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diff --git a/old/8m26310.txt b/old/8m26310.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ddc818 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/8m26310.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1718 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Supplementary Number, Issue 263, 1827 +by Various + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Supplementary Number, Issue 263, 1827 + +Author: Various + +Release Date: February, 2006 [EBook #9883] +[This file was first posted on October 27, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: iso-8859-1 + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER, ISSUE 263, 1827 *** + + + + +E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram and Project Gutenberg Distributed +Proofreaders + + + + + + + +THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION. + +VOL. 10, No. 263.] SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER. [PRICE 2d. + + + + * * * * * + + + +SIR WALTER SCOTT'S LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. + +(_Continued from page 5._ [Note: see Mirror 262]) + + +Robespierre was a coward, who signed death-warrants with a hand that +shook, though his heart was relentless. He possessed no passions on +which to charge his crimes; they were perpetrated in cold blood, and +upon mature deliberation. + +Marat, the third of this infernal triumvirate, had attracted the +attention of the lower orders, by the violence of his sentiments in the +journal which he conducted from the commencement of the revolution, upon +such principles that it took the lead in forwarding its successive +changes. His political exhortations began and ended like the howl of a +blood-hound for murder; or, if a wolf could have written a journal, the +gaunt and famished wretch could not have ravened more eagerly for +slaughter. It was blood which was Marat's constant demand, not in drops +from the breast of an individual, not in puny streams from the slaughter +of families, but blood in the profusion of an ocean. His usual +calculation of the heads which he demanded amounted to two hundred and +sixty thousand; and though he sometimes raised it as high as three +hundred thousand, it never fell beneath the smaller number. It may be +hoped, and for the honour of human nature we are inclined to believe, +there was a touch of insanity in this unnatural strain of ferocity; and +the wild and squalid features of the wretch appear to have intimated a +degree of alienation of mind. Marat was, like Robespierre, a coward. +Repeatedly denounced in the assembly, he skulked instead of defending +himself, and lay concealed in some obscure garret or cellar among his +cut-throats, until a storm appeared, when, like a bird of ill omen, his +death-screech was again heard. Such was the strange and fatal +triumvirate, in which the same degree of cannibal cruelty existed under +different aspects. Danton murdered to glut his rage; Robespierre to +avenge his injured vanity, or to remove a rival whom he envied; Marat, +from the same instinctive love of blood, which induces a wolf to +continue his ravage of the flocks long after his hunger is appeased. + +Passing by the horrors of the reign of terror, we shall close the second +volume with a vivid and powerful picture, which we cannot refrain +quoting-- + + +THE DEATH OF ROBESPIERRE. + +Meantime the convention continued to maintain the bold and commanding +front which they had so suddenly and critically assumed. Upon learning +the escape of the arrested deputies, and hearing of the insurrection at +the Hotel de Ville, they instantly passed a decree outlawing Robespierre +and his associates, inflicting a similar doom upon the mayor of Paris, +the procureur and other members of the commune, and charging twelve of +their members, the boldest who could be selected, to proceed with the +armed force to the execution of the sentence. The drums of the National +Guards now beat to arms in all the sections under authority of the +convention, while the tocsin continued to summon assistance with its +iron voice to Robespierre and the civic magistrates. Every thing +appeared to threaten a violent catastrophe, until it was seen clearly +that the public voice, and especially amongst the National Guards, was +declaring itself generally against the Terrorists. + +The Hotel de Ville was surrounded by about fifteen hundred men, and +cannon turned upon the doors. The force of the assailants was weakest in +point of number, but their leaders were men of spirit, and night +concealed their inferiority of force. + +The deputies commissioned for the purpose read the decree of the +assembly to those whom they found assembled in front of the city-hall, +and they shrunk from the attempt of defending it, some joining the +assailants, others laying down their arms and dispersing. Meantime the +deserted group of Terrorists within conducted themselves like scorpions, +which, when surrounded by a circle of fire, are said to turn their +stings on each other, and on themselves. Mutual and ferocious upbraiding +took place among these miserable men. "Wretch, were these the means you +promised to furnish?" said Payan to Henriot, whom he found intoxicated +and incapable of resolution or exertion; and seizing on him as he spoke, +he precipitated the revolutionary general from a window. Henriot +survived the fall only to drag himself into a drain, in which he was +afterwards discovered and brought out to execution. The younger +Robespierre threw himself from the window, but had not the good fortune +to perish on the spot. It seemed as if even the melancholy fate of +suicide, the last refuge of guilt and despair, was denied to men who had +so long refused every species of mercy to their fellow-creatures. Le Bas +alone had calmness enough to despatch himself with a pistol-shot. Saint +Just, after imploring his comrades to kill him, attempted his own life +with an irresolute hand, and failed, Couthon lay beneath the table +brandishing a knife, with which he repeatedly wounded his bosom, without +daring to add force enough to reach his heart. Their chief, Robespierre, +in an unsuccessful attempt to shoot himself, had only inflicted a +horrible fracture on his under-jaw. + +In this situation they were found like wolves in their lair, foul with +blood, mutilated, despairing, and yet not able to die. Robespierre lay +on a table in an anti-room, his head supported by a deal-box, and his +hideous countenance half-hidden by a bloody and dirty cloth bound round +the shattered chin.[1] + + [1] It did not escape the minute observers of this scene, that + he still held in his hand the bag which had contained the fatal + pistol, and which was inscribed with the words, _Au grand + monarque_, alluding to the sign, doubtless, of the gunsmith who + sold the weapon, but singularly applicable to the high + pretensions of the purchaser. + +The captives were carried in triumph to the convention, who, without +admitting them to the bar, ordered them, as outlaws, for instant +execution. As the fatal cars passed to the guillotine, those who filled +them, but especially Robespierre, were overwhelmed with execrations from +the friends and relatives of victims whom he had sent on the same +melancholy road. The nature of his previous wound, from which the cloth +had never been removed till the executioner tore it off, added to the +torture of the sufferer. The shattered jaw dropped, and the wretch +yelled aloud, to the horror of the spectators.[2] A mask taken from that +dreadful head was long exhibited in different nations of Europe, and +appalled the spectator by its ugliness, and the mixture of fiendish +expression with that of bodily agony. + + [2] The fate of no tyrant in history was so hideous at the + conclusion, excepting perhaps that of Jugurtha. + +Thus fell Maximilian Robespierre, after having been the first person in +the French republic for nearly two years, during which time he governed +it upon the principles of Nero or Caligula. His elevation to the +situation which he held involved more contradictions than perhaps +attach to any similar event in history. A low-born and low-minded +tyrant was permitted to rule with the rod of the most frightful +despotism a people, whose anxiety for liberty had shortly before +rendered them unable to endure the rule of a humane and lawful +sovereign. A dastardly coward arose to the command of one of the bravest +nations in the world; and it was under the auspices of a man who dared +scarce fire a pistol, that the greatest generals in France began their +careers of conquest. He had neither eloquence nor imagination; but +substituted in their stead a miserable, affected, bombastic style, +which, until other circumstances gave him consequence, drew on him +general ridicule. Yet against so poor an orator, all the eloquence of +the philosophical Girondists, all the terrible powers of his associate +Danton, employed in a popular assembly, could not enable them to make an +effectual resistance. It may seem trifling to mention, that in a nation +where a good deal of prepossession is excited by amiable manners and +beauty of external appearance, the person who ascended to the highest +power was not only ill-looking, but singularly mean in person, awkward +and constrained in his address, ignorant how to set about pleasing even +when he most desired to give pleasure, and as tiresome nearly as he was +odious and heartless. + +To compensate all these deficiencies, Robespierre had but an insatiable +ambition, founded on a vanity which made him think himself capable of +filling the highest situation; and therefore gave him daring, when to +dare is frequently to achieve. He mixed a false and over-strained, but +rather fluent species of bombastic composition, with the grossest +flattery to the lowest classes of the people; in consideration of which, +they could not but receive as genuine the praises which he always +bestowed on himself. His prudent resolution to be satisfied with +possessing the essence of power, without seeming to desire its rank and +trappings, formed another art of cajoling the multitude. His watchful +envy, his long-protracted but sure revenge, his craft, which to vulgar +minds supplies the place of wisdom, were