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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 10, Supplementary Number, Issue 263, 1827, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Supplementary Number, Issue 263, 1827
+
+Author: Various
+
+Posting Date: December 5, 2011 [EBook #9883]
+Release Date: February, 2006
+First Posted: October 27, 2003
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, ISSUE 263, 1827 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram and Project Gutenberg
+Distributed Proofreaders
+
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+
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+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 10, No. 263.] SUPPLEMENTARY NUMBER. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SIR WALTER SCOTT'S LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.
+
+(_Continued from page 5._ [Note: see Mirror 262])
+
+
+Robespierre was a coward, who signed death-warrants with a hand that
+shook, though his heart was relentless. He possessed no passions on
+which to charge his crimes; they were perpetrated in cold blood, and
+upon mature deliberation.
+
+Marat, the third of this infernal triumvirate, had attracted the
+attention of the lower orders, by the violence of his sentiments in the
+journal which he conducted from the commencement of the revolution, upon
+such principles that it took the lead in forwarding its successive
+changes. His political exhortations began and ended like the howl of a
+blood-hound for murder; or, if a wolf could have written a journal, the
+gaunt and famished wretch could not have ravened more eagerly for
+slaughter. It was blood which was Marat's constant demand, not in drops
+from the breast of an individual, not in puny streams from the slaughter
+of families, but blood in the profusion of an ocean. His usual
+calculation of the heads which he demanded amounted to two hundred and
+sixty thousand; and though he sometimes raised it as high as three
+hundred thousand, it never fell beneath the smaller number. It may be
+hoped, and for the honour of human nature we are inclined to believe,
+there was a touch of insanity in this unnatural strain of ferocity; and
+the wild and squalid features of the wretch appear to have intimated a
+degree of alienation of mind. Marat was, like Robespierre, a coward.
+Repeatedly denounced in the assembly, he skulked instead of defending
+himself, and lay concealed in some obscure garret or cellar among his
+cut-throats, until a storm appeared, when, like a bird of ill omen, his
+death-screech was again heard. Such was the strange and fatal
+triumvirate, in which the same degree of cannibal cruelty existed under
+different aspects. Danton murdered to glut his rage; Robespierre to
+avenge his injured vanity, or to remove a rival whom he envied; Marat,
+from the same instinctive love of blood, which induces a wolf to
+continue his ravage of the flocks long after his hunger is appeased.
+
+Passing by the horrors of the reign of terror, we shall close the second
+volume with a vivid and powerful picture, which we cannot refrain
+quoting--
+
+
+THE DEATH OF ROBESPIERRE.
+
+Meantime the convention continued to maintain the bold and commanding
+front which they had so suddenly and critically assumed. Upon learning
+the escape of the arrested deputies, and hearing of the insurrection at
+the Hotel de Ville, they instantly passed a decree outlawing Robespierre
+and his associates, inflicting a similar doom upon the mayor of Paris,
+the procureur and other members of the commune, and charging twelve of
+their members, the boldest who could be selected, to proceed with the
+armed force to the execution of the sentence. The drums of the National
+Guards now beat to arms in all the sections under authority of the
+convention, while the tocsin continued to summon assistance with its
+iron voice to Robespierre and the civic magistrates. Every thing
+appeared to threaten a violent catastrophe, until it was seen clearly
+that the public voice, and especially amongst the National Guards, was
+declaring itself generally against the Terrorists.
+
+The Hotel de Ville was surrounded by about fifteen hundred men, and
+cannon turned upon the doors. The force of the assailants was weakest in
+point of number, but their leaders were men of spirit, and night
+concealed their inferiority of force.
+
+The deputies commissioned for the purpose read the decree of the
+assembly to those whom they found assembled in front of the city-hall,
+and they shrunk from the attempt of defending it, some joining the
+assailants, others laying down their arms and dispersing. Meantime the
+deserted group of Terrorists within conducted themselves like scorpions,
+which, when surrounded by a circle of fire, are said to turn their
+stings on each other, and on themselves. Mutual and ferocious upbraiding
+took place among these miserable men. "Wretch, were these the means you
+promised to furnish?" said Payan to Henriot, whom he found intoxicated
+and incapable of resolution or exertion; and seizing on him as he spoke,
+he precipitated the revolutionary general from a window. Henriot
+survived the fall only to drag himself into a drain, in which he was
+afterwards discovered and brought out to execution. The younger
+Robespierre threw himself from the window, but had not the good fortune
+to perish on the spot. It seemed as if even the melancholy fate of
+suicide, the last refuge of guilt and despair, was denied to men who had
+so long refused every species of mercy to their fellow-creatures. Le Bas
+alone had calmness enough to despatch himself with a pistol-shot. Saint
+Just, after imploring his comrades to kill him, attempted his own life
+with an irresolute hand, and failed, Couthon lay beneath the table
+brandishing a knife, with which he repeatedly wounded his bosom, without
+daring to add force enough to reach his heart. Their chief, Robespierre,
+in an unsuccessful attempt to shoot himself, had only inflicted a
+horrible fracture on his under-jaw.
+
+In this situation they were found like wolves in their lair, foul with
+blood, mutilated, despairing, and yet not able to die. Robespierre lay
+on a table in an anti-room, his head supported by a deal-box, and his
+hideous countenance half-hidden by a bloody and dirty cloth bound round
+the shattered chin.[1]
+
+    [1] It did not escape the minute observers of this scene, that
+    he still held in his hand the bag which had contained the fatal
+    pistol, and which was inscribed with the words, _Au grand
+    monarque_, alluding to the sign, doubtless, of the gunsmith who
+    sold the weapon, but singularly applicable to the high
+    pretensions of the purchaser.
+
+The captives were carried in triumph to the convention, who, without
+admitting them to the bar, ordered them, as outlaws, for instant
+execution. As the fatal cars passed to the guillotine, those who filled
+them, but especially Robespierre, were overwhelmed with execrations from
+the friends and relatives of victims whom he had sent on the same
+melancholy road. The nature of his previous wound, from which the cloth
+had never been removed till the executioner tore it off, added to the
+torture of the sufferer. The shattered jaw dropped, and the wretch
+yelled aloud, to the horror of the spectators.[2] A mask taken from that
+dreadful head was long exhibited in different nations of Europe, and
+appalled the spectator by its ugliness, and the mixture of fiendish
+expression with that of bodily agony.
+
+    [2] The fate of no tyrant in history was so hideous at the
+    conclusion, excepting perhaps that of Jugurtha.
+
+Thus fell Maximilian Robespierre, after having been the first person in
+the French republic for nearly two years, during which time he governed
+it upon the principles of Nero or Caligula. His elevation to the
+situation which he held involved more contradictions than perhaps
+attach to any similar event in history. A low-born and low-minded
+tyrant was permitted to rule with the rod of the most frightful
+despotism a people, whose anxiety for liberty had shortly before
+rendered them unable to endure the rule of a humane and lawful
+sovereign. A dastardly coward arose to the command of one of the bravest
+nations in the world; and it was under the auspices of a man who dared
+scarce fire a pistol, that the greatest generals in France began their
+careers of conquest. He had neither eloquence nor imagination; but
+substituted in their stead a miserable, affected, bombastic style,
+which, until other circumstances gave him consequence, drew on him
+general ridicule. Yet against so poor an orator, all the eloquence of
+the philosophical Girondists, all the terrible powers of his associate
+Danton, employed in a popular assembly, could not enable them to make an
+effectual resistance. It may seem trifling to mention, that in a nation
+where a good deal of prepossession is excited by amiable manners and
+beauty of external appearance, the person who ascended to the highest
+power was not only ill-looking, but singularly mean in person, awkward
+and constrained in his address, ignorant how to set about pleasing even
+when he most desired to give pleasure, and as tiresome nearly as he was
+odious and heartless.
+
+To compensate all these deficiencies, Robespierre had but an insatiable
+ambition, founded on a vanity which made him think himself capable of
+filling the highest situation; and therefore gave him daring, when to
+dare is frequently to achieve. He mixed a false and over-strained, but
+rather fluent species of bombastic composition, with the grossest
+flattery to the lowest classes of the people; in consideration of which,
+they could not but receive as genuine the praises which he always
+bestowed on himself. His prudent resolution to be satisfied with
+possessing the essence of power, without seeming to desire its rank and
+trappings, formed another art of cajoling the multitude. His watchful
+envy, his long-protracted but sure revenge, his craft, which to vulgar
+minds supplies the place of wisdom, were his only means of competing
+with his distinguished antagonists. And it seems to have been a merited
+punishment of the extravagances and abuses of the French revolution,
+that it engaged the country in a state of anarchy which permitted a
+wretch such as we have described, to be for a long period master of her
+destiny. Blood was his element, like that of the other Terrorists, and
+he never fastened with so much pleasure on a new victim, as when he was
+at the same time an ancient associate. In an epitaph, of which the
+following couplet may serve as a translation, his life was represented
+as incompatible with the existence of the human race:--
+
+    "Here lies Robespierre--let no tear be shed;
+    Reader, if he had lived, thou hadst been dead."
