and this is +Whitsun Eve, the pleasantest Saturday of all the year, when London +journeymen and servant lads and lasses snatch a short holiday to visit +their families. A short and precious holiday, the happiest and liveliest +of any; for even the gambols and merrymakings of Christmas offer but a +poor enjoyment, compared with the rural diversions, the Mayings, revels, +and cricket-matches of Whitsuntide. + +We ourselves are to have a cricket-match on Monday, not played by the +men, who, since their misadventure with the Beech-hillers, are, I am +sorry to say, rather chap-fallen, but by the boys, who, zealous for the +honours of their parish, and headed by their bold leader, Ben Kirby, +marched in a body to our antagonist's ground the Sunday after our +melancholy defeat, challenged the boys of that proud hamlet, and beat +them out and out on the spot. Never was a more signal victory. Our boys +enjoyed this triumph with so little moderation, that it had like to have +produced a very tragical catastrophe. The captain of the Beech-hill +youngsters, a capital bowler, by name Amos Stokes, enraged past all +bearing by the crowing of his adversaries, flung the ball at Ben Kirby +with so true an aim, that if that sagacious leader had not warily ducked +his head when he saw it coming, there would probably have been a +coroner's inquest on the case, and Amos Stokes would have been tried for +manslaughter. He let fly with such vengeance, that the cricket-ball was +found embedded in a bank of clay five hundred yards off, as if it had +been a cannon shot. Tom Coper and Farmer Thackum, the umpires, both say +that they never saw so tremendous a ball. If Amos Stokes live to be a +man (I mean to say if he be not hanged first), he'll be a pretty player. +He is coming here on Monday with his party to play the return match, the +umpires having respectively engaged Farmer Thackum that Amos shall keep +the peace, Tom Coper that Ben shall give no unnecessary or wanton +provocation--a nicely-worded and lawyer-like clause, and one that proves +that Tom Coper hath his doubts of the young gentleman's discretion; and, +of a truth, so have I. I would not be Ben Kirby's surety, cautiously as +the security is worded,--no! not for a white double dahlia, the present +object of my ambition. + +This village of our's is swarming to-night like a hive of bees, and all +the church bells round are pouring out their merriest peals, as if to +call them together. I must try to give some notion of the +various figures. + +First, there is a groupe suited to Teniers, a cluster of out-of-door +customers of the Rose, old benchers of the inn, who sit round a table +smoking and drinking in high solemnity to the sound of Timothy's fiddle. +Next, a mass of eager boys, the combatants of Monday, who are +surrounding the shoemaker's shop, where an invisible hole in their ball +is mending by Master Keep himself, under the joint superintendence of +Ben Kirby and Tom Coper, Ben showing much verbal respect and outward +deference for his umpire's judgment and experience, but managing to get +the ball done his own way after all; whilst outside the shop, the rest +of the eleven, the less-trusted commons, are shouting and bawling round +Joel Brent, who is twisting the waxed twine round the handles of +bats--the poor bats, which please nobody, which the taller youths are +despising as too little and too light, and the smaller are abusing as +too heavy and two large. Happy critics! winning their match can hardly +be a greater delight--even if to win it they be doomed! Farther down the +street is the pretty black-eyed girl, Sally Wheeler, come home for a +day's holiday from B., escorted by a tall footman in a dashing livery, +whom she is trying to curtesy off before her deaf grandmother sees him. +I wonder whether she will succeed! + +Ascending the hill are two couples of different description, Daniel Tubb +and Sally North, walking boldly along like licensed lovers; they have +been asked twice in church, and are to be married on Tuesday; and +closely following that happy pair, near each other, but not together, +come Jem Tanner and Susan Green, the poor culprits of the wheat-hoeing. +Ah! the little clerk hath not relented! The course of true love doth not +yet run smooth in that quarter. Jem dodges along, whistling "Cherry +Ripe," pretending to walk by himself, and to be thinking of nobody; but +every now and then he pauses in his negligent saunter, and turns round +outright to steal a glance at Susan, who, on her part, is making believe +to walk with poor Olive Hathaway, the lame mantua-maker, and even +affecting to talk and to listen to that gentle humble creature as she +points to the wild flowers on the common, and the lambs and children +disporting amongst the gorse, but whose thoughts and eyes are evidently +fixed on Jem Tanner, as she meets his backward glance with a blushing +smile, and half springs forward to meet him; whilst Olive has broken off +the conversation as soon as she perceived the preoccupation of her +companion, and began humming, perhaps unconsciously, two or three lines +of Burns, whose "Whistle and I'll come to thee, my love," and "Gi'e me a +glance of thy bonny black ee," were never better exemplified than in the +couple before her. Really it is curious to watch them, and to see how +gradually the attraction of this tantalizing vicinity becomes +irresistible, and the rustic lover rushes to his pretty mistress like +the needle to the magnet. On they go, trusting to the deepening +twilight, to the little clerk's absence, to the good humour of the happy +lads and lasses, who are passing and re-passing on all sides--or rather, +perhaps, in a happy oblivion of the cross uncle, the kind villagers, the +squinting lover, and the whole world. On they trip, linked arm-in-arm, +he trying to catch a glimpse of her glowing face under her bonnet, and +she hanging down her head and avoiding his gaze with a mixture of +modesty and coquetry, which well becomes the rural beauty. On they go, +with a reality and intensity of affection, which must overcome all +obstacles; and poor Olive follows with art evident sympathy in their +happiness, which makes her almost as enviable as they; and we pursue our +walk amidst the moonshine and the nightingales, with Jacob Frost's cart +looming in the distance, and the merry sounds of Whitsuntide, the shout, +the laugh, and the song echoing all around us, like "noises of the +air."--_Monthly Magazine._ + + * * * * * + + + +SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. + + * * * * * + + +THE LETTER-WRITER. + + +Fortune surely shifted me from my birth, or first looked on me in a mood +as splenetic as that of nature, when she produced that most sombre and +unpleasing of trees, the olive; to pursue the simile; I may have +conduced to the comfort of others, nay, even to their convenience and +luxury, but it never availed aught to my own appearance or +circumstances; I went on, like that unhappy-looking tree, decaying in +the trunk and blighting in the branches, and yielding up the produce of +a liberal education and an active nature to the public, but reaping for +my own portion only misfortune and disappointment; I had sprung up in +the wilderness of the world, and I was left to grow or wither as I +might; every one was ready to profit by me when a fruitful season +rendered me available to them, but none cared to toil to give me space +for growth, or to enrich the perishing earth at my unlucky root! + +I was educated for the church, but my father died while I was at +college, and I lost the curacy, which was in the gift of my uncle, +through the pretty face of a city