his only means of competing +with his distinguished antagonists. And it seems to have been a merited +punishment of the extravagances and abuses of the French revolution, +that it engaged the country in a state of anarchy which permitted a +wretch such as we have described, to be for a long period master of her +destiny. Blood was his element, like that of the other Terrorists, and +he never fastened with so much pleasure on a new victim, as when he was +at the same time an ancient associate. In an epitaph, of which the +following couplet may serve as a translation, his life was represented +as incompatible with the existence of the human race:-- + + "Here lies Robespierre--let no tear be shed; + Reader, if he had lived, thou hadst been dead." + +The commencement of the third volume introduces us to the family of +Bonaparte, who resided in the island of Corsica, which was, in ancient +times, remarkable as the scene of Seneca's exile, and in the last +century was distinguished by the memorable stand which the natives made +in defence of their liberties against the Genoese and French, during a +war which tended to show the high and indomitable spirit of the +islanders, united as it is with the fiery and vindictive feelings proper +to their country and climate. + + +BIRTH OF BONAPARTE. + +Charles Bonaparte, the father of Napoleon, died at the age of about +forty years, of an ulcer in the stomach, on the 24th of February, 1785. +His celebrated son fell a victim to the same disease. During Napoleon's +grandeur, the community of Montpellier expressed a desire to erect a +monument to the memory of Charles Bonaparte. His answer was both +sensible and in good taste. "Had I lost my father yesterday," he said, +"it would be natural to pay his memory some mark of respect consistent +with my present situation. But it is twenty years since the event, and +it is one in which the public can take no concern. Let us leave the dead +in peace." + +The subject of our narrative was born, according to the best accounts, +and his own belief, upon the 15th day of August, 1769, at his father's +house in Ajaccio, forming one side of a court which leads out of the Rue +Charles.[3] We read with interest, that his mother's good constitution, +and bold character of mind, having induced her to attend mass upon the +day of his birth, (being the Festival of the Assumption,) she was +obliged to return home immediately, and as there was no time to prepare +a bed or bedroom, she was delivered of the future victor upon a +temporary couch prepared for her accommodation, and covered with an +ancient piece of tapestry, representing the heroes of the Iliad. The +infant was christened by the name of Napoleon, an obscure saint, who had +dropped to leeward, and fallen altogether out of the calendar, so that +his namesake never knew which day he was to celebrate as the festival of +his patron. When questioned, on this subject by the bishop who +confirmed him, he answered smartly, that there were a great many saints, +and only three hundred and sixty-five days to divide amongst them. The +politeness of the pope promoted the patron in order to compliment the +god-child, and Saint Napoleon des Ursins was accommodated with a +festival. To render this compliment, which no one but a pope could have +paid, still more flattering, the feast of Saint Napoleon was fixed for +the fifteenth August, the birthday of the emperor, and the day on which +he signed the Concordat. So that Napoleon had the rare honour of +promoting his patron saint. + + [3] Benson's "Sketches of Corsica," p. 4. + + +NAPOLEON'S EARLY LIFE. + +The young Napoleon had, of course, the simple and hardy education proper +to the natives of the mountainous island of his birth, and in his +infancy was not remarkable for more than that animation of temper, and +wilfulness and impatience of inactivity, by which children of quick +parts and lively sensibility are usually distinguished. The winter of +the year was generally passed by the family of his father at Ajaccio, +where they still preserve and exhibit, as the ominous play-thing of +Napoleon's boyhood, the model of a brass cannon, weighing about thirty +pounds.[4] We leave it to philosophers to inquire, whether the future +love of war was suggested by the accidental possession of such a toy; or +whether the tendency of the mind dictated the selection of it; or, +lastly, whether the nature of the pastime, corresponding with the taste +which chose it, may not have had each their action and reaction, and +contributed between them to the formation of a character so warlike. + + [4] "Sketches of Corsica," p. 4. + +The same traveller who furnishes the above anecdote, gives an +interesting account of the country retreat of the family of Bonaparte +during the summer. + +Going along the sea-shore from Ajaccio towards the Isle Sanguiniere, +about a mile from the town, occur two stone pillars, the remains of a +doorway, leading up to a dilapidated villa, once the residence of Madame +Bonaparte's half-brother on the mother's side, whom Napoleon created +Cardinal Fesch.[5] The house is approached by an avenue, surrounded and +overhung by the cactus and other shrubs, which luxuriate in a warm +climate. It has a garden and a lawn, showing amidst neglect vestiges of +their former beauty, and the house is surrounded by shrubberies, +permitted to run to wilderness. This was the summer residence of Madame +Bonaparte and her family. Almost enclosed by the wild olive, the cactus, +the clematis, and the almond-tree, is a very singular and isolated +granite rock, called Napoleon's grotto, which seems to have resisted the +decomposition which has taken place around. The remains of a small +summer-house are visible beneath the rock, the entrance to which is +nearly closed by a luxuriant fig-tree. This was Bonaparte's frequent +retreat, when the vacations of the school at which he studied permitted +him to visit home. How the imagination labours to form an idea of the +visions, which, in this sequestered and romantic spot, must have arisen +before the eyes of the future hero of a hundred battles! + + [5] The mother of Letitia Ramolini, wife of Carlo Bonaparte, + married a Swiss officer in the French service, named Fesch, + after the death of Letitia's father. + +Bonaparte's ardour for the abstract sciences amounted to a passion, and +was combined with a singular aptitude for applying them to the purposes +of war, while his attention to pursuits so interesting and exhaustless +in themselves, was stimulated by his natural ambition and desire of +distinction. Almost all the scientific teachers at Brienne, being +accustomed to study the character of their pupils, and obliged by their +duty to make memoranda and occasional reports on the subject, spoke of +the talents of Bonaparte, and the progress of his studies, with +admiration. Circumstances of various kinds, exaggerated or invented, +have been circulated concerning the youth of a person so remarkable. The +following are given upon good authority.[6] + + [6] They were many years since communicated to the author by + Messrs. Joseph and Louis Law, brothers of General Baron + Lauriston, Bonaparte's favourite aid-de-camp. These gentlemen, + or at least Joseph, were educated at Brienne, but at a later + period than Napoleon. Their distinguished brother was his + contemporary. + +The conduct of Napoleon among his companions was that of a studious and +reserved youth, addicting himself deeply to the means of improvement, +and rather avoiding than seeking the usual temptations to dissipation of +time. He had few friends, and no intimates; yet at different times, when +he chose to exert it, he exhibited considerable influence over his +fellow-students, and when there was any joint plan to be carried into +effect, he was frequently chosen dictator of the little republic. + +In the time of winter, Bonaparte, upon one occasion, engaged his +companions in constructing a fortress out of the snow, regularly +defended by ditches and bastions, according to the rules of +fortification. It was considered as displaying the great powers of the +juvenile engineer in the way of his profession, and was attacked and +defended by the students, who divided into parties for the purpose, +until the battle became so keen that their superiors thought it proper +to proclaim a truce. + +The young Bonaparte gave another instance of address and enterprise upon +the following occasion. There was a fair held annually in the +neighbourhood of Brienne, where the pupils of the Military School used +to find a day's amusement; but on account of a quarrel betwixt them and +the country people upon a former occasion, or for some such cause, the +masters of the institution had directed that the students should not on +the fair-day be permitted to go beyond their own precincts, which were +surrounded with a wall. Under the direction of the young Corsican, +however, the scholars had already laid a plot for securing their usual +day's diversion. They had undermined the wall which encompassed their +exercising ground, with so much skill and secrecy, that their operations +remained entirely unknown till the morning of the fair, when a part of +the boundary unexpectedly fell, and gave a free passage to the +imprisoned students, of which they immediately took the advantage, by +hurrying to the prohibited scene of amusement. + +But although on these, and perhaps other occasions, Bonaparte displayed +some of the frolic temper of youth, mixed with the inventive genius and +the talent for commanding others by which he was distinguished in after +time, his life at school was in general that of a recluse and severe +student, acquiring by his judgment, and treasuring in his memory, that +wonderful process of almost unlimited combination, by means of which he +was afterwards able to simplify the most difficult and complicated +undertakings. His mathematical teacher was proud of the young islander, +as the boast of his school, and his other scientific instructors had the +same reason to be satisfied. + +In languages Bonaparte was less a proficient, and never acquired the art +of writing or spelling French, far less foreign languages, with accuracy +or correctness; nor had the monks of Brienne any reason to pride +themselves on the classical