+
+The commencement of the third volume introduces us to the family of
+Bonaparte, who resided in the island of Corsica, which was, in ancient
+times, remarkable as the scene of Seneca's exile, and in the last
+century was distinguished by the memorable stand which the natives made
+in defence of their liberties against the Genoese and French, during a
+war which tended to show the high and indomitable spirit of the
+islanders, united as it is with the fiery and vindictive feelings proper
+to their country and climate.
+
+
+BIRTH OF BONAPARTE.
+
+Charles Bonaparte, the father of Napoleon, died at the age of about
+forty years, of an ulcer in the stomach, on the 24th of February, 1785.
+His celebrated son fell a victim to the same disease. During Napoleon's
+grandeur, the community of Montpellier expressed a desire to erect a
+monument to the memory of Charles Bonaparte. His answer was both
+sensible and in good taste. "Had I lost my father yesterday," he said,
+"it would be natural to pay his memory some mark of respect consistent
+with my present situation. But it is twenty years since the event, and
+it is one in which the public can take no concern. Let us leave the dead
+in peace."
+
+The subject of our narrative was born, according to the best accounts,
+and his own belief, upon the 15th day of August, 1769, at his father's
+house in Ajaccio, forming one side of a court which leads out of the Rue
+Charles.[3] We read with interest, that his mother's good constitution,
+and bold character of mind, having induced her to attend mass upon the
+day of his birth, (being the Festival of the Assumption,) she was
+obliged to return home immediately, and as there was no time to prepare
+a bed or bedroom, she was delivered of the future victor upon a
+temporary couch prepared for her accommodation, and covered with an
+ancient piece of tapestry, representing the heroes of the Iliad. The
+infant was christened by the name of Napoleon, an obscure saint, who had
+dropped to leeward, and fallen altogether out of the calendar, so that
+his namesake never knew which day he was to celebrate as the festival of
+his patron. When questioned, on this subject by the bishop who
+confirmed him, he answered smartly, that there were a great many saints,
+and only three hundred and sixty-five days to divide amongst them. The
+politeness of the pope promoted the patron in order to compliment the
+god-child, and Saint Napoleon des Ursins was accommodated with a
+festival. To render this compliment, which no one but a pope could have
+paid, still more flattering, the feast of Saint Napoleon was fixed for
+the fifteenth August, the birthday of the emperor, and the day on which
+he signed the Concordat. So that Napoleon had the rare honour of
+promoting his patron saint.
+
+    [3] Benson's "Sketches of Corsica," p. 4.
+
+
+NAPOLEON'S EARLY LIFE.
+
+The young Napoleon had, of course, the simple and hardy education proper
+to the natives of the mountainous island of his birth, and in his
+infancy was not remarkable for more than that animation of temper, and
+wilfulness and impatience of inactivity, by which children of quick
+parts and lively sensibility are usually distinguished. The winter of
+the year was generally passed by the family of his father at Ajaccio,
+where they still preserve and exhibit, as the ominous play-thing of
+Napoleon's boyhood, the model of a brass cannon, weighing about thirty
+pounds.[4] We leave it to philosophers to inquire, whether the future
+love of war was suggested by the accidental possession of such a toy; or
+whether the tendency of the mind dictated the selection of it; or,
+lastly, whether the nature of the pastime, corresponding with the taste
+which chose it, may not have had each their action and reaction, and
+contributed between them to the formation of a character so warlike.
+
+    [4] "Sketches of Corsica," p. 4.
+
+The same traveller who furnishes the above anecdote, gives an
+interesting account of the country retreat of the family of Bonaparte
+during the summer.
+
+Going along the sea-shore from Ajaccio towards the Isle Sanguiniere,
+about a mile from the town, occur two stone pillars, the remains of a
+doorway, leading up to a dilapidated villa, once the residence of Madame
+Bonaparte's half-brother on the mother's side, whom Napoleon created
+Cardinal Fesch.[5] The house is approached by an avenue, surrounded and
+overhung by the cactus and other shrubs, which luxuriate in a warm
+climate. It has a garden and a lawn, showing amidst neglect vestiges of
+their former beauty, and the house is surrounded by shrubberies,
+permitted to run to wilderness. This was the summer residence of Madame
+Bonaparte and her family. Almost enclosed by the wild olive, the cactus,
+the clematis, and the almond-tree, is a very singular and isolated
+granite rock, called Napoleon's grotto, which seems to have resisted the
+decomposition which has taken place around. The remains of a small
+summer-house are visible beneath the rock, the entrance to which is
+nearly closed by a luxuriant fig-tree. This was Bonaparte's frequent
+retreat, when the vacations of the school at which he studied permitted
+him to visit home. How the imagination labours to form an idea of the
+visions, which, in this sequestered and romantic spot, must have arisen
+before the eyes of the future hero of a hundred battles!
+
+    [5] The mother of Letitia Ramolini, wife of Carlo Bonaparte,
+    married a Swiss officer in the French service, named Fesch,
+    after the death of Letitia's father.
+
+Bonaparte's ardour for the abstract sciences amounted to a passion, and
+was combined with a singular aptitude for applying them to the purposes
+of war, while his attention to pursuits so interesting and exhaustless
+in themselves, was stimulated by his natural ambition and desire of
+distinction. Almost all the scientific teachers at Brienne, being
+accustomed to study the character of their pupils, and obliged by their
+duty to make memoranda and occasional reports on the subject, spoke of
+the talents of Bonaparte, and the progress of his studies, with
+admiration. Circumstances of various kinds, exaggerated or invented,
+have been circulated concerning the youth of a person so remarkable. The
+following are given upon good authority.[6]
+
+    [6] They were many years since communicated to the author by
+    Messrs. Joseph and Louis Law, brothers of General Baron
+    Lauriston, Bonaparte's favourite aid-de-camp. These gentlemen,
+    or at least Joseph, were educated at Brienne, but at a later
+    period than Napoleon. Their distinguished brother was his
+    contemporary.
+
+The conduct of Napoleon among his companions was that of a studious and
+reserved youth, addicting himself deeply to the means of improvement,
+and rather avoiding than seeking the usual temptations to dissipation of
+time. He had few friends, and no intimates; yet at different times, when
+he chose to exert it, he exhibited considerable influence over his
+fellow-students, and when there was any joint plan to be carried into
+effect, he was frequently chosen dictator of the little republic.
+
+In the time of winter, Bonaparte, upon one occasion, engaged his
+companions in constructing a fortress out of the snow, regularly
+defended by ditches and bastions, according to the rules of
+fortification. It was considered as displaying the great powers of the
+juvenile engineer in the way of his profession, and was attacked and
+defended by the students, who divided into parties for the purpose,
+until the battle became so keen that their superiors thought it proper
+to proclaim a truce.
+
+The young Bonaparte gave another instance of address and enterprise upon
+the following occasion. There was a fair held annually in the
+neighbourhood of Brienne, where the pupils of the Military School used
+to find a day's amusement; but on account of a quarrel betwixt them and
+the country people upon a former occasion, or for some such cause, the
+masters of the institution had directed that the students should not on
+the fair-day be permitted to go beyond their own precincts, which were
+surrounded with a wall. Under the direction of the young Corsican,
+however, the scholars had already laid a plot for securing their usual
+day's diversion. They had undermined the wall which encompassed their
+exercising ground, with so much skill and secrecy, that their operations
+remained entirely unknown till the morning of the fair, when a part of
+the boundary unexpectedly fell, and gave a free passage to the
+imprisoned students, of which they immediately took the advantage, by
+hurrying to the prohibited scene of amusement.
+
+But although on these, and perhaps other occasions, Bonaparte displayed
+some of the frolic temper of youth, mixed with the inventive genius and
+the talent for commanding others by which he was distinguished in after
+time, his life at school was in general that of a recluse and severe
+student, acquiring by his judgment, and treasuring in his memory, that
+wonderful process of almost unlimited combination, by means of which he
+was afterwards able to simplify the most difficult and complicated
+undertakings. His mathematical teacher was proud of the young islander,
+as the boast of his school, and his other scientific instructors had the
+same reason to be satisfied.
+
+In languages Bonaparte was less a proficient, and never acquired the art
+of writing or spelling French, far less foreign languages, with accuracy
+or correctness; nor had the monks of Brienne any reason to pride
+themselves on the classical proficiency of their scholar. The full
+energies of his mind being devoted to the scientific pursuits of his
+profession, left little time or inclination for other studies.