merchant's daughter, who wrote a +sonnet to my worthy relative on his recovery from a fit of the gout, and +obtained the curacy for her brother in exchange for her effusion. What +was to be done? I offered myself as tutor to a young gentleman who was +to study the classics until he was of age, and then to turn fox-hunter +to supply the place of his deceased father; but I was considered by his +relations to be too good-looking to be domesticated in the house of a +rich widow under fifty, and I had the satisfaction of seeing the vacant +seat in the family coach filled by an old, sandy-haired M.A., with bow +legs and a squint--handsome or ugly, it availed not; a face had twice +ruined my prospects; I was at my wit's end! I could not turn fine +gentleman, for I had not brass enough to make my veracity a pander to my +voracity; I could not turn tradesman, for I had not gold enough even to +purchase a yard measure, or to lay in a stock of tapes. My heart bounded +at the idea of the army; but I thought of it like a novice--of wounds +and gallant deeds; of fame and laurels; I was obliged to look closer--my +relations were neither noblemen nor bankers, and I found that even the +Colonial corps were becoming aristocratical and profuse; the navy--I +walked from London to Chatham on speculation; saw the second son of an +earl covered with tar, out at elbows and at heels, and I returned to +town, fully satisfied that here I certainly had no chance. I offered +myself as clerk to a wealthy brewer, and, at length, I was accepted-- +this was an opening! I registered malt, hops, ale, and small-beer, till +I began to feel as though the world was one vast brewhouse; and +calculated, added, and subtracted pounds, shillings, and pence, until +all other lore appeared "stale, flat, and unprofitable." I was in this +counting-house four years, and was, finally, discharged by my prudent +principal as an unthrifty servant, for having, during a day of unusual +business, cut up two entire quills, and overturned the inkstand on a new +ledger! Again "the world was all before me where to choose"--but enough +of this; suffice it that my choice availed me nothing, and after years +of struggling and striving, I found myself, as free as air, in a small +market town in England, with five shillings in my pocket, and sundry +grey hairs on my head. From mere dearth of occupation, I took my station +at the window of a small stationer's shop, and commenced a survey of the +volumes and pamphlets which were attractively opened at the title-pages +to display their highly coloured frontispieces. The first which I +noticed was, "The Young Gentleman's Multiplication Table, or Two and Two +make Four"--I sighed as I remembered how little this promising study had +availed _me_! Then came "Little Tom Tucker, he sang for his Supper"--I +would have danced for one. "Young's Night Thoughts," with a well dressed +gentleman in mourning, looking at the moon. "How to Grow Rich, or a +Penny Saved is a Penny Got;" I would have bought the book, and learned +the secret, though I had but five shillings left in the world, had not +the second part of the title intimated to me that I ought to keep my +money. "The Castle of St. Altobrand," where a gentleman in pea-green +might be seen communing with a lady in sky-blue. "Raising the Wind"--I +turned away with a shudder; I had played a part in this drama for years, +and I well knew it was no farce. "The Polite Letter-Writer, or"--I did +not stop to read more; an idea flashed through my mind, and in two +minutes more I was beside the counter of the stationer; we soon became +acquainted; I left two and sixpence in his shop, and quitted it with +renewed hope; the promise of a recommendation, two quires of letter +paper, twelve good quills, and some ink in a small phial. I rejoiced at +having made a friend, even of the stationer, for my pride and my +property had long been travelling companions, and were seldom at home. +On the following day, a placard was pasted to a window on the ground +floor of a neat house, in the best street, announcing that "within, +letters were written on all subjects, for all persons, with precision +and secrecy;" I shall never forget the tremor with which I awaited the +arrival of a customer! I had sunk half of my slender capital, and +encumbered myself with a lodging; I did not dare to think, so I sat down +and began, resolutely, to sharpen my penknife on the sole of my +fearfully dilapidated shoe; then, I spread my paper before me; divided +the quires; looked carefully through a sheet of it at the light; laid it +down again; began to grow melancholy; shook off reflection as I would +have done a serpent, and again betook myself most zealously to the +sharpening of my penknife. A single, well articulated stroke on the door +of my apartment, roused me at once to action, and I shouted, "come in," +with nervous eagerness; it opened, and gave egress to a staid matron, of +high stature, and sharp countenance; I would have pledged my existence +on her shrewishness from the first moment I beheld her. When I had +placed a chair for her, and reseated myself, this prelude to my +prosperity commenced business at once. + +"You're a letter-writer, Mr. What-d'ye-call-'em." + +I bowed assent. + +"Silent--" + +"As the grave, madam." + +This sufficed; the lady took a pinch of snuff--told me that she had been +recommended to employ me by Mr. Quireandquill; and I prepared for action. +She had a daughter young, beautiful, and innocent--but gay, +affectionate, and thoughtless; she had given her heart in keeping to one +who, though rich in love, lacked all other possessions; and, finally, +she had bestowed her hand where affection prompted. But the chilled +heart feels not like that which is warm with youth--its pulses beat not +to the same measure--its impulses impel not to the same arts; the mother +felt as a guardian and a parent--the daughter as a woman and a fond one; +the one had been imprudent--the other was inexorable; my first task was +to be the unwrenching of the holy bonds which united a child and her +parent,--the announcement of an abandonment utter and irrevocable; I +wrote the letter, and if I softened down a few harsh expressions, and +omitted some sentences of heart-breaking severity, surely it was no +breach of faith, or if, indeed, it were, it was one for which, even at +this time, I do not blush. + +The old lady saw her letter sealed and addressed, and departed; and I +hastily partook of a scanty breakfast, the produce of my first +episolatory speculation. I need not have been so precipitate in +dispatching my repast, for some dreary hours intervened ere the arrival +of another visiter. One, however, came at length; a tremulous, almost +inaudible, stroke upon the door, and a nervous clasp of the latch, again +spoke hope to my sinking spirits; and, with a swift step, I rose and +gave admittance to a young and timid girl, blushing, and trembling, and +wondering, as it seemed, at the extent of her own daring. This business +was not so readily despatched as that of the angry matron. There were a +thousand promises of secrecy to be given; a thousand tremors to +be overcome. + +"I am a poor girl, Sir," she said at length, "but I am an honest one; +therefore, before I take up your time, I must know whether I can afford +to pay for it." + +"That," said I, and even amid my poverty I could not suppress a feeling +of amusement, "that depends wholly on the subject of your epistle; +business requires few words, and less ingenuity, and is fairly paid for +by a couple of shillings; but a love letter is cheap at three and +sixpence, for it requires an infinity of each." + +"Then I may as well wish you good day at once, Sir, for I have but +half-a-crown in the world that I can call my own, and I cannot run into +debt, even to write to Charles." There was a tear in her eye as she rose +to go, and it was a beautiful blue eye, better fitted to smiles than +tears; this was enough, and, even poor as I was, I would not have missed +the opportunity of writing this letter, though I had been a loser by the +task. Happy Charles! I wrote from her dictation, and it is wonderful how +well the heart prompts to eloquence, even among the uneducated and +obscure. In all honesty, though I had but jested with my pretty +employer, this genuine love-letter was well worth the three and +sixpence--it was written, and crossed, and rewritten at right angles, +and covered on the folds and under the wafer, and, finally, unsealed to +insert a few "more last words." It was a very history of the heart!