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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 262, July 7, 1827
+by  Various
+
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+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 262, July 7, 1827
+
+Author:  Various
+
+Release Date: February, 2006  [EBook #9882]
+[This file was first posted on October 27, 2003]
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+Edition: 10
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+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 262, JULY 7, 1827 ***
+
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+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 10, No. 262.] SATURDAY, JULY 7, 1827. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+HIS MAJESTY'S PONEY PHAETON.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+We commence our tenth volume of the MIRROR with an embellishment quite
+novel in design from the generality of our graphic illustrations, but
+one which, we flatter ourselves, will excite interest among our friends,
+especially after so recently, presenting them with a Portrait and Memoir
+of his Majesty in the Supplement, which last week completed our ninth
+volume. His Majesty, when residing at his cottage in Windsor Forest, the
+weather being favourable, seldom allows a day to pass without taking his
+favourite drive by the Long Walk, and Virginia Water, in his poney
+phaeton, as represented in the above engraving. Windsor Park being
+situated on the south side of the town, and 14 miles in circumference,
+is admirably calculated for the enjoyment of a rural ride. The entrance
+to the park is by a road called the _Long Walk_, near three miles in
+length, through a double plantation of trees on each side, leading to the
+Ranger's Lodge: on the north east side of the Castle is the _Little Park_,
+about four miles in circumference: _Queen Elizabeth's Walk_ herein is
+much frequented. At the entrance of this park is the _Queen's Lodge_,
+a modern erection. This building stands on an easy ascent opposite the
+upper court, on the south side, and commands a beautiful view of the
+surrounding country. The gardens are elegant, and have been much
+enlarged by the addition of the gardens and house of the duke of St.
+Albans, purchased by his late majesty. The beautiful _Cottage Ornee_, an
+engraving of which graces one of our early volumes, is also in the park,
+and to which place of retirement his present Majesty resorts, and passes
+much of his time in preference to the bustle and splendour of a royal
+town life.
+
+Having now given as much description of the engraving as the subject
+requires, we shall proceed to lay before our readers some further
+anecdotes connected with the life of his Majesty; for our present
+purpose, the following interesting article being adapted to our limits,
+we shall introduce an
+
+    _Original Letter of his present Majesty, when Prince of Wales, to
+    Alexander Davison, Esq., on the death of Lord Nelson._
+
+    I am extremely obliged to you, my dear sir, for your confidential
+    letter, which I received this morning. You may be well assured,
+    that, did it depend upon me, there would not be a wish, a desire of
+    our-ever-to-be-lamented and much-loved friend, as well as adored
+    hero, that I should not consider as a solemn obligation upon his
+    friends and his country to fulfil; it is a duty they owe his memory,
+    and his matchless and unrivalled excellence: such are my sentiments,
+    and I should hope that there is still in this country sufficient
+    honour, virtue, and gratitude to prompt us to ratify and to carry
+    into effect the last dying request of our Nelson, and by that means
+    proving not only to the whole world, but to future ages, that we
+    were worthy of having such a man belonging to us. It must be
+    needless, my dear sir, to discuss over with you in particular the
+    irreparable loss dear Nelson ever must be, not merely to his friends
+    but to his country, especially at the present crisis--and during the
+    present most awful contest, his very name was a host of itself;
+    Nelson and Victory were one and the same to us, and it carried
+    dismay and terror to the hearts of our enemies. But the subject is
+    too painful a one to dwell longer upon; as to myself, all that I can
+    do, either publicly or privately, to testify the reverence, the
+    respect I entertain for his memory as a Hero, and as the greatest
+    public character that ever embellished the page of history,
+    independent of what I can with the greatest truth term, the
+    enthusiastic attachment I felt for him as a friend, I consider it as
+    my duty to fulfil, and therefore, though I may be prevented from
+    taking that ostensible and prominent situation at his funeral which
+    I think my birth and high rank entitled me to claim, still nothing
+    shall prevent me in a private character following his remains to
+    their last resting place; for though the station and the character
+    may be less ostensible, less prominent, yet the feelings of the
+    heart will not therefore be the less poignant, or the less acute.
+
+    I am, my dear sir, with the greatest truth,
+
+    Ever very sincerely your's,
+
+    G. P.[1]
+
+    _Brighton, Dec, 18th, 1805_.
+
+
+    [1] _New London Literary Gazette_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BYRON AND OTHER POETS COMPARED.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+There is a natural stimulus in man to offer adoration at the shrine of
+departed genius.--
+
+    "There is a tear for all that die."
+
+But, when a transcendant genius is checked in its early age--when its
+spring-shoots had only began to open--when it had just engaged in a new
+feature devoted to man, and man to it, we cannot rest
+
+    "In silent admiration, mixed with grief."
+
+Too often has splendid genius been suffered to live almost unobserved;
+and have only been valued as their lives have been lost. Could the
+divine Milton, or the great Shakspeare, while living, have shared that
+profound veneration which their after generations have bestowed on their
+high talents, happier would they have lived, and died more
+extensively beloved.
+
+True, a Byron has but lately paid a universal debt. His concentrated
+powers--his breathings for the happiness and liberty of mankind--his
+splendid intellectual flowers, culled from a mind stored with the
+choicest exotics, and cultivated with the most refined taste are all
+still fresh in recollection. As the value of precious stones and metals
+have become estimated by their scarcity, so will the fame of Byron live.
+
+A mind like Lord Byron's,
+
+    "----born, not only to surprise, but cheer
+    With warmth and lustre all within its sphere,"
+
+was one of Nature's brightest gems, whose splendour (even when
+uncompared) dazzled and attracted all who passed within its sight.
+
+    "So let him stand, through ages yet unborn."
+
+As comparison is a medium through which we are enabled to obtain most
+accurate judgment, let us use it in the present instance, and compare
+Lord Byron with the greatest poets that have preceded him, by which
+means the world of letters will see what they have _really_ lost in Lord
+Byron. To commence with the great Shakspeare himself, to whom universal
+admiration continues to be paid. Had Shakspeare been cut off at the same
+early period as Byron, _The Tempest, King Lear, Othello, Macbeth, Julius
+Caesar, Coriolanus_, and several others of an equal character, would
+never have been written. The high reputation of Dryden would also have
+been limited--his fame, perhaps, unknown. The _Absalom_ and _Achitophel_
+is the earliest of his best productions, which was written about his
+fiftieth year; his principal production, at the age of Byron, was his
+_Annus Mirabilis_; for nearly the whole of his dramatic works were
+written at the latter part of his life. Pope is the like situated; that
+which displayed most the power of his mind--which claims for him the
+greatest praise--his _Essay on Man_, &c. appeared after his fortieth
+year. _Windsor Forest_ was published in his twenty-second or
+twenty-third year, both were the labour of some _years_; and the
+immortal Milton, who published some few things before his thirtieth
+year, sent not his great work, _Paradise Lost_, to the world until he
+verged on sixty.
+
+With the poets, and the knowledge of what Byron _was_, we may ask what
+he would have been had it pleased the Great Author of all things to
+suffer the summer of his consummate mental powers to shine upon us? Take
+the works of any of the abovenamed distinguished individuals previous to
+their thirty-eighth year, and shall we perceive that flexibility of the
+English language to the extent that Byron has left behind him? His
+versatility was, indeed, astonishing and triumphant. His _Childe
+Harold_, the _Bride of Abydos_, the _Corsair_, and _Don Juan_, (though
+somewhat too freely written,) are established proofs of his unequalled
+energy of mind. His power was unlimited; not only eloquent, but the
+sublime, grave and gay, were all equally familiar to his muse.
+
+Few words are wanted to show that Byron was not depraved at heart; no
+man possessed a more ready sympathy, a more generous mind to the
+distressed, or was a more enthusiastic admirer of noble actions. These
+feelings all strongly delineated in his character, would never admit, as
+Sir Walter Scott has observed, "an imperfect moral sense, nor feeling,
+dead to virtue." Severe as the
+
+    "Combined usurpers on the throne of taste"
+
+have been, his character is marked by some of the best principles in
+many parts of his writings.
+
+    "The records there of friendships, held like rocks,
+    And enmities like sun-touch'd snow resign'd,"
+
+are frequently visible. His glorious attachment to the Grecian cause is
+a sufficient recompense for _previous_ follies exaggerated and
+propagated by calumny's poisonous tongue. In a word, "there is scarce a
+passion or a situation which has escaped his pen; and he might be drawn,
+like Garrick, between the weeping and the laughing muses."
+
+A. B. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE SONG OF THE WIDOWED MOTHER TO HER CHILD.
+
+BY THE AUTHOR Of "AHAB."
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+    O Sink to sleep, my darling boy,
+      Thy father's dead, thy mother lonely,
+    Of late thou wert his pride, his joy,
+      But now thou hast not one to own thee.
+    The cold wide world before us lies,
+      But oh! such heartless things live in it,
+    It makes me weep--then close thine eyes
+      Tho' it be but for one short minute.
+
+    O sink to sleep, my baby dear,
+      A little while forget thy sorrow,
+    The wind is cold, the night is drear,
+      But drearier it will be to-morrow.
+    For none will help, tho' many see
+      Our wretchedness--then close thine eyes, love,
+    Oh, most unbless'd on earth is she
+      Who on another's aid relies, love.
+
+    Thou hear'st me not! thy heart's asleep
+      Already, and thy lids are closing,
+    Then lie thee still, and I will weep
+      Whilst thou, my dearest, art reposing,
+    And wish that I could slumber free,
+      And with thee in yon heaven awaken,
+    O would that it our home might be,
+      For here we are by all forsaken.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PAY OF THE JUDGES IN FORMER TIMES.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+In the twenty-third year of the reign of king Henry III., the salary of
+the justices of the bench (now called the Common Pleas) was 20l. per
+annum; in the forty-third year, 40l. In the twenty-seventh year, the
+chief baron had 40 marks; the other barons, 20 marks; and in the forty,
+ninth year, 4l. per annum. The justices _coram rege_ (now called the
+King's Bench) had in the forty-third year of Henry III. 40l. per annum.;
+the chief of the bench, 100 marks per annum; and next year, another
+chief of the same court, had 100l.; but the chief of the court _coram
+rege_ had only 100 marks per annum.
+
+In the reign of Edward I., the salaries of the justices were very
+uncertain, and, upon the whole, they sunk from what they had been in the
+reign of Henry III. The chief justice of the bench, in the seventh year
+of Edward I., had but 40l. per annum, and the other justices there, 40
+marks. This continued the proportion in both benches till the
+twenty-fifth year of Edward III., then the salary of the chief of the
+King's Bench fell to 50 marks, or 33l. 6s. 8d., while that of the chief
+of the bench was augmented to 100 marks, which may be considered as an
+evidence of the increase of business and attendance there. The chief
+baron had 40l.; the salaries of the other justices and barons were
+reduced to 20l.
+
+In the reign of Edward II., the number of suitors so increased in the
+common bench, that whereas there had usually been only three justices
+there, that prince, at the beginning of his reign, was constrained to
+increase them to six, who used to sit in two places,--a circumstance not
+easy to be accounted for. Within three years after they were increased
+to seven; next year they were reduced to six, at which number they
+continued.
+
+The salaries of the judges, though they had continued the same from the
+time of Edward I. to the twenty-fifth year of Edward III., were become
+very uncertain. In the twenty-eighth year of this king, it appears, that
+one of the justices of the King's Bench had 80 marks per annum. In the
+thirty-ninth year of Edward III. the judges had in that court 40l.; the
+same as the justices of the Common Pleas; but the chief of the King's
+Bench, 100 marks.
+
+The salaries of the judges in the time of Henry IV. were as
+follows:--The chief baron, and other barons, had 40 marks per annum; the
+chief of the King's Bench, and of the Common Pleas, 40l. per annum; the
+other justices, in either court, 40 marks. But the gains of the
+practisers were become so great, that they could hardly be tempted to
+accept a place on the bench with such low salaries; therefore in the
+eighteenth year of Henry VI. the judges of all the courts at
+Westminster, together with the king's attorney and sergeants, exhibited
+a petition to parliament concerning the regular payment of their
+salaries and perquisites of robes. The king assented to their request,
+and order was taken for increasing their income, which afterwards became
+larger, and more fixed; this consisted of a salary and an allowance for
+robes. In the first year of Edward IV., the chief justice of the King's
+Bench had 170 marks per annum, 5l. 6s. 6d. for his winter robes, and the
+same for his Whitsuntide robes. Most of the judges had the honour of
+knighthood; some of them were knights bannerets; and some had the order
+of the Bath.
+
+In the first year of Henry VII. the chief justice of the court of King's
+Bench had the yearly fee of 140 marks granted to him for his better
+support; he had besides 5l. 6s. 11-1/4 d., and the sixth part of a
+halfpenny (such is the accuracy of Sir William Dugdale, and the
+strangeness of the sum,) for his winter robes, and 3l. 6s. 6d. for his
+robes at Whitsuntide.
+
+In the thirty-seventh year of Henry VIII. a further increase was made to
+the fees of the judges;--to the chief justice of the King's Bench 30l.
+per annum; to every other justice of that court 20l. per annum; to every
+justice of the Common Pleas, 20l. per annum.
+
+There were usually in the court of Common Pleas five judges, sometimes
+six; and in the reign of Henry VI. there were, it is said, eight judges
+at one time in that court; but six appear to have been the regular
+number. In the King's Bench there were sometimes four, sometimes five.
+They did not sit above three hours a day in court,--from eight in the
+morning to eleven. The courts were not open in the afternoon; but that
+time was left unoccupied for suitors to confer with their counsel
+at home.
+
+F. R. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR
+AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SIR WALTER SCOTT'S LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.
+
+
+Sir Walter Scott, the author of _Waverley_, has become the biographer of
+Napoleon Bonaparte; and the deepest interest is excited in the literary
+world to know how the great master of romance and fiction acquits
+himself in the execution of his task. In the preface to this elaborate
+history, Sir Walter, with considerable ingenuousness, informs us that
+"he will be found no enemy to the person of Napoleon. The term of
+hostility is ended when the battle has been won, and the foe exists no
+longer." But to our task: we shall attempt an analysis of the volumes
+before us, and endeavour to gratify our readers with a narrative of
+incidents that cannot fail interesting every British subject, whose
+history, in fact, is strongly connected with the important events that
+belong to the splendid career of Napoleon Bonaparte.
+
+The first and second volumes of Sir Walter's history are taken up with a
+view of the French Revolution, from whence we shall extract a sketch of
+the characters of three men of terror, whose names will long remain, we
+trust, unmatched in history by those of any similar miscreants. These
+men were the leaders of the revolution, and were called
+
+THE TRIUMVIRATE.
+
+Danton deserves to be named first, as unrivalled by his colleagues in
+talent and audacity. He was a man of gigantic size, and possessed a
+voice of thunder. His countenance was that of an Ogre on the shoulders
+of a Hercules. He was as fond of the pleasures of vice as of the
+practice of cruelty; and it was said there were times when he became
+humanized amidst his debauchery, laughed at the terror which his furious
+declamations excited, and might be approached with safety, like the
+Maelstrom at the turn of tide. His profusion was indulged to an extent
+hazardous to his popularity, for the populace are jealous of a lavish
+expenditure, as raising their favourites too much above their own
+degree; and the charge of peculation finds always ready credit with
+them, when brought against public men.
+
+Robespierre possessed this advantage over Danton, that he did not seem
+to seek for wealth, either for hoarding or expending, but lived in
+strict and economical retirement, to justify the name of the
+Incorruptible, with which he was honoured by his partizans. He appears
+to have possessed little talent, saving a deep fund of hypocrisy,
+considerable powers of sophistry, and a cold exaggerated strain of
+oratory, as foreign to good taste, as the measures he recommended were
+to ordinary humanity. It seemed wonderful, that even the seething and
+boiling of the revolutionary cauldron should have sent up from the
+bottom, and long supported on the surface, a thing so miserably void of
+claims to public distinction; but Robespierre had to impose on the minds
+of the vulgar, and he knew how to beguile them, by accommodating his
+flattery to their passions and scale of understanding, and by acts of
+cunning and hypocrisy, which weigh more with the multitude than the
+words of eloquence, or the arguments of wisdom. The people listened as
+to their Cicero, when he twanged out his apostrophes of _Pauvre Peuple,
+Peuple vertueux!_ and hastened to execute whatever came recommended by
+such honied phrases, though devised by the worst of men for the worst
+and most inhuman of purposes.
+
+Vanity was Robespierre's ruling passion, and though his countenance was
+the image of his mind, he was vain even of his personal appearance, and
+never adopted the external habits of a sans culotte. Amongst his fellow
+Jacobins, he was distinguished by the nicety with which his hair was
+arranged and powdered; and the neatness of his dress was carefully
+attended to, so as to counterbalance, if possible, the vulgarity of his
+person. His apartments, though small, were elegant and vanity had filled
+them with representations of the occupant. Robespierre's picture at
+length hung in one place, his miniature in another, his bust occupied a
+niche, and on the table were disposed a few medallions exhibiting his
+head in profile. The vanity which all this indicated was of the coldest
+and most selfish character, being such as considers neglect as insult,
+and receives homage merely as a tribute; so that, while praise is
+received without gratitude, it is withheld at the risk of mortal hate.
+Self-love of this dangerous character is closely allied with envy, and
+Robespierre was one of the most envious and vindictive men that ever
+lived. He never was known to pardon any opposition, affront, or even
+rivalry; and to be marked in his tablets on such an account was a sure,
+though perhaps not an immediate, sentence of death. Danton was a hero,
+compared with this cold, calculating, creeping miscreant; for his
+passions, though exaggerated, had at least some touch of humanity, and
+his brutal ferocity was supported by brutal courage.--(_Continued at
+page 17. [Note: See Mirror 263.])
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE EPICUREAN.
+
+_By T. Moore, Esq._
+
+
+The following is described by Alciphron, the hero of the tale, at the
+termination of a festival, in a tone which strongly reminds us of
+Rasselas:--
+
+"The sounds of the song and dance had ceased, and I was now left in
+those luxurious gardens alone. Though so ardent and active a votary of
+pleasure, I had, by nature, a disposition full of melancholy;--an
+imagination that presented sad thoughts even in the midst of mirth and
+happiness, and threw the shadow of the future over the gayest illusions
+of the present. Melancholy was, indeed, twin-born in my soul with
+passion; and, not even in the fullest fervour of the latter were they
+separated. From the first moment that I was conscious of thought and
+feeling, the same dark thread had run across the web; and images of
+death and annihilation mingled themselves with the most smiling scenes
+through which my career of enjoyment led me. My very passion for
+pleasure but deepened these gloomy fancies. For, shut out, as I was by
+my creed, from a future life, and having no hope beyond the narrow
+horizon of this, every minute of delight assumed a mournful preciousness
+in my eyes, and pleasure, like the flower of the cemetery, grew but more
+luxuriant from the neighbourhood of death. This very night my triumph,
+my happiness, had seemed complete. I had been the presiding genius of
+that voluptuous scene. Both my ambition and my love of pleasure had
+drunk deep of the cup for which they thirsted. Looked up to by the
+learned, and loved by the beautiful and the young, I had seen, in every
+eye that met mine, either the acknowledgment of triumphs already won, or
+the promise of others, still brighter, that awaited me. Yet, even in the
+midst of all this, the same dark thoughts had presented themselves; the
+perishableness of myself and all around me every instant recurred to my
+mind. Those hands I had prest--those eyes, in which I had seen sparkling
+a spirit of light and life that should never die--those voices that had
+talked of eternal love--all, all, I felt, were but a mockery of the
+moment, and would leave nothing eternal but the silence of their dust!
+
+    "Oh, were it not for this sad voice,
+      Stealing amid our mirth to say,
+    That all in which we most rejoice,
+      Ere night may be the earth-worm's prey:
+    _But_ for this bitter--only this--
+    Full as the world is brimm'd with bliss,
+    And capable as feels my soul
+    Of draining to its depth the whole,
+    I should turn earth to heaven, and be,
+    If bliss made gods, a deity!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE FALLS OF NIAGARA.
+
+
+I had already seen some of the most celebrated works of nature in
+different parts of the globe; I had seen Etna and Vesuvius; I had seen
+the Andes almost at their greatest elevation; Cape Horn, rugged and
+bleak, buffeted by the southern tempest; and, though last not least, I
+had seen the long swell of the Pacific; but nothing I had ever beheld or
+imagined could compare in grandeur with the Falls of Niagara. My first
+sensation was that of exquisite delight at having before me the greatest
+wonder of the world. Strange as it may appear, this feeling was
+immediately succeeded by an irresistible melancholy. Had this not
+continued, it might perhaps have been attributed to the satiety incident
+to the complete gratification of "hope long deferred;" but so far from
+diminishing, the more I gazed, the stronger and deeper the sentiment
+became. Yet this scene of sadness was strangely mingled with a kind of
+intoxicating fascination. Whether the phenomenon is peculiar to Niagara
+I know not, but certain it is, that the spirits are affected and
+depressed in a singular manner by the magic influence of this stupendous
+and eternal fall. About five miles above the cataract the river expands
+to the dimensions of a lake, after which it gradually narrows. The
+Rapids commence at the upper extremity of Goat Island, which is half a
+mile in length, and divides the river at the point of precipitation into
+two unequal parts; the largest is distinguished by the several names of
+the Horseshoe, Crescent, and British Fall, from its semi-circular form
+and contiguity to the Canadian shore. The smaller is named the American
+Fall. A portion of this fall is divided by a rock from Goat Island, and
+though here insignificant in appearance, would rank high among
+European cascades....
+
+The current runs about six miles an hour; but supposing it to be only
+five miles, the quantity which passes the falls in an hour is more than
+eighty-five millions of tuns avoirdupois; if we suppose it to be six, it
+will be more than one hundred and two millions; and in a day would
+exceed two thousand four hundred millions of tuns....
+
+The next morning, with renewed delight, I beheld from my window--I may
+say, indeed, from my bed--the stupendous vision. The beams of the rising
+sun shed over it a variety of tints; a cloud of spray was ascending from
+the crescent; and as I viewed it from above, it appeared like the steam
+rising from the boiler of some monstrous engine....
+
+This evening I went down with one of our party to view the cataract by
+moonlight. I took my favourite seat on the projecting rock, at a little
+distance from the brink of the fall, and gazed till every sense seemed
+absorbed in contemplation. Although the shades of night increased the
+sublimity of the prospect and "deepened the murmur of the falling
+floods," the moon in placid beauty shed her soft influence upon the
+mind, and mitigated the horrors of the scene. The thunders which
+bellowed from the abyss, and the loveliness of the falling element,
+which glittered like molten silver in the moonlight, seemed to complete
+in absolute perfection the rare union of the beautiful with the
+sublime....
+
+While reflecting upon the inadequacy of language to express the feelings
+I experienced, or to describe the wonders which I surveyed, an American
+gentleman, to my great amusement, tapped me on the shoulder, and
+"guessed" that it was "_pretty droll!_" It was difficult to avoid
+laughing in his face; yet I could not help envying him his vocabulary,
+which had so eloquently released me from my dilemma....
+
+Though earnestly dissuaded from the undertaking, I had determined to
+employ the first fine morning in visiting the cavern beneath the fall.
+The guide recommended my companion and myself to set out as early as six
+o'clock, that we might have the advantage of the morning sun upon the
+waters. We came to the guide's house at the appointed hour, and
+disencumbered ourselves of such garments as we did not wish to have
+wetted; descending the circular ladder, we followed the course of the
+path running along the top of the _debris_ of the precipice, which I
+have already described. Having pursued this track for about eighty
+yards, in the course of which we were completely drenched, we found
+ourselves close to the cataract. Although enveloped in a cloud of spray,
+we could distinguish without difficulty the direction of our path, and
+the nature of the cavern we were about to enter. Our guide warned us of
+the difficulty in respiration which we should encounter from the spray,
+and recommended us to look with exclusive attention to the security of
+our footing. Thus warned, we pushed forward, blown about and buffeted by
+the wind, stunned by the noise, and blinded by the spray. Each
+successive gust penetrated us to the very bones with cold. Determined to
+proceed, we toiled and struggled on, and having followed the footsteps
+of the guide as far as was possible consistently with safety, we sat
+down, and having collected our senses by degrees, the wonders of the
+cavern slowly developed themselves. It is impossible to describe the
+strange unnatural light reflected through its crystal wall, the roar of
+the waters, and the blasts of the hurried hurricane which perpetually
+rages in its recesses. We endured its fury a sufficient time to form a
+notion of the shape and dimensions of this dreadful place. The cavern
+was tolerably light, though the sun was unfortunately enveloped in
+clouds. His disc was invisible, but we could clearly distinguish his
+situation through the watery barrier. The fall of the cataract is nearly
+perpendicular. The bank over which it is precipitated is of concave
+form, owing to its upper stratum being composed of lime-stone, and its
+base of soft slate-stone, which has been eaten away by the constant
+attrition of the recoiling waters. The cavern is about one hundred and
+twenty feet in height, fifty in breadth, and three hundred in length.
+The entrance was completely invisible. By screaming in our ears, the
+guide contrived to explain to us that there was one more point which we
+might have reached had the wind been in any other direction. Unluckily
+it blew full upon the sheet of the cataract, and drove it in so as to
+dash upon the rock over which we must have passed. A few yards beyond
+this, the precipice becomes perpendicular, and, blending with the water,
+forms the extremity of the cave. After a stay of nearly ten minutes in
+this most horrible purgatory, we gladly left it to its loathsome
+inhabitants the eel and the water-snake, who crawl about its recesses in
+considerable numbers,--and returned to the inn--_De Roos's Travels in
+the United States, &c._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GUILLOTINE.