+
+Though of Italian origin, Bonaparte had not a decided taste for the fine
+arts, and his taste in composition seems to have leaned towards the
+grotesque and the bombastic. He used always the most exaggerated
+phrases; and it is seldom, if ever, that his bulletins present those
+touches of sublimity which are founded on dignity and simplicity of
+expression.
+
+Notwithstanding the external calmness and reserve of his deportment, he
+who was destined for such great things had, while yet a student at
+Brienne, a full share of that ambition for distinction and dread of
+disgrace, that restless and irritating love of fame, which is the spur
+to extraordinary attempts. Sparkles of this keen temper sometimes showed
+themselves. On one occasion, a harsh superintendant imposed on the
+future emperor, for some trifling fault, the disgrace of wearing a
+penitential dress, and being excluded from the table of the students,
+and obliged to eat his meal apart. His pride felt the indignity so
+severely, that it brought on a severe nervous attack; to which, though
+otherwise of good constitution, he was subject upon occasions of
+extraordinary irritation. Father Petrault, the professor of mathematics,
+hastened to deliver his favourite pupil from the punishment by which he
+was so much affected.
+
+It is also said that an early disposition to the popular side
+distinguished Bonaparte even when at Brienne. Pichegru, afterwards so
+celebrated, who acted as his monitor in the military school, (a singular
+circumstance,) bore witness to his early principles, and to the peculiar
+energy and tenacity of his temper. He was long afterwards consulted
+whether means might not be found to engage the commander of the Italian
+armies in the royal interest. "It will be but lost time to attempt it,"
+said Pichegru. "I knew him in his youth--his character is inflexible--he
+has taken his side, and he will not change it."
+
+In 1783, Napoleon Bonaparte, then only fourteen years old, was, though
+under the usual age, selected by Monsieur de Keralio, the inspector of
+the twelve military schools, to be sent to have his education completed
+in the general school of Paris. It was a compliment paid to the
+precocity of his extraordinary mathematical talent, and the steadiness
+of his application. While at Paris he attracted the same notice as at
+Brienne; and among other society, frequented that of the celebrated Abbé
+Raynal, and was admitted to his literary parties. His taste did not
+become correct, but his appetite for study in all departments was
+greatly enlarged; and notwithstanding the quantity which he daily read,
+his memory was strong enough to retain, and his judgment sufficiently
+ripe to arrange and digest, the knowledge which he then acquired; so
+that he had it at his command during all the rest of his busy life.
+Plutarch was his favourite author; upon the study of whom he had so
+modelled his opinions and habits of thought, that Paoli afterwards
+pronounced him a young man of an antique caste, and resembling one of
+the classical heroes.
+
+Some of his biographers have about this time ascribed to him the
+anecdote of a certain youthful pupil of the military school, who desired
+to ascend in the car of a balloon with the aëronaut Blanchard, and was
+so mortified at being refused, that he made an attempt to cut the
+balloon with his sword. The story has but a flimsy support, and indeed
+does not accord well with the character of the hero, which was deep and
+reflective, as well as bold and determined, and not likely to suffer its
+energies to escape in idle and useless adventure.
+
+A better authenticated anecdote states, that at this time he expressed
+himself disrespectfully towards the king in one of his letters to his
+family. According to the practice of the school, he was obliged to
+submit the letter to the censorship of Monsieur Domairon, the professor
+of belles lettres, who, taking notice of the offensive passage, insisted
+upon the letter being burnt, and added a severe rebuke. Long afterwards,
+in 1802, Monsieur Domairon was commanded to attend Napoleon's levee, in
+order that he might receive a pupil in the person of Jerome Bonaparte,
+when the first consul reminded his old tutor good-humouredly, that times
+had changed considerably since the burning of the letter.
+
+Napoleon Bonaparte, in his seventieth year, received his first
+commission as second lieutenant in a regiment of artillery, and was
+almost immediately afterwards promoted to the rank of first lieutenant
+in the corps quartered at Valence. He mingled with society when he
+joined his regiment, more than he had hitherto been accustomed to do;
+mixed in public amusements, and exhibited the powers of pleasing, which
+he possessed in an uncommon degree when he chose to exert them. His
+handsome and intelligent features, with his active and neat, though
+slight figure, gave him additional advantages. His manners could
+scarcely be called elegant, but made up in vivacity and variety of
+expression, and often in great spirit and energy, for what they wanted
+in grace and polish.
+
+He became an adventurer for the honours of literature also, and was
+anonymously a competitor for the prize offered by the Academy of Lyons
+on Raynal's question, "What are the principles and institutions, by
+application of which mankind can be raised to the highest pitch of
+happiness?" The prize was adjudged to the young soldier. It is
+impossible to avoid feeling curiosity to know the character of the
+juvenile theories respecting government, advocated by one who at length
+attained the power of practically making what experiments he pleased.
+Probably his early ideas did not exactly coincide with his more mature
+practice; for when Talleyrand, many years afterwards, got the essay out
+of the records of the academy, and returned it to the author, Bonaparte
+destroyed it after he had read a few pages. He also laboured under the
+temptation of writing a journey to Mount Cenis, after the manner of
+Sterne, which he was fortunate enough finally to resist. The affectation
+which pervades Sterne's peculiar style of composition was not likely to
+be simplified under the pen of Bonaparte.
+
+Sterner times were fast approaching, and the nation was now fully
+divided by those factions which produced the revolution. The officers of
+Bonaparte's regiment were also divided into royalists and patriots; and
+it is easily to be imagined, that the young and friendless stranger and
+adventurer should adopt that side to which he had already shown some
+inclination, and which promised to open the most free career to those
+who had only their merit to rely on. "Were I a general officer," he is
+alleged to have said, "I would have adhered to the king; being a
+subaltern, I join the patriots."
+
+There was a story current, that in a debate with some brother officers
+on the politics of the time, Bonaparte expressed himself so
+outrageously, that they were provoked to throw him into the Rhone, where
+he had nearly perished. But this is an inaccurate account of the
+accident which actually befell him. He was seized with the cramp when
+bathing in the river. His comrades saved him with difficulty, but his
+danger was matter of pure chance.
+
+Napoleon has himself recorded that he was a warm patriot during the
+whole sitting of the National Assembly; but that on the appointment of
+the Legislative Assembly, he became shaken in his opinions. If so, his
+original sentiments regained force, for we shortly afterwards find him
+entertaining such as went to the extreme heights of the revolution.
+
+Early in the year 1792, Bonaparte became a captain in the artillery by
+seniority; and in the same year, being at Paris, he witnessed the two
+insurrections of the 20th of June and 10th of August. He was accustomed
+to speak of the insurgents as the most despicable banditti, and to
+express with what ease a determined officer could have checked these
+apparently formidable, but dastardly and unwieldy masses. But with what
+a different feeling of interest would Napoleon have looked on that
+infuriated populace, those still resisting though overpowered Swiss, and
+that burning palace, had any seer whispered to him, "Emperor that shall
+be, all this blood and massacre is but to prepare your future empire!"
+Little anticipating the potent effect which the passing events were to
+bear on his own fortune, Bonaparte, anxious for the safety of his mother
+and family, was now desirous to change France for Corsica, where the
+same things were acting on a less distinguished stage.
+
+
+BONAPARTE'S FIRST MILITARY EXPLOIT.
+
+Napoleon's first military exploit was in the civil war of his native
+island. In the year 1793, he was despatched from Bastia, in possession
+of the French party, to surprise his native town Ajaccio, then occupied
+by Paoli or his adherents. Bonaparte was acting provisionally, as
+commanding a battalion of National Guards. He landed in the Gulf of
+Ajaccio with about fifty men, to take possession of a tower called the
+Torre di Capitello, on the opposite side of the gulf, and almost facing
+the city. He succeeded in taking the place; but as there arose a gale of
+wind which prevented his communicating with the frigate which had put
+him ashore, he was besieged in his new conquest by the opposite faction,
+and reduced to such distress, that he and his little garrison were
+obliged to feed on horse-flesh. After five days he was relieved by the
+frigate, and evacuated the tower, having first in vain attempted to blow
+it up. The Torre di Capitello still shows marks of the damage it then
+sustained, and its remains may be looked on as a curiosity, as the first
+scene of _his_ combats, before whom
+
+    --"Temple and tower
+    Went to the ground.--"
+
+A relation of Napoleon, Masserio by name, effectually defended Ajaccio
+against the force employed in the expedition.