--of +a heart untainted by error--unsophisticated by fashion--unfettered by +the world's ways: a little catalogue of woman's best, and tenderest, and +holiest feelings, warm from the spirit's core, and welling out like the +pure waters of a ground spring. How the eye fell, and the voice sunk, as +she recorded some little doubt, some fond self-created fear; how the +tones gladdened, and the blue eyes laughed out in joy, as she spoke of +hopes and prospects, to which she clung trustingly, as woman ever does +to her first affection. What would I not have given to have been the +receiver of such a letter?--What to have been the idol of such a heart? +And, as she eagerly bent over me to watch the progress of her epistle, +her hand resting on my arm, and her warm breath playing over my brow, +while at intervals a fond sigh escaped her, she from time to time +reminded me of the promises I had made never to betray her secret-- +beautiful innocent! I would have died first. She was with me nearly two +hours, and left me with a flushed cheek, her letter in one hand and her +half-crown in the other--had I robbed her of it, I should have merited +the pillory. + +My third customer was a stiff, tall, bony man, of about fifty-five, and +for this worthy I wrote an advertisement for a wife. He was thin, and +shy, and emaciated--a breathing skeleton, in the receipt of some hundred +and twenty pounds a-year; a martyr to the rheumatism, and a radical. He +required but little; a moderate fortune; tolerable person; good +education; perfect housewifery; implicit obedience; and, finally, wound +up the list of requisites from mere lack of breath, and modestly +intimated that youth would not be considered an objection, provided that +great prudence and rigid economy accompanied it. He was the veriest +antidote to matrimony I ever beheld! + +My calling prospered. I wrote letters of condolence and of +congratulation; made out bills, and composed valentines; became the +friend of every pretty girl and fine youth in the parish; and never +breathed one of their mighty secrets in the wrong quarter. In the midst +of this success, a new ambition fired me--I had been an author for +months; but though I had found my finances more flourishing, the bays +bloomed not upon my brow; and I was just about to turn author in good +earnest, when a distant relation died, and bequeathed to me an annuity +of four hundred pounds a-year; and I have been so much engaged ever +since in receiving the visits of some hitherto unknown relatives and +connexions, that I have only been able to compose the title-page, and to +send this hint to destitute young gentlemen who may have an epistolatory +turn; and to such I offer the assurance, that there is pleasure in being +the depositary of a pretty girl's secrets. "There are worse occupations +in the world, _Yorick_, than feeling a woman's pulse."--_The Inspector_. + + * * * * * + + +SUNRISE AT MOUNT ETNA. + + +Of a sunrise at Mount Etna, an acute traveller remarks, no imagination +can form an idea of this glorious and magnificent scene. Neither is +there on the surface of this globe any one point that unites so many +awful and sublime objects:--the immense elevation from the surface of +the earth, drawn as it were to a single apex, without any neighbouring +mountain for the senses and imagination to rest upon, and recover from +their astonishment in their way down to the world--and this point, or +pinnacle raised on the brink of a bottomless gulf, often discharging +rivers of fire, and throwing out burning rocks, with a noise that shakes +the whole island. Add to this, the unbounded extent of the prospect, +comprehending the greatest diversity, and the most beautiful scenery in +nature; with the rising sun advancing in the east to illuminate the +wondrous scene. The whole atmosphere by degrees kindled up, and showed +dimly and faintly the boundless prospect around. Both sea and land +looked dark and confused, as if only emerging from their original chaos; +and light and darkness seemed still undivided, till the morning by +degrees advancing, completed the separation. The stars are extinguished, +and the shades disappear. The forests, which but now seemed black and +bottomless gulfs, from whence no ray was reflected to show their form or +colours, appear a new creation rising to the sight, catching life and +beauty from every increasing beam. The scene still enlarges, and the +horizon seems to widen and expand itself on all sides; till the sun +appears in the east, and with his plastic ray completes the mighty +scene. All appears enchantment; and it is with difficulty we can believe +we are still on earth. The senses, unaccustomed to such objects, are +bewildered and confounded; and it is not till after some time that they +are capable of separating and judging of them. The body of the sun is +seen rising from the ocean, immense tracks both of sea and land +intervening; various islands appear under your feet; and you look down +on the whole of Sicily as on a map, and can trace every river through +all its windings, from its source to its mouth. The view is absolutely +boundless on every side; nor is there any one object within the circle +of vision to interrupt it; so that the sight is every where lost in the +immensity; and there is little doubt, that were it not for the +imperfection of our organs, the coasts of Africa, and even of Greece, +would be discovered, as they are certainly above the horizon.--_Time's +Telescope_. + + * * * * * + + + +GARRICK'S MULBERRY CUP. + +[Illustration] + + +In the garden attached to New Place, flourished a mulberry-tree, which +Shakspeare had planted with his own hands; and in 1742, when Garrick and +Macklin visited Stratford, they were regaled beneath its venerable +branches by Sir Hugh Clopton, who, instead of pulling down New Place +according to Malone's assertion, repaired it, and did every thing in his +power for its preservation. The Rev. Francis Gastrell purchased the +building from Sir Hugh Clopton's heir, and being disgusted with the +trouble of showing the mulberry-tree to so many visitors, he caused this +interesting and beautiful memorial of Shakspeare to be cut down, to the +great mortification of his neighbours, who were so enraged at his +conduct, that they soon rendered the place, out of revenge, too +disagreeable for him to remain in it. He therefore was obliged to quit +it; and the tree, being purchased by a carpenter, was retailed and cut +out in various relics. + +The catalogue of the property of the late David Garrick, Esq. sold on +the 5th of May, 1825, describes the cup as follows:--"Lot 170. The +original cup carved from Shakspeare's mulberry-tree, which was presented +to David Garrick by the Mayor and Corporation