+
+
+The first sight, however, which it fell to my lot to witness at Brussels
+in this second and short visit, was neither gay nor handsome, nor dear
+in any sense, but the very reverse; it being that of the punishment of
+the guillotine inflicted on a wretched murderer, named John Baptist
+Michel.[2] Hearing, at the moment of my arrival, that this tragical
+scene was on the point of being acted in the great square of the
+market-place, I determined for once to make a sacrifice of my feelings
+to the desire of being present at a spectacle, with the nature of which
+the recollections of revolutionary horrors are so intimately associated.
+Accordingly, following to the spot a guard of soldiers appointed to
+assist at the execution, I disengaged myself as soon as possible from
+the pressure of the immense crowd already assembled, and obtained a seat
+at the window of a house immediately opposite the Hotel-de-Ville, in
+front of the principal entrance to which the guillotine had been
+erected. At the hour of twelve at noon precisely, the malefactor, tall,
+athletic, and young, having his hands tied behind his back, and being
+stripped to the waist, was brought to the square in a cart, under an
+escort of gen-d'armes, attended by an elderly and respectable
+ecclesiastic; who, having been previously occupied in administering the
+consolations of religion to the condemned person in prison, now appeared
+incessantly employed in tranquillizing him on his way to the scaffold.
+Arrived near the fatal machine, the unhappy man stepped out of the
+vehicle, knelt at the feet of his confessor, received the priestly
+benediction, kissed some individuals who accompanied him, and was
+hurried by the officers of justice up the steps of the cube-form
+structure of wood, painted of a blood-red, on which stood the dreadful
+apparatus of death. To reach the top of the platform, to be fast bound
+to a board, to be placed horizontally under the axe, and deprived of
+life by its unerring blow, was, in the case of this miserable offender,
+the work literally of a moment. It was indeed an awfully sudden transit
+from time to eternity. He could only cry out, "_Adieu, mes amis_," and
+he was gone. The severed head, passing through a red-coloured bag fixed
+under, fell to the ground--the blood spouted forth from the neck like
+water from a fountain--the body, lifted up without delay, was flung down
+through a trap-door in the platform. Never did capital punishment more
+quickly take effect on a human being; and whilst the executioner was
+coolly taking out the axe from the groove of the machine, and placing
+it, covered as it was with gore, in a box, the remains of the culprit,
+deposited in a shell, were hoisted into a wagon, and conveyed to the
+prison. In twenty minutes all was over, and the _Grande Place_ nearly
+cleared of its thousands, on whom the dreadful scene seemed to have
+made, as usual, the slightest possible impression--_Stevenson's Tour in
+France, Switzerland, &c._
+
+    [2] The circumstances of the case were as follows:--Jean
+    Baptiste Michel, aged 36, a blacksmith, accompanied by a female
+    named Marie Anne Debeyst, aged 22, was proceeding from Brussels
+    to Vilvorde, one day in the month of March, 1824. In the
+    Alleverte, they overtook a servant girl, who was imprudent
+    enough to mention to them that her master had entrusted her
+    with a sum of money. Near Vilvorde, Michel and his paramour,
+    having formed their plan of assassination and robbery, rejoined
+    the poor girl, whom they had momentarily left, and violently
+    demanded the bag containing the gold and silver. The
+    unfortunate young creature resisted their attacks as long as
+    she could, but was soon felled to the ground by Michel, who
+    with a thick stick fractured her skull, whilst Debeyst trod
+    upon the prostrate victim of their horrid crime. These wretches
+    were shortly afterwards arrested and committed to prison. On
+    the 5th of April, 1825, they were condemned to death by the
+    Court of Assize at Brussels, but implored of the royal clemency
+    a commutation of punishment. This was granted to the woman,
+    whose sentence was changed to perpetual imprisonment. Michel's
+    petition was rejected.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE HEIR PRESUMPTIVE.
+
+
+Of all the miseries of human life, and God knows they are manifold
+enough, there are few more utterly heart-sickening and overwhelming than
+those endured by the unlucky Heir Presumptive; when, after having
+submitted to the whims and caprices of some rich relation, and endured a
+state of worse than Egyptian bondage, for a long series of years, he
+finds himself cut off with a shilling, or a mourning ring; and the El
+Dorado of his tedious term of probation and expectancy devoted to the
+endowment of methodist chapels and Sunday schools; or bequeathed to some
+six months' friend (usually a female housekeeper, or spiritual adviser)
+who, entering the vineyard at the eleventh hour, (the precise moment at
+which his patience and humility become exhausted,) carries off the
+golden prize, and adds another melancholy confirmation, to those already
+upon record, of the fallacy of all human anticipations. It matters
+little what may have been the motives of his conduct; whether duty,
+affection, or that more powerful incentive self-interest; how long or
+how devotedly he may have humoured the foibles or eccentricities of his
+relative; or what sacrifices he may have made to enable him to comply
+with his unreasonable caprices: the result is almost invariably the
+same. The last year of the Heir Presumptive's purgatory, nay, perhaps
+even the last month, or the last week, is often the drop to the full cup
+of his endurance. His patience, however it may have been propped by
+self-interest, or feelings of a more refined description, usually breaks
+down before the allotted term has expired; and the whole fabric it has
+cost him such infinite labour to erect, falls to the ground along with
+it. It is well if his personal exertions, and the annoyances to which he
+has subjected himself during the best period of his existence, form the
+whole of his sacrifices. But, alas! it too often happens that,
+encouraged by the probability of succeeding in a few years to an
+independent property, and ambitious, moreover, of making such an
+appearance in society as will afford the old gentleman or lady no excuse
+for being ashamed of their connexion with him, he launches into expenses
+he would never otherwise have dreamed of incurring, and contracts debts
+without regard to his positive means of liquidating them, on the
+strength of a contingency which, if he could but be taught to believe
+it, is of all earthly anticipations the most remote and uncertain. A
+passion for unnecessary expense is, under different circumstances,
+frequently repressed by an inability to procure credit; but it is the
+curse and bane of Mr. Omnium's nephew, and Miss Saveall's niece, that so
+far from any obstacle being opposed to their prodigality, almost
+unlimited indulgence is offered, nay, actually pressed upon them, by the
+trades-people of their wealthy relations; who take especial care that
+their charges shall be of a nature to repay them for any complaisance or
+long suffering, as it regards the term of credit, they may be called
+upon to display. But independently of the additional expense into which
+the Heir Presumptive is often seduced by the operation of these
+temptations, and his anxiety to live in a style in some degree accordant
+with his expectations, what is he not called upon to endure from the
+caprices, old-fashioned notions, eccentricities, avarice, and obstinacy,
+of the old tyrant to whom he thus consents to sell himself, and it may
+be his family, body and soul, for an indefinite number of
+years.--_National Tales_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE MONTHS.
+
+JULY.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+    The sultry noontide of July
+      Now bids us seek the forest's shade;
+    Or for the crystal streamlet sigh.
+      That flows in some sequestered glade.
+
+B. BARTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Summer! glowing summer! This is the month of heat and sunshine, of
+clear, fervid skies, dusty roads, and shrinking streams; when doors and
+windows are thrown open, a cool gale is the most welcome of all
+visiters, and every drop of rain "is worth its weight in gold." Such is
+July commonly--such it was in 1825, and such, in a scarcely less degree,
+in 1826; yet it is sometimes, on the contrary, a very showery month,
+putting the hay-maker to the extremity of his patience, and the farmer
+upon anxious thoughts for his ripening corn; generally speaking,
+however, it is the heart of our summer. The landscape presents an air of
+warmth, dryness, and maturity; the eye roams over brown pastures, corn
+fields "already white to harvest," dark lines of intersecting
+hedge-rows, and darker trees, lifting their heavy heads above them. The
+foliage at this period is rich, full, and vigorous; there is a fine haze
+cast over distant woods and bosky slopes, and every lofty and majestic
+tree is filled with a soft shadowy twilight, which adds infinitely to
+its beauty--a circumstance that has never been sufficiently noticed by
+either poet or painter. Willows are now beautiful objects in the
+landscape; they are like rich masses of arborescent silver, especially
+if stirred by the breeze, their light and fluent forms contrasting
+finely with the still and sombre aspect of the other trees.
+
+Now is the general season of _haymaking_. Bands of mowers, in their
+light trousers and broad straw hats, are astir long before the fiery eye
+of the sun glances above the horizon, that they may toil in the
+freshness of the morning, and stretch themselves at noon in luxurious
+ease by trickling waters, and beneath the shade of trees. Till then,
+with regular strokes and a sweeping sound, the sweet and flowery grass
+falls before them, revealing at almost every step, nests of young birds,
+mice in their cozy domes, and the mossy cells of the humble bee
+streaming with liquid honey; anon, troops of haymakers are abroad,
+tossing the green swaths wide to the sun. It is one of Nature's
+festivities, endeared by a thousand pleasant memories and habits of the
+olden days, and not a soul can resist it.
+
+There is a sound of tinkling teams and of wagons rolling along lanes and
+fields the whole country over, aye, even at midnight, till at length the
+fragrant ricks rise in the farmyard, and the pale smooth-shaven fields
+are left in solitary beauty.
+
+They who know little about it may deem the strong _penchant_ of our
+poets, and of ourselves, for rural pleasures, mere romance and poetic
+illusion; but if poetic beauty alone were concerned, we must still
+admire _harvest-time_ in the country. The whole land is then an Arcadia,
+full of simple, healthful, and rejoicing spirits. Overgrown towns and
+manufactories may have changed for the worse, the spirit and feelings of
+our population; in them, "evil communications may have corrupted good
+manners;" but in the country at large, there never was a more
+simple-minded, healthful-hearted, and happy race of people than our
+present British peasantry. They have cast off, it is true, many of their
+ancestors' games and merrymakings, but they have in no degree lost their
+soul of mirth and happiness. This is never more conspicuous than in
+_harvest-time_.
+
+With the exception of a casual song of the lark in a fresh morning, of
+the blackbird and thrush at sunset, or the monotonous wail of the
+yellow-hammer, the silence of birds is now complete; even the lesser
+reed-sparrow, which may very properly be called the _English mock-bird_,
+and which kept up a perpetual clatter with the notes of the sparrow, the
+swallow, the white-throat, &c. in every hedge-bottom, day and night,
+has ceased.
+
+Boys will now be seen in the evening twilight with match, gunpowder,
+&c., and green boughs for self-defence, busy in storming the paper-built
+castles of _wasps_, the larvae of which furnish anglers with store of
+excellent baits. Spring-flowers have given place to a very different
+class. Climbing plants mantle and festoon every hedge. The wild hop, the
+brione, the clematis or traveller's joy, the large white convolvulus,
+whose bold yet delicate flowers will display themselves to a very late
+period of the year--vetches, and white and yellow ladies-bed-straw--
+invest almost every bush with their varied beauty, and breathe on the
+passer-by their faint summer sweetness. The _campanula rotundifolia_,
+the hare-bell of poets, and the blue-bell of botanists, arrests the eye
+on every dry bank, rock, and wayside, with its beautiful cerulean bells.
+There too we behold wild scabiouses, mallows, the woody nightshade,
+wood-betony, and centaury; the red and white-striped convolvulus also
+throws its flowers under your feet; corn fields glow with whole armies
+of scarlet poppies, cockle, and the rich azure plumes of
+viper's-bugloss; even _thistles_, the curse of Cain, diffuse a glow of
+beauty over wastes and barren places. Some species, particularly the
+musk thistles, are really noble plants, wearing their formidable arms,
+their silken vest, and their gorgeous crimson tufts of fragrant flowers
+issuing from a coronal of interwoven down and spines, with a grace which
+casts far into the shade many a favourite of the garden.
+
+But whoever would taste all the sweetness of July, let him go, in
+pleasant company, if possible, into heaths and woods; it is there, in
+her uncultured haunts, that summer now holds her court. The stern
+castle, the lowly convent, the deer and the forester have vanished
+thence many ages; yet nature still casts round the forest-lodge, the
+gnarled oak and lovely mere, the same charms as ever. The most hot and
+sandy tracts, which we might naturally imagine would now be parched up,
+are in full glory. The _erica tetralix_, or bell-heath, the most
+beautiful of our indigenous species, is now in bloom, and has converted
+the brown bosom of the waste into one wide sea of crimson; the air is
+charged with its honied odour. The dry, elastic turf glows, not only
+with its flowers, but with those of the wild thyme, the clear blue
+milkwort, the yellow asphodel, and that curious plant the _sundew_, with
+its drops of inexhaustible liquor sparkling in the fiercest sun like
+diamonds. There wave the cotton-rush, the tall fox-glove, and the taller
+golden mullein. There creep the various species of heath-berries,
+cranberries, bilberries, &c., furnishing the poor with a source of
+profit, and the rich of luxury. What a pleasure it is to throw ourselves
+down beneath the verdant screen of the beautiful fern, or the shade of a
+venerable oak, in such a scene, and listen to the summer sounds of bees,
+grasshoppers, and ten thousand other insects, mingled with the more
+remote and solitary cries of the pewit and the curlew! Then, to think of
+the coach-horse, urged on his sultry stage, or the plough-boy and his
+teem, plunging in the depths of a burning fallow, or of our ancestors,
+in times of national famine, plucking up the wild fern-roots for bread,
+and what an enhancement of our own luxurious ease![3]
+
+But woods, the depths of woods, are the most delicious retreats during
+the fiery noons of July. The great azure campanulas, or Canterbury
+bells, are there in bloom, and, in chalk or limestone districts, there
+are also now to be found those curiosities, the _bee_ and _fly
+orchises_. The soul of John Evelyn well might envy us a wood lounge at
+this period.
+
+_Time's Telescope._
+
+    [3] It is a fact not known to every juvenile lover of nature,
+    that a transverse section of a fern-root presents a miniature
+    picture of an _oak tree_ which no painter could rival.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ASTRONOMICAL OCCURENCES
+FOR JULY, 1827.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+The sun is in apogee, or at his greatest distance from the earth on the
+2nd, in 10 deg. _Cancer_; he enters _Leo_ on the 23rd, at 5h. 13m.
+afternoon; he is in conjunction with the planet Saturn on the 2nd at
+11h. 30m. morning, in 9 deg. _Cancer_, and with Mars on the 12th at 1h.
+45m. afternoon, being advanced 10 deg. further in the eliptic.
+
+Venus and Saturn are also in conjunction on the 26th at 3 h. afternoon,
+in 13 deg. _Cancer_.
+
+Mercury will again be visible for a short time about the middle of the
+month a little after the sun has set, arriving on the 16th at his
+greatest eastern elongation, or apparent distance from the centre of the
+system, as seen from the earth in 20 deg. _Leo_; and in aphelio, or that
+point of his orbit most distant from the sun, on the 22nd; he becomes
+stationary on the 29th.
+
+There is only one visible eclipse of Jupiter's first satellite this
+month--on the 5th, at 10h. 21m. evening.
+
+The Georgium Sidus, or Herschel, comes to an opposition with the sun on
+the 19th, at 6h. 15m. evening; he is then nearest the earth, and
+consequently in the most favourable position for observation; he began
+retrograding on the 1st of May in 28 deg. 12m. of _Capricornus_; he
+rises on the 1st, at 9h. 11m. evening, culminating at 1h. 16m., and
+setting at 5h. 21m. morning, pursuing the course of the sun on the 17th
+of January; he moves only 13m. of a deg. in the course of the month,
+rising 2 h. earlier on the 31st.
+
+This planet, called also Uranus, was discovered by Herschel on the 13th
+of March, 1781. It is the most distant orb in our system yet known. From
+certain inequalities on the motion of Jupiter and Saturn, the existence
+of a planet of considerable size beyond the orbit of either had been
+before suspected; its apparent magnitude, as seen from the earth, is
+about 3-1/2 sec., or of the size of a star of the sixth magnitude, and
+as from its distance from the sun, it shines but with a pale light, it
+cannot often be distinguished with the naked eye. Its diameter is about
+4-1/2 times that of the earth, and completes its revolution in something
+less than 83-1/2 years. The want of light in this planet, on account of
+its great distance from the sun, is supplied by six moons, which revolve
+round their primary in different periods. There is a remarkable
+peculiarity attached to their orbits, which are nearly perpendicular to
+the plane of the ecliptic, and they revolve in them in a direction
+contrary to the order of the signs.
+
+"Moore," in an old almanack, speaking on the difference of light and
+heat enjoyed by the inhabitants of _Saturn_, and the _earth_, says,--
+
+    "From hence how large, how strong the sun's bright ball,
+    But seen from thence, how languid and how small,
+    When the keen north with all its fury blows,
+    Congeals the floods and forms the fleecy snows:
+    'Tis heat intense, to what can there be known,
+    Warmer our poles than in its burning (!) zone;
+    One moment's cold like their's would pierce the bone,
+    Freeze the heart's blood, and turn us all to stone."
+
+Were Saturn thus situated, what would the inhabitants of Herschel feel,
+whose distance is still further?--pursuing this train of reasoning, the
+heat in the planet Mercury would be seven times greater than on our
+globe, and were the earth in the same position, all the water on its
+surface would boil, and soon be turned into vapour, but as the degree of
+sensible heat in any planet _does not_ depend altogether on its nearness
+to the sun, the temperature of these planets may be as mild as that of
+the most genial climate of our globe.
+
+The theory of the sun being a body of fire having been long since
+exploded, and heat being found to be generated by the union of the sun's
+rays with the atmosphere of the earth, so the caloric contained in the
+atmosphere on the surfaces of the planets may be distributed in
+different quantities, according to the situation they occupy with regard
+to the sun, and which is put into action by the influence of the solar
+rays, so as to produce that degree of sensible heat requisite for each
+respective planet. We have only to suppose that a small quantity of
+caloric exists in Mercury, and a greater quantity in Herschel, which is
+fifty times farther from the sun than the other, and there is no reason
+to believe that those planets nearest the sun suffer under the action of
+excessive heat, or that the more distant are exposed to the rigours of
+insufferable cold, which, in either case, might render them unfit for
+the abodes of intellectual beings. PASCHE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE SKETCH BOOK
+
+NO. XLI.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE AUTHOR AND HIS COAT.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+My master, at first sight of me, expressed great admiration. He had
+given his architect of garments orders to make him a blue coat in his
+best style; in consequence of which I was ushered into the world. The
+gentleman who introduced me into company was at the time in very high
+spirits, being engaged in a new literary undertaking, of the success of
+which he indulged very sanguine hopes. On this occasion we, that is, to
+use similar language to Cardinal Wolsey, in a well-known instance, I and
+my master paid a great number of visits to his particular friends, and
+others whom he thought likely to encourage and promote his project The
+reception _we_ generally met with was highly satisfactory; smiles and
+promises of support were bestowed in abundance upon _us_. I use the
+plural number, with justice, as it will appear in the sequel, although
+my master scarcely ever dreamt that I had anything to do with it. As I
+had, however, the special privilege of being _behind his back_, I had
+the advantage which that situation peculiarly confers, of arriving at a
+knowledge of the truth. He never dreamt that the expressions, "How well
+you are looking,"--"I am glad to see you," &c. so common in his ears,
+would scarcely ever have been used had it not been for my influence. To
+be sure I have overheard him say, as we have been walking along, "There
+goes an old acquaintance of mine; but, bless me, how altered he is! he
+looks poor and meanly dressed, but I'm determined I'll speak to him, for
+fear he should think me so shabby as to shy him." Thus giving an
+instance in himself, certainly, of respect for the _man_ and not the
+_coat_. My short history goes rather to prove that the reverse is almost
+every day's experience. Matters went on pretty well with us until my
+master was seized with a severe fit of illness, in consequence of which
+his literary scheme was completely defeated, and his condition in life
+materially injured; of course, the glad tones of encouragement which I
+had been accustomed to hear were changed into expressions of condolence,
+and sometimes assurances of unabated friendship; but then it must be
+remembered that I, the handsomest blue coat, was _still in good
+condition_, and it will perhaps appear, that if I were not my master's
+_warmest_ friend, I was, at all events, the only one that _stuck to him
+to the last_. Eternal respect to both of us continued much the same for
+some time longer, but by degrees we both, _at the same time_, observed,
+that an alteration began to take place. My master attributed this to his
+altered fortunes, and I placed it to the score of my decayed
+appearance--the threadbare cloth and tarnished button came in, I was
+sure, for their full share of neglect, and he at last fell into the same
+opinion. To describe all the variety of treatment that we experienced
+would be a tedious and unpleasant task,--but I was the more convinced
+that I had at least as much to do with it as my master, from observing
+that all the gradations in manner, from coolness to shyness, and from
+shyness to neglect, kept pace, remarkably, with the changes in my
+appearance. My master was, at length, the only individual who paid any
+respect or attention to me, after most of his old acquaintances had
+ceased to notice him. I have heard him exclaim, "Oh, that mankind would
+treat me with as much constancy as my old true blue! Thou hast
+faithfully served me throughout the vicissitudes of fortune, and art
+faithful still, now both of us are left to wither in adversity."
+
+I could make a long story of it, were I to detail all my adventures;
+they may, however, be easily imagined from what has been stated, and
+from which it is evident, that in too many instances, the world pays
+more respect to _the coat_, than to _the man_, and therefore that a man
+would often derive more consequence and benefit if he had the advantage
+of having for his patron--_a tailor_ instead of _a man of rank_. J. B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE NOVELIST.
+
+NO. CIV.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE COTTER'S DAUGHTER.
+
+
+It was a cold stormy night in December, and the green logs as they
+blazed and crackled on the Cotter's hearth, were rendered more
+delightful, more truly comfortable, by the contrast with the icy showers
+of snow and sleet which swept against the frail casement, making all
+without cheerless and miserable.
+
+The Cotter was a handsome, intelligent old man, and afforded me much
+information upon glebes, and flocks, and rural economy; while his
+spouse, a venerable matron, was humming to herself some long since
+forgotten ballad; and industriously twisting and twirling about her long
+knitting needles, that promised soon to produce a pair of formidable
+winter hose. Their son, a stout, healthy young peasant of
+three-and-twenty, was sitting in the spacious chimney corner, sharing
+his frugal supper of bread and cheese with a large, shaggy sheep dog,
+who sat on his haunches wistfully watching every mouthful, and snap,
+snap, snapping, and dextrously catching every morsel that was cast
+to him.
+
+We were all suddenly startled, however, by his loud bark; when, jumping
+up, he rushed, or rather flew towards the door.
+
+"Whew! whew!" whistled the youth--"Whoy--what the dickens ails thee,
+Rover?" said he, rising and following him to the door to learn the cause
+of his alarm. "What! be they gone again, ey?" for the dog was silent.
+"What do thee sniffle at, boy? On'y look at 'un feyther; how the beast
+whines and waggles his stump o' tail!--It's some 'un he knows for
+sartain. I'd lay a wager it wur Bill Miles com'd about the
+harrow, feyther."
+
+"Did thee hear any knock, lad?" said the father.
+
+"Noa!" replied the youth; "but mayhap Bill peep'd thro' the hoal in the
+shutter, and is a bit dash'd like at seeing a gentleman here. Bill! is't
+thee, Master Miles?" continued he, bawling. "Lord! the wind whistles so
+a' can't hear me. Shall I unlatch the door, feyther?"
+
+"Ay, lad, do, an thou wilt," replied the old man; "Rover's wiser nor we
+be--a dog 'll scent a friend, when a man would'nt know un."
+
+Rover still continued his low importunate whine, and began to scratch
+against the door. The lad threw it open--the dog brushed past him in an
+instant, and his quick, short, continuous yelping, expressed his
+immoderate joy and recognition.
+
+"Hollo! where be'st thee, Bill?" said the young peasant, stepping over
+the threshold. "Come, none of thee tricks upon travellers, Master Bill;
+I zee thee beside the rick yon!" and quitting the door for half a
+minute, he again hastily entered the cot. The rich colour of robust
+health had fled from his cheeks--his lips quivered--and he looked like
+one bereft of his senses, or under the influence of some frightful
+apparition.
+
+The dame rose up--her work fell from trembling hands--
+
+"What's the matter?" said she.
+
+"What's frighted thee, lad?" asked the old man, rising.
+
+"Oh! feyther!--oh! mother!"--exclaimed he, drawing them hastily on one
+side and whispering something in a low, and almost inaudible voice.
+
+The old woman raised her hands in supplication and tottered to her
+chair while the Cotter, bursting out into a paroxysm of violent rage,
+clutched his son's arm, and exclaimed in a loud voice:
+
+"Make fast the door, boy, an thou'lt not have my curse on thee!--I tell
+'ee, she shan't come hither!--No--never--never;--there's poison in her
+breath--a' will spurn her from me!--A pest on her!--What; wilt not do
+my bidding?"
+
+"O! feyther, feyther!" cried the young peasant, whose heart seemed
+overcharged with grief, "It be a cold, raw night--ye wou'dna kick a cur
+from the door to perish in the storm! Doant 'ee be hot and hasty,
+feyther, thou art not uncharitable--On me knees!"--
+
+"Psha!" exclaimed the enraged father, only exasperated by his
+remonstrances. "Whoy talk 'ee to me, son--I am deaf--deaf!--Mine own
+hand shall bar the door agen her!"--adding with bitterness--"let her
+die!"--and stepping past his prostrate son, was about to execute his
+purpose--when, a young girl, whose once gay and flimsy raiment was
+drenched and stained, and torn by the violence of the storm, appeared at
+the door. The old man recoiled with a shudder--she was as pale as
+death--and her trembling limbs seemed scarcely able to support her--a
+profusion of light brown hair hung dishevelled and in disorder about her
+neck and shoulders, and added to her forlorn appearance. She stretched
+forth her arms and pronounced the name of "Father!" but further
+utterance was prevented by the convulsive sobs that heaved her bosom.