+
+The strength of Paoli increasing, and the English preparing to assist
+him, Corsica became no longer a safe or convenient residence for the
+Bonaparte family. Indeed, both Napoleon and his brother Lucien, who had
+distinguished themselves as partisans of the French, were subjected to a
+decree of banishment from their native island; and Madame Bonaparte,
+with her three daughters, and Jerome, who was as yet but a child, set
+sail under their protection, and settled for a time, first at Nice, and
+afterwards at Marseilles, where the family is supposed to have undergone
+considerable distress, until the dawning prospects of Napoleon afforded
+him the means of assisting them.
+
+Napoleon never again revisited Corsica, nor does he appear to have
+regarded it with any feelings of affection. One small fountain at
+Ajaccio is pointed out as the only ornament which his bounty bestowed on
+his birthplace. He might perhaps think it impolitic to do any thing
+which might remind the country he ruled that he was not a child of her
+soil, nay, was in fact very near having been born an alien, for Corsica
+was not united to, or made an integral part of France, until June, 1769,
+a few weeks only before Napoleon's birth. This stigma was repeatedly
+cast upon him by his opponents, some of whom reproached the French with
+having adopted a master, from a country from which the ancient Romans
+were unwilling even to choose a slave; and Napoleon may have been so far
+sensible to it, as to avoid showing any predilection to the place of his
+birth, which might bring the circumstance strongly under the observation
+of the great nation, with which he and his family seemed to be
+indissolubly united. But, as a traveller already quoted, and who had the
+best opportunities to become acquainted with the feelings of the proud
+islanders, has expressed it,--"The Corsicans are still highly patriotic,
+and possess strong local attachment--in their opinion, contempt for the
+country of one's birth is never to be redeemed by any other qualities.
+Napoleon, therefore, certainly was not popular in Corsica, nor is his
+memory cherished there."[7]
+
+    [7] Benson's "Sketches of Corsica," p. 121.
+
+The feelings of the parties were not unnatural on either side. Napoleon,
+little interested in the land of his birth, and having such an immense
+stake in that of his adoption, in which he had every thing to keep and
+lose,[8] observed a policy towards Corsica which his position rendered
+advisable; and who can blame the high-spirited islanders, who, seeing
+one of their countrymen raised to such exalted eminence, and disposed to
+forget his connexion with them, returned with slight and indifference
+the disregard with which he treated them?
+
+    [8] Not literally, however: for it is worth mentioning, that
+    when he was in full-blown possession of his power, an
+    inheritance fell to the family, situated near Ajaccio, and was
+    divided amongst them. The first consul, or emperor, received an
+    olive-garden as his share.--_Sketches of Corsica_.
+
+The siege of Toulon was the first incident of importance which enabled
+Bonaparte to distinguish himself in the eyes of the French government
+and of the world at large. Shortly afterwards he was appointed chief of
+battalion in the army of Italy, and on the fall of Robespierre,
+Bonaparte superseded in command. At the conflict between the troops of
+the Convention under Napoleon, and those of the Sections of Paris under
+Damican, the latter was defeated with much slaughter, and Bonaparte was
+appointed general-in-chief in command of the army of the interior.
+
+
+BONAPARTE'S FIRST MARRIAGE.
+
+Meantime circumstances, which we will relate according to his own
+statement, introduced Bonaparte to an acquaintance, which was destined
+to have much influence on his future fate. A fine boy, of ten or twelve
+years old, presented himself at the levee of the general of the
+interior, with a request of a nature unusually interesting. He stated
+his name to be Eugene Beauharnois, son of the ci-devant Vicomte de
+Beauharnois, who, adhering to the revolutionary party, had been a
+general in the republican service upon the Rhine, and falling under the
+causeless suspicion of the committee of public safety, was delivered to
+the revolutionary tribunal, and fell by its sentence just four days
+before the overthrow of Robespierre. Eugene was come to request of
+Bonaparte, as general of the interior, that his father's sword might be
+restored to him. The prayer of the young supplicant was as interesting
+as his manners were engaging, and Napoleon felt so much interest in him,
+that he was induced to cultivate the acquaintance of Eugene's mother,
+afterwards the empress Josephine.
+
+The lady was a Creolian, the daughter of a planter in St. Domingo. Her
+name at full length was Marie Joseph Rose Tascher de la Pagerie. She had
+suffered her share of revolutionary miseries. After her husband, General
+Beauharnois, had been deprived of his command, she was arrested as a
+suspected person, and detained in prison till the general liberation,
+which succeeded the revolution of the 9th Thermidor. While in
+confinement, Madame Beauharnois had formed an intimacy with a companion
+in distress, Madame Fontenai, now Madame Tallien, from which she derived
+great advantages after her friend's marriage. With a remarkably graceful
+person, amiable manners, and an inexhaustible fund of good-humour,
+Madame Beauharnois was formed to be an ornament to society. Barras, the
+Thermidorien hero, himself an ex-noble, was fond of society, desirous of
+enjoying it on an agreeable scale, and of washing away the dregs which
+Jacobinism had mingled with all the dearest interests of life. He loved
+show, too, and pleasure, and might now indulge both without the risk of
+falling under the suspicion of incivism, which, in the Reign of Terror,
+would have been incurred by any attempt to intermingle elegance with the
+enjoyments of social intercourse. At the apartments which he occupied,
+as one of the Directory, in the Luxemburg Palace, he gave its free
+course to his natural taste, and assembled an agreeable society of both
+sexes. Madame Tallien and her friend formed the soul of these
+assemblies, and it was supposed that Barras was not insensible to the
+charms of Madame Beauharnois,--a rumour which was likely to arise,
+whether with or without foundation.
+
+When Madame Beauharnois and General Bonaparte became intimate, the
+latter assures us, and we see no reason to doubt him, that although the
+lady was two or three years older than himself,[9] yet being still in
+the full bloom of beauty, and extremely agreeable in her manners, he was
+induced, solely by her personal charms, to make her an offer of his
+hand, heart, and fortunes,--little supposing, of course, to what a pitch
+the latter were to arise.
+
+    [9] Bonaparte was then in his twenty-sixth year. Josephine gave
+    herself in the marriage contract for twenty-eight.
+
+Although he himself is said to have been a fatalist, believing in
+destiny and in the influence of his star, he knew nothing, probably, of
+the prediction of a negro sorceress, who, while Marie Joseph was but a
+child, prophesied she should rise to a dignity greater than that of a
+queen, yet fall from it before her death.[10] This was one of those
+vague auguries, delivered at random by fools or impostors, which the
+caprice of fortune sometimes matches with a corresponding and conforming
+event. But without trusting to the African sibyl's prediction, Bonaparte
+may have formed his match under the auspices of ambition as well as
+love. The marrying Madame Beauharnois was a mean of uniting his fortune
+with those of Barras and Tallien, the first of whom governed France as
+one of the Directors; and the last, from talents and political
+connexions, had scarcely inferior influence. He had already deserved
+well of them for his conduct on the Day of the Sections, but he required
+their countenance to rise still higher; and without derogating from the
+bride's merits, we may suppose her influence in their society
+corresponded with the views of her lover. It is, however, certain, that
+he always regarded her with peculiar affection; that he relied on her
+fate, which he considered as linked with and strengthening his own; and
+reposed, besides, considerable confidence in Josephine's tact and
+address in political business. She had at all times the art of
+mitigating his temper, and turning aside the hasty determinations of his
+angry moments, not by directly opposing, but by gradually parrying and
+disarming them. It must be added to her great praise, that she was
+always a willing and often a successful advocate in the cause
+of humanity.
+
+    [10] A lady of high rank, who happened to live for some time in
+    the same convent at Paris, where Josephine was also a pensioner
+    or boarder, heard her mention the prophecy, and told it herself
+    to the author, just about the time of the Italian expedition,
+    when Bonaparte was beginning to attract notice. Another clause
+    is usually added to the prediction--that the party whom it
+    concerned should die in an hospital, which was afterwards
+    explained as referring to Malmaison. This the author did not
+    hear from the same authority. The lady mentioned used to speak
+    in the highest terms of the simple manners and great kindness
+    of Madame Beauharnois.
+
+They were married 9th of March, 1796; and the dowry of the bride was the
+chief command of the Italian armies, a scene which opened a full career
+to the ambition of the youthful general. Bonaparte remained with his
+wife only three days after his marriage, hastened to see his family, who
+were still at Marseilles, and, having enjoyed the pleasure of exhibiting
+himself as a favourite of fortune in the city which he had lately left
+in the capacity of an indigent adventurer, proceeded rapidly to commence
+the career to which fate called him, by placing himself at the head of
+the Italian army.
+
+The renowned Italian campaigns occupy the remainder of the third, and
+some part of the fourth volume, to which we now proceed. It will be
+remembered that the war in Egypt being triumphantly concluded on the
+part of Great Britain, the news of the contest reached France some time
+before the English received it. Napoleon, on learning the tidings, is
+reported to have said, "Well, there remains now no alternative but to
+make the descent on Britain."