proficiency of their scholar. The full +energies of his mind being devoted to the scientific pursuits of his +profession, left little time or inclination for other studies. + +Though of Italian origin, Bonaparte had not a decided taste for the fine +arts, and his taste in composition seems to have leaned towards the +grotesque and the bombastic. He used always the most exaggerated +phrases; and it is seldom, if ever, that his bulletins present those +touches of sublimity which are founded on dignity and simplicity of +expression. + +Notwithstanding the external calmness and reserve of his deportment, he +who was destined for such great things had, while yet a student at +Brienne, a full share of that ambition for distinction and dread of +disgrace, that restless and irritating love of fame, which is the spur +to extraordinary attempts. Sparkles of this keen temper sometimes showed +themselves. On one occasion, a harsh superintendant imposed on the +future emperor, for some trifling fault, the disgrace of wearing a +penitential dress, and being excluded from the table of the students, +and obliged to eat his meal apart. His pride felt the indignity so +severely, that it brought on a severe nervous attack; to which, though +otherwise of good constitution, he was subject upon occasions of +extraordinary irritation. Father Petrault, the professor of mathematics, +hastened to deliver his favourite pupil from the punishment by which he +was so much affected. + +It is also said that an early disposition to the popular side +distinguished Bonaparte even when at Brienne. Pichegru, afterwards so +celebrated, who acted as his monitor in the military school, (a singular +circumstance,) bore witness to his early principles, and to the peculiar +energy and tenacity of his temper. He was long afterwards consulted +whether means might not be found to engage the commander of the Italian +armies in the royal interest. "It will be but lost time to attempt it," +said Pichegru. "I knew him in his youth--his character is inflexible--he +has taken his side, and he will not change it." + +In 1783, Napoleon Bonaparte, then only fourteen years old, was, though +under the usual age, selected by Monsieur de Keralio, the inspector of +the twelve military schools, to be sent to have his education completed +in the general school of Paris. It was a compliment paid to the +precocity of his extraordinary mathematical talent, and the steadiness +of his application. While at Paris he attracted the same notice as at +Brienne; and among other society, frequented that of the celebrated Abbé +Raynal, and was admitted to his literary parties. His taste did not +become correct, but his appetite for study in all departments was +greatly enlarged; and notwithstanding the quantity which he daily read, +his memory was strong enough to retain, and his judgment sufficiently +ripe to arrange and digest, the knowledge which he then acquired; so +that he had it at his command during all the rest of his busy life. +Plutarch was his favourite author; upon the study of whom he had so +modelled his opinions and habits of thought, that Paoli afterwards +pronounced him a young man of an antique caste, and resembling one of +the classical heroes. + +Some of his biographers have about this time ascribed to him the +anecdote of a certain youthful pupil of the military school, who desired +to ascend in the car of a balloon with the aëronaut Blanchard, and was +so mortified at being refused, that he made an attempt to cut the +balloon with his sword. The story has but a flimsy support, and indeed +does not accord well with the character of the hero, which was deep and +reflective, as well as bold and determined, and not likely to suffer its +energies to escape in idle and useless adventure. + +A better authenticated anecdote states, that at this time he expressed +himself disrespectfully towards the king in one of his letters to his +family. According to the practice of the school, he was obliged to +submit the letter to the censorship of Monsieur Domairon, the professor +of belles lettres, who, taking notice of the offensive passage, insisted +upon the letter being burnt, and added a severe rebuke. Long afterwards, +in 1802, Monsieur Domairon was commanded to attend Napoleon's levee, in +order that he might receive a pupil in the person of Jerome Bonaparte, +when the first consul reminded his old tutor good-humouredly, that times +had changed considerably since the burning of the letter. + +Napoleon Bonaparte, in his seventieth year, received his first +commission as second lieutenant in a regiment of artillery, and was +almost immediately afterwards promoted to the rank of first lieutenant +in the corps quartered at Valence. He mingled with society when he +joined his regiment, more than he had hitherto been accustomed to do; +mixed in public amusements, and exhibited the powers of pleasing, which +he possessed in an uncommon degree when he chose to exert them. His +handsome and intelligent features, with his active and neat, though +slight figure, gave him additional advantages. His manners could +scarcely be called elegant, but made up in vivacity and variety of +expression, and often in great spirit and energy, for what they wanted +in grace and polish. + +He became an adventurer for the honours of literature also, and was +anonymously a competitor for the prize offered by the Academy of Lyons +on Raynal's question, "What are the principles and institutions, by +application of which mankind can be raised to the highest pitch of +happiness?" The prize was adjudged to the young soldier. It is +impossible to avoid feeling curiosity to know the character of the +juvenile theories respecting government, advocated by one who at length +attained the power of practically making what experiments he pleased. +Probably his early ideas did not exactly coincide with his more mature +practice; for when Talleyrand, many years afterwards, got the essay out +of the records of the academy, and returned it to the author, Bonaparte +destroyed it after he had read a few pages. He also laboured under the +temptation of writing a journey to Mount Cenis, after the manner of +Sterne, which he was fortunate enough finally to resist. The affectation +which pervades Sterne's peculiar style of composition was not likely to +be simplified under the pen of Bonaparte. + +Sterner times were fast approaching, and the nation was now fully +divided by those factions which produced the revolution. The officers of +Bonaparte's regiment were also divided into royalists and patriots; and +it is easily to be imagined, that the young and friendless stranger and +adventurer should adopt that side to which he had already shown some +inclination, and which promised to open the most free career to those +who had only their merit to rely on. "Were I a general officer," he is +alleged to have said, "I would have adhered to the king; being a +subaltern, I join the patriots." + +There was a story current, that in a debate with some brother officers +on the politics of the time, Bonaparte expressed himself so +outrageously, that they were provoked to throw him into the Rhone, where +he had nearly perished. But this is an inaccurate account of the +accident which actually befell him. He was seized with the cramp when +bathing in the river. His comrades saved him with difficulty, but his +danger was matter of pure chance. + +Napoleon has himself recorded that he was a warm patriot during the +whole sitting of the National Assembly; but that on the appointment of +the Legislative Assembly, he became shaken in his opinions. If so, his +original sentiments regained force, for we shortly afterwards find him +entertaining such as went to the extreme heights of the revolution. + +Early in the year 1792, Bonaparte became a captain in the artillery by +seniority; and in the same year, being at Paris, he witnessed the two +insurrections of the 20th of June and 10th of August. He was accustomed +to speak of the insurgents as the most despicable banditti, and to +express with what ease a determined officer could have checked these +apparently formidable, but dastardly and unwieldy masses. But with what +a different feeling of interest would Napoleon have looked on that +infuriated populace, those still resisting though overpowered Swiss, and +that burning palace, had any seer whispered to him, "Emperor that shall +be, all this blood and massacre is but to prepare your future empire!" +Little anticipating the potent effect which the passing events were to +bear on his own fortune, Bonaparte, anxious for the safety of his mother +and family, was now desirous to change France for Corsica, where the +same things were acting on a less distinguished stage. + + +BONAPARTE'S FIRST MILITARY EXPLOIT. + +Napoleon's first military exploit was in the civil war of his native +island. In the year 1793, he was despatched from Bastia, in possession +of the French party, to surprise his native town Ajaccio, then occupied +by Paoli or his adherents. Bonaparte was acting provisionally, as +commanding a battalion of National Guards. He landed in the Gulf of +Ajaccio with about fifty men, to take possession of a tower called the +Torre di Capitello, on the opposite side of the gulf, and almost facing +the city. He succeeded in taking the place; but as there arose a gale of +wind which prevented his communicating with the frigate which had put +him ashore, he was besieged in his new conquest by the opposite faction, +and reduced to such distress, that he and his little garrison were +obliged to feed on horse-flesh. After five days he was relieved by the +frigate, and evacuated the tower, having first in vain attempted to blow +it up. The Torre di Capitello still shows marks of the damage it then +sustained, and its remains may be looked on as a curiosity, as the first +scene of _his_ combats, before whom + + --"Temple and tower + Went to the ground.