+
+"Mary--woman!" cried the old man, trembling--"Call me not feyther--thou
+art none of mine--thou hast no feyther now--nor I a daughter--thou art a
+serpent that hath stung the bosom that cherished thee! Go to the fawning
+villain--the black-hearted sycophant that dragged thee from our
+arms--from our happy home to misery and pollution--go, and bless him for
+breaking thy poor old feyther's heart!"
+
+Overcome by these heart-rending reproaches, the distressed girl fainted;
+but the strong arm of the young Cotter supported her--for her
+tender-hearted youth, moved by his fallen sister's sorrows, had ventured
+again to intercede.
+
+"Hah! touch not her defiled and loathsome body," cried the old
+man--"thrust her from the door, and let her find a grave where she may.
+Boy! wilt thou dare disobey me?" and he raised his clenched hand, while
+anger flashed from his eye.
+
+"Strike! feyther--strike me!" said the poor lad, bursting into
+tears--"fell me to the 'arth! Kill me, an thou wilt--I care not--I will
+never turn my heart agen poor Mary!--Bean't she my sister? Did thee not
+teach me to love her?--Poor lass!--she do want it all now, feyther--for
+she be downcast and broken-hearted!--Nay, thee art kind and good,
+feyther--know thee art--I zee thine eyes be full o' tears--and
+thee--thee woant cast her away from thee, I know thee woant. Mother,
+speak to 'un; speak to sister Mary too--it be our own Mary! Doant 'ee
+kill her wi' unkindness!"
+
+The old man, moved by his affectionate entreaties, no longer offered any
+opposition to his son's wishes, but hiding his face in his hands, he
+fled from the affecting scene to an adjoining room.
+
+Her venerable mother having recovered from the shock of her lost
+daughter's sudden appearance, now rose to the assistance of the
+unfortunate, and by the aid of restoratives brought poor Mary to the
+full sense of her wretchedness. She was speedily conveyed to the same
+humble pallet, to which, in the days of her innocence and peace, she had
+always retired so light-hearted and joyously, but where she now found a
+lasting sleep--an eternal repose!--Yes, poor Mary died!--and having won
+the forgiveness and blessing of her offended parents, death was welcome
+to her.--_Absurdities: in Prose and Verse_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ORIGINS AND INVENTIONS.
+
+No. XXVII.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+VAUXHALL GARDENS.
+
+_(For the Mirror.)_
+
+    "Here waving groves a checkered scene display,
+    And part admit, and part exclude the day."
+
+POPE.
+
+
+Of the origin of these enchanting gardens, Mr. Aubrey, in his
+"Antiquities of Surrey," gives us the following account;--"At Vauxhall,
+Sir Samuel Morland built a fine room, anno 1667, the inside all of
+looking-glass, and fountains very pleasant to behold, which is much
+visited by strangers: it stands in the middle of the garden, covered
+with Cornish slate, on the point of which he placed a punchinello, very
+well carved, which held a dial, but the winds have demolished it." And
+Sir John Hawkins, in his "History of Music," has the following account
+of it:--"The house seems to have been rebuilt since the time that Sir
+Samuel Morland dwelt in it. About the year 1730, Mr. Jonathan Tyers
+became the occupier of it, and, there being a large garden belonging to
+it, planted with a great number of stately trees, and laid out in shady
+walks, it obtained the name of Spring Gardens; and the house being
+converted into a tavern, or place of entertainment, was much frequented
+by the votaries of pleasure. Mr. Tyers opened it with an advertisement
+of a _Ridotto al Fresco_, a term which the people of this country had
+till that time been strangers to. These entertainments were repeated in
+the course of the summer, and numbers resorted to partake of them. This
+encouraged the proprietor to make his garden a place of musical
+entertainment, for every evening during the summer season. To this end
+he was at great expense in decorating the gardens with paintings; he
+engaged a band of excellent musicians; he issued silver tickets at one
+guinea each for admission, and receiving great encouragement, he set up
+an organ in the orchestra, and, in a conspicuous part of the garden,
+erected a fine statue of Mr. Handel." These gardens are said to be the
+first of the kind in England; but they are not so old as the Mulberry
+Gardens, (on the spot now called Spring Gardens, near St. James's Park,)
+where king Charles II. went to regale himself the night after his
+restoration, and formed an immediate connexion with Mrs. Palmer,
+afterwards Duchess of Cleveland. The trees, however, are more than a
+century old, and, according to tradition, were planted for a public
+garden. This property was formerly held by Jane Fauxe, or Vaux, widow,
+in 1615; and it is highly probable (says Nichols) that she was the
+relict of the infamous Guy. In the "Spectator," No. 383, Mr. Addison
+introduces a voyage from the Temple Stairs to Vauxhall, in which he is
+accompanied by his friend, Sir Roger de Coverley. In the "Connoisseur,"
+No. 68, we find a very humourous description of the behaviour of an old
+penurious citizen, who had treated his family here with a handsome
+supper. The magnificence of these gardens calls to recollection the
+magic representations in the "Arabian Nights' Entertainments," where
+
+    "The blazing glories, with a cheerful ray,
+    Supply the sun, and counterfeit the day."
+
+Grosely, in his "Tour to London,"[4] says, (relating to Ranelagh and
+Vauxhall,) "These entertainments, which begin in the month of May, are
+continued every night. They bring together persons of all ranks and
+conditions; and amongst these, a considerable number of females, whose
+charms want only that cheerful air, which is the flower and quintessence
+of beauty. These places serve equally as a rendezvous either for
+business or intrigue. They form, as it were, private coteries; there you
+see fathers and mothers, with their children, enjoying domestic
+happiness in the midst of public diversions. The English assert, that
+such entertainments as these can never subsist in France, on account of
+the levity of the people. Certain it is, that those of Vauxhall and
+Ranelagh, which are guarded only by outward decency, are conducted
+without tumult and disorder, which often disturb the public diversions
+of France. I do not know whether the English are gainers thereby; the
+joy which they seem in search of at those places does not beam through
+their countenances; they look as grave at Vauxhall and Ranelagh as at
+the Bank, at church, or a private club. All persons there seem to say,
+what a young English nobleman said to his governor, _Am I as joyous as I
+should be?_"
+
+P. T. W.
+
+    [4] 1765, translated from the French by Thomas Nugent, LL.D.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+FINE ARTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE CHIEF CAUSES OF THE SUCCESS OF PAINTING AND SCULPTURE IN GREECE AND
+ROME.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+A cursory glance at the principal occasion of the amazing success
+obtained by the Greeks and Romans, in painting and sculpture, during the
+early ages, may perhaps prove interesting to the lovers of the arts in
+this country.
+
+The elevation to which the arts in Greece arrived was owing to the
+concurrence of various circumstances. The imitative arts, we are told,
+in that classic country formed a part of the administration, and were
+inseparably connected with the heathen worship. The temples were
+magnificently erected, and adorned with numerous statues of pagan
+deities, before which, in reverential awe, the people prostrated
+themselves. Every man of any substance had an idol in his own
+habitation, executed by a reputed sculptor. In all public situations the
+patriotic actions of certain citizens were represented, that beholders
+might be induced to emulate their virtues. On contemplating these
+masterpieces of art, which were so truly exquisite that the very coldest
+spectator was unable to resist their _almost magical_ influence, the
+vicious were reclaimed, and the ignorant stood abashed. Indeed, it has
+often been asserted, that the statues by Phidias and Praxiteles were so
+inimitably executed, that the people of Paros adored them as living
+gods. Those artists who performed such extraordinary wonders as these
+were held in an esteemed light, of which we cannot form the least idea.
+We are certain they were paid most enormous prices for their
+productions, and consequently could afford to adorn them with every
+beauty of art, and to bestow more time on them than can ever be expected
+from any modern artist.
+
+As soon as the arts had arrived at their highest pitch of excellency in
+Greece, the country was laid waste by the invading power of the Romans.
+All the Greek cities which contained the greatest treasures were
+demolished, and all the pictures[5] and statues fell into the hands of
+the victorious general, who had them carefully preserved and conveyed
+from the land where they had been adored. Of the estimation in which
+these great works were held by the Romans, we may form some idea by the
+general assuring a soldier, to whose charge he gave a statue by
+Praxiteles, that if he broke it, he should get another as well made in
+its place. War is a very destructive enemy to painting and sculpture;
+the intestine quarrels which ensued after the Romans had conquered the
+country, rendered the exercise of the art impracticable.
+
+The arts were neglected in Rome until the introduction of the popish
+religion. At that eventful era, statues and pictures were eagerly sought
+for; the admirable Grecian works were appropriated to purposes quite
+contrary to their pagan origin, for in many cases heathen deities were
+converted into apostles. The labours of Phidias, Myron, Praxiteles,
+Lysippus, and Scopas,[6] were highly valued by the Romans, who became
+the correct imitators, and in time the rivals, of those celebrated
+sculptors. G.W.N.
+
+    [5] The pictures alluded to were the works of Apelles,
+    Apollodorus, and Protogenes.
+
+    [6] These sculptors, according to Pliny, were the most reputed
+    among the ancients.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE
+PUBLIC JOURNALS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LOVE'S VICTIM.[7]
+
+    She left her own warm home
+      To tempt the frozen waste,
+    What time the traveller fear'd to roam,
+      And hunter shunn'd the blast,
+    Love pour'd his strength into her soul--
+    Could peril e'er his power controul!
+
+    She left her own warm home.
+      When stone, and herb, and tree,
+    And all beneath heaven's lurid dome
+      By wintry majesty,
+    In his stern age, were clad with snow,
+    And human hearts beat chill and slow.
+
+    It was a fearful hour
+      For one so young and fair:
+    The woods had not one sheltering bower,
+      The earth was trackless there,
+    The very boughs in silver slept,
+    As the sea-foam had o'er them swept.
+
+    Snow after snow came down,
+      The sky look'd fix'd in ice;
+    She deem'd amid the season's power,
+      Her love would all suffice
+    To keep the source of being warm,
+    And mock the terrors of the storm.
+
+    Love was her world of life.
+      She thought but of her heart,
+    And knowing that the winter's strife
+      Could not its hope dispart,
+    She dream'd not that its home of clay
+    Might yield before the tempest's sway--
+
+    Or judged that passion's power--
+      Passion so strong and pure.
+    Might mock the snow-flake's wildering shower,
+      Proud that it could endure,
+    As woman oft in times before
+    Had peril borne as much or more.
+
+    She went--dawn past o'er dawn,
+      None saw her face again,
+    The eyes she should have gazed upon,
+      Look'd for her face in vain--
+    The ear to which her voice was song,
+    Her voice had sought--how vainly long!
+
+    There is in Saco's vale
+      A gently swelling hill,
+    Shadows have wrapt it like a veil
+      From trees that mark it still,
+    Around, the mountains towering blue
+    Look on that spot of saddest hue.
+
+    'Twas by that little hill,
+      At the dark noon of night,
+    Close by a frozen snow-hid rill,
+      Where branches close unite
+    Even in winter's leafless time,
+    The skeletons of summer's prime.
+
+    That flash'd the traveller's flame
+      On tree and precipice,
+    And show'd a fair unearthly frame
+      In robes of glittering ice,
+    With head against a trunk inclined,
+    Like a dream-spirit of the mind.
+
+    'Twas that love-wander'd maid, death-pale,
+      Her very heart's blood froze,
+    Love's Niobe, in her own vale,
+      Now reckless of all woes--
+    Love's victim fair, and true, find meet,
+    As she of the famed Paraclete.
+
+    The mountains round shall tell
+      Her tale to travellers long.
+    The little vale of Saco swell
+      The western poet's song,
+    And "Nancy's Hill" in loftier rhymes
+    Be sung through unborn realms and times.
+
+_New Monthly Magazine_.
+
+    [7] A few miles below the Notch of the White Mountains in the
+    Valley of Saco, is a little rise of land called "Nancy's Hill."
+    It was formerly thickly covered with trees, a cluster of which
+    remains to mark the spot. In 1773, at Dartmouth, Jefferson co.
+    U.S. lived Nancy----, of respectable connexions. She was
+    engaged to be married. Her lover had set out for Lancaster. She
+    would follow him in the depth of winter, and on foot. There was
+    not a house for thirty miles, and the way through the wild
+    woods a footpath only. She persisted in her design, and
+    wrapping herself in her long cloak, proceeded on her way. Snow
+    and frost took place for several weeks, when some persons
+    passing her route, reached the lull at night. On lighting their
+    fires, an unearthly figure stood before them beneath the
+    bending branches, wrapped in a robe of ice. It was the lifeless
+    form of Nancy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER
+
+    "I am but a _Gatherer_ and disposer of other men's
+    stuff."--_Wotton_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The late Dr. Barclay was a wit and a scholar, as well as a very great
+physiologist. When a happy illustration, or even a point of pretty broad
+humour, occurred to his mind, he hesitated not to apply it to the
+subject in hand; and in this way, he frequently roused and rivetted
+attention, when more abstract reasoning might have failed of its aim. On
+one occasion he happened to dine with a large party, composed chiefly of
+medical men. As the wine cup circulated, the conversation accidentally
+took a professional turn, and from the excitation of the moment, or some
+other cause, two of the youngest individuals present were the most
+forward in delivering their opinions. Sir James McIntosh once told a
+political opponent, that so far from following his example of using hard
+words and soft arguments, he would pass, if possible, into the opposite
+extreme, and use soft words and hard arguments. But our unfledged M.D.'s
+disregarded the above salutary maxim, and made up in loudness what they
+wanted in learning. At length, one of them said something so
+emphatic--we mean as to manner--that a pointer dog started from his lair
+beneath the table and _bow-wow-wowed_ so fiercely, that he fairly took
+the lead in the discussion. Dr. Barclay eyed the hairy dialectician, and
+thinking it high time to close the debate, gave the animal a hearty push
+with his foot, and exclaimed in broad Scotch--"Lie still, ye brute; for
+I am sure ye ken just as little about it as ony o'them." We need hardly
+add, that this sally was followed by a hearty burst of laughter, in
+which even the disputants good-humouredly joined.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+      Fair woman was made to bewitch--
+    A pleasure, a pain, a disturber, a nurse,
+    A slave, or a tyrant, a blessing, or curse;
+      Fair woman was made to be--which?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand (near Somerset
+House), and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers_.
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 262, JULY 7, 1827 ***
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 262, July 7, 1827
+by  Various
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
+copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing
+this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook.
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+*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****
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+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 262, July 7, 1827
+
+Author:  Various
+
+Release Date: February, 2006  [EBook #9882]
+[This file was first posted on October 27, 2003]
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+Edition: 10
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+Language: English
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+Character set encoding: iso-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 262, JULY 7, 1827 ***
+
+
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+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram and Project Gutenberg Distributed
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+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
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+      See 8m26210h.zip in our etext06 directory
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+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 10, No. 262.] SATURDAY, JULY 7, 1827. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+HIS MAJESTY'S PONEY PHAETON.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+We commence our tenth volume of the MIRROR with an embellishment quite
+novel in design from the generality of our graphic illustrations, but
+one which, we flatter ourselves, will excite interest among our friends,
+especially after so recently, presenting them with a Portrait and Memoir
+of his Majesty in the Supplement, which last week completed our ninth
+volume. His Majesty, when residing at his cottage in Windsor Forest, the
+weather being favourable, seldom allows a day to pass without taking his
+favourite drive by the Long Walk, and Virginia Water, in his poney
+phaeton, as represented in the above engraving. Windsor Park being
+situated on the south side of the town, and 14 miles in circumference,
+is admirably calculated for the enjoyment of a rural ride. The entrance
+to the park is by a road called the _Long Walk_, near three miles in
+length, through a double plantation of trees on each side, leading to the
+Ranger's Lodge: on the north east side of the Castle is the _Little Park_,
+about four miles in circumference: _Queen Elizabeth's Walk_ herein is
+much frequented. At the entrance of this park is the _Queen's Lodge_,
+a modern erection. This building stands on an easy ascent opposite the
+upper court, on the south side, and commands a beautiful view of the
+surrounding country. The gardens are elegant, and have been much
+enlarged by the addition of the gardens and house of the duke of St.
+Albans, purchased by his late majesty. The beautiful _Cottage Ornée_, an
+engraving of which graces one of our early volumes, is also in the park,
+and to which place of retirement his present Majesty resorts, and passes
+much of his time in preference to the bustle and splendour of a royal
+town life.
+
+Having now given as much description of the engraving as the subject
+requires, we shall proceed to lay before our readers some further
+anecdotes connected with the life of his Majesty; for our present
+purpose, the following interesting article being adapted to our limits,
+we shall introduce an
+
+    _Original Letter of his present Majesty, when Prince of Wales, to
+    Alexander Davison, Esq., on the death of Lord Nelson._
+
+    I am extremely obliged to you, my dear sir, for your confidential
+    letter, which I received this morning. You may be well assured,
+    that, did it depend upon me, there would not be a wish, a desire of
+    our-ever-to-be-lamented and much-loved friend, as well as adored
+    hero, that I should not consider as a solemn obligation upon his
+    friends and his country to fulfil; it is a duty they owe his memory,
+    and his matchless and unrivalled excellence: such are my sentiments,
+    and I should hope that there is still in this country sufficient
+    honour, virtue, and gratitude to prompt us to ratify and to carry
+    into effect the last dying request of our Nelson, and by that means
+    proving not only to the whole world, but to future ages, that we
+    were worthy of having such a man belonging to us. It must be
+    needless, my dear sir, to discuss over with you in particular the
+    irreparable loss dear Nelson ever must be, not merely to his friends
+    but to his country, especially at the present crisis--and during the
+    present most awful contest, his very name was a host of itself;
+    Nelson and Victory were one and the same to us, and it carried
+    dismay and terror to the hearts of our enemies. But the subject is
+    too painful a one to dwell longer upon; as to myself, all that I can
+    do, either publicly or privately, to testify the reverence, the
+    respect I entertain for his memory as a Hero, and as the greatest
+    public character that ever embellished the page of history,
+    independent of what I can with the greatest truth term, the
+    enthusiastic attachment I felt for him as a friend, I consider it as
+    my duty to fulfil, and therefore, though I may be prevented from
+    taking that ostensible and prominent situation at his funeral which
+    I think my birth and high rank entitled me to claim, still nothing
+    shall prevent me in a private character following his remains to
+    their last resting place; for though the station and the character
+    may be less ostensible, less prominent, yet the feelings of the
+    heart will not therefore be the less poignant, or the less acute.
+
+    I am, my dear sir, with the greatest truth,
+
+    Ever very sincerely your's,
+
+    G. P.[1]
+
+    _Brighton, Dec, 18th, 1805_.
+
+
+    [1] _New London Literary Gazette_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+BYRON AND OTHER POETS COMPARED.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+There is a natural stimulus in man to offer adoration at the shrine of
+departed genius.--
+
+    "There is a tear for all that die."
+
+But, when a transcendant genius is checked in its early age--when its
+spring-shoots had only began to open--when it had just engaged in a new
+feature devoted to man, and man to it, we cannot rest
+
+    "In silent admiration, mixed with grief."
+
+Too often has splendid genius been suffered to live almost unobserved;
+and have only been valued as their lives have been lost. Could the
+divine Milton, or the great Shakspeare, while living, have shared that
+profound veneration which their after generations have bestowed on their
+high talents, happier would they have lived, and died more
+extensively beloved.
+
+True, a Byron has but lately paid a universal debt. His concentrated
+powers--his breathings for the happiness and liberty of mankind--his
+splendid intellectual flowers, culled from a mind stored with the
+choicest exotics, and cultivated with the most refined taste are all
+still fresh in recollection. As the value of precious stones and metals
+have become estimated by their scarcity, so will the fame of Byron live.
+
+A mind like Lord Byron's,
+
+    "----born, not only to surprise, but cheer
+    With warmth and lustre all within its sphere,"
+
+was one of Nature's brightest gems, whose splendour (even when
+uncompared) dazzled and attracted all who passed within its sight.
+
+    "So let him stand, through ages yet unborn."
+
+As comparison is a medium through which we are enabled to obtain most
+accurate judgment, let us use it in the present instance, and compare
+Lord Byron with the greatest poets that have preceded him, by which
+means the world of letters will see what they have _really_ lost in Lord
+Byron. To commence with the great Shakspeare himself, to whom universal
+admiration continues to be paid. Had Shakspeare been cut off at the same
+early period as Byron, _The Tempest, King Lear, Othello, Macbeth, Julius
+Caesar, Coriolanus_, and several others of an equal character, would
+never have been written. The high reputation of Dryden would also have
+been limited--his fame, perhaps, unknown. The _Absalom_ and _Achitophel_
+is the earliest of his best productions, which was written about his
+fiftieth year; his principal production, at the age of Byron, was his
+_Annus Mirabilis_; for nearly the whole of his dramatic works were
+written at the latter part of his life. Pope is the like situated; that
+which displayed most the power of his mind--which claims for him the
+greatest praise--his _Essay on Man_, &c. appeared after his fortieth
+year. _Windsor Forest_ was published in his twenty-second or
+twenty-third year, both were the labour of some _years_; and the
+immortal Milton, who published some few things before his thirtieth
+year, sent not his great work, _Paradise Lost_, to the world until he
+verged on sixty.
+
+With the poets, and the knowledge of what Byron _was_, we may ask what
+he would have been had it pleased the Great Author of all things to
+suffer the summer of his consummate mental powers to shine upon us? Take
+the works of any of the abovenamed distinguished individuals previous to
+their thirty-eighth year, and shall we perceive that flexibility of the
+English language to the extent that Byron has left behind him? His
+versatility was, indeed, astonishing and triumphant. His _Childe
+Harold_, the _Bride of Abydos_, the _Corsair_, and _Don Juan_, (though
+somewhat too freely written,) are established proofs of his unequalled
+energy of mind. His power was unlimited; not only eloquent, but the
+sublime, grave and gay, were all equally familiar to his muse.
+
+Few words are wanted to show that Byron was not depraved at heart; no
+man possessed a more ready sympathy, a more generous mind to the
+distressed, or was a more enthusiastic admirer of noble actions. These
+feelings all strongly delineated in his character, would never admit, as
+Sir Walter Scott has observed, "an imperfect moral sense, nor feeling,
+dead to virtue." Severe as the
+
+    "Combined usurpers on the throne of taste"
+
+have been, his character is marked by some of the best principles in
+many parts of his writings.
+
+    "The records there of friendships, held like rocks,
+    And enmities like sun-touch'd snow resign'd,"
+
+are frequently visible. His glorious attachment to the Grecian cause is
+a sufficient recompense for _previous_ follies exaggerated and
+propagated by calumny's poisonous tongue. In a word, "there is scarce a
+passion or a situation which has escaped his pen; and he might be drawn,
+like Garrick, between the weeping and the laughing muses."
+
+A. B. C.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE SONG OF THE WIDOWED MOTHER TO HER CHILD.
+
+BY THE AUTHOR Of "AHAB."
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+    O Sink to sleep, my darling boy,
+      Thy father's dead, thy mother lonely,
+    Of late thou wert his pride, his joy,
+      But now thou hast not one to own thee.
+    The cold wide world before us lies,
+      But oh! such heartless things live in it,
+    It makes me weep--then close thine eyes
+      Tho' it be but for one short minute.
+
+    O sink to sleep, my baby dear,
+      A little while forget thy sorrow,
+    The wind is cold, the night is drear,
+      But drearier it will be to-morrow.
+    For none will help, tho' many see
+      Our wretchedness--then close thine eyes, love,
+    Oh, most unbless'd on earth is she
+      Who on another's aid relies, love.
+
+    Thou hear'st me not! thy heart's asleep
+      Already, and thy lids are closing,
+    Then lie thee still, and I will weep
+      Whilst thou, my dearest, art reposing,
+    And wish that I could slumber free,
+      And with thee in yon heaven awaken,
+    O would that it our home might be,
+      For here we are by all forsaken.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PAY OF THE JUDGES IN FORMER TIMES.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+In the twenty-third year of the reign of king Henry III., the salary of
+the justices of the bench (now called the Common Pleas) was 20l. per
+annum; in the forty-third year, 40l. In the twenty-seventh year, the
+chief baron had 40 marks; the other barons, 20 marks; and in the forty,
+ninth year, 4l. per annum. The justices _coram rege_ (now called the
+King's Bench) had in the forty-third year of Henry III. 40l. per annum.;
+the chief of the bench, 100 marks per annum; and next year, another
+chief of the same court, had 100l.; but the chief of the court _coram
+rege_ had only 100 marks per annum.
+
+In the reign of Edward I., the salaries of the justices were very
+uncertain, and, upon the whole, they sunk from what they had been in the
+reign of Henry III. The chief justice of the bench, in the seventh year
+of Edward I., had but 40l. per annum, and the other justices there, 40
+marks. This continued the proportion in both benches till the
+twenty-fifth year of Edward III., then the salary of the chief of the
+King's Bench fell to 50 marks, or 33l. 6s. 8d., while that of the chief
+of the bench was augmented to 100 marks, which may be considered as an
+evidence of the increase of business and attendance there. The chief
+baron had 40l.; the salaries of the other justices and barons were
+reduced to 20l.