+
+
+PROPOSED INVASION OF GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+As the words of the first consul appeard to intimate, preparations were
+resumed on the French coast for the invasion of Great Britain. Boulogne
+and every harbour along the coast was crowded with flat-bottomed boats,
+and the shores covered with camps of the men designed apparently to fill
+them. We need not at present dwell on the preparations for attack, or
+those which the English adopted in defence, as we shall have occasion to
+notice both, when Bonaparte, for the last time, threatened England with
+the same measure. It is enough to say, that, on the present occasion,
+the menaces of France had their usual effect in awakening the spirit
+of Britain.
+
+The most extensive arrangements were made for the reception of the
+invaders should they chance to land, and in the meanwhile, our natural
+barrier was not neglected. The naval preparations were very great, and
+what gave yet more confidence than the number of vessels and guns,
+Nelson was put into command of the sea, from Orfordness to Beachy-head.
+Under his management, it soon became the question, not whether the
+French flotilla was to invade the British shores, but whether it was to
+remain in safety in the French harbours. Boulogne was bombarded, and
+some of the small craft and gun-boats destroyed--the English admiral
+generously sparing the town; and not satisfied with this partial
+success, Nelson prepared to attack them with the boats of the squadron.
+The French resorted to the most unusual and formidable preparations for
+defence. Their flotilla was moored close to the shore in the mouth of
+Boulogne harbour, the vessels secured to each other by chains, and
+filled with soldiers. The British attack in some degree failed, owing to
+the several divisions of boats missing each other in the dark; some
+French vessels were taken, but they could not be brought off; and the
+French chose to consider this result as a victory, on their part, of
+consequence enough to balance the loss at Aboukir;--though it amounted
+at best to ascertaining, that although their vessels could not keep the
+sea, they might, in some comparative degree of safety, lie under close
+cover of their own batteries.
+
+The preliminaries of peace, however, were signed, and the treaty was
+confirmed at Amiens, on the 27th of March, 1802. Napoleon still
+prosecuted his ambitious projects, extended his power in Italy, and
+caused himself to be appointed consul for life, with the power of naming
+his successor.
+
+
+SCHEME OF INVASION RENEWED.
+
+It must be in the memory of most who recollect the period, that the
+kingdom of Great Britain was seldom less provided against invasion than
+at the commencement of this second war; and that an embarkation from the
+ports of Holland, if undertaken instantly after the war had broken out,
+might have escaped our blockading squadrons, and have at least shown
+what a French army could have done on British ground, at a moment when
+the alarm was general, and the country in an unprepared state. But it
+is probable that Bonaparte himself was as much unprovided as England
+for the sudden breach of the treaty of Amiens--an event brought about
+more by the influence of passion than of policy; so that its
+consequences were as unexpected in his calculations as in those of Great
+Britain. Besides, he had not diminished to himself the dangers of the
+undertaking, by which he must have staked his military renown, his
+power, which he held chiefly as the consequence of his reputation,
+perhaps his life, upon a desperate game, which, though he had already
+twice contemplated it, he had not yet found hardihood enough seriously
+to enter upon.
+
+He now, however, at length bent himself, with the whole strength of his
+mind, and the whole force of his empire, to prepare for this final and
+decisive undertaking. The gun-boats in the Bay of Gibraltar, where calms
+are frequent, had sometimes in the course of the former war been able to
+do considerable damage to the English vessels of war, when they could
+not use their sails. Such small craft, therefore, were supposed the
+proper force for covering the intended descent. They were built in
+different harbours, and brought together by crawling along the French
+shore, and keeping under the protection of the batteries, which were now
+established on every cape, almost as if the sea-coast of the channel on
+the French side had been the lines of a besieged city, no one point of
+which could with prudence be left undefended by cannon. Boulogne was
+pitched upon as the centre port, from which the expedition was to sail.
+By incredible exertions, Bonaparte had rendered its harbour and roads
+capable of containing two thousand vessels of various descriptions. The
+smaller sea-ports of Vimereux, Ambleteuse, and Etaples, Dieppe, Havre,
+St. Valeri, Caen, Gravelines, and Dunkirk, were likewise filled with
+shipping. Flushing and Ostend were occupied by a separate flotilla.
+Brest, Toulon, and Rochefort, were each the station of as strong a naval
+squadron as France, had still the means to send to sea.
+
+A land army was assembled of the most formidable description, whether we
+regard the high military character of the troops, the extent and
+perfection of their appointments, or their numerical strength. The
+coast, from the mouth of the Seine to the Texel, was covered with
+forces; and Soult, Ney, Davoust, and Victor, names that were then the
+pride and the dread of war, were appointed to command the army of
+England, (for that menacing title was once more, assumed,) and execute
+those manoeuvres, planned and superintended by Bonaparte, the issue of
+which was to be the blotting out of Britain from the rank of
+independent nations.
+
+Far from being alarmed at this formidable demonstration of force,
+England prepared for her resistance with an energy becoming her ancient
+rank in Europe, and far surpassing in its efforts any extent of military
+preparation before heard of in her history. To nearly one hundred
+thousand troops of the line, were added eighty thousand and upwards of
+militia, which scarce yielded to the regulars in point of discipline.
+The volunteer force, by which every citizen was permitted and invited to
+add his efforts to the defence of the country, was far more numerous
+than during the last war, was better officered also, and rendered every
+way more effective. It was computed to amount to three hundred and fifty
+thousand men, who, if we regard the shortness of the time and the nature
+of the service, had attained considerable practice in the use and
+management of their arms. Other classes of men were embodied, and
+destined to act as pioneers, drivers of wagons, and in the like
+services. On a sudden, the land seemed converted to an immense camp, the
+whole nation into soldiers, and the good old king himself into a
+general-in-chief. All peaceful considerations appeared for a time to be
+thrown aside; and the voice, calling the nation to defend their dearest
+rights, sounded not only in Parliament, and in meetings convoked to
+second the measures of defence, but was heard in the places of public
+amusement, and mingled even with the voice of devotion--not unbecoming
+surely, since to defend our country is to defend our religion.
+
+Beacons were erected in conspicuous points, corresponding with each
+other, all around and all through the island; and morning and evening,
+one might have said, every eye was turned towards them to watch for the
+fatal and momentous signal. Partial alarms were given to different
+places, from the mistakes to which such arrangements must necessarily be
+liable; and the ready spirit which animated every species of troops
+where such signals called to arms, was of the most satisfactory
+description, and afforded the most perfect assurance, that the heart of
+every man was in the cause of his country.
+
+Amidst her preparations by land, England did not neglect or relax her
+precautions on the element she calls her own. She covered the ocean with
+five hundred and seventy ships of war of various descriptions.
+Divisions of her fleet blocked up every French port in the channel; and
+the army destined to invade our shores, might see the British flag
+flying in every direction on the horizon, waiting for their issuing from
+the harbour, as birds of prey may be seen floating in the air above the
+animal which they design to pounce upon. Sometimes the British frigates
+and sloops of war stood in, and cannonaded or threw shells into Havre,
+Dieppe, Granville, and Boulogne itself. Sometimes the seamen and marines
+landed, cut out vessels, destroyed signal posts, and dismantled
+batteries. Such events were trifling, and it was to be regretted that
+they cost the lives of gallant men; but although they produced no direct
+results of consequence, yet they had their use in encouraging the
+spirits of our sailors, and damping the confidence of the enemy, who
+must at length have looked forward with more doubt than hope to the
+invasion of the English coast, when the utmost vigilance could not
+prevent their experiencing insults upon their own.
+
+During this period of menaced attack and arranged defence, Bonaparte
+visited Boulogne, and seemed active in preparing his soldiers for the
+grand effort. He reviewed them in an unusual manner, teaching them to
+execute several manoeuvres by night; and experiments were also made upon
+the best mode of arranging the soldiers in the flat-bottomed boats, and
+of embarking and disembarking them with celerity. Omens were resorted to
+for keeping up the enthusiasm which the presence of the First Consul
+naturally inspired. A Roman battle-axe was said to be found when they
+removed the earth to pitch Bonaparte's tent or barrack; and medals of
+William the Conqueror were produced, as having been dug up upon the same
+honoured spot. These were pleasant bodings, yet perhaps did not
+altogether, in the minds of the soldiers, counterbalance the sense of
+insecurity impressed on them by the prospect of being packed together in
+these miserable chaloupes, and exposed to the fire of an enemy so
+superior at sea, that during the chief consul's review of the
+fortifications, their frigates stood in shore with composure, and fired
+at him and his suite as at a mark. The men who had braved the perils of
+the Alps and of the Egyptian deserts, might yet be allowed to feel alarm
+at a species of danger which seemed so inevitable, and which they had no
+adequate means of repelling by force of arms.