--" + +A relation of Napoleon, Masserio by name, effectually defended Ajaccio +against the force employed in the expedition. + +The strength of Paoli increasing, and the English preparing to assist +him, Corsica became no longer a safe or convenient residence for the +Bonaparte family. Indeed, both Napoleon and his brother Lucien, who had +distinguished themselves as partisans of the French, were subjected to a +decree of banishment from their native island; and Madame Bonaparte, +with her three daughters, and Jerome, who was as yet but a child, set +sail under their protection, and settled for a time, first at Nice, and +afterwards at Marseilles, where the family is supposed to have undergone +considerable distress, until the dawning prospects of Napoleon afforded +him the means of assisting them. + +Napoleon never again revisited Corsica, nor does he appear to have +regarded it with any feelings of affection. One small fountain at +Ajaccio is pointed out as the only ornament which his bounty bestowed on +his birthplace. He might perhaps think it impolitic to do any thing +which might remind the country he ruled that he was not a child of her +soil, nay, was in fact very near having been born an alien, for Corsica +was not united to, or made an integral part of France, until June, 1769, +a few weeks only before Napoleon's birth. This stigma was repeatedly +cast upon him by his opponents, some of whom reproached the French with +having adopted a master, from a country from which the ancient Romans +were unwilling even to choose a slave; and Napoleon may have been so far +sensible to it, as to avoid showing any predilection to the place of his +birth, which might bring the circumstance strongly under the observation +of the great nation, with which he and his family seemed to be +indissolubly united. But, as a traveller already quoted, and who had the +best opportunities to become acquainted with the feelings of the proud +islanders, has expressed it,--"The Corsicans are still highly patriotic, +and possess strong local attachment--in their opinion, contempt for the +country of one's birth is never to be redeemed by any other qualities. +Napoleon, therefore, certainly was not popular in Corsica, nor is his +memory cherished there."[7] + + [7] Benson's "Sketches of Corsica," p. 121. + +The feelings of the parties were not unnatural on either side. Napoleon, +little interested in the land of his birth, and having such an immense +stake in that of his adoption, in which he had every thing to keep and +lose,[8] observed a policy towards Corsica which his position rendered +advisable; and who can blame the high-spirited islanders, who, seeing +one of their countrymen raised to such exalted eminence, and disposed to +forget his connexion with them, returned with slight and indifference +the disregard with which he treated them? + + [8] Not literally, however: for it is worth mentioning, that + when he was in full-blown possession of his power, an + inheritance fell to the family, situated near Ajaccio, and was + divided amongst them. The first consul, or emperor, received an + olive-garden as his share.--_Sketches of Corsica_. + +The siege of Toulon was the first incident of importance which enabled +Bonaparte to distinguish himself in the eyes of the French government +and of the world at large. Shortly afterwards he was appointed chief of +battalion in the army of Italy, and on the fall of Robespierre, +Bonaparte superseded in command. At the conflict between the troops of +the Convention under Napoleon, and those of the Sections of Paris under +Damican, the latter was defeated with much slaughter, and Bonaparte was +appointed general-in-chief in command of the army of the interior. + + +BONAPARTE'S FIRST MARRIAGE. + +Meantime circumstances, which we will relate according to his own +statement, introduced Bonaparte to an acquaintance, which was destined +to have much influence on his future fate. A fine boy, of ten or twelve +years old, presented himself at the levee of the general of the +interior, with a request of a nature unusually interesting. He stated +his name to be Eugene Beauharnois, son of the ci-devant Vicomte de +Beauharnois, who, adhering to the revolutionary party, had been a +general in the republican service upon the Rhine, and falling under the +causeless suspicion of the committee of public safety, was delivered to +the revolutionary tribunal, and fell by its sentence just four days +before the overthrow of Robespierre. Eugene was come to request of +Bonaparte, as general of the interior, that his father's sword might be +restored to him. The prayer of the young supplicant was as interesting +as his manners were engaging, and Napoleon felt so much interest in him, +that he was induced to cultivate the acquaintance of Eugene's mother, +afterwards the empress Josephine. + +The lady was a Creolian, the daughter of a planter in St. Domingo. Her +name at full length was Marie Joseph Rose Tascher de la Pagerie. She had +suffered her share of revolutionary miseries. After her husband, General +Beauharnois, had been deprived of his command, she was arrested as a +suspected person, and detained in prison till the general liberation, +which succeeded the revolution of the 9th Thermidor. While in +confinement, Madame Beauharnois had formed an intimacy with a companion +in distress, Madame Fontenai, now Madame Tallien, from which she derived +great advantages after her friend's marriage. With a remarkably graceful +person, amiable manners, and an inexhaustible fund of good-humour, +Madame Beauharnois was formed to be an ornament to society. Barras, the +Thermidorien hero, himself an ex-noble, was fond of society, desirous of +enjoying it on an agreeable scale, and of washing away the dregs which +Jacobinism had mingled with all the dearest interests of life. He loved +show, too, and pleasure, and might now indulge both without the risk of +falling under the suspicion of incivism, which, in the Reign of Terror, +would have been incurred by any attempt to intermingle elegance with the +enjoyments of social intercourse. At the apartments which he occupied, +as one of the Directory, in the Luxemburg Palace, he gave its free +course to his natural taste, and assembled an agreeable society of both +sexes. Madame Tallien and her friend formed the soul of these +assemblies, and it was supposed that Barras was not insensible to the +charms of Madame Beauharnois,--a rumour which was likely to arise, +whether with or without foundation. + +When Madame Beauharnois and General Bonaparte became intimate, the +latter assures us, and we see no reason to doubt him, that although the +lady was two or three years older than himself,[9] yet being still in +the full bloom of beauty, and extremely agreeable in her manners, he was +induced, solely by her personal charms, to make her an offer of his +hand, heart, and fortunes,--little supposing, of course, to what a pitch +the latter were to arise. + + [9] Bonaparte was then in his twenty-sixth year. Josephine gave + herself in the marriage contract for twenty-eight. + +Although he himself is said to have been a fatalist, believing in +destiny and in the influence of his star, he knew nothing, probably, of +the prediction of a negro sorceress, who, while Marie Joseph was but a +child, prophesied she should rise to a dignity greater than that of a +queen, yet fall from it before her death.[10] This was one of those +vague auguries, delivered at random by fools or impostors, which the +caprice of fortune sometimes matches with a corresponding and conforming +event. But without trusting to the African sibyl's prediction, Bonaparte +may have formed his match under the auspices of ambition as well as +love. The marrying Madame Beauharnois was a mean of uniting his fortune +with those of Barras and Tallien, the first of whom governed France as +one of the Directors; and the last, from talents and political +connexions, had scarcely inferior influence. He had already deserved +well of them for his conduct on the Day of the Sections, but he required +their countenance to rise still higher; and without derogating from the +bride's merits, we may suppose her influence in their society +corresponded with the views of her lover. It is, however, certain, that +he always regarded her with peculiar affection; that he relied on her +fate, which he considered as linked with and strengthening his own; and +reposed, besides, considerable confidence in Josephine's tact and +address in political business. She had at all times the art of +mitigating his temper, and turning aside the hasty determinations of his +angry moments, not by directly opposing, but by gradually parrying and +disarming them. It must be added to her great praise, that she was +always a willing and often a successful advocate in the cause +of humanity. + + [10] A lady of high rank, who happened to live for some time in + the same convent at Paris, where Josephine was also a pensioner + or boarder, heard her mention the prophecy, and told it herself + to the author, just about the time of the Italian expedition, + when Bonaparte was beginning to attract notice. Another clause + is usually added to the prediction--that the party whom it + concerned should die in an hospital, which was afterwards + explained as referring to Malmaison. This the author did not + hear from the same authority. The lady mentioned used to speak + in the highest terms of the simple manners and great kindness + of Madame Beauharnois. + +They were married 9th of March, 1796; and the dowry of the bride was the +chief command of the Italian armies, a scene which opened a full career +to the ambition of the youthful general. Bonaparte remained with his +wife only three days after his marriage, hastened to see his family, who +were still at Marseilles, and, having enjoyed the pleasure of exhibiting +himself as a favourite of fortune in the city which he had lately left +in the capacity of an indigent adventurer, proceeded rapidly to commence +the career to which fate called him, by placing himself at the head of +the Italian army. + +The renowned Italian campaigns occupy the remainder of the third, and +some part of the fourth volume, to which we now proceed. It will be +remembered that the war in Egypt being triumphantly concluded on the +part of Great Britain, the news of the contest reached France some time +before the English received it. Napoleon, on learning the tidings, is +reported to have said, "Well, there remains now no alternative but to +make the descent on Britain." + + +PROPOSED INVASION OF GREAT BRITAIN. + +As the words of the first consul appeard to