+
+In the reign of Edward II., the number of suitors so increased in the
+common bench, that whereas there had usually been only three justices
+there, that prince, at the beginning of his reign, was constrained to
+increase them to six, who used to sit in two places,--a circumstance not
+easy to be accounted for. Within three years after they were increased
+to seven; next year they were reduced to six, at which number they
+continued.
+
+The salaries of the judges, though they had continued the same from the
+time of Edward I. to the twenty-fifth year of Edward III., were become
+very uncertain. In the twenty-eighth year of this king, it appears, that
+one of the justices of the King's Bench had 80 marks per annum. In the
+thirty-ninth year of Edward III. the judges had in that court 40l.; the
+same as the justices of the Common Pleas; but the chief of the King's
+Bench, 100 marks.
+
+The salaries of the judges in the time of Henry IV. were as
+follows:--The chief baron, and other barons, had 40 marks per annum; the
+chief of the King's Bench, and of the Common Pleas, 40l. per annum; the
+other justices, in either court, 40 marks. But the gains of the
+practisers were become so great, that they could hardly be tempted to
+accept a place on the bench with such low salaries; therefore in the
+eighteenth year of Henry VI. the judges of all the courts at
+Westminster, together with the king's attorney and sergeants, exhibited
+a petition to parliament concerning the regular payment of their
+salaries and perquisites of robes. The king assented to their request,
+and order was taken for increasing their income, which afterwards became
+larger, and more fixed; this consisted of a salary and an allowance for
+robes. In the first year of Edward IV., the chief justice of the King's
+Bench had 170 marks per annum, 5l. 6s. 6d. for his winter robes, and the
+same for his Whitsuntide robes. Most of the judges had the honour of
+knighthood; some of them were knights bannerets; and some had the order
+of the Bath.
+
+In the first year of Henry VII. the chief justice of the court of King's
+Bench had the yearly fee of 140 marks granted to him for his better
+support; he had besides 5l. 6s. 11-1/4 d., and the sixth part of a
+halfpenny (such is the accuracy of Sir William Dugdale, and the
+strangeness of the sum,) for his winter robes, and 3l. 6s. 6d. for his
+robes at Whitsuntide.
+
+In the thirty-seventh year of Henry VIII. a further increase was made to
+the fees of the judges;--to the chief justice of the King's Bench 30l.
+per annum; to every other justice of that court 20l. per annum; to every
+justice of the Common Pleas, 20l. per annum.
+
+There were usually in the court of Common Pleas five judges, sometimes
+six; and in the reign of Henry VI. there were, it is said, eight judges
+at one time in that court; but six appear to have been the regular
+number. In the King's Bench there were sometimes four, sometimes five.
+They did not sit above three hours a day in court,--from eight in the
+morning to eleven. The courts were not open in the afternoon; but that
+time was left unoccupied for suitors to confer with their counsel
+at home.
+
+F. R. Y.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR
+AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SIR WALTER SCOTT'S LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.
+
+
+Sir Walter Scott, the author of _Waverley_, has become the biographer of
+Napoleon Bonaparte; and the deepest interest is excited in the literary
+world to know how the great master of romance and fiction acquits
+himself in the execution of his task. In the preface to this elaborate
+history, Sir Walter, with considerable ingenuousness, informs us that
+"he will be found no enemy to the person of Napoleon. The term of
+hostility is ended when the battle has been won, and the foe exists no
+longer." But to our task: we shall attempt an analysis of the volumes
+before us, and endeavour to gratify our readers with a narrative of
+incidents that cannot fail interesting every British subject, whose
+history, in fact, is strongly connected with the important events that
+belong to the splendid career of Napoleon Bonaparte.
+
+The first and second volumes of Sir Walter's history are taken up with a
+view of the French Revolution, from whence we shall extract a sketch of
+the characters of three men of terror, whose names will long remain, we
+trust, unmatched in history by those of any similar miscreants. These
+men were the leaders of the revolution, and were called
+
+THE TRIUMVIRATE.
+
+Danton deserves to be named first, as unrivalled by his colleagues in
+talent and audacity. He was a man of gigantic size, and possessed a
+voice of thunder. His countenance was that of an Ogre on the shoulders
+of a Hercules. He was as fond of the pleasures of vice as of the
+practice of cruelty; and it was said there were times when he became
+humanized amidst his debauchery, laughed at the terror which his furious
+declamations excited, and might be approached with safety, like the
+Maelstrom at the turn of tide. His profusion was indulged to an extent
+hazardous to his popularity, for the populace are jealous of a lavish
+expenditure, as raising their favourites too much above their own
+degree; and the charge of peculation finds always ready credit with
+them, when brought against public men.
+
+Robespierre possessed this advantage over Danton, that he did not seem
+to seek for wealth, either for hoarding or expending, but lived in
+strict and economical retirement, to justify the name of the
+Incorruptible, with which he was honoured by his partizans. He appears
+to have possessed little talent, saving a deep fund of hypocrisy,
+considerable powers of sophistry, and a cold exaggerated strain of
+oratory, as foreign to good taste, as the measures he recommended were
+to ordinary humanity. It seemed wonderful, that even the seething and
+boiling of the revolutionary cauldron should have sent up from the
+bottom, and long supported on the surface, a thing so miserably void of
+claims to public distinction; but Robespierre had to impose on the minds
+of the vulgar, and he knew how to beguile them, by accommodating his
+flattery to their passions and scale of understanding, and by acts of
+cunning and hypocrisy, which weigh more with the multitude than the
+words of eloquence, or the arguments of wisdom. The people listened as
+to their Cicero, when he twanged out his apostrophes of _Pauvre Peuple,
+Peuple vertueux!_ and hastened to execute whatever came recommended by
+such honied phrases, though devised by the worst of men for the worst
+and most inhuman of purposes.
+
+Vanity was Robespierre's ruling passion, and though his countenance was
+the image of his mind, he was vain even of his personal appearance, and
+never adopted the external habits of a sans culotte. Amongst his fellow
+Jacobins, he was distinguished by the nicety with which his hair was
+arranged and powdered; and the neatness of his dress was carefully
+attended to, so as to counterbalance, if possible, the vulgarity of his
+person. His apartments, though small, were elegant and vanity had filled
+them with representations of the occupant. Robespierre's picture at
+length hung in one place, his miniature in another, his bust occupied a
+niche, and on the table were disposed a few medallions exhibiting his
+head in profile. The vanity which all this indicated was of the coldest
+and most selfish character, being such as considers neglect as insult,
+and receives homage merely as a tribute; so that, while praise is
+received without gratitude, it is withheld at the risk of mortal hate.
+Self-love of this dangerous character is closely allied with envy, and
+Robespierre was one of the most envious and vindictive men that ever
+lived. He never was known to pardon any opposition, affront, or even
+rivalry; and to be marked in his tablets on such an account was a sure,
+though perhaps not an immediate, sentence of death. Danton was a hero,
+compared with this cold, calculating, creeping miscreant; for his
+passions, though exaggerated, had at least some touch of humanity, and
+his brutal ferocity was supported by brutal courage.--(_Continued at
+page 17. [Note: See Mirror 263.])
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE EPICUREAN.
+
+_By T. Moore, Esq._
+
+
+The following is described by Alciphron, the hero of the tale, at the
+termination of a festival, in a tone which strongly reminds us of
+Rasselas:--
+
+"The sounds of the song and dance had ceased, and I was now left in
+those luxurious gardens alone. Though so ardent and active a votary of
+pleasure, I had, by nature, a disposition full of melancholy;--an
+imagination that presented sad thoughts even in the midst of mirth and
+happiness, and threw the shadow of the future over the gayest illusions
+of the present. Melancholy was, indeed, twin-born in my soul with
+passion; and, not even in the fullest fervour of the latter were they
+separated. From the first moment that I was conscious of thought and
+feeling, the same dark thread had run across the web; and images of
+death and annihilation mingled themselves with the most smiling scenes
+through which my career of enjoyment led me. My very passion for
+pleasure but deepened these gloomy fancies. For, shut out, as I was by
+my creed, from a future life, and having no hope beyond the narrow
+horizon of this, every minute of delight assumed a mournful preciousness
+in my eyes, and pleasure, like the flower of the cemetery, grew but more
+luxuriant from the neighbourhood of death. This very night my triumph,
+my happiness, had seemed complete. I had been the presiding genius of
+that voluptuous scene. Both my ambition and my love of pleasure had
+drunk deep of the cup for which they thirsted. Looked up to by the
+learned, and loved by the beautiful and the young, I had seen, in every
+eye that met mine, either the acknowledgment of triumphs already won, or
+the promise of others, still brighter, that awaited me. Yet, even in the
+midst of all this, the same dark thoughts had presented themselves; the
+perishableness of myself and all around me every instant recurred to my
+mind. Those hands I had prest--those eyes, in which I had seen sparkling
+a spirit of light and life that should never die--those voices that had
+talked of eternal love--all, all, I felt, were but a mockery of the
+moment, and would leave nothing eternal but the silence of their dust!
+
+    "Oh, were it not for this sad voice,
+      Stealing amid our mirth to say,
+    That all in which we most rejoice,
+      Ere night may be the earth-worm's prey:
+    _But_ for this bitter--only this--
+    Full as the world is brimm'd with bliss,
+    And capable as feels my soul
+    Of draining to its depth the whole,
+    I should turn earth to heaven, and be,
+    If bliss made gods, a deity!"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE FALLS OF NIAGARA.
+
+
+I had already seen some of the most celebrated works of nature in
+different parts of the globe; I had seen Etna and Vesuvius; I had seen
+the Andes almost at their greatest elevation; Cape Horn, rugged and
+bleak, buffeted by the southern tempest; and, though last not least, I
+had seen the long swell of the Pacific; but nothing I had ever beheld or
+imagined could compare in grandeur with the Falls of Niagara. My first
+sensation was that of exquisite delight at having before me the greatest
+wonder of the world. Strange as it may appear, this feeling was
+immediately succeeded by an irresistible melancholy. Had this not
+continued, it might perhaps have been attributed to the satiety incident
+to the complete gratification of "hope long deferred;" but so far from
+diminishing, the more I gazed, the stronger and deeper the sentiment
+became. Yet this scene of sadness was strangely mingled with a kind of
+intoxicating fascination. Whether the phenomenon is peculiar to Niagara
+I know not, but certain it is, that the spirits are affected and
+depressed in a singular manner by the magic influence of this stupendous
+and eternal fall. About five miles above the cataract the river expands
+to the dimensions of a lake, after which it gradually narrows. The
+Rapids commence at the upper extremity of Goat Island, which is half a
+mile in length, and divides the river at the point of precipitation into
+two unequal parts; the largest is distinguished by the several names of
+the Horseshoe, Crescent, and British Fall, from its semi-circular form
+and contiguity to the Canadian shore. The smaller is named the American
+Fall. A portion of this fall is divided by a rock from Goat Island, and
+though here insignificant in appearance, would rank high among
+European cascades....
+
+The current runs about six miles an hour; but supposing it to be only
+five miles, the quantity which passes the falls in an hour is more than
+eighty-five millions of tuns avoirdupois; if we suppose it to be six, it
+will be more than one hundred and two millions; and in a day would
+exceed two thousand four hundred millions of tuns....
+
+The next morning, with renewed delight, I beheld from my window--I may
+say, indeed, from my bed--the stupendous vision. The beams of the rising
+sun shed over it a variety of tints; a cloud of spray was ascending from
+the crescent; and as I viewed it from above, it appeared like the steam
+rising from the boiler of some monstrous engine....
+
+This evening I went down with one of our party to view the cataract by
+moonlight. I took my favourite seat on the projecting rock, at a little
+distance from the brink of the fall, and gazed till every sense seemed
+absorbed in contemplation. Although the shades of night increased the
+sublimity of the prospect and "deepened the murmur of the falling
+floods," the moon in placid beauty shed her soft influence upon the
+mind, and mitigated the horrors of the scene. The thunders which
+bellowed from the abyss, and the loveliness of the falling element,
+which glittered like molten silver in the moonlight, seemed to complete
+in absolute perfection the rare union of the beautiful with the
+sublime....
+
+While reflecting upon the inadequacy of language to express the feelings
+I experienced, or to describe the wonders which I surveyed, an American
+gentleman, to my great amusement, tapped me on the shoulder, and
+"guessed" that it was "_pretty droll!_" It was difficult to avoid
+laughing in his face; yet I could not help envying him his vocabulary,
+which had so eloquently released me from my dilemma....
+
+Though earnestly dissuaded from the undertaking, I had determined to
+employ the first fine morning in visiting the cavern beneath the fall.
+The guide recommended my companion and myself to set out as early as six
+o'clock, that we might have the advantage of the morning sun upon the
+waters. We came to the guide's house at the appointed hour, and
+disencumbered ourselves of such garments as we did not wish to have
+wetted; descending the circular ladder, we followed the course of the
+path running along the top of the _débris_ of the precipice, which I
+have already described. Having pursued this track for about eighty
+yards, in the course of which we were completely drenched, we found
+ourselves close to the cataract. Although enveloped in a cloud of spray,
+we could distinguish without difficulty the direction of our path, and
+the nature of the cavern we were about to enter. Our guide warned us of
+the difficulty in respiration which we should encounter from the spray,
+and recommended us to look with exclusive attention to the security of
+our footing. Thus warned, we pushed forward, blown about and buffeted by
+the wind, stunned by the noise, and blinded by the spray. Each
+successive gust penetrated us to the very bones with cold. Determined to
+proceed, we toiled and struggled on, and having followed the footsteps
+of the guide as far as was possible consistently with safety, we sat
+down, and having collected our senses by degrees, the wonders of the
+cavern slowly developed themselves. It is impossible to describe the
+strange unnatural light reflected through its crystal wall, the roar of
+the waters, and the blasts of the hurried hurricane which perpetually
+rages in its recesses. We endured its fury a sufficient time to form a
+notion of the shape and dimensions of this dreadful place. The cavern
+was tolerably light, though the sun was unfortunately enveloped in
+clouds. His disc was invisible, but we could clearly distinguish his
+situation through the watery barrier. The fall of the cataract is nearly
+perpendicular. The bank over which it is precipitated is of concave
+form, owing to its upper stratum being composed of lime-stone, and its
+base of soft slate-stone, which has been eaten away by the constant
+attrition of the recoiling waters. The cavern is about one hundred and
+twenty feet in height, fifty in breadth, and three hundred in length.
+The entrance was completely invisible. By screaming in our ears, the
+guide contrived to explain to us that there was one more point which we
+might have reached had the wind been in any other direction. Unluckily
+it blew full upon the sheet of the cataract, and drove it in so as to
+dash upon the rock over which we must have passed. A few yards beyond
+this, the precipice becomes perpendicular, and, blending with the water,
+forms the extremity of the cave. After a stay of nearly ten minutes in
+this most horrible purgatory, we gladly left it to its loathsome
+inhabitants the eel and the water-snake, who crawl about its recesses in
+considerable numbers,--and returned to the inn--_De Roos's Travels in
+the United States, &c._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GUILLOTINE.
+
+
+The first sight, however, which it fell to my lot to witness at Brussels
+in this second and short visit, was neither gay nor handsome, nor dear
+in any sense, but the very reverse; it being that of the punishment of
+the guillotine inflicted on a wretched murderer, named John Baptist
+Michel.[2] Hearing, at the moment of my arrival, that this tragical
+scene was on the point of being acted in the great square of the
+market-place, I determined for once to make a sacrifice of my feelings
+to the desire of being present at a spectacle, with the nature of which
+the recollections of revolutionary horrors are so intimately associated.
+Accordingly, following to the spot a guard of soldiers appointed to
+assist at the execution, I disengaged myself as soon as possible from
+the pressure of the immense crowd already assembled, and obtained a seat
+at the window of a house immediately opposite the Hotel-de-Ville, in
+front of the principal entrance to which the guillotine had been
+erected. At the hour of twelve at noon precisely, the malefactor, tall,
+athletic, and young, having his hands tied behind his back, and being
+stripped to the waist, was brought to the square in a cart, under an
+escort of gen-d'armes, attended by an elderly and respectable
+ecclesiastic; who, having been previously occupied in administering the
+consolations of religion to the condemned person in prison, now appeared
+incessantly employed in tranquillizing him on his way to the scaffold.
+Arrived near the fatal machine, the unhappy man stepped out of the
+vehicle, knelt at the feet of his confessor, received the priestly
+benediction, kissed some individuals who accompanied him, and was
+hurried by the officers of justice up the steps of the cube-form
+structure of wood, painted of a blood-red, on which stood the dreadful
+apparatus of death. To reach the top of the platform, to be fast bound
+to a board, to be placed horizontally under the axe, and deprived of
+life by its unerring blow, was, in the case of this miserable offender,
+the work literally of a moment. It was indeed an awfully sudden transit
+from time to eternity. He could only cry out, "_Adieu, mes amis_," and
+he was gone. The severed head, passing through a red-coloured bag fixed
+under, fell to the ground--the blood spouted forth from the neck like
+water from a fountain--the body, lifted up without delay, was flung down
+through a trap-door in the platform. Never did capital punishment more
+quickly take effect on a human being; and whilst the executioner was
+coolly taking out the axe from the groove of the machine, and placing
+it, covered as it was with gore, in a box, the remains of the culprit,
+deposited in a shell, were hoisted into a wagon, and conveyed to the
+prison. In twenty minutes all was over, and the _Grande Place_ nearly
+cleared of its thousands, on whom the dreadful scene seemed to have
+made, as usual, the slightest possible impression--_Stevenson's Tour in
+France, Switzerland, &c._
+
+    [2] The circumstances of the case were as follows:--Jean
+    Baptiste Michel, aged 36, a blacksmith, accompanied by a female
+    named Marie Anne Debeyst, aged 22, was proceeding from Brussels
+    to Vilvorde, one day in the month of March, 1824. In the
+    Alléverte, they overtook a servant girl, who was imprudent
+    enough to mention to them that her master had entrusted her
+    with a sum of money. Near Vilvorde, Michel and his paramour,
+    having formed their plan of assassination and robbery, rejoined
+    the poor girl, whom they had momentarily left, and violently
+    demanded the bag containing the gold and silver. The
+    unfortunate young creature resisted their attacks as long as
+    she could, but was soon felled to the ground by Michel, who
+    with a thick stick fractured her skull, whilst Debeyst trod
+    upon the prostrate victim of their horrid crime. These wretches
+    were shortly afterwards arrested and committed to prison. On
+    the 5th of April, 1825, they were condemned to death by the
+    Court of Assize at Brussels, but implored of the royal clemency
+    a commutation of punishment. This was granted to the woman,
+    whose sentence was changed to perpetual imprisonment. Michel's
+    petition was rejected.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE HEIR PRESUMPTIVE.
+
+
+Of all the miseries of human life, and God knows they are manifold
+enough, there are few more utterly heart-sickening and overwhelming than
+those endured by the unlucky Heir Presumptive; when, after having
+submitted to the whims and caprices of some rich relation, and endured a
+state of worse than Egyptian bondage, for a long series of years, he
+finds himself cut off with a shilling, or a mourning ring; and the El
+Dorado of his tedious term of probation and expectancy devoted to the
+endowment of methodist chapels and Sunday schools; or bequeathed to some
+six months' friend (usually a female housekeeper, or spiritual adviser)
+who, entering the vineyard at the eleventh hour, (the precise moment at
+which his patience and humility become exhausted,) carries off the
+golden prize, and adds another melancholy confirmation, to those already
+upon record, of the fallacy of all human anticipations. It matters
+little what may have been the motives of his conduct; whether duty,
+affection, or that more powerful incentive self-interest; how long or
+how devotedly he may have humoured the foibles or eccentricities of his
+relative; or what sacrifices he may have made to enable him to comply
+with his unreasonable caprices: the result is almost invariably the
+same. The last year of the Heir Presumptive's purgatory, nay, perhaps
+even the last month, or the last week, is often the drop to the full cup
+of his endurance. His patience, however it may have been propped by
+self-interest, or feelings of a more refined description, usually breaks
+down before the allotted term has expired; and the whole fabric it has
+cost him such infinite labour to erect, falls to the ground along with
+it. It is well if his personal exertions, and the annoyances to which he
+has subjected himself during the best period of his existence, form the
+whole of his sacrifices. But, alas! it too often happens that,
+encouraged by the probability of succeeding in a few years to an
+independent property, and ambitious, moreover, of making such an
+appearance in society as will afford the old gentleman or lady no excuse
+for being ashamed of their connexion with him, he launches into expenses
+he would never otherwise have dreamed of incurring, and contracts debts
+without regard to his positive means of liquidating them, on the
+strength of a contingency which, if he could but be taught to believe
+it, is of all earthly anticipations the most remote and uncertain. A
+passion for unnecessary expense is, under different circumstances,
+frequently repressed by an inability to procure credit; but it is the
+curse and bane of Mr. Omnium's nephew, and Miss Saveall's niece, that so
+far from any obstacle being opposed to their prodigality, almost
+unlimited indulgence is offered, nay, actually pressed upon them, by the
+trades-people of their wealthy relations; who take especial care that
+their charges shall be of a nature to repay them for any complaisance or
+long suffering, as it regards the term of credit, they may be called
+upon to display. But independently of the additional expense into which
+the Heir Presumptive is often seduced by the operation of these
+temptations, and his anxiety to live in a style in some degree accordant
+with his expectations, what is he not called upon to endure from the
+caprices, old-fashioned notions, eccentricities, avarice, and obstinacy,
+of the old tyrant to whom he thus consents to sell himself, and it may
+be his family, body and soul, for an indefinite number of
+years.--_National Tales_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE MONTHS.
+
+JULY.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+    The sultry noontide of July
+      Now bids us seek the forest's shade;
+    Or for the crystal streamlet sigh.
+      That flows in some sequestered glade.
+
+B. BARTON.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Summer! glowing summer! This is the month of heat and sunshine, of
+clear, fervid skies, dusty roads, and shrinking streams; when doors and
+windows are thrown open, a cool gale is the most welcome of all
+visiters, and every drop of rain "is worth its weight in gold." Such is
+July commonly--such it was in 1825, and such, in a scarcely less degree,
+in 1826; yet it is sometimes, on the contrary, a very showery month,
+putting the hay-maker to the extremity of his patience, and the farmer
+upon anxious thoughts for his ripening corn; generally speaking,
+however, it is the heart of our summer. The landscape presents an air of
+warmth, dryness, and maturity; the eye roams over brown pastures, corn
+fields "already white to harvest," dark lines of intersecting
+hedge-rows, and darker trees, lifting their heavy heads above them. The
+foliage at this period is rich, full, and vigorous; there is a fine haze
+cast over distant woods and bosky slopes, and every lofty and majestic
+tree is filled with a soft shadowy twilight, which adds infinitely to
+its beauty--a circumstance that has never been sufficiently noticed by
+either poet or painter. Willows are now beautiful objects in the
+landscape; they are like rich masses of arborescent silver, especially
+if stirred by the breeze, their light and fluent forms contrasting
+finely with the still and sombre aspect of the other trees.
+
+Now is the general season of _haymaking_. Bands of mowers, in their
+light trousers and broad straw hats, are astir long before the fiery eye
+of the sun glances above the horizon, that they may toil in the
+freshness of the morning, and stretch themselves at noon in luxurious
+ease by trickling waters, and beneath the shade of trees. Till then,
+with regular strokes and a sweeping sound, the sweet and flowery grass
+falls before them, revealing at almost every step, nests of young birds,
+mice in their cozy domes, and the mossy cells of the humble bee
+streaming with liquid honey; anon, troops of haymakers are abroad,
+tossing the green swaths wide to the sun. It is one of Nature's
+festivities, endeared by a thousand pleasant memories and habits of the
+olden days, and not a soul can resist it.
+
+There is a sound of tinkling teams and of wagons rolling along lanes and
+fields the whole country over, aye, even at midnight, till at length the
+fragrant ricks rise in the farmyard, and the pale smooth-shaven fields
+are left in solitary beauty.
+
+They who know little about it may deem the strong _penchant_ of our
+poets, and of ourselves, for rural pleasures, mere romance and poetic
+illusion; but if poetic beauty alone were concerned, we must still
+admire _harvest-time_ in the country. The whole land is then an Arcadia,
+full of simple, healthful, and rejoicing spirits. Overgrown towns and
+manufactories may have changed for the worse, the spirit and feelings of
+our population; in them, "evil communications may have corrupted good
+manners;" but in the country at large, there never was a more
+simple-minded, healthful-hearted, and happy race of people than our
+present British peasantry. They have cast off, it is true, many of their
+ancestors' games and merrymakings, but they have in no degree lost their
+soul of mirth and happiness. This is never more conspicuous than in
+_harvest-time_.
+
+With the exception of a casual song of the lark in a fresh morning, of
+the blackbird and thrush at sunset, or the monotonous wail of the
+yellow-hammer, the silence of birds is now complete; even the lesser
+reed-sparrow, which may very properly be called the _English mock-bird_,
+and which kept up a perpetual clatter with the notes of the sparrow, the
+swallow, the white-throat, &c. in every hedge-bottom, day and night,
+has ceased.
+
+Boys will now be seen in the evening twilight with match, gunpowder,
+&c., and green boughs for self-defence, busy in storming the paper-built
+castles of _wasps_, the larvae of which furnish anglers with store of
+excellent baits. Spring-flowers have given place to a very different
+class. Climbing plants mantle and festoon every hedge. The wild hop, the
+brione, the clematis or traveller's joy, the large white convolvulus,
+whose bold yet delicate flowers will display themselves to a very late
+period of the year--vetches, and white and yellow ladies-bed-straw--
+invest almost every bush with their varied beauty, and breathe on the
+passer-by their faint summer sweetness. The _campanula rotundifolia_,
+the hare-bell of poets, and the blue-bell of botanists, arrests the eye
+on every dry bank, rock, and wayside, with its beautiful cerulean bells.