+
+A circumstance which seemed to render the expedition in a great measure
+hopeless, was the ease with which the English could maintain a constant
+watch upon their operations within the port of Boulogne. The least
+appearance of stir or preparation, to embark troops, or get ready for
+sea, was promptly sent by signal to the English coast, and the numerous
+British cruisers were instantly on the alert to attend their motions.
+Nelson had, in fact, during the last war, declared the sailing of a
+hostile armament from Boulogne to be a most forlorn undertaking, on
+account of cross tides and other disadvantages, together with the
+certainty of the flotilla being lost if there were the least wind
+west-north-west. "As for rowing," he adds, "that is impossible.--It is
+perfectly right to be prepared for a mad government," continued this
+incontestable judge of maritime possibilities; "but with the active
+force which has been given me, I may pronounce it almost impracticable."
+
+Before quitting the subject, we may notice, that Bonaparte seems not to
+have entertained the least doubts of success, could he have succeeded in
+disembarking his army. A single general action was to decide the fate of
+England. Five days were to bring Napoleon to London, where he was to
+perform the part of William the Third; but with more generosity and
+disinterestedness. He was to call a meeting of the inhabitants, restore
+them what he calls their rights, and destroy the oligarchical faction. A
+few months would not, according to his account, have elapsed, ere the
+two nations, late such determined enemies, would have been identified by
+their principles, their maxims, their interests. The full explanation of
+this gibberish, (for it can be termed no better, even proceeding from
+the lips of Napoleon,) is to be found elsewhere, when he spoke a
+language more genuine than that of the _Moniteur_ and the bulletins.
+"England," he said, "must have ended, by becoming an appendage to the
+France of _my_ system. Nature has made it one of our islands, as well as
+Oleron and Corsica."
+
+It is impossible not to pursue the train of reflections which Bonaparte
+continued to pour forth to the companion of his exile, on the rock of
+Saint Helena. When England was conquered, and identified with France in
+maxims and principles, according to one form of expression, or rendered
+an appendage and dependency, according to another phrase, the reader may
+suppose that Bonaparte would have considered his mission as
+accomplished. Alas! it was not much more than commenced. "I would have
+departed from thence [from subjugated Britain] to carry the work of
+European regeneration [that is, the extention of his own arbitrary
+authority] from south to north, under the Republican colours, for I was
+then Chief Consul, in the same manner which I was more lately on the
+point of achieving it under the monarchical forms." When we find such
+ideas retaining hold of Napoleon's imagination, and arising to his
+tongue after his irretrievable fall, it is impossible to avoid
+exclaiming, Did ambition ever conceive so wild a dream, and had so wild
+a vision ever a termination so disastrous and humiliating!
+
+It may be expected that something should be here said, upon the chances
+which Britain would have had of defending herself successfully against
+the army of invaders. We are willing to acknowledge that the risk must
+have been dreadful; and that Bonaparte, with his genius and his army,
+must have inflicted severe calamities upon a country which had so long
+enjoyed the blessings of peace. But the people were unanimous in their
+purpose of defence, and their forces composed of materials to which
+Bonaparte did more justice when he came to be better acquainted with
+them. Of the three British nations, the English have since shown
+themselves possessed of the same steady valour which won the fields of
+Cressy and Agincourt, Blenheim and Minden--the Irish have not lost the
+fiery enthusiasm which has distinguished them in all the countries of
+Europe--nor have the Scots degenerated from the stubborn courage with
+which their ancestors for two thousand years maintained their
+independence against a superior enemy. Even if London had been lost, we
+would not, under so great a calamity, have despaired of the freedom of
+the country; for the war would in all probability have assumed that
+popular and national character which sooner or later wears out an
+invading army. Neither does the confidence with which Bonaparte affirms
+the conviction of his winning the first battle, appear go certainly well
+founded. This, at least, we know, that the resolution of the country was
+fully bent up to the hazard; and those who remember the period will bear
+us witness, that the desire that the French would make the attempt, was
+a general feeling through all classes, because they had every reason to
+hope that the issue might be such as for ever to silence the threat
+of invasion.
+
+The next most important occurrence that claims our notice in this
+volume, and which fully delineates the nature and character of this
+wonderful and ambitious individual, is the account of his declaration as
+Emperor of France, and his subsequent Coronation.
+
+
+CORONATION OF NAPOLEON.
+
+Measures were taken, as on former occasions, to preserve appearances, by
+obtaining, in show at least, the opinion of the people, on this radical
+change of their system. Government, however, were already confident of
+their approbation, which, indeed, had never been refused to any of the
+various constitutions, however inconsistent, that had succeeded each
+other with such rapidity. Secure on this point, Bonaparte's accession to
+the empire was proclaimed with the greatest pomp, without waiting to
+inquire whether the people approved of his promotion or otherwise. The
+proclamation was coldly received, even by the populace, and excited
+little enthusiasm. It seemed, according to some writers, as if the
+shades of D'Enghien and Pichegru had been present invisibly, and spread
+a damp over the ceremony. The Emperor was recognised by the soldiery
+with more warmth. He visited the encampments at Boulogne, with the
+intention, apparently, of receiving such an acknowledgment from the
+troops as was paid by the ancient Franks to their monarchs, when they
+elevated them on their bucklers. Seated on an iron chair, said to have
+belonged to king Dagobert, he took his place between two immense camps,
+and having before him the Channel and the hostile coasts of England. The
+weather, we have been assured, had been tempestuous, but no sooner had
+the Emperor assumed his seat, to receive the homage of his shouting
+host, than the sky cleared, and the wind dropt, retaining just breath
+sufficient gently to wave the banners. Even the elements seemed to
+acknowledge the imperial dignity, all save the sea, which rolled as
+carelessly to the feet of Napoleon as it had formerly done towards those
+of Canute the Dane.
+
+The Emperor, accompanied with his Empress, who bore her honours both
+gracefully and meekly, visited Aix-la-Chapelle, and the frontiers of
+Germany. They received the congratulations of all the powers of Europe,
+excepting England, Russia, and Sweden, upon their new exaltation; and
+the German princes, who had everything to hope and fear from so powerful
+a neighbour, hastened to pay their compliments to Napoleon in person,
+which more distant sovereigns offered by their ambassadors.
+
+But the most splendid and public recognition of his new rank was yet to
+be made, by the formal act of coronation, which, therefore, Napoleon
+determined should take place with circumstances of solemnity, which had
+been beyond the reach of any temporal prince, however powerful, for
+many ages. His policy was often marked by a wish to revive, imitate, and
+connect his own titles and interest with, some ancient observance of
+former days; as if the novelty of his claims could have been rendered
+more venerable by investing them with antiquated forms, or as men of low
+birth, when raised to wealth and rank, are sometimes desirous to conceal
+the obscurity of their origin under the blaze of heraldic honours. Pope
+Leo, he remembered, had placed a golden crown on the head of
+Charlemagne, and proclaimed him Emperor of the Romans. Pius VII. he
+determined should do the same for a successor to much more than the
+actual power of Charlemagne. But though Charlemagne had repaired to Rome
+to receive inauguration from the hands of the Pontiff of that day,
+Napoleon resolved that he who now owned the proud, and in Protestant
+eyes profane, title of Vicar of Christ, should travel to France to
+perform the coronation of the successful chief, by whom the See of Rome
+had been more than once humbled, pillaged, and impoverished, but by whom
+also her power had been re-erected and restored, not only in Italy, but
+in France itself.
+
+Humiliating as the compliance with Bonaparte's request must have seemed
+to the more devoted Catholics, Pius VII. had already sacrificed, to
+obtain the Concordat, so much of the power and privileges of the Roman
+See, that he could hardly have been justified if he had run the risk of
+losing the advantages of a treaty so dearly purchased, by declining to
+incur some personal trouble, or, it might be termed, some direct
+self-abasement. The Pope, and the Cardinals whom he consulted, implored
+the illumination of heaven upon their councils; but it was the stern
+voice of necessity which assured them, that, except at the risk of
+dividing the Church by a schism, they could not refuse to comply with
+Bonaparte's requisition. The Pope left Rome on the 5th of November. He
+was everywhere received on the road with the highest respect, and most
+profound veneration; the Alpine precipices themselves had been secured
+by parapets wherever they could expose the venerable Father of the
+Catholic Church to danger, or even apprehension. Upon the 25th of
+November, he met Bonaparte at Fontainbleau; and the conduct of the
+Emperor Napoleon was as studiously respectful towards him, as that of
+Charlemagne, whom he was pleased to call his predecessor, could have
+been towards Leo.