intimate, preparations were +resumed on the French coast for the invasion of Great Britain. Boulogne +and every harbour along the coast was crowded with flat-bottomed boats, +and the shores covered with camps of the men designed apparently to fill +them. We need not at present dwell on the preparations for attack, or +those which the English adopted in defence, as we shall have occasion to +notice both, when Bonaparte, for the last time, threatened England with +the same measure. It is enough to say, that, on the present occasion, +the menaces of France had their usual effect in awakening the spirit +of Britain. + +The most extensive arrangements were made for the reception of the +invaders should they chance to land, and in the meanwhile, our natural +barrier was not neglected. The naval preparations were very great, and +what gave yet more confidence than the number of vessels and guns, +Nelson was put into command of the sea, from Orfordness to Beachy-head. +Under his management, it soon became the question, not whether the +French flotilla was to invade the British shores, but whether it was to +remain in safety in the French harbours. Boulogne was bombarded, and +some of the small craft and gun-boats destroyed--the English admiral +generously sparing the town; and not satisfied with this partial +success, Nelson prepared to attack them with the boats of the squadron. +The French resorted to the most unusual and formidable preparations for +defence. Their flotilla was moored close to the shore in the mouth of +Boulogne harbour, the vessels secured to each other by chains, and +filled with soldiers. The British attack in some degree failed, owing to +the several divisions of boats missing each other in the dark; some +French vessels were taken, but they could not be brought off; and the +French chose to consider this result as a victory, on their part, of +consequence enough to balance the loss at Aboukir;--though it amounted +at best to ascertaining, that although their vessels could not keep the +sea, they might, in some comparative degree of safety, lie under close +cover of their own batteries. + +The preliminaries of peace, however, were signed, and the treaty was +confirmed at Amiens, on the 27th of March, 1802. Napoleon still +prosecuted his ambitious projects, extended his power in Italy, and +caused himself to be appointed consul for life, with the power of naming +his successor. + + +SCHEME OF INVASION RENEWED. + +It must be in the memory of most who recollect the period, that the +kingdom of Great Britain was seldom less provided against invasion than +at the commencement of this second war; and that an embarkation from the +ports of Holland, if undertaken instantly after the war had broken out, +might have escaped our blockading squadrons, and have at least shown +what a French army could have done on British ground, at a moment when +the alarm was general, and the country in an unprepared state. But it +is probable that Bonaparte himself was as much unprovided as England +for the sudden breach of the treaty of Amiens--an event brought about +more by the influence of passion than of policy; so that its +consequences were as unexpected in his calculations as in those of Great +Britain. Besides, he had not diminished to himself the dangers of the +undertaking, by which he must have staked his military renown, his +power, which he held chiefly as the consequence of his reputation, +perhaps his life, upon a desperate game, which, though he had already +twice contemplated it, he had not yet found hardihood enough seriously +to enter upon. + +He now, however, at length bent himself, with the whole strength of his +mind, and the whole force of his empire, to prepare for this final and +decisive undertaking. The gun-boats in the Bay of Gibraltar, where calms +are frequent, had sometimes in the course of the former war been able to +do considerable damage to the English vessels of war, when they could +not use their sails. Such small craft, therefore, were supposed the +proper force for covering the intended descent. They were built in +different harbours, and brought together by crawling along the French +shore, and keeping under the protection of the batteries, which were now +established on every cape, almost as if the sea-coast of the channel on +the French side had been the lines of a besieged city, no one point of +which could with prudence be left undefended by cannon. Boulogne was +pitched upon as the centre port, from which the expedition was to sail. +By incredible exertions, Bonaparte had rendered its harbour and roads +capable of containing two thousand vessels of various descriptions. The +smaller sea-ports of Vimereux, Ambleteuse, and Etaples, Dieppe, Havre, +St. Valeri, Caen, Gravelines, and Dunkirk, were likewise filled with +shipping. Flushing and Ostend were occupied by a separate flotilla. +Brest, Toulon, and Rochefort, were each the station of as strong a naval +squadron as France, had still the means to send to sea. + +A land army was assembled of the most formidable description, whether we +regard the high military character of the troops, the extent and +perfection of their appointments, or their numerical strength. The +coast, from the mouth of the Seine to the Texel, was covered with +forces; and Soult, Ney, Davoust, and Victor, names that were then the +pride and the dread of war, were appointed to command the army of +England, (for that menacing title was once more, assumed,) and execute +those manoeuvres, planned and superintended by Bonaparte, the issue of +which was to be the blotting out of Britain from the rank of +independent nations. + +Far from being alarmed at this formidable demonstration of force, +England prepared for her resistance with an energy becoming her ancient +rank in Europe, and far surpassing in its efforts any extent of military +preparation before heard of in her history. To nearly one hundred +thousand troops of the line, were added eighty thousand and upwards of +militia, which scarce yielded to the regulars in point of discipline. +The volunteer force, by which every citizen was permitted and invited to +add his efforts to the defence of the country, was far more numerous +than during the last war, was better officered also, and rendered every +way more effective. It was computed to amount to three hundred and fifty +thousand men, who, if we regard the shortness of the time and the nature +of the service, had attained considerable practice in the use and +management of their arms. Other classes of men were embodied, and +destined to act as pioneers, drivers of wagons, and in the like +services. On a sudden, the land seemed converted to an immense camp, the +whole nation into soldiers, and the good old king himself into a +general-in-chief. All peaceful considerations appeared for a time to be +thrown aside; and the voice, calling the nation to defend their dearest +rights, sounded not only in Parliament, and in meetings convoked to +second the measures of defence, but was heard in the places of public +amusement, and mingled even with the voice of devotion--not unbecoming +surely, since to defend our country is to defend our religion. + +Beacons were erected in conspicuous points, corresponding with each +other, all around and all through the island; and morning and evening, +one might have said, every eye was turned towards them to watch for the +fatal and momentous signal. Partial alarms were given to different +places, from the mistakes to which such arrangements must necessarily be +liable; and the ready spirit which animated every species of troops +where such signals called to arms, was of the most satisfactory +description, and afforded the most perfect assurance, that the heart of +every man was in the cause of his country. + +Amidst her preparations by land, England did not neglect or relax her +precautions on the element she calls her own. She covered the ocean with +five hundred and seventy ships of war of various descriptions. +Divisions of her fleet blocked up every French port in the channel; and +the army destined to invade our shores, might see the British flag +flying in every direction on the horizon, waiting for their issuing from +the harbour, as birds of prey may be seen floating in the air above the +animal which they design to pounce upon. Sometimes the British frigates +and sloops of war stood in, and cannonaded or threw shells into Havre, +Dieppe, Granville, and Boulogne itself. Sometimes the seamen and marines +landed, cut out vessels, destroyed signal posts, and dismantled +batteries. Such events were trifling, and it was to be regretted that +they cost the lives of gallant men; but although they produced no direct +results of consequence, yet they had their use in encouraging the +spirits of our sailors, and damping the confidence of the enemy, who +must at length have looked forward with more doubt than hope to the +invasion of the English coast, when the utmost vigilance could not +prevent their experiencing insults upon their own. + +During this period of menaced attack and arranged defence, Bonaparte +visited Boulogne, and seemed active in preparing his soldiers for the +grand effort. He reviewed them in an unusual manner, teaching them to +execute several manoeuvres by night; and experiments were also made upon +the best mode of arranging the soldiers in the flat-bottomed boats, and +of embarking and disembarking them with celerity. Omens were resorted to +for keeping up the enthusiasm which the presence of the First Consul +naturally inspired. A Roman battle-axe was said to be found when they +removed the earth to pitch Bonaparte's tent or barrack; and medals of +William the Conqueror were produced, as having been dug up upon the same +honoured spot. These were pleasant bodings, yet perhaps did not +altogether, in the minds of the soldiers, counterbalance the sense of +insecurity impressed on them by the prospect of being packed together in +these miserable chaloupes, and exposed to the fire of an enemy so +superior at sea, that during the chief consul's review of the +fortifications, their frigates stood in shore with composure, and fired +at him and his suite as at a mark. The men who had braved the perils of +the Alps and of the Egyptian deserts, might yet be allowed to feel alarm +at a species of danger which seemed so inevitable, and which they had no +adequate means of repelling by force of arms. + +A circumstance which seemed to render the expedition in a great measure +hopeless, was the ease with which the English could maintain a constant +watch upon their operations within the port of Boulogne. The least +appearance of stir or preparation, to embark troops, or get ready for +sea, was promptly sent by signal to the English coast, and the numerous +British cruisers were instantly on the alert to attend their motions. +Nelson had, in fact, during the last war, declared the sailing of a +hostile armament from Boulogne to be a most forlorn undertaking, on +account of cross tides and other disadvantages, together with the +certainty of the flotilla being lost if there were the least wind +west-north-west. "As for rowing," he adds, "that is impossible.