at the time of the Jubilee +at Stratford-on-Avon, lined with silver gilt, with a cover, surmounted +by a bunch of mulberry leaves and fruit, also of silver gilt." + +This relic acquires additional value from the circumstance of its never +having changed possessors from the time it was presented to Garrick in +September, 1769, to 1825, a period of nearly three score years, and +during the greater part of which time it has been virtually locked up +from public view. The tree was cut down about the year 1756, and could +not have been less than 140 years old. It is said the mulberry was first +planted in England about 1609. It is not a little singular, that at the +time Garrick received this relic of the immortal bard, he resided in +Southampton-street, as appears by his letter to the Mayor and +Corporation of Stratford, returning thanks for having elected him a +burgess of Stratford-on-Avon; and the residence of its second possessor, +Mr. J. Johnson, (who bought it for 127l. 1s.,) after a lapse of nearly +sixty years, is in the same street. + +The cup itself is of a very chaste and handsome form; plain, but in good +taste, and the wood prettily marked. The mulberry cup has also been +recorded in the celebrated ballad, beginning, "Behold this fair goblet," +&c. sung by Garrick at the Jubilee, holding the cup in his hand. + +G.W. + + * * * * * + + + +MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF ALL NATIONS. + +NO. X. + + * * * * * + + +THE GREEKS. + +(_For the Mirror_.) + + +The delightful country of Greece, once the finest in the world, is +inhabited by a bold and intelligent race of men, whose noble struggles +to rescue themselves from an odious servitude has rendered them objects +of our esteem and admiration. For more than five years has this +unfortunate land been the scene of continual warfare and desolation; and +though the attempts of the Turks have been many and great, they have +notwithstanding entirely failed in their design,--that of exterminating +the Greeks. + +The Greeks are of the same religion as the Russians, and, like that +nation, have monks and nuns. Great decorum is visible in their churches, +the females being excluded from the sight of the males by means of +lattices. Their bishops lead a life of great simplicity, as will be seen +from the following account of a dinner given by the bishop of Salona to +Mr. Dodwell:--"There was nothing to eat except rice and bad cheese; the +wine was execrable, and so impregnated with resin, that it almost took +the skin from our lips. Before sitting down to dinner, as well as +afterwards, we had to perform the ceremony of the _cheironiptron_, or +washing of the hands. We dined at a round table of copper tinned, +supported upon one leg, and sat on cushions placed on the floor. The +bishop insisted upon my Greek servant sitting at table with us; and on +my observing that it was contrary to our custom, he answered, that he +could not bear such ridiculous distinctions in his house. It was with +difficulty I obtained the privilege of drinking out of my own glass, +instead of out of the large goblet, which served for the whole party. +The Greeks seldom drink till they have dined. After dinner, strong thick +coffee, without sugar, was handed round."--The strictest frugality is +observable in all the meals of these people. The higher orders live +principally on fish and rice, and the common people on olives, honey, +and onions. The food of the Levantine sailors, according to the Hon. Mr. +Douglas, consists entirely of salted olives, called by the Greeks +_columbades_. They dress mutton in a singular manner, it being stewed +with honey. In a very rare work, published in 1686, entitled, "The +Present State of the Morea," is the following account of their manner of +thrashing corn:--"They have no barns, but thrashing-floors, which are +situated on high grounds, and open to the winds. Here they tread it out +with horses, which are made fast to a post, round which the corn is put; +the horses trampling upon it make great despatch: they then cleanse it +with the wind, and send it home." + +The houses of the Greeks are generally built of brick, made of clay and +chopped straw; those at Napoli di Romania are considered among the best, +and are spacious and convenient. The stranger, on entering, is struck +with the singular appearance they present, the lower story being set +apart for the _horses_, while not a bell is visible in any part of the +building. When the attendance of a servant is required, it is signified +by the master clapping his hands. Most of the houses in the villages +have very pretty gardens, with walks round them covered with vines. The +Greeks are remarkable for their love of dancing, particularly the +_Romaika_, which is thus described by the Hon. Mr. Douglas:--"I never +shall forget the first time I saw this dance: I had landed on a fine +Sunday evening in the island of Scio, after three months spent amidst +Turkish despotism, and I found most of the poorer inhabitants of the +town strolling upon the shore, and the rich absent at their farms; but +in riding three miles along the coast, I saw above thirty parties +engaged in dancing the Romaika upon the sand; in some of these groups, +the girl who led them chased the retreating wave, and it was in vain +that her followers hurried their steps; some of them were generally +caught by the returning sea, and all would court the laugh rather than +break the indissoluble chain. Near each party was seated a group of +parents and elder friends, who rekindled the last spark of their +expiring gaiety and vigour in the happiness they saw around them." + +Though the Greeks are an oppressed nation, yet, as Sir William Gell +testifies, they cannot be called uncleanly in their habits. The bath is +in constant use among them, and a Greek peasant would on no account +retire to rest without having previously washed his feet. The females, +generally speaking, are kept very secluded from society, and it is +seldom that their marriages are founded on mutual love or attachment. +The conduct of the married women in Greece is deserving of our highest +praise, both for their great virtue and goodness of heart, while +instances of divorce are extremely rare. + +The burial-places of the Greeks are situated without the walls of their +towns, and round the tombs are a variety of plants, (principally +parsley,) which they take great care to keep alive. Numerous ceremonies +are observed at their funerals; but the most interesting scene is the +last. "Before the body is covered with earth, the relations approach in +turn, and lifting the corpse in their arms, indulge in the full pleasure +of their grief, while they call in vain on the friend they have lost, or +curse the fate by which that loss has been occasioned." The Greeks, when +occasion requires it, make use of flowers to express their thoughts. +Thus for instance, if a lover wishes to convey any private intelligence +to his mistress, he has only to make a selection of certain flowers, the +signification of which is perfectly understood if once seen by the +object of his love. The manners of the Greeks in many cases bear a +striking resemblance to those of the Turks. Like that nation, they smoke +with long pipes, and write with the left hand. The inhabitants of Napoli +di Romania have still further imitated their oppressors by wearing the +turban trimmed with white, together with the red _papouches_, or +slippers. The costume of the Greek soldiers is thus described by the +author of "Letters from the East:"--"The costume of these soldiers was +light and graceful; a thin vest, sash, and a loose pantaloon, which