+There too we behold wild scabiouses, mallows, the woody nightshade,
+wood-betony, and centaury; the red and white-striped convolvulus also
+throws its flowers under your feet; corn fields glow with whole armies
+of scarlet poppies, cockle, and the rich azure plumes of
+viper's-bugloss; even _thistles_, the curse of Cain, diffuse a glow of
+beauty over wastes and barren places. Some species, particularly the
+musk thistles, are really noble plants, wearing their formidable arms,
+their silken vest, and their gorgeous crimson tufts of fragrant flowers
+issuing from a coronal of interwoven down and spines, with a grace which
+casts far into the shade many a favourite of the garden.
+
+But whoever would taste all the sweetness of July, let him go, in
+pleasant company, if possible, into heaths and woods; it is there, in
+her uncultured haunts, that summer now holds her court. The stern
+castle, the lowly convent, the deer and the forester have vanished
+thence many ages; yet nature still casts round the forest-lodge, the
+gnarled oak and lovely mere, the same charms as ever. The most hot and
+sandy tracts, which we might naturally imagine would now be parched up,
+are in full glory. The _erica tetralix_, or bell-heath, the most
+beautiful of our indigenous species, is now in bloom, and has converted
+the brown bosom of the waste into one wide sea of crimson; the air is
+charged with its honied odour. The dry, elastic turf glows, not only
+with its flowers, but with those of the wild thyme, the clear blue
+milkwort, the yellow asphodel, and that curious plant the _sundew_, with
+its drops of inexhaustible liquor sparkling in the fiercest sun like
+diamonds. There wave the cotton-rush, the tall fox-glove, and the taller
+golden mullein. There creep the various species of heath-berries,
+cranberries, bilberries, &c., furnishing the poor with a source of
+profit, and the rich of luxury. What a pleasure it is to throw ourselves
+down beneath the verdant screen of the beautiful fern, or the shade of a
+venerable oak, in such a scene, and listen to the summer sounds of bees,
+grasshoppers, and ten thousand other insects, mingled with the more
+remote and solitary cries of the pewit and the curlew! Then, to think of
+the coach-horse, urged on his sultry stage, or the plough-boy and his
+teem, plunging in the depths of a burning fallow, or of our ancestors,
+in times of national famine, plucking up the wild fern-roots for bread,
+and what an enhancement of our own luxurious ease![3]
+
+But woods, the depths of woods, are the most delicious retreats during
+the fiery noons of July. The great azure campanulas, or Canterbury
+bells, are there in bloom, and, in chalk or limestone districts, there
+are also now to be found those curiosities, the _bee_ and _fly
+orchises_. The soul of John Evelyn well might envy us a wood lounge at
+this period.
+
+_Time's Telescope._
+
+    [3] It is a fact not known to every juvenile lover of nature,
+    that a transverse section of a fern-root presents a miniature
+    picture of an _oak tree_ which no painter could rival.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ASTRONOMICAL OCCURENCES
+FOR JULY, 1827.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+The sun is in apogee, or at his greatest distance from the earth on the
+2nd, in 10 deg. _Cancer_; he enters _Leo_ on the 23rd, at 5h. 13m.
+afternoon; he is in conjunction with the planet Saturn on the 2nd at
+11h. 30m. morning, in 9 deg. _Cancer_, and with Mars on the 12th at 1h.
+45m. afternoon, being advanced 10 deg. further in the eliptic.
+
+Venus and Saturn are also in conjunction on the 26th at 3 h. afternoon,
+in 13 deg. _Cancer_.
+
+Mercury will again be visible for a short time about the middle of the
+month a little after the sun has set, arriving on the 16th at his
+greatest eastern elongation, or apparent distance from the centre of the
+system, as seen from the earth in 20 deg. _Leo_; and in aphelio, or that
+point of his orbit most distant from the sun, on the 22nd; he becomes
+stationary on the 29th.
+
+There is only one visible eclipse of Jupiter's first satellite this
+month--on the 5th, at 10h. 21m. evening.
+
+The Georgium Sidus, or Herschel, comes to an opposition with the sun on
+the 19th, at 6h. 15m. evening; he is then nearest the earth, and
+consequently in the most favourable position for observation; he began
+retrograding on the 1st of May in 28 deg. 12m. of _Capricornus_; he
+rises on the 1st, at 9h. 11m. evening, culminating at 1h. 16m., and
+setting at 5h. 21m. morning, pursuing the course of the sun on the 17th
+of January; he moves only 13m. of a deg. in the course of the month,
+rising 2 h. earlier on the 31st.
+
+This planet, called also Uranus, was discovered by Herschel on the 13th
+of March, 1781. It is the most distant orb in our system yet known. From
+certain inequalities on the motion of Jupiter and Saturn, the existence
+of a planet of considerable size beyond the orbit of either had been
+before suspected; its apparent magnitude, as seen from the earth, is
+about 3-1/2 sec., or of the size of a star of the sixth magnitude, and
+as from its distance from the sun, it shines but with a pale light, it
+cannot often be distinguished with the naked eye. Its diameter is about
+4-1/2 times that of the earth, and completes its revolution in something
+less than 83-1/2 years. The want of light in this planet, on account of
+its great distance from the sun, is supplied by six moons, which revolve
+round their primary in different periods. There is a remarkable
+peculiarity attached to their orbits, which are nearly perpendicular to
+the plane of the ecliptic, and they revolve in them in a direction
+contrary to the order of the signs.
+
+"Moore," in an old almanack, speaking on the difference of light and
+heat enjoyed by the inhabitants of _Saturn_, and the _earth_, says,--
+
+    "From hence how large, how strong the sun's bright ball,
+    But seen from thence, how languid and how small,
+    When the keen north with all its fury blows,
+    Congeals the floods and forms the fleecy snows:
+    'Tis heat intense, to what can there be known,
+    Warmer our poles than in its burning (!) zone;
+    One moment's cold like their's would pierce the bone,
+    Freeze the heart's blood, and turn us all to stone."
+
+Were Saturn thus situated, what would the inhabitants of Herschel feel,
+whose distance is still further?--pursuing this train of reasoning, the
+heat in the planet Mercury would be seven times greater than on our
+globe, and were the earth in the same position, all the water on its
+surface would boil, and soon be turned into vapour, but as the degree of
+sensible heat in any planet _does not_ depend altogether on its nearness
+to the sun, the temperature of these planets may be as mild as that of
+the most genial climate of our globe.
+
+The theory of the sun being a body of fire having been long since
+exploded, and heat being found to be generated by the union of the sun's
+rays with the atmosphere of the earth, so the caloric contained in the
+atmosphere on the surfaces of the planets may be distributed in
+different quantities, according to the situation they occupy with regard
+to the sun, and which is put into action by the influence of the solar
+rays, so as to produce that degree of sensible heat requisite for each
+respective planet. We have only to suppose that a small quantity of
+caloric exists in Mercury, and a greater quantity in Herschel, which is
+fifty times farther from the sun than the other, and there is no reason
+to believe that those planets nearest the sun suffer under the action of
+excessive heat, or that the more distant are exposed to the rigours of
+insufferable cold, which, in either case, might render them unfit for
+the abodes of intellectual beings. PASCHE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE SKETCH BOOK
+
+NO. XLI.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE AUTHOR AND HIS COAT.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+My master, at first sight of me, expressed great admiration. He had
+given his architect of garments orders to make him a blue coat in his
+best style; in consequence of which I was ushered into the world. The
+gentleman who introduced me into company was at the time in very high
+spirits, being engaged in a new literary undertaking, of the success of
+which he indulged very sanguine hopes. On this occasion we, that is, to
+use similar language to Cardinal Wolsey, in a well-known instance, I and
+my master paid a great number of visits to his particular friends, and
+others whom he thought likely to encourage and promote his project The
+reception _we_ generally met with was highly satisfactory; smiles and
+promises of support were bestowed in abundance upon _us_. I use the
+plural number, with justice, as it will appear in the sequel, although
+my master scarcely ever dreamt that I had anything to do with it. As I
+had, however, the special privilege of being _behind his back_, I had
+the advantage which that situation peculiarly confers, of arriving at a
+knowledge of the truth. He never dreamt that the expressions, "How well
+you are looking,"--"I am glad to see you," &c. so common in his ears,
+would scarcely ever have been used had it not been for my influence. To
+be sure I have overheard him say, as we have been walking along, "There
+goes an old acquaintance of mine; but, bless me, how altered he is! he
+looks poor and meanly dressed, but I'm determined I'll speak to him, for
+fear he should think me so shabby as to shy him." Thus giving an
+instance in himself, certainly, of respect for the _man_ and not the
+_coat_. My short history goes rather to prove that the reverse is almost
+every day's experience. Matters went on pretty well with us until my
+master was seized with a severe fit of illness, in consequence of which
+his literary scheme was completely defeated, and his condition in life
+materially injured; of course, the glad tones of encouragement which I
+had been accustomed to hear were changed into expressions of condolence,
+and sometimes assurances of unabated friendship; but then it must be
+remembered that I, the handsomest blue coat, was _still in good
+condition_, and it will perhaps appear, that if I were not my master's
+_warmest_ friend, I was, at all events, the only one that _stuck to him
+to the last_. Eternal respect to both of us continued much the same for
+some time longer, but by degrees we both, _at the same time_, observed,
+that an alteration began to take place. My master attributed this to his
+altered fortunes, and I placed it to the score of my decayed
+appearance--the threadbare cloth and tarnished button came in, I was
+sure, for their full share of neglect, and he at last fell into the same
+opinion. To describe all the variety of treatment that we experienced
+would be a tedious and unpleasant task,--but I was the more convinced
+that I had at least as much to do with it as my master, from observing
+that all the gradations in manner, from coolness to shyness, and from
+shyness to neglect, kept pace, remarkably, with the changes in my
+appearance. My master was, at length, the only individual who paid any
+respect or attention to me, after most of his old acquaintances had
+ceased to notice him. I have heard him exclaim, "Oh, that mankind would
+treat me with as much constancy as my old true blue! Thou hast
+faithfully served me throughout the vicissitudes of fortune, and art
+faithful still, now both of us are left to wither in adversity."
+
+I could make a long story of it, were I to detail all my adventures;
+they may, however, be easily imagined from what has been stated, and
+from which it is evident, that in too many instances, the world pays
+more respect to _the coat_, than to _the man_, and therefore that a man
+would often derive more consequence and benefit if he had the advantage
+of having for his patron--_a tailor_ instead of _a man of rank_. J. B.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE NOVELIST.
+
+NO. CIV.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE COTTER'S DAUGHTER.
+
+
+It was a cold stormy night in December, and the green logs as they
+blazed and crackled on the Cotter's hearth, were rendered more
+delightful, more truly comfortable, by the contrast with the icy showers
+of snow and sleet which swept against the frail casement, making all
+without cheerless and miserable.
+
+The Cotter was a handsome, intelligent old man, and afforded me much
+information upon glebes, and flocks, and rural economy; while his
+spouse, a venerable matron, was humming to herself some long since
+forgotten ballad; and industriously twisting and twirling about her long
+knitting needles, that promised soon to produce a pair of formidable
+winter hose. Their son, a stout, healthy young peasant of
+three-and-twenty, was sitting in the spacious chimney corner, sharing
+his frugal supper of bread and cheese with a large, shaggy sheep dog,
+who sat on his haunches wistfully watching every mouthful, and snap,
+snap, snapping, and dextrously catching every morsel that was cast
+to him.
+
+We were all suddenly startled, however, by his loud bark; when, jumping
+up, he rushed, or rather flew towards the door.
+
+"Whew! whew!" whistled the youth--"Whoy--what the dickens ails thee,
+Rover?" said he, rising and following him to the door to learn the cause
+of his alarm. "What! be they gone again, ey?" for the dog was silent.
+"What do thee sniffle at, boy? On'y look at 'un feyther; how the beast
+whines and waggles his stump o' tail!--It's some 'un he knows for
+sartain. I'd lay a wager it wur Bill Miles com'd about the
+harrow, feyther."
+
+"Did thee hear any knock, lad?" said the father.
+
+"Noa!" replied the youth; "but mayhap Bill peep'd thro' the hoal in the
+shutter, and is a bit dash'd like at seeing a gentleman here. Bill! is't
+thee, Master Miles?" continued he, bawling. "Lord! the wind whistles so
+a' can't hear me. Shall I unlatch the door, feyther?"
+
+"Ay, lad, do, an thou wilt," replied the old man; "Rover's wiser nor we
+be--a dog 'll scent a friend, when a man would'nt know un."
+
+Rover still continued his low importunate whine, and began to scratch
+against the door. The lad threw it open--the dog brushed past him in an
+instant, and his quick, short, continuous yelping, expressed his
+immoderate joy and recognition.
+
+"Hollo! where be'st thee, Bill?" said the young peasant, stepping over
+the threshold. "Come, none of thee tricks upon travellers, Master Bill;
+I zee thee beside the rick yon!" and quitting the door for half a
+minute, he again hastily entered the cot. The rich colour of robust
+health had fled from his cheeks--his lips quivered--and he looked like
+one bereft of his senses, or under the influence of some frightful
+apparition.
+
+The dame rose up--her work fell from trembling hands--
+
+"What's the matter?" said she.
+
+"What's frighted thee, lad?" asked the old man, rising.
+
+"Oh! feyther!--oh! mother!"--exclaimed he, drawing them hastily on one
+side and whispering something in a low, and almost inaudible voice.
+
+The old woman raised her hands in supplication and tottered to her
+chair while the Cotter, bursting out into a paroxysm of violent rage,
+clutched his son's arm, and exclaimed in a loud voice:
+
+"Make fast the door, boy, an thou'lt not have my curse on thee!--I tell
+'ee, she shan't come hither!--No--never--never;--there's poison in her
+breath--a' will spurn her from me!--A pest on her!--What; wilt not do
+my bidding?"
+
+"O! feyther, feyther!" cried the young peasant, whose heart seemed
+overcharged with grief, "It be a cold, raw night--ye wou'dna kick a cur
+from the door to perish in the storm! Doant 'ee be hot and hasty,
+feyther, thou art not uncharitable--On me knees!"--
+
+"Psha!" exclaimed the enraged father, only exasperated by his
+remonstrances. "Whoy talk 'ee to me, son--I am deaf--deaf!--Mine own
+hand shall bar the door agen her!"--adding with bitterness--"let her
+die!"--and stepping past his prostrate son, was about to execute his
+purpose--when, a young girl, whose once gay and flimsy raiment was
+drenched and stained, and torn by the violence of the storm, appeared at
+the door. The old man recoiled with a shudder--she was as pale as
+death--and her trembling limbs seemed scarcely able to support her--a
+profusion of light brown hair hung dishevelled and in disorder about her
+neck and shoulders, and added to her forlorn appearance. She stretched
+forth her arms and pronounced the name of "Father!" but further
+utterance was prevented by the convulsive sobs that heaved her bosom.
+
+"Mary--woman!" cried the old man, trembling--"Call me not feyther--thou
+art none of mine--thou hast no feyther now--nor I a daughter--thou art a
+serpent that hath stung the bosom that cherished thee! Go to the fawning
+villain--the black-hearted sycophant that dragged thee from our
+arms--from our happy home to misery and pollution--go, and bless him for
+breaking thy poor old feyther's heart!"
+
+Overcome by these heart-rending reproaches, the distressed girl fainted;
+but the strong arm of the young Cotter supported her--for her
+tender-hearted youth, moved by his fallen sister's sorrows, had ventured
+again to intercede.
+
+"Hah! touch not her defiled and loathsome body," cried the old
+man--"thrust her from the door, and let her find a grave where she may.
+Boy! wilt thou dare disobey me?" and he raised his clenched hand, while
+anger flashed from his eye.
+
+"Strike! feyther--strike me!" said the poor lad, bursting into
+tears--"fell me to the 'arth! Kill me, an thou wilt--I care not--I will
+never turn my heart agen poor Mary!--Bean't she my sister? Did thee not
+teach me to love her?--Poor lass!--she do want it all now, feyther--for
+she be downcast and broken-hearted!--Nay, thee art kind and good,
+feyther--know thee art--I zee thine eyes be full o' tears--and
+thee--thee woant cast her away from thee, I know thee woant. Mother,
+speak to 'un; speak to sister Mary too--it be our own Mary! Doant 'ee
+kill her wi' unkindness!"
+
+The old man, moved by his affectionate entreaties, no longer offered any
+opposition to his son's wishes, but hiding his face in his hands, he
+fled from the affecting scene to an adjoining room.
+
+Her venerable mother having recovered from the shock of her lost
+daughter's sudden appearance, now rose to the assistance of the
+unfortunate, and by the aid of restoratives brought poor Mary to the
+full sense of her wretchedness. She was speedily conveyed to the same
+humble pallet, to which, in the days of her innocence and peace, she had
+always retired so light-hearted and joyously, but where she now found a
+lasting sleep--an eternal repose!--Yes, poor Mary died!--and having won
+the forgiveness and blessing of her offended parents, death was welcome
+to her.--_Absurdities: in Prose and Verse_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+ORIGINS AND INVENTIONS.
+
+No. XXVII.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+VAUXHALL GARDENS.
+
+_(For the Mirror.)_
+
+    "Here waving groves a checkered scene display,
+    And part admit, and part exclude the day."
+
+POPE.
+
+
+Of the origin of these enchanting gardens, Mr. Aubrey, in his
+"Antiquities of Surrey," gives us the following account;--"At Vauxhall,
+Sir Samuel Morland built a fine room, anno 1667, the inside all of
+looking-glass, and fountains very pleasant to behold, which is much
+visited by strangers: it stands in the middle of the garden, covered
+with Cornish slate, on the point of which he placed a punchinello, very
+well carved, which held a dial, but the winds have demolished it." And
+Sir John Hawkins, in his "History of Music," has the following account
+of it:--"The house seems to have been rebuilt since the time that Sir
+Samuel Morland dwelt in it. About the year 1730, Mr. Jonathan Tyers
+became the occupier of it, and, there being a large garden belonging to
+it, planted with a great number of stately trees, and laid out in shady
+walks, it obtained the name of Spring Gardens; and the house being
+converted into a tavern, or place of entertainment, was much frequented
+by the votaries of pleasure. Mr. Tyers opened it with an advertisement
+of a _Ridotto al Fresco_, a term which the people of this country had
+till that time been strangers to. These entertainments were repeated in
+the course of the summer, and numbers resorted to partake of them. This
+encouraged the proprietor to make his garden a place of musical
+entertainment, for every evening during the summer season. To this end
+he was at great expense in decorating the gardens with paintings; he
+engaged a band of excellent musicians; he issued silver tickets at one
+guinea each for admission, and receiving great encouragement, he set up
+an organ in the orchestra, and, in a conspicuous part of the garden,
+erected a fine statue of Mr. Handel." These gardens are said to be the
+first of the kind in England; but they are not so old as the Mulberry
+Gardens, (on the spot now called Spring Gardens, near St. James's Park,)
+where king Charles II. went to regale himself the night after his
+restoration, and formed an immediate connexion with Mrs. Palmer,
+afterwards Duchess of Cleveland. The trees, however, are more than a
+century old, and, according to tradition, were planted for a public
+garden. This property was formerly held by Jane Fauxe, or Vaux, widow,
+in 1615; and it is highly probable (says Nichols) that she was the
+relict of the infamous Guy. In the "Spectator," No. 383, Mr. Addison
+introduces a voyage from the Temple Stairs to Vauxhall, in which he is
+accompanied by his friend, Sir Roger de Coverley. In the "Connoisseur,"
+No. 68, we find a very humourous description of the behaviour of an old
+penurious citizen, who had treated his family here with a handsome
+supper. The magnificence of these gardens calls to recollection the
+magic representations in the "Arabian Nights' Entertainments," where
+
+    "The blazing glories, with a cheerful ray,
+    Supply the sun, and counterfeit the day."
+
+Grosely, in his "Tour to London,"[4] says, (relating to Ranelagh and
+Vauxhall,) "These entertainments, which begin in the month of May, are
+continued every night. They bring together persons of all ranks and
+conditions; and amongst these, a considerable number of females, whose
+charms want only that cheerful air, which is the flower and quintessence
+of beauty. These places serve equally as a rendezvous either for
+business or intrigue. They form, as it were, private coteries; there you
+see fathers and mothers, with their children, enjoying domestic
+happiness in the midst of public diversions. The English assert, that
+such entertainments as these can never subsist in France, on account of
+the levity of the people. Certain it is, that those of Vauxhall and
+Ranelagh, which are guarded only by outward decency, are conducted
+without tumult and disorder, which often disturb the public diversions
+of France. I do not know whether the English are gainers thereby; the
+joy which they seem in search of at those places does not beam through
+their countenances; they look as grave at Vauxhall and Ranelagh as at
+the Bank, at church, or a private club. All persons there seem to say,
+what a young English nobleman said to his governor, _Am I as joyous as I
+should be?_"
+
+P. T. W.
+
+    [4] 1765, translated from the French by Thomas Nugent, LL.D.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+FINE ARTS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE CHIEF CAUSES OF THE SUCCESS OF PAINTING AND SCULPTURE IN GREECE AND
+ROME.
+
+(_For the Mirror._)
+
+
+A cursory glance at the principal occasion of the amazing success
+obtained by the Greeks and Romans, in painting and sculpture, during the
+early ages, may perhaps prove interesting to the lovers of the arts in
+this country.
+
+The elevation to which the arts in Greece arrived was owing to the
+concurrence of various circumstances. The imitative arts, we are told,
+in that classic country formed a part of the administration, and were
+inseparably connected with the heathen worship. The temples were
+magnificently erected, and adorned with numerous statues of pagan
+deities, before which, in reverential awe, the people prostrated
+themselves. Every man of any substance had an idol in his own
+habitation, executed by a reputed sculptor. In all public situations the
+patriotic actions of certain citizens were represented, that beholders
+might be induced to emulate their virtues. On contemplating these
+masterpieces of art, which were so truly exquisite that the very coldest
+spectator was unable to resist their _almost magical_ influence, the
+vicious were reclaimed, and the ignorant stood abashed. Indeed, it has
+often been asserted, that the statues by Phidias and Praxiteles were so
+inimitably executed, that the people of Paros adored them as living
+gods. Those artists who performed such extraordinary wonders as these
+were held in an esteemed light, of which we cannot form the least idea.
+We are certain they were paid most enormous prices for their
+productions, and consequently could afford to adorn them with every
+beauty of art, and to bestow more time on them than can ever be expected
+from any modern artist.
+
+As soon as the arts had arrived at their highest pitch of excellency in
+Greece, the country was laid waste by the invading power of the Romans.
+All the Greek cities which contained the greatest treasures were
+demolished, and all the pictures[5] and statues fell into the hands of
+the victorious general, who had them carefully preserved and conveyed
+from the land where they had been adored. Of the estimation in which
+these great works were held by the Romans, we may form some idea by the
+general assuring a soldier, to whose charge he gave a statue by
+Praxiteles, that if he broke it, he should get another as well made in
+its place. War is a very destructive enemy to painting and sculpture;
+the intestine quarrels which ensued after the Romans had conquered the
+country, rendered the exercise of the art impracticable.
+
+The arts were neglected in Rome until the introduction of the popish
+religion. At that eventful era, statues and pictures were eagerly sought
+for; the admirable Grecian works were appropriated to purposes quite
+contrary to their pagan origin, for in many cases heathen deities were
+converted into apostles. The labours of Phidias, Myron, Praxiteles,
+Lysippus, and Scopas,[6] were highly valued by the Romans, who became
+the correct imitators, and in time the rivals, of those celebrated
+sculptors. G.W.N.
+
+    [5] The pictures alluded to were the works of Apelles,
+    Apollodorus, and Protogenes.
+
+    [6] These sculptors, according to Pliny, were the most reputed
+    among the ancients.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE
+PUBLIC JOURNALS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+LOVE'S VICTIM.[7]
+
+    She left her own warm home
+      To tempt the frozen waste,
+    What time the traveller fear'd to roam,
+      And hunter shunn'd the blast,
+    Love pour'd his strength into her soul--
+    Could peril e'er his power controul!
+
+    She left her own warm home.
+      When stone, and herb, and tree,
+    And all beneath heaven's lurid dome
+      By wintry majesty,
+    In his stern age, were clad with snow,
+    And human hearts beat chill and slow.
+
+    It was a fearful hour
+      For one so young and fair:
+    The woods had not one sheltering bower,
+      The earth was trackless there,
+    The very boughs in silver slept,
+    As the sea-foam had o'er them swept.
+
+    Snow after snow came down,
+      The sky look'd fix'd in ice;
+    She deem'd amid the season's power,
+      Her love would all suffice
+    To keep the source of being warm,
+    And mock the terrors of the storm.
+
+    Love was her world of life.
+      She thought but of her heart,
+    And knowing that the winter's strife
+      Could not its hope dispart,
+    She dream'd not that its home of clay
+    Might yield before the tempest's sway--
+
+    Or judged that passion's power--
+      Passion so strong and pure.
+    Might mock the snow-flake's wildering shower,
+      Proud that it could endure,
+    As woman oft in times before
+    Had peril borne as much or more.
+
+    She went--dawn past o'er dawn,
+      None saw her face again,
+    The eyes she should have gazed upon,
+      Look'd for her face in vain--
+    The ear to which her voice was song,
+    Her voice had sought--how vainly long!