--It is +perfectly right to be prepared for a mad government," continued this +incontestable judge of maritime possibilities; "but with the active +force which has been given me, I may pronounce it almost impracticable." + +Before quitting the subject, we may notice, that Bonaparte seems not to +have entertained the least doubts of success, could he have succeeded in +disembarking his army. A single general action was to decide the fate of +England. Five days were to bring Napoleon to London, where he was to +perform the part of William the Third; but with more generosity and +disinterestedness. He was to call a meeting of the inhabitants, restore +them what he calls their rights, and destroy the oligarchical faction. A +few months would not, according to his account, have elapsed, ere the +two nations, late such determined enemies, would have been identified by +their principles, their maxims, their interests. The full explanation of +this gibberish, (for it can be termed no better, even proceeding from +the lips of Napoleon,) is to be found elsewhere, when he spoke a +language more genuine than that of the _Moniteur_ and the bulletins. +"England," he said, "must have ended, by becoming an appendage to the +France of _my_ system. Nature has made it one of our islands, as well as +Oleron and Corsica." + +It is impossible not to pursue the train of reflections which Bonaparte +continued to pour forth to the companion of his exile, on the rock of +Saint Helena. When England was conquered, and identified with France in +maxims and principles, according to one form of expression, or rendered +an appendage and dependency, according to another phrase, the reader may +suppose that Bonaparte would have considered his mission as +accomplished. Alas! it was not much more than commenced. "I would have +departed from thence [from subjugated Britain] to carry the work of +European regeneration [that is, the extention of his own arbitrary +authority] from south to north, under the Republican colours, for I was +then Chief Consul, in the same manner which I was more lately on the +point of achieving it under the monarchical forms." When we find such +ideas retaining hold of Napoleon's imagination, and arising to his +tongue after his irretrievable fall, it is impossible to avoid +exclaiming, Did ambition ever conceive so wild a dream, and had so wild +a vision ever a termination so disastrous and humiliating! + +It may be expected that something should be here said, upon the chances +which Britain would have had of defending herself successfully against +the army of invaders. We are willing to acknowledge that the risk must +have been dreadful; and that Bonaparte, with his genius and his army, +must have inflicted severe calamities upon a country which had so long +enjoyed the blessings of peace. But the people were unanimous in their +purpose of defence, and their forces composed of materials to which +Bonaparte did more justice when he came to be better acquainted with +them. Of the three British nations, the English have since shown +themselves possessed of the same steady valour which won the fields of +Cressy and Agincourt, Blenheim and Minden--the Irish have not lost the +fiery enthusiasm which has distinguished them in all the countries of +Europe--nor have the Scots degenerated from the stubborn courage with +which their ancestors for two thousand years maintained their +independence against a superior enemy. Even if London had been lost, we +would not, under so great a calamity, have despaired of the freedom of +the country; for the war would in all probability have assumed that +popular and national character which sooner or later wears out an +invading army. Neither does the confidence with which Bonaparte affirms +the conviction of his winning the first battle, appear go certainly well +founded. This, at least, we know, that the resolution of the country was +fully bent up to the hazard; and those who remember the period will bear +us witness, that the desire that the French would make the attempt, was +a general feeling through all classes, because they had every reason to +hope that the issue might be such as for ever to silence the threat +of invasion. + +The next most important occurrence that claims our notice in this +volume, and which fully delineates the nature and character of this +wonderful and ambitious individual, is the account of his declaration as +Emperor of France, and his subsequent Coronation. + + +CORONATION OF NAPOLEON. + +Measures were taken, as on former occasions, to preserve appearances, by +obtaining, in show at least, the opinion of the people, on this radical +change of their system. Government, however, were already confident of +their approbation, which, indeed, had never been refused to any of the +various constitutions, however inconsistent, that had succeeded each +other with such rapidity. Secure on this point, Bonaparte's accession to +the empire was proclaimed with the greatest pomp, without waiting to +inquire whether the people approved of his promotion or otherwise. The +proclamation was coldly received, even by the populace, and excited +little enthusiasm. It seemed, according to some writers, as if the +shades of D'Enghien and Pichegru had been present invisibly, and spread +a damp over the ceremony. The Emperor was recognised by the soldiery +with more warmth. He visited the encampments at Boulogne, with the +intention, apparently, of receiving such an acknowledgment from the +troops as was paid by the ancient Franks to their monarchs, when they +elevated them on their bucklers. Seated on an iron chair, said to have +belonged to king Dagobert, he took his place between two immense camps, +and having before him the Channel and the hostile coasts of England. The +weather, we have been assured, had been tempestuous, but no sooner had +the Emperor assumed his seat, to receive the homage of his shouting +host, than the sky cleared, and the wind dropt, retaining just breath +sufficient gently to wave the banners. Even the elements seemed to +acknowledge the imperial dignity, all save the sea, which rolled as +carelessly to the feet of Napoleon as it had formerly done towards those +of Canute the Dane. + +The Emperor, accompanied with his Empress, who bore her honours both +gracefully and meekly, visited Aix-la-Chapelle, and the frontiers of +Germany. They received the congratulations of all the powers of Europe, +excepting England, Russia, and Sweden, upon their new exaltation; and +the German princes, who had everything to hope and fear from so powerful +a neighbour, hastened to pay their compliments to Napoleon in person, +which more distant sovereigns offered by their ambassadors. + +But the most splendid and public recognition of his new rank was yet to +be made, by the formal act of coronation, which, therefore, Napoleon +determined should take place with circumstances of solemnity, which had +been beyond the reach of any temporal prince, however powerful, for +many ages. His policy was often marked by a wish to revive, imitate, and +connect his own titles and interest with, some ancient observance of +former days; as if the novelty of his claims could have been rendered +more venerable by investing them with antiquated forms, or as men of low +birth, when raised to wealth and rank, are sometimes desirous to conceal +the obscurity of their origin under the blaze of heraldic honours. Pope +Leo, he remembered, had placed a golden crown on the head of +Charlemagne, and proclaimed him Emperor of the Romans. Pius VII. he +determined should do the same for a successor to much more than the +actual power of Charlemagne. But though Charlemagne had repaired to Rome +to receive inauguration from the hands of the Pontiff of that day, +Napoleon resolved that he who now owned the proud, and in Protestant +eyes profane, title of Vicar of Christ, should travel to France to +perform the coronation of the successful chief, by whom the See of Rome +had been more than once humbled, pillaged, and impoverished, but by whom +also her power had been re-erected and restored, not only in Italy, but +in France itself. + +Humiliating as the compliance with Bonaparte's request must have seemed +to the more devoted Catholics, Pius VII. had already sacrificed, to +obtain the Concordat, so much of the power and privileges of the Roman +See, that he could hardly have been justified if he had run the risk of +losing the advantages of a treaty so dearly purchased, by declining to +incur some personal trouble, or, it might be termed, some direct +self-abasement. The Pope, and the Cardinals whom he consulted, implored +the illumination of heaven upon their councils; but it was the stern +voice of necessity which assured them, that, except at the risk of +dividing the Church by a schism, they could not refuse to comply with +Bonaparte's requisition. The Pope left Rome on the 5th of November. He +was everywhere received on the road with the highest respect, and most +profound veneration; the Alpine precipices themselves had been secured +by parapets wherever they could expose the venerable Father of the +Catholic Church to danger, or even apprehension. Upon the 25th of +November, he met Bonaparte at Fontainbleau; and the conduct of the +Emperor Napoleon was as studiously respectful towards him, as that of +Charlemagne, whom he was pleased to call his predecessor, could have +been