fell +just below the knee. The head was covered with a small and ugly cap. +They had most of them pistols and muskets, to which many added sabres or +ataghans." The dress of the females is very elegant; over the head is +worn a veil, called _macrama_, and between the eyelid and the pupil is +inserted a black powder, named _surme_, which, according to the Hon. Mr. +Douglas, gives a pleasing expression to the countenance. On their hair +(generally of a beautiful auburn) they bestow great pains, adorning it +with a variety of ornaments, and suffering it to hang down in long +tresses or ringlets, which present a most graceful appearance. In +stature the men are tall and well made; but their countenances, though +expressive, have generally an air of dejection, which no change of time +or circumstances have power to remove. The Greek women are very +beautiful, and remarkable for vivacity and intelligence of mind. + +The character of the Greeks consists of a singular mixture of good and +bad qualities. They are vain, fickle, treacherous, and turbulent; but, +on the other hand, are industrious, bold, polite, moderate in their +living, with a lively and ingenious disposition. If it be asserted that +they are in some cases too much given to wine, it may be replied to in +the words of Cicero, _Necessitatis crimen est, non voluntatis_. When we +consider that from the earliest age they are accustomed to witness among +the Turks the most disgusting scenes of profligacy and villany, that, +like wandering pilgrims, they have no fixed abode, and are continually +subject to all the miseries attendant on war and poverty, can it be +wondered if in their character we find something worthy of reprehension? + +W. C--Y + + * * * * * + + + +THE SELECTOR; AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS. + + * * * * * + + +PERSONAL CHARACTER OF BONAPARTE. + + +Sir Walter Scott observes, on closing the history of Napoleon Bonaparte, +that the reader may be disposed to pause a moment to reflect on the +character of that wonderful person, on whom fortune showered so many +favours in the beginning and through the middle of his career, to +overwhelm its close with such deep and unwonted afflictions. + +The external appearance of Napoleon was not imposing at the first +glance, his stature being only five feet six inches English. His person, +thin in youth, and somewhat corpulent in age, was rather delicate than +robust in outward appearance, but cast in the mould most capable of +enduring privation and fatigue. He rode ungracefully, and without the +command of his horse which distinguishes a perfect cavalier; so that he +showed to disadvantage when riding beside such a horseman as Murat. But +he was fearless, sat firm in his seat, rode with rapidity, and was +capable of enduring the exercise for a longer time than most men. We +have already mentioned his indifference to the quality of his food, and +his power of enduring abstinence. A morsel of food, and a flask of wine +hung at his saddle-bow, used, in his earlier campaigns, to support him +for days. In his latter wars, he more frequently used a carriage; not, +as has been surmised, from any particular illness, but from feeling in a +frame so constantly in exercise the premature effects of age. + +The countenance of Napoleon is familiar to almost every one from +description, and the portraits which are found everywhere. The +dark-brown hair bore little marks of the attentions of the toilet. The +shape of the countenance approached more than is usual in the human race +to a square. His eyes were grey, and full of expression, the pupils +rather large, and the eye-brows not very strongly marked. The brow and +upper part of the countenance was rather of a stern character. His nose +and mouth were beautifully formed. The upper lip was very short. The +teeth were indifferent, but were little shown in speaking.[2] His smile +possessed uncommon sweetness, and is stated to have been irresistible. +The complexion was a clear olive, otherwise in general colourless. The +prevailing character of his countenance was grave, even to melancholy, +but without any signs of severity or violence. After death, the +placidity and dignity of expression which continued to occupy the +features, rendered them eminently beautiful, and the admiration of all +who looked on them. + + [2] When at St. Helena, he was much troubled with toothache and + scurvy in the gums. + +Such was Napoleon's exterior. His personal and private character was +decidedly amiable, excepting in one particular. His temper, when he +received, or thought he received, provocation, especially if of a +personal character, was warm and vindictive. He was, however, placable +in the case even of his enemies, providing that they submitted to his +mercy; but he had not that species of generosity which respects the +sincerity of a manly and fair opponent. On the other hand, no one was a +more liberal rewarder of the attachment of his friends. He was an +excellent husband, a kind relation, and, unless when state policy +intervened, a most affectionate brother. General Gourgaud, whose +communications were not in every case to Napoleon's advantage, states +him to have been the best of masters, labouring to assist all his +domestics wherever it lay in his power, giving them the highest credit +for such talents as they actually possessed, and imputing, in some +instances, good qualities to such as had them not. + +There was gentleness, and even softness, in his character. He was +affected when he rode over the fields of battle, which his ambition had +strewed with the dead and the dying, and seemed not only desirous to +relieve the victims,--issuing for that purpose directions, which too +often were not, and could not be, obeyed,--but showed himself subject +to the influence of that more acute and imaginative species of sympathy +which is termed sensibility. He mentions a circumstance which indicates +a deep sense of feeling. As he passed over a field of battle in Italy, +with some of his generals, he saw a houseless dog lying on the body of +his slain master. The creature came towards them, then returned to the +dead body, moaned over it pitifully, and seemed to ask their assistance. +"Whether it were the feeling of the moment," continued Napoleon, "the +scene, the hour, or the circumstance itself, I was never so deeply +affected by any thing which I have seen upon a field of battle. That +man, I thought, has perhaps had a house, friends, comrades, and here he +lies deserted by every one but his dog. How mysterious are the +impressions to which we are subject! I was in the habit, without +emotion, of ordering battles which must decide the fate of a campaign, +and could look with a dry eye on the execution of manoeuvres which must +be attended with much loss, and here I was moved--nay, painfully +affected--by the cries and the grief of a dog. It is certain that at +that moment I should have been more accessible to a suppliant enemy, and +could better understand the conduct of Achilles in restoring the body of +Hector to the tears of Priam."[3] The anecdote at once shows that +Napoleon possessed a heart amenable to humane feelings, and that they +were usually in total subjection to the stern precepts of military +stoicism. It was his common and expressive phrase, that the heart of a +politician should be in his head; but his feelings sometimes surprised +him in a gentler mood. + + [3] Las Cases, Vol. I partie 2de, p. 5. + +A calculator by nature and by habit, Napoleon was fond of order, and a +friend to that moral conduct in which order is best exemplified. The +libels of the day have made some scandalous averments to the contrary, +but without adequate foundation. Napoleon respected himself too much, +and understood the value of public opinion too well, to have plunged +into general or vague debauchery.