+
+    There is in Saco's vale
+      A gently swelling hill,
+    Shadows have wrapt it like a veil
+      From trees that mark it still,
+    Around, the mountains towering blue
+    Look on that spot of saddest hue.
+
+    'Twas by that little hill,
+      At the dark noon of night,
+    Close by a frozen snow-hid rill,
+      Where branches close unite
+    Even in winter's leafless time,
+    The skeletons of summer's prime.
+
+    That flash'd the traveller's flame
+      On tree and precipice,
+    And show'd a fair unearthly frame
+      In robes of glittering ice,
+    With head against a trunk inclined,
+    Like a dream-spirit of the mind.
+
+    'Twas that love-wander'd maid, death-pale,
+      Her very heart's blood froze,
+    Love's Niobe, in her own vale,
+      Now reckless of all woes--
+    Love's victim fair, and true, find meet,
+    As she of the famed Paraclete.
+
+    The mountains round shall tell
+      Her tale to travellers long.
+    The little vale of Saco swell
+      The western poet's song,
+    And "Nancy's Hill" in loftier rhymes
+    Be sung through unborn realms and times.
+
+_New Monthly Magazine_.
+
+    [7] A few miles below the Notch of the White Mountains in the
+    Valley of Saco, is a little rise of land called "Nancy's Hill."
+    It was formerly thickly covered with trees, a cluster of which
+    remains to mark the spot. In 1773, at Dartmouth, Jefferson co.
+    U.S. lived Nancy----, of respectable connexions. She was
+    engaged to be married. Her lover had set out for Lancaster. She
+    would follow him in the depth of winter, and on foot. There was
+    not a house for thirty miles, and the way through the wild
+    woods a footpath only. She persisted in her design, and
+    wrapping herself in her long cloak, proceeded on her way. Snow
+    and frost took place for several weeks, when some persons
+    passing her route, reached the lull at night. On lighting their
+    fires, an unearthly figure stood before them beneath the
+    bending branches, wrapped in a robe of ice. It was the lifeless
+    form of Nancy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER
+
+    "I am but a _Gatherer_ and disposer of other men's
+    stuff."--_Wotton_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The late Dr. Barclay was a wit and a scholar, as well as a very great
+physiologist. When a happy illustration, or even a point of pretty broad
+humour, occurred to his mind, he hesitated not to apply it to the
+subject in hand; and in this way, he frequently roused and rivetted
+attention, when more abstract reasoning might have failed of its aim. On
+one occasion he happened to dine with a large party, composed chiefly of
+medical men. As the wine cup circulated, the conversation accidentally
+took a professional turn, and from the excitation of the moment, or some
+other cause, two of the youngest individuals present were the most
+forward in delivering their opinions. Sir James McIntosh once told a
+political opponent, that so far from following his example of using hard
+words and soft arguments, he would pass, if possible, into the opposite
+extreme, and use soft words and hard arguments. But our unfledged M.D.'s
+disregarded the above salutary maxim, and made up in loudness what they
+wanted in learning. At length, one of them said something so
+emphatic--we mean as to manner--that a pointer dog started from his lair
+beneath the table and _bow-wow-wowed_ so fiercely, that he fairly took
+the lead in the discussion. Dr. Barclay eyed the hairy dialectician, and
+thinking it high time to close the debate, gave the animal a hearty push
+with his foot, and exclaimed in broad Scotch--"Lie still, ye brute; for
+I am sure ye ken just as little about it as ony o'them." We need hardly
+add, that this sally was followed by a hearty burst of laughter, in
+which even the disputants good-humouredly joined.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+      Fair woman was made to bewitch--
+    A pleasure, a pain, a disturber, a nurse,
+    A slave, or a tyrant, a blessing, or curse;
+      Fair woman was made to be--which?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand (near Somerset
+House), and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers_.
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 262, JULY 7, 1827 ***
+
+This file should be named 8m26210.txt or 8m26210.zip
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+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 262, July 7, 1827, by  Various</title>
+<style type="text/css">
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 262, July 7, 1827, by  Various</h1>
+
+<pre>
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+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 10, Issue 262, July 7, 1827
+
+Author:  Various
+
+Release Date: February, 2006  [EBook #9882]
+[This file was first posted on October 27, 2003]
+
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 262, JULY 7, 1827 ***
+
+
+
+</pre>
+<h3>
+Note: The zipped version of this HTML file includes the original illustrations.
+      See <a href="http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext06/8m26210h.zip">http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext06/8m26210h.zip</a>
+</h3>
+<br />
+<br />
+<center>
+<h3>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram<br />
+    and Project Gutenberg Distributed Proofreaders</h3>
+</center>
+<br />
+<br />
+<hr class="full" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page1" name="page1"></a>[pg 1]</span>
+
+<!-- Mirror of Literature header -->
+<h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+OF<br />
+LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+<hr class="full" />
+<table width="100%">
+  <tr><td align="left"><b>            Vol. 10, No. 262.]
+  </b></td><td align="center"><b>     SATURDAY, JULY 7, 1827.
+  </b></td><td align="right"> <b>     [PRICE 2d.
+  </b></td></tr>
+</table>
+<hr class="full" />
+<!-- end of header -->
+
+<h2>HIS MAJESTY'S PONEY PHAETON.</h2>
+<p class="figure">
+  <a href="images/262-1.png"><img width="100%" src="images/262-1.png" alt="" /></a><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>We commence our tenth volume of the MIRROR with an embellishment
+quite novel in design from the generality of our graphic
+illustrations, but one which, we flatter ourselves, will excite
+interest among our friends, especially after so recently,
+presenting them with a Portrait and Memoir of his Majesty in the
+Supplement, which last week completed our ninth volume. His
+Majesty, when residing at his cottage in Windsor Forest, the
+weather being favourable, seldom allows a day to pass without
+taking his favourite drive by the Long Walk, and Virginia Water, in
+his poney phaeton, as represented in the above engraving. Windsor
+Park being situated on the south side of the town, and 14 miles in
+circumference, is admirably calculated for the enjoyment of a rural
+ride. The entrance to the park is by a road called the <i>Long
+Walk</i>, near three miles in length, through a double plantation
+of trees on each side, leading to the Ranger's Lodge: on the north
+east side of the Castle is the <i>Little Park</i>, about four miles
+in circumference: <i>Queen Elizabeth's Walk</i> herein is much
+frequented. At the entrance of this park is the <i>Queen's
+Lodge</i>, a modern erection. This building stands on an easy
+ascent opposite the upper court, on the south side, and commands a
+beautiful view of the surrounding country. The gardens are elegant,
+and have been much enlarged by the addition of the gardens and
+house of the duke of St. Albans, purchased by his late majesty. The
+beautiful <i>Cottage Orn&eacute;e</i>, an engraving of which graces
+one of our early volumes, is also in the park, and to which place
+of retirement his present Majesty resorts, and passes much of his
+time in preference to the bustle and splendour of a royal town
+life.</p>
+<p>Having now given as much description
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page2" name="page2"></a>[pg 2]</span>
+of the engraving as the
+subject requires, we shall proceed to lay before our readers some
+further anecdotes connected with the life of his Majesty; for our
+present purpose, the following interesting article being adapted to
+our limits, we shall introduce an</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p><i>Original Letter of his present Majesty, when Prince of Wales,
+to Alexander Davison, Esq., on the death of Lord Nelson.</i></p>
+<p>I am extremely obliged to you, my dear sir, for your
+confidential letter, which I received this morning. You may be well
+assured, that, did it depend upon me, there would not be a wish, a
+desire of our-ever-to-be-lamented and much-loved friend, as well as
+adored hero, that I should not consider as a solemn obligation upon
+his friends and his country to fulfil; it is a duty they owe his
+memory, and his matchless and unrivalled excellence: such are my
+sentiments, and I should hope that there is still in this country
+sufficient honour, virtue, and gratitude to prompt us to ratify and
+to carry into effect the last dying request of our Nelson, and by
+that means proving not only to the whole world, but to future ages,
+that we were worthy of having such a man belonging to us. It must
+be needless, my dear sir, to discuss over with you in particular
+the irreparable loss dear Nelson ever must be, not merely to his
+friends but to his country, especially at the present
+crisis&mdash;and during the present most awful contest, his very
+name was a host of itself; Nelson and Victory were one and the same
+to us, and it carried dismay and terror to the hearts of our
+enemies. But the subject is too painful a one to dwell longer upon;
+as to myself, all that I can do, either publicly or privately, to
+testify the reverence, the respect I entertain for his memory as a
+Hero, and as the greatest public character that ever embellished
+the page of history, independent of what I can with the greatest
+truth term, the enthusiastic attachment I felt for him as a friend,
+I consider it as my duty to fulfil, and therefore, though I may be
+prevented from taking that ostensible and prominent situation at
+his funeral which I think my birth and high rank entitled me to
+claim, still nothing shall prevent me in a private character
+following his remains to their last resting place; for though the
+station and the character may be less ostensible, less prominent,
+yet the feelings of the heart will not therefore be the less
+poignant, or the less acute.</p>
+<p>I am, my dear sir, with the greatest truth,<br />
+Ever very sincerely your's,<br />
+G. P.<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a><br />
+<i>Brighton, Dec, 18th, 1805</i>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<hr />
+
+<h2>BYRON AND OTHER POETS COMPARED.</h2>
+<h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4>
+<p>There is a natural stimulus in man to offer adoration at the
+shrine of departed genius.&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote>"There is a tear for all that die."</blockquote>
+<p>But, when a transcendant genius is checked in its early
+age&mdash;when its spring-shoots had only began to open&mdash;when
+it had just engaged in a new feature devoted to man, and man to it,
+we cannot rest</p>
+<blockquote>"In silent admiration, mixed with grief."</blockquote>
+<p>Too often has splendid genius been suffered to live almost
+unobserved; and have only been valued as their lives have been
+lost. Could the divine Milton, or the great Shakspeare, while
+living, have shared that profound veneration which their after
+generations have bestowed on their high talents, happier would they
+have lived, and died more extensively beloved.</p>
+<p>True, a Byron has but lately paid a universal debt. His
+concentrated powers&mdash;his breathings for the happiness and
+liberty of mankind&mdash;his splendid intellectual flowers, culled
+from a mind stored with the choicest exotics, and cultivated with
+the most refined taste are all still fresh in recollection. As the
+value of precious stones and metals have become estimated by their
+scarcity, so will the fame of Byron live.</p>
+<p>A mind like Lord Byron's,</p>
+<blockquote>"&mdash;&mdash;born, not only to surprise, but
+cheer<br />
+With warmth and lustre all within its sphere,"</blockquote>
+<p>was one of Nature's brightest gems, whose splendour (even when
+uncompared) dazzled and attracted all who passed within its
+sight.</p>
+<blockquote>"So let him stand, through ages yet
+unborn."</blockquote>
+<p>As comparison is a medium through which we are enabled to obtain
+most accurate judgment, let us use it in the present instance, and
+compare Lord Byron with the greatest poets that have preceded him,
+by which means the world of letters will see what they have
+<i>really</i> lost in Lord Byron. To commence with the great
+Shakspeare himself, to whom universal admiration continues to be
+paid. Had Shakspeare been cut off at the same early period as
+Byron, <i>The Tempest, King Lear, Othello, Macbeth, Julius Caesar,
+Coriolanus</i>, and several others of an equal character, would
+never have been written. The high reputation of Dryden would also
+have been limited&mdash;his fame, perhaps, unknown.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page3" name="page3"></a>[pg 3]</span>
+The
+<i>Absalom</i> and <i>Achitophel</i> is the earliest of his best
+productions, which was written about his fiftieth year; his
+principal production, at the age of Byron, was his <i>Annus
+Mirabilis</i>; for nearly the whole of his dramatic works were
+written at the latter part of his life. Pope is the like situated;
+that which displayed most the power of his mind&mdash;which claims
+for him the greatest praise&mdash;his <i>Essay on Man</i>, &amp;c.
+appeared after his fortieth year. <i>Windsor Forest</i> was
+published in his twenty-second or twenty-third year, both were the
+labour of some <i>years</i>; and the immortal Milton, who published
+some few things before his thirtieth year, sent not his great work,
+<i>Paradise Lost</i>, to the world until he verged on sixty.</p>
+<p>With the poets, and the knowledge of what Byron <i>was</i>, we
+may ask what he would have been had it pleased the Great Author of
+all things to suffer the summer of his consummate mental powers to
+shine upon us? Take the works of any of the abovenamed
+distinguished individuals previous to their thirty-eighth year, and
+shall we perceive that flexibility of the English language to the
+extent that Byron has left behind him? His versatility was, indeed,
+astonishing and triumphant. His <i>Childe Harold</i>, the <i>Bride
+of Abydos</i>, the <i>Corsair</i>, and <i>Don Juan</i>, (though
+somewhat too freely written,) are established proofs of his
+unequalled energy of mind. His power was unlimited; not only
+eloquent, but the sublime, grave and gay, were all equally familiar
+to his muse.</p>
+<p>Few words are wanted to show that Byron was not depraved at
+heart; no man possessed a more ready sympathy, a more generous mind
+to the distressed, or was a more enthusiastic admirer of noble
+actions. These feelings all strongly delineated in his character,
+would never admit, as Sir Walter Scott has observed, "an imperfect
+moral sense, nor feeling, dead to virtue." Severe as the</p>
+<blockquote>"Combined usurpers on the throne of taste"</blockquote>
+<p>have been, his character is marked by some of the best
+principles in many parts of his writings.</p>
+<blockquote>"The records there of friendships, held like rocks,<br />
+And enmities like sun-touch'd snow resign'd,"</blockquote>
+<p>are frequently visible. His glorious attachment to the Grecian
+cause is a sufficient recompense for <i>previous</i> follies
+exaggerated and propagated by calumny's poisonous tongue. In a
+word, "there is scarce a passion or a situation which has escaped
+his pen; and he might be drawn, like Garrick, between the weeping
+and the laughing muses."</p>
+<p>A. B. C.</p>
+<hr />
+<h2>THE SONG OF THE WIDOWED MOTHER TO HER CHILD.</h2>
+<h3>BY THE AUTHOR OF "AHAB."</h3>
+<h4>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</h4>
+<blockquote>O Sink to sleep, my darling boy,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Thy father's dead, thy mother lonely,<br />
+Of late thou wert his pride, his joy,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;But now thou hast not one to own thee.<br />
+The cold wide world before us lies,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;But oh! such heartless things live in it,<br />
+It makes me weep&mdash;then close thine eyes<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Tho' it be but for one short minute.<br />
+<br />
+O sink to sleep, my baby dear,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;A little while forget thy sorrow,<br />
+The wind is cold, the night is drear,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;But drearier it will be to-morrow.<br />
+For none will help, tho' many see<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Our wretchedness&mdash;then close thine eyes, love,<br />
+Oh, most unbless'd on earth is she<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Who on another's aid relies, love.<br />
+<br />
+Thou hear'st me not! thy heart's asleep<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Already, and thy lids are closing,<br />
+Then lie thee still, and I will weep<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Whilst thou, my dearest, art reposing,<br />
+And wish that I could slumber free,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;And with thee in yon heaven awaken,<br />
+O would that it our home might be,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;For here we are by all forsaken.</blockquote>
+<hr />
+<h2>PAY OF THE JUDGES IN FORMER TIMES.</h2>
+<h4>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</h4>
+<p>In the twenty-third year of the reign of king Henry III., the
+salary of the justices of the bench (now called the Common Pleas)
+was 20l. per annum; in the forty-third year, 40l. In the
+twenty-seventh year, the chief baron had 40 marks; the other
+barons, 20 marks; and in the forty, ninth year, 4l. per annum. The
+justices <i>coram rege</i> (now called the King's Bench) had in the
+forty-third year of Henry III. 40l. per annum.; the chief of the
+bench, 100 marks per annum; and next year, another chief of the
+same court, had 100l.; but the chief of the court <i>coram rege</i>
+had only 100 marks per annum.</p>
+<p>In the reign of Edward I., the salaries of the justices were
+very uncertain, and, upon the whole, they sunk from what they had
+been in the reign of Henry III. The chief justice of the bench, in
+the seventh year of Edward I., had but 40l. per annum, and the
+other justices there, 40 marks. This continued the proportion in
+both benches till the twenty-fifth year of Edward III., then the
+salary of the chief of the King's Bench fell to 50 marks, or 33l.
+6s. 8d., while that of the chief of the bench was augmented to 100
+marks, which may be considered as an
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page4" name="page4"></a>[pg 4]</span>
+evidence of the increase of
+business and attendance there. The chief baron had 40l.; the
+salaries of the other justices and barons were reduced to 20l.</p>
+<p>In the reign of Edward II., the number of suitors so increased
+in the common bench, that whereas there had usually been only three
+justices there, that prince, at the beginning of his reign, was
+constrained to increase them to six, who used to sit in two
+places,&mdash;a circumstance not easy to be accounted for. Within
+three years after they were increased to seven; next year they were
+reduced to six, at which number they continued.</p>
+<p>The salaries of the judges, though they had continued the same
+from the time of Edward I. to the twenty-fifth year of Edward III.,
+were become very uncertain. In the twenty-eighth year of this king,
+it appears, that one of the justices of the King's Bench had 80
+marks per annum. In the thirty-ninth year of Edward III. the judges
+had in that court 40l.; the same as the justices of the Common
+Pleas; but the chief of the King's Bench, 100 marks.</p>
+<p>The salaries of the judges in the time of Henry IV. were as
+follows:&mdash;The chief baron, and other barons, had 40 marks per
+annum; the chief of the King's Bench, and of the Common Pleas, 40l.
+per annum; the other justices, in either court, 40 marks. But the
+gains of the practisers were become so great, that they could
+hardly be tempted to accept a place on the bench with such low
+salaries; therefore in the eighteenth year of Henry VI. the judges
+of all the courts at Westminster, together with the king's attorney
+and sergeants, exhibited a petition to parliament concerning the
+regular payment of their salaries and perquisites of robes. The
+king assented to their request, and order was taken for increasing
+their income, which afterwards became larger, and more fixed; this
+consisted of a salary and an allowance for robes. In the first year
+of Edward IV., the chief justice of the King's Bench had 170 marks
+per annum, 5l. 6s. 6d. for his winter robes, and the same for his
+Whitsuntide robes. Most of the judges had the honour of knighthood;
+some of them were knights bannerets; and some had the order of the
+Bath.</p>
+<p>In the first year of Henry VII. the chief justice of the court
+of King's Bench had the yearly fee of 140 marks granted to him for
+his better support; he had besides 5l. 6s. 11-1/4 d., and the sixth
+part of a halfpenny (such is the accuracy of Sir William Dugdale,
+and the strangeness of the sum,) for his winter robes, and 3l. 6s.
+6d. for his robes at Whitsuntide.</p>
+<p>In the thirty-seventh year of Henry VIII. a further increase was
+made to the fees of the judges;&mdash;to the chief justice of the
+King's Bench 30l. per annum; to every other justice of that court
+20l. per annum; to every justice of the Common Pleas, 20l. per
+annum.</p>
+<p>There were usually in the court of Common Pleas five judges,
+sometimes six; and in the reign of Henry VI. there were, it is
+said, eight judges at one time in that court; but six appear to
+have been the regular number. In the King's Bench there were
+sometimes four, sometimes five. They did not sit above three hours
+a day in court,&mdash;from eight in the morning to eleven. The
+courts were not open in the afternoon; but that time was left
+unoccupied for suitors to confer with their counsel at home.</p>
+<p>F. R. Y.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE SELECTOR AND LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>SIR WALTER SCOTT'S LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.</h3>
+<p>SIR WALTER SCOTT, the author of <i>Waverley</i>, has become the
+biographer of Napoleon Bonaparte; and the deepest interest is
+excited in the literary world to know how the great master of
+romance and fiction acquits himself in the execution of his task.
+In the preface to this elaborate history, Sir Walter, with
+considerable ingenuousness, informs us that "he will be found no
+enemy to the person of Napoleon. The term of hostility is ended
+when the battle has been won, and the foe exists no longer." But to
+our task: we shall attempt an analysis of the volumes before us,
+and endeavour to gratify our readers with a narrative of incidents
+that cannot fail interesting every British subject, whose history,
+in fact, is strongly connected with the important events that
+belong to the splendid career of Napoleon Bonaparte.</p>
+<p>The first and second volumes of Sir Walter's history are taken
+up with a view of the French Revolution, from whence we shall
+extract a sketch of the characters of three men of terror, whose
+names will long remain, we trust, unmatched in history by those of
+any similar miscreants. These men were the leaders of the
+revolution, and were called</p>
+<h4>THE TRIUMVIRATE.</h4>
+<p>Danton deserves to be named first, as unrivalled by his
+colleagues in talent and audacity. He was a man of gigantic size,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page5" name="page5"></a>[pg 5]</span>
+and possessed a voice of thunder. His countenance was that of an
+Ogre on the shoulders of a Hercules. He was as fond of the
+pleasures of vice as of the practice of cruelty; and it was said
+there were times when he became humanized amidst his debauchery,
+laughed at the terror which his furious declamations excited, and
+might be approached with safety, like the Maelstrom at the turn of
+tide. His profusion was indulged to an extent hazardous to his
+popularity, for the populace are jealous of a lavish expenditure,
+as raising their favourites too much above their own degree; and
+the charge of peculation finds always ready credit with them, when
+brought against public men.</p>
+<p>Robespierre possessed this advantage over Danton, that he did
+not seem to seek for wealth, either for hoarding or expending, but
+lived in strict and economical retirement, to justify the name of
+the Incorruptible, with which he was honoured by his partizans. He
+appears to have possessed little talent, saving a deep fund of
+hypocrisy, considerable powers of sophistry, and a cold exaggerated
+strain of oratory, as foreign to good taste, as the measures he
+recommended were to ordinary humanity. It seemed wonderful, that
+even the seething and boiling of the revolutionary cauldron should
+have sent up from the bottom, and long supported on the surface, a
+thing so miserably void of claims to public distinction; but
+Robespierre had to impose on the minds of the vulgar, and he knew
+how to beguile them, by accommodating his flattery to their
+passions and scale of understanding, and by acts of cunning and
+hypocrisy, which weigh more with the multitude than the words of
+eloquence, or the arguments of wisdom. The people listened as to
+their Cicero, when he twanged out his apostrophes of <i>Pauvre
+Peuple, Peuple vertueux!</i> and hastened to execute whatever came
+recommended by such honied phrases, though devised by the worst of
+men for the worst and most inhuman of purposes.</p>
+<p>Vanity was Robespierre's ruling passion, and though his
+countenance was the image of his mind, he was vain even of his
+personal appearance, and never adopted the external habits of a
+sans culotte. Amongst his fellow Jacobins, he was distinguished by
+the nicety with which his hair was arranged and powdered; and the
+neatness of his dress was carefully attended to, so as to
+counterbalance, if possible, the vulgarity of his person. His
+apartments, though small, were elegant and vanity had filled them
+with representations of the occupant. Robespierre's picture at
+length hung in one place, his miniature in another, his bust
+occupied a niche, and on the table were disposed a few medallions
+exhibiting his head in profile. The vanity which all this indicated
+was of the coldest and most selfish character, being such as
+considers neglect as insult, and receives homage merely as a
+tribute; so that, while praise is received without gratitude, it is
+withheld at the risk of mortal hate. Self-love of this dangerous
+character is closely allied with envy, and Robespierre was one of
+the most envious and vindictive men that ever lived. He never was
+known to pardon any opposition, affront, or even rivalry; and to be
+marked in his tablets on such an account was a sure, though perhaps
+not an immediate, sentence of death. Danton was a hero, compared
+with this cold, calculating, creeping miscreant; for his passions,
+though exaggerated, had at least some touch of humanity, and his
+brutal ferocity was supported by brutal
+courage.&mdash;(<i>Continued at page 17.</i>)</p>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE EPICUREAN.</h3>
+<h4><i>By T. Moore, Esq.</i></h4>
+<p>The following is described by Alciphron, the hero of the tale,
+at the termination of a festival, in a tone which strongly reminds
+us of Rasselas:&mdash;</p>
+<p>"The sounds of the song and dance had ceased, and I was now left
+in those luxurious gardens alone. Though so ardent and active a
+votary of pleasure, I had, by nature, a disposition full of
+melancholy;&mdash;an imagination that presented sad thoughts even
+in the midst of mirth and happiness, and threw the shadow of the
+future over the gayest illusions of the present. Melancholy was,
+indeed, twin-born in my soul with passion; and, not even in the
+fullest fervour of the latter were they separated. From the first
+moment that I was conscious of thought and feeling, the same dark
+thread had run across the web; and images of death and annihilation
+mingled themselves with the most smiling scenes through which my
+career of enjoyment led me. My very passion for pleasure but
+deepened these gloomy fancies. For, shut out, as I was by my creed,
+from a future life, and having no hope beyond the narrow horizon of
+this, every minute of delight assumed a mournful preciousness in my
+eyes, and pleasure, like the flower of the cemetery, grew but more
+luxuriant from the neighbourhood of death. This very night my
+triumph, my happiness, had seemed complete. I had been the
+presiding genius of that voluptuous scene. Both my ambition and my
+love of pleasure had drunk deep of the cup for which they thirsted.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page6" name="page6"></a>[pg 6]</span>
+Looked up to by the learned, and loved by the beautiful and the
+young, I had seen, in every eye that met mine, either the
+acknowledgment of triumphs already won, or the promise of others,
+still brighter, that awaited me. Yet, even in the midst of all
+this, the same dark thoughts had presented themselves; the
+perishableness of myself and all around me every instant recurred
+to my mind. Those hands I had prest&mdash;those eyes, in which I
+had seen sparkling a spirit of light and life that should never
+die&mdash;those voices that had talked of eternal love&mdash;all,
+all, I felt, were but a mockery of the moment, and would leave
+nothing eternal but the silence of their dust!</p>
+<blockquote>"Oh, were it not for this sad voice,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Stealing amid our mirth to say,<br />
+That all in which we most rejoice,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Ere night may be the earth-worm's prey:<br />
+<i>But</i> for this bitter&mdash;only this&mdash;<br />
+Full as the world is brimm'd with bliss,<br />
+And capable as feels my soul<br />
+Of draining to its depth the whole,<br />
+I should turn earth to heaven, and be,<br />
+If bliss made gods, a deity!"</blockquote>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE FALLS OF NIAGARA.</h3>
+<p>I had already seen some of the most celebrated works of nature
+in different parts of the globe; I had seen Etna and Vesuvius; I
+had seen the Andes almost at their greatest elevation; Cape Horn,
+rugged and bleak, buffeted by the southern tempest; and, though
+last not least, I had seen the long swell of the Pacific; but
+nothing I had ever beheld or imagined could compare in grandeur
+with the Falls of Niagara. My first sensation was that of exquisite
+delight at having before me the greatest wonder of the world.
+Strange as it may appear, this feeling was immediately succeeded by
+an irresistible melancholy. Had this not continued, it might
+perhaps have been attributed to the satiety incident to the
+complete gratification of "hope long deferred;" but so far from
+diminishing, the more I gazed, the stronger and deeper the
+sentiment became. Yet this scene of sadness was strangely mingled
+with a kind of intoxicating fascination. Whether the phenomenon is
+peculiar to Niagara I know not, but certain it is, that the spirits
+are affected and depressed in a singular manner by the magic
+influence of this stupendous and eternal fall. About five miles
+above the cataract the river expands to the dimensions of a lake,
+after which it gradually narrows. The Rapids commence at the upper
+extremity of Goat Island, which is half a mile in length, and
+divides the river at the point of precipitation into two unequal
+parts; the largest is distinguished by the several names of the
+Horseshoe, Crescent, and British Fall, from its semi-circular form
+and contiguity to the Canadian shore. The smaller is named the
+American Fall. A portion of this fall is divided by a rock from
+Goat Island, and though here insignificant in appearance, would
+rank high among European cascades....</p>
+<p>The current runs about six miles an hour; but supposing it to be
+only five miles, the quantity which passes the falls in an hour is
+more than eighty-five millions of tuns avoirdupois; if we suppose
+it to be six, it will be more than one hundred and two millions;
+and in a day would exceed two thousand four hundred millions of
+tuns....</p>
+<p>The next morning, with renewed delight, I beheld from my
+window&mdash;I may say, indeed, from my bed&mdash;the stupendous
+vision. The beams of the rising sun shed over it a variety of
+tints; a cloud of spray was ascending from the crescent; and as I
+viewed it from above, it appeared like the steam rising from the
+boiler of some monstrous engine....</p>
+<p>This evening I went down with one of our party to view the
+cataract by moonlight. I took my favourite seat on the projecting
+rock, at a little distance from the brink of the fall, and gazed
+till every sense seemed absorbed in contemplation. Although the
+shades of night increased the sublimity of the prospect and
+"deepened the murmur of the falling floods," the moon in placid
+beauty shed her soft influence upon the mind, and mitigated the
+horrors of the scene. The thunders which bellowed from the abyss,
+and the loveliness of the falling element, which glittered like
+molten silver in the moonlight, seemed to complete in absolute
+perfection the rare union of the beautiful with the sublime.</p>
+<p>While reflecting upon the inadequacy of language to express the
+feelings I experienced, or to describe the wonders which I
+surveyed, an American gentleman, to my great amusement, tapped me
+on the shoulder, and "guessed" that it was "<i>pretty droll!</i>"
+It was difficult to avoid laughing in his face; yet I could not
+help envying him his vocabulary, which had so eloquently released
+me from my dilemma....</p>
+<p>Though earnestly dissuaded from the undertaking, I had
+determined to employ the first fine morning in visiting the cavern
+beneath the fall. The guide recommended my companion and myself to
+set out as early as six o'clock, that we might have the advantage
+of the morning sun upon the waters. We came to the guide's
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page7" name="page7"></a>[pg 7]</span>
+house at
+the appointed hour, and disencumbered ourselves of such garments as
+we did not wish to have wetted; descending the circular ladder, we
+followed the course of the path running along the top of the
+<i>d&eacute;bris</i> of the precipice, which I have already
+described. Having pursued this track for about eighty yards, in the
+course of which we were completely drenched, we found ourselves
+close to the cataract. Although enveloped in a cloud of spray, we
+could distinguish without difficulty the direction of our path, and
+the nature of the cavern we were about to enter. Our guide warned
+us of the difficulty in respiration which we should encounter from
+the spray, and recommended us to look with exclusive attention to
+the security of our footing. Thus warned, we pushed forward, blown
+about and buffeted by the wind, stunned by the noise, and blinded
+by the spray. Each successive gust penetrated us to the very bones
+with cold. Determined to proceed, we toiled and struggled on, and
+having followed the footsteps of the guide as far as was possible
+consistently with safety, we sat down, and having collected our
+senses by degrees, the wonders of the cavern slowly developed
+themselves. It is impossible to describe the strange unnatural
+light reflected through its crystal wall, the roar of the waters,
+and the blasts of the hurried hurricane which perpetually rages in
+its recesses. We endured its fury a sufficient time to form a
+notion of the shape and dimensions of this dreadful place. The
+cavern was tolerably light, though the sun was unfortunately
+enveloped in clouds. His disc was invisible, but we could clearly
+distinguish his situation through the watery barrier. The fall of
+the cataract is nearly perpendicular. The bank over which it is
+precipitated is of concave form, owing to its upper stratum being
+composed of lime-stone, and its base of soft slate-stone, which has
+been eaten away by the constant attrition of the recoiling waters.
+The cavern is about one hundred and twenty feet in height, fifty in
+breadth, and three hundred in length. The entrance was completely
+invisible. By screaming in our ears, the guide contrived to explain
+to us that there was one more point which we might have reached had
+the wind been in any other direction. Unluckily it blew full upon
+the sheet of the cataract, and drove it in so as to dash upon the
+rock over which we must have passed. A few yards beyond this, the
+precipice becomes perpendicular, and, blending with the water,
+forms the extremity of the cave. After a stay of nearly ten minutes
+in this most horrible purgatory, we gladly left it to its loathsome
+inhabitants the eel and the water-snake, who crawl about its
+recesses in considerable numbers,&mdash;and returned to the
+inn&mdash;<i>De Roos's Travels in the United States,
+&amp;c.</i></p>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE GUILLOTINE.</h3>
+<p>The first sight, however, which it fell to my lot to witness at
+Brussels in this second and short visit, was neither gay nor
+handsome, nor dear in any sense, but the very reverse; it being
+that of the punishment of the guillotine inflicted on a wretched
+murderer, named John Baptist Michel.
+<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a>
+Hearing, at the moment of my arrival, that this tragical scene was
+on the point of being acted in the great square of the
+market-place, I determined for once to make a sacrifice of my
+feelings to the desire of being present at a spectacle, with the
+nature of which the recollections of revolutionary horrors are so
+intimately associated. Accordingly, following to the spot a guard
+of soldiers appointed to assist at the execution, I disengaged
+myself as soon as possible from the pressure of the immense crowd
+already assembled, and obtained a seat at the window of a house
+immediately opposite the Hotel-de-Ville, in front of the principal
+entrance to which the guillotine had been erected. At the hour of
+twelve at noon precisely, the malefactor, tall, athletic, and
+young, having his hands tied behind his back, and being stripped to
+the waist, was brought to the square in a cart, under an escort of
+gen-d'armes, attended by an elderly and respectable ecclesiastic;
+who, having been previously occupied in administering the
+consolations of religion to the condemned person in prison, now
+appeared incessantly employed in tranquillizing him on his way to
+the scaffold. Arrived near the fatal machine, the unhappy
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page8" name="page8"></a>[pg 8]</span>
+man
+stepped out of the vehicle, knelt at the feet of his confessor,
+received the priestly benediction, kissed some individuals who
+accompanied him, and was hurried by the officers of justice up the
+steps of the cube-form structure of wood, painted of a blood-red,
+on which stood the dreadful apparatus of death. To reach the top of
+the platform, to be fast bound to a board, to be placed
+horizontally under the axe, and deprived of life by its unerring
+blow, was, in the case of this miserable offender, the work
+literally of a moment. It was indeed an awfully sudden transit from
+time to eternity. He could only cry out, "<i>Adieu, mes amis</i>,"
+and he was gone. The severed head, passing through a red-coloured
+bag fixed under, fell to the ground&mdash;the blood spouted forth
+from the neck like water from a fountain&mdash;the body, lifted up
+without delay, was flung down through a trap-door in the platform.
+Never did capital punishment more quickly take effect on a human
+being; and whilst the executioner was coolly taking out the axe
+from the groove of the machine, and placing it, covered as it was
+with gore, in a box, the remains of the culprit, deposited in a
+shell, were hoisted into a wagon, and conveyed to the prison. In
+twenty minutes all was over, and the <i>Grande Place</i> nearly
+cleared of its thousands, on whom the dreadful scene seemed to have
+made, as usual, the slightest possible
+impression&mdash;<i>Stevenson's Tour in France, Switzerland,
+&amp;c.</i></p>
+
+<hr />
+<h3>THE HEIR PRESUMPTIVE.</h3>
+<p>Of all the miseries of human life, and God knows they are
+manifold enough, there are few more utterly heart-sickening and
+overwhelming than those endured by the unlucky Heir Presumptive;
+when, after having submitted to the whims and caprices of some rich
+relation, and endured a state of worse than Egyptian bondage, for a
+long series of years, he finds himself cut off with a shilling, or
+a mourning ring; and the El Dorado of his tedious term of probation
+and expectancy devoted to the endowment of methodist chapels and
+Sunday schools; or bequeathed to some six months' friend (usually a
+female housekeeper, or spiritual adviser) who, entering the
+vineyard at the eleventh hour, (the precise moment at which his
+patience and humility become exhausted,) carries off the golden
+prize, and adds another melancholy confirmation, to those already
+upon record, of the fallacy of all human anticipations. It matters
+little what may have been the motives of his conduct; whether duty,
+affection, or that more powerful incentive self-interest; how long
+or how devotedly he may have humoured the foibles or eccentricities
+of his relative; or what sacrifices he may have made to enable him
+to comply with his unreasonable caprices: the result is almost
+invariably the same. The last year of the Heir Presumptive's
+purgatory, nay, perhaps even the last month, or the last week, is
+often the drop to the full cup of his endurance. His patience,
+however it may have been propped by self-interest, or feelings of a
+more refined description, usually breaks down before the allotted
+term has expired; and the whole fabric it has cost him such
+infinite labour to erect, falls to the ground along with it. It is
+well if his personal exertions, and the annoyances to which he has
+subjected himself during the best period of his existence, form the
+whole of his sacrifices. But, alas! it too often happens that,
+encouraged by the probability of succeeding in a few years to an
+independent property, and ambitious, moreover, of making such an
+appearance in society as will afford the old gentleman or lady no
+excuse for being ashamed of their connexion with him, he launches
+into expenses he would never otherwise have dreamed of incurring,
+and contracts debts without regard to his positive means of
+liquidating them, on the strength of a contingency which, if he
+could but be taught to believe it, is of all earthly anticipations
+the most remote and uncertain. A passion for unnecessary expense
+is, under different circumstances, frequently repressed by an
+inability to procure credit; but it is the curse and bane of Mr.
+Omnium's nephew, and Miss Saveall's niece, that so far from any
+obstacle being opposed to their prodigality, almost unlimited
+indulgence is offered, nay, actually pressed upon them, by the
+trades-people of their wealthy relations; who take especial care
+that their charges shall be of a nature to repay them for any
+complaisance or long suffering, as it regards the term of credit,
+they may be called upon to display. But independently of the
+additional expense into which the Heir Presumptive is often seduced
+by the operation of these temptations, and his anxiety to live in a
+style in some degree accordant with his expectations, what is he
+not called upon to endure from the caprices, old-fashioned notions,
+eccentricities, avarice, and obstinacy, of the old tyrant to whom
+he thus consents to sell himself, and it may be his family, body
+and soul, for an indefinite number of years.&mdash;<i>National
+Tales</i>.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page9" name="page9"></a>[pg 9]</span>
+<h2>THE MONTHS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>JULY.</h3>
+<blockquote>The sultry noontide of July<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Now bids us seek the forest's shade;<br />
+Or for the crystal streamlet sigh.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;That flows in some sequestered glade.</blockquote>
+<p>B. BARTON.</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p class="figure">
+  <a href="images/262-2.png"><img width="100%" src="images/262-2.png" alt="" /></a><br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Summer! glowing summer! This is the month of heat and sunshine,
+of clear, fervid skies, dusty roads, and shrinking streams; when
+doors and windows are thrown open, a cool gale is the most welcome
+of all visiters, and every drop of rain "is worth its weight in
+gold." Such is July commonly&mdash;such it was in 1825, and such,
+in a scarcely less degree, in 1826; yet it is sometimes, on the
+contrary, a very showery month, putting the hay-maker to the
+extremity of his patience, and the farmer upon anxious thoughts for
+his ripening corn; generally speaking, however, it is the heart of
+our summer. The landscape presents an air of warmth, dryness, and
+maturity; the eye roams over brown pastures, corn fields "already
+white to harvest," dark lines of intersecting hedge-rows, and
+darker trees, lifting their heavy heads above them. The foliage at
+this period is rich, full, and vigorous; there is a fine haze cast
+over distant woods and bosky slopes, and every lofty and majestic
+tree is filled with a soft shadowy twilight, which adds infinitely
+to its beauty&mdash;a circumstance that has never been sufficiently
+noticed by either poet or painter. Willows are now beautiful
+objects in the landscape; they are like rich masses of arborescent
+silver, especially if stirred by the breeze, their light and fluent
+forms contrasting finely with the still and sombre aspect of the
+other trees.</p>
+<p>Now is the general season of <i>haymaking</i>. Bands of mowers,
+in their light trousers and broad straw hats, are astir long before
+the fiery eye of the sun glances above the horizon, that they may
+toil in the freshness of the morning, and stretch themselves at
+noon in luxurious ease by trickling waters, and beneath the shade
+of trees. Till then, with regular strokes and a sweeping sound, the
+sweet and flowery grass falls before them, revealing at almost
+every step, nests of young birds, mice in their cozy domes, and the
+mossy cells of the humble bee streaming with liquid honey; anon,
+troops of haymakers are abroad, tossing the green swaths wide to
+the sun. It is one of Nature's festivities, endeared by a thousand
+pleasant memories and habits of the olden days, and not a soul can
+resist it.</p>
+<p>There is a sound of tinkling teams and of wagons rolling along
+lanes and fields the whole country over, aye, even at midnight,
+till at length the fragrant ricks rise in the farmyard, and the
+pale smooth-shaven fields are left in solitary beauty.</p>
+<p>They who know little about it may deem the strong
+<i>penchant</i> of our poets, and of ourselves, for rural
+pleasures, mere romance and poetic illusion; but if poetic beauty
+alone were concerned, we
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page10" name="page10"></a>[pg 10]</span>
+must still admire <i>harvest-time</i> in
+the country. The whole land is then an Arcadia, full of simple,
+healthful, and rejoicing spirits. Overgrown towns and manufactories
+may have changed for the worse, the spirit and feelings of our
+population; in them, "evil communications may have corrupted good
+manners;" but in the country at large, there never was a more
+simple-minded, healthful-hearted, and happy race of people than our
+present British peasantry. They have cast off, it is true, many of
+their ancestors' games and merrymakings, but they have in no degree
+lost their soul of mirth and happiness. This is never more
+conspicuous than in <i>harvest-time</i>.</p>
+<p>With the exception of a casual song of the lark in a fresh
+morning, of the blackbird and thrush at sunset, or the monotonous
+wail of the yellow-hammer, the silence of birds is now complete;
+even the lesser reed-sparrow, which may very properly be called the
+<i>English mock-bird</i>, and which kept up a perpetual clatter
+with the notes of the sparrow, the swallow, the white-throat,
+&amp;c. in every hedge-bottom, day and night, has ceased.</p>
+<p>Boys will now be seen in the evening twilight with match,
+gunpowder, &amp;c., and green boughs for self-defence, busy in
+storming the paper-built castles of <i>wasps</i>, the larvae of
+which furnish anglers with store of excellent baits. Spring-flowers
+have given place to a very different class. Climbing plants mantle
+and festoon every hedge. The wild hop, the brione, the clematis or
+traveller's joy, the large white convolvulus, whose bold yet
+delicate flowers will display themselves to a very late period of
+the year&mdash;vetches, and white and yellow
+ladies-bed-straw&mdash;invest almost every bush with their varied
+beauty, and breathe on the passer-by their faint summer sweetness.
+The <i>campanula rotundifolia</i>, the hare-bell of poets, and the
+blue-bell of botanists, arrests the eye on every dry bank, rock,
+and wayside, with its beautiful cerulean bells. There too we behold
+wild scabiouses, mallows, the woody nightshade, wood-betony, and
+centaury; the red and white-striped convolvulus also throws its
+flowers under your feet; corn fields glow with whole armies of
+scarlet poppies, cockle, and the rich azure plumes of
+viper's-bugloss; even <i>thistles</i>, the curse of Cain, diffuse a
+glow of beauty over wastes and barren places. Some species,
+particularly the musk thistles, are really noble plants, wearing
+their formidable arms, their silken vest, and their gorgeous
+crimson tufts of fragrant flowers issuing from a coronal of
+interwoven down and spines, with a grace which casts far into the
+shade many a favourite of the garden.</p>
+<p>But whoever would taste all the sweetness of July, let him go,
+in pleasant company, if possible, into heaths and woods; it is
+there, in her uncultured haunts, that summer now holds her court.
+The stern castle, the lowly convent, the deer and the forester have
+vanished thence many ages; yet nature still casts round the
+forest-lodge, the gnarled oak and lovely mere, the same charms as
+ever. The most hot and sandy tracts, which we might naturally
+imagine would now be parched up, are in full glory. The <i>erica
+tetralix</i>, or bell-heath, the most beautiful of our indigenous
+species, is now in bloom, and has converted the brown bosom of the
+waste into one wide sea of crimson; the air is charged with its
+honied odour. The dry, elastic turf glows, not only with its
+flowers, but with those of the wild thyme, the clear blue milkwort,
+the yellow asphodel, and that curious plant the <i>sundew</i>, with
+its drops of inexhaustible liquor sparkling in the fiercest sun
+like diamonds. There wave the cotton-rush, the tall fox-glove, and
+the taller golden mullein. There creep the various species of
+heath-berries, cranberries, bilberries, &amp;c., furnishing the
+poor with a source of profit, and the rich of luxury. What a
+pleasure it is to throw ourselves down beneath the verdant screen
+of the beautiful fern, or the shade of a venerable oak, in such a
+scene, and listen to the summer sounds of bees, grasshoppers, and
+ten thousand other insects, mingled with the more remote and
+solitary cries of the pewit and the curlew! Then, to think of the
+coach-horse, urged on his sultry stage, or the plough-boy and his
+teem, plunging in the depths of a burning fallow, or of our
+ancestors, in times of national famine, plucking up the wild
+fern-roots for bread, and what an enhancement of our own luxurious
+ease!
+<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a>
+</p>
+<p>But woods, the depths of woods, are the most delicious retreats
+during the fiery noons of July. The great azure campanulas, or
+Canterbury bells, are there in bloom, and, in chalk or limestone
+districts, there are also now to be found those curiosities, the
+<i>bee</i> and <i>fly orchises</i>. The soul of John Evelyn well
+might envy us a wood lounge at this period.</p>
+
+<p><i>Time's Telescope.</i></p>
+
+<hr />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page11" name="page11"></a>[pg 11]</span>
+<h2>ASTRONOMICAL OCCURENCES</h2>
+<h3> FOR JULY, 1827.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</h4>
+<p>The sun is in apogee, or at his greatest distance from the earth
+on the 2nd, in 10 deg. <i>Cancer</i>; he enters <i>Leo</i> on the
+23rd, at 5h. 13m. afternoon; he is in conjunction with the planet
+Saturn on the 2nd at 11h. 30m. morning, in 9 deg. <i>Cancer</i>,
+and with Mars on the 12th at 1h. 45m. afternoon, being advanced
+10 deg. further in the eliptic.</p>
+<p>Venus and Saturn are also in conjunction on the 26th at 3h.
+afternoon, in 13 deg. <i>Cancer</i>.</p>
+<p>Mercury will again be visible for a short time about the middle
+of the month a little after the sun has set, arriving on the 16th
+at his greatest eastern elongation, or apparent distance from the
+centre of the system, as seen from the earth in 20 deg. <i>Leo</i>;
+and in aphelio, or that point of his orbit most distant from the
+sun, on the 22nd; he becomes stationary on the 29th.</p>
+<p>There is only one visible eclipse of Jupiter's first satellite
+this month&mdash;on the 5th, at 10h. 21m. evening.</p>
+<p>The Georgium Sidus, or Herschel, comes to an opposition with the
+sun on the 19th, at 6h. 15m. evening; he is then nearest the earth,
+and consequently in the most favourable position for observation;
+he began retrograding on the 1st of May in 28 deg. 12m. of
+<i>Capricornus</i>; he rises on the 1st, at 9h. 11m. evening,
+culminating at 1h. 16m., and setting at 5h. 21m. morning,
+pursuing the course of the sun on the 17th of January; he moves
+only 13m. of a deg. in the course of the month, rising 2h.
+earlier on the 31st.</p>
+<p>This planet, called also Uranus, was discovered by Herschel on
+the 13th of March, 1781. It is the most distant orb in our system
+yet known. From certain inequalities on the motion of Jupiter and
+Saturn, the existence of a planet of considerable size beyond the
+orbit of either had been before suspected; its apparent magnitude,
+as seen from the earth, is about 3-1/2 sec., or of the size of a
+star of the sixth magnitude, and as from its distance from the sun,
+it shines but with a pale light, it cannot often be distinguished
+with the naked eye. Its diameter is about 4-1/2 times that of the
+earth, and completes its revolution in something less than 83-1/2
+years. The want of light in this planet, on account of its great
+distance from the sun, is supplied by six moons, which revolve
+round their primary in different periods. There is a remarkable
+peculiarity attached to their orbits, which are nearly
+perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic, and they revolve in
+them in a direction contrary to the order of the signs.</p>
+<p>"Moore," in an old almanack, speaking on the difference of light
+and heat enjoyed by the inhabitants of <i>Saturn</i>, and the
+<i>earth</i>, says,&mdash;</p>
+<blockquote>"From hence how large, how strong the sun's bright
+ball,<br />
+But seen from thence, how languid and how small,<br />
+When the keen north with all its fury blows,<br />
+Congeals the floods and forms the fleecy snows:<br />
+'Tis heat intense, to what can there be known,<br />
+Warmer our poles than in its burning (!) zone;<br />
+One moment's cold like their's would pierce the bone,<br />
+Freeze the heart's blood, and turn us all to stone."</blockquote>
+<p>Were Saturn thus situated, what would the inhabitants of
+Herschel feel, whose distance is still further?&mdash;pursuing this
+train of reasoning, the heat in the planet Mercury would be seven
+times greater than on our globe, and were the earth in the same
+position, all the water on its surface would boil, and soon be
+turned into vapour, but as the degree of sensible heat in any
+planet <i>does not</i> depend altogether on its nearness to the
+sun, the temperature of these planets may be as mild as that of the
+most genial climate of our globe.</p>
+<p>The theory of the sun being a body of fire having been long
+since exploded, and heat being found to be generated by the union
+of the sun's rays with the atmosphere of the earth, so the caloric
+contained in the atmosphere on the surfaces of the planets may be
+distributed in different quantities, according to the situation
+they occupy with regard to the sun, and which is put into action by
+the influence of the solar rays, so as to produce that degree of
+sensible heat requisite for each respective planet. We have only to
+suppose that a small quantity of caloric exists in Mercury, and a
+greater quantity in Herschel, which is fifty times farther from the
+sun than the other, and there is no reason to believe that those
+planets nearest the sun suffer under the action of excessive heat,
+or that the more distant are exposed to the rigours of insufferable
+cold, which, in either case, might render them unfit for the abodes
+of intellectual beings.</p>
+<p>PASCHE.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page12" name="page12"></a>[pg 12]</span>
+<h2>THE SKETCH BOOK</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>No. XLI.<br />
+THE AUTHOR AND HIS COAT.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</h4>
+<p>My master, at first sight of me, expressed great admiration. He
+had given his architect of garments orders to make him a blue coat
+in his best style; in consequence of which I was ushered into the
+world. The gentleman who introduced me into company was at the time
+in very high spirits, being engaged in a new literary undertaking,
+of the success of which he indulged very sanguine hopes. On this
+occasion we, that is, to use similar language to Cardinal Wolsey,
+in a well-known instance, I and my master paid a great number of
+visits to his particular friends, and others whom he thought likely
+to encourage and promote his project The reception <i>we</i>
+generally met with was highly satisfactory; smiles and promises of
+support were bestowed in abundance upon <i>us</i>. I use the plural
+number, with justice, as it will appear in the sequel, although my
+master scarcely ever dreamt that I had anything to do with it. As I
+had, however, the special privilege of being <i>behind his
+back</i>, I had the advantage which that situation peculiarly
+confers, of arriving at a knowledge of the truth. He never dreamt
+that the expressions, "How well you are looking,"&mdash;"I am glad
+to see you," &amp;c. so common in his ears, would scarcely ever
+have been used had it not been for my influence. To be sure I have
+overheard him say, as we have been walking along, "There goes an
+old acquaintance of mine; but, bless me, how altered he is! he
+looks poor and meanly dressed, but I'm determined I'll speak to
+him, for fear he should think me so shabby as to shy him." Thus
+giving an instance in himself, certainly, of respect for the
+<i>man</i> and not the <i>coat</i>. My short history goes rather to
+prove that the reverse is almost every day's experience. Matters
+went on pretty well with us until my master was seized with a
+severe fit of illness, in consequence of which his literary scheme
+was completely defeated, and his condition in life materially
+injured; of course, the glad tones of encouragement which I had
+been accustomed to hear were changed into expressions of
+condolence, and sometimes assurances of unabated friendship; but
+then it must be remembered that I, the handsomest blue coat, was
+<i>still in good condition</i>, and it will perhaps appear, that if
+I were not my master's <i>warmest</i> friend, I was, at all events,
+the only one that <i>stuck to him to the last</i>. Eternal respect
+to both of us continued much the same for some time longer, but by
+degrees we both, <i>at the same time</i>, observed, that an
+alteration began to take place. My master attributed this to his
+altered fortunes, and I placed it to the score of my decayed
+appearance&mdash;the threadbare cloth and tarnished button came in,
+I was sure, for their full share of neglect, and he at last fell
+into the same opinion. To describe all the variety of treatment
+that we experienced would be a tedious and unpleasant
+task,&mdash;but I was the more convinced that I had at least as
+much to do with it as my master, from observing that all the
+gradations in manner, from coolness to shyness, and from shyness to
+neglect, kept pace, remarkably, with the changes in my appearance.
+My master was, at length, the only individual who paid any respect
+or attention to me, after most of his old acquaintances had ceased
+to notice him. I have heard him exclaim, "Oh, that mankind would
+treat me with as much constancy as my old true blue! Thou hast
+faithfully served me throughout the vicissitudes of fortune, and
+art faithful still, now both of us are left to wither in
+adversity."</p>
+<p>I could make a long story of it, were I to detail all my
+adventures; they may, however, be easily imagined from what has
+been stated, and from which it is evident, that in too many
+instances, the world pays more respect to <i>the coat</i>, than to
+<i>the man</i>, and therefore that a man would often derive more
+consequence and benefit if he had the advantage of having for his
+patron&mdash;<i>a tailor</i> instead of <i>a man of rank</i>. J.
+B.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE NOVELIST.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>No. CIV.<br />
+THE COTTER'S DAUGHTER.</h3>
+<p>It was a cold stormy night in December, and the green logs as
+they blazed and crackled on the Cotter's hearth, were rendered more
+delightful, more truly comfortable, by the contrast with the icy
+showers of snow and sleet which swept against the frail casement,
+making all without cheerless and miserable.</p>
+<p>The Cotter was a handsome, intelligent old man, and afforded me
+much information upon glebes, and flocks, and rural economy; while
+his spouse, a venerable matron, was humming to herself some long
+since forgotten ballad; and industriously twisting and twirling
+about her long knitting needles, that promised soon to produce a
+pair of formidable winter hose. Their son, a stout, healthy young
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page13" name="page13"></a>[pg 13]</span>
+peasant of three-and-twenty, was sitting in the spacious chimney
+corner, sharing his frugal supper of bread and cheese with a large,
+shaggy sheep dog, who sat on his haunches wistfully watching every
+mouthful, and snap, snap, snapping, and dextrously catching every
+morsel that was cast to him.</p>
+<p>We were all suddenly startled, however, by his loud bark; when,
+jumping up, he rushed, or rather flew towards the door.</p>
+<p>"Whew! whew!" whistled the youth&mdash;"Whoy&mdash;what the
+dickens ails thee, Rover?" said he, rising and following him to the
+door to learn the cause of his alarm. "What! be they gone again,
+ey?" for the dog was silent. "What do thee sniffle at, boy? On'y
+look at 'un feyther; how the beast whines and waggles his stump o'
+tail!&mdash;It's some 'un he knows for sartain. I'd lay a wager it
+wur Bill Miles com'd about the harrow, feyther."</p>
+<p>"Did thee hear any knock, lad?" said the father.</p>
+<p>"Noa!" replied the youth; "but mayhap Bill peep'd thro' the hoal
+in the shutter, and is a bit dash'd like at seeing a gentleman
+here. Bill! is't thee, Master Miles?" continued he, bawling. "Lord!
+the wind whistles so a' can't hear me. Shall I unlatch the door,
+feyther?"</p>
+<p>"Ay, lad, do, an thou wilt," replied the old man; "Rover's wiser
+nor we be&mdash;a dog 'll scent a friend, when a man would'nt know
+un."</p>
+<p>Rover still continued his low importunate whine, and began to
+scratch against the door. The lad threw it open&mdash;the dog
+brushed past him in an instant, and his quick, short, continuous
+yelping, expressed his immoderate joy and recognition.</p>
+<p>"Hollo! where be'st thee, Bill?" said the young peasant,
+stepping over the threshold. "Come, none of thee tricks upon
+travellers, Master Bill; I zee thee beside the rick yon!" and
+quitting the door for half a minute, he again hastily entered the
+cot. The rich colour of robust health had fled from his
+cheeks&mdash;his lips quivered&mdash;and he looked like one bereft
+of his senses, or under the influence of some frightful
+apparition.</p>
+<p>The dame rose up&mdash;her work fell from trembling
+hands&mdash;</p>
+<p>"What's the matter?" said she.</p>
+<p>"What's frighted thee, lad?" asked the old man, rising.</p>
+<p>"Oh! feyther!&mdash;oh! mother!"&mdash;exclaimed he, drawing
+them hastily on one side and whispering something in a low, and
+almost inaudible voice.</p>
+<p>The old woman raised her hands in supplication and tottered to
+her chair while the Cotter, bursting out into a paroxysm of violent
+rage, clutched his son's arm, and exclaimed in a loud voice:</p>
+<p>"Make fast the door, boy, an thou'lt not have my curse on
+thee!&mdash;I tell 'ee, she shan't come
+hither!&mdash;No&mdash;never&mdash;never;&mdash;there's poison in
+her breath&mdash;a' will spurn her from me!&mdash;A pest on
+her!&mdash;What; wilt not do my bidding?"</p>
+<p>"O! feyther, feyther!" cried the young peasant, whose heart
+seemed overcharged with grief, "It be a cold, raw night&mdash;ye
+wou'dna kick a cur from the door to perish in the storm! Doant 'ee
+be hot and hasty, feyther, thou art not uncharitable&mdash;On me
+knees!"&mdash;</p>
+<p>"Psha!" exclaimed the enraged father, only exasperated by his
+remonstrances. "Whoy talk 'ee to me, son&mdash;I am
+deaf&mdash;deaf!&mdash;Mine own hand shall bar the door agen
+her!"&mdash;adding with bitterness&mdash;"let her die!"&mdash;and
+stepping past his prostrate son, was about to execute his
+purpose&mdash;when, a young girl, whose once gay and flimsy raiment
+was drenched and stained, and torn by the violence of the storm,
+appeared at the door. The old man recoiled with a shudder&mdash;she
+was as pale as death&mdash;and her trembling limbs seemed scarcely
+able to support her&mdash;a profusion of light brown hair hung
+dishevelled and in disorder about her neck and shoulders, and added
+to her forlorn appearance. She stretched forth her arms and
+pronounced the name of "Father!" but further utterance was
+prevented by the convulsive sobs that heaved her bosom.</p>
+<p>"Mary&mdash;woman!" cried the old man, trembling&mdash;"Call me
+not feyther&mdash;thou art none of mine&mdash;thou hast no feyther
+now&mdash;nor I a daughter&mdash;thou art a serpent that hath stung
+the bosom that cherished thee! Go to the fawning villain&mdash;the
+black-hearted sycophant that dragged thee from our arms&mdash;from
+our happy home to misery and pollution&mdash;go, and bless him for
+breaking thy poor old feyther's heart!"</p>
+<p>Overcome by these heart-rending reproaches, the distressed girl
+fainted; but the strong arm of the young Cotter supported
+her&mdash;for her tender-hearted youth, moved by his fallen
+sister's sorrows, had ventured again to intercede.</p>
+<p>"Hah! touch not her defiled and loathsome body," cried the old
+man&mdash;"thrust her from the door, and let her find a grave where
+she may. Boy! wilt thou dare disobey me?" and he raised his
+clenched hand, while anger flashed from his eye.</p>
+<p>"Strike! feyther&mdash;strike me!" said the poor lad, bursting
+into tears&mdash;"fell me to the 'arth! Kill me, an thou
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page14" name="page14"></a>[pg 14]</span>
+wilt&mdash;I care not&mdash;I will never turn my heart agen poor
+Mary!&mdash;Bean't she my sister? Did thee not teach me to love
+her?&mdash;Poor lass!&mdash;she do want it all now,
+feyther&mdash;for she be downcast and broken-hearted!&mdash;Nay,
+thee art kind and good, feyther&mdash;know thee art&mdash;I zee
+thine eyes be full o' tears&mdash;and thee&mdash;thee woant cast
+her away from thee, I know thee woant. Mother, speak to 'un; speak
+to sister Mary too&mdash;it be our own Mary! Doant 'ee kill her wi'
+unkindness!"</p>
+<p>The old man, moved by his affectionate entreaties, no longer
+offered any opposition to his son's wishes, but hiding his face in
+his hands, he fled from the affecting scene to an adjoining
+room.</p>
+<p>Her venerable mother having recovered from the shock of her lost
+daughter's sudden appearance, now rose to the assistance of the
+unfortunate, and by the aid of restoratives brought poor Mary to
+the full sense of her wretchedness. She was speedily conveyed to
+the same humble pallet, to which, in the days of her innocence and
+peace, she had always retired so light-hearted and joyously, but
+where she now found a lasting sleep&mdash;an eternal
+repose!&mdash;Yes, poor Mary died!&mdash;and having won the
+forgiveness and blessing of her offended parents, death was welcome
+to her.&mdash;<i>Absurdities: in Prose and Verse</i>.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>ORIGINS AND INVENTIONS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>No. XXVII.<br />
+VAUXHALL GARDENS.</h3>
+<h4><i>(For the Mirror.)</i></h4>
+<blockquote>"Here waving groves a checkered scene display,<br />
+And part admit, and part exclude the day."</blockquote>
+<p>POPE.</p>
+<hr />
+<p>Of the origin of these enchanting gardens, Mr. Aubrey, in his
+"Antiquities of Surrey," gives us the following account;&mdash;"At
+Vauxhall, Sir Samuel Morland built a fine room, anno 1667, the
+inside all of looking-glass, and fountains very pleasant to behold,
+which is much visited by strangers: it stands in the middle of the
+garden, covered with Cornish slate, on the point of which he placed
+a punchinello, very well carved, which held a dial, but the winds
+have demolished it." And Sir John Hawkins, in his "History of
+Music," has the following account of it:&mdash;"The house seems to
+have been rebuilt since the time that Sir Samuel Morland dwelt in
+it. About the year 1730, Mr. Jonathan Tyers became the occupier of
+it, and, there being a large garden belonging to it, planted with a
+great number of stately trees, and laid out in shady walks, it
+obtained the name of Spring Gardens; and the house being converted
+into a tavern, or place of entertainment, was much frequented by
+the votaries of pleasure. Mr. Tyers opened it with an advertisement
+of a <i>Ridotto al Fresco</i>, a term which the people of this
+country had till that time been strangers to. These entertainments
+were repeated in the course of the summer, and numbers resorted to
+partake of them. This encouraged the proprietor to make his garden
+a place of musical entertainment, for every evening during the
+summer season. To this end he was at great expense in decorating
+the gardens with paintings; he engaged a band of excellent
+musicians; he issued silver tickets at one guinea each for
+admission, and receiving great encouragement, he set up an organ in
+the orchestra, and, in a conspicuous part of the garden, erected a
+fine statue of Mr. Handel." These gardens are said to be the first
+of the kind in England; but they are not so old as the Mulberry
+Gardens, (on the spot now called Spring Gardens, near St. James's
+Park,) where king Charles II. went to regale himself the night
+after his restoration, and formed an immediate connexion with Mrs.
+Palmer, afterwards Duchess of Cleveland. The trees, however, are
+more than a century old, and, according to tradition, were planted
+for a public garden. This property was formerly held by Jane Fauxe,
+or Vaux, widow, in 1615; and it is highly probable (says Nichols)
+that she was the relict of the infamous Guy. In the "Spectator,"
+No. 383, Mr. Addison introduces a voyage from the Temple Stairs to
+Vauxhall, in which he is accompanied by his friend, Sir Roger de
+Coverley. In the "Connoisseur," No. 68, we find a very humourous
+description of the behaviour of an old penurious citizen, who had
+treated his family here with a handsome supper. The magnificence of
+these gardens calls to recollection the magic representations in
+the "Arabian Nights' Entertainments," where</p>
+<blockquote>"The blazing glories, with a cheerful ray,<br />
+Supply the sun, and counterfeit the day."</blockquote>
+<p>Grosely, in his "Tour to London,"<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a>
+says, (relating to Ranelagh and Vauxhall,) "These entertainments,
+which begin in the month of May, are continued every night. They
+bring together persons of all ranks and conditions; and amongst
+these, a considerable number of females, whose charms want only
+that cheerful air, which is the flower and quintessence of beauty.
+These places
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page15" name="page15"></a>[pg 15]</span>
+serve equally as a rendezvous either for business or
+intrigue. They form, as it were, private coteries; there you see
+fathers and mothers, with their children, enjoying domestic
+happiness in the midst of public diversions. The English assert,
+that such entertainments as these can never subsist in France, on
+account of the levity of the people. Certain it is, that those of
+Vauxhall and Ranelagh, which are guarded only by outward decency,
+are conducted without tumult and disorder, which often disturb the
+public diversions of France. I do not know whether the English are
+gainers thereby; the joy which they seem in search of at those
+places does not beam through their countenances; they look as grave
+at Vauxhall and Ranelagh as at the Bank, at church, or a private
+club. All persons there seem to say, what a young English nobleman
+said to his governor, <i>Am I as joyous as I should be?</i>"</p>
+<p>P. T. W.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>FINE ARTS.</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>THE CHIEF CAUSES OF THE SUCCESS OF PAINTING AND SCULPTURE IN
+GREECE AND ROME.</h3>
+<h4>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</h4>
+<p>A cursory glance at the principal occasion of the amazing
+success obtained by the Greeks and Romans, in painting and
+sculpture, during the early ages, may perhaps prove interesting to
+the lovers of the arts in this country.</p>
+<p>The elevation to which the arts in Greece arrived was owing to
+the concurrence of various circumstances. The imitative arts, we
+are told, in that classic country formed a part of the
+administration, and were inseparably connected with the heathen
+worship. The temples were magnificently erected, and adorned with
+numerous statues of pagan deities, before which, in reverential
+awe, the people prostrated themselves. Every man of any substance
+had an idol in his own habitation, executed by a reputed sculptor.
+In all public situations the patriotic actions of certain citizens
+were represented, that beholders might be induced to emulate their
+virtues. On contemplating these masterpieces of art, which were so
+truly exquisite that the very coldest spectator was unable to
+resist their <i>almost magical</i> influence, the vicious were
+reclaimed, and the ignorant stood abashed. Indeed, it has often
+been asserted, that the statues by Phidias and Praxiteles were so
+inimitably executed, that the people of Paros adored them as living
+gods. Those artists who performed such extraordinary wonders as
+these were held in an esteemed light, of which we cannot form the
+least idea. We are certain they were paid most enormous prices for
+their productions, and consequently could afford to adorn them with
+every beauty of art, and to bestow more time on them than can ever
+be expected from any modern artist.</p>
+<p>As soon as the arts had arrived at their highest pitch of
+excellency in Greece, the country was laid waste by the invading
+power of the Romans. All the Greek cities which contained the
+greatest treasures were demolished, and all the pictures<a id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a>
+and
+statues fell into the hands of the victorious general, who had them
+carefully preserved and conveyed from the land where they had been
+adored. Of the estimation in which these great works were held by
+the Romans, we may form some idea by the general assuring a
+soldier, to whose charge he gave a statue by Praxiteles, that if he
+broke it, he should get another as well made in its place. War is a
+very destructive enemy to painting and sculpture; the intestine
+quarrels which ensued after the Romans had conquered the country,
+rendered the exercise of the art impracticable.</p>
+<p>The arts were neglected in Rome until the introduction of the
+popish religion. At that eventful era, statues and pictures were
+eagerly sought for; the admirable Grecian works were appropriated
+to purposes quite contrary to their pagan origin, for in many cases
+heathen deities were converted into apostles. The labours of
+Phidias, Myron, Praxiteles, Lysippus, and Scopas,<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a>
+were
+highly valued by the Romans, who became the correct imitators, and
+in time the rivals, of those celebrated sculptors.</p>
+<p>G.W.N.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS</h2>
+<hr />
+<h3>LOVE'S VICTIM.<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a>
+</h3>
+<blockquote>She left her own warm home<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;To tempt the frozen waste,<br />
+What time the traveller fear'd to roam,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;And hunter shunn'd the blast,<br />
+Love pour'd his strength into her soul&mdash;<br />
+Could peril e'er his power controul!<br />
+<br /><span class="pagenum"><a id="page16" name="page16"></a>[pg 16]</span>
+She left her own warm home.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;When stone, and herb, and tree,<br />
+And all beneath heaven's lurid dome<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;By wintry majesty,<br />
+In his stern age, were clad with snow,<br />
+And human hearts beat chill and slow.<br />
+<br />
+It was a fearful hour<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;For one so young and fair:<br />
+The woods had not one sheltering bower,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;The earth was trackless there,<br />
+The very boughs in silver slept,<br />
+As the sea-foam had o'er them swept.<br />
+<br />
+Snow after snow came down,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;The sky look'd fix'd in ice;<br />
+She deem'd amid the season's power,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Her love would all suffice<br />
+To keep the source of being warm,<br />
+And mock the terrors of the storm.<br />
+<br />
+Love was her world of life.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;She thought but of her heart,<br />
+And knowing that the winter's strife<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Could not its hope dispart,<br />
+She dream'd not that its home of clay<br />
+Might yield before the tempest's sway&mdash;<br />
+<br />
+Or judged that passion's power&mdash;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Passion so strong and pure.<br />
+Might mock the snow-flake's wildering shower,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Proud that it could endure,<br />
+As woman oft in times before<br />
+Had peril borne as much or more.<br />
+<br />
+She went&mdash;dawn past o'er dawn,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;None saw her face again,<br />
+The eyes she should have gazed upon,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Look'd for her face in vain&mdash;<br />
+The ear to which her voice was song,<br />
+Her voice had sought&mdash;how vainly long!<br />
+<br />
+There is in Saco's vale<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;A gently swelling hill,<br />
+Shadows have wrapt it like a veil<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;From trees that mark it still,<br />
+Around, the mountains towering blue<br />
+Look on that spot of saddest hue.<br />
+<br />
+'Twas by that little hill,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;At the dark noon of night,<br />
+Close by a frozen snow-hid rill,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Where branches close unite<br />
+Even in winter's leafless time,<br />
+The skeletons of summer's prime.<br />
+<br />
+That flash'd the traveller's flame<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;On tree and precipice,<br />
+And show'd a fair unearthly frame<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;In robes of glittering ice,<br />
+With head against a trunk inclined,<br />
+Like a dream-spirit of the mind.<br />
+<br />
+'Twas that love-wander'd maid, death-pale,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Her very heart's blood froze,<br />
+Love's Niobe, in her own vale,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Now reckless of all woes&mdash;<br />
+Love's victim fair, and true, find meet,<br />
+As she of the famed Paraclete.<br />
+<br />
+The mountains round shall tell<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Her tale to travellers long.<br />
+The little vale of Saco swell<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;The western poet's song,<br />
+And "Nancy's Hill" in loftier rhymes<br />
+Be sung through unborn realms and times.</blockquote>
+<i>New Monthly Magazine</i>.
+<hr class="full" />
+<h2>THE GATHERER</h2>
+<blockquote> "I am but a <i>Gatherer</i> and
+disposer of other men's stuff."&mdash;<i>Wotton</i>.
+</blockquote>
+<hr />
+<p>The late Dr. Barclay was a wit and a scholar, as well as a very
+great physiologist. When a happy illustration, or even a point of
+pretty broad humour, occurred to his mind, he hesitated not to
+apply it to the subject in hand; and in this way, he frequently
+roused and rivetted attention, when more abstract reasoning might
+have failed of its aim. On one occasion he happened to dine with a
+large party, composed chiefly of medical men. As the wine cup
+circulated, the conversation accidentally took a professional turn,
+and from the excitation of the moment, or some other cause, two of
+the youngest individuals present were the most forward in
+delivering their opinions. Sir James McIntosh once told a political
+opponent, that so far from following his example of using hard
+words and soft arguments, he would pass, if possible, into the
+opposite extreme, and use soft words and hard arguments. But our
+unfledged M.D.'s disregarded the above salutary maxim, and made up
+in loudness what they wanted in learning. At length, one of them
+said something so emphatic&mdash;we mean as to manner&mdash;that a
+pointer dog started from his lair beneath the table and
+<i>bow-wow-wowed</i> so fiercely, that he fairly took the lead in
+the discussion. Dr. Barclay eyed the hairy dialectician, and
+thinking it high time to close the debate, gave the animal a hearty
+push with his foot, and exclaimed in broad Scotch&mdash;"Lie still,
+ye brute; for I am sure ye ken just as little about it as ony
+o'them." We need hardly add, that this sally was followed by a
+hearty burst of laughter, in which even the disputants
+good-humouredly joined.</p>
+<hr />
+<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;Fair woman was made to bewitch&mdash;<br />
+A pleasure, a pain, a disturber, a nurse,<br />
+A slave, or a tyrant, a blessing, or curse;<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Fair woman was made to be&mdash;which?</blockquote>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+  <a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a>
+  <b>Footnote 1</b>: <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+  <p><i>New London Literary Gazette</i>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+  <a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a>
+  <b>Footnote 2</b>: <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+  <p>The circumstances of the case were as
+follows:&mdash;Jean Baptiste Michel, aged 36, a blacksmith,
+accompanied by a female named Marie Anne Debeyst, aged 22, was
+proceeding from Brussels to Vilvorde, one day in the month of
+March, 1824. In the All&eacute;verte, they overtook a servant girl,
+who was imprudent enough to mention to them that her master had
+entrusted her with a sum of money. Near Vilvorde, Michel and his
+paramour, having formed their plan of assassination and robbery,
+rejoined the poor girl, whom they had momentarily left, and
+violently demanded the bag containing the gold and silver. The
+unfortunate young creature resisted their attacks as long as she
+could, but was soon felled to the ground by Michel, who with a
+thick stick fractured her skull, whilst Debeyst trod upon the
+prostrate victim of their horrid crime. These wretches were shortly
+afterwards arrested and committed to prison. On the 5th of April,
+1825, they were condemned to death by the Court of Assize at
+Brussels, but implored of the royal clemency a commutation of
+punishment. This was granted to the woman, whose sentence was
+changed to perpetual imprisonment. Michel's petition was
+rejected.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+  <a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a>
+  <b>Footnote 3</b>: <a href="#footnotetag3">(return)</a>
+  <p>It is a fact not known to every juvenile lover of
+nature, that a transverse section of a fern-root presents a
+miniature picture of an <i>oak tree</i> which no painter could
+rival.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+  <a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a>
+  <b>Footnote 4</b>: <a href="#footnotetag4">(return)</a>
+  <p>1765, translated from the French by Thomas Nugent,
+LL.D.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+  <a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a>
+  <b>Footnote 5</b>: <a href="#footnotetag5">(return)</a>
+  <p>The pictures alluded to were the works of Apelles,
+Apollodorus, and Protogenes.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+  <a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a>
+  <b>Footnote 6</b>: <a href="#footnotetag6">(return)</a>
+<p>These sculptors, according to Pliny, were the most
+reputed among the ancients.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote">
+  <a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a>
+  <b>Footnote 7</b>: <a href="#footnotetag7">(return)</a>
+<p>A few miles below the Notch of the White Mountains in
+the Valley of Saco, is a little rise of land called "Nancy's Hill."
+It was formerly thickly covered with trees, a cluster of which
+remains to mark the spot. In 1773, at Dartmouth, Jefferson co. U.S.
+lived Nancy&mdash;&mdash;, of respectable connexions. She was
+engaged to be married. Her lover had set out for Lancaster. She
+would follow him in the depth of winter, and on foot. There was not
+a house for thirty miles, and the way through the wild woods a
+footpath only. She persisted in her design, and wrapping herself in
+her long cloak, proceeded on her way. Snow and frost took place for
+several weeks, when some persons passing her route, reached the
+lull at night. On lighting their fires, an unearthly figure stood
+before them beneath the bending branches, wrapped in a robe of ice.
+It was the lifeless form of Nancy.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<p><i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand (near
+Somerset House), and sold by all Newsmen and Booksellers</i>.</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<pre>
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 10, ISSUE 262, JULY 7, 1827 ***
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