+
+On the 2nd of December, the ceremony of the coronation took place in
+the ancient cathedral of Notre Dame, with the addition of every ceremony
+which could be devised to add to its solemnity. Yet we have been told
+that the multitude did not participate in the ceremonial with that
+eagerness which characterises the inhabitants of all capitals, but
+especially those of Paris, upon similar occasions. They had, within a
+very few years, seen so many exhibitions, processions, and festivals,
+established on the most discordant principles, which, though announced
+as permanent and unchangeable, had successively given way to newer
+doctrines, that they considered the splendid representation before them
+as an unsubstantial pageant, which would fade away in its turn.
+Bonaparte himself seemed absent and gloomy, till recalled to a sense of
+his grandeur by the voice of the numerous deputies and functionaries
+sent up from all the several departments of France, to witness the
+coronation. These functionaries had been selected with due attention to
+their political opinions; and many of them holding offices under the
+government, or expecting benefits from the Emperor, made up, by the
+zealous vivacity of their acclamations, for the coldness of the good
+citizens of Paris.
+
+The Emperor took his coronation oath, as usual on such occasions, with
+his hands up on the scripture, and in the form in which it was repeated
+to him by the Pope. But in the act of coronation itself, there was a
+marked deviation from the universal custom, characteristic of the man,
+the age, and the conjuncture. In all other similar solemnities, the
+crown had been placed on the sovereign's head by the presiding spiritual
+person, as representing the Deity, by whom princes rule. But not even
+from the head of the Catholic Church would Bonaparte consent to receive
+as a boon the golden symbol of sovereignty, which he was sensible he
+owed solely to his own unparalleled train of military and civil
+successes. The crown having been blessed by the Pope, Napoleon took it
+from the altar with his own hands, and placed it on his brows. He then
+put the diadem on the head of his Empress, as if determined to show that
+his authority was the child of his own actions. _Te Deum_ was sung; the
+heralds, (for they also had again come into fashion,) proclaimed, "that
+the thrice glorious and thrice august Napoleon, Emperor of the French,
+was crowned and installed." Thus concluded this remarkable ceremony.
+Those who remember having beheld it, must now doubt whether they were
+waking, or whether fancy had framed a vision so dazzling in its
+appearance, so extraordinary in its origin and progress, and so
+ephemeral in its endurance.
+
+The very day before the ceremony of coronation, (that is, on the 1st of
+December,) the senate had waited upon the Emperor with the result of the
+votes collected in the departments, which, till that time, had been
+taken for granted. Upwards of three millions five hundred thousand
+citizens had given their votes on this occasion; of whom only about
+three thousand five hundred had declared against the proposition. The
+vice-president, Neufchateau, declared, "this report was the unbiassed
+expression of the people's choice. No government could plead a title
+more authentic."
+
+Sir Walter occupies his sixth volume with details of the celebrated
+battles that were fought between the French and English armies in the
+Spanish territories, and which are told with great truth and develope
+the extraordinary powers of this celebrated writer. The divorce of
+Josephine, and marriage of Maria Louisa, commence the succeeding volume.
+The sterility of Bonaparte's wife was now an irremediable evil; and
+political motives were to supersede the ties of endearment, affection,
+talents, and virtue. Fouché the minister of police, made Josephine the
+means of suggesting to Napoleon, the measure of her own divorce, and
+subsequently Napoleon made Josephine acquainted with the cruel
+certainty, that the separation was ultimately determined upon.
+
+
+NAPOLEON DIVORCED FROM JOSEPHINE.
+
+When this sentence had finally dissolved their union, the emperor
+retired to St. Cloud, where he lived in seclusion for some days.
+Josephine, on her part, took up her residence in the beautiful villa of
+Malmaison, near St. Germains. Here she principally dwelt for the
+remaining years of her life, which were just prolonged to see the first
+fall of her husband; an event which might have been averted had he been
+content to listen more frequently to her lessons of moderation. Her life
+was chiefly spent in cultivating the fine arts, of which she collected
+some beautiful specimens, and in pursuing the science of botany; but
+especially in the almost daily practice of acts of benevolence and
+charity, of which the English _detenus_, of whom there were several at
+St. Germains, frequently shared the benefit. Napoleon visited her very
+frequently, and always treated her with the respect to which she was
+entitled. He added also to her dowry a third million of francs, that
+she might feel no inconvenience from the habits of expense to which it
+was her foible to be addicted.
+
+
+BONAPARTE MARRIES MARIA LOUISA.
+
+This important state measure was no sooner completed, than the great
+council was summoned, on the 1st of February, to assist the emperor in
+the selection of a new spouse. They were given to understand, that a
+match with a grand duchess of Russia had been proposed, but was likely
+to be embarrassed by disputes concerning religion. A daughter of the
+king of Saxony was also mentioned, but it was easily indicated to the
+council that their choice ought to fall upon a princess of the house of
+Austria. At the conclusion of the meeting, Eugene, son of the repudiated
+Josephine, was commissioned by the council to propose to the Austrian
+embassador a match between Napoleon and the archduchess Maria Louisa.
+Prince Schwarzenberg had his instructions on the subject; so that the
+match was proposed, discussed, and decided in the council, and
+afterwards adjusted between plenipotentiaries on either side, in the
+space of twenty-four hours. The espousals of Napoleon and Maria Louisa
+were celebrated at Vienna, 11th March, 1810. The person of Bonaparte was
+represented by his favourite Berthier, while the archduke Charles
+assisted at the ceremony, in the name of the emperor Francis. A few days
+afterwards, the youthful bride, accompanied by the queen of Naples,
+proceeded towards France.
+
+With good taste, Napoleon dispensed with the ceremonies used in the
+reception of Marie Antoinette, whose marriage with Louis XVI., though
+never named or alluded to, was in other respects the model of the
+present solemnity. Near Soissons, a single horseman, no way
+distinguished by dress, rode past the carriage in which the young
+empress was seated, and had the boldness to return, as if to reconnoitre
+more closely. The carriage stopped, the door was opened, and Napoleon,
+breaking through all the tediousness of ceremony, introduced himself to
+his bride, and came with her to Soissons. The marriage ceremony was
+performed at Paris by Bonaparte's uncle, the Cardinal Fesch. The most
+splendid rejoicings, illuminations, concerts, festivals, took place upon
+this important occasion. But a great calamity occurred, which threw a
+shade over these demonstrations of joy. Prince Schwarzenberg had given a
+distinguished ball on the occasion, when unhappily the dancing-room,
+which was temporary, and erected in the garden, caught fire. No efforts
+could stop the progress of the flames, in which several persons
+perished, and particularly the sister of Prince Schwarzenberg himself.
+This tragic circumstance struck a damp on the public mind, and was
+considered as a bad omen, especially when it was remembered that the
+marriage of Louis XVI. with a former princess of Austria had been
+signalized by a similar disaster.
+
+As a domestic occurrence, nothing could more contribute to Bonaparte's
+happiness than his union with Maria Louisa. He was wont to compare her
+with Josephine, by giving the latter all the advantages of art and
+grace; the former the charms of simple modesty and innocence. His former
+empress used every art to support or enhance her personal charms; but
+with so much prudence and mystery, that the secret cares of her toilette
+could never be traced--her successor trusted for the power of pleasing
+to youth and nature. Josephine mismanaged her revenue, and incurred debt
+without scruple. Maria Louisa lived within her income, or if she desired
+any indulgence beyond it, which was rarely the case, she asked it as a
+favour of Napoleon. Josephine, accustomed to political intrigue, loved
+to manage, to influence, and to guide her husband; Maria Louisa desired
+only to please and to obey him. Both were excellent women, of great
+sweetness of temper, and fondly attached to Napoleon. In the difference
+between these distinguished persons, we can easily discriminate the
+leading features of the Parisian, and of the simple German beauty; but
+it is certainly singular that the artificial character should have
+belonged to the daughter of the West Indian planter; that marked by
+nature and simplicity, to a princess of the proudest court in Europe.
+
+Bonaparte, whose domestic conduct was generally praiseworthy, behaved
+with the utmost kindness to his princely bride. He observed, however,
+the strictest etiquette, and required it from the empress. If it
+happened, for example, as was often the case, that he was prevented from
+attending at the hour when dinner was placed on the table, he was
+displeased if, in the interim of his absence, which was often prolonged,
+she either took a book, or had recourse to any female occupation,--if,
+in short, he did not find her in the attitude of waiting for the signal
+to take her place at table. Perhaps a sense of his inferior birth made
+Napoleon more tenacious of this species of form, as what he could not
+afford to relinquish. On the other hand, Maria Louisa is said to have
+expressed her surprise at her husband's dispensing with the use of arms
+and attendance of guards, and at his moving about with the freedom of
+an individual; although this could be no great novelty to a member of
+the imperial family of Austria, most of whom, and especially the Emperor
+Francis, are in the habit of mixing familiarly with the people of
+Vienna, at public places, and in the public walks.