--_Scott's Life of Napoleon._ + + * * * * * + + +THE FESTIVAL OF THE MOON AT MEMPHIS. + + +The rising of the moon, slow and majestic, as if conscious of the +honours that awaited her upon earth, was welcomed with a loud acclaim +from every eminence, where multitudes stood watching for her first +light. And seldom had she risen upon a scene more beautiful. +Memphis,--still grand, though no longer the unrivalled Memphis, that had +borne away from Thebes the crown of supremacy, and worn it undisputed +through so many centuries,--now, softened by the moonlight that +harmonised with her decline, shone forth among her lakes, her pyramids, +and her shrines, like a dream of glory that was soon to pass away. Ruin, +even now, was but too visible around her. The sands of the Libyan desert +gained upon her like a sea; and, among solitary columns and sphynxes, +already half sunk from sight, Time seemed to stand waiting, till all +that now flourished around, should fall beneath his desolating hand, +like the rest. + +On the waters all was life and gaiety. As far as eye could reach, the +lights of innumerable boats were seen, studding, like rubies, the +surface of the stream. Vessels of all kinds,--from the light coracle, +built for shooting down the cataracts, to the large yacht that glides to +the sound of flutes,--all were afloat for this sacred festival, filled +with crowds of the young and the gay, not only from Memphis and Babylon, +but from cities still farther removed from the scene. + +As I approached the island, could see, glittering through the trees on +the bank, the lamps of the pilgrims hastening to the ceremony. Landing +in the direction which those lights pointed out, I soon joined the +crowd; and passing through a long alley of sphynxes, whose spangling +marble shone out from the dark sycamores around them, in a short time +reached the grand vestibule of the temple, where I found the ceremonies +of the evening already commenced. + +In this vast hall, which was surrounded by a double range of columns, +and lay open over-head to the stars of heaven, I saw a group of young +maidens, moving, in a sort of measured step, between walk and dance, +round a small shrine, upon which stood one of those sacred birds, that, +on account of the variegated colour of their wings, are dedicated to the +moon. The vestibule was dimly lighted,--there being but one lamp of +naphta on each of the great pillars that encircled it. But, having taken +my station beside one of those pillars, I had a distinct view of the +young dancers, as in succession they passed me. + +Their long, graceful drapery was as white as snow; and each wore +loosely, beneath the rounded bosom, a dark-blue zone, or bandelet, +studded, like the skies at midnight, with little silver stars. Through +their dark locks was wreathed the white lily of the Nile,--that flower +being accounted as welcome to the moon, as the golden blossoms of the +bean-flower are to the sun. As they passed under the lamp, a gleam of +light flashed from their bosoms, which, I could perceive, was the +reflection of a small mirror, that, in the manner of the women of the +East, each wore beneath her left shoulder. + +There was no music to regulate their steps; but as they gracefully went +round the bird on the shrine, some, by the beat of the Castanet, some, +by the shrill ring of the sistrum,--which they held uplifted in the +attitude of their own divine Isis,--harmoniously timed the cadence of +their feet; while others, at every step, shook a small chain of silver, +whose sound, mingling with those of the castanets and sistrums, produced +a wild, but not an unpleasing harmony. + +They seemed all lovely; but there was one--whose face the light had not +yet reached, so downcast she held it,--who attracted, and at length +rivetted all my attention--_The Epicurean, by Thomas Moore, Esq._ + + * * * * * + + +MATERIALS OF ANCIENT BOOKS. + + +No material for books has, perhaps, a higher claim to antiquity than the +skin of the calf or goat tanned soft, and usually dyed red or yellow: +the skins were generally connected in lengths, sometimes of a hundred +feet, sufficient to contain an entire book, which then formed one roll +or _volume_. These soft skins seem to have been more in use among the +Jews and other Asiatics than among the people of Europe. The copies of +the law found in the synagogues are often of this kind: the most ancient +manuscripts extant are some copies of the Pentateuch on rolls +of leather. + +Parchment--Pergamena, so called long after the time of its first use, +from Pergamus, a city of Mysia, where the manufacture was improved and +carried on to a great extent, is mentioned by Herodotus and Ctesias as a +material which had been from time immemorial used for books: it has +proved to be of all others, except that abovementioned, the most +durable. The greater part of all manuscripts that are of higher +antiquity than the sixth century are on parchment; as well as, +generally, all carefully written and curiously decorated manuscripts of +later ages. The palimpsests are usually parchments: "It often happened," +says Montfaucon, "that from the scarcity of parchment, the copyists, +having erased the writing of ancient books, wrote upon them anew: these +rewritten parchments were called palimpsests--scraped a second time, and +often the ancient work was one of far greater value than that to which +it gave place: this we have on many occasions had opportunity to observe +in the MSS. of the king's library, and in those of Italy. In some of +these rescripts, the first writing is so much obliterated as to be +scarcely perceptible; while in others, though not without much labour, +it may still be read." + +The practice, still followed in the east, of writing upon the leaves of +trees, was common in the remotest ages. The leaves of the mallow or of +the palm were most used for this purpose: they were sometimes wrought +together into larger surfaces; but it is probable that this fragile and +inconvenient material was only employed for ordinary purposes of +business, letter-writing, or the instruction of children. + +The inner bark of the linden or teil tree, and perhaps of some others, +railed by the Romans _liber_, by the Greeks _biblos,_[4] was so +generally used as a material for writing as to have given its name to a +book in both languages. Tables of solid wood called _codices_, whence +the term _codex_ for a manuscript on any material, has passed into +common use, were also employed, but chiefly for legal documents, on +which account a system of laws came to be called a code. Leaves or +tablets of lead or ivory are frequently mentioned by ancient authors as +in common use for writing. But no material or preparation seems to have +been so frequently employed on ordinary occasions as tablets covered +with a thin coat of coloured wax, which was readily removed by an iron +needle, called a _style_; and from which the writing was as readily +effaced by the blunt end of the same instrument. + + [4] The word biblos or byblos, was afterwards almost + appropriated to books written upon the paper of Egypt. + +But during many ages the article most in use, and of which the +consumption was so great as to form a principal branch of the commerce +of the Mediterranean, was that manufactured from the papyrus of Egypt. +Many manuscripts written upon this kind of paper in the sixth, and some +even so early as the fourth century, are still extant. It