towards Leo. + +On the 2nd of December, the ceremony of the coronation took place in +the ancient cathedral of Notre Dame, with the addition of every ceremony +which could be devised to add to its solemnity. Yet we have been told +that the multitude did not participate in the ceremonial with that +eagerness which characterises the inhabitants of all capitals, but +especially those of Paris, upon similar occasions. They had, within a +very few years, seen so many exhibitions, processions, and festivals, +established on the most discordant principles, which, though announced +as permanent and unchangeable, had successively given way to newer +doctrines, that they considered the splendid representation before them +as an unsubstantial pageant, which would fade away in its turn. +Bonaparte himself seemed absent and gloomy, till recalled to a sense of +his grandeur by the voice of the numerous deputies and functionaries +sent up from all the several departments of France, to witness the +coronation. These functionaries had been selected with due attention to +their political opinions; and many of them holding offices under the +government, or expecting benefits from the Emperor, made up, by the +zealous vivacity of their acclamations, for the coldness of the good +citizens of Paris. + +The Emperor took his coronation oath, as usual on such occasions, with +his hands up on the scripture, and in the form in which it was repeated +to him by the Pope. But in the act of coronation itself, there was a +marked deviation from the universal custom, characteristic of the man, +the age, and the conjuncture. In all other similar solemnities, the +crown had been placed on the sovereign's head by the presiding spiritual +person, as representing the Deity, by whom princes rule. But not even +from the head of the Catholic Church would Bonaparte consent to receive +as a boon the golden symbol of sovereignty, which he was sensible he +owed solely to his own unparalleled train of military and civil +successes. The crown having been blessed by the Pope, Napoleon took it +from the altar with his own hands, and placed it on his brows. He then +put the diadem on the head of his Empress, as if determined to show that +his authority was the child of his own actions. _Te Deum_ was sung; the +heralds, (for they also had again come into fashion,) proclaimed, "that +the thrice glorious and thrice august Napoleon, Emperor of the French, +was crowned and installed." Thus concluded this remarkable ceremony. +Those who remember having beheld it, must now doubt whether they were +waking, or whether fancy had framed a vision so dazzling in its +appearance, so extraordinary in its origin and progress, and so +ephemeral in its endurance. + +The very day before the ceremony of coronation, (that is, on the 1st of +December,) the senate had waited upon the Emperor with the result of the +votes collected in the departments, which, till that time, had been +taken for granted. Upwards of three millions five hundred thousand +citizens had given their votes on this occasion; of whom only about +three thousand five hundred had declared against the proposition. The +vice-president, Neufchateau, declared, "this report was the unbiassed +expression of the people's choice. No government could plead a title +more authentic." + +Sir Walter occupies his sixth volume with details of the celebrated +battles that were fought between the French and English armies in the +Spanish territories, and which are told with great truth and develope +the extraordinary powers of this celebrated writer. The divorce of +Josephine, and marriage of Maria Louisa, commence the succeeding volume. +The sterility of Bonaparte's wife was now an irremediable evil; and +political motives were to supersede the ties of endearment, affection, +talents, and virtue. Fouché the minister of police, made Josephine the +means of suggesting to Napoleon, the measure of her own divorce, and +subsequently Napoleon made Josephine acquainted with the cruel +certainty, that the separation was ultimately determined upon. + + +NAPOLEON DIVORCED FROM JOSEPHINE. + +When this sentence had finally dissolved their union, the emperor +retired to St. Cloud, where he lived in seclusion for some days. +Josephine, on her part, took up her residence in the beautiful villa of +Malmaison, near St. Germains. Here she principally dwelt for the +remaining years of her life, which were just prolonged to see the first +fall of her husband; an event which might have been averted had he been +content to listen more frequently to her lessons of moderation. Her life +was chiefly spent in cultivating the fine arts, of which she collected +some beautiful specimens, and in pursuing the science of botany; but +especially in the almost daily practice of acts of benevolence and +charity, of which the English _detenus_, of whom there were several at +St. Germains, frequently shared the benefit. Napoleon visited her very +frequently, and always treated her with the respect to which she was +entitled. He added also to her dowry a third million of francs, that +she might feel no inconvenience from the habits of expense to which it +was her foible to be addicted. + + +BONAPARTE MARRIES MARIA LOUISA. + +This important state measure was no sooner completed, than the great +council was summoned, on the 1st of February, to assist the emperor in +the selection of a new spouse. They were given to understand, that a +match with a grand duchess of Russia had been proposed, but was likely +to be embarrassed by disputes concerning religion. A daughter of the +king of Saxony was also mentioned, but it was easily indicated to the +council that their choice ought to fall upon a princess of the house of +Austria. At the conclusion of the meeting, Eugene, son of the repudiated +Josephine, was commissioned by the council to propose to the Austrian +embassador a match between Napoleon and the archduchess Maria Louisa. +Prince Schwarzenberg had his instructions on the subject; so that the +match was proposed, discussed, and decided in the council, and +afterwards adjusted between plenipotentiaries on either side, in the +space of twenty-four hours. The espousals of Napoleon and Maria Louisa +were celebrated at Vienna, 11th March, 1810. The person of Bonaparte was +represented by his favourite Berthier, while the archduke Charles +assisted at the ceremony, in the name of the emperor Francis. A few days +afterwards, the youthful bride, accompanied by the queen of Naples, +proceeded towards France. + +With good taste, Napoleon dispensed with the ceremonies used in the +reception of Marie Antoinette, whose marriage with Louis XVI., though +never named or alluded to, was in other respects the model of the +present solemnity. Near Soissons, a single horseman, no way +distinguished by dress, rode past the carriage in which the young +empress was seated, and had the boldness to return, as if to reconnoitre +more closely. The carriage stopped, the door was opened, and Napoleon, +breaking through all the tediousness of ceremony, introduced himself to +his bride, and came with her to Soissons. The marriage ceremony was +performed at Paris by Bonaparte's uncle, the Cardinal Fesch. The most +splendid rejoicings, illuminations, concerts, festivals, took place upon +this important occasion. But a great calamity occurred, which threw a +shade over these demonstrations of joy. Prince Schwarzenberg had given a +distinguished ball on the occasion, when unhappily the dancing-room, +which was temporary, and erected in the garden, caught fire. No efforts +could stop the progress of the flames, in which several persons +perished, and particularly the sister of Prince Schwarzenberg himself. +This tragic circumstance struck a damp on the public mind, and was +considered as a bad omen, especially when it was remembered that the +marriage of Louis XVI. with a former princess of Austria had been +signalized by a similar disaster. + +As a domestic occurrence, nothing could more contribute to Bonaparte's +happiness than his union with Maria Louisa. He was wont to compare her +with Josephine, by giving the latter all the advantages of art and +grace; the former the charms of simple modesty and innocence. His former +empress used every art to support or enhance her personal charms; but +with so much prudence and mystery, that the secret cares of her toilette +could never be traced--her successor trusted for the power of pleasing +to youth and nature. Josephine mismanaged her revenue, and incurred debt +without scruple. Maria Louisa lived within her income, or if she desired +any indulgence beyond it, which was rarely the case, she asked it as a +favour of Napoleon. Josephine, accustomed to political intrigue, loved +to manage, to influence, and to guide her husband; Maria Louisa desired +only to please and to obey him. Both were excellent women, of great +sweetness of temper, and fondly attached to Napoleon. In the difference +between these distinguished persons, we can easily discriminate the +leading features of the Parisian, and of the simple German beauty; but +it is certainly singular that the artificial character should have +belonged to the daughter of the West Indian planter; that marked by +nature and simplicity, to a princess of the proudest court in Europe. + +Bonaparte, whose domestic conduct was generally praiseworthy, behaved +with the utmost kindness to his princely bride. He observed, however, +the strictest etiquette, and required it from the empress. If it +happened, for example, as was often the case, that he was prevented from +attending at the hour when dinner was placed on the table, he was +displeased if, in the interim of his absence, which was often prolonged, +she either took a book, or had recourse to any female occupation,--if, +in short, he did not find her in the attitude of waiting for the signal +to take her place at table. Perhaps a sense of his inferior birth made +Napoleon more tenacious of this species of form, as what he could not +afford to relinquish. On the other hand, Maria Louisa is said to have +expressed her surprise at her husband's dispensing with the use of arms +and attendance of guards, and at his moving about with the freedom of +an individual; although this could be no great novelty to a member of +the imperial family of Austria, most of whom, and especially the Emperor +Francis, are in the habit of mixing familiarly with the people of +Vienna, at public places, and in the public walks. + +From this date may be traced the declination of Napoleon's greatness. In +the field he was generally unsuccessful, and occasionally murmurs of +discontent were whispered by citizen and soldier. The plot thickens in +the eight volume, and his abdication of the throne of France, and +subsequent journey to Elba, are feelingly narrated by our author. + + +RETURN OF MARIA LOUISA TO HER FATHER, AND DEATH OF JOSEPHINE. + +Maria Louisa made more than one effort to join her husband, but they +were discouraged on the part of Napoleon himself, who, while he +continued to ruminate on renewing the war, could not desire to have the +empress along with him in such an adventure. Shortly afterwards, the +emperor of Austria visited his daughter and her son, then at +Rambouillet, and gave her to understand that she was, for some time at +least, to remain separate from her husband, and that her son and she +were to return to Vienna along with him. She returned, therefore, to her +father's protection. + +It must be also here mentioned, as an extraordinary addition to this +tale of calamity, that Josephine, the former wife of Bonaparte, did not +long survive his downfall. It seemed as if the Obi-woman of Martinico +had spoke truth; for at the time when Napoleon parted from the sharer of +his early fortunes, his grandeur was on the wane, and her death took +place but a few weeks subsequent to his being dethroned and exiled. The +emperor of Russia had visited this lady, and showed her some attention, +with which Napoleon, for reasons we cannot conjecture, was extremely +displeased. She was amply provided for by the treaty of Fontainbleau, +but did not survive to reap any benefit from the provision, as she +shortly after sickened and died at her beautiful villa of Malmaison. She +was buried on the 3rd of June, at the village of Ruel. A vast number of +the lower class attended the obsequies; for she had well deserved the +title of patroness of the poor. + +The residence at Elba, the return, the treachery of Ney, the arrival at +Paris, and Napoleon's repossession of the throne, now occupy the page. +The battle of Waterloo is briefly, but finely described, and indeed the +whole of the ninth volume, to which we have now arrived, is deeply +interesting. We find, however, that we have nearly reached our limits, +and as we shall take an early opportunity of again referring to this +elaborate history, we shall now close with the following extracts;-- + + +CONDUCT OF NAPOLEON ON HIS WAY TO ST. HELENA. + +Upon the Northumberland crossing the line, the emperor desiring to +exhibit his munificence to the seamen, by presenting them with a hundred +louis d'or, under pretext of paying the ordinary fine, Sir George +Cockburn, considering this tribute to Neptune as too excessive in +amount, would not permit the donative to exceed a tenth part of the sum; +and Napoleon offended by the restriction, paid nothing at all. Upon +another occasion, early in the voyage, a difference in national manners +gave rise to one of those slight misunderstandings which we have +noticed. Napoleon was accustomed, like all Frenchmen, to leave the table +immediately after dinner, and Sir George Cockburn, with the English +officers, remained after him at table; for, in permitting his French +guests their liberty, the admiral did not choose to admit the right of +Napoleon to break up the party at his, Sir George's, own table. This +gave some discontent. Notwithstanding these trifling subjects of +dissatisfaction, Las Cases informs us that the admiral, whom he took to +be prepossessed against them at first, became every day more amicable. +The emperor used to take his arm every evening on the quarter-deck, and +hold long conversations with him upon maritime subjects, as well as past +events in general. + +While on board the Northumberland, the late emperor spent his mornings +in reading or writing; his evenings in his exercise upon deck, and at +cards. The game was generally _vingt un_. But when the play became +rather deep, he discouraged that amusement, and substituted chess. Great +tactician as he was, Napoleon did not play well at that military game, +and it was with difficulty that his antagonist, Montholon, could avoid +the solecism, of beating the emperor. + +During this voyage, Napoleon's _jour de fête_ occurred, which was also +his birthday. It was the 15th of August; a day for which the Pope had +expressly canonized a St. Napoleon to be the emperor's patron. And now, +strange revolution, it was celebrated by him on board of an English +man-of-war, which was conducting him to his place of imprisonment, and, +as it proved, his tomb. Yet Napoleon seemed cheerful and contented +during the whole day, and was even pleased at being fortunate at play, +which he received as a good omen. + +Upon the 15th of October, 1815, the Northumberland reached St. Helena, +which presents but an unpromising aspect to those who design it for a +residence, though it may be a welcome sight to the seaworn mariner. Its +destined inhabitant, from the deck of the Northumberland, surveyed it +with his spy-glass. St. James' Town, an inconsiderable village, was +before him, enchased, as it were in a valley, amid arid and scarped +rocks of immense height; every platform, every opening, every gorge, was +bristled with cannon. Las Cases, who stood by him, could not perceive +the slightest alteration of his countenance. The orders of government +had been, that Napoleon should remain on board till a residence could be +prepared suitable for the line of life he was to lead in future. But as +this was likely to be a work of time, Sir George Cockburn readily +undertook, on his own responsibility, to put his passengers on shore, +and provide in some way for the security of Napoleon's person, until the +necessary habitation should be fitted up. He was accordingly transferred +to land upon the 16th of October; and thus the emperor of France, nay, +wellnigh of Europe, sunk into the recluse of St. Helena. + + +DEATH OF NAPOLEON + +During the 3rd of May, it was seen that the life of Napoleon was drawing +evidently to a close; and his followers, and particularly his physician, +became desirous to call in more medical assistance;--that of Dr. Shortt, +physician to the forces, and of Dr. Mitchell, surgeon of the flag-ship, +was referred to. Dr. Shortt, however, thought it proper to assert the +dignity belonging to his profession, and refused to give an opinion on a +case of so much importance in itself, and attended with so much +obscurity, unless he were permitted to see and examine the patient. The +officers of Napoleon's household excused themselves, by professing that +the emperor's strict commands had been laid on them, that no English +physician, Dr. Arnott excepted, should approach his dying bed. They +said, that even when he was speechless they would be unable to brook his +eye, should he turn it upon them in reproof for their disobedience. + +About two o'clock of the same day, the priest Vignali administered the +sacrament of extreme unction. Some days before, Napoleon had explained +to him the manner in which he desired his body should be laid out in +state, in an apartment lighted by torches, or what Catholics call _une +chambre ardente_. "I am neither," he said in the same phrase which we +have formerly quoted, "a philosopher nor a physician. I believe in God, +and am of the religion of my father. It is not everybody who can be an +atheist. I was born a Catholic, and will fulfil all the duties of the +Catholic church, and receive the assistance which it administers." He +then turned to Dr. Antommarchi, whom he seems to have suspected of +heterodoxy, which the doctor, however, disowned. "How can you carry it +so far?" he said. "Can you not believe in God, whose existence every +thing proclaims, and in whom the greatest minds have believed?" + +As if to mark a closing point of resemblance betwixt Cromwell and +Napoleon, a dreadful tempest arose on the 4th of May, which preceded the +day that was to close the mortal existence of this extraordinary man. A +willow, which had been the exile's favourite, and under which he had +often enjoyed the fresh breeze, was torn up by the hurricane; and almost +all the trees about Longwood shared the same fate. + +The 5th of May came amid wind and rain. Napoleon's passing spirit was +deliriously engaged in a strife more terrible than that of the elements +around. The words "_tête d'armée_" the last which escaped his lips, +intimated that his thoughts were watching the current of a heady fight. +About eleven minutes before six in the evening, Napoleon, after a +struggle which indicated the original strength of his constitution, +breathed his last. + + +HIS FUNERAL. + +Bonaparte was buried on the 8th of May, in a small secluded recess +called Slane's, or Haine's Valley, where a fountain arose, at which his +Chinese domestics used to fill the silver pitchers, which they carried +to Longwood for Napoleon's use. "All the troops were under arms upon the +solemn occasion. As the road did not permit a near approach of the +hearse to the place of sepulture, a party of British grenadiers had the +honour to bear the coffin to the grave. The prayers were recited by the +priest, Abbé Vignali. Minute guns were fired from the admiral's ship. +The coffin was then let down into the grave, under a discharge of three +successive volleys of artillery, fifteen pieces of cannon firing fifteen +guns each. A large stone was then lowered down on the grave, and covered +the moderate space now sufficient for the man for whom Europe was once +too little." + + * * * * * + +_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset +House,) and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers._ + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER, ISSUE 263, 1827 *** + +This file should be named 8m26310.txt or 8m26310.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, 8m26311.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, 8m26310a.txt + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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