+
+From this date may be traced the declination of Napoleon's greatness. In
+the field he was generally unsuccessful, and occasionally murmurs of
+discontent were whispered by citizen and soldier. The plot thickens in
+the eight volume, and his abdication of the throne of France, and
+subsequent journey to Elba, are feelingly narrated by our author.
+
+
+RETURN OF MARIA LOUISA TO HER FATHER, AND DEATH OF JOSEPHINE.
+
+Maria Louisa made more than one effort to join her husband, but they
+were discouraged on the part of Napoleon himself, who, while he
+continued to ruminate on renewing the war, could not desire to have the
+empress along with him in such an adventure. Shortly afterwards, the
+emperor of Austria visited his daughter and her son, then at
+Rambouillet, and gave her to understand that she was, for some time at
+least, to remain separate from her husband, and that her son and she
+were to return to Vienna along with him. She returned, therefore, to her
+father's protection.
+
+It must be also here mentioned, as an extraordinary addition to this
+tale of calamity, that Josephine, the former wife of Bonaparte, did not
+long survive his downfall. It seemed as if the Obi-woman of Martinico
+had spoke truth; for at the time when Napoleon parted from the sharer of
+his early fortunes, his grandeur was on the wane, and her death took
+place but a few weeks subsequent to his being dethroned and exiled. The
+emperor of Russia had visited this lady, and showed her some attention,
+with which Napoleon, for reasons we cannot conjecture, was extremely
+displeased. She was amply provided for by the treaty of Fontainbleau,
+but did not survive to reap any benefit from the provision, as she
+shortly after sickened and died at her beautiful villa of Malmaison. She
+was buried on the 3rd of June, at the village of Ruel. A vast number of
+the lower class attended the obsequies; for she had well deserved the
+title of patroness of the poor.
+
+The residence at Elba, the return, the treachery of Ney, the arrival at
+Paris, and Napoleon's repossession of the throne, now occupy the page.
+The battle of Waterloo is briefly, but finely described, and indeed the
+whole of the ninth volume, to which we have now arrived, is deeply
+interesting. We find, however, that we have nearly reached our limits,
+and as we shall take an early opportunity of again referring to this
+elaborate history, we shall now close with the following extracts;--
+
+
+CONDUCT OF NAPOLEON ON HIS WAY TO ST. HELENA.
+
+Upon the Northumberland crossing the line, the emperor desiring to
+exhibit his munificence to the seamen, by presenting them with a hundred
+louis d'or, under pretext of paying the ordinary fine, Sir George
+Cockburn, considering this tribute to Neptune as too excessive in
+amount, would not permit the donative to exceed a tenth part of the sum;
+and Napoleon offended by the restriction, paid nothing at all. Upon
+another occasion, early in the voyage, a difference in national manners
+gave rise to one of those slight misunderstandings which we have
+noticed. Napoleon was accustomed, like all Frenchmen, to leave the table
+immediately after dinner, and Sir George Cockburn, with the English
+officers, remained after him at table; for, in permitting his French
+guests their liberty, the admiral did not choose to admit the right of
+Napoleon to break up the party at his, Sir George's, own table. This
+gave some discontent. Notwithstanding these trifling subjects of
+dissatisfaction, Las Cases informs us that the admiral, whom he took to
+be prepossessed against them at first, became every day more amicable.
+The emperor used to take his arm every evening on the quarter-deck, and
+hold long conversations with him upon maritime subjects, as well as past
+events in general.
+
+While on board the Northumberland, the late emperor spent his mornings
+in reading or writing; his evenings in his exercise upon deck, and at
+cards. The game was generally _vingt un_. But when the play became
+rather deep, he discouraged that amusement, and substituted chess. Great
+tactician as he was, Napoleon did not play well at that military game,
+and it was with difficulty that his antagonist, Montholon, could avoid
+the solecism, of beating the emperor.
+
+During this voyage, Napoleon's _jour de fête_ occurred, which was also
+his birthday. It was the 15th of August; a day for which the Pope had
+expressly canonized a St. Napoleon to be the emperor's patron. And now,
+strange revolution, it was celebrated by him on board of an English
+man-of-war, which was conducting him to his place of imprisonment, and,
+as it proved, his tomb. Yet Napoleon seemed cheerful and contented
+during the whole day, and was even pleased at being fortunate at play,
+which he received as a good omen.
+
+Upon the 15th of October, 1815, the Northumberland reached St. Helena,
+which presents but an unpromising aspect to those who design it for a
+residence, though it may be a welcome sight to the seaworn mariner. Its
+destined inhabitant, from the deck of the Northumberland, surveyed it
+with his spy-glass. St. James' Town, an inconsiderable village, was
+before him, enchased, as it were in a valley, amid arid and scarped
+rocks of immense height; every platform, every opening, every gorge, was
+bristled with cannon. Las Cases, who stood by him, could not perceive
+the slightest alteration of his countenance. The orders of government
+had been, that Napoleon should remain on board till a residence could be
+prepared suitable for the line of life he was to lead in future. But as
+this was likely to be a work of time, Sir George Cockburn readily
+undertook, on his own responsibility, to put his passengers on shore,
+and provide in some way for the security of Napoleon's person, until the
+necessary habitation should be fitted up. He was accordingly transferred
+to land upon the 16th of October; and thus the emperor of France, nay,
+wellnigh of Europe, sunk into the recluse of St. Helena.
+
+
+DEATH OF NAPOLEON
+
+During the 3rd of May, it was seen that the life of Napoleon was drawing
+evidently to a close; and his followers, and particularly his physician,
+became desirous to call in more medical assistance;--that of Dr. Shortt,
+physician to the forces, and of Dr. Mitchell, surgeon of the flag-ship,
+was referred to. Dr. Shortt, however, thought it proper to assert the
+dignity belonging to his profession, and refused to give an opinion on a
+case of so much importance in itself, and attended with so much
+obscurity, unless he were permitted to see and examine the patient. The
+officers of Napoleon's household excused themselves, by professing that
+the emperor's strict commands had been laid on them, that no English
+physician, Dr. Arnott excepted, should approach his dying bed. They
+said, that even when he was speechless they would be unable to brook his
+eye, should he turn it upon them in reproof for their disobedience.
+
+About two o'clock of the same day, the priest Vignali administered the
+sacrament of extreme unction. Some days before, Napoleon had explained
+to him the manner in which he desired his body should be laid out in
+state, in an apartment lighted by torches, or what Catholics call _une
+chambre ardente_. "I am neither," he said in the same phrase which we
+have formerly quoted, "a philosopher nor a physician. I believe in God,
+and am of the religion of my father. It is not everybody who can be an
+atheist. I was born a Catholic, and will fulfil all the duties of the
+Catholic church, and receive the assistance which it administers." He
+then turned to Dr. Antommarchi, whom he seems to have suspected of
+heterodoxy, which the doctor, however, disowned. "How can you carry it
+so far?" he said. "Can you not believe in God, whose existence every
+thing proclaims, and in whom the greatest minds have believed?"
+
+As if to mark a closing point of resemblance betwixt Cromwell and
+Napoleon, a dreadful tempest arose on the 4th of May, which preceded the
+day that was to close the mortal existence of this extraordinary man. A
+willow, which had been the exile's favourite, and under which he had
+often enjoyed the fresh breeze, was torn up by the hurricane; and almost
+all the trees about Longwood shared the same fate.
+
+The 5th of May came amid wind and rain. Napoleon's passing spirit was
+deliriously engaged in a strife more terrible than that of the elements
+around. The words "_tête d'armée_" the last which escaped his lips,
+intimated that his thoughts were watching the current of a heady fight.
+About eleven minutes before six in the evening, Napoleon, after a
+struggle which indicated the original strength of his constitution,
+breathed his last.
+
+
+HIS FUNERAL.
+
+Bonaparte was buried on the 8th of May, in a small secluded recess
+called Slane's, or Haine's Valley, where a fountain arose, at which his
+Chinese domestics used to fill the silver pitchers, which they carried
+to Longwood for Napoleon's use. "All the troops were under arms upon the
+solemn occasion. As the road did not permit a near approach of the
+hearse to the place of sepulture, a party of British grenadiers had the
+honour to bear the coffin to the grave. The prayers were recited by the
+priest, Abbé Vignali. Minute guns were fired from the admiral's ship.
+The coffin was then let down into the grave, under a discharge of three
+successive volleys of artillery, fifteen pieces of cannon firing fifteen
+guns each. A large stone was then lowered down on the grave, and covered
+the moderate space now sufficient for the man for whom Europe was once
+too little."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers._
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement,
+and Instruction, Vol. 10, Supplementary Number, Issue 263, 1827, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MIRROR OF LITERATURE, ISSUE 263, 1827 ***
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