formed the +material of by far the larger proportion of all books from very early +times till about the seventh or eighth century, when it gradually gave +place to a still more convenient manufacture. + +The papyrus, or Egyptian reed, grew in vast quantities in the stagnant +pools formed by the inundations of the Nile. The plant consists of a +single stem, rising sometimes to the height of ten cubits; this stem, +gradually tapering from the root, supports a spreading tuft at its +summit. The substance of the stem is fibrous, and the pith contains a +sweet juice. Every part of this plant was put to some use by the +Egyptians. The harder and lower part they formed into cups and other +utensils; the upper part into staves, or the ribs of boats; the sweet +pith was a common article of food; while the fibrous part of the stem +was manufactured into cloth, sails for ships, ropes, strings, shoes, +baskets, wicks for lamps, and, especially, into paper. For this purpose +the fibrous coats of the plant were peeled off, the whole length of the +stem. One layer of fibres was then laid across another upon a block, and +being moistened, the glutinous juice of the plant formed a cement, +sufficiently strong to give coherence to the fibres; when greater +solidity was required, a size made from bread or glue was employed. The +two films being thus connected, were pressed, dried in the sun, beaten +with a broad mallet, and then polished with a shell. This texture was +cut into various sizes, according to the use for which it was intended, +varying from thirteen to four fingers' breadth, and of proportionate +length. + +By progressive improvements, especially in the hands of the Roman +artists, this Egyptian paper was brought to a high degree of perfection. +In later ages it was manufactured of considerable thickness, perfect +whiteness, and an entire continuity and smoothness of surface. It was, +however, at the best, so friable that when durability was required the +copyists inserted a page of parchment between every five or six pages of +the papyrus. Thus the firmness of the one substance defended the +brittleness of the other; and great numbers of books so constituted have +resisted the accidents and decays of twelve centuries. + +Three hundred years before the Christian era the commerce in this +article had extended over most parts of the civilized world; and long +afterwards it continued to be a principal source of wealth to the +Egyptians. But at length the invention of another manufacture, and the +interruption of commerce occasioned by the possession of Egypt by the +Saracens, banished the paper of Egypt from common use. Comparatively few +manuscripts on this material are found of later date than the eighth or +ninth century; though it continued to be occasionally used long +afterwards. + +The charta bombycina or cotton paper, often improperly called _silk_ +paper, was unquestionably manufactured in the east as early as the ninth +century, possibly much earlier; and in the tenth it came into general +use throughout Europe. This invention, not long afterwards, became still +more available for general purposes by the substitution of old linen or +cotton rags for the raw material; by which means both the price of the +article was reduced, and the quality improved. The cotton paper +manufactured in the ancient mode is still used in the east, and is a +beautiful fabric. + +From this brief account of the materials successively employed for +books, it will be obvious, that a knowledge of the changes which these +several manufactures underwent will often serve, especially when +employed in subservience to other evidence, to ascertain the age of +manuscripts; or at least to furnish the means of detecting fabricated +documents. + +The preservation of books, framed as they are of materials so +destructible, through a period of twelve, or even fifteen hundred years, +is a fact which might seem almost incredible; especially as the decay of +apparently more durable substances within a much shorter period, is +continually presented to our notice. The massive walls of the +monasteries of the middle ages are often seen prostrate, and fast +mingling with the soil; while manuscripts penned within them, or perhaps +when their stones were yet in the quarry, are still fair and perfect, +glittering with their gold and silver, their cerulean and cinnabar. + +But the materials of books, though destructible, are so far from being +in themselves perishable that, while defended from positive injuries, +they appear to suffer scarcely at all from any intrinsic principle of +decay, or to be liable to any perceptible process of decomposition. "No +one," says Father Mabillon,[5] "unless totally unacquainted with what +relates to antiquity, can call in question the great durability of +parchments; since there are extant innumerable books, written on that +material, in the seventh and sixth centuries; and some of a still more +remote antiquity, by which all doubt on that subject might be removed. +It may suffice here to mention the Virgil of the Vatican Library, which +appears to be of more ancient date than the fourth century; and another +in the King's Library little less ancient; also the Prudentius, in the +same library, of equal age; to which you may add several, already +mentioned, as the Psalter of S. Germanus, the book of the councils, and +others, which are all of parchment. Many other instances I might name if +it were proper to dwell upon a matter so well known to every one who is +acquainted with antiquity. + + [5] De Re Diplomatica. + +"The paper of Egypt, being more frail and brittle, may seem to be open +to greater doubt; yet there are not wanting books of great antiquity, by +which its durability may be established. To go no further, there is in +the Royal Library a very old codex written upon the philyra (or bark of +the linden tree) containing the homilies of Avitus, I mean the copy from +which the celebrated Jac. Sirmundus prepared his edition; we have also +seen two other codices of the same material in the Petavian Library, +containing some sermons of S. Augustine, which, in the opinion of the +learned, are about 1100 years old. Of the same kind is that rare and +very ancient codex in the Ambrosian Library, mutilated indeed, but +consisting of many leaves of Egyptian paper, which contain some portions +of the Jewish history of Josephus. These examples are sufficient to +demonstrate the durability of the Egyptian paper in ancient books." The +author then goes on to mention several instances of deeds and chartas +written upon the paper of Egypt, still extant, though executed in the +fourth and fifth centuries. + +Books have owed their conservation, not merely to the durability of the +material of which they were formed, but to the peculiarity of their +being at once precious, and yet not (in periods of general ignorance) +marketable articles; of inestimable value to a few, and absolutely +worthless in the opinion of the multitude. They were also often indebted +for their preservation in periods of disorder and violence to the +sacredness of the roofs under which they were lodged.--_Taylor's History +of the Transmission of Ancient Books to Modern Times._ + + * * * * * + + +A PERSIAN'S DESCRIPTION OF AN ENGLISH THEATRE. + + +In Europe the manner in which plays are acted, and balls and musical +parties conducted, is (entirely) different from that of Hindoostan. The +people of this country (India) send for the singers to their own houses, +where they view the entertainments, and squander away a large sum of +money for one night's (amusement.) In Europe it is usual for a few +individuals to enter into partnership, (or) as it is called in English, +a company. They fit up a house in which dancing girls, skilful +musicians, singers, and actors, are engaged to perform. The audience +consists of from three to four thousand people. The lower orders, who +sit above all, give one shilling, equal in value to half a rupee; the +middle classes, who sit lowest off all, a rupee and a half; and the +great folks and noblemen, who sit (round) the middle of the house, give +two rupees and a half. Separate rooms (boxes) are allotted for them. The +place where the king sits is in front of the dancers. His majesty sits +there along with one or two of the princes, and these give each an +ashrufee. Now it is to be understood, that a poor man for eight anas, +and a rich individual for two rupees and a half, see a spectacle which +is fit for royalty itself, and which the people of this country have not +even seen in their dreams. In one night the dancers and musicians +collect five or six thousand rupees, which cover the expenses, and the +audience is sufficiently amused. + +It is the aim of this _caste_ to accomplish great undertakings at little +expense. In Hindoostan, luxurious young men, for seeing a nautch +[dance,] squander away, in one night, one or two hundred rupees; and +lakhs of rupees of patrimony, which they may succeed to, in a short time +take wing. + +How can I describe the dances, the melodious sound of violins and +guitars, and the interesting stories which I heard, and (all the things) +which I saw? My pen lacks ability to write even a short panegyric. + +From amongst all the spectacles, that of the curtains of seven colours +(the scenes) is exceedingly wonderful, for every instant a new painting +is exhibited. Then people, disguised like angels and fairies, the one +moment come upon the stage and dance, and the next vanish from the +sight. There is also a man with a black face, who is a kind of devil, +and called harlequin; at one time he appears, and at another time hides +himself, and sometimes attaches himself to the others, and taking the +hands of the dancing girls, he dances with them; he then scampers off, +and taking a leap, he jumps through a window. At seeing this sport I +laughed very heartily. In a word, the (whole) entertainment is excellent +and wonderful. + +Talking is not permitted in the theatre, although the crowd is great, +yet there is neither noise nor clamour. When a pleasing storey or +adventure is heard or witnessed, and they wish to express their +approbation, instead of saying _shabash!_ [excellent] or _wah! wah!_ +[bravo! bravo!] they beat the floor with their feet, or they clap their +hands, by which they signify their approval.--_Travels of Mirza Itesa +Modeen in Great Britain and France._ + + * * * * * + + + +MISCELLANIES. + + * * * * * + + +LANDING IN INDIA. + + +Nothing can be more ludicrous than a young Englishman's first landing in +Calcutta. The shore is thronged with the swarthy natives, eagerly +awaiting his arrival. Innumerable palanquins are brought down to the +boat, and the bearers, like the Paddington stagecoach men, are all +violently struggling to procure a passenger. The bewildered stranger is +puzzled which to choose; and when he has made up his mind, he finds it +no easy matter to jostle through the countless rival conveyances which +completely surround him. He is also sure to make some laughable mistake +in entering the palanquin. It requires a certain tact to steady the +vehicle as you throw yourself into it, or it is apt to turn over, like a +tailor's swinging cot. Another ridiculous error which a stranger is +liable to, is his endeavouring to seat himself on the little drawer +inside, supposing it to be intended for that purpose. But he soon finds, +after having doubled himself up, like people passing on a coach top +under a low gateway, that it would be utterly impossible to remain long +in that position, unless the human back were as pliable as a piece of +whalebone. After all, perhaps, the bearers are compelled to rest the +palanquin on the ground, and the abashed stranger, creeping hastily in, +is glad to escape from the ill suppressed smiles of the surrounding +multitude. + +_London Weekly Review._ + + +INCUBATION AND AGE OF BIRDS. + + +The full period of incubation by the hen in this country, is well known +to be twenty-one days. In warmer climates it is said to be a day or two +less. The periods of incubation vary much in different species of birds. +We introduce the following table, which has been compiled from different +authors by Count Morozzo, in a letter from him to Lacepepe, to show the +periods of incubation compared with those of the life of certain birds. + + Names of | Periods | Duration | + Birds. | of Incu- | of | Authority + | bation | Life. | + ------------+----------+-------------+-------------------------- + | Days. | Years. | + ------------+----------+-------------+-------------------------- + Swan | 42 | About 200 | Aldrovande + Parrot | 40 | About 100 | Wulmaer + Goose | 30 | 80 or more | Willoughby + Eagle | 30 } | Period of | + Bustard | 30 } | life not | + Duck | 30 } | known. | + Turkey | 30 } | | + Peacock | 26 to 27 | 25 to 28 | Aristot. & Pliny + Pheasant | 20 to 25 | 18 to 20 | A Treatise on Pheasants + Crow | 20 | 100 or more | Hesiod + Nightingale | 19 to 20 | 17 to 18 | Buffon + Hen | 18 to 19 | 16 to 18 | Buffon + Pigeon | 17 or 18 | 16 to 17 | Several observations + Linnet | 14 | 13 to 14 | Willoughby + Canary | 13 to 14 | 13 to 14 | A Treatise on these birds + Goldfinch | 13 to 14 | 18 to 20 | Buffon + + * * * * * + + + +THE GATHERER + + "I am but a _Gatherer_ and disposer of other men's + stuff."--_Wotton._ + + * * * * * + + +One of the band of Covent-Garden, who played the French horn, was +telling some anecdote of Garrick's generosity. Macklin, who heard him at +the lower end of the table, and who always fired at the praises of +Garrick, called out, "Sir, I believe you are a _trumpeter._"--"Well, +sir," said the poor man, quite confounded, "and if I am, what +then?"--"Nothing more, sir, than being a trumpeter, you are a dealer in +_puffs_ by profession." + + * * * * * + +An Irish dignitary of the church (not remarkable for veracity) +complaining that a tradesman of his parish had called him a _liar_, +Macklin asked him what reply he made him. "I told him," says he, "that a +lie was amongst the things I _dared_ not commit."--"And why, doctor," +replied Macklin, "did you give the rascal _so mean an opinion of your +courage?_" + + * * * * * + +In the neighbourhood of Yeovil are now living, in the same house, and at +the same board, a man and his wife, two sons, three daughters, two +grandsons, one grand-daughter, one grandfather, two fathers, two +mothers, one father-in-law, one son-in-law, three brothers, three +sisters, two brothers-in-law, two sisters-in-law, two uncles, two aunts, +two nephews, three nieces, three first cousins, one great uncle, two +great nephews, and one great niece; the whole consisting of seven +individuals only. + + * * * * * + + + +_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near +Somerset-House,) and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers._ + + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, +and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 265, July 21, 1827, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, JULY 21, 1827 *** + +***** This file should be named 9918.txt or 9918.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/9/9/1/9918/ + +Produced by Jonathan Ingram and Project Gutenberg +Distributed Proofreaders + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |