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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Y Gododin + A Poem on the Battle of Cattraeth + + +Author: Aneurin + + + +Release Date: March 30, 2009 [eBook #9842] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK Y GODODIN*** +</pre> +<p>Transcribed from the 1852 William Rees edition by David Price, +email ccx074@pglaf.org</p> +<h1>Y GODODIN</h1> +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">A Poem<br /> +<span class="smcap">on</span><br /> +THE BATTLE OF CATTRAETH,<br /> +<span class="smcap">by</span><br /> +ANEURIN,<br /> +<span class="smcap">a welsh bard of the sixth century</span>,<br +/> +<span class="smcap">with an</span><br /> +English Translation,<br /> +<span class="smcap">and numerous historical and critical +annotations</span>;</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">by</span><br /> +THE REV. JOHN WILLIAMS AB ITHEL, M.A.<br /> +<span class="smcap">rector of llanymowddwy</span>, <span +class="smcap">merionethshire</span>.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">LLANDOVERY:<br /> +PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM REES; LONDON,<br /> +LONGMAN, AND CO.</p> +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><span +class="smcap">mdccclii</span>.</p> +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">william +rees</span>, <span class="smcap">printer</span>, <span +class="smcap">llandovery</span>.</p> +<h2>PREFACE</h2> +<p>Aneurin, the author of this poem, was the son of Caw, lord of +Cwm Cawlwyd, or Cowllwg, a region in the North, which, as we +learn from a Life of Gildas in the monastery of Fleury published +by Johannes a Bosco, comprehended Arecluta or Strath Clyde. <a +name="citation0a"></a><a href="#footnote0a" +class="citation">[0a]</a> Several of his brothers seem to +have emigrated from Prydyn in company with their father before +the battle of Cattraeth, and, under the royal protection of +Maelgwn Gwynedd, to have settled in Wales, where they professed +religious lives, and became founders of churches. He +himself, however, remained behind, and having been initiated into +the mysteries of Bardism, formed an intimate acquaintance with +Owen, Cian, Llywarch Hen, and Taliesin, all likewise disciples of +the Awen. By the rules of his order a Bard was not +permitted ordinarily to bear arms, <a name="citation0b"></a><a +href="#footnote0b" class="citation">[0b]</a> and though the +exceptional case, in which he might act differently, may be said +to have arisen from “the lawlessness and depredation” +<a name="citation0c"></a><a href="#footnote0c" +class="citation">[0c]</a> of the Saxons, Aneurin does not appear +to have been present at Cattraeth in any other capacity than that +of a herald Bard. Besides the absence of any intimation to +the contrary, we think the passages where he compares Owen to +himself, and where he makes proposals at the conference, and +above all where he attributes his safety to his +“gwenwawd,” conclusive on the subject. His +heraldic character would be recognised by all nations, according +to the universal law of warfare, whereas it is very improbable +that any poetic effusion which he might have delivered, could +have influence upon a people whose language differed so +materially from his own.</p> +<p>The Gododin was evidently composed when the various +occurrences that it records were as yet fresh in the +author’s mind and recollection. It is divided into +stanzas, which, though they now amount to only ninety-seven, are +supposed to have originally corresponded in point of number with +the chieftains that went to Cattraeth. This is strongly +intimated in the declaration subjoined to Gorchan Cynvelyn, and +cited in the notes at page 86, and thence would we infer that the +Gorchanau themselves are portions of the Gododin, having for +their object the commemoration of the persons whose names they +bear. Of course all of them, with the exception of the +short one of Adebon, contain passages that have been transposed +from other stanzas, which may account for their disproportionate +lengths. This is especially the case with Gorchan Maelderw, +the latter, and by far the greater portion whereof, is in the +Carnhuanawc MS. detached from the former, and separately entitled +“Fragments of the Gododin and other pieces of the sixth +century.” That they were “incantations,” +cannot be admitted; and if the word “gorchan,” or +“gwarchan” mean here anything except simply “a +canon, or fundamental part of song,” we should be inclined +to consider it as synonymous with “gwarthan,” and to +suppose that the poems in question referred to the camps of +Adebon, Maelderw, and Cynvelyn:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Gwarchan Cynvelyn ar Ododin.” <a +name="citation0d"></a><a href="#footnote0d" +class="citation">[0d]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>According to the tenor of the Cynvelyn statement, every stanza +would bring before us a fresh hero. This principle we have +not overlooked in the discrimination and arrangements of proper +names, though owing to evident omissions and interpolations, an +irregularity in this respect occasionally and of necessity +occurs.</p> +<p>Aneurin, like a true poet of nature, abstains from all artful +introduction or invocation, and launches at once into his +subject. His eye follows the gorgeously and distinctively +armed chiefs, as they move at the head of their respective +companies, and perform deeds of valour on the bloody field. +He delights to enhance by contrast their domestic and warlike +habits, and frequently recurs to the pang of sorrow, which the +absence of the warriors must have caused to their friends and +relatives at home, and reflects with much genuine feeling upon +the disastrous consequences, that the loss of the battle would +entail upon these and their dear native land. And though he +sets forth his subject in the ornamental language of poetry, yet +he is careful not to transgress the bounds of truth. This +is strikingly instanced in the manner in which he names no less +than four witnesses as vouchers for the correctness of his +description of Caradawg. Herein he produces one of the +“three agreements that ought to be in a song,” viz. +an agreement “between truth and the marvellous.” <a +name="citation0e"></a><a href="#footnote0e" +class="citation">[0e]</a></p> +<p>He also gives “relish to his song,” <a +name="citation0f"></a><a href="#footnote0f" +class="citation">[0f]</a> by adopting “a diversity of +structure in the metre;” for the lyric comes in +occasionally to relieve the solemnity of the heroic, whilst at +the same time the latter is frequently capable of being divided +into a shorter verse, a plan which has been observed in one of +the MSS. used on the present occasion; e. g. the twelfth stanza +is thus arranged,—</p> +<blockquote><p>Gwyr a aeth Gattraeth gan ddydd<br /> + Neus goreu } gywilydd<br /> + O gadeu }<br /> + Wy gwnaethant } gelorwydd<br /> + Yn geugant }<br /> + A llafn aur llawn anawdd ym bedydd<br /> + Goreu yw hyn cyn cystlwn carennydd<br /> + Ennaint creu } oe henydd<br /> + Ac angeu }<br /> + Rhag byddin } pan fu ddydd<br /> + Wawdodyn }<br /> + Neus goreu dan bwylliad neirthiad gwychydd.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>But though Aneurin survived the battle of Cattraeth to +celebrate the memory of his less fortunate countrymen in this +noble composition, he also ultimately met with a violent +death. The Triads relate that he was killed by the blow of +an axe, inflicted upon his head by Eiddin son of Einigan, which +event was in consequence branded as one of “the three +accursed deeds of the Isle of Britain.” <a +name="citation0g"></a><a href="#footnote0g" +class="citation">[0g]</a></p> +<p>His memory, however, lived in the Gododin, and the estimation +in which the poem was held by his successors has earned for him +the title of “medeyrn beirdd,” the king of +Bards. Davydd Benvras 1190–1240, prays for that +genius which would enable him</p> +<blockquote><p>“To sing praises as Aneurin of yore,<br /> +The day he sang the Gododin.” <a name="citation0h"></a><a +href="#footnote0h" class="citation">[0h]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>Risserdyn 1290–1340 in an Ode to Hywel ab Gruffydd +speaks of</p> +<blockquote><p>“A tongue with the eloquence of Aneurin of +splendid song.” <a name="citation0i"></a><a +href="#footnote0i" class="citation">[0i]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>And Sevnyn 1320–1378 asserts that</p> +<blockquote><p>“The praise of Aneurin is proclaimed by +thousands.” <a name="citation0j"></a><a href="#footnote0j" +class="citation">[0j]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>Such is the language in which the mediæval Bards were +accustomed to talk of the author of the Gododin.</p> +<p>The basis of the present translation is a MS. on vellum +apparently of about the year 1200. In that MS. the lines +are all written out to the margin, without any regard to the +measure. Capital letters are never introduced but at the +beginning of paragraphs, where they are ornamented and coloured +alternately red and green. At page 20 Gwilym Tew and Rhys +Nanmor <a name="citation0k"></a><a href="#footnote0k" +class="citation">[0k]</a> are mentioned as the owners of the +Book, but the names are written in a hand, and with letters more +modern than the MS. It at one time belonged to Mr. Jones +the Historian of Brecknockshire, and came latterly into the +possession of the late Rev. T. Price, with whose Executrix, Mrs. +E. Powell of Abergavenny, it now remains. The author of the +Celtic Researches took a transcript of it, which he communicated +to the Rev. W. J. Rees, of Cascob, who had previously copied the +said transcript by the permission of the Rev. E. Davies. +Mr. Rees’s copy was afterwards collated by Dr. Meyer with +Mr. Davies’s transcript, and the only inaccuracy which had +crept in was by him carefully corrected. Dr. Meyer again +transcribed Mr. Rees’s copy for the use of the present +work, and that version in its turn has been collated by Mr. Rees, +during the progress of the work through the press, with the +transcript in his possession. To these two gentlemen the +translator is under deep obligations.</p> +<p>Also to Mr. Owen Williams of Waunfawr, for the loan of three +other manuscript copies of the Gododin. Two of them occur +in the same book, which purports to have been a transcript made +by the Rev. David Ellis, the first part, A.D. 1775 of an old +book, the second part, June 7, 1777, of a book supposed to have +been written by Sion Brwynog about the year 1550. In these +versions the stanzas are not divided. The third version +appears in a book containing a variety of poems and articles in +prose, of which, however, the writer or copyist is not known, +though one “Davydd Thomas” is mentioned in a poor +modern hand as being the owner. Our poem is therein headed +“Y Gododin. Aneurin ae cant. Gydâ nodau y +Parchedig Evan Evans.” These “nodau” are +marginal notes, and evidently the different readings of another +version.</p> +<p>The different copies or versions used are distinguished as +follow;—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Myvyrian</p> +</td> +<td><p>1</p> +</td> +<td><p>E. Evans</p> +</td> +<td><p>5</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>D. Ellis</p> +</td> +<td><p>2</p> +</td> +<td><p>P. Panton</p> +</td> +<td><p>6</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Ditto</p> +</td> +<td><p>3</p> +</td> +<td><p>E. Davies</p> +</td> +<td><p>7</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>D. Thomas</p> +</td> +<td><p>4</p> +</td> +<td><p>Dr. Meyer</p> +</td> +<td><p>8</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Nos 1 and 6 are those which are printed in the Archaiology of +Wales, vol. i. All words that differ in form or meaning, +though not in orthography, from those of No. 7, are duly arranged +at the foot of the page <a name="citation0l"></a><a +href="#footnote0l" class="citation">[0l]</a>, from which it will +be seen that 1, 2, 3, 5, generally agree one with the other, +whilst 4 and 6 also for the most part go together.</p> +<p>It is to be observed, moreover, that though we have taken No. +7 as our text, we have not servilely confined ourself to it, but +that wherever any of the other versions have been considered +preferable, we have unhesitatingly adopted them. The +different meanings, however, are generally inserted in the +notes.</p> +<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2> +<p>The country situate between the Humber and the Clyde in North +Britain was, for the most part, originally occupied by the Cymry, +who here, as well as in the west, displayed no mean valour in +opposition to the Roman arms. The latter certainly +prevailed; nevertheless it is to be noticed that they did not +finally destroy, nor indeed to any material extent alter the +national features of Prydyn. This is evident from the +manner in which the conquerors thought fit to incorporate into +their own geographical vocabulary many of the local names, which +they found already in use; and above all from the purely +ancestral character which the native chieftains exhibited on +emerging from the Roman ruins in the fifth century. Indeed +to permit the defeated princes, under certain restrictions, to +enjoy their former rights and jurisdictions, was perfectly in +accordance with the usual policy of the Romans, as we may learn +from the testimony of Tacitus, who remarks, in reference to the +British king Cogidunus, that they granted to him certain states +according to ancient custom, and the reason assigned is that they +might have even kings as instruments of slavery. <a +name="citation1a"></a><a href="#footnote1a" +class="citation">[1a]</a> The homage of the subjugated +provinces seems to have consisted principally in the payment of a +tribute of money, and the furnishing of soldiers for foreign +service.</p> +<p>Such, no doubt, was the position of Cunedda Wledig, who +“began to reign about A.D. 328, and died in 389”; <a +name="citation1b"></a><a href="#footnote1b" +class="citation">[1b]</a> and who, according to the Historia +Britonum attributed to Nennius, “venerat de parte +sinistrali, id est, de regione quæ vocatur Manau +Guotodin,” <a name="citation1c"></a><a href="#footnote1c" +class="citation">[1c]</a> the heights of Gododin, and the same +apparently with the territory of the Ottadeni.</p> +<p>In the Myvyrian Archaiology, v. 1, p. 71, is printed an Elegy +on Cunedda, the work of one who had actually partaken of his +royal munificence, who had received from him “milch cows, +horses, wine, oil, and a host of slaves.” The writer +with respect to the martial prowess of his patron, observes,</p> +<blockquote><p>“Trembling with fear of Cunedda,<br /> +Will be Caer Weir and Caer Liwelydd.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>And again,</p> +<blockquote><p>“A hundred times ere his shield was +shattered in battle,<br /> +Bryneich obeyed his commands in the conflict.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The modern names of the localities, mentioned in these +extracts, are respectively Warwick, Carlisle <a +name="citation2a"></a><a href="#footnote2a" +class="citation">[2a]</a> and Bernicia. The two latter are +in the immediate vicinity of the Ottadeni; the former, being +further removed, would indicate the direction and extent of his +arms.</p> +<p>From other sources we learn that Cunedda was the son of Edeyrn +ab Padarn Peisrudd, by Gwawl, daughter of Coel Godebog, and that +he was entitled, in right of his mother, to certain territories +in Wales. When these were invaded by the Gwyddyl, his sons, +twelve in number, left their northern home for the purpose of +recovering the same, in which they were successful, though the +enemy was not finally extirpated until the battle at Cerrig y +Gwyddyl, in the succeeding generation. It is asserted by +some that Cunedda accompanied his sons in this expedition, and +that it was undertaken as much through inability to retain +possession of their more immediate dominions, as from the desire +of acquiring or regaining other lands. However, though the +sons settled in Wales and on its borders, it is more accordant +with the drift of the Poem, already cited, to suppose that +Cunedda himself died in the North. Nevertheless, it is +undoubted that the native chieftains began to suffer in that part +of the island from barbarian incursions even before the departure +of the Romans. Thus Ammianus Marcellinus, with reference to +the year 364, bears testimony, that “the Picts and Saxons +and Scots and Attacots harassed the Britons with continual +oppressions.” <a name="citation2b"></a><a +href="#footnote2b" class="citation">[2b]</a></p> +<p>The final abandonment of the island by the Romans occurred, +according to Zosimus, about A.D. 408 or 409, at which time the +native princes arose to the full enjoyment of feudal dignity and +power. In the North, among others, we find Pabo Post +Prydain, a descendant of Coel Godebog in the 4th degree, and +Cynvarch Oer, a member of another branch of the same family; both +of whom, however, were compelled by the inroads of the predatory +hordes, to leave their territories and seek refuge in Wales, +though it would appear that Urien, son of the latter, succeeded +subsequently in recovering his paternal dominion.</p> +<p>The struggle continued, and the enemies had gradually extended +themselves along the coasts, when in 547 they received an +important reinforcement by the arrival of Ida with forty +ships. Gododin, Deivyr, and Bryneich, being situated on the +eastern shore, would be especially exposed to the ravages of +these marauders. Indeed it does not appear that Gododin +ever recovered its pristine independence after the death of +Cunedda, at least we do not hear that any of his sons +subsequently asserted their claims to it, or had anything to do +with the administration of its government: they all seem to have +ended their days in their western dominions. Deivyr and +Bryneich, however, were more fortunate, for we find that they +were ruled as late as the 6th century by British monarchs, among +whom are named Gall, Diffedell, and Disgyrnin, the sons of +Disgyvyndawd; <a name="citation3a"></a><a href="#footnote3a" +class="citation">[3a]</a> though there is reason to believe that +at that time they were in treacherous alliance with the +Saxons. A Triad positively affirms, that “there were +none of the Lloegrwys who did not coalesce with the Saxons, save +such as were found in Cornwall, and in the Commot of Carnoban in +Deivyr and Bryneich.” <a name="citation3b"></a><a +href="#footnote3b" class="citation">[3b]</a> And it is a +remarkable fact, as corroborative of this statement, that the +Cymry ever after, as may be seen in the works of the Bards, +applied the term Bryneich to such of their kindred as joined with +the enemies of their country.</p> +<p>Certain it is, that, at the period of our Poem, the people of +the three provinces in question were open enemies of the Cymry, +as appears from stanzas iii, v, and ix. When we see there +how the Bard commends one hero for not yielding to the army of +Gododin, and celebrates the praise of another who committed an +immense slaughter amongst the men of Deivyr and Bryneich, and +threatens, in the case of a third party, that if they were +suspected of leaning to the Bernician interest, he would himself +raise his hand against them, we can come to no other conclusion +than that those countries were arrayed against the Cymry when the +battle of Cattraeth took place.</p> +<p>Ida had to encounter a powerful opponent in the person of +Urien, king of Rheged, a district in or near which Cattraeth lay, +as we infer from two poems of Taliesin. Thus, one entitled +“Gwaith Gwenystrad,” commences with the words,</p> +<blockquote><p>“Extol the men of Cattraeth, who, with the +dawn,<br /> +Went with their victorious leader<br /> +Urien, a renowned elder.” <a name="citation3c"></a><a +href="#footnote3c" class="citation">[3c]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>In the other, called “Yspail Taliesin,” Urien is +styled “Glyw Cattraeth,” the ruler of Cattraeth. <a +name="citation4a"></a><a href="#footnote4a" +class="citation">[4a]</a> At the same time he is generally +spoken of under the title of Rheged’s chief.</p> +<p>The leader of the hostile forces in the battle of Gwenystrad +is not named, but in the battle of Argoed Llwyvein we find him to +be Flamddwyn or the Torch bearer, a name by which the Britons +delighted to designate the formidable Ida. +Flamddwyn’s army on this occasion consisted of four +legions, which reached from Argoed to Arvynydd, and against them +were arrayed the men of Goddeu and Rheged, under the command of +Ceneu ab Coel, and Owain, and “Urien the prince.”</p> +<p>Argoed, bordering on Deivyr and Bryneich, was ruled by +Llywarch Hen, who after his abdication and flight into Powys, +pathetically records the loyal attachment of his former +subjects,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“The men of Argoed have ever supported +me.” <a name="citation4b"></a><a href="#footnote4b" +class="citation">[4b]</a></p> +</blockquote> +<p>The Historia Britonum enumerates three other kings, who with +Urien fought against the Saxons in the North, viz., Rhydderch, +Gwallawg, and Morgant, though the latter, under the impulse of +envy, procured the assassination of Urien, in the Isle of +Lindisfarne.</p> +<p>After the Saxons had finally established themselves on the +eastern coast, in the forementioned countries, an immense +rampart, extending nearly from the Solway to the Frith of Forth, +was erected, either with the view of checking their further +progress westward, or else by mutual consent of the two nations, +as a mere line of demarcation between their respective +dominions. This wall cannot have an earlier date, for it +runs through the middle of the country originally occupied by the +Gadeni, and could not of course have been constructed as a +boundary by them; nor can it be referred to a more recent period, +as there could be no reason for forming such a fence after the +Saxons had intruded upon the whole country which it +divides. This was the famous <span +class="smcap">Catrail</span>, which we presume to be identical +with <span class="smcap">Cattraeth</span>, where the disastrous +battle of that name, as sung by Aneurin, was fought.</p> +<p>Catrail means literally “the war fence” +(cad-rhail), but on the supposition that it is synonymous with +Cattraeth, the rhyme in the Gododin would determine the latter to +be the correct term, or that by which Aneurin distinguished the +line. The meaning of Cattraeth would be either “the +war tract” (cad-traeth), or “the legal war +fence” (cad-rhaith); the latter of which would give some +countenance to the idea that it was formed by mutual +agreement.</p> +<p>The whole course of the Catrail, which may be traced from the +vicinity of Galashiels to Peel-fell, is upwards of forty five +miles. The most entire parts of it show that it was +originally a broad and deep fosse; having on each side a rampart, +which was formed of the natural soil, that was thrown from the +ditch, intermixed with some stones. Its dimensions vary in +different places, which may be owing to its remains being more or +less perfect. In those parts where it is pretty entire, the +fosse is twenty seven, twenty six, and twenty five feet +broad. But in those places where the rampart has been most +demolished the fosse only measures twenty two and a half feet, +twenty and eighteen, and in one place only sixteen feet +wide. As the ramparts sloped on the inside, it is obvious +that in proportion as they were demolished, the width of the +fosse within would be diminished. In some of the most +entire parts the ramparts are from six to seven, and even nine or +ten feet high, and from eight to ten and twelve feet thick. +They are, no doubt, less now than they were originally, owing to +the effects of time and tillage. <a name="citation5a"></a><a +href="#footnote5a" class="citation">[5a]</a></p> +<p>Such is the Catrail, and were it identical with Cattraeth, we +should naturally expect to meet with some allusions to a work of +that description in the body of the Poem. Nor are we herein +disappointed, for the expressions “ffosawd,” <a +name="citation5b"></a><a href="#footnote5b" +class="citation">[5b]</a> “clawdd,” <a +name="citation5c"></a><a href="#footnote5c" +class="citation">[5c]</a> “ffin,” <a +name="citation5d"></a><a href="#footnote5d" +class="citation">[5d]</a> “cladd clodvawr,” <a +name="citation5e"></a><a href="#footnote5e" +class="citation">[5e]</a> “goglawdd,” <a +name="citation5f"></a><a href="#footnote5f" +class="citation">[5f]</a> “clawdd gwernin,” <a +name="citation5g"></a><a href="#footnote5g" +class="citation">[5g]</a> and “gorffin Gododin,” <a +name="citation5h"></a><a href="#footnote5h" +class="citation">[5h]</a> are undoubtedly such allusions, though +we readily admit that some of them may, and probably do, refer to +the ordinary circular forts of the Britons, of whom there are +several along the line. It may be added here that Taliesin +in his description of the battle of Gwenystrad, where the men of +Cattraeth fought under Urien, speaks of a “govwr” or +an intrenchment, that was “assailed by the laborious toil +of warriors.”</p> +<p>Having thus satisfied ourselves as to the nature and locality +of Cattraeth; the general subject of the Poem becomes +apparent. It was a battle fought at the barrier in question +between the Cymry and the Saxons, the most extended in its design +and operations on the part of the former, as it proved to them +the most disastrous in its results, of all that had hitherto +taken place between the two people in that part of the +island.</p> +<p>The details of this bloody encounter, as we gather them from +the Poem, were as follow: At the call of Mynyddawg, lord of +Eiddin, whose dominions lay peculiarly exposed, both by sea and +land, to the attack of the enemy, the native chieftains of +Prydyn, aided by many of their relatives and friends from Gwynedd +and Cernyw, entered into a mutual alliance in behalf of their +common country. <a name="citation6a"></a><a href="#footnote6a" +class="citation">[6a]</a> In one place the daughter of +Eudav <a name="citation6b"></a><a href="#footnote6b" +class="citation">[6b]</a> is joined with Mynyddawg, as one upon +whose errand the expedition was undertaken, but whether she was +his wife, or ruled over a territory adjacent to, or equally +threatened with his own, does not appear. The troops under +their respective leaders arrived at Eiddin, where they were +sumptuously entertained by Mynyddawg, <a name="citation6c"></a><a +href="#footnote6c" class="citation">[6c]</a> and where they +established their head quarters. The generals named in the +Poem amount in number to about ninety, but this was not the third +part of the whole, which consisted of “three hundred and +sixty three chieftains wearing the golden torques.” <a +name="citation6d"></a><a href="#footnote6d" +class="citation">[6d]</a> The aggregate number of men that +followed these illustrious leaders is not told, but if an average +may be formed from what we know respecting a few cases, it will +appear to have been immense. Mynyddawg’s retinue +consisted of “three hundred;” <a +name="citation6e"></a><a href="#footnote6e" +class="citation">[6e]</a> there were “five battalions of +five hundred men each,” “three levies of three +hundred each;” “three bold knights” had each +“three hundred of equal quality;” <a +name="citation6f"></a><a href="#footnote6f" +class="citation">[6f]</a> thus averaging about four hundred for +each commander, which, multiplied by three hundred and sixty +three, would exhibit an overwhelming army of a hundred and forty +five thousand, and two hundred men! Yet the Poet describes +the numerical advantages possessed by the enemy as greatly +superior.</p> +<p>These forces, being all placed on the western side of the +dyke, would approach the land of their enemies as they marched to +the field of battle, hence the reason why Aneurin uses the +expressions “Gwyr a aeth Gattraeth,” and “Gwyr +a aeth Gododin,” as synonymous.</p> +<p>The enemies, as before observed, were the Saxons, aided on +this occasion by many of the Lloegrians, namely, such of the +natives as had submitted to their sway in the provinces they had +already conquered. They concentrated their forces in +Gododin, and marched westward in the direction of the great +fence, where the Britons were awaiting them. Aneurin has +not thought fit to record the names of any of their generals, +with the single exception of Dyvnwal Vrych, <a +name="citation7a"></a><a href="#footnote7a" +class="citation">[7a]</a> who, to entitle him to that +distinction, must have figured prominently on the field of +battle.</p> +<p>The engagement commenced on a Tuesday, and continued for a +whole week, the last four days being the most bloody. <a +name="citation7b"></a><a href="#footnote7b" +class="citation">[7b]</a> For some time both parties fought +gallantly, and with almost equal success; fortune perhaps upon +the whole appearing to favour the Cymry, who not only slew a vast +number of their adversaries, but partially succeeded in +recovering their lost dominions. <a name="citation7c"></a><a +href="#footnote7c" class="citation">[7c]</a> At this +critical juncture a dwarfish herald arrived at the fence, +proposing on the part of the Saxons a truce or compact, which, +however, was indignantly rejected by the natives, and the action +renewed. <a name="citation7d"></a><a href="#footnote7d" +class="citation">[7d]</a> The scales now rapidly +turned. In one part of the field such a terrible carnage +ensued, that there was but one man left to scare away the birds +of prey, which hovered over the carcases of the slain. <a +name="citation7e"></a><a href="#footnote7e" +class="citation">[7e]</a> In another, where our Bard was +stationed, a portion of the allied army, owing to the absence of +its general, became panic stricken. <a name="citation7f"></a><a +href="#footnote7f" class="citation">[7f]</a> Aneurin was +taken prisoner, hurried off to a cave or dungeon, and loaded with +chains. <a name="citation7g"></a><a href="#footnote7g" +class="citation">[7g]</a> At length a conference was +submitted to, which was held at a place called Llanveithin, at +which Aneurin, who had been forcibly liberated by one of the sons +of Llywarch Hen, insisted upon the restoration of part of +Gododin, or the alternative of continuing the fight. The +Saxon herald met the proposal by killing the British Bard Owain, +who was of course unarmed. <a name="citation7h"></a><a +href="#footnote7h" class="citation">[7h]</a> Such a +violation of privilege excited then the whole energies of the +Cymry, who rose as one man, and gave the entire scene a more +bloody character than it had yet presented.</p> +<p>Victory, however, at length proclaimed in favour of the +usurpers, and so decisively, that out of the three hundred and +sixty three chieftains that went to the field of Cattraeth, three +only returned alive, Cynon, and Cadreith, and Cadlew of Cadnant, +besides Aneurin himself. <a name="citation7i"></a><a +href="#footnote7i" class="citation">[7i]</a> The number of +common soldiers that fell must be conjectured.</p> +<p>We have said that the battle commenced on a Tuesday; it would +appear from two passages, namely, where the meeting of reapers in +the hall of Eiddin, <a name="citation7j"></a><a +href="#footnote7j" class="citation">[7j]</a> and the employment +of Gwynwydd in protecting the corn on the highlands, <a +name="citation8a"></a><a href="#footnote8a" +class="citation">[8a]</a> are spoken of, that the time of year in +which it occurred was the harvest.</p> +<p>It is not, however, so easy to determine the exact year when +all this happened. Neither Arthur nor Urien are mentioned +as being present, and though the stanzas containing their names +may have been lost, it must be admitted that in the case of such +distinguished warriors reason will not warrant the supposition: +the fair inference would be that they were dead at the +time. This view is, moreover, supported by readings of the +Gododin, where certain heroes are compared to the said chiefs +respectively, “of Arthur,” “un Urien,” +which would hardly have been done had these latter been +alive. The death of Arthur is placed in the year 542; +Owain, who died at Cattraeth, slew Ida, A.D. 560, and Urien is +said to have been assassinated about 567; the battle under +consideration must have happened subsequently, probably about the +year usually assigned it, viz., 570. This was in the reign +of Rhun, a descendant in the 4th degree of Cunedda Wledig, King +of Gododin!</p> +<p>The vulgar opinion is that the Britons lost the battle in +consequence of having marched to the field in a state of +intoxication; and it must be admitted that there are many +passages in the Poem, which, simply considered, would seem to +favour that view. Nevertheless, granting that the 363 +chieftains had indulged too freely in their favourite beverage, +it is hardly credible that the bulk of the army, on which mainly +depended the destiny of the battle, had the same opportunity of +rendering themselves equally incapacitated, or, if we suppose +that all had become so, that they did not recover their sobriety +in seven days! The fact appears to be, that Aneurin in the +instances alluded to, intends merely to contrast the social and +festive habits of his countrymen at home with their lives of toil +and privation in war, after a practise common to the Bards, not +only of that age, but subsequently. Or it may be that the +banquet, at which the British leaders were undoubtedly +entertained in the hall of Eiddin, was looked upon as the sure +prelude to war, and that in that sense the mead and wine were to +them as poison.</p> +<h2>Y GODODIN</h2> +<h3>I.</h3> +<p>Gredyf gwr oed gwas<br /> +Gwrhyt am dias<br /> +Meirch mwth myngvras<br /> +A dan vordwyt megyrwas<br /> +Ysgwyt ysgauyn lledan<br /> +Ar bedrein mein vuan<br /> +Kledyuawr glas glan<br /> +Ethy eur aphan<br /> +Ny bi ef a vi<br /> +Cas e rof a thi<br /> +Gwell gwneif a thi<br /> +Ar wawt dy uoli<br /> +Kynt y waet elawr<br /> +Nogyt y neithyawr<br /> +Kynt y vwyt y vrein<br /> +Noc y argyurein<br /> +Ku kyueillt ewein<br /> +Kwl y uot a dan vrein<br /> +Marth ym pa vro<br /> +Llad un mab marro</p> +<h3>II.</h3> +<p>Kayawc kynhorawc men y delhei<br /> +Diffun ymlaen bun med a dalhei<br /> +Twll tal y rodawr ene klywei<br /> +Awr ny rodei nawd meint dilynei<br /> +Ni chilyei o gamhawn eny verei<br /> +Waet mal brwyn gomynei gwyr nyt echei<br /> +Nys adrawd gododin ar llawr mordei<br /> +Rac pebyll madawc pan atcoryei<br /> +Namen un gwr o gant eny delhei</p> +<h3>III.</h3> +<p>Kaeawc kynnivyat kywlat erwyt<br /> +Ruthyr eryr en ebyr pan llithywyt<br /> +E arnot a vu not a gatwyt<br /> +Grwell a wnaeth e aruaeth ny gilywyt<br /> +Rac bedin ododin odechwyt<br /> +Hyder gymhell ar vreithel vanawyt<br /> +Ny nodi nac ysgeth w nac ysgwyt<br /> +Ny ellir anet ry vaethpwyt<br /> +Rac ergyt catvannan catwyt</p> +<h3>IV.</h3> +<p>Kaeawc kynhorawc bleid e maran<br /> +Gwevrawr godrwawr torchawr am rann<br /> +Bu gwevrawr gwerthvawr gwerth gwin vann<br /> +Ef gwrthodes gwrys gwyar disgrein<br /> +Ket dyffei wyned a gogled e rann<br /> +O gussyl mab ysgyrran<br /> +Ysgwydawr angkyuan</p> +<h3>V.</h3> +<p>Kaeawc kynhorawc aruawc eg gawr<br /> +Kyn no diw e gwr gwrd eg gwyawr<br /> +Kynran en racwan rac bydinawr<br /> +Kwydei pym pymwnt rac y lafnawr<br /> +O wyr deivyr a brennych dychiawr<br /> +Ugein cant eu diuant en un awr<br /> +Kynt y gic e vleid nogyt e neithyawr<br /> +Kynt e vud e vran nogyt e allawr<br /> +Kyn noe argyurein e waet e lawr<br /> +Gwerth med eg kynted gan lliwedawr<br /> +Hyueid hir ermygir tra vo kerdawr</p> +<h3>VI.</h3> +<p>Gwyr a aeth Ododin chwerthin ognaw<br /> +Chwerw en trin a llain en emdullyaw<br /> +Byrr vlyned en hed yd ynt endaw<br /> +Mab botgat gwnaeth gwynnyeith gwreith e law<br /> +Ket elwynt e lanneu e benydyaw<br /> +A hen a yeueing a hydyr a llaw<br /> +Dadyl diheu angheu y eu treidaw</p> +<h3>VII.</h3> +<p>Gwyr a aeth Ododin chwerthin wanar<br /> +Disgynnyeis em bedin trin diachar<br /> +Wy lledi a llavnawr heb vawr drydar<br /> +Colovyn glyw reithuyw rodi arwar</p> +<h3>VIII.</h3> +<p>Gwyr a aeth gatraeth oed fraeth eu llu<br /> +Glasved eu hancwyn a gwenwyn vu<br /> +Trychant trwy beiryant en cattau<br /> +A gwedy elwch tawelwch vu<br /> +Ket elwynt e lanneu e benydu<br /> +Dadyl dieu angheu y eu treidu</p> +<h3>IX.</h3> +<p>Gwyr a aeth gatraeth veduaeth uedwn<br /> +Fyryf frwythlawn oed cam nas kymhwyllwn<br /> +E am lavnawr coch gorvawr gwrmwn<br /> +Dwys dengyn ed emledyn aergwn<br /> +Ar deulu brenneych beych barnasswn<br /> +Dilyw dyn en vyw nys adawsswn<br /> +Kyueillt a golleis diffleis vedwn<br /> +Rugyl en emwrthryn rynn riadwn<br /> +Ny mennws gwrawl gwadawl chwegrwn<br /> +Maban y gian o vaen gwynngwn</p> +<h3>X.</h3> +<p>Gwyr a aeth gatraeth gan wawr<br /> +Trauodynt en hed eu hovnawr<br /> +Milcant a thrychant a emdaflawr<br /> +Gwyarllyt gwynnodynt waewawr<br /> +Ef gorsaf yng gwryaf eg gwryawr<br /> +Rac gosgord mynydawc mwynvawr</p> +<h3>XI.</h3> +<p>Gwyr a aeth gatraeth gan wawr<br /> +Dygymyrrws eu hoet eu hanyanawr<br /> +Med evynt melyn melys maglawr<br /> +Blwydyn bu llewyn llawer kerdawr<br /> +Coch eu cledyuawr na phurawr<br /> +Eu llain gwyngalch a phedryollt bennawr<br /> +Rac gosgord mynydawc mwynvawr</p> +<h3>XII.</h3> +<p>Gwyr a aeth gatraeth gan dyd<br /> +Neus goreu o gadeu gewilid<br /> +Wy gwnaethant en geugant gelorwyd<br /> +A llavnawr llawn annawd em bedyd<br /> +Goreu yw hwn kyn kystlwn kerennyd<br /> +Enneint creu ac angeu oe hennyd<br /> +Rac bedin Ododin pan vudyd<br /> +Neus goreu deu bwyllyat neirthyat gwychyd</p> +<h3>XIII.</h3> +<p>Gwr a aeth gatraeth gan dyd<br /> +Ne llewes ef vedgwyn veinoethyd<br /> +Bu truan gyuatcan gyvluyd<br /> +E neges ef or drachwres drenghidyd<br /> +Ny chryssiws gatraeth<br /> +Mawr mor ehelaeth<br /> + E aruaeth uch arwyt<br /> +Ny bu mor gyffor<br /> +O eidyn ysgor<br /> + A esgarei oswyd<br /> +Tutuwlch hir ech e dir ae dreuyd<br /> +Ef lladei Saesson seithuet dyd<br /> +Perheit y wrhyt en wrvyd<br /> +Ae govein gan e gein gyweithyd<br /> +Pan dyvu dutvwch dut nerthyd<br /> +Oed gwaetlan gwyaluan vab Kilyd</p> +<h3>XIV.</h3> +<p>Gwr a aeth gatraeth gan wawr<br /> +Wyneb udyn ysgorva ysgwydawr<br /> +Crei kyrchynt kynnullynt reiawr<br /> +En gynnan mal taran twryf aessawr<br /> +Gwr gorvynt gwr etvynt gwr llawr<br /> +Ef rwygei a chethrei a chethrawr<br /> +Od uch lled lladei a llavnawr<br /> +En gystud heyrn dur arbennawr<br /> +E mordei ystyngei a dyledawr<br /> +Rac erthgi erthychei vydinawr</p> +<h3>XV.</h3> +<p>O vreithyell gatraeth pan adrodir<br /> +Maon dychiorant eu hoet bu hir<br /> +Edyrn diedyrn amygyn dir<br /> +A meibyon godebawc gwerin enwir<br /> +Dyforthynt lynwyssawr gelorawr hir<br /> +Bu tru a dynghetven anghen gywir<br /> +A dyngwt y dutvwlch a chyvwlch hir<br /> +Ket yvein ved gloyw wrth leu babir<br /> +Ket vei da e vlas y gas bu hir</p> +<h3>XVI.</h3> +<p>Blaen echeching gaer glaer ewgei<br /> +Gwyr gweiryd gwanar ae dilynei<br /> +Blaen ar e bludue dygollouit vual<br /> +Ene vwynvawr vordei<br /> +Blaen gwirawt vragawt ef dybydei<br /> +Blaen eur a phorphor kein as mygei<br /> +Blaen edystrawr pasc ae gwaredei<br /> +Gwrthlef, ac euo bryt ae derllydei<br /> +Blaen erwyre gawr buduawr drei<br /> +Arth en llwrw byth hwyr e techei</p> +<h3>XVII.</h3> +<p>Anawr gynhoruan<br /> +Huan arwyran<br /> +Grwledic gwd gyffgein<br /> +Nef enys brydein<br /> +Garw ryt rac rynn<br /> +Aes elwrw budyn<br /> +Bual oed arwynn<br /> +Eg kynted eidyn<br /> +Erchyd ryodres<br /> +E ved medwawt<br /> +Yuei win gwirawt<br /> +Oed eruit uedel<br /> +Yuei win gouel<br /> +Aerueid en arued<br /> +Aer gennin vedel<br /> +Aer adan glaer<br /> +Kenyn keuit aer<br /> +Aer seirchyawc<br /> +Aer edenawc<br /> +Nyt oed diryf y ysgwyt<br /> +Gan waywawr plymnwyt<br /> +Kwydyn gyuoedyon<br /> +Eg cat blymnwyt<br /> +Diessic e dias<br /> +Divevyl as talas<br /> +Hudid e wyllyas<br /> +Kyn bu clawr glas<br /> +Bed gwruelling vreisc</p> +<h3>XVIII.</h3> +<p>Teithi etmygant<br /> +Tri llwry novant<br /> +Pymwnt a phymcant<br /> +Trychwn a thrychant<br /> +Tri si chatvarchawc<br /> +Eidyn euruchawc<br /> +Tri llu llurugawc<br /> +Tri eur deyrn dorchawc<br /> +Tri marchawc dywal<br /> +Tri chat gyhaual<br /> +Tri chysneit kysnar<br /> +Chwerw vysgynt esgar<br /> +Tri en drin en drwm<br /> +Llew lledynt blwm<br /> +Eur e gat gyngrwn<br /> +Tri theyrn maon<br /> +A dyvu o vrython<br /> +Kynri a Chenon<br /> +Kynrein o aeron<br /> +Gogyuerchi yn hon<br /> +Deivyr diuerogyon<br /> +A dyvu o vrython<br /> +Wr well no Chynon<br /> +Sarph seri alon</p> +<h3>XIX.</h3> +<p>Eveis y win a med e mordei<br /> + Mawr meint e vehyr<br /> + Yg kyuaruot gwyr<br /> +Bwyt e eryr erysmygei<br /> +Pan gryssyei gydywal kyfdwyreei<br /> +Awr gan wyrd wawr kyui dodei<br /> +Aessawr dellt ambellt a adawei<br /> +Pareu rynn rwygyat dygymmynei<br /> +E gat blaen bragat briwei<br /> +Mab syvno sywedyd ae gwydyei<br /> + A werthws e eneit<br /> + Er wyneb grybwyllyeit<br /> +A llavyn lliveit lladei<br /> +Lledessit ac a thrwys ac affrei<br /> +Er amot aruot arauethei<br /> + Ermygei galaned<br /> + O wyr gwychyr gwned<br /> +Em blaen gwyned gwanei</p> +<h3>XX.</h3> +<p>Eveis y win a med e mordei<br /> +Can yueis disgynneis rann fin fawd ut<br /> +Nyt didrachywed colwed drut<br /> +Pan disgynnei bawb ti disgynnot<br /> +Ys deupo gwaeanat gwerth na phechut<br /> +Pressent i drawd oed vreichyawr drut</p> +<h3>XXI.</h3> +<p>Gwyr a aeth gatraeth buant enwawc<br /> +Gwin a med o eur vu eu gwirawt<br /> +Blwydyn en erbyn urdyn deuawt<br /> +Trywyr a thri ugeiut a thrychant eurdorchawc<br /> +Or sawl yt gryssyassant uch gormant wirawt<br /> +Ny diengis namyn tri o wrhydri fossawt<br /> +Deu gatki aeron a chenon dayrawt<br /> +A minheu om gwaetfreu gwerth vy gwennwawt</p> +<h3>XXII.</h3> +<p>Uyg car yng wirwar nyn gogyffrawt<br /> +O neb o ny bei o gwyn dragon ducawt<br /> +Ni didolit yng kynted o ved gwirawt<br /> +Ef gwnaei ar beithing perthyng aruodyawc<br /> +Ef disgrein eg cat disgrein en aelawt<br /> +Neus adrawd gododin gwedy fossawt<br /> +Pan vei no llwyeu llymach nebawt</p> +<h3>XXIII.</h3> +<p>Aryf angkynnull agkyman dull agkysgoget<br /> +Tra chywed vawr treiglessyd llawr lloegrwys giwet<br /> +Heessit eis ygkynnor eis yg cat uereu<br /> +Goruc wyr lludw<br /> +A gwraged gwydw<br /> + Kynnoe angheu<br /> +Greit vab hoewgir<br /> +Ac ysberi<br /> + Y beri creu</p> +<h3>XXIV.</h3> +<p>Arwr y dwy ysgwyt adan<br /> +E dalvrith ac eil tith orwydan<br /> +Bu trydar en aerure bu tan<br /> +Bu ehut e waewawr bu huan<br /> +Bu bwyt brein bu bud e vran<br /> +A chyn edewit en rydon<br /> +Gran wlith eryr tith tiryon<br /> +Ac o du gwasgar gwanec tu bronn<br /> +Beird byt barnant wyr o gallon<br /> +Diebyrth e gerth e gynghyr<br /> +Diua oed e gynrein gan wyr<br /> +A chynn e olo a dan eleirch<br /> +Vre ytoed wryt ene arch<br /> +Gorgolches e greu y seirch<br /> +Budvan vab bleidvan dihavarch</p> +<h3>XXV.</h3> +<p>Cam e adaw heb gof camb ehelaeth<br /> +Nyt adawei adwy yr adwriaeth<br /> +Nyt edewes e lys les kerdoryon prydein<br /> +Diw calan yonawr ene aruaeth<br /> +Nyt erdit e dir kevei diffeith<br /> +Drachas anias dreic ehelaeth<br /> +Dragon yg gwyar gwedy gwinvaeth<br /> +Gwenabwy vab gwenn gynhen gatraeth</p> +<h3>XXVI.</h3> +<p>Bu gwir mal y meud e gatlew<br /> +Ny deliis meirch neb marchlew<br /> +Heessit waywawr y glyw<br /> +Y ar llemenic llwybyr dew<br /> +Keny vaket am vyrn am borth<br /> +Dywal y gledyual emborth<br /> +Heessyt onn o bedryollt y law<br /> +Y ar veinnyell vygedorth<br /> +Yt rannei rygu e rywin<br /> +Yt ladei a llauyn vreith o eithin<br /> +Val pan vel medel ar vreithin<br /> +E gwnaei varchlew waetlin</p> +<h3>XXVII.</h3> +<p>Issac anuonawc o barth deheu<br /> +Tebic mor lliant y deuodeu<br /> + O wyled a llaryed<br /> + A chein yuet med<br /> +Men yth glawd e offer e bwyth madeu<br /> +Ny bu hyll dihyll na heu diheu<br /> +Seinnyessyt e gledyf ym penn mameu<br /> +Murgreit oed moleit ef mab gwydneu</p> +<h3>XXVIII.</h3> +<p>Keredic caradwy e glot<br /> +Achubei gwarchatwei not<br /> +Lletvegin is tawel kyn dyuot<br /> +E dyd gowychyd y wybot<br /> +Ys deupo car kyrd kyvnot<br /> +Y wlat nef adef atnabot</p> +<h3>XXIX.</h3> +<p>Keredic karadwy gynran<br /> +Keimyat yg cat gouaran<br /> +Ysgwyt eur crwydyr cadlan<br /> +Gwaewawr uswyd agkyuan<br /> +Kledyual dywal diwan<br /> +Mal gwr catwei wyaluan<br /> +Kynn kysdud daear hynn affan<br /> +O daffar diffynnei e vann<br /> +Ys deupo kynnwys yg kyman<br /> +Can drindawt en undawt gyuan</p> +<h3>XXX.</h3> +<p>Pan gryssyei garadawc y gat<br /> +Mal baed coet trychwn trychyat<br /> +Tarw bedin en trin gormynyat<br /> +Ef llithyei wydgwn oe anghat<br /> +Ys vyn tyst ewein vab eulat<br /> +A gwryen a gwynn a gwryat<br /> +O gatraeth o gymynat<br /> +O vrynn hydwn kynn caffat<br /> +Gwedy med gloew ar anghat<br /> +Ny weles vrun e dat</p> +<h3>XXXI.</h3> +<p>Gwyr a gryssyasant buant gytneit<br /> +Hoedyl vyrryon medwon uch med hidleit<br /> +Gosgord mynydawc enwawc en reit<br /> +Gwerth eu gwled e ved vu eu heneit<br /> +Caradawc a madawc pyll ac yeuan<br /> +Gwgawn a gwiawn gwynn a chynvan<br /> +Peredur arveu dur gwawr-dur ac aedan<br /> +Achubyat eng gawr ysgwydawr angkyman<br /> +A chet lledessynt wy lladassan<br /> +Neb y eu tymhyr nyt atcorsan</p> +<h3>XXXII.</h3> +<p>Gwyr a gryssyassant buant gytvaeth<br /> +Blwydyn od uch med mawr eu haruaeth<br /> +Mor dru eu hadrawd wy angawr hiraeth<br /> +Gwenwyn eu hadlam nyt mab mam ae maeth<br /> +Mor hir eu hetlit ac eu hetgyllaeth<br /> +En ol gwyr pebyr temyr gwinvaeth<br /> +Gwlyget gododin en erbyn fraeth<br /> +Ancwyn mynydawc enwawc e gwnaeth<br /> +A phrit er prynu breithyell gatraeth</p> +<h3>XXXIII.</h3> +<p>Gwyr a aeth gatraeth yg cat yg gawr<br /> +Nerth meirch a gwrymseirch ac ysgwydawr<br /> +Peleidyr ar gychwyn a llym waewawr<br /> +A llurugeu claer a chledyuawr<br /> +Ragorei tyllei trwy vydinawr<br /> +Kwydei bym pymwnt rac y lavnawr<br /> +Ruuawn hir ef rodei eur e allawr<br /> +A chet a choelvein kein y gerdawr</p> +<h3>XXXIV.</h3> +<p>Ny wnaethpwyt neuad mor orchynnan<br /> +Mor vawr mor oruawr gyvlavan<br /> +Dyrllydut medut moryen tan<br /> +Ny thraethei na wnelei kenon kelein<br /> +Un seirchyawc saphwyawc son edlydan<br /> +Seinnyessit e gledyf empenn garthan<br /> +Noc ac esgyc canec vurvawr y chyhadvan<br /> +Ny mwy gysgogit wit uab peithan</p> +<h3>XXXV.</h3> +<p>Ny wnaethpwyt neuad mor anvonawc<br /> +Ony bei voryen eil caradawc<br /> +Ny diengis en trwm elwrw mynawc<br /> +Dywal dywalach no mab ferawc<br /> +Fer y law faglei fowys varchawc<br /> +Glew dias dinas e lu ovnawc<br /> +Rac bedin ododin bu gwasgarawc<br /> +Y gylchwy dan y gymwy bu adenawc<br /> +Yn dyd gwyth bu ystwyth neu bwyth atveillyawc<br /> +Dyrllydei vedgyrn eillt mynydawc</p> +<h3>XXXVI.</h3> +<p>Ny wnaethpwyt neuad mor diessic<br /> +No Chynon lary vronn geinnyon Wledic<br /> +Nyt ef eistedei en tal lleithic<br /> +E neb a wanei nyt adwenit<br /> +Raclym e waewawr<br /> +Calch drei tyllei vydinawr<br /> +Rac vuan y veirch rac rygiawr<br /> +En dyd gwyth atwyth oed e lavnawr<br /> +Pan gryssyei gynon gan wyrd wawr</p> +<h3>XXXVII.</h3> +<p>Disgynsit en trwm yg kessevin<br /> +Ef diodes gormes ef dodes fin<br /> +Ergyr gwayw rieu ryvel chwerthin<br /> +Hut effyt y wrhyt elwry elfin<br /> +Eithinyn uoleit mur greit tarw trin</p> +<h3>XXXVIII.</h3> +<p>Disgynsit en trwm yg kesseuin<br /> +Gwerth med yg kynted a gwirawt win<br /> +Heyessyt y lavnawr rwg dwy vydin<br /> +Arderchawc varchawc rac gododin<br /> +Eithinyn uoleit mur greit tarw trin</p> +<h3>XXXIX.</h3> +<p>Disgynsit en trwm rac alauoed wyrein<br /> +Wyre llu llaes ysgwydawr<br /> +Ysgwyt vriw rac biw beli bloedvawr<br /> +Nar od uch gwyar fin festinyawr<br /> +An deliit kynllwyt y ar gynghorawr<br /> +Gorwyd gwareurffrith rin ych eurdorchawr<br /> +Twrch goruc amot emlaen ystre ystrywawr<br /> +Teilingdeith gwrthyat gawr<br /> +An gelwit e nef bit athledhawr<br /> +Emyt ef krennit e gat waewawr<br /> +Catvannan er aclut clotvawr<br /> +No chynhennit na bei llu idaw llawr</p> +<h3>XL.</h3> +<p>Am drynni drylaw drylenn<br /> +Am lwys am difíwys dywarchen<br /> +Am gwydaw gwallt e ar benn<br /> +Y am wyr eryr gwydyen<br /> +Gwyduc neus amuc ac wayw<br /> +Ardullyat diwyllyat e berchen<br /> +Amuc moryen gwenwawt<br /> +Murdyn a chyvrannv penn<br /> +Prif eg weryt ac an nerth ac am hen<br /> +Trywyr yr bod bun bratwen<br /> +Deudec gwenabwy vab gwen</p> +<h3>XLI.</h3> +<p>Am drynni drylaw drylenn<br /> +Gweinydyawr ysgwydawr yg gweithyen<br /> +En aryal cledyual am benn<br /> +En lloegyr drychyon rac trychant unben<br /> +A dalwy mwng bleid heb prenn<br /> +En e law gnawt gwychnawt eny lenn<br /> +O gyurang gwyth ac asgen<br /> +Trenghis ny diengis bratwen</p> +<h3>XLII.</h3> +<p>Eurar vur caer krysgrwydyat<br /> +Aer cret ty na thaer aer vlodyat<br /> +Un ara ae leissyar argatwyt<br /> +Adar brwydryat<br /> +Syll o virein neus adrawd a vo mwy<br /> +O damweinnyeit llwy<br /> +Od amluch lliuanat<br /> +Neus adrawd a vo mwy<br /> +Enawr blygeint<br /> +Na bei kynhawel kynheilweing</p> +<h3>XLIII.</h3> +<p>Pan vuost di kynnivyn clot<br /> +En amwyn tywyssen gordirot<br /> +O haedot en gelwit redyrch gwyr not<br /> +Oed dor diachor diachor din drei<br /> +Oed mynut wrth olut ae kyrchei<br /> +Oed dinas e vedin ae cretei<br /> +Ny elwit gwinwit men na bei</p> +<h3>XLIV.</h3> +<p>Ket bei cann wr en vn ty<br /> +Atwen ovalon keny<br /> +Pen gwyr tal being a dely</p> +<h3>XLV.</h3> +<p>Nyt wyf vynawc blin<br /> +Ny dialaf vy ordin<br /> +Ny chwardaf y chwerthin<br /> +A dan droet ronin<br /> +Ystynnawc vyg glin<br /> +A bundat y<br /> +En ty deyeryn<br /> +Cadwyn heyernyn<br /> +Am ben vyn deulin<br /> +O ved o vuelin<br /> +O gatraeth werin<br /> +Mi na vi aneurin<br /> +Ys gwyr talyessin<br /> +Oveg kywrenhin<br /> +Neu cheing e ododin<br /> +Kynn gwawr dyd dilin</p> +<h3>XLVI.</h3> +<p>Goroled gogled gwr ae goruc<br /> +Llary vronn haeladon ny essyllut<br /> +Nyt emda daear nyt emduc<br /> +Mam mor eiryan gadarn haearn gaduc<br /> +O nerth e cledyf claer e hamuc<br /> +O garchar amwar daear em duc<br /> +O gyvle angheu o anghar dut<br /> +Keneu vab llywarch dihauareh drut</p> +<h3>XLVII.</h3> +<p>Nyt ef borthi gwarth gorsed<br /> +Senyllt ae lestri llawn med<br /> +Godolei gledyf e gared<br /> +Godolei lemein e ryuel<br /> +Dyfforthsei lynwyssawr oe vreych<br /> +Rac bedin ododin a brennych<br /> +Gnawt ene neuad vyth meirch<br /> +Gwyar a gwrymseirch<br /> +Keingyell hiryell oe law<br /> +Ac en elyd bryssyaw<br /> +Gwen ac ymhyrdwen hyrdbleit<br /> +Disserch a serch ar tro<br /> +Gwyr nyt oedyn drych draet fo<br /> +Heilyn achubyat pob bro</p> +<h3>XLVIII.</h3> +<p>Llech leutu tut leu leudvre<br /> + Gododin ystre<br /> +Ystre ragno ar y anghat<br /> +Angat gynghor e leuuer cat<br /> + Cangen gaerwys<br /> + Keui drillywys<br /> +Tymor dymhestyl tymhestyl dymor<br /> +E beri restyr rac riallu<br /> +O dindywyt yn dyvu<br /> + Wyt yn dy wovu<br /> +Dwys yd wodyn<br /> +Llym yt wenyn<br /> +Llwyr genyn llu<br /> +Ysgwyt rugyn<br /> +Rac tarw trin<br /> + Y dal vriw vu</p> +<h3>XLIX.</h3> +<p>Erkryn e alon ar af (ar)<br /> +Er y brwydrin trin trachuar<br /> +Kwr e vankeirw<br /> +Am gwr e vanncarw<br /> +Byssed brych briwant barr<br /> +Am bwyll am disteir am distar<br /> +Am bwyll am rodic am rychward<br /> +Ys bro ys brys treullyawt rys en riwdrec<br /> +Ny hu wy ny gaffo e neges<br /> +Nyt anghwy a wanwy odiwes</p> +<h3>L.</h3> +<p>Ny mat wanpwyt ysgwyt<br /> +Ar gynwal carnwyt<br /> +Ny mat dodes y vordwyt<br /> +Ar vreichir mein-llwyt<br /> +Gell e baladyr gell<br /> +Gellach e obell<br /> +Y mae dy wr ene gell<br /> +Yn cnoi anghell<br /> +Bwch bud oe law idaw<br /> +Poet ymbell angell</p> +<h3>LI.</h3> +<p>Da y doeth adonwy at wen<br /> +Ym adawssut wenn heli bratwen<br /> +Gwnelut lladut llosgut<br /> +No moryen ny waeth wnelut<br /> +Ny delyeist nac eithaf na chynhor<br /> +Ysgwn drem dibennor<br /> +Ny weleist e morchwyd mawr marchogyon<br /> +Wynedin my rodin nawd y Saesson</p> +<h3>LII.</h3> +<p>Gododin gomynaf dy blegyt<br /> +Tynoeu dra thrumein drum essyth<br /> +Gwas chwant y aryant heb emwyt<br /> +O gussyl mab dwywei dy wrhyt<br /> +Nyt oed gynghorwann<br /> +Wael y rac tan veithin<br /> +O lychwr y lychwr lluch bin<br /> +Lluchdor y borfor beryerin<br /> +Llad gwaws gwan maws mur trin<br /> +Anysgarat ac vu y nat ac aneurin</p> +<h3>LIII.</h3> +<p>Kywyrein ketwyr kywrennin<br /> +E gatraeth gwerin fraeth fysgyolin<br /> +Gwerth med yg kynted a gwirawt win<br /> +Heyessit e lavnawr rwng dwy vedin<br /> +Arderchauc varchawc rac gododin<br /> +Eithinyn voleit murgreit tarw trin</p> +<h3>LIV.</h3> +<p>Kywyrein ketwyr kywrenhin<br /> +Gwlat atvel gochlywer a eu dilin<br /> +Dygoglawd ton bevyr beryerin<br /> +Men yd ynt eilyassaf elein<br /> +O brei vrych ny welych weyelin<br /> +Ny chemyd haed ud a gordin<br /> +Ny phyrth mevyl moryal eu dilin<br /> +Llavyn durawt barawt e waetlin</p> +<h3>LV.</h3> +<p>Kywyrein ketwyr kywrenhin<br /> +Gwlat atvel gochlywer eu dilin<br /> +Ef lladawd a chymawn a llain<br /> +A charnedawr tra gogyhwc gwyr trin</p> +<h3>LVI.</h3> +<p>Kywyrein ketwyr hyuaruuant<br /> +Y gyt en un vryt yt gyrchassant<br /> +Byrr eu hoedyl hir eu hoet ar eu carant<br /> +Seith gymeint o loegrwys a ladassant<br /> +O gyvryssed gwraged gwyth a wnaethant<br /> +Llawer mam ae deigyr ar y hamrant</p> +<h3>LVII.</h3> +<p>Ny wnaethpwyt neuad mor dianaf<br /> +Lew mor hael baran llew llwybyr vwyhaf<br /> +A chynon laryvronn adon deccaf<br /> +Dinas y dias ar llet eithaf<br /> +Dor angor bedin bud eilyassaf<br /> +Or sawl a weleis ac a welav<br /> +Ymyt en emdwyn aryf gryt gwryt gwryaf<br /> +Ef lladei oswyd a llavyn llymaf<br /> +Mal brwyn yt gwydynt rac y adaf<br /> +Mab klytno clot hir canaf<br /> +Yty or clot heb or heb eithaf</p> +<h3>LVIII.</h3> +<p>O winveith a medweith<br /> +Dygodolyn gwnlleith<br /> +Mam hwrreith<br /> + Eidol enyal<br /> +Ermygei rac vre<br /> +Rac bronn budugre<br /> +Breein dwyre<br /> + Wybyr ysgynnyal<br /> +Kynrein en kwydaw<br /> +Val glas heit arnaw<br /> + Heb giliaw gyhaual<br /> +Synnwyr ystwyr ystemel<br /> +Y ar weillyon gwebyl<br /> + Ac ardemyl gledyual<br /> +Blaen ancwyn anhun<br /> +Hediw an dihun<br /> + Mam reidun rwyf trydar</p> +<h3>LIX.</h3> +<p>O winveith a medweith yd aethant<br /> +E genhyn llurugogyon<br /> +Nys gwn lleith lletkynt<br /> +Cyn llwyded eu lleas dydaruu<br /> +Rac catraeth oed fraeth eu llu<br /> +O osgord vynydawc wawr dru<br /> +O drychant namen un gwr ny dyvu</p> +<h3>LX.</h3> +<p>O winveith a medveith yt gryssyassant<br /> +Gwyr en reit moleit eneit dichwant<br /> +Gloew dull y am drull yt gytvaethant<br /> +Gwin a med amall a amucsant<br /> +O osgord vynydawc am dwyf atveillyawc<br /> +A rwyf a golleis om gwir garant<br /> +O drychan riallu yt gryssyassant<br /> +Gatraeth tru namen vn gwr nyt atcorsant</p> +<h3>LXI.</h3> +<p>Hv bydei yg kywyrein pressent mal pel<br /> +Ar y e hu bydei ene uei atre<br /> + Hut amuc ododin<br /> + O win a med en dieding<br /> +Yng ystryng ystre<br /> +Ac adan gatvannan cochre,<br /> +Veirch marchawc godrud e more</p> +<h3>LXII.</h3> +<p>Angor dewr daen<br /> +Sarph seri raen<br /> +Sengi wrymgaen<br /> + Emlaen bedin<br /> +Arth i arwynawl drussyawr dreissyawr<br /> +Sengi waewawr<br /> +En dyd cadyawr<br /> + Yg clawd gwernin<br /> +Eil nedic nar<br /> +Neus duc drwy var<br /> +Gwled y adar<br /> + O drydar drin<br /> +Kywir yth elwir oth enwir weithret<br /> +Ractaf ruyuyadur mur catuilet<br /> +Merin a madyein mat yth, anet</p> +<h3>LXIII.</h3> +<p>Ardyledawc canu kyman caffat<br /> +Ketwyr am gatraeth a wnaeth brithret<br /> +Brithwy a wyar sathar sanget<br /> +Sengi wit gwned bual am dal med<br /> +A chalaned kyuurynged<br /> +Nyt adrawd kibno wede kyffro<br /> +Ket bei kymun keui dayret</p> +<h3>LXIV.</h3> +<p>Ardyledawc canu kyman ovri<br /> +Twrf tan a tharan a ryuerthi<br /> +Gwrhyt arderchawc varchawc mysgi<br /> +Ruduedel ryuel a eiduni<br /> +Gwr gwned divudyawc dimyngyei<br /> +Y gat or meint gwlat yd y klywi<br /> +Ae ysgwyt ar y ysgwyd hut arolli<br /> +Wayw mal gwin gloew o wydyr lestri<br /> +Aryant am yued eur dylyi<br /> +Gwinvaeth oed waetnerth vab llywri</p> +<h3>LXV.</h3> +<p>Ardyledawc canu claer orchyrdon<br /> +A gwedy dyrreith dyleinw aeron<br /> +Dimcones lovlen benn eryron<br /> +Llwyt ef gorevvwyt y ysgylvyon<br /> +Or a aeth gatraeth o eur dorchogyon<br /> +Ar neges mynydawc mynawc maon<br /> +Ny doeth en diwarth o barth vrython<br /> +Ododin wr bell well no Chynon</p> +<h3>LXVI.</h3> +<p>Ardyledawc canu kenian kywreint<br /> +Llawen llogell byt bu didichwant<br /> +Hu mynnei engkylch byt eidol anant<br /> +Yr eur a meirch mawr a med medweint<br /> +Namen ene delei o vyt hoffeint<br /> +Kyndilic aeron wyr enouant</p> +<h3>LXVII.</h3> +<p>Ardyledawc canu claer orchyrdon<br /> +Ar neges mynydawc mynawc maon<br /> +A merch eudaf hir dreis gwananhon<br /> +Oed porfor gwisgyadur dir amdrychyon</p> +<h3>LXVIII.</h3> +<p>Dyfforthes meiwyr molut nyuet<br /> +Baran tan teryd ban gynneuet<br /> +Duw mawrth gwisgyssant eu gwrym dudet<br /> +Diw merchyr peri deint eu calch doet<br /> +Divyeu bu diheu eu diuoet<br /> +Diw gwener calaned amdyget<br /> +Diw sadwrn bu divwrn eu kytweithret<br /> +Diw sul eu llavneu rud amdyget<br /> +Diw llun hyt benn clun gwaetlun gwelet<br /> +Neus adrawd gododin gwedy lludet<br /> +Rac pebyll madawc pan atcoryet<br /> +Namen un gwr o gant ene delhet</p> +<h3>LXIX.</h3> +<p>Mochdwyreawc y more<br /> +Kynnif aber rac ystre<br /> +Bu bwlch bu twlch tande<br /> +Mal twrch y tywysseist vre<br /> +Bu golut mynut bu lle<br /> +Bu gwyar gweilch gwrymde</p> +<h3>LXX.</h3> +<p>Moch dwyreawc y meitin<br /> +O gynnu aber rac fin<br /> +O dywys yn tywys yn dylin<br /> +Rac cant ef gwant gesseuin<br /> +Oed garw y gwnaewch chwi waetlin<br /> +Mal yuet med drwy chwerthin<br /> +Oed llew y lladewch chwi dynin<br /> +Cledyual dywal fysgyolin<br /> +Oed mor diachor yt ladei<br /> +Esgar gwr haual en y a bei</p> +<h3>LXXI.</h3> +<p>Disgynnwys en affwys dra phenn<br /> +Ny deliit kywyt kywrennin benn<br /> +Disgiawr breint vu e lad ar gangen<br /> +Kynnedyf y ewein esgynnv ar ystre<br /> +Ystwng kyn gorot goreu gangen<br /> +Dilud dyleyn cathleu dilen<br /> +Llywy llyvroded rwych ac asgen<br /> +Anglas asswydeu lovlen<br /> +Dyphorthes ae law luric wehyn<br /> +Dymgwallaw gwledic dal<br /> +Oe brid brennyal</p> +<h3>LXXII.</h3> +<p>Eidol adoer crei grannawr gwynn<br /> +Dysgiawr pan vei bun barn benn<br /> +Perchen meirch a gwrymseirch<br /> +Ac ysgwydawr yaen<br /> +Gyuoet a gyuergyr esgyn disgyn</p> +<h3>LXXIII.</h3> +<p>Aer dywys ry dywys ryvel<br /> +Gwlat gord garei gwrd uedel<br /> +Gwrdweryt gwaet am iroed<br /> +Seirchyawr am y rud yt ued<br /> +Seingyat am seirch seirch seingyat<br /> +Ar delw lleith dygiawr lludet<br /> +Peleidyr en eis en dechreu cat<br /> +Hynt am oleu bu godeu beleidryal</p> +<h3>LXXIV.</h3> +<p>Keint amnat am dina dy gell<br /> +Ac ystauell yt uydei dyrllydei<br /> +Med melys maglawr<br /> +Gwrys aergynlys gan wawr<br /> +Ket lwys lloegrwys lliwedawr<br /> +Ry benyt ar hyt yd allawr<br /> +Eillt wyned klywere arderched<br /> +Gwananhon byt ved<br /> +Savwy cadavwy gwyned<br /> +Tarw bedin treis trin teyrned<br /> +Kyn kywesc daear kyn gorwed<br /> +But orfun gododin bed</p> +<h3>LXXV.</h3> +<p>Bedin ordyvnat en agerw<br /> +Mynawc lluydawc llaw chwerw<br /> +Bu doeth a choeth a syberw<br /> +Nyt oed ef wrth gyued gochwerw<br /> +Mudyn geinnyon ar y helw<br /> +Nyt oed ar lles bro pob delw</p> +<h3>LXXVI.</h3> +<p>An gelwir mor a chynnwr ym plymnwyt<br /> +Yn tryvrwyt peleidyr peleidyr gogymwyt<br /> +Goglyssur heyrn lliveit llawr en assed<br /> +Sychyn yg gorun en trydar<br /> +Gwr frwythlawn flamdur rac esgar</p> +<h3>LXXVII.</h3> +<p>Dyfforthes cat veirch a chatseirch<br /> +Greulet ar gatraeth cochre<br /> +Mae blaenwyd bedin dinus<br /> +Aergi gwyth gwarth vre<br /> +An gelwir ny faw glaer fwyre<br /> +Echadaf heidyn haearnde</p> +<h3>LXXVIII.</h3> +<p>Mynawc gododin traeth e annor<br /> +Mynawc am rann kwynhyator<br /> +Rac eidyn aryal flam nyt atcor<br /> +Ef dodes e dilis yg kynhor<br /> +Ef dodes rac trin tewdor<br /> +En aryal ar dywal disgynnwys<br /> +Can llewes porthes mawrbwys<br /> +O osgord vynydawc ny diangwys<br /> +Namen vn aryf amdiffryf amdiffwys</p> +<h3>LXXIX.</h3> +<p>O gollet moryet ny bu aessawr<br /> +Dyfforthyn traeth y ennyn llawr<br /> +Ry duc oe lovlen glas lavnawr<br /> +Peleidyr pwys preiglyn benn periglawr<br /> +Y ar orwyd erchlas penn wedawr<br /> +Trindygwyd trwch trach y lavnawr<br /> +Pan orvyd oe gat ny bu foawr<br /> +An dyrllys molet med melys maglawr</p> +<h3>LXXX.</h3> +<p>Gweleis y dull o benn tir adoun<br /> +Aberth am goelkerth a disgynnyn<br /> +Gweleis oed kenevin ar dref redegein<br /> +A gwyr nwythyon ry gollessyn<br /> +Gweleis gwyr dullyawr gan awr adevyn<br /> +A phenn dyvynwal a breych brein ae cnoyn</p> +<h3>LXXXI.</h3> +<p>Mat vydic ysgavynwyn asgwrn aduaon<br /> +Aelussawc tebedawc tra mordwy alon<br /> +Gwrawl amdyvrwys goruawr y lu<br /> +Gwryt vronn gwrvan gwanan arnaw<br /> +Y gynnedyf disgynnu rac naw riallu<br /> +Yg gwyd gwaed a gwlat a gordiynaw<br /> +Caraf vy vudic lleithic a vu anaw<br /> +Kyndilic aeron kenhan lew</p> +<h3>LXXXII.</h3> +<p>Carasswn disgynnu yg catraeth gessevin<br /> +Gwert med yg kynted a gwirawt win<br /> +Carasswn neu chablwys ar llain<br /> +Kyn bu e leas oe las uffin<br /> +Carasswn eil clot dyfforthes gwaetlin<br /> +Ef dodes e gledyf yg goethin<br /> +Neus adrawd gwrhyt rac gododyn<br /> +Na bei mab keidyaw clot un gwr trin</p> +<h3>LXXXIII.</h3> +<p>Truan yw gennyf vy gwedy lludet<br /> +Grodef gloes angheu trwy angkyffret<br /> +Ac eil trwm truan gennyf vy gwelet<br /> +Dygwydaw an gwyr ny penn o draet<br /> +Ac ucheneit hir ac eilywet<br /> +En ol gwyr pebyr temyr tudwet<br /> +Ruvawn a gwgawn gwiawn a gwlyget<br /> +Gwyr gorsaf gwryaf gwrd yg calet<br /> +Ys deupo eu heneit wy wedy trinet<br /> +Kynnwys yg wlat nef adef avneuet</p> +<h3>LXXXIV.</h3> +<p>Ef gwrthodes tres tra gwyar llyn<br /> +Ef lladei val dewrdull nyt echyn<br /> +Tavloyw ac ysgeth tavlet wydrin<br /> +A med rac teyrned tavlei vedin<br /> +Menit y gynghor men na lleveri<br /> +Lliaws ac vei anwaws nyt odewyt<br /> +Rac ruthyr bwyllyadeu a chledyvawr<br /> +Lliveit handit gwelir llavar lleir</p> +<h3>LXXXV.</h3> +<p>Porthloed vedin<br /> +Porthloed lain<br /> +A llu racwed<br /> +En ragyrwed<br /> +En dyd gwned<br /> +Yg kyvryssed<br /> +Buant gwychawc<br /> +Gwede meddawt<br /> +A med yuet<br /> +Ny bu waret<br /> +An gorwylam<br /> +Enyd frwythlam<br /> +Pan adroder torret ergyr<br /> +O veirch a gwyr tyngir tynget</p> +<h3>LXXXVI.</h3> +<p> Pan ym dyvyd lliaws pryder<br /> + Pryderaf fun<br /> + Fun en ardec<br /> + Aryal redec<br /> + Ar hynt wylaw<br /> + Ku kystudywn<br /> + Ku carasswn<br /> + Kelleic faw<br /> + Ac argoedwys<br /> + Guae gordyvnwys<br /> + Y emdullyaw<br /> +Ef dadodes arlluyd pwys ar lles rieu<br /> + Ar dilyvyn goet<br /> + Ar diliw hoet<br /> + Yr kyvedeu<br /> +Kyvedwogant ef an dyduc ar dan adloyw<br /> + Ac ar groen gwynn goscroyw</p> +<h3>LXXXVII.</h3> +<p>Gereint rac deheu gawr a dodet<br /> +Lluch gwynn gwynn dwll ar ysgwyt<br /> +Yor yspar llary yor<br /> +Molut mynut mor<br /> +Gogwneif heissyllut gwgynei gereint<br /> +Hael mynawc oedut</p> +<h3>LXXXVIII.</h3> +<p>Diannot e glot e glutvan<br /> +Diachor angor ygkyman<br /> +Diechyr eryr gwyr govaran<br /> +Trin odef eidef oed eiryan<br /> +Ragorei veirch racvuan<br /> +En trin lletvegin gwin o bann<br /> +Kyn glasved a glassu eu rann<br /> +Bu gwr gwled od uch med mygyr o bann</p> +<h3>LXXXIX.</h3> +<p>Dienhyt y bob llawr llanwet<br /> +E hual amhaual afneuet<br /> +Twll tall e rodawr<br /> +Cas o hir gwythawc<br /> +Rywonyawc diffreidyeit<br /> +Eil gweith gelwideint a mallet<br /> +Yg catveirch a seirch greulet<br /> +Bedin agkysgoget yt vyd cat voryon<br /> +Cochro llann bann ry godhet<br /> +Trwm en trin a llavyn yt lladei<br /> +Garw rybud o gat dydygei<br /> +Cann calan a darmeithei<br /> +Ef gwenit adan vab ervei<br /> +Ef gwenit adan dwrch trahawc<br /> +Un riein a morwyn a mynawc<br /> +A phan oed mab teyrn teithyawc<br /> +Yng gwyndyt gwaed glyt gwaredawc<br /> +Kyn golo gweryt ar rud<br /> +Llary hael etvynt digythrud<br /> +O glot a chet echyawc<br /> +Neut bed garthwys hir o dir rywonyawc</p> +<h3>XC.</h3> +<p>Peis dinogat e vreith vreith<br /> +O grwyn balaot ban wreith<br /> +Chwit chwit chwidogeith<br /> +Gochanwn gochenyn wyth geith<br /> +Pan elei dy dat ty e helya<br /> +Llath ar y ysgwyd llory eny llaw<br /> +Ef gelwi gwn gogyhwch<br /> +Giff gaff dhaly dhaly dhwc dhwc<br /> +Ef lledi bysc yng corwc<br /> +Mal ban llad llew llywywc<br /> +Pan elei dy dat ty e vynyd<br /> +Dydygei ef penn ywrch pen gwythwch penn hyd<br /> +Penn grugyar vreith o venyd<br /> +Penn pysc o rayadyr derwennyd<br /> +Or sawl yt gyrhaedei dy dat ty ae gicwein<br /> +O wythwch a llewyn a llwyuein<br /> +Nyt anghei oll ny uei oradein</p> +<h3>XCI.</h3> +<p>Peum dodyw angkyvrwng o angkyuarc<br /> +Nym daw nym dyvyd a uo trymach<br /> +Ny magwyt yn neuad a vei lewach<br /> +Noc ef nac yng cat a vei wastadach<br /> +Ac ar ryt benclwyt pennawt oed e veirch<br /> +Pellynic e glot pellws e galch<br /> +A chyn golo gweir hir a dan dywarch<br /> +Dyrllydei vedgyrn un mab feruarch</p> +<h3>XCII.</h3> +<p>Gueleys y dull o bentir a doyn<br /> +Aberthach coelcerth a emdygyn<br /> +Gueleys y deu oc eu tre re ry gwydyn<br /> +O eir nwython ry godessyn<br /> +Gueleys y wyr tylluawr gan waur a doyn<br /> +A phen dyuynwal vrych brein ae knoyn</p> +<h3>XCIII.</h3> +<p>Gododin gomynnaf oth blegyt<br /> +Yg gwyd cant en aryal en emwyt<br /> +A guarchan mab dwywei da wrhyt<br /> +Poet yno en vn tyno treissyt<br /> +Er pan want maws mor trin<br /> +Er pan aeth daear ar aneirin<br /> +Mi neut ysgaras nat a gododin</p> +<h3>XCIV.</h3> +<p>Llech llefdir aryf gardith tith ragon<br /> +Tec ware rac gododin ystre anhon<br /> +Ry duc diwyll o win bebyll ar lles tymyr<br /> +Tymor tymestyl tra merin llestyr<br /> +Tra merin llu llu meithlyon<br /> +Kein gadrawt rwyd rac riallu<br /> +O dindywyt en dyuuwyt yn dyvuu<br /> +Ysgwyt rugyn rac doleu trin tal vriw vu</p> +<h3>XCV.</h3> +<p>Dihenyd y bop llaur llanwet<br /> +Y haual amhal afneuet<br /> +Twll tal y rodauc<br /> +Cas o hir gwychauc<br /> +Rywynyauc diffret<br /> +Eil with gwelydeint amallet<br /> +Y gat veirch ae seirch greulet<br /> +Bit en anysgoget bit get<br /> +Uoron gwychyrolyon pan ry godet<br /> +Trwm en trin a llain yt ladei<br /> +Gwaro rybud o gat dydygei<br /> +Gant can yg calan darmerthei<br /> +Ef gwenit a dan vab uruei<br /> +Ef gwenit a dan dwrch trahauc<br /> +Un riein a morwyn a menauc<br /> +A chan oed mab brenhin teithiaug<br /> +Ud gwyndyt gwaet kilyd gwaredawc<br /> +Kyn golo gweryt ar grud hael etvynt<br /> +Doeth dygyrchet y get ae glot ae echiauc<br /> +Uot bed gorthyn hir o orthir rywynauc</p> +<h3>XCVI.</h3> +<p>Am drynnv drylav drylen<br /> +Am lwys am diffwys dywarchen<br /> +Trihuc baruaut dreis dili plec hen<br /> +Atguuc emorem ae guiau hem<br /> +Hancai ureuer uragdenn<br /> +At gwyr a gwydyl a phrydein<br /> +At gu kelein rein rud guen<br /> +Deheuec gwenauwy mab gwen</p> +<h3>XCVII.</h3> +<p>Am giniav drylav drylen<br /> +Trym dwys tra diffwys dywarchen<br /> +Kemp e lumen arwr baruawt asgell<br /> +Vreith edrych eidyn a breithell<br /> +Goruchyd y lav loften<br /> +Ar gynt a gwydyl a phryden<br /> +A chynhyo mwng bleid heb pren<br /> +Eny law gnavt gwychlaut ene lenn<br /> +Prytwyf ny bei marw morem<br /> +Deheuec gwenabwy mab gwen</p> +<h2>THE GODODIN.</h2> +<h3>I.</h3> +<p>He was a man in mind, in years a youth, <a +name="citation79a"></a><a href="#footnote79a" +class="citation">[79a]</a><br /> +And gallant in the din of war;<br /> +Fleet, thick-maned chargers <a name="citation79b"></a><a +href="#footnote79b" class="citation">[79b]</a><br /> +Were ridden <a name="citation79c"></a><a href="#footnote79c" +class="citation">[79c]</a> by the illustrious hero;<br /> +A shield, light and broad,<br /> +Hung on the flank of his swift and slender steed;<br /> +His sword was blue and gleaming,<br /> +His spurs were of gold, <a name="citation80a"></a><a +href="#footnote80a" class="citation">[80a]</a> his raiment was +woollen. <a name="citation80b"></a><a href="#footnote80b" +class="citation">[80b]</a><br /> +It will not be my part<br /> +To speak of thee reproachfully,<br /> +A more choice act of mine will be<br /> +To celebrate thy praise in song;<br /> +Thou hast gone to a bloody bier,<br /> +Sooner than to a nuptial feast; <a name="citation80c"></a><a +href="#footnote80c" class="citation">[80c]</a><br /> +Thou hast become a meal for ravens,<br /> +Ere thou didst reach the front of conflict. <a +name="citation80d"></a><a href="#footnote80d" +class="citation">[80d]</a><br /> +Alas, Owain! my beloved friend;<br /> +It is not meet that he should be devoured by ravens! <a +name="citation81a"></a><a href="#footnote81a" +class="citation">[81a]</a><br /> +There is swelling sorrow <a name="citation82a"></a><a +href="#footnote82a" class="citation">[82a]</a> in the plain,<br +/> +Where fell in death the only son of Marro.</p> +<h3>II.</h3> +<p>Adorned with his wreath, leader of rustic warriors, <a +name="citation82b"></a><a href="#footnote82b" +class="citation">[82b]</a> whenever he came<br /> +By his troop unattended, <a name="citation83a"></a><a +href="#footnote83a" class="citation">[83a]</a> before maidens +would he serve the mead;<br /> +But the front of his shield would be pierced, <a +name="citation83b"></a><a href="#footnote83b" +class="citation">[83b]</a> if ever he heard<br /> +The shout of war; no quarter would he give to those whom he +pursued;<br /> +Nor would he retreat from the combat until blood flowed;<br /> +And he cut down like rushes <a name="citation83c"></a><a +href="#footnote83c" class="citation">[83c]</a> the men who would +not yield.<br /> +The Gododin relates, that on the coast of Mordei, <a +name="citation84a"></a><a href="#footnote84a" +class="citation">[84a]</a><br /> +Before the tents of Madog, when he returned,<br /> +But one man in a hundred with him came. <a +name="citation84b"></a><a href="#footnote84b" +class="citation">[84b]</a></p> +<h3>III.</h3> +<p>Adorned with his wreath, the chief of toil, his +country’s rod <a name="citation84c"></a><a +href="#footnote84c" class="citation">[84c]</a> of power,<br /> +Darted like an eagle <a name="citation84d"></a><a +href="#footnote84d" class="citation">[84d]</a> to our harbours, +<a name="citation84e"></a><a href="#footnote84e" +class="citation">[84e]</a> when allured<br /> +To the compact <a name="citation85a"></a><a href="#footnote85a" +class="citation">[85a]</a> that had been formed; his ensign was +beloved, <a name="citation85b"></a><a href="#footnote85b" +class="citation">[85b]</a><br /> +More nobly was his emblazoned resolution <a +name="citation85c"></a><a href="#footnote85c" +class="citation">[85c]</a> performed, for he retreated not,<br /> +With a shrinking mind, <a name="citation85d"></a><a +href="#footnote85d" class="citation">[85d]</a> before the host of +Gododin.<br /> +Manawyd, <a name="citation85e"></a><a href="#footnote85e" +class="citation">[85e]</a> with confidence and strength thou +pressest upon the tumultuous fight,<br /> +Nor dost thou regard <a name="citation86a"></a><a +href="#footnote86a" class="citation">[86a]</a> either spear or +shield;<br /> +No habitation rich in dainties can be found,<br /> +That has been kept out of the reach of thy warriors’ +charge. <a name="citation86b"></a><a href="#footnote86b" +class="citation">[86b]</a></p> +<h3>IV.</h3> +<p>Adorned with a wreath was the leader, <a +name="citation87a"></a><a href="#footnote87a" +class="citation">[87a]</a> the wolf <a name="citation87b"></a><a +href="#footnote87b" class="citation">[87b]</a> of the holme,<br +/> +Amber beads <a name="citation87c"></a><a href="#footnote87c" +class="citation">[87c]</a> in ringlets encircled his temples; <a +name="citation87d"></a><a href="#footnote87d" +class="citation">[87d]</a><br /> +Precious was the amber, worth a banquet of wine. <a +name="citation87e"></a><a href="#footnote87e" +class="citation">[87e]</a><br /> +He repelled the violence of men, as they glided along;<br /> +For Venedotia and the North would have come to his share,<br /> +By the advice of the son of Ysgyran, <a name="citation88a"></a><a +href="#footnote88a" class="citation">[88a]</a><br /> +The hero of the broken shield. <a name="citation88b"></a><a +href="#footnote88b" class="citation">[88b]</a></p> +<h3>V.</h3> +<p>Adorned with his wreath was the leader, and armed in the noisy +conflict;<br /> +Chief object of observation <a name="citation88c"></a><a +href="#footnote88c" class="citation">[88c]</a> was the hero, and +powerful in the gory field,<br /> +Chief fighter <a name="citation88d"></a><a href="#footnote88d" +class="citation">[88d]</a> in the advanced division, in front of +the hosts;<br /> +Five battalions <a name="citation89a"></a><a href="#footnote89a" +class="citation">[89a]</a> fell before his blades;<br /> +Even of the men of Deivyr and Bryneich, <a +name="citation89b"></a><a href="#footnote89b" +class="citation">[89b]</a> uttering groans,<br /> +Twenty hundred perished in one short hour;<br /> +Sooner did he feed the wolf <a name="citation90a"></a><a +href="#footnote90a" class="citation">[90a]</a> with his carcase, +than go to the nuptial feast; <a name="citation90b"></a><a +href="#footnote90b" class="citation">[90b]</a><br /> +He sooner became the raven’s prey, than approached the +altar; <a name="citation90c"></a><a href="#footnote90c" +class="citation">[90c]</a><br /> +He had not raised the spear ere his blood streamed to the ground; +<a name="citation90d"></a><a href="#footnote90d" +class="citation">[90d]</a><br /> +This was the price of mead in the hall, amidst the throng;<br /> +Hyveidd Hir <a name="citation90e"></a><a href="#footnote90e" +class="citation">[90e]</a> shall be celebrated whilst there +remains a minstrel.</p> +<h3>VI.</h3> +<p>The heroes marched to Gododin, and Gognaw laughed, <a +name="citation91a"></a><a href="#footnote91a" +class="citation">[91a]</a><br /> +But bitter were they in the battle, <a name="citation91b"></a><a +href="#footnote91b" class="citation">[91b]</a> when they stood +arranged according to their several banners;<br /> +Few were the years of peace which they had enjoyed;<br /> +The son of Botgad caused a throbbing by the energy of his +hand;<br /> +They should have gone to churches to do penance,<br /> +The old and the young, the bold and the mighty; <a +name="citation91c"></a><a href="#footnote91c" +class="citation">[91c]</a><br /> +The inevitable strife of death was about to pierce them.</p> +<h3>VII.</h3> +<p>The heroes marched to Gododin, Gwanar <a +name="citation92a"></a><a href="#footnote92a" +class="citation">[92a]</a> laughed,<br /> +As his jewelled army <a name="citation92b"></a><a +href="#footnote92b" class="citation">[92b]</a> went down <a +name="citation92c"></a><a href="#footnote92c" +class="citation">[92c]</a> to the terrific toil.<br /> +Thou slayest them with blades, when there is not much +chattering;<br /> +Thou, powerful supporter of the living law, producest the silence +of death. <a name="citation92d"></a><a href="#footnote92d" +class="citation">[92d]</a></p> +<h3>VIII.</h3> +<p>The heroes marched to Cattraeth, loquacious was the host;<br +/> +Blue <a name="citation93a"></a><a href="#footnote93a" +class="citation">[93a]</a> mead was their liquor, and it proved +their poison; <a name="citation93b"></a><a href="#footnote93b" +class="citation">[93b]</a><br /> +In marshalled array they cut through the engines of war; <a +name="citation93c"></a><a href="#footnote93c" +class="citation">[93c]</a><br /> +And after the joyful cry, silence <a name="citation93d"></a><a +href="#footnote93d" class="citation">[93d]</a> ensued!<br /> +They should have gone to churches to perform penance;<br /> +The inevitable strife of death was about to pierce them.</p> +<h3>IX.</h3> +<p>The heroes marched to Cattraeth, filled with mead and +drunk,<br /> +Compact and vigorous; <a name="citation94a"></a><a +href="#footnote94a" class="citation">[94a]</a> I should wrong +them were I to neglect their fame;<br /> +Around the mighty, red, and murky blades,<br /> +Obstinately and fiercely the dogs of war <a +name="citation94b"></a><a href="#footnote94b" +class="citation">[94b]</a> would fight;<br /> +If I had judged you to be of the tribe of Bryneich, <a +name="citation94c"></a><a href="#footnote94c" +class="citation">[94c]</a><br /> +Not the phantom of a man would I have left alive. <a +name="citation94d"></a><a href="#footnote94d" +class="citation">[94d]</a><br /> +I lost a friend, myself being unhurt,<br /> +As he openly withstood the terror of the parental chief;<br /> +Magnanimously did he refuse the dowry of his father-in-law; <a +name="citation94e"></a><a href="#footnote94e" +class="citation">[94e]</a><br /> +Such was the son of Cian <a name="citation95a"></a><a +href="#footnote95a" class="citation">[95a]</a> from the stone of +Gwyngwn.</p> +<h3>X.</h3> +<p>The heroes marched to Cattraeth with the dawn;<br /> +Their peace was disturbed by those who feared them;<br /> +A hundred thousand with three hundred <a +name="citation95b"></a><a href="#footnote95b" +class="citation">[95b]</a> engaged in mutual overthrow;<br /> +Drenched in gore, they marked the fall of the lances; <a +name="citation96a"></a><a href="#footnote96a" +class="citation">[96a]</a><br /> +The post of war <a name="citation96b"></a><a href="#footnote96b" +class="citation">[96b]</a> was most manfully and with gallantry +maintained,<br /> +Before the retinue of Mynyddawg the Courteous. <a +name="citation96c"></a><a href="#footnote96c" +class="citation">[96c]</a></p> +<h3>XI.</h3> +<p>The heroes marched to Cattraeth with the dawn;<br /> +Feelingly did their relatives <a name="citation96d"></a><a +href="#footnote96d" class="citation">[96d]</a> regret their +absence;<br /> +Mead they drank, yellow, sweet, ensnaring;<br /> +That year is the point to which many <a name="citation96e"></a><a +href="#footnote96e" class="citation">[96e]</a> a minstrel +turns;<br /> +Redder were their swords than their plumes, <a +name="citation97a"></a><a href="#footnote97a" +class="citation">[97a]</a><br /> +Their blades were white as lime, <a name="citation97b"></a><a +href="#footnote97b" class="citation">[97b]</a> and into four +parts were their helmets cloven, <a name="citation97c"></a><a +href="#footnote97c" class="citation">[97c]</a><br /> +Even those of <a name="citation97d"></a><a href="#footnote97d" +class="citation">[97d]</a> the retinue of Mynyddawg the +Courteous.</p> +<h3>XII.</h3> +<p>The heroes marched to Cattraeth with the day;<br /> +Was not the most celebrated of battles disgraced? <a +name="citation97e"></a><a href="#footnote97e" +class="citation">[97e]</a><br /> +They put to death <a name="citation98a"></a><a +href="#footnote98a" class="citation">[98a]</a> Gelorwydd<br /> +With blades. The gem of Baptism <a name="citation98b"></a><a +href="#footnote98b" class="citation">[98b]</a>was thus widely +taunted;—<br /> +“Better that you should, ere you join your kindred,<br /> +Have a gory unction <a name="citation98c"></a><a +href="#footnote98c" class="citation">[98c]</a> and death far from +your native homes,<br /> +At the hand of the host of Gododin, when the day +arrives.”<br /> +Is not a hero’s power best when tempered with +discretion?</p> +<h3>XIII.</h3> +<p>The hero <a name="citation98d"></a><a href="#footnote98d" +class="citation">[98d]</a> marched to Cattraeth with the day;<br +/> +Truly <a name="citation99a"></a><a href="#footnote99a" +class="citation">[99a]</a> he quaffed the white mead on serene +nights; <a name="citation99b"></a><a href="#footnote99b" +class="citation">[99b]</a><br /> +Miserable, though success had been predicted, <a +name="citation99c"></a><a href="#footnote99c" +class="citation">[99c]</a><br /> +Proved his mission, which he undertook through soaring ambition; +<a name="citation99d"></a><a href="#footnote99d" +class="citation">[99d]</a><br /> +There hastened not to Cattraeth<br /> +A chief, with such a magnificent design of enterprize<br /> +Blazoned on his standard;<br /> +Never was there such a host<br /> +From the fort of Eiddin, <a name="citation99e"></a><a +href="#footnote99e" class="citation">[99e]</a><br /> +That would scatter abroad the mounted ravagers.<br /> +Tudvwlch Hir, <a name="citation100a"></a><a href="#footnote100a" +class="citation">[100a]</a> deprived of <a +name="citation100b"></a><a href="#footnote100b" +class="citation">[100b]</a> his land and towns,<br /> +Slaughtered the Saxons for seven days; <a +name="citation100c"></a><a href="#footnote100c" +class="citation">[100c]</a><br /> +His valour should have protected him in freedom; <a +name="citation100d"></a><a href="#footnote100d" +class="citation">[100d]</a><br /> +His memory is cherished by his fair <a name="citation100e"></a><a +href="#footnote100e" class="citation">[100e]</a> associates;<br +/> +When Tudvwlch arrived, the supporter of the land, <a +name="citation100f"></a><a href="#footnote100f" +class="citation">[100f]</a><br /> +The post of the son of Kilydd <a name="citation100g"></a><a +href="#footnote100g" class="citation">[100g]</a> became a plain +of blood.</p> +<h3>XIV.</h3> +<p>The heroes <a name="citation100h"></a><a href="#footnote100h" +class="citation">[100h]</a> marched to Cattraeth with the +dawn,<br /> +But none of them received protection from their shields,<br /> +To blood they resorted, being assembled in gleaming armour; <a +name="citation101a"></a><a href="#footnote101a" +class="citation">[101a]</a><br /> +In the van was, loud as thunder, the din of targets. <a +name="citation101b"></a><a href="#footnote101b" +class="citation">[101b]</a><br /> +The envious, the fickle, and the base,<br /> +Would he tear and pierce with halberts;<br /> +From an elevated position <a name="citation101c"></a><a +href="#footnote101c" class="citation">[101c]</a> he slew, with a +blade,<br /> +In iron affliction, <a name="citation101d"></a><a +href="#footnote101d" class="citation">[101d]</a> their steel-clad +commander; <a name="citation101e"></a><a href="#footnote101e" +class="citation">[101e]</a><br /> +He subdued the Mordei that owed him homage; <a +name="citation101f"></a><a href="#footnote101f" +class="citation">[101f]</a><br /> +Before Erthai <a name="citation102a"></a><a href="#footnote102a" +class="citation">[102a]</a> even an army groaned. <a +name="citation102b"></a><a href="#footnote102b" +class="citation">[102b]</a></p> +<h3>XV.</h3> +<p>When the tale shall be told of the battle of Cattraeth,<br /> +The people will utter sighs; <a name="citation102c"></a><a +href="#footnote102c" class="citation">[102c]</a> long has been +their grief on account of the warriors’ absence;<br /> +There will be a dominion without a sovereign, <a +name="citation102d"></a><a href="#footnote102d" +class="citation">[102d]</a> and a smoking land.<br /> +The sons of Godebog, an upright clan,<br /> +Bore the furrower <a name="citation102e"></a><a +href="#footnote102e" class="citation">[102e]</a> on a long +bier.<br /> +Miserable <a name="citation103a"></a><a href="#footnote103a" +class="citation">[103a]</a> was the fate, though just the +necessity,<br /> +Decreed for Tudvwlch and Cyvwlch the Tall; <a +name="citation103b"></a><a href="#footnote103b" +class="citation">[103b]</a><br /> +Together they drank the bright mead by the light <a +name="citation103c"></a><a href="#footnote103c" +class="citation">[103c]</a> of torches, <a +name="citation103d"></a><a href="#footnote103d" +class="citation">[103d]</a><br /> +Though pleasant to the taste, it proved a lasting foe. <a +name="citation103e"></a><a href="#footnote103e" +class="citation">[103e]</a></p> +<h3>XVI.</h3> +<p>Before, above the splendid fort of Eching <a +name="citation103f"></a><a href="#footnote103f" +class="citation">[103f]</a> he shewed a frowning aspect; <a +name="citation103g"></a><a href="#footnote103g" +class="citation">[103g]</a><br /> +Whilst young and forward men composed his retinue;<br /> +Before, on the Bludwe, <a name="citation104a"></a><a +href="#footnote104a" class="citation">[104a]</a> would the horn +cheer his heart, <a name="citation104b"></a><a +href="#footnote104b" class="citation">[104b]</a><br /> +Making all the Mordei full of joy; <a name="citation104c"></a><a +href="#footnote104c" class="citation">[104c]</a><br /> +Before, his beverage would be braggett;<br /> +Before, he displayed the grandeur of gold and rich purple;<br /> +Before, pampered steeds would bear him safe away,<br /> +Even Gwarthlev, who deserved a comely name; <a +name="citation104d"></a><a href="#footnote104d" +class="citation">[104d]</a><br /> +Before, the victorious chief would turn aside the ebbing tide;<br +/> +His command was ever to go forward, <a name="citation105a"></a><a +href="#footnote105a" class="citation">[105a]</a> loth was he to +skulk.</p> +<h3>XVII.</h3> +<p>And now the early leader,<br /> +The sun, is about to ascend,<br /> +Sovereign of the revolving <a name="citation105b"></a><a +href="#footnote105b" class="citation">[105b]</a> lights, <a +name="citation105c"></a><a href="#footnote105c" +class="citation">[105c]</a><br /> +In the heaven of Britain’s isle. <a +name="citation105d"></a><a href="#footnote105d" +class="citation">[105d]</a><br /> +Direful was the flight before the shaking<br /> +Of the shield of the pursuing victor; <a +name="citation105e"></a><a href="#footnote105e" +class="citation">[105e]</a><br /> +Bright <a name="citation105f"></a><a href="#footnote105f" +class="citation">[105f]</a> was the horn<br /> +In the hall of Eiddin; <a name="citation105g"></a><a +href="#footnote105g" class="citation">[105g]</a><br /> +With pomp was he bidden <a name="citation105h"></a><a +href="#footnote105h" class="citation">[105h]</a><br /> +To the feast of intoxicating mead;<br /> +He drank the beverage of wine,<br /> +At the meeting of reapers; <a name="citation106a"></a><a +href="#footnote106a" class="citation">[106a]</a><br /> +He drank transparent wine,<br /> +With a battle-daring purpose. <a name="citation106b"></a><a +href="#footnote106b" class="citation">[106b]</a><br /> +The reapers sang of war,<br /> +War with the shining wing; <a name="citation106c"></a><a +href="#footnote106c" class="citation">[106c]</a><br /> +The minstrels sang of war,<br /> +Of harnessed <a name="citation106d"></a><a href="#footnote106d" +class="citation">[106d]</a> war,<br /> +Of winged war.<br /> +No shield was unexpanded <a name="citation107a"></a><a +href="#footnote107a" class="citation">[107a]</a><br /> +In the conflict of spears;<br /> +Of equal age they fell <a name="citation107b"></a><a +href="#footnote107b" class="citation">[107b]</a><br /> +In the struggle of battle.<br /> +Unshaken in the tumult,<br /> +Without dishonour <a name="citation107c"></a><a +href="#footnote107c" class="citation">[107c]</a> did he retaliate +on the foe;<br /> +Buried <a name="citation107d"></a><a href="#footnote107d" +class="citation">[107d]</a> was whoever he willed,<br /> +Ere the grave of the gigantic <a name="citation107e"></a><a +href="#footnote107e" class="citation">[107e]</a> Gwrveling<br /> +Itself became a green sward.</p> +<h3>XVIII.</h3> +<p>The complement <a name="citation107f"></a><a +href="#footnote107f" class="citation">[107f]</a> of the +surrounding country <a name="citation107g"></a><a +href="#footnote107g" class="citation">[107g]</a><br /> +Were, three forward chiefs of the Novantæ; <a +name="citation107h"></a><a href="#footnote107h" +class="citation">[107h]</a><br /> +Five battalions of five hundred men each; <a +name="citation108a"></a><a href="#footnote108a" +class="citation">[108a]</a><br /> +Three levies <a name="citation108b"></a><a href="#footnote108b" +class="citation">[108b]</a> of three hundred each;<br /> +Three hundred knights of battle <a name="citation108c"></a><a +href="#footnote108c" class="citation">[108c]</a><br /> +From Eiddin, arrayed in golden armour;<br /> +Three loricated hosts,<br /> +With three kings wearing the golden torques; <a +name="citation108d"></a><a href="#footnote108d" +class="citation">[108d]</a><br /> +Three bold knights,<br /> +With three hundred of equal quality;<br /> +Three of the same order, mutually jealous,<br /> +Bitterly would they chase the foe,<br /> +Three dreadful in the toil;<br /> +They would kill a lion flat as lead. <a +name="citation108e"></a><a href="#footnote108e" +class="citation">[108e]</a><br /> +There was in the war a collection of gold. <a +name="citation108f"></a><a href="#footnote108f" +class="citation">[108f]</a><br /> +Three sovereigns of the people<br /> +Came from amongst the Brython, <a name="citation109a"></a><a +href="#footnote109a" class="citation">[109a]</a><br /> +Cynrig and Cynon <a name="citation109b"></a><a +href="#footnote109b" class="citation">[109b]</a><br /> +And Cynrain <a name="citation109c"></a><a href="#footnote109c" +class="citation">[109c]</a> from Aeron, <a +name="citation109d"></a><a href="#footnote109d" +class="citation">[109d]</a><br /> +To greet <a name="citation110a"></a><a href="#footnote110a" +class="citation">[110a]</a> the ashen lances <a +name="citation110b"></a><a href="#footnote110b" +class="citation">[110b]</a><br /> +Of the men who dropped from Deivyr. <a name="citation110c"></a><a +href="#footnote110c" class="citation">[110c]</a><br /> +Came there from the Brython,<br /> +A better man than Cynon,<br /> +Who proved a serpent to his sullen foes?</p> +<h3>XIX.</h3> +<p>I drank of the wine and the mead of the Mordei;<br /> +Great was the quantity of spears,<br /> +In the assembly of the warriors;<br /> +He <a name="citation110d"></a><a href="#footnote110d" +class="citation">[110d]</a> was solemnising a banquet for the +eagle.<br /> +When Cydywal <a name="citation110e"></a><a href="#footnote110e" +class="citation">[110e]</a> hurried forth to battle, he raised<br +/> +The shout with the green dawn, and dealt out tribulation, <a +name="citation110f"></a><a href="#footnote110f" +class="citation">[110f]</a><br /> +And splintered shields about the ground he left,<br /> +And darts of awful tearing did he hew down;<br /> +In the battle, the foremost in the van he wounded.<br /> +The son of Syvno, <a name="citation111a"></a><a +href="#footnote111a" class="citation">[111a]</a> the astronomer, +knew,<br /> +That he who sold his life,<br /> +In the face of warning,<br /> +With sharpened blades would slaughter,<br /> +But would himself be slain by spears and crosses. <a +name="citation111b"></a><a href="#footnote111b" +class="citation">[111b]</a><br /> +According to the compact, <a name="citation111c"></a><a +href="#footnote111c" class="citation">[111c]</a> he meditated a +convenient attack,<br /> +And would boast <a name="citation111d"></a><a +href="#footnote111d" class="citation">[111d]</a> of a pile of +carcases<br /> +Of gallant men of toil,<br /> +Whom in the upper part of Gwynedd <a name="citation111e"></a><a +href="#footnote111e" class="citation">[111e]</a> he pierced.</p> +<h3>XX.</h3> +<p>I drank of the wine and the mead of the Mordei,<br /> +And because I drank, I fell by the edge of a gleaming sword, <a +name="citation112a"></a><a href="#footnote112a" +class="citation">[112a]</a><br /> +Not without desiring a hero’s prowess; <a +name="citation112b"></a><a href="#footnote112b" +class="citation">[112b]</a><br /> +And when all fell, thou didst also fall. <a +name="citation112c"></a><a href="#footnote112c" +class="citation">[112c]</a><br /> +Thus when the issue comes, it were well not to have sinned.<br /> +Present, in his thrusting course, showed a bold and mighty arm. +<a name="citation112d"></a><a href="#footnote112d" +class="citation">[112d]</a></p> +<h3>XXI.</h3> +<p>The heroes who marched to Cattraeth were renowned,<br /> +Wine and mead out of golden goblets was their beverage,<br /> +That year was to them one of exalted solemnity,<br /> +Three hundred and sixty-three chieftains, wearing the golden +torques; <a name="citation113a"></a><a href="#footnote113a" +class="citation">[113a]</a><br /> +Of those who hurried forth after the excess of revelling,<br /> +But three escaped by valour from the funeral fosse, <a +name="citation113b"></a><a href="#footnote113b" +class="citation">[113b]</a><br /> +The two war-dogs <a name="citation114a"></a><a +href="#footnote114a" class="citation">[114a]</a> of Aeron, and +Cynon the dauntless, <a name="citation114b"></a><a +href="#footnote114b" class="citation">[114b]</a><br /> +And myself, from the spilling of blood, the reward of my candid +song. <a name="citation114c"></a><a href="#footnote114c" +class="citation">[114c]</a></p> +<h3>XXII.</h3> +<p>My friend in real distress, we should have been by none +disturbed,<br /> +Had not the white-bannered commander <a +name="citation115a"></a><a href="#footnote115a" +class="citation">[115a]</a> led forth his army;<br /> +We should not <a name="citation115b"></a><a href="#footnote115b" +class="citation">[115b]</a> have been separated in the hall from +the banquet of mead,<br /> +Had he not laid waste our convenient groves; <a +name="citation115c"></a><a href="#footnote115c" +class="citation">[115c]</a><br /> +He crept into the martial field, he crept into our families. <a +name="citation115d"></a><a href="#footnote115d" +class="citation">[115d]</a><br /> +The Gododin relates how that, after the fight in the fosse,<br /> +When we had no dwellings, <a name="citation116a"></a><a +href="#footnote116a" class="citation">[116a]</a> none were more +destitute. <a name="citation116b"></a><a href="#footnote116b" +class="citation">[116b]</a></p> +<h3>XXIII.</h3> +<p>Scattered, broken, motionless is the weapon, <a +name="citation116c"></a><a href="#footnote116c" +class="citation">[116c]</a><br /> +That used to penetrate through the great horde, <a +name="citation116d"></a><a href="#footnote116d" +class="citation">[116d]</a> the numerous <a +name="citation117a"></a><a href="#footnote117a" +class="citation">[117a]</a> horde of the Lloegrians. <a +name="citation117b"></a><a href="#footnote117b" +class="citation">[117b]</a><br /> +Shields were strewn on the sea coast, <a +name="citation117c"></a><a href="#footnote117c" +class="citation">[117c]</a> shields in the battle of lances;<br +/> +Men were reduced to ashes, <a name="citation117d"></a><a +href="#footnote117d" class="citation">[117d]</a><br /> +And women rendered widows,<br /> +Before his death. <a name="citation117e"></a><a +href="#footnote117e" class="citation">[117e]</a><br /> +O Graid, son of Hoewgi, <a name="citation117f"></a><a +href="#footnote117f" class="citation">[117f]</a><br /> +With thy spears<br /> +Didst thou cause an effusion of blood.</p> +<h3>XXIV.</h3> +<p>There was the hero, with both his shoulders covered, <a +name="citation118a"></a><a href="#footnote118a" +class="citation">[118a]</a><br /> +By a variegated shield, and possessing the swiftness of a warlike +steed;<br /> +There was a noise in the mount of slaughter, <a +name="citation118b"></a><a href="#footnote118b" +class="citation">[118b]</a> there was fire, <a +name="citation118c"></a><a href="#footnote118c" +class="citation">[118c]</a><br /> +Impetuous were the lances, there was a sunny gleam, <a +name="citation118d"></a><a href="#footnote118d" +class="citation">[118d]</a><br /> +There was food for ravens, the raven there did triumph, <a +name="citation118e"></a><a href="#footnote118e" +class="citation">[118e]</a><br /> +And before he would let them go free,<br /> +With the morning dew, like the eagle in his glad course,<br /> +He scattered them on either side, and like a billow overwhelmed +them in front.<br /> +The Bards of the world judge those to be men of valour,<br /> +Whose counsels are not divulged to slaves. <a +name="citation119a"></a><a href="#footnote119a" +class="citation">[119a]</a><br /> +The spears in the hands of the warriors were causing +devastation;<br /> +And ere was interred under <a name="citation119b"></a><a +href="#footnote119b" class="citation">[119b]</a> the swan-white +steed, <a name="citation119c"></a><a href="#footnote119c" +class="citation">[119c]</a><br /> +One who had been energetic in his commands,<br /> +His gore had thoroughly washed his armour: <a +name="citation119d"></a><a href="#footnote119d" +class="citation">[119d]</a><br /> +Such was Buddvan, <a name="citation119e"></a><a +href="#footnote119e" class="citation">[119e]</a> the son of +Bleiddvan the Bold.</p> +<h3>XXV.</h3> +<p>It were wrong not to record his magnificent feat;<br /> +He would not leave an open gap, through cowardice; <a +name="citation120a"></a><a href="#footnote120a" +class="citation">[120a]</a><br /> +The benefit of Britain’s minstrels never quitted his +court<br /> +Upon the calends of January; <a name="citation120b"></a><a +href="#footnote120b" class="citation">[120b]</a> according to his +design, <a name="citation120c"></a><a href="#footnote120c" +class="citation">[120c]</a><br /> +His land should not be ploughed, though it might become wild;<br +/> +He was a mighty dragon of indignant disposition;<br /> +A commander in the bloody field, <a name="citation120d"></a><a +href="#footnote120d" class="citation">[120d]</a> after the feast +of wine,<br /> +Was Gwenabwy <a name="citation121a"></a><a href="#footnote121a" +class="citation">[121a]</a> the son of Gwên, <a +name="citation121b"></a><a href="#footnote121b" +class="citation">[121b]</a> in the strife of Cattraeth.</p> +<h3>XXVI.</h3> +<p>True it was, as the songs relate, <a +name="citation121c"></a><a href="#footnote121c" +class="citation">[121c]</a><br /> +No one’s steeds <a name="citation121d"></a><a +href="#footnote121d" class="citation">[121d]</a> overtook +Marchleu;<br /> +The lances <a name="citation121e"></a><a href="#footnote121e" +class="citation">[121e]</a> hurled by the commanding earl,<br /> +In his prancing career, <a name="citation121f"></a><a +href="#footnote121f" class="citation">[121f]</a> strewed a thick +path;<br /> +As he had been reared for slaughter by the aid of my mother, <a +name="citation121g"></a><a href="#footnote121g" +class="citation">[121g]</a><br /> +Furious was the stroke of his sword whilst lending support to +others; <a name="citation121h"></a><a href="#footnote121h" +class="citation">[121h]</a><br /> +Ashen shafts were scattered from the grasp of his hand, <a +name="citation122a"></a><a href="#footnote122a" +class="citation">[122a]</a><br /> +Above the narrow summit <a name="citation122b"></a><a +href="#footnote122b" class="citation">[122b]</a> of the solemn +pile, <a name="citation122c"></a><a href="#footnote122c" +class="citation">[122c]</a><br /> +The place where one caused the smoke to ascend; <a +name="citation122d"></a><a href="#footnote122d" +class="citation">[122d]</a><br /> +He would slaughter with the blade, whilst his arms were full of +furze; <a name="citation122e"></a><a href="#footnote122e" +class="citation">[122e]</a><br /> +As when a reaping comes in the interval of fine weather, <a +name="citation122f"></a><a href="#footnote122f" +class="citation">[122f]</a><br /> +Would Marchleu <a name="citation123a"></a><a href="#footnote123a" +class="citation">[123a]</a> make the blood to flow.</p> +<h3>XXVII.</h3> +<p>Lower down <a name="citation123b"></a><a href="#footnote123b" +class="citation">[123b]</a> was sent from the southern region, <a +name="citation123c"></a><a href="#footnote123c" +class="citation">[123c]</a><br /> +One whose conduct <a name="citation123d"></a><a +href="#footnote123d" class="citation">[123d]</a> resembled the +flowing sea; <a name="citation123e"></a><a href="#footnote123e" +class="citation">[123e]</a><br /> +He was full of modesty and gentleness,<br /> +When allowed to quaff the mead:<br /> +But along the rampart to Offer, <a name="citation123f"></a><a +href="#footnote123f" class="citation">[123f]</a> even to the +point of Maddeu, <a name="citation123g"></a><a +href="#footnote123g" class="citation">[123g]</a><br /> +Enraged, he was glutted with carnage, and scattering, with +desolation; <a name="citation124a"></a><a href="#footnote124a" +class="citation">[124a]</a><br /> +His sword resounded on the heads of mothers;<br /> +He was an ardent spirit, <a name="citation124b"></a><a +href="#footnote124b" class="citation">[124b]</a> praise be to +him, the son of Gwyddneu. <a name="citation124c"></a><a +href="#footnote124c" class="citation">[124c]</a></p> +<h3>XXVIII.</h3> +<p>Caredig, <a name="citation124d"></a><a href="#footnote124d" +class="citation">[124d]</a> lovely is his fame;<br /> +He would protect and guard his ensign,<br /> +Gentle, <a name="citation125a"></a><a href="#footnote125a" +class="citation">[125a]</a> lowly, calm, before the day +arrived<br /> +When he the pomp of war should learn;<br /> +When comes the appointed time of the friend of song, <a +name="citation125b"></a><a href="#footnote125b" +class="citation">[125b]</a><br /> +May he recognise his home in the heavenly region.</p> +<h3>XXIX.</h3> +<p>Ceredig, <a name="citation125c"></a><a href="#footnote125c" +class="citation">[125c]</a> amiable leader,<br /> +A wrestler <a name="citation126a"></a><a href="#footnote126a" +class="citation">[126a]</a> in the impetuous <a +name="citation126b"></a><a href="#footnote126b" +class="citation">[126b]</a> fight;<br /> +His golden shield dazzled <a name="citation126c"></a><a +href="#footnote126c" class="citation">[126c]</a> the field of +battle,<br /> +His lances, when darted, were shivered into splinters,<br /> +And the stroke of his sword was fierce and penetrating;<br /> +Like a hero would he maintain his post.<br /> +Before he received the affliction of earth, <a +name="citation126d"></a><a href="#footnote126d" +class="citation">[126d]</a> before the fatal blow,<br /> +He had fulfilled his duty in guarding his station.<br /> +May he find a complete reception<br /> +With the Trinity in perfect Unity.</p> +<h3>XXX.</h3> +<p>When Caradawg <a name="citation126e"></a><a +href="#footnote126e" class="citation">[126e]</a> rushed into +battle,<br /> +It was like the tearing onset of the woodland boar; <a +name="citation127a"></a><a href="#footnote127a" +class="citation">[127a]</a><br /> +Bull of the army in the mangling fight,<br /> +He allured the wild dogs by the action of his hand; <a +name="citation127b"></a><a href="#footnote127b" +class="citation">[127b]</a><br /> +My witnesses <a name="citation127c"></a><a href="#footnote127c" +class="citation">[127c]</a> are Owain the son of Eulat,<br /> +And Gwrien, and Gwynn, and Gwriad; <a name="citation127d"></a><a +href="#footnote127d" class="citation">[127d]</a><br /> +But from Cattraeth, and its work of carnage, <a +name="citation127e"></a><a href="#footnote127e" +class="citation">[127e]</a><br /> +From the hill of Hydwn, ere it was gained, <a +name="citation127f"></a><a href="#footnote127f" +class="citation">[127f]</a><br /> +After the clear mead was put into his hand,<br /> +He saw no more the hill <a name="citation128a"></a><a +href="#footnote128a" class="citation">[128a]</a> of his +father.</p> +<h3>XXXI.</h3> +<p>The warriors marched with speed, together they bounded +onward;<br /> +Short lived were they,—they had become drunk over the +distilled mead.<br /> +The retinue of Mynyddawg, renowned <a name="citation128b"></a><a +href="#footnote128b" class="citation">[128b]</a> in the hour of +need;<br /> +Their life was the price of their banquet of mead.<br /> +Caradawg, <a name="citation128c"></a><a href="#footnote128c" +class="citation">[128c]</a> and Madawg, <a +name="citation128d"></a><a href="#footnote128d" +class="citation">[128d]</a> Pyll, and Ieuan,<br /> +Gwgawn, <a name="citation129a"></a><a href="#footnote129a" +class="citation">[129a]</a> and Gwiawn, Gwynn <a +name="citation129b"></a><a href="#footnote129b" +class="citation">[129b]</a> and Cynvan,<br /> +Peredur <a name="citation129c"></a><a href="#footnote129c" +class="citation">[129c]</a> with steel arms, Gwawrddur, <a +name="citation129d"></a><a href="#footnote129d" +class="citation">[129d]</a> and Aeddan; <a +name="citation129e"></a><a href="#footnote129e" +class="citation">[129e]</a><br /> +A defence were they in the tumult, though with shattered shields; +<a name="citation130a"></a><a href="#footnote130a" +class="citation">[130a]</a><br /> +When they were slain, they also slaughtered;<br /> +Not one to his native home returned.</p> +<h3>XXXII.</h3> +<p>The heroes marched with speed, together were they regaled<br +/> +That year over mead, and mighty was their design;<br /> +How sad to mention them, <a name="citation130b"></a><a +href="#footnote130b" class="citation">[130b]</a> how doleful +their commemoration! <a name="citation130c"></a><a +href="#footnote130c" class="citation">[130c]</a><br /> +Poison is the home to which they have returned, they are not as +sons by mothers nursed; <a name="citation130d"></a><a +href="#footnote130d" class="citation">[130d]</a><br /> +How long our vexation, how long our regret,<br /> +For the brave warriors, whose native place was the feast of wine! +<a name="citation130e"></a><a href="#footnote130e" +class="citation">[130e]</a><br /> +Gwlyget <a name="citation131a"></a><a href="#footnote131a" +class="citation">[131a]</a> of Gododin, having partaken of the +speech inspiring<br /> +Banquet of Mynyddawg, performed illustrious deeds, <a +name="citation131b"></a><a href="#footnote131b" +class="citation">[131b]</a><br /> +And paid a price <a name="citation131c"></a><a +href="#footnote131c" class="citation">[131c]</a> for the purchase +of the battle of Cattraeth.</p> +<h3>XXXIII.</h3> +<p>The heroes went to Cattraeth in marshalled array, and with +shout of war, <a name="citation131d"></a><a href="#footnote131d" +class="citation">[131d]</a><br /> +With powerful steeds, <a name="citation131e"></a><a +href="#footnote131e" class="citation">[131e]</a> and dark brown +harness, and with shields,<br /> +With uplifted <a name="citation131f"></a><a href="#footnote131f" +class="citation">[131f]</a> javelins, and piercing lances,<br /> +With glittering mail, and with swords.<br /> +He excelled, and penetrated through the host,<br /> +Five battalions fell before his blade;<br /> +Rhuvawn Hir, <a name="citation132a"></a><a href="#footnote132a" +class="citation">[132a]</a>—he gave gold <a +name="citation132b"></a><a href="#footnote132b" +class="citation">[132b]</a> to the altar,<br /> +And gifts and precious stones <a name="citation132c"></a><a +href="#footnote132c" class="citation">[132c]</a> to the +minstrel.</p> +<h3>XXXIV.</h3> +<p>No hall <a name="citation132d"></a><a href="#footnote132d" +class="citation">[132d]</a> was ever made so eminently +perfect,<br /> +So great, so magnificent for the slaughter; <a +name="citation133a"></a><a href="#footnote133a" +class="citation">[133a]</a><br /> +Morien <a name="citation133b"></a><a href="#footnote133b" +class="citation">[133b]</a> procured <a +name="citation133c"></a><a href="#footnote133c" +class="citation">[133c]</a> and spread the fire,<br /> +And would not say but that Cynon <a name="citation133d"></a><a +href="#footnote133d" class="citation">[133d]</a> should see <a +name="citation133e"></a><a href="#footnote133e" +class="citation">[133e]</a> the corpse<br /> +Of one harnessed, armed with a pike, and of a wide spread fame; +<a name="citation133f"></a><a href="#footnote133f" +class="citation">[133f]</a><br /> +His sword resounded on the summit occupied by the camp, <a +name="citation133g"></a><a href="#footnote133g" +class="citation">[133g]</a><br /> +Nor was he moved <a name="citation134a"></a><a +href="#footnote134a" class="citation">[134a]</a> aside in his +course by a ponderous stone from the wall of the fort, <a +name="citation134b"></a><a href="#footnote134b" +class="citation">[134b]</a><br /> +And never again will the son of Peithan <a +name="citation134c"></a><a href="#footnote134c" +class="citation">[134c]</a> be moved.</p> +<h3>XXXV.</h3> +<p>No hall was ever made so impregnable; <a +name="citation134d"></a><a href="#footnote134d" +class="citation">[134d]</a><br /> +Had not Morien been like Caradawg, <a name="citation134e"></a><a +href="#footnote134e" class="citation">[134e]</a><br /> +The forward Mynawg, <a name="citation134f"></a><a +href="#footnote134f" class="citation">[134f]</a> with his heavy +armour, <a name="citation134g"></a><a href="#footnote134g" +class="citation">[134g]</a> would not have escaped;<br /> +Enraged, he was fiercer than the son of Pherawg, <a +name="citation135a"></a><a href="#footnote135a" +class="citation">[135a]</a><br /> +Stout his hand, and, mounted on his steed, <a +name="citation135b"></a><a href="#footnote135b" +class="citation">[135b]</a> he dealt out flames upon the +retreating foe.<br /> +Terrible in the city was the cry of the timid multitude,<br /> +The van of the army of Gododin was scattered;<br /> +His buckler <a name="citation135c"></a><a href="#footnote135c" +class="citation">[135c]</a> was winged with fire for the +slaughter;<br /> +In the day of his wrath <a name="citation135d"></a><a +href="#footnote135d" class="citation">[135d]</a> he was +nimble—a destructive retaliator;<br /> +The dependants of Mynyddawg deserved their horns of mead.</p> +<h3>XXXVI.</h3> +<p>No hall was ever made so immoveable<br /> +As that of Cynon with the gentle breast, sovereign of the saints; +<a name="citation135e"></a><a href="#footnote135e" +class="citation">[135e]</a><br /> +He sat no longer on his elevated throne, <a +name="citation136a"></a><a href="#footnote136a" +class="citation">[136a]</a><br /> +Whom he pierced were not pierced again, <a +name="citation136b"></a><a href="#footnote136b" +class="citation">[136b]</a><br /> +Keen was the point of his lance,<br /> +It perforated the enamelled armour, it penetrated through the +troops;<br /> +Swift in the van were his horses, in front they tore along;<br /> +In the day of his anger <a name="citation136c"></a><a +href="#footnote136c" class="citation">[136c]</a> blasting was his +blade,<br /> +When Cynon rushed into battle with the green dawn.</p> +<h3>XXXVII.</h3> +<p>A grievous descent was made upon his native territory;<br /> +He <a name="citation136d"></a><a href="#footnote136d" +class="citation">[136d]</a> suffered an encroachment—he +fixed a limit;<br /> +His spear forcibly pushed the laughing chiefs of war;<br /> +Even as far as Ephyd <a name="citation137a"></a><a +href="#footnote137a" class="citation">[137a]</a> reached the +valour of the forward Elphin:<br /> +The furze was kindled by the ardent spirit, the bull of +conflict.</p> +<h3>XXXVIII.</h3> +<p>A grievous descent was made upon his native territory,<br /> +The price of mead in the hall, and the feast of wine;<br /> +His blades were scattered about between the two hosts;<br /> +Illustrious was the knight in front of Gododin;<br /> +The furze was kindled by the ardent spirit, the bull of conflict. +<a name="citation138a"></a><a href="#footnote138a" +class="citation">[138a]</a></p> +<h3>XXXIX.</h3> +<p>A grievous descent was made in front of the extended riches, +<a name="citation138b"></a><a href="#footnote138b" +class="citation">[138b]</a><br /> +But the army turned aside, with trailing <a +name="citation138c"></a><a href="#footnote138c" +class="citation">[138c]</a> shields,<br /> +And those shields were shivered before the herd of the roaring +Beli. <a name="citation138d"></a><a href="#footnote138d" +class="citation">[138d]</a><br /> +A dwarf from the bloody field hastened to the fence; <a +name="citation139a"></a><a href="#footnote139a" +class="citation">[139a]</a><br /> +And on our side there came a hoary headed man, our chief +counsellor, <a name="citation139b"></a><a href="#footnote139b" +class="citation">[139b]</a><br /> +Mounted on a prancing iebald psteed, and wearing the golden +chain.<br /> +The Boar <a name="citation139c"></a><a href="#footnote139c" +class="citation">[139c]</a> proposed a compact in front of the +course—the great plotter;<br /> +Right worthy <a name="citation139d"></a><a href="#footnote139d" +class="citation">[139d]</a> was the shout of our refusal,<br /> +And we cried “Let heaven be our protection,<br /> +Let his compact be that he should be prostrated by the spear in +battle, <a name="citation139e"></a><a href="#footnote139e" +class="citation">[139e]</a><br /> +Our warriors, in respect of their far famed fosse, <a +name="citation139f"></a><a href="#footnote139f" +class="citation">[139f]</a><br /> +Would not quarrel if a host were there to press the +ground.”</p> +<h3>XL.</h3> +<p>For the piercing <a name="citation140a"></a><a +href="#footnote140a" class="citation">[140a]</a> of the skilful +and most learned man, <a name="citation140b"></a><a +href="#footnote140b" class="citation">[140b]</a><br /> +For the fair corpse which fell prostrate on the ground,<br /> +For the cutting <a name="citation140c"></a><a +href="#footnote140c" class="citation">[140c]</a> of his hair from +his head,<br /> +For Gwydien, the eagle of the air, <a name="citation140d"></a><a +href="#footnote140d" class="citation">[140d]</a><br /> +Did Gwyddwg <a name="citation141a"></a><a href="#footnote141a" +class="citation">[141a]</a> bring protection to the field, <a +name="citation141b"></a><a href="#footnote141b" +class="citation">[141b]</a><br /> +Resembling and honouring his master.<br /> +Morien of the blessed song, brought protection<br /> +To the ruined hall, <a name="citation141c"></a><a +href="#footnote141c" class="citation">[141c]</a> and cleft the +heads<br /> +Of the first in youth, in strength, and in old age.<br /> +Equal to three men, though a maid, was Bradwen; <a +name="citation141d"></a><a href="#footnote141d" +class="citation">[141d]</a><br /> +Equal to twelve was Gwenabwy, the son of Gwen. <a +name="citation141e"></a><a href="#footnote141e" +class="citation">[141e]</a></p> +<h3>XLI.</h3> +<p>For the piercing of the skilful and most learned woman,<br /> +Her servant bore a shield in the action,<br /> +And with energy his sword fell upon the heads of the foe;<br /> +In Lloegyr the churls cut their way before the chieftain. <a +name="citation142a"></a><a href="#footnote142a" +class="citation">[142a]</a><br /> +He who grasps the mane of a wolf, without a club <a +name="citation142b"></a><a href="#footnote142b" +class="citation">[142b]</a><br /> +In his hand, will have it gorgeously emblazoned on his robe. <a +name="citation142c"></a><a href="#footnote142c" +class="citation">[142c]</a><br /> +In the engagement of wrath and carnage,<br /> +Bradwen perished,—she did not escape.</p> +<h3>XLII.</h3> +<p>Carcases <a name="citation142d"></a><a href="#footnote142d" +class="citation">[142d]</a> of gold mailed warriors lay upon the +city walls;<br /> +None of the houses or cities of Christians <a +name="citation142e"></a><a href="#footnote142e" +class="citation">[142e]</a> was any longer actively engaged in +war; <a name="citation142f"></a><a href="#footnote142f" +class="citation">[142f]</a><br /> +But one feeble man, with his shouts, kept aloof<br /> +The roving birds; <a name="citation143a"></a><a +href="#footnote143a" class="citation">[143a]</a><br /> +Truly Syll of Virein <a name="citation143b"></a><a +href="#footnote143b" class="citation">[143b]</a> reports that +there were more<br /> +That had chanced to come from Llwy, <a name="citation143c"></a><a +href="#footnote143c" class="citation">[143c]</a><br /> +From around the inlet of the flood;<br /> +He reports that there were more,<br /> +At the hour of mattins, <a name="citation143d"></a><a +href="#footnote143d" class="citation">[143d]</a><br /> +Than the morning breeze could well support.</p> +<h3>XLIII.</h3> +<p>When thou, famous conqueror!<br /> +Wast protecting the ear of corn in the uplands,<br /> +Deservedly were we said to run <a name="citation144a"></a><a +href="#footnote144a" class="citation">[144a]</a> like marked men; +<a name="citation144b"></a><a href="#footnote144b" +class="citation">[144b]</a><br /> +The entrance to Din Drei <a name="citation144c"></a><a +href="#footnote144c" class="citation">[144c]</a> was not +guarded,<br /> +There was a mountain with riches <a name="citation144d"></a><a +href="#footnote144d" class="citation">[144d]</a> for those who +should approach it,<br /> +And there was a city <a name="citation144e"></a><a +href="#footnote144e" class="citation">[144e]</a> for the army +that should venture to enter;<br /> +But Gwynwydd’s name was not heard where his person was not +seen. <a name="citation144f"></a><a href="#footnote144f" +class="citation">[144f]</a></p> +<h3>XLIV.</h3> +<p>Though there be a hundred men in one house,<br /> +I know the cares of war, <a name="citation145a"></a><a +href="#footnote145a" class="citation">[145a]</a><br /> +The chief of the men must pay the contribution. <a +name="citation145b"></a><a href="#footnote145b" +class="citation">[145b]</a></p> +<h3>LXV.</h3> +<p>I am not headstrong and petulant,<br /> +I will not avenge myself on him who drives me on, <a +name="citation145c"></a><a href="#footnote145c" +class="citation">[145c]</a><br /> +I will not laugh in derision;<br /> +This particle <a name="citation145d"></a><a href="#footnote145d" +class="citation">[145d]</a> shall go under foot. <a +name="citation145e"></a><a href="#footnote145e" +class="citation">[145e]</a><br /> +My limbs <a name="citation145f"></a><a href="#footnote145f" +class="citation">[145f]</a> are racked,<br /> +And I am loaded, <a name="citation146a"></a><a +href="#footnote146a" class="citation">[146a]</a><br /> +In the subterraneous house;<br /> +An iron chain<br /> +Passes over my two knees;<br /> +Yet of the mead and of the horn, <a name="citation146b"></a><a +href="#footnote146b" class="citation">[146b]</a><br /> +And of the host of Cattraeth,<br /> +I Aneurin will sing <a name="citation146c"></a><a +href="#footnote146c" class="citation">[146c]</a><br /> +What is known to Taliesin,<br /> +Who communicates to me his thoughts, <a +name="citation146d"></a><a href="#footnote146d" +class="citation">[146d]</a><br /> +Or a strain of Gododin,<br /> +Before the dawn of the bright day. <a name="citation146e"></a><a +href="#footnote146e" class="citation">[146e]</a></p> +<h3>XLVI.</h3> +<p>The chief exploit of the North <a name="citation146f"></a><a +href="#footnote146f" class="citation">[146f]</a> did the hero +accomplish,<br /> +Of a gentle breast, a more liberal lord could not be seen,<br /> +Earth does not support, <a name="citation147a"></a><a +href="#footnote147a" class="citation">[147a]</a> nor has mother +borne<br /> +Such an illustrious, powerful, steel clad warrior;<br /> +By the force of his gleaming sword he protected me,<br /> +From the cruel subterraneous prison he brought me out,<br /> +From the chamber of death, from a hostile region;<br /> +Such was Ceneu, son of Llywarch, energetic and bold. <a +name="citation147b"></a><a href="#footnote147b" +class="citation">[147b]</a></p> +<h3>XLVII.</h3> +<p>He would not bear the reproach of a congress, <a +name="citation147c"></a><a href="#footnote147c" +class="citation">[147c]</a><br /> +Senyllt, <a name="citation147d"></a><a href="#footnote147d" +class="citation">[147d]</a> with his vessels full of +mead;—<br /> +His sword rang <a name="citation148a"></a><a href="#footnote148a" +class="citation">[148a]</a> for deeds of violence,<br /> +He shouted and bounded with aid for the war,<br /> +And with his arm proved a comprehensive <a +name="citation148b"></a><a href="#footnote148b" +class="citation">[148b]</a> support, <a +name="citation148c"></a><a href="#footnote148c" +class="citation">[148c]</a><br /> +Against the armies of Gododin and Bryneich.<br /> +Booths for the horses were prepared in the hall, <a +name="citation148d"></a><a href="#footnote148d" +class="citation">[148d]</a><br /> +There was streaming gore, and dark brown harness,<br /> +And from his hand issued a thread <a name="citation148e"></a><a +href="#footnote148e" class="citation">[148e]</a> of gleam; <a +name="citation148f"></a><a href="#footnote148f" +class="citation">[148f]</a><br /> +Like a hunter shooting with the bow<br /> +Was Gwen; <a name="citation148g"></a><a href="#footnote148g" +class="citation">[148g]</a> and the attacking parties mutually +pushed each other,<br /> +Friend and foe by turns;<br /> +The warriors did not cut their way to flee, <a +name="citation148h"></a><a href="#footnote148h" +class="citation">[148h]</a><br /> +But were the generous defenders of every region.</p> +<h3>XLVIII.</h3> +<p>To Llech Leucu, <a name="citation149a"></a><a +href="#footnote149a" class="citation">[149a]</a> the land of +Lleu, <a name="citation149b"></a><a href="#footnote149b" +class="citation">[149b]</a> and Lleudvre, <a +name="citation149c"></a><a href="#footnote149c" +class="citation">[149c]</a><br /> +To the course of Gododin,<br /> +And to the course of Ragno, close at hand,<br /> +Even that hand which directed the splendour of battle,<br /> +With the branch of Caerwys, <a name="citation149d"></a><a +href="#footnote149d" class="citation">[149d]</a><br /> +Before it was shattered<br /> +By the season of the storm,—by the storm of the season, <a +name="citation149e"></a><a href="#footnote149e" +class="citation">[149e]</a><br /> +To form a rank against a hundred thousand men, <a +name="citation149f"></a><a href="#footnote149f" +class="citation">[149f]</a><br /> +Coming from Dindovydd,<br /> +In the region of Dyvneint, <a name="citation150a"></a><a +href="#footnote150a" class="citation">[150a]</a><br /> +Deeply did they design, <a name="citation150b"></a><a +href="#footnote150b" class="citation">[150b]</a><br /> +Sharply did they pierce,<br /> +Wholly did they chant,<br /> +Even the army with the battered shields;<br /> +And before the bull of conflict,<br /> +The hostile van was broken.</p> +<h3>XLIX.</h3> +<p>The foes have in sorrow greatly trembled,<br /> +Since the battle of most active tumult,<br /> +At the border of Ban Carw; <a name="citation150c"></a><a +href="#footnote150c" class="citation">[150c]</a><br /> +Round the border of Ban Carw<br /> +The fingers of Brych <a name="citation150d"></a><a +href="#footnote150d" class="citation">[150d]</a> were hurt by the +shaft of a spear. <a name="citation150e"></a><a +href="#footnote150e" class="citation">[150e]</a><br /> +In defence of Pwyll, <a name="citation150f"></a><a +href="#footnote150f" class="citation">[150f]</a> of Disteir and +Distar,<br /> +In defence of Pwyll, of Rodri, and of Rhychwardd,<br /> +A stout <a name="citation151a"></a><a href="#footnote151a" +class="citation">[151a]</a> bow was spent by Rhys <a +name="citation151b"></a><a href="#footnote151b" +class="citation">[151b]</a> in Rhiwdrech;<br /> +They that were not bold would not attain their purpose;<br /> +None escaped that was once overtaken and pierced. <a +name="citation151c"></a><a href="#footnote151c" +class="citation">[151c]</a></p> +<h3>L.</h3> +<p>Not meetly was his buckler pierced<br /> +Upon the flank of his steed; <a name="citation151d"></a><a +href="#footnote151d" class="citation">[151d]</a><br /> +Not meetly did he mount <a name="citation152a"></a><a +href="#footnote152a" class="citation">[152a]</a><br /> +His long legged, slender, grey charger;<br /> +Dark was his shaft, dark,<br /> +Darker was his saddle; <a name="citation152b"></a><a +href="#footnote152b" class="citation">[152b]</a><br /> +Thy hero <a name="citation152c"></a><a href="#footnote152c" +class="citation">[152c]</a> is in a cell, <a +name="citation152d"></a><a href="#footnote152d" +class="citation">[152d]</a><br /> +Gnawing the shoulder of a buck, <a name="citation152e"></a><a +href="#footnote152e" class="citation">[152e]</a><br /> +May his hand triumph,<br /> +But far be the shoulder of venison. <a name="citation152f"></a><a +href="#footnote152f" class="citation">[152f]</a></p> +<h3>LI.</h3> +<p>It is well that Adonwy came to the support of Gwen; <a +name="citation153a"></a><a href="#footnote153a" +class="citation">[153a]</a><br /> +Bradwen <a name="citation153b"></a><a href="#footnote153b" +class="citation">[153b]</a> abandoned the foaming brine,<br /> +And fought, slaughtered, and burned, though Morien<br /> +She did not surpass in martial deeds.<br /> +Thou didst not regard the rear or the van<br /> +Of the towering, unhelmetted <a name="citation153c"></a><a +href="#footnote153c" class="citation">[153c]</a> presence;<br /> +Thou didst not observe the great swelling sea of knights,<br /> +That would mangle, and grant no shelter to the Saxons. <a +name="citation153d"></a><a href="#footnote153d" +class="citation">[153d]</a></p> +<h3>LII.</h3> +<p>Gododin! in respect of thee will I demand <a +name="citation154a"></a><a href="#footnote154a" +class="citation">[154a]</a><br /> +The dales beyond the ridge of Drum Essyd; <a +name="citation154b"></a><a href="#footnote154b" +class="citation">[154b]</a><br /> +The slave, <a name="citation154c"></a><a href="#footnote154c" +class="citation">[154c]</a> greedy of wealth, cannot control +himself;<br /> +By the counsel of thy son, <a name="citation154d"></a><a +href="#footnote154d" class="citation">[154d]</a> let thy valour +shine forth.<br /> +The place appointed for the conference<br /> +Was not mean, <a name="citation154e"></a><a href="#footnote154e" +class="citation">[154e]</a> in front of Llanveithin; <a +name="citation154f"></a><a href="#footnote154f" +class="citation">[154f]</a><br /> +From twilight to twilight he revelled; <a +name="citation154g"></a><a href="#footnote154g" +class="citation">[154g]</a><br /> +Splendid and full was the purple of the pilgrim; <a +name="citation154h"></a><a href="#footnote154h" +class="citation">[154h]</a><br /> +He killed the defenceless, <a name="citation154i"></a><a +href="#footnote154i" class="citation">[154i]</a> the delight of +the bulwark of toil, <a name="citation154j"></a><a +href="#footnote154j" class="citation">[154j]</a><br /> +His inseparable companion, whose voice was like that of Aneurin. +<a name="citation155a"></a><a href="#footnote155a" +class="citation">[155a]</a></p> +<h3>LIII.</h3> +<p>Together arise the foremost fighting warriors, <a +name="citation155b"></a><a href="#footnote155b" +class="citation">[155b]</a><br /> +And in a body march to Cattraeth, with noise and eager speed;<br +/> +The effects <a name="citation155c"></a><a href="#footnote155c" +class="citation">[155c]</a> of the mead in the hall, and of the +beverage of wine.<br /> +Blades were scattered between the two armies<br /> +By an illustrious knight, in front of Gododin.<br /> +Furze was set on fire by the ardent spirit, the bull of battle. +<a name="citation155d"></a><a href="#footnote155d" +class="citation">[155d]</a></p> +<h3>LIV.</h3> +<p>Together arise the expert warriors,<br /> +And the stranger, <a name="citation155e"></a><a +href="#footnote155e" class="citation">[155e]</a> the man with the +crimson robe, pursue;<br /> +The encampment is broken down by the gorgeous pilgrim, <a +name="citation156a"></a><a href="#footnote156a" +class="citation">[156a]</a><br /> +Where the young deer were in full melody. <a +name="citation156b"></a><a href="#footnote156b" +class="citation">[156b]</a><br /> +Amongst the spears of Brych <a name="citation156c"></a><a +href="#footnote156c" class="citation">[156c]</a> thou couldst see +no rods; <a name="citation156d"></a><a href="#footnote156d" +class="citation">[156d]</a><br /> +With the base the worthy can have no concord; <a +name="citation156e"></a><a href="#footnote156e" +class="citation">[156e]</a><br /> +Morial <a name="citation156f"></a><a href="#footnote156f" +class="citation">[156f]</a> in pursuit will not countenance their +dishonourable deeds,<br /> +With his steel blade ready for the effusion of blood.</p> +<h3>LV.</h3> +<p>Together arise the associated <a name="citation156g"></a><a +href="#footnote156g" class="citation">[156g]</a> warriors,<br /> +Strangers to the country, their deeds shall be proclaimed;<br /> +There was slaughtering with axes and blades, <a +name="citation157a"></a><a href="#footnote157a" +class="citation">[157a]</a><br /> +And there was raising large cairns over the heroes of toil.</p> +<h3>LVI.</h3> +<p>The experienced <a name="citation157b"></a><a +href="#footnote157b" class="citation">[157b]</a> warriors met +together,<br /> +And all with one accord sallied forth; <a +name="citation157c"></a><a href="#footnote157c" +class="citation">[157c]</a><br /> +Short were their lives, long is the grief of those who loved +them;<br /> +Seven times their number of Lloegrians had they slain;<br /> +After the conflict their wives <a name="citation157d"></a><a +href="#footnote157d" class="citation">[157d]</a> raised a scream; +<a name="citation157e"></a><a href="#footnote157e" +class="citation">[157e]</a><br /> +And many a mother has the tear on her eyelash.</p> +<h3>LVII.</h3> +<p>No hall was ever made so faultless;<br /> +Nor was there a lion so generous, a majestic lion on the path, so +kind <a name="citation158a"></a><a href="#footnote158a" +class="citation">[158a]</a><br /> +As Cynon of the gentle breast, the most comely lord.<br /> +The fame <a name="citation158b"></a><a href="#footnote158b" +class="citation">[158b]</a> of the city extends to the remotest +parts;<br /> +It was the staying <a name="citation158c"></a><a +href="#footnote158c" class="citation">[158c]</a> shelter of the +army, the benefit of flowing melody. <a +name="citation158d"></a><a href="#footnote158d" +class="citation">[158d]</a><br /> +Of those whom I have seen, or shall hereafter see<br /> +On earth, engaged in arms, the battle cry, and war, <a +name="citation159a"></a><a href="#footnote159a" +class="citation">[159a]</a> the most heroic was he,<br /> +Who slew the mounted ravagers with the keenest blade;<br /> +Like rushes did they fall before his hand.<br /> +O son of Clydno, <a name="citation159b"></a><a +href="#footnote159b" class="citation">[159b]</a> of lasting <a +name="citation159c"></a><a href="#footnote159c" +class="citation">[159c]</a> fame! I will sing to thee<br /> +A song of praise, without beginning, <a +name="citation159d"></a><a href="#footnote159d" +class="citation">[159d]</a> without end.</p> +<h3>LVIII.</h3> +<p>After the feast of wine and the banquet of mead,<br /> +Enriched with the first fruits of slaughter,<br /> +The mother of Spoliation, <a name="citation159e"></a><a +href="#footnote159e" class="citation">[159e]</a><br /> +Was the energetic Eidol; <a name="citation159f"></a><a +href="#footnote159f" class="citation">[159f]</a><br /> +He honoured the mount of the van, <a name="citation160a"></a><a +href="#footnote160a" class="citation">[160a]</a><br /> +In the presence of Victory.<br /> +The hovering ravens,<br /> +Ascend in the sky; <a name="citation160b"></a><a +href="#footnote160b" class="citation">[160b]</a><br /> +The foremost spearmen around him thicken, <a +name="citation160c"></a><a href="#footnote160c" +class="citation">[160c]</a><br /> +Like a crop of green barley, <a name="citation160d"></a><a +href="#footnote160d" class="citation">[160d]</a><br /> +Without the semblance of a retreat.<br /> +Warriors in wonder shake their javelins,<br /> +With pouting and pallid lips,<br /> +Caused by the keenness of the destructive sword;<br /> +From the front of the banquet, deprived of sleep<br /> +They vigorously spring forth, <a name="citation161a"></a><a +href="#footnote161a" class="citation">[161a]</a> upon the +awaking<br /> +Of the mother <a name="citation161b"></a><a href="#footnote161b" +class="citation">[161b]</a> of the Lance, the leader of the +din.</p> +<h3>LIX.</h3> +<p>From the feast of wine and the banquet of mead, they +marched<br /> +To the strife of mail-clad warriors; <a +name="citation161c"></a><a href="#footnote161c" +class="citation">[161c]</a><br /> +I know no tale of slaughter which records<br /> +So complete a destruction.<br /> +Before Cattraeth loquacious was the host;<br /> +But of the retinue of Mynyddawg, greatly to be deplored, <a +name="citation162a"></a><a href="#footnote162a" +class="citation">[162a]</a><br /> +Out of three hundred <a name="citation162b"></a><a +href="#footnote162b" class="citation">[162b]</a> men, only one +returned.</p> +<h3>LX.</h3> +<p>From the feast of wine and the banquet of mead, with speed +they marched,<br /> +Men renowned in difficulty, prodigal of their lives;<br /> +In fairest order <a name="citation162c"></a><a +href="#footnote162c" class="citation">[162c]</a> round the viands +they together feasted;<br /> +Wine and mead and tribute <a name="citation162d"></a><a +href="#footnote162d" class="citation">[162d]</a> they enjoyed.<br +/> +From the retinue of Mynyddawg ruin has come to me; <a +name="citation163a"></a><a href="#footnote163a" +class="citation">[163a]</a><br /> +And I have lost my general <a name="citation163b"></a><a +href="#footnote163b" class="citation">[163b]</a> and <a +name="citation163c"></a><a href="#footnote163c" +class="citation">[163c]</a> my true friends.<br /> +Of the regal army of three hundred men that hastened to +Cattraeth,<br /> +Alas! none have returned, save one alone.</p> +<h3>LXI.</h3> +<p>Impetuous as a ball, <a name="citation163d"></a><a +href="#footnote163d" class="citation">[163d]</a> in the combat of +spears, was Present,<br /> +And on his horse would he be found, when not at home;<br /> +Yet illusive <a name="citation163e"></a><a href="#footnote163e" +class="citation">[163e]</a> was the aid which he brought against +Gododin;<br /> +For though apart from the wine and mead he was unrestrained,<br +/> +He perished <a name="citation164a"></a><a href="#footnote164a" +class="citation">[164a]</a> on the course;<br /> +And red stained warriors ride <a name="citation164b"></a><a +href="#footnote164b" class="citation">[164b]</a><br /> +The steeds of the knight, who had been in the morning bold.</p> +<h3>LXII.</h3> +<p>Angor, <a name="citation164c"></a><a href="#footnote164c" +class="citation">[164c]</a> thou who scatterest the brave,<br /> +And piercest <a name="citation164d"></a><a href="#footnote164d" +class="citation">[164d]</a> the sullen like a serpent;<br /> +Thou tramplest upon those who in strong mail are clad,<br /> +In front of the army; <a name="citation164e"></a><a +href="#footnote164e" class="citation">[164e]</a><br /> +Like an enraged bear, guarding and assaulting, <a +name="citation164f"></a><a href="#footnote164f" +class="citation">[164f]</a><br /> +Thou tramplest upon the furious, <a name="citation165a"></a><a +href="#footnote165a" class="citation">[165a]</a><br /> +In the day of capture,<br /> +In the dank entrenchment; <a name="citation165b"></a><a +href="#footnote165b" class="citation">[165b]</a><br /> +Like the mangling dwarf, <a name="citation165c"></a><a +href="#footnote165c" class="citation">[165c]</a><br /> +Who in his fury prepared<br /> +A banquet for the birds,<br /> +In the tumultuous fight.<br /> +Cywir <a name="citation165d"></a><a href="#footnote165d" +class="citation">[165d]</a> art thou named from thy righteous +(<i>enwir</i>) deed;<br /> +Leader, director, and bulwark (<i>mur</i>) of the course of +battle <a name="citation165e"></a><a href="#footnote165e" +class="citation">[165e]</a><br /> +Is Merin; <a name="citation165f"></a><a href="#footnote165f" +class="citation">[165f]</a> and fortunately (<i>mad</i>) wert +thou, Madien, born.</p> +<h3>LXIII.</h3> +<p>It is incumbent to sing of the complete acquisition<br /> +Of the warriors, who at Cattraeth made a tumultuous rout,<br /> +With confusion and blood, and treading and trampling;<br /> +Men of toil <a name="citation166a"></a><a href="#footnote166a" +class="citation">[166a]</a> were trampled because of the +contribution of mead in the horn; <a name="citation166b"></a><a +href="#footnote166b" class="citation">[166b]</a><br /> +But the carnage of the combatants <a name="citation166c"></a><a +href="#footnote166c" class="citation">[166c]</a><br /> +Cannot be described even by the cup of bounty, <a +name="citation166d"></a><a href="#footnote166d" +class="citation">[166d]</a><br /> +After the excitement of the battle is over,<br /> +Notwithstanding so much splendid eloquence.</p> +<h3>LXIV.</h3> +<p>It is incumbent to sing of so much renown,<br /> +The tumult of fire, of thunder, and tempest,<br /> +The glorious gallantry of the knight of conflict. <a +name="citation167a"></a><a href="#footnote167a" +class="citation">[167a]</a><br /> +The ruddy reapers of war are thy desire, <a +name="citation167b"></a><a href="#footnote167b" +class="citation">[167b]</a><br /> +Thou man of toil, <a name="citation167c"></a><a +href="#footnote167c" class="citation">[167c]</a> but the +worthless thou beheadest; <a name="citation167d"></a><a +href="#footnote167d" class="citation">[167d]</a><br /> +The whole length of the land shall hear of thee in battle;<br /> +With thy shield upon thy shoulder, thou dost incessantly +cleave<br /> +With thy blade, <a name="citation167e"></a><a +href="#footnote167e" class="citation">[167e]</a> until blood +flows <a name="citation167f"></a><a href="#footnote167f" +class="citation">[167f]</a> like bright wine out of glass +vessels; <a name="citation167g"></a><a href="#footnote167g" +class="citation">[167g]</a><br /> +As the contribution <a name="citation168a"></a><a +href="#footnote168a" class="citation">[168a]</a> for mead thou +claimest gold;<br /> +Wine nourished was Gwaednerth, <a name="citation168b"></a><a +href="#footnote168b" class="citation">[168b]</a> the son of +Llywri.</p> +<h3>LXV.</h3> +<p>It is incumbent to sing of the gay and illustrious tribes, <a +name="citation168c"></a><a href="#footnote168c" +class="citation">[168c]</a><br /> +That, after the fatal fight, <a name="citation168d"></a><a +href="#footnote168d" class="citation">[168d]</a> filled the river +Aeron; <a name="citation168e"></a><a href="#footnote168e" +class="citation">[168e]</a><br /> +Their grasp satisfied the hunger <a name="citation168f"></a><a +href="#footnote168f" class="citation">[168f]</a> of the eagles of +Clwyd, <a name="citation168g"></a><a href="#footnote168g" +class="citation">[168g]</a><br /> +And prepared food for the birds of prey.<br /> +Of those who went to Cattraeth, wearers of the golden chain,<br +/> +Upon the message of Mynyddawg, sovereign of the people,<br /> +There came not honourably <a name="citation169a"></a><a +href="#footnote169a" class="citation">[169a]</a> in behalf <a +name="citation169b"></a><a href="#footnote169b" +class="citation">[169b]</a> of the Brython,<br /> +To Gododin, a hero from afar who was better than Cynon.</p> +<h3>LXVI.</h3> +<p>It is incumbent to sing of so many men of skill, <a +name="citation169c"></a><a href="#footnote169c" +class="citation">[169c]</a><br /> +Who in their halls <a name="citation169d"></a><a +href="#footnote169d" class="citation">[169d]</a> once led a merry +life: <a name="citation169e"></a><a href="#footnote169e" +class="citation">[169e]</a><br /> +Ambitious <a name="citation169f"></a><a href="#footnote169f" +class="citation">[169f]</a> and bold, all round the world would +Eidol <a name="citation169g"></a><a href="#footnote169g" +class="citation">[169g]</a> seek for melody;<br /> +But notwithstanding gold, and fine steeds, and intoxicating +mead,<br /> +Only one man of these, who loved the world, returned,<br /> +Cynddilig of Aeron, one of the Novantian heroes. <a +name="citation169h"></a><a href="#footnote169h" +class="citation">[169h]</a></p> +<h3>LXVII.</h3> +<p>It is incumbent to sing of the gay and illustrious tribes,<br +/> +That went upon the message of Mynyddawg, sovereign of the +people,<br /> +And the daughter <a name="citation170a"></a><a +href="#footnote170a" class="citation">[170a]</a> of Eudav the +Tall, of a faultless gait, <a name="citation170b"></a><a +href="#footnote170b" class="citation">[170b]</a><br /> +Apparelled in her purple robes, thoroughly and truly +splendid.</p> +<h3>LXVIII.</h3> +<p>The soldiers <a name="citation171a"></a><a +href="#footnote171a" class="citation">[171a]</a> celebrated the +praise of the Holy One,<br /> +And in their <a name="citation171b"></a><a href="#footnote171b" +class="citation">[171b]</a> presence was kindled a fire that +raged on high.<br /> +On Tuesday they put on their dark-brown garments; <a +name="citation171c"></a><a href="#footnote171c" +class="citation">[171c]</a><br /> +On Wednesday they purified their enamelled armour;<br /> +On Thursday their destruction was certain;<br /> +On Friday was brought carnage all around;<br /> +On Saturday their joint labour was useless;<br /> +On Sunday their blades assumed a ruddy hue;<br /> +On Monday was seen a pool knee deep of blood. <a +name="citation171d"></a><a href="#footnote171d" +class="citation">[171d]</a><br /> +The Gododin relates that after the toil,<br /> +Before the tents of Madog, when he returned,<br /> +Only one man in a hundred with him came. <a +name="citation172a"></a><a href="#footnote172a" +class="citation">[172a]</a></p> +<h3>LXIX.</h3> +<p>At the early dawn of morn, <a name="citation172b"></a><a +href="#footnote172b" class="citation">[172b]</a><br /> +There was a battle at the fall of the river, <a +name="citation172c"></a><a href="#footnote172c" +class="citation">[172c]</a> in front of the course; <a +name="citation172d"></a><a href="#footnote172d" +class="citation">[172d]</a><br /> +The pass and the knoll were pervaded with fire; <a +name="citation172e"></a><a href="#footnote172e" +class="citation">[172e]</a><br /> +Like a boar didst thou <a name="citation172f"></a><a +href="#footnote172f" class="citation">[172f]</a> lead to the +mount;<br /> +The wealth <a name="citation172g"></a><a href="#footnote172g" +class="citation">[172g]</a> of the hill, and the place,<br /> +And the dark brown hawks <a name="citation173a"></a><a +href="#footnote173a" class="citation">[173a]</a> were stained +with gore. <a name="citation173b"></a><a href="#footnote173b" +class="citation">[173b]</a></p> +<h3>LXX.</h3> +<p>Quickly rising, in a moment of time, <a +name="citation173c"></a><a href="#footnote173c" +class="citation">[173c]</a><br /> +After kindling a fire at the confluence, <a +name="citation173d"></a><a href="#footnote173d" +class="citation">[173d]</a> in front of the fence, <a +name="citation173e"></a><a href="#footnote173e" +class="citation">[173e]</a><br /> +After leading his men in close array,<br /> +In front of a hundred he pierces the foremost. <a +name="citation173f"></a><a href="#footnote173f" +class="citation">[173f]</a><br /> +Sad it was that you should have made a pool of blood,<br /> +As if you but drank mead in the midst of laughter; <a +name="citation174a"></a><a href="#footnote174a" +class="citation">[174a]</a><br /> +But it was brave of you to slay the little man, <a +name="citation174b"></a><a href="#footnote174b" +class="citation">[174b]</a><br /> +With the fierce and impetuous stroke of the sword;<br /> +For like the unrestrained ocean <a name="citation174c"></a><a +href="#footnote174c" class="citation">[174c]</a> had the foe <a +name="citation174d"></a><a href="#footnote174d" +class="citation">[174d]</a> put to death<br /> +A man, who would otherwise have been in rank his equal.</p> +<h3>LXXI.</h3> +<p>He fell headlong down the precipice, <a +name="citation174e"></a><a href="#footnote174e" +class="citation">[174e]</a><br /> +And the bushes <a name="citation174f"></a><a href="#footnote174f" +class="citation">[174f]</a> supported not his noble <a +name="citation174g"></a><a href="#footnote174g" +class="citation">[174g]</a> head;<br /> +It was a violation of privilege to kill him on the breach, <a +name="citation175a"></a><a href="#footnote175a" +class="citation">[175a]</a><br /> +It was a primary law that Owain should ascend upon the course, <a +name="citation175b"></a><a href="#footnote175b" +class="citation">[175b]</a><br /> +And extend before the onset the branch of peace, <a +name="citation175c"></a><a href="#footnote175c" +class="citation">[175c]</a><br /> +And that he should pursue the study of meet <a +name="citation175d"></a><a href="#footnote175d" +class="citation">[175d]</a> and learned strains.<br /> +Excellent man, the assuager of tumult and battle,<br /> +Whose very grasp dreaded a sword, <a name="citation175e"></a><a +href="#footnote175e" class="citation">[175e]</a><br /> +And who bore in his hand an empty corslet. <a +name="citation175f"></a><a href="#footnote175f" +class="citation">[175f]</a><br /> +O sovereign, dispense rewards<br /> +Out of his earthly shrine. <a name="citation176a"></a><a +href="#footnote176a" class="citation">[176a]</a></p> +<h3>LXXII.</h3> +<p>Eidol, with frigid blood and pale complexion,<br /> +Spreading carnage, when the maid was supreme in judgment; <a +name="citation176b"></a><a href="#footnote176b" +class="citation">[176b]</a><br /> +Owner of horses and strong trappings,<br /> +And transparent <a name="citation176c"></a><a +href="#footnote176c" class="citation">[176c]</a> shields,<br /> +Instantaneously makes an onset,—ascending and +descending.</p> +<h3>LXXIII.</h3> +<p>The leader of war with eagerness <a name="citation177a"></a><a +href="#footnote177a" class="citation">[177a]</a> conducts the +battle,<br /> +Mallet of the land, <a name="citation177b"></a><a +href="#footnote177b" class="citation">[177b]</a> he loved the +mighty reapers; <a name="citation177c"></a><a +href="#footnote177c" class="citation">[177c]</a><br /> +Stout youth, the freshness of his form was stained with blood,<br +/> +His accoutrements resounded, his chargers made a clang; <a +name="citation177d"></a><a href="#footnote177d" +class="citation">[177d]</a><br /> +His cheeks <a name="citation177e"></a><a href="#footnote177e" +class="citation">[177e]</a> are covered with armour,<br /> +And thus, image of death, he scatters desolation in the toil;<br +/> +In the first onset his lances penetrate the targets, <a +name="citation177f"></a><a href="#footnote177f" +class="citation">[177f]</a><br /> +And a track of surrounding light is made by the aim of the +darting of his spears.</p> +<h3>LXXIV.</h3> +<p>The saints <a name="citation178a"></a><a href="#footnote178a" +class="citation">[178a]</a> exert their courage, <a +name="citation178b"></a><a href="#footnote178b" +class="citation">[178b]</a> for the destruction of thy retreat, +<a name="citation178c"></a><a href="#footnote178c" +class="citation">[178c]</a><br /> +And the cellar, <a name="citation178d"></a><a +href="#footnote178d" class="citation">[178d]</a> which contained, +and where was brewed <a name="citation178e"></a><a +href="#footnote178e" class="citation">[178e]</a><br /> +The mead, that sweet ensnarer.<br /> +With the dawn does Gwrys <a name="citation178f"></a><a +href="#footnote178f" class="citation">[178f]</a> make the battle +clash;<br /> +Fair gift, <a name="citation178g"></a><a href="#footnote178g" +class="citation">[178g]</a>—marshal of the Lloegrian +tribes; <a name="citation178h"></a><a href="#footnote178h" +class="citation">[178h]</a><br /> +Penance he inflicts until repentance ensues; <a +name="citation178i"></a><a href="#footnote178i" +class="citation">[178i]</a><br /> +May the dependants of Gwynedd hear of his renown;<br /> +With his ashen shaft he pierces to the grave;<br /> +Pike of the conflict of Gwynedd,<br /> +Bull of the host, oppressor of the battle of princes; <a +name="citation179a"></a><a href="#footnote179a" +class="citation">[179a]</a><br /> +Though thou hast kindled the land <a name="citation179b"></a><a +href="#footnote179b" class="citation">[179b]</a> before thy +fall,<br /> +At the extreme boundary <a name="citation179c"></a><a +href="#footnote179c" class="citation">[179c]</a> of Gododin will +be thy grave.</p> +<h3>LXXV.</h3> +<p>Involved in vapours was the man <a name="citation179d"></a><a +href="#footnote179d" class="citation">[179d]</a> accustomed to +armies,<br /> +High minded, bitter handed leader of the forces; <a +name="citation179e"></a><a href="#footnote179e" +class="citation">[179e]</a><br /> +He was expert, and ardent, and stately,<br /> +Though at the social banquet he was not harsh. <a +name="citation180a"></a><a href="#footnote180a" +class="citation">[180a]</a><br /> +They <a name="citation180b"></a><a href="#footnote180b" +class="citation">[180b]</a> removed and possessed his valuable +treasures,<br /> +And not the image of a thing for the benefit of the region was +left.</p> +<h3>LXXVI.</h3> +<p>We are called! The sea and the borders are in conflict; +<a name="citation180c"></a><a href="#footnote180c" +class="citation">[180c]</a><br /> +Spears are mutually darting, spears all equally destructive;<br +/> +Impelled are sharp weapons of iron, <a name="citation180d"></a><a +href="#footnote180d" class="citation">[180d]</a> gashing is the +blade, <a name="citation180e"></a><a href="#footnote180e" +class="citation">[180e]</a><br /> +And with a clang the sock <a name="citation180f"></a><a +href="#footnote180f" class="citation">[180f]</a> descends upon +the pate;<br /> +A successful warrior was Fflamddwr <a name="citation180g"></a><a +href="#footnote180g" class="citation">[180g]</a> against the +enemy.</p> +<h3>LXXVII.</h3> +<p>He supported martial steeds and harness of war;<br /> +Drenched with gore, on the red-stained field of Cattraeth,<br /> +The foremost shaft in the host is held by the consumer of forts, +<a name="citation181a"></a><a href="#footnote181a" +class="citation">[181a]</a><br /> +The brave <a name="citation181b"></a><a href="#footnote181b" +class="citation">[181b]</a> dog of battle, upon the towering +hill.<br /> +We are called to the gleaming <a name="citation181c"></a><a +href="#footnote181c" class="citation">[181c]</a> post of +assault,<br /> +By the beckoning hand <a name="citation181d"></a><a +href="#footnote181d" class="citation">[181d]</a> of Heiddyn, <a +name="citation181e"></a><a href="#footnote181e" +class="citation">[181e]</a> the ironclad chief.</p> +<h3>LXXVIII.</h3> +<p>The sovereign, who is celebrated in the Gododin, <a +name="citation181f"></a><a href="#footnote181f" +class="citation">[181f]</a><br /> +The sovereign, for whom our eye-lids <a +name="citation182a"></a><a href="#footnote182a" +class="citation">[182a]</a> weep,<br /> +From the raging flame of Eiddyn <a name="citation182b"></a><a +href="#footnote182b" class="citation">[182b]</a> turned not +aside; <a name="citation182c"></a><a href="#footnote182c" +class="citation">[182c]</a><br /> +He stationed men of firmness in command, <a +name="citation182d"></a><a href="#footnote182d" +class="citation">[182d]</a><br /> +And the thick covering guard <a name="citation182e"></a><a +href="#footnote182e" class="citation">[182e]</a> he placed in the +van,<br /> +And vigorously he descended upon the scattered foe;<br /> +In that he had revelled, he likewise sustained the main +weight;<br /> +Of the retinue of Mynyddawg, none escaped,<br /> +Save one man by slow steps, thoroughly weakened, and tottering +every way. <a name="citation182f"></a><a href="#footnote182f" +class="citation">[182f]</a></p> +<h3>LXXIX.</h3> +<p>Having sustained a loss, <a name="citation182g"></a><a +href="#footnote182g" class="citation">[182g]</a> Moried bore no +shield,<br /> +But traversed the strand <a name="citation183a"></a><a +href="#footnote183a" class="citation">[183a]</a> to set the +ground on fire;<br /> +Firmly he grasped in his hand a blue blade,<br /> +And a shaft ponderous as the chief priest’s <a +name="citation183b"></a><a href="#footnote183b" +class="citation">[183b]</a> crozier;<br /> +He rode a grey stately <a name="citation183c"></a><a +href="#footnote183c" class="citation">[183c]</a> headed +charger,<br /> +And beneath his blade there was a dreadful fall of slaughter;<br +/> +When overpowered <a name="citation183d"></a><a +href="#footnote183d" class="citation">[183d]</a> he fled not from +the battle,—<br /> +Even he who poured out to us the famous mead, that sweet +ensnarer.</p> +<h3>LXXX.</h3> +<p>I beheld the array from the highland of Adowyn, <a +name="citation183e"></a><a href="#footnote183e" +class="citation">[183e]</a><br /> +And the sacrifice brought down to the omen fire; <a +name="citation183f"></a><a href="#footnote183f" +class="citation">[183f]</a><br /> +I saw what was usual, a continual running towards the town, <a +name="citation184a"></a><a href="#footnote184a" +class="citation">[184a]</a><br /> +And the men of Nwython inflicting sharp wounds;<br /> +I saw warriors in complete order approaching with a shout,<br /> +And the head of Dyvnwal Vrych <a name="citation184b"></a><a +href="#footnote184b" class="citation">[184b]</a> by ravens <a +name="citation184c"></a><a href="#footnote184c" +class="citation">[184c]</a> devoured.</p> +<h3>LXXXI.</h3> +<p>Blessed Conqueror, of temper mild, the strength <a +name="citation184d"></a><a href="#footnote184d" +class="citation">[184d]</a> of his people,<br /> +With his blue streamers displayed towards the sea-roving foes. <a +name="citation185a"></a><a href="#footnote185a" +class="citation">[185a]</a><br /> +Brave is he on the waters, most numerous his host;<br /> +Manly his bosom, loud his shout in the charge of arms.<br /> +Usual was it for him <a name="citation185b"></a><a +href="#footnote185b" class="citation">[185b]</a> to make a +descent before nine armaments, <a name="citation185c"></a><a +href="#footnote185c" class="citation">[185c]</a><br /> +With propulsive strokes, <a name="citation185d"></a><a +href="#footnote185d" class="citation">[185d]</a> in the face of +blood and of the country.<br /> +I love thy victorious throne, which teemed with harmonious +strains.<br /> +O Cynddilig of Aeron, <a name="citation185e"></a><a +href="#footnote185e" class="citation">[185e]</a> thou +lion’s whelp.</p> +<h3>LXXXII.</h3> +<p>I could wish to have been the first to shed my blood in +Cattraeth,<br /> +As the price <a name="citation186a"></a><a href="#footnote186a" +class="citation">[186a]</a> of the mead and beverage of wine in +the hall;<br /> +I could wish to have been hurt by the blade of the sword,<br /> +Ere he was slain on the green plain of Uphin. <a +name="citation186b"></a><a href="#footnote186b" +class="citation">[186b]</a><br /> +I loved the son of renown, who sustained the bloody fight, <a +name="citation186c"></a><a href="#footnote186c" +class="citation">[186c]</a><br /> +And made his sword descend upon the violent.<br /> +Can a tale of valour be related before Gododin,<br /> +In which the son of Ceidiaw <a name="citation186d"></a><a +href="#footnote186d" class="citation">[186d]</a> has not his fame +as a man of war?</p> +<h3>LXXXIII.</h3> +<p>Sad it is for me, after all our toil,<br /> +To suffer the pang of death through indiscretion;<br /> +And doubly grievous and sad for me to see<br /> +Our men falling headlong to the ground, <a +name="citation187a"></a><a href="#footnote187a" +class="citation">[187a]</a><br /> +Breathing the lengthened sigh, and covered with reproaches.<br /> +After the strenuous warriors have extended their country’s +bounds,<br /> +Rhuvawn <a name="citation187b"></a><a href="#footnote187b" +class="citation">[187b]</a> and Gwgawn, <a +name="citation187c"></a><a href="#footnote187c" +class="citation">[187c]</a> Gwiawn and Gwlyged, <a +name="citation187d"></a><a href="#footnote187d" +class="citation">[187d]</a><br /> +Men at their post most gallant, valiant in difficulties,<br /> +May their souls, now that their conflict is ended, <a +name="citation187e"></a><a href="#footnote187e" +class="citation">[187e]</a><br /> +Be received into the heavenly region, the abode of +tranquillity.</p> +<h3>LXXXIV.</h3> +<p>Tres repelled the foe through <a name="citation188a"></a><a +href="#footnote188a" class="citation">[188a]</a> a pool of +gore,<br /> +And slaughtered like a hero such as asked no quarter, <a +name="citation188b"></a><a href="#footnote188b" +class="citation">[188b]</a><br /> +With a sling and a spear; <a name="citation188c"></a><a +href="#footnote188c" class="citation">[188c]</a>—he flung +off his glass goblet<br /> +Containing the mead, <a name="citation188d"></a><a +href="#footnote188d" class="citation">[188d]</a> and in defence +of his sovereignty overthrew an army;<br /> +His counsel always prevailed, and the multitude would not speak +before him, <a name="citation188e"></a><a href="#footnote188e" +class="citation">[188e]</a><br /> +Whilst those that were cowards were not left alive,<br /> +Before the onset of his battle-axes, <a +name="citation188f"></a><a href="#footnote188f" +class="citation">[188f]</a> and his sharpened sword, <a +name="citation188g"></a><a href="#footnote188g" +class="citation">[188g]</a><br /> +And where his blue banner was seen to wave. <a +name="citation188h"></a><a href="#footnote188h" +class="citation">[188h]</a></p> +<h3>LXXXV.</h3> +<p>There was a reinforcement of <a name="citation189a"></a><a +href="#footnote189a" class="citation">[189a]</a> troops,<br /> +A supply of penetrating weapons,<br /> +And a host of men in the vanguard,<br /> +Presenting a menacing front;<br /> +In the days of strenuous exertion,<br /> +In the eager conflict,<br /> +They displayed their valour.<br /> +After the intoxication,<br /> +When they drank the mead,<br /> +Not one was spared.<br /> +Though Gorwylam<br /> +Was awhile successful,<br /> +When the retort was made, it broke the charge<br /> +Of the horses and men, by fate decreed.</p> +<h3>LXXXVI.</h3> +<p>When the host of Pryder <a name="citation189b"></a><a +href="#footnote189b" class="citation">[189b]</a> arrives,<br /> +I anxiously count <a name="citation190a"></a><a +href="#footnote190a" class="citation">[190a]</a> the bands,<br /> +Eleven complete battalions;<br /> +There is now a precipitate flight <a name="citation190b"></a><a +href="#footnote190b" class="citation">[190b]</a><br /> +Along the road of lamentation.<br /> +Affectionately have I deplored, <a name="citation190c"></a><a +href="#footnote190c" class="citation">[190c]</a><br /> +Dearly have I loved,<br /> +The illustrious dweller of the wood, <a +name="citation190d"></a><a href="#footnote190d" +class="citation">[190d]</a><br /> +And the men of Argoed, <a name="citation190e"></a><a +href="#footnote190e" class="citation">[190e]</a><br /> +Accustomed, in the open plain, <a name="citation191a"></a><a +href="#footnote191a" class="citation">[191a]</a><br /> +To marshal their troops.<br /> +For the benefit of the chiefs, the lord of the war <a +name="citation191b"></a><a href="#footnote191b" +class="citation">[191b]</a><br /> +Laid upon rough <a name="citation191c"></a><a +href="#footnote191c" class="citation">[191c]</a> boards,<br /> +Midst a deluge of grief,<br /> +The viands for the banquet,<br /> +Where they caroused together;—he conducted us to a bright +<a name="citation191d"></a><a href="#footnote191d" +class="citation">[191d]</a> fire,<br /> +And to a carpet of white and fresh <a name="citation191e"></a><a +href="#footnote191e" class="citation">[191e]</a> hide.</p> +<h3>LXXXVII.</h3> +<p>Geraint, <a name="citation191f"></a><a href="#footnote191f" +class="citation">[191f]</a> from the South, did raise a shout,<br +/> +And on the white water <a name="citation192a"></a><a +href="#footnote192a" class="citation">[192a]</a> was his buckler +pierced. <a name="citation192b"></a><a href="#footnote192b" +class="citation">[192b]</a><br /> +Lord of the spear, a gentle lord!<br /> +The praise of mountain and sea<br /> +Will he render our youth, even thou, Geraint, wilt render +them,<br /> +Who hast been a generous commander.</p> +<h3>LXXXVIII.</h3> +<p>Instantaneously is his fame wafted on high;<br /> +His anchors <a name="citation192c"></a><a href="#footnote192c" +class="citation">[192c]</a> from the scene of action <a +name="citation192d"></a><a href="#footnote192d" +class="citation">[192d]</a> cannot be restrained.<br /> +Unflinching eagle <a name="citation192e"></a><a +href="#footnote192e" class="citation">[192e]</a> of the forward +heroes,<br /> +He bore the toil, and brilliant was his zeal;<br /> +The fleetest coursers he outstripped in war,<br /> +But was quite a lamb <a name="citation193a"></a><a +href="#footnote193a" class="citation">[193a]</a> when the wine +from the goblet flowed.<br /> +Ere he reached the grassy tomb, and his cheeks became pale in +death, <a name="citation193b"></a><a href="#footnote193b" +class="citation">[193b]</a><br /> +He presided over the banquet of mead, and honoured it with the +generous horn. <a name="citation193c"></a><a href="#footnote193c" +class="citation">[193c]</a></p> +<h3>LXXXIX.</h3> +<p>Ruin <a name="citation193d"></a><a href="#footnote193d" +class="citation">[193d]</a> he brought upon every fair region, <a +name="citation193e"></a><a href="#footnote193e" +class="citation">[193e]</a><br /> +And a fettering valour he displayed; <a +name="citation193f"></a><a href="#footnote193f" +class="citation">[193f]</a><br /> +The front of his shield was pierced.<br /> +Caso Hir, <a name="citation194a"></a><a href="#footnote194a" +class="citation">[194a]</a> when roused to anger,<br /> +Defended Rhuvoniawg. <a name="citation194b"></a><a +href="#footnote194b" class="citation">[194b]</a><br /> +A second time they <a name="citation194c"></a><a +href="#footnote194c" class="citation">[194c]</a> challenged, <a +name="citation194d"></a><a href="#footnote194d" +class="citation">[194d]</a> and were crushed<br /> +By the warlike steeds with gory trappings.<br /> +His martial nobles <a name="citation194e"></a><a +href="#footnote194e" class="citation">[194e]</a> formed a firm +array,<br /> +And the field was reddened, when he was greatly affronted;<br /> +Severe in the conflict, with blades he slaughtered,<br /> +And sad news <a name="citation194f"></a><a href="#footnote194f" +class="citation">[194f]</a> from the war he brought,<br /> +Which he wove <a name="citation195a"></a><a href="#footnote195a" +class="citation">[195a]</a> into a song for the calends of +January. <a name="citation195b"></a><a href="#footnote195b" +class="citation">[195b]</a><br /> +Adan, <a name="citation195c"></a><a href="#footnote195c" +class="citation">[195c]</a> the son of Ervai, there did +pierce,<br /> +Adan pierced the haughty boar;<br /> +Even he, who was like a dame, a virgin, and a hero. <a +name="citation195d"></a><a href="#footnote195d" +class="citation">[195d]</a><br /> +And when the youth thus possessed the properties of a king, <a +name="citation195e"></a><a href="#footnote195e" +class="citation">[195e]</a><br /> +He, stained with blood, brought deliverance to Gwynedd,<br /> +Ere the turf was laid upon the gentle face<br /> +Of the generous dead; but now undisturbed<br /> +In regard to fame and gain, he reposes in the grave,<br /> +Namely, Garthwys Hir, <a name="citation196a"></a><a +href="#footnote196a" class="citation">[196a]</a> from the land of +Rhuvoniawg.</p> +<h3>XC.</h3> +<p>The garment of Tinogad, <a name="citation196b"></a><a +href="#footnote196b" class="citation">[196b]</a> which was of +divers colours,<br /> +Made of the speckled skins of young wolves,<br /> +His jerks and starts and juggling motion,<br /> +I fain would lampoon, they were lampooned by his eight slaves. <a +name="citation196c"></a><a href="#footnote196c" +class="citation">[196c]</a><br /> +When thy father went out to hunt,<br /> +With his pole upon his shoulder, and his provisions in his +hand,<br /> +He would call to his dogs that were of equal size,<br /> +Catch it, catch it—seize it, seize it—bring it, bring +it;<br /> +He would kill a fish in his coracle,<br /> +Even as a princely lion in his fury <a name="citation197a"></a><a +href="#footnote197a" class="citation">[197a]</a> kills his +prey;<br /> +When thy father climbed up the mountain,<br /> +He brought back the head <a name="citation197b"></a><a +href="#footnote197b" class="citation">[197b]</a> of a roebuck, <a +name="citation197c"></a><a href="#footnote197c" +class="citation">[197c]</a> the head of a wild boar, the head of +a stag,<br /> +The head of a grey moor hen from the hill,<br /> +The head of a fish from the falls of the Derwent; <a +name="citation197d"></a><a href="#footnote197d" +class="citation">[197d]</a><br /> +As many as thy father could reach with his flesh piercer,<br /> +Of wild boars, lions, and foxes, <a name="citation197e"></a><a +href="#footnote197e" class="citation">[197e]</a><br /> +It was certain death to them all, <a name="citation197f"></a><a +href="#footnote197f" class="citation">[197f]</a> unless they +proved too nimble.</p> +<h3>XCI.</h3> +<p>Were he to narrow <a name="citation198a"></a><a +href="#footnote198a" class="citation">[198a]</a> my dominions +through extortion, <a name="citation198b"></a><a +href="#footnote198b" class="citation">[198b]</a><br /> +The arrival of no enemy would prove to me more formidable. <a +name="citation198c"></a><a href="#footnote198c" +class="citation">[198c]</a><br /> +The man has not been nursed who could be more festive in the +hall<br /> +Than he, or steadier in the field of battle.<br /> +On the ford of Penclwyd <a name="citation198d"></a><a +href="#footnote198d" class="citation">[198d]</a> Pennant were his +steeds;<br /> +Far spread was his fame, compact was his armour;<br /> +And ere the long grass covered him beneath the sod,<br /> +He, the only son of Morarch, <a name="citation198e"></a><a +href="#footnote198e" class="citation">[198e]</a> poured out the +horns of mead.</p> +<h3>XCII.</h3> +<p>I saw the array from the highland of Adoen,<br /> +Carrying the sacrifice to the omen fire; <a +name="citation199a"></a><a href="#footnote199a" +class="citation">[199a]</a><br /> +I saw the two, <a name="citation199b"></a><a href="#footnote199b" +class="citation">[199b]</a> who from their station quickly and +heavily fell;<br /> +By the commands of Nwython, greatly were they afflicted.<br /> +I saw the warriors, who had made the great breach, approaching +with the dawn, <a name="citation199c"></a><a href="#footnote199c" +class="citation">[199c]</a><br /> +And the head of Dyvnwal Vrych by ravens devoured.</p> +<h3>XCIII.</h3> +<p>Gododin, in respect of thee will I demand, <a +name="citation199d"></a><a href="#footnote199d" +class="citation">[199d]</a><br /> +In the presence <a name="citation199e"></a><a +href="#footnote199e" class="citation">[199e]</a> of a hundred +that are named <a name="citation199f"></a><a href="#footnote199f" +class="citation">[199f]</a> with deeds of valour,<br /> +And of Gwarthan the son of Dwywau, <a name="citation200a"></a><a +href="#footnote200a" class="citation">[200a]</a> of gallant +bravery,<br /> +Let Tre Essyd be ours in one entire dale. <a +name="citation200b"></a><a href="#footnote200b" +class="citation">[200b]</a><br /> +Since the stabbing of the delight of the bulwark of battle,<br /> +Since Aneurin was under ground, <a name="citation200c"></a><a +href="#footnote200c" class="citation">[200c]</a><br /> +My voice has not been divorced from Gododin.</p> +<h3>XCIV.</h3> +<p>Echo speaks of the formidable <a name="citation200d"></a><a +href="#footnote200d" class="citation">[200d]</a> and dragon-like +<a name="citation200e"></a><a href="#footnote200e" +class="citation">[200e]</a> weapons,<br /> +And of the fair game, <a name="citation200f"></a><a +href="#footnote200f" class="citation">[200f]</a> which was played +in front of the unclaimed course of Gododin.<br /> +Profusely did he bring a supply <a name="citation200g"></a><a +href="#footnote200g" class="citation">[200g]</a> of wine into the +tents, for the benefit of the natives, <a +name="citation200h"></a><a href="#footnote200h" +class="citation">[200h]</a><br /> +In the season of the storm, as long as it trickled from the +vessels,<br /> +And the army, a well nourished host, continued to drop in.<br /> +A splendid troop of warriors, successful against a hundred +men,<br /> +Is led from Dindovydd in Dyvneint. <a name="citation201a"></a><a +href="#footnote201a" class="citation">[201a]</a><br /> +Before Doleu <a name="citation201b"></a><a href="#footnote201b" +class="citation">[201b]</a> in battle, worn out were the shields, +and battered the helmets.</p> +<h3>XCV.</h3> +<p>He brought ruin upon every fair region, <a +name="citation201c"></a><a href="#footnote201c" +class="citation">[201c]</a><br /> +And a fettering valour he displayed;<br /> +The front of his shield was pierced;<br /> +Caso Hir, arrayed in pomp, <a name="citation201d"></a><a +href="#footnote201d" class="citation">[201d]</a><br /> +Protected Rhuvoniawg.<br /> +A second time were they wounded, <a name="citation201e"></a><a +href="#footnote201e" class="citation">[201e]</a> and crushed<br +/> +By his warlike steeds, and gore-stained were their coffins. <a +name="citation201f"></a><a href="#footnote201f" +class="citation">[201f]</a><br /> +Always immoveable, always liberal of aid,<br /> +Would be his gallant nobles, when roused to anger.<br /> +Severe in the conflict, with blades he slaughtered;<br /> +And agonising news from the war he brought,<br /> +Which he wove into a hundred songs for the calends of January.<br +/> +Adan <a name="citation202a"></a><a href="#footnote202a" +class="citation">[202a]</a> the son of Urvei there did pierce,<br +/> +Adan pierced the haughty boar,<br /> +Even he who was like Urien, <a name="citation202b"></a><a +href="#footnote202b" class="citation">[202b]</a> a maid, and a +hero.<br /> +And as the youth was thus endowed with the properties of a +king,<br /> +Lord of Gwynedd, and of the blood of Cilydd, <a +name="citation202c"></a><a href="#footnote202c" +class="citation">[202c]</a> he proved our deliverer;<br /> +Ere the turf was laid upon the face of the generous dead,<br /> +Wisely did he seek the field, with praise and high sounding +fame:<br /> +The grave of Gorthyn Hir <a name="citation202d"></a><a +href="#footnote202d" class="citation">[202d]</a> is seen <a +name="citation202e"></a><a href="#footnote202e" +class="citation">[202e]</a> from the highlands of Rhuvoniawg.</p> +<h3>XCVI.</h3> +<p>On account of the piercing of the skilful and most learned +man, <a name="citation203a"></a><a href="#footnote203a" +class="citation">[203a]</a><br /> +On account of the fair corpse, which fell prostrate upon the +ground,<br /> +Thrice six officers judged the atrocious deed <a +name="citation203b"></a><a href="#footnote203b" +class="citation">[203b]</a> at the hour of mattins,<br /> +And Morien lifted up again his ancient lance,<br /> +And, roaring, stretched out <a name="citation203c"></a><a +href="#footnote203c" class="citation">[203c]</a> death<br /> +Towards the warriors, the Gwyddyl, <a name="citation203d"></a><a +href="#footnote203d" class="citation">[203d]</a> and the Prydyn; +<a name="citation203e"></a><a href="#footnote203e" +class="citation">[203e]</a><br /> +Whilst towards the lovely, slender, blood-stained body of +Gwen,<br /> +Sighed Gwenabwy, the only son of Gwen.</p> +<h3>XCVII.</h3> +<p>On account of the afflicting <a name="citation203f"></a><a +href="#footnote203f" class="citation">[203f]</a> of the skilful +and most learned man<br /> +Grievously and deeply, when he fell prostrate upon the ground,<br +/> +The banner was pompously <a name="citation204a"></a><a +href="#footnote204a" class="citation">[204a]</a> unfurled, and +borne by a man in the flank; <a name="citation204b"></a><a +href="#footnote204b" class="citation">[204b]</a><br /> +A tumultuous scene was beheld <a name="citation204c"></a><a +href="#footnote204c" class="citation">[204c]</a> in Eiddin, and +on the battle field.<br /> +The grasp of his hand performed deeds of valour<br /> +Upon the Cynt, <a name="citation204d"></a><a href="#footnote204d" +class="citation">[204d]</a> the Gwyddyl, and the Prydyn.<br /> +He who meddles with the mane of a wolf, without a club<br /> +In his hand, will have it gorgeously emblazoned on his robe.<br +/> +Fain would I sing,—“would that Morien had not +died.”<br /> +I sigh for Gwenabwy, the son of Gwen. <a +name="citation204e"></a><a href="#footnote204e" +class="citation">[204e]</a></p> +<h2>Footnotes:</h2> +<p><a name="footnote0a"></a><a href="#citation0a" +class="footnote">[0a]</a> Perhaps Cawlwyd is a compound of +Caw Clwyd, that is, the Clyde of Caw.</p> +<p><a name="footnote0b"></a><a href="#citation0b" +class="footnote">[0b]</a> Institutional Triads.</p> +<p><a name="footnote0c"></a><a href="#citation0c" +class="footnote">[0c]</a> Ibid.</p> +<p><a name="footnote0d"></a><a href="#citation0d" +class="footnote">[0d]</a> Myvyrian Archaiology, vol. i. +page 60.</p> +<p><a name="footnote0e"></a><a href="#citation0e" +class="footnote">[0e]</a> Bardic Triads.</p> +<p><a name="footnote0f"></a><a href="#citation0f" +class="footnote">[0f]</a> Bardic Triads.</p> +<p><a name="footnote0g"></a><a href="#citation0g" +class="footnote">[0g]</a> Triad 48, third series.</p> +<p><a name="footnote0h"></a><a href="#citation0h" +class="footnote">[0h]</a> Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 308.</p> +<p><a name="footnote0i"></a><a href="#citation0i" +class="footnote">[0i]</a> Ib. p. 403.</p> +<p><a name="footnote0j"></a><a href="#citation0j" +class="footnote">[0j]</a> Ib. p. 504.</p> +<p><a name="footnote0k"></a><a href="#citation0k" +class="footnote">[0k]</a> Gwilym Tew flourished A.D. +1340–1470, and Rhys Nanmor, A.D. 1440–1480.</p> +<p><a name="footnote0l"></a><a href="#citation0l" +class="footnote">[0l]</a> In this eText the extensive +alternate readings, mentioned in this passage, are not +given. There are so many that it becomes impossible to read +the Welsh text because of the continual footnotes.</p> +<p><a name="footnote1a"></a><a href="#citation1a" +class="footnote">[1a]</a> Tacit. Julii Agric. vita, cap. +xiv.</p> +<p><a name="footnote1b"></a><a href="#citation1b" +class="footnote">[1b]</a> Cambrian Biography, sub voce.</p> +<p><a name="footnote1c"></a><a href="#citation1c" +class="footnote">[1c]</a> Stevenson’s Nennius, p. +52.</p> +<p><a name="footnote2a"></a><a href="#citation2a" +class="footnote">[2a]</a> It is stated in the Iolo MSS. +that Cunedda Wledig held his court in Carlisle.</p> +<p><a name="footnote2b"></a><a href="#citation2b" +class="footnote">[2b]</a> Am. Marcel. 1. 20.</p> +<p><a name="footnote3a"></a><a href="#citation3a" +class="footnote">[3a]</a> Triad 39, third series.</p> +<p><a name="footnote3b"></a><a href="#citation3b" +class="footnote">[3b]</a> Triad 7.</p> +<p><a name="footnote3c"></a><a href="#citation3c" +class="footnote">[3c]</a> Myv. Arch. v. i. p. 52.</p> +<p><a name="footnote4a"></a><a href="#citation4a" +class="footnote">[4a]</a> Myv. Arch. v. i. p 57.</p> +<p><a name="footnote4b"></a><a href="#citation4b" +class="footnote">[4b]</a> Elegy on Old Age.</p> +<p><a name="footnote5a"></a><a href="#citation5a" +class="footnote">[5a]</a> Chalmers’s Caledonia, v. i. +pp. 239, &c.</p> +<p><a name="footnote5b"></a><a href="#citation5b" +class="footnote">[5b]</a> 1. 231.</p> +<p><a name="footnote5c"></a><a href="#citation5c" +class="footnote">[5c]</a> 1. 289.</p> +<p><a name="footnote5d"></a><a href="#citation5d" +class="footnote">[5d]</a> 1. 386.</p> +<p><a name="footnote5e"></a><a href="#citation5e" +class="footnote">[5e]</a> 1. 393.</p> +<p><a name="footnote5f"></a><a href="#citation5f" +class="footnote">[5f]</a> 1. 534.</p> +<p><a name="footnote5g"></a><a href="#citation5g" +class="footnote">[5g]</a> 1. 607.</p> +<p><a name="footnote5h"></a><a href="#citation5h" +class="footnote">[5h]</a> 1. 713.</p> +<p><a name="footnote6a"></a><a href="#citation6a" +class="footnote">[6a]</a> 1. 32</p> +<p><a name="footnote6b"></a><a href="#citation6b" +class="footnote">[6b]</a> 1. 648.</p> +<p><a name="footnote6c"></a><a href="#citation6c" +class="footnote">[6c]</a> Stanzas xvii. xxxii lxxxvi.</p> +<p><a name="footnote6d"></a><a href="#citation6d" +class="footnote">[6d]</a> 1. 229.</p> +<p><a name="footnote6e"></a><a href="#citation6e" +class="footnote">[6e]</a> 1. 86, 584.</p> +<p><a name="footnote6f"></a><a href="#citation6f" +class="footnote">[6f]</a> Stanza xviii.</p> +<p><a name="footnote7a"></a><a href="#citation7a" +class="footnote">[7a]</a> 1. 753, 884.</p> +<p><a name="footnote7b"></a><a href="#citation7b" +class="footnote">[7b]</a> Stanza lxviii.</p> +<p><a name="footnote7c"></a><a href="#citation7c" +class="footnote">[7c]</a> Stanza xiv.</p> +<p><a name="footnote7d"></a><a href="#citation7d" +class="footnote">[7d]</a> Stanza xxxix.</p> +<p><a name="footnote7e"></a><a href="#citation7e" +class="footnote">[7e]</a> Stanza xlii.</p> +<p><a name="footnote7f"></a><a href="#citation7f" +class="footnote">[7f]</a> Stanza xliii.</p> +<p><a name="footnote7g"></a><a href="#citation7g" +class="footnote">[7g]</a> Stanza lxv.</p> +<p><a name="footnote7h"></a><a href="#citation7h" +class="footnote">[7h]</a> Stanza lii.</p> +<p><a name="footnote7i"></a><a href="#citation7i" +class="footnote">[7i]</a> Stanza xxi.</p> +<p><a name="footnote7j"></a><a href="#citation7j" +class="footnote">[7j]</a> Stanza xvii.</p> +<p><a name="footnote8a"></a><a href="#citation8a" +class="footnote">[8a]</a> Stanza xliii.</p> +<p><a name="footnote79a"></a><a href="#citation79a" +class="footnote">[79a]</a> Or, “The youth was endowed +with a manly disposition,” the word <i>oed</i> being taken +as a verb (oedd) rather than as a substantive; though it ought to +be remarked, as indicative of the sense in which it was regarded +by the copyist, that MS. No. 3, which has generally supplied the +<i>dd</i> where it was considered necessary, has it not in the +present instance.</p> +<p><a name="footnote79b"></a><a href="#citation79b" +class="footnote">[79b]</a> Al. charger, in the singular +number. The favourite steed of our hero, supposing him to +be the son of Urien Rheged, is, in the Triads, called +“Carnavlawg” (cloven-hoofed) and is said to have been +“one of the three horses of depredation of the Isle of +Britain,” (Myv. Arch. vol. ii. page 20.) Taliesin in +his Elegy on Owain son of Urien, describes him as</p> +<blockquote><p>“Gwr gwiw uch ei amliw seirch<br /> +A roddei feirch<br /> +I eirchiaid.”</p> +<p>A worthy hero seated on variegated trappings,<br /> +Who would give steeds to those that asked him.—Myv. Arch. +vol. i. p. 59.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><i>Thick mane</i> was regarded as one of the good points of a +horse; thus Taliesin,—</p> +<blockquote><p> “Atuyn march myngvras +mangre.”</p> +<p>Beautiful in a tangle is a thick-maned horse.—Ib. p, +28.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote79c"></a><a href="#citation79c" +class="footnote">[79c]</a> Lit. “Were under the thigh +of;” an expression frequently employed by the early bards +to denote the act of riding. See “Elegy upon Geraint +ab Erbin,” by Llywarch Hen.</p> +<p><a name="footnote80a"></a><a href="#citation80a" +class="footnote">[80a]</a> One of the sons of Llywarch Hen +is similarly represented as a youth,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“That wore the golden +spurs,”—Owen’s Ll. Hen, p. 131.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In the days of chivalry, of which the era of the Gododin may +fairly be considered as the commencement, the privilege of +decorating arms, and the accoutrements of horses with gold, was +exclusively confined to knights, and their families; squires +being only permitted the use of silver for the purpose. +(St. Palaye, 1. 247, 284.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote80b"></a><a href="#citation80b" +class="footnote">[80b]</a> “Pan,” +pannus—down, fur, ermine, or fulled cloth.</p> +<p><a name="footnote80c"></a><a href="#citation80c" +class="footnote">[80c]</a> This is not literally true of +Owain ab Urien, for he was married to a daughter of Culvynawyd +Prydain.</p> +<p><a name="footnote80d"></a><a href="#citation80d" +class="footnote">[80d]</a> “Argyvrein,” might +perhaps come from <i>argyvrau</i>, paraphernalia; a portion or +dowry.<br /> +“Ymogel ddwyn gwraig atat yn enw ei +<i>hargyvrau</i>.”</p> +<blockquote><p>Beware of taking to thyself a wife for the sake of +her portion. (Cato Gymraeg.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In that case, the passage should be rendered,—</p> +<blockquote><p>Ere thou didst obtain thy nuptial dowry;</p> +</blockquote> +<p>which reading would be supported by the allusion to the +nuptial feast in the preceding passage. Nevertheless the +term “argynrein,” occurring in three other copies, +would certainly point to the signification given in the text; +“argyvrein” being capable of the same meaning, whilst +“argynrein” has no reference whatever to the nuptial +dowry.</p> +<p><a name="footnote81a"></a><a href="#citation81a" +class="footnote">[81a]</a> The manner in which the person +here commemorated is associated with the ravens, leads us to +suspect that he was none other than Owain ab Urien, who is +traditionally reported to have had an army of ravens in his +service, by which, however, we are probably to understand an army +of men with those birds emblazoned on their standard, even as his +descendants still bear them in their coats of arms. Not +only do the Welsh Romances and Bards of the middle ages allude to +these ravens, but even Taliesin and Llywarch Hen, seem pointedly +to connect them with Urien or his son. Thus the former in +an Ode on the battle of Argoed Llwyvaen, (Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. +53) in which Owain commanded the Cumbrian forces, under his +father against Ida, says,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“A rhag gwaith Argoed Llwyfain<br /> +Bu llawer celain<br /> +Rhuddei frain rhag rhyfel gwyr.”</p> +<p>Because of the battle of Argoed Llwyvain,<br /> +There happened many a dead carcase,<br /> +And the ravens were coloured with the war of men.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>And Llywarch Hen in his “Elegy on Urien Rheged” +has the following expressions;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Pen a borthav ar vy nhu; Pen Urien,<br /> +Llary, llyw ei lu;<br /> +Ac ar ei vron wen vran ddu.</p> +<p>Pen a borthav mywn vy nghrys; pen Urien,<br /> +Llary llywiai lys:<br /> +Ac ar ei vron wen vran ai hys.”</p> +<p>I bear by my side a head; the head of Urien,<br /> +The mild leader of his army;<br /> +And on his white bosom the sable raven is perched.</p> +<p>I bear in my shirt a head; the head of Urien,<br /> +That governed a court with mildness;<br /> +And on his white bosom the sable raven doth glut. +(Owen’s Ll. Hen. p. 24.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This supposition would considerably enhance the point and +beauty of the passage in the text; for a sad or unbecoming thing, +indeed, (“cwl,” <i>a fault</i>) would it be that one +who fought by the aid of ravens should himself be eventually +devoured by them.</p> +<p>Moreover, a tradition prevails, that Owain the son of Urien +was actually engaged in the battle of Cattraeth. Thus Lewis +Glyn Cothi, a poet of the fifteenth century, observes;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Bwriodd Owain ab Urien<br /> +Y tri thwr yn Nghattraeth hen.<br /> +Ovnodd Arthur val goddaith<br /> +Owain, ei vrain a’i fon vraith.” (I. 140.)</p> +<p>Owain son of Urien overthrew<br /> +The three towers of Cattraeth of old;<br /> +Arthur dreaded, as the flames,<br /> +Owain, his ravens, and his parti-coloured staff.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>But to the view which would identify our hero with the son of +Urien there is this objection, that the poem describes the former +as the son of Marro or Marco; nor can the difficulty be got over, +without supposing that this was another name of Urien. Or +if that be inadmissible, the line, in which Owain’s name +occurs, may be translated,—</p> +<blockquote><p>Alas, the beloved friend of Owain;</p> +</blockquote> +<p>an alteration, which will do no great violence to the allusion +about the ravens.</p> +<p><a name="footnote82a"></a><a href="#citation82a" +class="footnote">[82a]</a> Al. “March,” as if +addressing the horse of the slain;—</p> +<blockquote><p>O steed, in what spot<br /> +Was slaughtered, &c.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote82b"></a><a href="#citation82b" +class="footnote">[82b]</a> “Cynhaiawc,” +(cyn-taiawg.) Adopting this version for the sake of +variety, and under the impression that all the different readings +of this poem are not the mere result of orthographical accident, +but that the forms of obscure or illegible words were sometimes +determined by tradition, we must believe that the +<i>taiogion</i>, who composed the army of Madog, were simply his +own tenants or dependants.</p> +<p><a name="footnote83a"></a><a href="#citation83a" +class="footnote">[83a]</a> “Diffun,” +(di-ffun.) <i>Ffun</i> is any thing united together, and is +used at line 803 for a band of men. Some read +“diffyn,” (protection or defence) and in that case +the sense of the passage would seem to be,</p> +<p>He brought protection to women, and mead he distributed.</p> +<p>The former reading is preferred, inasmuch as it exhibits in a +more natural and consistent manner the twofold character of +Madog, as a soldier and a courtier, which appears to be the +object of the Bard to delineate. Our inference on this +point is moreover supported by more obvious passages of that +description, which occur again in the Poem, such as,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Ragorei veirch racvuan<br /> +En trin lletvegin gwin o bann.”</p> +<p>He surpassed the fleetest steeds<br /> +In war, but was a tame animal when he poured the wine from the +goblet.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The epithet “cynhaiawc,” assuming it to be the +proper term, would also, by reason of its contrasting effect, +considerably enhance the value of our hero’s domestic and +social courtesy.</p> +<p><a name="footnote83b"></a><a href="#citation83b" +class="footnote">[83b]</a> “Twll tal y +rodawr.” Dr. Owen Pughe translates this “the +front opening of his chariot;” “twll ar +ysgwyd,” however, in the lxxxvii stanza, evidently refers +to a shield, and this sense is, moreover, supported by +“tyllant tal ysgwydawr,” in Taliesin’s Ode on +Gwallawg, as well as “rac twll y gylchwy,” used by +Cynddelw. The meaning therefore appears to be that wherever +the battle raged, there would the chief be found, so boldly and +<i>directly</i> fighting as to have the very boss of his shield +perforated by the spears of his enemy.</p> +<p><a name="footnote83c"></a><a href="#citation83c" +class="footnote">[83c]</a> “Brwyn.” From +the practice which the Welsh Bards commonly had of adapting their +descriptive similes to the names, armorial bearings, or some +other peculiarities of their heroes, we may infer that the +chieftain, who is celebrated in this stanza, is none other than +Madog ab Brwyn. Indeed one copy reads “mab +brwyn,” the son of Brwyn, rather than <i>mal</i> brwyn, as +above. He is distinguished in the Triads with Ceugant +Beilliog and Rhuvon, under the appellation of the “three +golden corpses,” because their weight in gold was given by +their families to have their bodies delivered up by the +enemy. (Myv. Arch. vol. ii. p. 69.) Madog ab Brwyn +was the grandson of Cunedda Wledig, lord of Gododin.</p> +<p><a name="footnote84a"></a><a href="#citation84a" +class="footnote">[84a]</a> A maritime region in the north, +as we infer, not only from the works of Aneurin, but also from +those of Taliesin and Merddin.</p> +<p><a name="footnote84b"></a><a href="#citation84b" +class="footnote">[84b]</a> The rest having been slain.</p> +<p><a name="footnote84c"></a><a href="#citation84c" +class="footnote">[84c]</a> “Erwyt” (erwyd) a +pole, or a staff to mete with, and, like the <i>gwialen</i>, an +emblem of authority. “I will—mete out the +valley of Succoth.” (Psalm lx. 6.) A similar +expression occurs in Llywarch Hen’s Poems with reference to +Urien Rheged, viz.</p> +<blockquote><p> “Oedd cledyr cywlad +rhwydd.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>which W. Owen has translated,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“That was the prompt defender of his +neighbourhood.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote84d"></a><a href="#citation84d" +class="footnote">[84d]</a> Llywarch Hen says in like manner +of his own son Gwen,—</p> +<blockquote><p> “Rhythr eryr yn ebyr +oeddyd.”</p> +<p>In the assault like the eagle at the fall of rivers thou +wert.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The eagle was probably the armorial badge of the hero of this +stanza.</p> +<p><a name="footnote84e"></a><a href="#citation84e" +class="footnote">[84e]</a> Al. “y lyr,” to our +shore. We have here an instance of the kindred +signification of some of the different readings found in the +Poem. Both words are used in juxtaposition in the following +extracts;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Gwelais ar vorwyn—<br /> +Lliw golau tonau taenverw gwenyg<br /> +Llanw <i>ebyr</i> ar <i>llyr</i>, lle ni mawr-drig.” +(Cynddelw.)</p> +<p>I beheld on a maiden<br /> +The bright hue of the spreading ebullition of the breakers of the +waves,<br /> +Of the flood of the effluxes of rivers, on the strand, where it +tarries not long.</p> +<p>“Oedd ei var—<br /> +Megys twrv <i>ebyr</i> yn <i>llyr</i> llawn.” +(Cynddelw.)</p> +<p>His rage<br /> +Was like the tumult of the mouths of rivers with a full +margin.</p> +<p>“Calan hyddvrev, tymp dydd yn edwi,<br /> +Cynhwrv yn <i>ebyr</i>, <i>llyr</i> yn llenwi.” (Ll +P. Moch.)</p> +<p>The beginning of October, the period of the falling off of +day,<br /> +There is tumult in the mouths of rivers, filling up the +shore.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote85a"></a><a href="#citation85a" +class="footnote">[85a]</a> “I ammod.” +This was probably a confederation entered into by the different +princes, for the purpose of uniting their forces against the +common enemy; a supposition corroborated by the word +“cywlad,” just used. The poet might, however, +have intended a play upon the word “ammod,” because +of its great resemblance in sound to “ammwyd,” a +<i>bait</i>, to which the eagle was allured, +“llithywyt” (llithiwyd) a strictly sporting term.</p> +<p><a name="footnote85b"></a><a href="#citation85b" +class="footnote">[85b]</a> “A garwyd,” al. +“a gatwyt” “was preserved, or +protected.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote85c"></a><a href="#citation85c" +class="footnote">[85c]</a> The connection between +“arvaeth,” and the bannerial device is very obvious +at lines 110, 111.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Mor ehelaeth<br /> +E aruaeth uch arwyt.”</p> +<p>With such a magnificent<br /> +Design of enterprize blazoned on his standard.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote85d"></a><a href="#citation85d" +class="footnote">[85d]</a> “O dechwyt,” i.e. +<i>tech wyd</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote85e"></a><a href="#citation85e" +class="footnote">[85e]</a> We have adopted +“Manawyd” as a proper name, under the impression that +the different stanzas of the Gododin, albeit regular links of the +same general subject, are nevertheless in a manner each complete +in itself, and therefore that it would be more natural, where the +drift of the paragraph allowed, or seemed to have that tendency, +to look out for the names of the chiefs, who may be thus +distinctly introduced; according to the tenor of the following +declaration which is appended to “Gorchan +Cynvelyn.” (Myv. Arch. vol. i. page 61.)</p> +<blockquote><p>“Canu un Canuauc a dal pob Awdyl o’r +Gododin heruyd breint yngcerd amrysson. Tri chanu a +thriugeint a thrychant a dal pob un or Gorchaneu . . . Achaws yu +am goffau yn y Gorchaneu rivedi Guyr a aethant y Gatraeth nog y +dyle gur vyned i ymlad heb arveu; Ny dyle Bard myned i amrysson +heb y gerd honno.”</p> +<p>Every Ode of the Gododin is equivalent to a single song, +according to the privilege of poetical competition. Each of +the incantations is equal to three hundred and sixty-three songs, +because the number of the men who went to Cattraeth is +commemorated in the Incantations, and as no man should go to +battle without arms, so no Bard ought to contend without that +Poem.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>It is true that in the Vellum MS. as transcribed by Davies, +this does not form a distinct stanza, but is a continuation of +the preceding one. Nevertheless in other copies a detached +position is given to it, which seems required also by the opening +sentence, and particularly by the rhyme.</p> +<p>We find, moreover, that Manawyd was anciently used as a proper +name, for not to mention Manawydan and Culvynawyd, we have +Manawyd in one of Taliesin’s Poems as undoubtedly the name +of a person.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Ys gwyr Manawyd a Phryderi.” +(Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 67.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The name of Pryderi occurs further on in our Poem.</p> +<p>Manawyd is mentioned likewise in the Dialogue between Arthur, +Cai, and Glewlwyd,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Neus duc Manavid eis tull o +Trywrid” (Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 167.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Dr. O. Pughe translates the line in the Gododin +thus—</p> +<blockquote><p>“There was a confident impelling forward of +the shaft of the variegated standard.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote86a"></a><a href="#citation86a" +class="footnote">[86a]</a> “Ny nodi,” (ni nodi) +<i>thou dost not mark</i>, thou art blind to the arms of the +enemy both defensive and offensive. “Nodi,” may +also have reference to “nod” in the third line of the +stanza.</p> +<p><a name="footnote86b"></a><a href="#citation86b" +class="footnote">[86b]</a> Al. “Protected against the +assault of the battle of Manau;” i.e. Mannau Gododin, or +according to others, Mannau in which A.D. 582 Aidan mac Gavran +was victorious. (See Ritson’s Annals of Caledonia, +Vol. ii. p. 35.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote87a"></a><a href="#citation87a" +class="footnote">[87a]</a> One reason for not regarding +“Caeawc” as a proper name, may be discovered in the +manner in which the expression “cawawc cynhorawc” is +used in an anonymous poem of an early date, apud Myv. Arch. vol. +i. page 180. The author, though he evidently borrowed it +from the Gododin, as indeed his allusion to Cattraeth a few lines +before would likewise imply, employs it merely as an epithet.</p> +<p><a name="footnote87b"></a><a href="#citation87b" +class="footnote">[87b]</a> An allusion probably to his +armorial bearings. Another reading gives “bled e +maran,” on the open strand.</p> +<p><a name="footnote87c"></a><a href="#citation87c" +class="footnote">[87c]</a> “This singular fact of the +ancient Britons wearing amber beads, is confirmed by many beads +of amber having been found in the barrows on Salisbury plain, +which have been recently dug. I understand that in several +of these graves, pieces of amber like beads have been met with; +and in one as many beads were found as would have made a +wreath.” (S. Turner’s Vind. 208, 209.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote87d"></a><a href="#citation87d" +class="footnote">[87d]</a> “Am ran.” +“Tri argau gwaed: gwaed hyd <i>ran</i>, a gwaed hyd gwll, a +gwaed hyd lawr; sev yw hynny, gwaed hyd <i>wyneb</i>, gwaed hyd +ddillad, a gwaed a reto hyd lawr.” (Law Triads, Myv. +Arch, vol. iii. p. 342.) Hence “amrant,” the +eyelid.</p> +<p><a name="footnote87e"></a><a href="#citation87e" +class="footnote">[87e]</a> Lit. “the place of +wine,” otherwise “a horn of wine,”</p> +<blockquote><p>“Ef a’m rhoddes medd a gwin o wydrin +<i>ban</i>.</p> +<p>He gave me mead and wine from the transparent horn. +(Taliesin.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Al. “gwrnvann,” the place of the urn. In +that case the line might be thus translated,—</p> +<blockquote><p>Precious was the amber, but its price was the +grave.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote88a"></a><a href="#citation88a" +class="footnote">[88a]</a> The hero of this stanza we take +to be the “son of Ysgyran” himself. He +disdained the eager advance of the enemy; for such was his will, +that he had only to declare it, to make Venedotia and the North +acknowledge his power, and submit to his jurisdiction; or, it may +be, to march unanimously to his side. Supposing +“gwyar,” however, to be the correct reading, we might +render the line thus,—</p> +<blockquote><p>He repelled violence, and gore trickled to the +ground.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Perhaps the identity of the person commemorated with the son +of Ysgyran would become more evident by the addition of a comma +after “gyssul,” thus,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Ket dyffei wyned a gogled e rann<br /> +O gussyl,—mah Ysgyrran.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Who Ysgyran, or Cyran (the <i>ys</i> being a mere prefix) was, +we have no means of knowing, as the name does not occur any where +in history.</p> +<p><a name="footnote88b"></a><a href="#citation88b" +class="footnote">[88b]</a> Al. “The maimed +shield-bearer,” (ysgwydwr.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote88c"></a><a href="#citation88c" +class="footnote">[88c]</a> “Cyn-nod,” the +principal mark or butt; the most conspicuous, owing to his being +in advance of his men, and perhaps on account of his stature +also, if “eg gawr,” or “yggawr” mean +<i>giantlike</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote88d"></a><a href="#citation88d" +class="footnote">[88d]</a> “Cyn-ran;” the +foremost share, or participation of an action.</p> +<p><a name="footnote89a"></a><a href="#citation89a" +class="footnote">[89a]</a> “Pymwnt,” (i.e. pum +mwnt; “deg myrdd yn y mwnt,”) five hundred thousand, +which, multiplied by five, would give us 2,500,000 as the number +of men who composed the above battalions.</p> +<p><a name="footnote89b"></a><a href="#citation89b" +class="footnote">[89b]</a> Deivyr and Bryneich, (<i>Deira +and Bernicia</i>) are situated on the eastern coast of the +island, the river Humber, as we learn from the Triads, (Myv. +Arch. vol. ii. p. 68) flowing through a portion thereof. In +a document which has been published in the Iolo MSS. Argoed +Derwennydd, (Derwent wood probably) and the river Trenn or Trent, +are mentioned as the extreme boundaries of the region. The +triads moreover speak of the three sons of Dysgyvedawg, (or +Dysgyvyndawd) viz. Gall, Difedel, and Ysgavnell, under the +appellation of the “three monarchs of Deivyr and +Bryneich,” (Ibid. p. 64) about the period, as it would +appear, of our Poem.</p> +<p>It is clear from the above passage in the Gododin, as well as +from those lines, (78, 79.)</p> +<blockquote><p>“Ar deulu brenneych beych barnasswn<br /> +Dilyw dyn en vyw nys adawsswn.”</p> +<p>If I had judged you to be of the tribe of Bryneich,<br /> +Not the phantom of a man would I have left alive;</p> +</blockquote> +<p>that the people of those countries were not at the time in +question on friendly terms with the neighbouring Britons; which +circumstance is further apparent from the contemporary testimony +of Llywarch Hen, who speaks of Urien as having conquered the land +of Bryneich;</p> +<blockquote><p>“Neus gorug o dir Brynaich.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This, it is true, might have a reference to the Saxon tribes, +who had succeeded at an early period, in establishing themselves +along the coast in that part of the island, yet the disparaging +manner in which the grave of Disgyrnin Disgyfedawt, evidently the +father of the “three monarchs,” is spoken of in the +Englynion y Beddau, inclines us strongly to the belief that it +was the Aborigines themselves who were thus guilty of treason to +the common weal.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Cigleu don drom dra thywawd,<br /> +Am vedd Dysgyrnyn Dysgyveddawd,<br /> +Aches trwm angwres pechawd.”</p> +<p>Hear the sullen wave beyond the strand,<br /> +Round the grave of Dysgyrnyn Dysgyveddawd,<br /> +Heavy the burning impulse raised by sin.</p> +<p style="text-align: right">(Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 78.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote90a"></a><a href="#citation90a" +class="footnote">[90a]</a> An allusion to the name of our +hero’s father, (Bleiddan) and probably to his own +standard.</p> +<p><a name="footnote90b"></a><a href="#citation90b" +class="footnote">[90b]</a> “Neithyawr.” +Al. “than go to the altar.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote90c"></a><a href="#citation90c" +class="footnote">[90c]</a> Al. “elawr” a +<i>bier</i>, “than obtained a bier.” He was +devoured by the birds of prey ere he could be removed for +interment.</p> +<p><a name="footnote90d"></a><a href="#citation90d" +class="footnote">[90d]</a> Or, “Ere he received his +nuptial dowry, his blood streamed down.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote90e"></a><a href="#citation90e" +class="footnote">[90e]</a> Hyveidd Hir was the son of +Bleiddan Sant, of Glamorgan, (the celebrated Lupus.) +According to the Triads he was one of the three alien kings, upon +whom dominion was conferred for their mighty deeds, and for their +praiseworthy and gracious qualities.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tri eilldeyrn ynys Prydain: Gwrgai vab +Gwrien yn y Gogledd, a Chadavael vab Cynvedw yng Ngwynedd, a +Hyveidd Hir vab Bleiddan Sant ym Morganwg: sev y rhodded Teyrnedd +iddynt am eu campau a’u cynneddvau clodvorion a +rhadvorion.” (Triad, 26, third series.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Taliesin, in his Ode to Urien, speaks of Hyveidd in +conjunction with Gododin;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Hyveidd a Gododin a lleu +towys.” (Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 57.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>His name also occurs in another poem, by the same Bard, +“to Gwallawg ap Lleenawg;”—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Haearnddur a Hyfeidd a Gwallawg<br /> +Ac Owein Mon Maelgynig ddefawd<br /> +A wnaw peithwyr gorweiddiawg.”</p> +<p>Haearnddur and Hyveidd and Gwallawg,<br /> +And Owain of Mon, of Maelgynian manner,<br /> +Would prostrate the ravagers. (Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. +64.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The epithet “Hir,” (<i>long</i> or <i>tall</i>) +applied to Hyveidd, countenances the view of his being +conspicuous on account of his size.</p> +<p><a name="footnote91a"></a><a href="#citation91a" +class="footnote">[91a]</a> Gognaw must have been the son of +Botgad. The name, as well as that of the preceding hero, +occurs in an Ode which Taliesin addressed to Gwallawg ab +Lleenawg.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Gognaw ei brawd digones.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>If, however, it be not a proper name in this stanza, it may be +rendered either “with laughter and sprightliness,” or +“they were a laughing energy.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote91b"></a><a href="#citation91b" +class="footnote">[91b]</a> Al. “As with blades they +dealt mutual blows.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote91c"></a><a href="#citation91c" +class="footnote">[91c]</a> “A llaw,” <i>a +hand</i>; metaphorically <i>power</i>. Al. “a +allaw,” <i>who is able</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote92a"></a><a href="#citation92a" +class="footnote">[92a]</a> The same consideration which +induced us to regard “Manawyd” as a proper name in a +former stanza, has caused us to leave “Gwanar” +untranslated in this place. It is not improbable, however, +from the shortness of this sonnet, that the line containing the +name of its hero may have been lost. In that case we should +translate “chwerthin wanar,” “their leader +laughed.” That Gwanar was occasionally used as a +proper name by the ancient Britons, appears from Triad xl. (first +series) where we find one of the sons of Lliaws ab Nwyvre so +called. He flourished however before the date of the +Gododin, and cannot on that account be identified with the Gwanar +of the text. Taliesin uses the word in his “Mic +Dinbych,” apparently as a proper name;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Clod wasgar a Gwanar ydd +ymddullyn.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote92b"></a><a href="#citation92b" +class="footnote">[92b]</a> Or “gem of a +regiment;” his choice regiment.</p> +<p><a name="footnote92c"></a><a href="#citation92c" +class="footnote">[92c]</a> Al. “digynny,” +<i>went up</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote92d"></a><a href="#citation92d" +class="footnote">[92d]</a> The Bard in the two last lines +seems to be addressing Death, or Fate, which he designates as +“the strong pillar of the living law,” or the law of +nature, just as the Latins called it “dura +necessitas,” “mortis dura lex,” “fatalis +Parcarum lex,” &c. The expressions “heb +vawr drydar,” and “arwar,” indicative of the +effects of death, are introduced by way of contrast to the noisy +mirth which characterised the warriors’ march to the field +of battle. “Arwar” signifies literally a +<i>quiescent state</i>, or <i>state of general rest</i>; +<i>pacification</i>; and as such is a very proper term to denote +the character of death.</p> +<blockquote><p>“O <i>arwar</i> daiar down i gyd +dyddbrawd.” (Ll. P. Moch.)</p> +<p>From the silent state of earth we shall all come at the +judgment day.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote93a"></a><a href="#citation93a" +class="footnote">[93a]</a> As the word “glas,” +though primarily signifying <i>blue</i>, has also a very general +sense, and may mean merely <i>pale</i> or <i>fresh</i>, yet as we +find decided colours attributed to mead elsewhere in the poem, +such as “melyn,” (yellow) and “gwyn” +(white) we have thought proper to retain the literal acceptation +in this place, as a poetical variety, however inapplicable to the +beverage in question it may seem.</p> +<p><a name="footnote93b"></a><a href="#citation93b" +class="footnote">[93b]</a> “Impia sub dulci melle +venena latent.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote93c"></a><a href="#citation93c" +class="footnote">[93c]</a> The name of the chieftain, who +commanded this particular troop, is not mentioned, unless (which +is not very probable) we take “Trychant” in the third +line as a proper name, and translate thus,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Trychant marshals his men, armed with the +weapons of war.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Or, are we to understand by “trwy beiryant,” that +he marshalled his men by means of some instrument or +machinery?</p> +<p><a name="footnote93d"></a><a href="#citation93d" +class="footnote">[93d]</a> I.e. the silence of death.</p> +<p><a name="footnote94a"></a><a href="#citation94a" +class="footnote">[94a]</a> “Fyryf frwythlawn,” +i.e. “<i>fyrv</i> frwythlawn;” the sense of +“<i>furv</i> frwythlawn” would seem to be “in +vigorous order.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote94b"></a><a href="#citation94b" +class="footnote">[94b]</a> The followers of the son of Cian +(<i>a little dog</i>) are evidently called “aergwn,” +(<i>dogs of war</i>) in allusion to his patronymic, as well as to +the name of his residence, “maen gwyngwn,” (<i>the +stone of the white dogs</i>.) Probably also the figure of a +dog was charged on their banner.</p> +<p><a name="footnote94c"></a><a href="#citation94c" +class="footnote">[94c]</a> The Bernicians, as we have +already noticed, were at this time opposed to the British +patriots. The Cymry carried a traditional hatred of that +people with them into Wales, and applied the term <i>Bryneich</i> +to such of their kindred as allied themselves to the enemies of +their country, as is abundantly manifest in the works of the +mediæval Bards.—See <span +class="smcap">Stephen’s</span> Literature of the Kymry, p. +265.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote94d"></a><a href="#citation94d" +class="footnote">[94d]</a> Or, “Like a deluge, I +would not have left a man alive.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote94e"></a><a href="#citation94e" +class="footnote">[94e]</a> It is very probable that the son +of Cian had married a daughter of one of the chiefs of Bryneich, +which would thus account for the Bard’s lurking +apprehension at first, that he might be induced to barter his +allegiance for the dowry to be expected with his wife. His +fears however were groundless; for such were the purity and +patriotism of our youthful hero, that he even refused the dowry +when it was offered to him, and braved his father-in-law’s +anger withal.</p> +<p><a name="footnote95a"></a><a href="#citation95a" +class="footnote">[95a]</a> In Gorchan Maelderw we read +of—</p> +<blockquote><p>“The only son of Cian from +Trabannawg.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Cian was a Bard, and is mentioned as such by Nennius in the +following passage,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Item Talhaern Talanguen in Poemate claruit, +et Nuevin et Taliessin, et Bluchbar, et Cian qui vocatur +Gueinchguant (<i>Cian who is called Gwyngwn</i>) simul uno +tempore in poemate Britannico claruerunt.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Taliesin likewise represents him in that character in a Poem +entitled, “Angar Cyvyndawd.” (Myv. Arch. vol. +i. p. 34.)</p> +<blockquote><p>“Cian pan ddarvu<br /> +Lliaws gyvolu.”</p> +<p>When Cian sang the praise of many.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The circumstance of his being thus a poet, and classed with +Aneurin (Nuevin) would account for the intimacy which subsisted +between the latter and his son.</p> +<p>Cian is said to have been the servant of Peris, and to them +conjointly is Llangian in Caernarvonshire dedicated. Cian +is commemorated on the 11th of December.—See Rees’s +Welsh Saints, p. 302.</p> +<p><a name="footnote95b"></a><a href="#citation95b" +class="footnote">[95b]</a> It is probable that <i>three +hundred</i> was the number which composed the retinue of +Mynyddawg, and that a <i>hundred thousand</i>, a large round +figure, is chosen to denote the preponderance of the +enemy’s forces that were arrayed in opposition. This +view seems more in unison with reason, as well as with the +grammatical construction of the passage, (“emdaflawr” +being a middle verb) than the supposition that the “milcant +a thrychant” formed the total of the army of the Cymry.</p> +<p><a name="footnote96a"></a><a href="#citation96a" +class="footnote">[96a]</a> Or, “They served as butts +for the falling lances.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote96b"></a><a href="#citation96b" +class="footnote">[96b]</a> “Gorsaf;” +“Gorsav arv,” <i>a magazine of arms</i>. +“Brwydr orsavawl,” a pitched battle.</p> +<p><a name="footnote96c"></a><a href="#citation96c" +class="footnote">[96c]</a> “Mynyddawg +Mwynvawr.” The Triads call him “Mynyddawg +Eiddin,” <i>Edin</i>, hence <i>Edinburgh</i>, which +probably corresponds with his original place of residence, or at +any rate may be considered as being situate within the limits of +his ancient dominions. “The retinue of Mynyddawg +Eiddin at Cattraeth” is represented as one of “the +three honourable retinues of the Isle of Britain,” because +the men who composed it had joined their chieftain’s +standard of their own accord, and marched at their own expense, +claiming neither pay nor reward for their service, from king or +country.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tair gosgordd addwyn Ynys Prydain; Gosgordd +Belyn vab Cynvelyn yng nghadvel Caradawg ab Bran; a gosgordd +Mynyddawg Eiddin yng Nghattraeth; a Gosgordd Drywon ab Nudd Hael +yn Rhodwydd Arderydd yn y Gogledd; sev ydd elai bawb yn y rhai +hynny ar eu traul eu hunain heb aros govyn, ac heb erchi na thal +nag anrheg y gan wlad na chan Deyrn; ac achaws hynny au gelwid +hwy y tair gosgordd addwyn.” (Triad 79, third +series.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote96d"></a><a href="#citation96d" +class="footnote">[96d]</a> “Hanyanawr,” their +natural relatives; “hangenawr,” those who stood in +need of them, their families and friends. The line may +likewise be rendered,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Esteemed for their age and +disposition.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote96e"></a><a href="#citation96e" +class="footnote">[96e]</a> Al. “llawen,” +<i>merry</i>; “the merry minstrel.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote97a"></a><a href="#citation97a" +class="footnote">[97a]</a> These plumes must accordingly +have been themselves red. That military men at this period +did wear feathers of particular colours as distinctive badges, is +further evident from the testimony of Llywarch Hen, who describes +himself as having worn “yellow plumes.”</p> +<blockquote><p>“Gwedy meirch hywedd, a chochwedd +ddillad,<br /> +A phluawr melyn,<br /> +Main vy nghoes, nid oes ym dremyn!” (Elegy on +Cynddylan.)</p> +<p>After the sleek tractable steeds, and garments of ruddy +hue,<br /> +And the waving yellow plumes,<br /> +Slender is my leg, my piercing look is gone.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In some copies we read “phurawr” (purawr) <i>what +purifies</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote97b"></a><a href="#citation97b" +class="footnote">[97b]</a> Their weapons were red and white +from the effects of <i>blood</i> and <i>gore</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote97c"></a><a href="#citation97c" +class="footnote">[97c]</a> Mr. Davies and Dr. Pughe seem to +have preferred the expression “<i>pedryolet</i> +bennawr,” which they construed into <i>four pointed +helmets</i>: “pedryollt,” <i>split into four +parts</i>, would appear, however, to be much more accordant with +the descriptive tenor of the passage.</p> +<p><a name="footnote97d"></a><a href="#citation97d" +class="footnote">[97d]</a> As in the two preceding lines is +contained a compliment to military valour, the evident drift of +the poem requires that it should be applied to the British party; +hence “rac” in this place must be understood to mean +that the toiling warriors were <i>from</i> or <i>of</i> the +retinue of Mynyddawg rather than from those who confronted +him.</p> +<p><a name="footnote97e"></a><a href="#citation97e" +class="footnote">[97e]</a> Disgraced by the blasphemous +taunts and treachery of the enemy.</p> +<p><a name="footnote98a"></a><a href="#citation98a" +class="footnote">[98a]</a> “Ceugant yw angeu,” +(adage.) The line might be rendered,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Without end they multiplied the wooden +biers;”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>An expression similar to that made use of by Llywarch Hen, in +reference to the battle of Llongborth:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Ac elorawr mwy no maint.<br /> +And biers innumerable. (Elegy upon Geraint ab Erbin.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>“Ceugant,” translated <i>without end</i>, is +properly a Druidic term, signifying the circle of eternity.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Cylch y ceugant, ac nis gall namyn Duw eu +dreiglaw.”</p> +<p>The circle of infinitude, none but God can pervade it. +(Barddas.)</p> +<p>“Tri phren rhydd yn forest y brenhin; pren crib eglwys; +a phren peleidyr a elont yn rhaid y brenhin; a <i>phren +elawr</i>.” (Welsh Laws.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote98b"></a><a href="#citation98b" +class="footnote">[98b]</a> He is described as of +“Baptism” in contradistinction to the infidel +Saxons.</p> +<p><a name="footnote98c"></a><a href="#citation98c" +class="footnote">[98c]</a> A reference to the last +unction. See St. James, v. 14.</p> +<p><a name="footnote98d"></a><a href="#citation98d" +class="footnote">[98d]</a> I.e. Tudvwlch Hir, the hero of +this particular stanza.</p> +<p><a name="footnote99a"></a><a href="#citation99a" +class="footnote">[99a]</a> “Ne.” The +statement at line 138 would determine the affirmative character +of this word.</p> +<p><a name="footnote99b"></a><a href="#citation99b" +class="footnote">[99b]</a> “Veinoethyd,” +(<i>meinoethydd</i>;) not “in the celebration of May +Eve,” which is Davies’s rendering, as we clearly +infer from the conjunction of the word with +“meinddydd,” (confessedly a <i>serene day</i>) in +Kadeir Taliesin and Gwawd y Lludd Mawr. (See Myv. Arch. v. +i. pp. 37, 74.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote99c"></a><a href="#citation99c" +class="footnote">[99c]</a> “Gynatcan.” +Al. “gyvatcan,” (<i>cyvadgan</i>) a proverb. +“Though his success was proverbial.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote99d"></a><a href="#citation99d" +class="footnote">[99d]</a> Or, “Through ambition he +was a soarer.” The person here commemorated was of an +ambitious turn of mind, and bore armorial ensigns of a +corresponding character, which were looked upon, in a manner, as +prophetic of his successful career as a warrior, but the result +of this battle miserably belied such a promise.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Prenial yw i bawb ei drachwres.”</p> +<p>The path of glory leads but to the +grave.—(Taliesin.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote99e"></a><a href="#citation99e" +class="footnote">[99e]</a> Where Edinburgh now stands; and +which was probably the head quarters of Mynyddawg, (see line 89 +note.) In a poem printed in Davies’s Mythology of the +Druids, p. 574, and supposed to have been written by Aneurin, +Tudvwlch and Cyvwlch are represented as feasting with +Mynyddawg.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Gan Vynydawc<br /> +Bu adveiliawc<br /> +Eu gwirodau.”</p> +<p>Destructive were their wassails with Mynyddawg.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote100a"></a><a href="#citation100a" +class="footnote">[100a]</a> In the Poem alluded to, +Tudvwlch Hir is described as a <i>man of dignity</i>, +“breein,” and as having in conjunction with Cyvwlch +made breaches in the bastions of forts,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“A oreu vwlch ar vann caerau.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The Gorchan Maelderw in like manner speaks of him +as,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tudvwlch the oppressor of war, the +destroyer of forts.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote100b"></a><a href="#citation100b" +class="footnote">[100b]</a> “Ech,” +εχ.</p> +<p><a name="footnote100c"></a><a href="#citation100c" +class="footnote">[100c]</a> Lit. “until the seventh +day;”—an expression intended probably to denote the +space of a week. The operations of each day are specified +further on in the Poem. In like manner we are presented in +“Gwawd Lludd y Mawr,” (Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 74) with +an enumeration of certain martial deeds that were performed on +each day during an entire week.</p> +<p><a name="footnote100d"></a><a href="#citation100d" +class="footnote">[100d]</a> Lit. “Should have made +him a free man,” or “should have continued +him,” &c.</p> +<p><a name="footnote100e"></a><a href="#citation100e" +class="footnote">[100e]</a> Al. “ugain,” <i>a +score</i>,</p> +<p><a name="footnote100f"></a><a href="#citation100f" +class="footnote">[100f]</a> Al. the powerful +supporter—“drut nerthyd.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote100g"></a><a href="#citation100g" +class="footnote">[100g]</a> Kilydd is mentioned in the +Mabinogi of “Kilhwch and Olwen,” where he is +represented as the son of Prince Kelyddon.</p> +<p><a name="footnote100h"></a><a href="#citation100h" +class="footnote">[100h]</a> “Gwyr;” al. the +hero, “gwr.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote101a"></a><a href="#citation101a" +class="footnote">[101a]</a> Lit. “the gleamers +assembled.” The 1, 2, 3, and 6, versions, “cyn +hynt treiawr,” might be translated “ere the return of +the ebbing tide,” and the meaning of the whole would seem +to be, that the men, having marched to the field of battle at +dawn, experienced a bloody engagement before the evening; the +space of time between tide and tide being equal to the length of +a day.</p> +<p><a name="footnote101b"></a><a href="#citation101b" +class="footnote">[101b]</a> “Like the thunder of +heaven was the clashing of the shields.”—(Gorch. +Mael.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote101c"></a><a href="#citation101c" +class="footnote">[101c]</a> “Od uch lle.” +Al. “Od uch lled,” <i>above the plain</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote101d"></a><a href="#citation101d" +class="footnote">[101d]</a> Mark the antithesis “gwr +llawr”—“arbennawr,” and +“cethrawr”—“llavnawr.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote101e"></a><a href="#citation101e" +class="footnote">[101e]</a> “En gystud heyrn;” +an allusion to the instrument which caused his death. +“Ferreus somnus.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote101f"></a><a href="#citation101f" +class="footnote">[101f]</a> It is clear from this statement +that Erthai was the lawful lord of the Mordei. He had been +deprived of his dominions for a time, probably through the +usurpation of the “steel-clad commander,” but at +length succeeded in recovering them. Who Erthai was we know +not; Llywarch Hen had a son, whose name bore some resemblance to +the word: he is mentioned in the following triplet;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“The best three men in their country,<br /> +For protecting their habitation,<br /> +Eithyr and <i>Erthyr</i> and Argad.” (Elegy on Old +Age.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote102a"></a><a href="#citation102a" +class="footnote">[102a]</a> Al. “Erthgi,” which +is obviously the same as “Arthgi,” a +<i>bear-dog</i>. The rhythmical run of the line seems, +however, to point to the other as the proper word.</p> +<p><a name="footnote102b"></a><a href="#citation102b" +class="footnote">[102b]</a> “Erthychei;” there +is here evidently an allusion to the name of the hero, (that is, +supposing the name adopted in the translation to be the right +one) which consideration induces us to prefer it to the other +reading, viz. “erthrychei.” “With the +latter word, however, we should translate the passage as +follows;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“In the front Erthai would mangle an +army.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote102c"></a><a href="#citation102c" +class="footnote">[102c]</a> Al. “dychurant,” +<i>will be afflicted</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote102d"></a><a href="#citation102d" +class="footnote">[102d]</a> Probably Edeyrn may have been +the hero of this stanza, and that a play upon the word is +intended in the expression “edyrn diedyrn.” +Edyrn the kingdom will remain, but Edyrn the king is gone.</p> +<p><a name="footnote102e"></a><a href="#citation102e" +class="footnote">[102e]</a> “Gowyssawr,” the +furrower of battle: the designation of a warrior.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Wyr i Vleddyn arv leiddiad<br /> +A oedd draw yn <i>cwysaw cad</i>.” (Hywel Cilan.)</p> +<p>A grandson of Bleddyn with the weapon of slaughter,<br /> +Was yonder furrowing the battle.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Al. “lynwyssawr,” “the plague;” or +“the pool maker,” in reference to the effusion of +blood which he caused on the field of battle.</p> +<p>As just observed, this individual may have been Edeyrn, the +son of Nudd ab Beli ab Rhun ab Maelgwn ab Caswallon Lawhir ab +Einiawn Yrth ab Cunedda ab Edeyrn ab Padarn Beisrudd by Gwawl +daughter of <span class="smcap">Coel Godebog</span>, who would be +removed from the field of battle by his own clan.</p> +<p><a name="footnote103a"></a><a href="#citation103a" +class="footnote">[103a]</a> “Bu truan,” just as +in line 107.</p> +<p><a name="footnote103b"></a><a href="#citation103b" +class="footnote">[103b]</a> The names of both these +persons, as we have already seen, occur together in a Poem +attributed to Aneurin, and printed in Davies’s Mythology of +the Druids. The latter, moreover, appears in the Tale of +“Kilhwch and Olwen,” where a daughter of his is +likewise mentioned by the name of Eheubryd. Cyvwlch is +there stated to have been one of the three grandsons of Cleddyv +Divwlch, the other two being Bwlch and Sevwich. +“Their three shields are three gleaming glitterers. +Their three spears are three pointed piercers. Their three +swords are three griding gashers, Glas, Glesig, and +Clersag.” (page 291.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote103c"></a><a href="#citation103c" +class="footnote">[103c]</a> “Leu,” the root of +“goleu,” “lleuad,” &c. The +other reading “liw,” is equally proper, even as we +still say “liw dydd,” “liw nos,” +&c.</p> +<p><a name="footnote103d"></a><a href="#citation103d" +class="footnote">[103d]</a> Lit. +“rush-light.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote103e"></a><a href="#citation103e" +class="footnote">[103e]</a> Lit. “its enmity lasted +long.” The latter portion of this stanza, which +refers to Tudvwlch and Cyvwlch, seems to have been misplaced.</p> +<p><a name="footnote103f"></a><a href="#citation103f" +class="footnote">[103f]</a> Qu. “Icenorum +arx?”</p> +<p><a name="footnote103g"></a><a href="#citation103g" +class="footnote">[103g]</a> “Ewgei,” <i>e +wgei</i> from “gwg,” <i>a frown</i>. Al. +“negei,” <i>he shewed resistance</i>, from +“nag,” a <i>denial</i>. So in “Englynion +y Beddau;”—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Y Beddau hir yn Ngwanas<br /> +Ni chavas ae dioes<br /> +Pwy vynt hwy, pwy eu <i>neges</i>.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>i.e. “who will own, or who will deny them.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote104a"></a><a href="#citation104a" +class="footnote">[104a]</a> Can this mean <i>blood</i> or +<i>bloody field</i>? It is certain that Meigant +(600–630) uses the word in that sense;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“<i>Plwde</i> y danav hyd ymhen vy +nghlun.” (Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 160)</p> +<p>Under me was blood to the top of my knee.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote104b"></a><a href="#citation104b" +class="footnote">[104b]</a> “Digalonnit,” the +other reading “dygollovit,” (dygoll ovid) would +signify that the horn <i>banished his sorrow</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote104c"></a><a href="#citation104c" +class="footnote">[104c]</a> Al. “Even on the +foam-bordered Mordei.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote104d"></a><a href="#citation104d" +class="footnote">[104d]</a> Which “Gwarthlev,” +( the voice of reproach) was not. Davies makes “eno +bryt,” into a proper name, and construes the sentence +thus;—</p> +<p>“Whilst Gwarthlev and Enovryd were pouring forth the +liquor.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote105a"></a><a href="#citation105a" +class="footnote">[105a]</a> “Arch.” Al. +“arth en llwrw.” “He was an impetuous +bear.” There may be here a faint allusion to the name +Gwarthlev, nor is it unlikely that his ensign bore the figure of +a bear.</p> +<p><a name="footnote105b"></a><a href="#citation105b" +class="footnote">[105b]</a> “Gwd,” (gwdd) +<i>that turns round</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote105c"></a><a href="#citation105c" +class="footnote">[105c]</a> “Gyfgein,” +(cyvgein) <i>co-light</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote105d"></a><a href="#citation105d" +class="footnote">[105d]</a> A peculiarity observable in +Welsh documents is, that they frequently consign general +circumstances to the island of Britain in particular. This +may be exemplified by the account which is given of the deluge in +Triad 13. (Third Series;)—</p> +<blockquote><p>“The three awful events of the <i>Isle of +Britain</i>; first, the bursting of the lake of waters, and the +overwhelming of the face of all lands; so that all mankind were +drowned, excepting Dwyvan and Dwyvach, who escaped in a naked +vessel, and of them the Isle of Britain was repeopled,” +&c.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote105e"></a><a href="#citation105e" +class="footnote">[105e]</a> Gwrveling.</p> +<p><a name="footnote105f"></a><a href="#citation105f" +class="footnote">[105f]</a> Al. “ungentle.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote105g"></a><a href="#citation105g" +class="footnote">[105g]</a> Vide supra, lines 89, 113.</p> +<p><a name="footnote105h"></a><a href="#citation105h" +class="footnote">[105h]</a> As there is nothing to rhyme +with “ryodres,” probably there is a line left out +here.</p> +<p><a name="footnote106a"></a><a href="#citation106a" +class="footnote">[106a]</a> It would appear from this that +the feast was given in celebration of the time of harvest. +That the Britons, like the Jews, exhibited signs of great joy at +that season, may be inferred from the following Triads of Dyvnwal +Moelmud. (Myv. Arch. vol. iii. p. 283.)</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tair clud udcorn sydd; dygynnull gwlad gan +riaint a phencenedloedd, <i>corn cynhauav</i>, a chorn cad a +rhyvel rhag gormes gorwlad ac estron.”</p> +<p>There are three trumpet progressions; the assembly of a +country according to heads of families and chiefs of tribes, the +horn of harvest, and the horn of war and of battle against the +oppression of neighbours and aliens.</p> +<p>“Tair clud addwyn y sydd; beirdd yn darogan heddwch, +<i>cyrch cynhauav</i>, a phriodas.”</p> +<p>There are three happy progressions; bards announcing peace, a +meeting in harvest time, and a marriage.</p> +<p>“Tri corn cynghlud y sydd; <i>corn cynhauav</i>, corn +dadlau, a chorn goly-chwyd.”</p> +<p>There are three horns for mutual progression; the horn of +harvest, the horn of contention, and the horn for religious +adoration.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote106b"></a><a href="#citation106b" +class="footnote">[106b]</a> “Arvel,” which is +required on account of the rhyme.</p> +<p><a name="footnote106c"></a><a href="#citation106c" +class="footnote">[106c]</a> Bright shields, which are here +likened to wings.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Y gylchwy dan y gymwy bu +adenawc.” Line 361</p> +<p>His round shield was with fire winged for slaughter.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote106d"></a><a href="#citation106d" +class="footnote">[106d]</a> An allusion to the trappings of +the horses.</p> +<p><a name="footnote107a"></a><a href="#citation107a" +class="footnote">[107a]</a> “Diryf.” +“Rhyv;” that enlarges or swells out; +“diryv,” without enlargement. A descriptive +reference to the expanding or bulging effects of spears when +hurled against a shield.</p> +<p><a name="footnote107b"></a><a href="#citation107b" +class="footnote">[107b]</a> Al. “with equal step they +thickly assembled,” “cnydyn” from +<i>cnydiaw</i>, to yield a crop. And +“cynfedion” from <i>cyd</i> together, and +<i>pedion</i>, feet.</p> +<p><a name="footnote107c"></a><a href="#citation107c" +class="footnote">[107c]</a> Al. +“unprofitably.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote107d"></a><a href="#citation107d" +class="footnote">[107d]</a> “Hudid” (huddid) +covered over.</p> +<p><a name="footnote107e"></a><a href="#citation107e" +class="footnote">[107e]</a> Query, “vras” to +rhyme with “glas”?</p> +<p><a name="footnote107f"></a><a href="#citation107f" +class="footnote">[107f]</a> “Teithi;” <i>the +character</i>, i.e. of the military preparations.</p> +<p><a name="footnote107g"></a><a href="#citation107g" +class="footnote">[107g]</a> “Amgant;” al. +“etmygant;” in which case the passage might be +rendered,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Famous were the characteristics<br /> +Of, &c.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote107h"></a><a href="#citation107h" +class="footnote">[107h]</a> The Novantæ comprised the +present districts of Galloway, Carrick, Kyle, and Cunningham.</p> +<p><a name="footnote108a"></a><a href="#citation108a" +class="footnote">[108a]</a> If we have interpreted +“pumcant” aright, as giving the number of men in each +battalion, it would appear that “mwnt,” though +primarily standing for one hundred thousand, has also a general +sense. This view of it might in like manner apply to the +statement made at line 49.</p> +<p><a name="footnote108b"></a><a href="#citation108b" +class="footnote">[108b]</a> “Trychwn,” i.e. tri +cwn (a head) a regiment commanded by one head.</p> +<p><a name="footnote108c"></a><a href="#citation108c" +class="footnote">[108c]</a> Al. “Thrice six,” +&c. Al. “Three noisy,” &c. That +as many as 300 commanders should issue from Eiddin, can only be +explained on the supposition that, because of its proximity to +Cattraeth, it formed the principal station of the allied +forces.</p> +<p><a name="footnote108d"></a><a href="#citation108d" +class="footnote">[108d]</a> Lit. “golden kings +wearing chains.” The manner in which the greater and +lesser numbers are placed in juxtaposition (lines 184–187) +makes it very probable that the latter designate the commanders +of the troops there mentioned. And we may well suppose that +the statement from line 188 to line 191 is a mere continuation of +the character of the “three bold knights.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote108e"></a><a href="#citation108e" +class="footnote">[108e]</a> <i>Lead</i>, being heavy, +answers to “trwm” in the preceding line.</p> +<p><a name="footnote108f"></a><a href="#citation108f" +class="footnote">[108f]</a> A reference to the armour of +the soldiers.</p> +<p><a name="footnote109a"></a><a href="#citation109a" +class="footnote">[109a]</a> Or “who were +Brython.” The Brython were the third “social +tribe of the Isle of Britain,” who “came from the +land of Llydaw, and were descended from the primitive tribe of +the Cymry,” (Triad 5, third series.) Being the third +principal tribe that settled in Britain, it is probable that +their original inheritance was Alban, one of the “three +principal provinces of the Isle of Britain,” (See Triad 2) +which they must have occupied prior to the time of Prydain the +son of Aedd Mawr. Dunbarton is Dun Bretton, i.e. Dinas y +Brython.</p> +<p><a name="footnote109b"></a><a href="#citation109b" +class="footnote">[109b]</a> Cynon was the son of Clydno +Eiddin, and one of the three counselling warriors of Arthur.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tri chyngoriad varchawg llys Arthur; Cynon +ab Clydno Eiddin, Arawn ab Cynvarch, a Llywarch Hen ab Elidyr +Lydanwyn.” (Triad 86, first series.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>He was also one of the “three ardent lovers,” on +account of his passion for Morvydd, daughter of Urien Rheged.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tri serchawg Ynys Prydain; Caswallawn mab +Beli am Flur merch Fugnach Gorr, a Thrystan mab Tallwch am +Essyllt gwreig March Meirchiawn ei ewythr, a Chynon ab Clydno +Eiddun am Forwydd verch Urien.” (Tr. 53.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Cynon ab Clydno Eiddin was educated at the college of +Llancarvan, and is said to have answered one of the seven +questions proposed by Cattwg Ddoeth, the President, as +follows,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Pa gamp decav ar ddyn?<br /> +Atteb. Cyweirdeb.” (Cynan ab Clydno Eiddin ai +dywawd.)</p> +<p>What is man’s fairest quality?<br /> +Answer. Sincerity.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>His grave is recorded in the Englynion y Beddau. (Myv. +Arch. vol i. p. 79.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote109c"></a><a href="#citation109c" +class="footnote">[109c]</a> We adopt this as a proper name, +because it makes up the number three. A person of that name +is mentioned in the following stanza;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“A glywaist ti chwedl Cynrain,<br /> +Pen cyngor Ynys Prydain,<br /> +Gwell ydyw cadw nag olrhain.”</p> +<p>Hast thou heard the saying of Cynrain,<br /> +The chief counsellor of the Island of Britain?<br /> +Better to keep than to pursue. (Iolo MSS. pp. 251, +651.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The word has however been construed “chief +spearmen,” and “of the stock of.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote109d"></a><a href="#citation109d" +class="footnote">[109d]</a> There is a place so called in +Cardiganshire.</p> +<p><a name="footnote110a"></a><a href="#citation110a" +class="footnote">[110a]</a> Al. “gogyverth,” to +oppose.</p> +<p><a name="footnote110b"></a><a href="#citation110b" +class="footnote">[110b]</a> “Yn hon,” from +<i>on</i> an ash, and by metonymy, a spear. Or, as +“hon” means what is present to the sight, we may +construe the passage thus,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“To greet openly,” &c.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote110c"></a><a href="#citation110c" +class="footnote">[110c]</a> “Deivyr +diverogion,” the droppers of Deivyr; not “the men who +dropped <i>into</i> Deira,” as Davies has it. Deivyr +and Bryneich were now opposed to the British patriots. See +lines 50, 78.</p> +<p><a name="footnote110d"></a><a href="#citation110d" +class="footnote">[110d]</a> Namely Cydywal, a chieftain of +Gwynedd, now stationed in the region of Mordei; considering the +disaster that ensued, it appeared whilst he presided over the +banquet in his own camp, as if he were merely preparing a feast +for the birds of prey.</p> +<p><a name="footnote110e"></a><a href="#citation110e" +class="footnote">[110e]</a> His history is unknown.</p> +<p><a name="footnote110f"></a><a href="#citation110f" +class="footnote">[110f]</a> “Cyn y,” i.e. +<i>cyni</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote111a"></a><a href="#citation111a" +class="footnote">[111a]</a> Nothing is known of this +diviner.</p> +<p><a name="footnote111b"></a><a href="#citation111b" +class="footnote">[111b]</a> The “croes” was +probably a kind of cross bow. Taliesin in “Gwaith +Gwenystrad” says of the slain warriors,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Llaw ynghroes”—</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Which has been translated by Ieuan Vardd,</p> +<blockquote><p>“Their hands were on the crucifix +[cross.]” (Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 52.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Al. “Athrwys,” (ath-rhwys) “very +vigorously.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote111c"></a><a href="#citation111c" +class="footnote">[111c]</a> This appears to have been the +compact entered into by the different tribes of the Britons, for +the purpose of withstanding the usurpation of the common +foe. See line 32.</p> +<p><a name="footnote111d"></a><a href="#citation111d" +class="footnote">[111d]</a> “Ermygei,” which +might also, and perhaps more literally, be rendered <i>he paid +respect to</i>. The other reading “dirmygei,” +would mean <i>he spurned</i>, or <i>dishonoured</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote111e"></a><a href="#citation111e" +class="footnote">[111e]</a> “Blaen Gwynedd,” +the borders of North Wales, whither the Saxon encroachment had +already extended.</p> +<p><a name="footnote112a"></a><a href="#citation112a" +class="footnote">[112a]</a> “Fawd ut,” i.e. +ffawddyd, from ffawdd, radiation, splendour. We may also +render the sentence as follows,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“I fell by the radiant rampart, +(ffin)”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>the epithet <i>radiant</i> having a reference to the arms of +the soldiers.</p> +<p><a name="footnote112b"></a><a href="#citation112b" +class="footnote">[112b]</a> Or, as a moral +reflection,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“A hero’s prowess is not without +ambition.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>There are various readings of the word which is here +translated <i>prowess</i>, e.g. cobnet, colwed, eofned, but all +of them are capable of that construction, thus +“cobnet” comes from <i>cobiaw</i>, to thump, +“colwed,” from <i>col</i> a sting, or a prop, whilst +“eofned” literally means fearlessness.</p> +<p><a name="footnote112c"></a><a href="#citation112c" +class="footnote">[112c]</a> In Maelderw’s stanzas +thus,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“When all went up, thou didst go +down.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In another place,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“When all were extended, thou didst also +fall.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote112d"></a><a href="#citation112d" +class="footnote">[112d]</a> The line in Gorchan Maelderw, +Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 62, has been translated by Dr. W. O. +Pughe,</p> +<blockquote><p>“Present, ere he spoke, was carried with the +arms.” (Dict. <i>Voce</i> Breichiawl.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>That in the other Gorchan of Maelderw, page 85, may be +rendered,</p> +<blockquote><p>Present narrates that he was carried with the +arms.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote113a"></a><a href="#citation113a" +class="footnote">[113a]</a> Lit. “Three heroes and +three score and three hundred, wearing the golden +torques.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote113b"></a><a href="#citation113b" +class="footnote">[113b]</a> If “ffosawd” ever +bears the meaning assigned to it by Dr. Pughe, it must have +derived it from the practise of fighting in the <i>fosse</i> of a +camp, (which would be peculiarly <i>gashing</i>) for on his own +showing the word has no other etymon than that of +“ffos,” a <i>ditch</i>, a <i>trench</i>. From +the same root Merddin gives it the sense of +burial—defossio.</p> +<blockquote><p> “A hyt vraut yth +goffaaf<br /> +Dy <i>ffossaut</i> trallaut trymmaf.” (Myv. Arch. +vol. i. p. 149.)</p> +<p>Until doom will I remember<br /> +Thy interment, which was a most heavy affliction.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Likewise Taliesin;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Hyd ydd aeth ef<br /> +Ercwlf mur <i>ffosawd</i><br /> +As arnut tywawd.” (Myv. Arch. i. p. 69.)</p> +<p>Until he, Ercwlf,<br /> +Descended into the fosse of the rampart,<br /> +And was covered with sand.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote114a"></a><a href="#citation114a" +class="footnote">[114a]</a> Their names are given in +“Gwarchan Cynvelyn.” (Myv. Arch. vol. i. page +60. Davies’s Mythology, page 622.)</p> +<blockquote><p>Three warriors and three score and three +hundred,<br /> +To the conflict of Cattraeth went forth;<br /> +Of those who hastened from the mead of the cup-bearers,<br /> +Three only returned,<br /> +Cynon and Cadreith, and Cadlew of Cadnant,<br /> +And I myself from the shedding of blood.—</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote114b"></a><a href="#citation114b" +class="footnote">[114b]</a> The grave of Cynon is thus +recorded;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Bet gur gwaud urtin<br /> +In uchel titin in isel gwelitin<br /> +Bet Cynon mab Clytno Idin.”</p> +<p>The grave of a warrior of high renown<br /> +Is in a lofty region—but a lowly bed;<br /> +The grave of Cynon the son of Clydno Eiddin.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>And in another stanza;</p> +<blockquote><p>“Piau y bet y dann y brin<br /> +Bet gur gwrt yng Kiuiscin<br /> +Bet Kinon mab Clytno Idin.”</p> +<p>Whose is the grave beneath the hill?<br /> +It is the grave of a warrior valiant in the conflict,—<br +/> +The grave of Cynon the son of Clydno Eiddin. (Myv. Arch. +vol. i. p. 79.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>A saying of Cadreith has been preserved in the Englynion y +Clywed.</p> +<blockquote><p>“A glyweisti a gant Cadreith<br /> +Fab Porthawr filwr areith<br /> +Ni char Dofydd diobeith.” (Myv. Arch. i. 175.)</p> +<p>Hast thou heard what Cadreith sang,<br /> +The son of Porthawr, with the warlike speech?<br /> +God loves not the despairer.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote114c"></a><a href="#citation114c" +class="footnote">[114c]</a> “Gwenwawd.” +It might be translated “flattering song,” but +<i>candid</i> or <i>sacred</i> seems more consonant with the +character of a Bard, whose motto was “Y gwir yn erbyn y +byd.” We may presume that Aneurin on this occasion +displayed his heraldic badge, which, according to the law of +nations, would immediately cause a cessation of hostilities.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tair braint Beirdd ynys Prydain; +Trwyddedogaeth lle’r elont; nas dycer arv noeth yn eu +herbyn: a gair eu gair hwy ar bawb.”</p> +<p>The three primary privileges of the Bards of the Isle of +Britain; maintenance wherever they go; that no naked weapon be +borne in their presence; and their word be preferred to that of +all others. (Institutional Triads. See also Myv. +Arch. vol. iii. Laws of Dyvnwal Moelmud.)</p> +<p>“Sed me per hostes Mercurius celer<br /> +Denso paventem sustulit aere. (Horace Carm. lib. ii. Ode +7.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote115a"></a><a href="#citation115a" +class="footnote">[115a]</a> “Gwyn dragon;” +probably Hengist, who bore, as his arms, a <i>white prancing +horse</i> upon a red field. There is here accordingly an +allusion to the first arrival of the Saxons, which was the cause +to the Britons of all their national calamities for many a long +year after.</p> +<p>Al. “Had it not been for the two hundred (al. ten +hundred) men of the white-bannered commander.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote115b"></a><a href="#citation115b" +class="footnote">[115b]</a> Or, “we were +not—until.” &c.</p> +<p><a name="footnote115c"></a><a href="#citation115c" +class="footnote">[115c]</a> Lit. “thorn +bushes.” For an illustration of the advantage which +the natives would derive from their woods and thickets in times +of war, the reader is referred to a story told of Caradoc in the +Iolo MSS. pp. 185, 597. which on account of its length we cannot +transfer into our pages.</p> +<p><a name="footnote115d"></a><a href="#citation115d" +class="footnote">[115d]</a> Or more sententiously, as +Davies has it,</p> +<blockquote><p>“Base is he in the field, who is base to his +own relatives.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The construction adopted in the text, might allude to the +marriage of Rowena with Vortigern.</p> +<p><a name="footnote116a"></a><a href="#citation116a" +class="footnote">[116a]</a> “Llwyeu,” from +“llwyv,” a <i>frame</i>, a <i>platform</i>, a +<i>loft</i>. Or it may be “llwyv,” an <i>elm +tree</i>, in reference to the devastation of the groves just +mentioned. The elm was very common in the island at the +period under consideration. Taliesin celebrates a battle +entitled “Gwaith Argoed Llwyvein,” which means +“the battle of the forest of elms.”</p> +<blockquote><p>“A rhag gwaith Argoed Llwyvain<br /> +Bu llawer celain.” (Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 53.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Al. “When we were deprived of our sharpened +weapons.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote116b"></a><a href="#citation116b" +class="footnote">[116b]</a> Thus in Gorchan +Maelderw,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“There trod not, in Gododin, on the surface +of the fosse,<br /> +When deprived of his sharpened weapon, none more +destitute.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote116c"></a><a href="#citation116c" +class="footnote">[116c]</a> One reading has “the +weapon of death,” another, “the death-formed weapon, +is broken and motionless.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote116d"></a><a href="#citation116d" +class="footnote">[116d]</a> If we give an affirmative +meaning to the words “angkynnull agkymandull +agkysgoget,” the couplet might be thus rendered,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“They assembled in arms, and in complete +array they moved along,<br /> +And rolled through the mighty horde.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>It is observable that Carnhuanawc adopted this affirmative +form in a similar passage with which “Gorchan +Tudvwlch” opens, thus:</p> +<blockquote><p>“Arv ynghynnull,<br /> +Yn nghymandull,<br /> + Twrv yn agwedd;<br /> +Y rhag meiwedd,<br /> +Y rhag mawredd,<br /> + Y rhag madiedd.”</p> +<p>They assemble in arms,<br /> +The forces are marshalled,<br /> + Tumult approaches:<br /> +In the van are the warlike,<br /> +In the van are the noble,<br /> + In the van are the good.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>And he moreover traces a similarity between this style and +that of Tacitus, wherein the latter describes the effects of +Galgacus’s address upon his British followers;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Jamque agmina, et armorum fulgores, +audentissimi, cujusque procursu, simul instruebantur +acies.” (See Hanes Cymru, p. 96.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote117a"></a><a href="#citation117a" +class="footnote">[117a]</a> Al. “llawr,” +“and <i>prostrate</i> the horde of the +Lloegrians.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote117b"></a><a href="#citation117b" +class="footnote">[117b]</a> The Lloegrians were the second +“social tribe” that settled in Britain. Their +province was that of Lloegyr, by which the Welsh still designate +England, (Triads v. ii. first series) though there is reason to +believe that it was originally of much smaller extent. The +Lloegrians for the most part coalesced with the Saxons, (Triad +vii. third series) and grievously harassed the Cymry in the sixth +century.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Cynddylan, cae di y rhiw,<br /> +Er yddaw Lloegyrwys heddiw;<br /> +Amgeledd am un nid gwiw!” (Llywarch Hen.)</p> +<p>Cynddylan, guard thou the cliff,<br /> +Against any Lloegrians that may come this day;<br /> +Concern for one should not avail.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote117c"></a><a href="#citation117c" +class="footnote">[117c]</a> “Ygcynuor,” i.e. +“yn cynvor.” Al. “cynnor,” <i>the +entrance</i>. Al. “ynghynwr,” <i>in the +turmoil</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote117d"></a><a href="#citation117d" +class="footnote">[117d]</a> This probably refers to the +enemy, who, being pagans, burnt their dead. The fact might +have been suggested to the poet’s mind, by the name of his +hero “Graid,” which signifies <i>heat</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote117e"></a><a href="#citation117e" +class="footnote">[117e]</a> Viz. that of Graid.</p> +<p><a name="footnote117f"></a><a href="#citation117f" +class="footnote">[117f]</a> The rhyme determines this form, +which occurs in 1. In Gorchan Maelderw, we have, instead of +Graid the son of Hoewgi, “Braint the son of +Bleiddgi.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote118a"></a><a href="#citation118a" +class="footnote">[118a]</a> “Orwydan,” from +Gorwydd. Another way of translating these lines would +be—</p> +<blockquote><p>“There was the hero of the two shielded +wings,<br /> +The one with the variegated front; the other of like quality with +Prydwen;</p> +</blockquote> +<p>which was the name of Arthur’s shield;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tarian a gymmerai Arthur ar ei Ysgwydd, yr +hon a elwid Prydwen.”</p> +<p>A shield did Arthur take upon his shoulder, which was called +Prydwen. (Gr. ab Arthur.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The supposition that Arthur’s shield had already +acquired a notable renown is indirectly corroborated by an +alleged contemporary poem, “Preiddiau Annwn.” +(Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 45) in which his ship of the same name is +clearly invested with a similarly extravagant +character,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tri lloneid Prydwen ydd aetham ni ar +for.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote118b"></a><a href="#citation118b" +class="footnote">[118b]</a> Al. “in the midst of +arms.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote118c"></a><a href="#citation118c" +class="footnote">[118c]</a> Perhaps scintillations from the +clash of arms.</p> +<p><a name="footnote118d"></a><a href="#citation118d" +class="footnote">[118d]</a> Occasioned by the brightness of +the arms. Al. “Clouded was the dawn, and the +sun,” Al. “there was misery.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote118e"></a><a href="#citation118e" +class="footnote">[118e]</a> “<i>Bud</i> e +vran,” an allusion to the name of <i>Bud</i>van.</p> +<p><a name="footnote119a"></a><a href="#citation119a" +class="footnote">[119a]</a> An old Adage says,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Nac addev dy rin i was.”</p> +<p>Reveal not thy secrets to a servant.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote119b"></a><a href="#citation119b" +class="footnote">[119b]</a> Perhaps buried on the field of +battle, where the horses would trample on his grave; or the +expression might allude to the mode of his being conveyed by +horses to his last resting place.</p> +<p><a name="footnote119c"></a><a href="#citation119c" +class="footnote">[119c]</a> “Eleirch,” lit. +<i>swans</i>, but the expression “meirch eilw +eleirch,” (horses of the colour of swans) in the Maelderw +version, seems to favour the translation we have given above.</p> +<p><a name="footnote119d"></a><a href="#citation119d" +class="footnote">[119d]</a> Or, “the trappings” +of his charger.</p> +<p><a name="footnote119e"></a><a href="#citation119e" +class="footnote">[119e]</a> His history is not known.</p> +<p><a name="footnote120a"></a><a href="#citation120a" +class="footnote">[120a]</a> That is, he would not cowardly +desert his post, and thus leave an opening in the rank.</p> +<p><a name="footnote120b"></a><a href="#citation120b" +class="footnote">[120b]</a> During the Christmas +festivities, which lasted for twelve days:</p> +<blockquote><p>“Llon ceiliog a thwylluan<br /> +Au <i>deuddeng-nydd</i> yn hoean”—Engl. y +Misoedd.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>On those occasions Bards and minstrels were frequent guests at +the halls of the nobility, and their company contributed not a +little to the general entertainment. The air “Nos +Galan,” we may fairly presume, was a favourite at those +festivities.</p> +<p><a name="footnote120c"></a><a href="#citation120c" +class="footnote">[120c]</a> The word “arvaeth” +in this poem seems to have a reference throughout to +“arwydd,” or <i>ensign</i>. Thus we may suppose +that Gwenabwy bore the <i>Dragon</i> for his arms, which device +conveyed the idea of devastation, rather than that of +cultivation.</p> +<p><a name="footnote120d"></a><a href="#citation120d" +class="footnote">[120d]</a> The Bard, according to his +general custom, is here contrasting the two aspects of his +hero’s character, the domestic and the martial.</p> +<p><a name="footnote121a"></a><a href="#citation121a" +class="footnote">[121a]</a> A person of the name of +Gwenabwy is mentioned in the Hoiannau of Merddin.—Myv. +Arch. v. i. p. 137.</p> +<p><a name="footnote121b"></a><a href="#citation121b" +class="footnote">[121b]</a> Llywarch Hen had a son of the +name of Gwên: see his Elegy on Old Age, where he speaks in +rapturous terms of the youth’s valour.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Pedwar meib ar ugaint a’m bu,<br /> +Eurdorchawg, tywysawg llu;<br /> +Oedd Gwên goreu o naddu,” &c.</p> +<p>Four and twenty sons I have had,<br /> +Wearing the golden chain, leaders of armies;<br /> +Gwên was the best of them.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote121c"></a><a href="#citation121c" +class="footnote">[121c]</a> “Mai y <i>mead y +gathleu</i>.” There seems to be a playful allusion in +these words to <i>mewian</i> and <i>cath</i>, the mewing of a +cat.</p> +<p><a name="footnote121d"></a><a href="#citation121d" +class="footnote">[121d]</a> “Meirch,” suggested +by the name “Marchleu.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote121e"></a><a href="#citation121e" +class="footnote">[121e]</a> Al. “Maenor,” +stones.</p> +<p><a name="footnote121f"></a><a href="#citation121f" +class="footnote">[121f]</a> Or “by the commander on +his prancing charger.” “Llemenig,” might +be a proper name, for we find that one of “the three free +guests of the court of Arthur,” was so called. +Nevertheless, as it would in that character appear somewhat out +of place here, we have chosen the etymological sense in +preference.</p> +<p><a name="footnote121g"></a><a href="#citation121g" +class="footnote">[121g]</a> “Vym am,” i.e. vy +mam, as it occurs, though with the addition of am vyrn, in 6.</p> +<p><a name="footnote121h"></a><a href="#citation121h" +class="footnote">[121h]</a> The Bard would here pay an +indirect compliment to his own gallantry.</p> +<p><a name="footnote122a"></a><a href="#citation122a" +class="footnote">[122a]</a> “Bedryolet.” +Al. “Spears of quartered ash were scattered from his +hand.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote122b"></a><a href="#citation122b" +class="footnote">[122b]</a> “Veinnyell.” +Al. “veingel,” qu. narrow shelter?</p> +<p><a name="footnote122c"></a><a href="#citation122c" +class="footnote">[122c]</a> Mygedorth is mentioned by +Llywarch Hen,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Yn Llongborth gwelais i vygedorth<br /> +A gwyr yn godde ammorth<br /> +A gorvod gwedi gorborth.”</p> +<p>In Llongborth I beheld a solemn pile,<br /> +And men suffering privation,<br /> +And in a state of subjection after excess of fruition</p> +</blockquote> +<p>It is likewise alluded to in the Triads,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Cornan, march meibion Elifer Gosgorddfawr, +a ddwg arnaw Gwrgi, Peredur, Dunawd Fyr, a Chynfelyn Drwsgl, i +edrych ar fygedorth Gwenddoleu yn Arderydd.”</p> +<p>Cornan, the horse of the sons of Elifer with the great +retinue, carried Gwrgi, Peredur, Dunawd Fyr, and Cynfelyn the +stumbler, to see the funeral pile of Gwenddoleu in Arderydd.</p> +<p>“Falsely was it said by Tudlew,<br /> +That no one’s steeds would be overtaken by Marchleu;<br /> +As he was reared to bring support to all around,<br /> +Powerful was the stroke of his sword upon the adversary;<br /> +Eagerly ascended the ashen spear from the grasp of his hand,<br +/> +From the narrow summit of the awful pile.” <i>Gorch. +Mael</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote122d"></a><a href="#citation122d" +class="footnote">[122d]</a> “Vygu,” or +“the place where he would suffocate some one.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote122e"></a><a href="#citation122e" +class="footnote">[122e]</a> Or, “he would cut (lladd, +mow) with a blade armfuls of furze.” The furze was +for the purpose of supplying the pile.</p> +<p><a name="footnote122f"></a><a href="#citation122f" +class="footnote">[122f]</a> When the weather is unsettled +in harvest time, the reapers display greater energy and activity +during the intervals of sunshine; hence the point of the +simile.</p> +<p><a name="footnote123a"></a><a href="#citation123a" +class="footnote">[123a]</a> Nothing more is known of this +chieftain.</p> +<p><a name="footnote123b"></a><a href="#citation123b" +class="footnote">[123b]</a> Or “Isaac,” as a +proper name.</p> +<p><a name="footnote123c"></a><a href="#citation123c" +class="footnote">[123c]</a> “O barth +deheu.” “Deheu,” literally means <i>the +right</i>, and as the mid-day sun is to the right of a person +looking eastward, the word is also taken to signify the south; +hence we say “deheudir” for South Wales. The +“parth deheu” in this place must accordingly mean +some district south of the scene of action, such as Wales, where +Gwyddno and his family resided, would be.</p> +<p><a name="footnote123d"></a><a href="#citation123d" +class="footnote">[123d]</a> “Devodeu,” manners, +customs.</p> +<p><a name="footnote123e"></a><a href="#citation123e" +class="footnote">[123e]</a> That is, the ebb and influx of +the tide represented the contrary aspects of his character, the +mild and the impetuous, which are respectively described in the +succeeding lines.</p> +<p><a name="footnote123f"></a><a href="#citation123f" +class="footnote">[123f]</a> Al. “<i>from</i> the +point of Maddeu.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote123g"></a><a href="#citation123g" +class="footnote">[123g]</a> If we take this +“clawdd” to be the Catrail, we must look for Offer +and Maddeu towards the extremity most remote from head quarters, +i.e. the fort of Eiddin, (Edinburgh) and it is rather remarkable +that, whilst the Catrail is generally supposed to terminate +southward at the Peel-fell, some eminent antiquaries have fixed +its furthest point at Castle <i>Over</i>, where there is a +British fort, and others have thought that they could trace it in +the <i>Maiden-way</i> near the Roman wall, though it must be +confessed that these supposed continuations are by a third party +regarded as Roman roads. The similarity between the words +Offer and Over is very obvious. Baxter identifies +<i>Over</i> with <i>Oliclavis</i>, which is naught else but <i>ol +y clawdd</i> the extremity of the rampart.</p> +<p><a name="footnote124a"></a><a href="#citation124a" +class="footnote">[124a]</a> Al. “There was no young +offspring that he cut not to pieces, no aged man that he did not +scatter about.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote124b"></a><a href="#citation124b" +class="footnote">[124b]</a> “Murgreit.” +The title is ascribed by Taliesin to the Deity.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Trindawd tragywydd<br /> +A oreu elvydd,<br /> +A gwedi elvydd,<br /> +Addav yn gelvydd;<br /> +A gwedi Adda,<br /> +Y goreu Eva;<br /> +Yr Israel bendigaid<br /> +A oreu <i>Murgraia</i>.”</p> +<p>The eternal Trinity<br /> +Made the elements;<br /> +And after the elements<br /> +Adam wonderfully;<br /> +And after Adam<br /> +He made Eve;<br /> +The blessed Israel<br /> +The <i>mighty Spirit</i> made. (Gwawd Gwyr Israel.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote124c"></a><a href="#citation124c" +class="footnote">[124c]</a> Gwyddneu or Gwyddno Garanhir, +lord of Cantrev y Gwaelod, A.D. 460–520. Three poems +attributed to him are preserved in the Myvyrian +Archaiology. A character mentioned in the Mabinogion, goes +by the name of Gwyddneu ab Llwydau.</p> +<p><a name="footnote124d"></a><a href="#citation124d" +class="footnote">[124d]</a> Mr. Davies thinks that this +warrior was the son of Cunedda, who gave his name to +Ceredigion. As Cunedda, however, flourished in the early +part of the fifth century, the martial age of his son Ceredig +would not well coincide with the date of this poem. There +was another Caredig, who succeeded Maelgwn Gwynedd as king of the +Britons, about A.D. 590.</p> +<p><a name="footnote125a"></a><a href="#citation125a" +class="footnote">[125a]</a> “Lletvegin;” lit. a +<i>domestic animal</i>. We have another example here of the +Bard’s favourite practice of contrasting the different +qualities of the person whom he celebrates.</p> +<p><a name="footnote125b"></a><a href="#citation125b" +class="footnote">[125b]</a> Or “When the appointed +time of his departure is at hand,” q.d., “gar +cyrdd,” from “cerdd” a <i>walk</i>. The +adopted reading, however, is very strongly corroborated by +passages in other poems, where “cyrdd” is +unmistakeably used as the plural of “cerdd,” a +<i>song</i>, e.g.—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Cyrdd a cherddorion<br /> +A chathleu englynion.”</p> +<p>Songs and minstrels,<br /> +And Angel’s melodies. (Taliesin.)</p> +<p>“Ys cad ffyrdd, ys <i>car cyrdd</i> cyflef.”</p> +<p>“He is the roads of battle, he is the friend of +harmonious songs.” (Cynddelw.)</p> +<p>“Llary deyrn cedyrn yn cadw gwesti <i>cyrdd</i>,<br /> +<i>Cerddorion</i> gyflochi.”</p> +<p>A mild prince of mighty men keeping festivals of songs,<br /> +And equally protecting the minstrels. (Llygad Gwr.)</p> +<p>“Arddelw cain ffyrdd <i>cyrdd cyflef</i>,<br /> +Urddedig wledig wlad nef.”</p> +<p>Claim the splendid paths of harmonious songs,<br /> +Consecrated governor of the kingdom of heaven. (Bleddyn +Vardd.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote125c"></a><a href="#citation125c" +class="footnote">[125c]</a> A favourite saying of a person +of that name has been preserved in the following triplet;</p> +<blockquote><p>“A glywaist ti chwedl Ceredig<br /> +Brenin doeth detholedig?<br /> +Pawb a’i droed ar syrthiedig.”</p> +<p>Hast thou heard the saying of Ceredig,<br /> +A wise and select king?<br /> +Every one has his foot on the fallen. (Iolo MSS. pp. 259, +664.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote126a"></a><a href="#citation126a" +class="footnote">[126a]</a> The other reading +“ceiniad” would mean a <i>minstrel</i>, which, on the +supposition that the chieftain of the present is the same with +that of the preceding stanza, would further support the textual +construction which we have given there to “car +cyrdd,” viz. <i>the friend of song</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote126b"></a><a href="#citation126b" +class="footnote">[126b]</a> Al. “gowan,” +gashing.</p> +<p><a name="footnote126c"></a><a href="#citation126c" +class="footnote">[126c]</a> Al. “Crwydyr,” +perambulated.</p> +<p><a name="footnote126d"></a><a href="#citation126d" +class="footnote">[126d]</a> “Cystudd daear,” +<i>buried</i>; “cystudd haiarn,” <i>killed</i>. +See line 128.</p> +<p><a name="footnote126e"></a><a href="#citation126e" +class="footnote">[126e]</a> Caradawg Vreichvras, chief +elder (pen hynaiv) of Gelliwig in Cornwall. (Triad lxiv. +first series.) According to the Triads he was one of the +battle knights of the Isle of Britain, and in the Englyn +attributed to Arthur he is styled “Pillar of +Cymru.”</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tri chadvarchawg Teyrn ynys Prydain: +Caradawc Vreiehvras, a Llyr Lluyddawg, a Mael ab Menwaed o +Arllechwedd; ac Arthur a gant iddynt hynn o Englyn,</p> +<p>Sev ynt vy nhri chadvarchawg<br /> +Mael hir a Llyr Lluyddawg,<br /> +A cholovn Cymru Caradawg.” (Triad 29.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Caradawg’s horse Lluagor is recorded as one of the three +battle horses of the Island. (Trioedd y Meirch, Myv. Arch. +vol. ii. p. 20.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote127a"></a><a href="#citation127a" +class="footnote">[127a]</a> This simile has evidently some +connection with the story told of Caradawg, that owing to his +well founded confidence in his wife’s virtue, he was able +to carve a certain Boar’s head, an adventure in which his +compeers failed. It is remarkable also that the +Boar’s head, in some form or other, appears as the armorial +bearing of all of his name. See the “Dream of +Rhonabwy.”—Note. Al. “red boar.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote127b"></a><a href="#citation127b" +class="footnote">[127b]</a> This statement may have two +meanings, the one real, as indicative of what did actually take +place, namely, that the dogs came out of the neighbouring woods +to feed upon the corpses which had fallen by the band of +Caradawg; the other allegorical, as referring to himself in his +character of a boar or a bull, the wild dogs being his enemies, +who thus hunted and baited him.</p> +<p><a name="footnote127c"></a><a href="#citation127c" +class="footnote">[127c]</a> We may infer from this +admission that the Bard’s statements, though poetically +adorned, are, as to the main facts, framed with a strict regard +to truth. Thus no less than four vouchers for the +correctness of his description of Caradawg’s valour are +presented to our notice by name.</p> +<p><a name="footnote127d"></a><a href="#citation127d" +class="footnote">[127d]</a> Gwriad was the son of Gwrien, +one of the three princes of vassal origin. (See line 56: +notes.) Gwynn might have been either Gwyn Godyvron or Gwyn +ab Nudd; both alluded to in the Mabinogi of Kilhwch and +Olwen.</p> +<p><a name="footnote127e"></a><a href="#citation127e" +class="footnote">[127e]</a> Lit. its <i>mangling</i> or +<i>hewing</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote127f"></a><a href="#citation127f" +class="footnote">[127f]</a> We should have been tempted to +construe the line thus,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“From the broken hill of +<i>encounter</i>,”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Making “kynn caffat” into one word +“cynghaffad,” had we not been precluded by the +peculiar metre which version third presents throughout, and which +accordingly requires “cyn” in this place to rhyme +with “fryn.”—</p> +<blockquote><p>“O fryn } caffad.”<br /> +Hydwn cyn }</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Possibly “Hydwn” may be identified with +<i>Hdddinam</i> or <i>Hadingtoun</i>, in the province of +Valentia.</p> +<p><a name="footnote128a"></a><a href="#citation128a" +class="footnote">[128a]</a> Al. “vron,” the +presence. Caradawg’s father was Llyr Merini, a prince +of Cornwall.</p> +<p><a name="footnote128b"></a><a href="#citation128b" +class="footnote">[128b]</a> Al. “eurawc,” +covered with gold.</p> +<p><a name="footnote128c"></a><a href="#citation128c" +class="footnote">[128c]</a> Caradawg Vreichvras, just +mentioned.</p> +<p><a name="footnote128d"></a><a href="#citation128d" +class="footnote">[128d]</a> These two were doubtless sons +of Llywarch Hên, mentioned together in the following +stanza;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Na Phyll, na Madawg, ni byddynt +hiroedlawg,<br /> +Or ddevawd y gelwynt;<br /> +‘Rhoddyn!’—‘na +roddyn!’—cyngrair byth nis erchynt!”</p> +<p>Nor Pyll, nor Madawg, would be long lived,<br /> +If according to custom there was a calling—<br /> +“Surrender!” “They would not +surrender!” quarters they ever scorned. (Elegy on Old +Age, &c.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote129a"></a><a href="#citation129a" +class="footnote">[129a]</a> Two persons named Gwgan and +Gwion occur together in a Triad, as having been sentinels in the +battle of Bangor, A.D. 603. As that event, however, +happened subsequently to the battle of Cattraeth, where the +heroes of the stanza were killed, the parties could not be the +same. There was another Gwgawn, designated Llawgadarn, who +is ranked with Gwrnerth and Eidiol in a Triad of the three strong +men of Britain.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tri gyrddion ynys Prydain: Gwrnerth +Ergydlym, a laddes yr arth mwyav ac a welwyd erioed a saeth +wellten; a Gwgawn Llawgadarn, a dreiglis maen maenarch o’r +glynn i benn y mynydd, ac nid oedd llai na thrugain ych ai +tynnai; ac Eidiol Gadarn, a laddes o’r Saeson ym mrad +Caersallawg chwechant a thrigain a chogail gerdin o fachlud haul +hyd yn nhywyll.” (Triad lx. third series.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Favourite expressions of both Gwgan and Gwiawn are recorded in +Chwedlau’r Doethion. (Iolo MSS. pp. 251, 651.)</p> +<blockquote><p>“A glywaist ti chwedl Gwgan,<br /> +Gwedi dianc o’r ffwdan?<br /> +Addaw mawr a rhodd fechan.”</p> +<p>Hast thou heard the saying of Gwgan,<br /> +After escaping from the turmoil?<br /> +Great promise and a small gift.</p> +<p>“A glywaist ti chwedl Gwiawn,<br /> +Dremynwr, golwg uniawn?<br /> +Duw cadarn a farn pob iawn.”</p> +<p>Hast thou heard the saying of Gwiawn,<br /> +The observer of accurate sight?<br /> +The mighty God will determine every right.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote129b"></a><a href="#citation129b" +class="footnote">[129b]</a> See proceeding stanza. +Gwion and Gwyn are mentioned together as the sons of Cyndrwyn by +Llywarch Hên. See his Elegy on Cynddylan.</p> +<p><a name="footnote129c"></a><a href="#citation129c" +class="footnote">[129c]</a> The son of Evrog, and one of +the knights of the court of Arthur, who found the +Greal.—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tri marchawg llys Arthur a gawsant y +Greal. Galath vab Llawnselot dy Lak, a Pheredur mab Evrawc +Iarll, a Bort mab brenin Bort. Y ddau gyntav oeddynt wery o +gorph, a’r trydydd oedd ddiweir am na wnaeth pechawd +cnawdol ond unwaith a hynny drwy brovedigaeth yn yr amser yr +ennillawdd ev * * o verch Brangor yr hon a vu ymerodres yn +Constinobl, or honn y doeth y genhedlaeth vwyav o’r byd, ac +o genhedlaeth Joseph o Arimathea y hanoeddyn ell tri, ac o lin +Davydd brophwyd mal y tystiolaetha Ystoria y +Greal.”—(Triad lxi. first series.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote129d"></a><a href="#citation129d" +class="footnote">[129d]</a> This name occurs in the Tale of +Twrch Trwyth, page 259.</p> +<p><a name="footnote129e"></a><a href="#citation129e" +class="footnote">[129e]</a> Probably Aeddon the son of +Ervei: see line 845.</p> +<p><a name="footnote130a"></a><a href="#citation130a" +class="footnote">[130a]</a> Or affirmatively, “a +shield in the battle.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote130b"></a><a href="#citation130b" +class="footnote">[130b]</a> Or “how sad their +award.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote130c"></a><a href="#citation130c" +class="footnote">[130c]</a> “How grievous is the +longing for them.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote130d"></a><a href="#citation130d" +class="footnote">[130d]</a> This line is full of poetical +beauty, and forcibly exhibits how the baneful effects of the +banquet, or the engagement to which it was the prelude, prevented +the return of the warriors home, which their friends so ardently +desired.</p> +<p><a name="footnote130e"></a><a href="#citation130e" +class="footnote">[130e]</a> This figure is similar to that +in the fourth line of the stanza.</p> +<p><a name="footnote131a"></a><a href="#citation131a" +class="footnote">[131a]</a> His name occurs again in the +poem. The “horn of Gwlgawd Gododin” is +mentioned in the Tale of “Kilhwch and Olwen,” p. +283.</p> +<p><a name="footnote131b"></a><a href="#citation131b" +class="footnote">[131b]</a> Or in reference to the banquet +itself,—“notable were its effects, and it was the +price which bought the battle of Cattraeth,” i.e. bought, +or brought about its disastrous consequences.</p> +<p><a name="footnote131c"></a><a href="#citation131c" +class="footnote">[131c]</a> That is, contributed his life +towards a victory.</p> +<p><a name="footnote131d"></a><a href="#citation131d" +class="footnote">[131d]</a> Or <i>giantlike</i>; a +reference to his stature, implied in the title “Hir,” +(tall) which was attached to his name. See stanza V. +note.</p> +<p><a name="footnote131e"></a><a href="#citation131e" +class="footnote">[131e]</a> Lit. “With the strength +of steeds.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote131f"></a><a href="#citation131f" +class="footnote">[131f]</a> “Ar gychwyn,” +poised, ready to fly.</p> +<p><a name="footnote132a"></a><a href="#citation132a" +class="footnote">[132a]</a> Rhuvawn is celebrated in a +Triad as one of the three blessed kings of the Isle of +Britain.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tri gwyndeyrn ynys Prydain; Rhun ab +Maelgwn, Owain ab Urien, a Rhuawn Bevr ab Dewrath +Wledig.” (Triad xxv. third series.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In another Triad he is recorded as one of the three imperious +ones of the island.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tri trahawc ynys Prydein; Gwibei drahawc a +Sawyl ben uchel a Ruuawn Peuyr drahawc.” (Triad +xxxiv. second series.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Other versions, however, of the same Triad, give Rhun mab +Einiawn in the room of Rhuvawn Pebyr.</p> +<p>He is also styled one of the three golden corpses of the Isle +of Britain, because, when he was slain, his body was redeemed for +its weight in gold.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tri eurgelein ynys Prydain: Madawc mab +Brwyn; Ceugant Beilliawc; a Rhuawn Bevr, ab Gwyddnaw Garanhir; +sev yu gelwid felly achaws rhoddi eu pwys yn aur am danynt o +ddwylaw au lladdes.” (Tr. lxxvii. third series.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>His grave is alluded to by Hywel the son of Owain Gwynedd, +about A.D. 1160, in these lines;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tonn wenn orewyn a orwlych bet<br /> +Gwytua ruuawn bebyr ben teyrnet.” (Myv. Arch v. i. p. +277.)</p> +<p>The white wave, mantled with foam, bedews the grave,<br /> +The resting place of Rhuvawn Pebyr, chief of kings.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote132b"></a><a href="#citation132b" +class="footnote">[132b]</a> There may be some slight +allusion here to the circumstance mentioned in the last +Triad.</p> +<p><a name="footnote132c"></a><a href="#citation132c" +class="footnote">[132c]</a> Coelvain; the stones of omen, +an honorary reward. In this stanza Rhuvawn is celebrated as +pious, valiant, and hospitable.</p> +<p><a name="footnote132d"></a><a href="#citation132d" +class="footnote">[132d]</a> The hall (neuadd) might have +been the camp itself, or it might have been the general’s +tent, answering to the Roman prætorium. Along the +extent of the Catrail there are several forts of the British +people, which were built either on the contiguous hills, or on +the neighbouring heights. A field in the neighbourhood of +Dolgelley, which exhibits clear vestiges of an ancient +encampment, goes by the name of “<i>Neuadd +Goch</i>.”</p> +<blockquote><p>“Neuadd pob diddos.”</p> +<p>Every shelter is a hall. (Adage.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote133a"></a><a href="#citation133a" +class="footnote">[133a]</a> Or, “so great, so immense +was the slaughter.” Another reading; “So great, +a sea of radiance was the slaughter,” “mor o +wawr,” in reference to the brightness of the weapons.</p> +<p><a name="footnote133b"></a><a href="#citation133b" +class="footnote">[133b]</a> Morien Manawc is mentioned in +the “Dream of Rhonabwy”, as one of the counsellors of +Arthur, (p. 416.) His grave is pointed out in the following +lines;—(Myv. Arch. vol. i. page 79.)</p> +<blockquote><p>“E Beteu ae cut gwitwal<br /> +Ny llesseint heb ymtial<br /> +Gwrien Morien a Morial.</p> +<p>The graves that have their mounds together,<br /> +Are theirs, who fell not unavenged,<br /> +Gwrien, Morien, and Morial.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>His memory was much cherished by the mediæval Bards, who +not unfrequently compare their patrons to him. Thus +Risserdyn (1290, 1340) says that Hywel ap Gruffydd had +“vreich Moryen,” the arm of Morien; and his +contemporary Madawg Dwygraig eulogises Gruffydd ap Madawg as +being “ail Morien,” a second Morien.</p> +<p><a name="footnote133c"></a><a href="#citation133c" +class="footnote">[133c]</a> “Medut,” from +“meddu,” to possess, or it may signify +“<i>drunk</i>,” from “meddw.” The +kindling of the fire seems to have been for the purpose of +annoying the enemy. Perhaps the allusion to fires, which +occurs so frequently in the Poem, may, in some measure, explain +the burnt and calcined features of many of our old camps.</p> +<p><a name="footnote133d"></a><a href="#citation133d" +class="footnote">[133d]</a> Cynon was probably the general +of this camp, under whom Morien fought.</p> +<p><a name="footnote133e"></a><a href="#citation133e" +class="footnote">[133e]</a> “Welei.” Al. +<i>make</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote133f"></a><a href="#citation133f" +class="footnote">[133f]</a> Meaning <i>himself</i>. +Another reading of the latter part of the line would be +“with his brass armour shattered.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote133g"></a><a href="#citation133g" +class="footnote">[133g]</a> I.e. the camp occupied by the +enemy, as the next line clearly indicates.</p> +<p><a name="footnote134a"></a><a href="#citation134a" +class="footnote">[134a]</a> “Noc ac escyc,” +from “ysgog,” to stir. Al. “Noe ac +Eseye,” as if they were the names of some Saxon officers, +who hurled the stone. In this case we should render it,</p> +<blockquote><p>“Noe and Eseye hurled a massive stone from +the wall of the fort,<br /> +And never,” &c.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>as if he were crushed beneath it. Adopting the former +reading, however, we must observe the point of the words +“ysgyg” and “ysgogit,” the one indicative +of his undaunted courage, the other of his motionless state in +death.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Marw yw—<br /> +Nid ysgyg er meddyg mwy.”—Dr. S. Cent.</p> +<p>He is dead; he will stir no more for all the doctor’s +art.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote134b"></a><a href="#citation134b" +class="footnote">[134b]</a> Cyhadvan, cyd advan, a +co-retreat.</p> +<p><a name="footnote134c"></a><a href="#citation134c" +class="footnote">[134c]</a> Al. Teithan.</p> +<p><a name="footnote134d"></a><a href="#citation134d" +class="footnote">[134d]</a> Or “tumultuous,” +annovawc, from <i>an</i> not and <i>dov</i>, tame, gentle, Al. +“anvonawc,” sent, ordered.</p> +<p><a name="footnote134e"></a><a href="#citation134e" +class="footnote">[134e]</a> See a description of his +warlike character in the thirtieth stanza.</p> +<p><a name="footnote134f"></a><a href="#citation134f" +class="footnote">[134f]</a> That is, Morien himself, who +bore the epithet Mynawg or Manawg, (<i>high-minded</i>.) +See preceding stanza, note two.</p> +<p><a name="footnote134g"></a><a href="#citation134g" +class="footnote">[134g]</a> “Yn trwm,” as a +person “seirchiawc saphwyawc—(and perhaps) +elydnan,” would necessarily be. The bundles of +combustible materials, which he also carried, would add to the +weight of his armour, and tend to retard his movements. Or, +“yn trwm” may refer to the battle, as being a +<i>pressure</i>, or a <i>sad</i> affair.</p> +<p><a name="footnote135a"></a><a href="#citation135a" +class="footnote">[135a]</a> Qu. Pedrawg, whose son Bedwyr +was one of the three crowned chiefs of battle?</p> +<p><a name="footnote135b"></a><a href="#citation135b" +class="footnote">[135b]</a> “Varchawc” may be +coupled with “fowys,” indicating that the enemy fled +on horseback.</p> +<p><a name="footnote135c"></a><a href="#citation135c" +class="footnote">[135c]</a> “Cylchwy,” means a +circular inclosure as well as a shield, and in that sense it can +be taken here, as showing that Morien surrounded the camp with +fire.</p> +<p><a name="footnote135d"></a><a href="#citation135d" +class="footnote">[135d]</a> “Gwyth;” another +reading gives “gwych,” which would have the same +meaning as “gowychydd,” line 296.</p> +<p><a name="footnote135e"></a><a href="#citation135e" +class="footnote">[135e]</a> Whether we read +“ceinion” or “gleinion,” we should have +the same meaning, viz.—“of the saints,” the +Britons being thus distinguished from the pagan Saxons. +Thus Llywarch Hen says of Geraint that he was</p> +<blockquote><p>“Gelyn i Sais, car i saint.”</p> +<p>The Saxon’s foe, the friend of Saints.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote136a"></a><a href="#citation136a" +class="footnote">[136a]</a> “Lleithig,” a +<i>throne</i>, or <i>the dais of the hall</i>; in the latter +sense it would have reference to a banquet, and perhaps +“tal” would mean the front or principal seat where +Cynon sat. When, however, the battle commenced, the +chieftain quitted the convivial board, and displayed the valour +of a distinguished soldier.</p> +<p><a name="footnote136b"></a><a href="#citation136b" +class="footnote">[136b]</a> His first thrust being so +effectual. Al. “were not recognised,” having +been so greatly mutilated.</p> +<p><a name="footnote136c"></a><a href="#citation136c" +class="footnote">[136c]</a> Al. “in the day of +gallantry.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote136d"></a><a href="#citation136d" +class="footnote">[136d]</a> I.e. Elphin son of Gwyddno ab +Gorvynion ab Dyvnwal Hen king of Gwent. In the early part +of his life he was the patron of Taliesin, whom he found when an +infant in a leathern bag, exposed on a stake of his +father’s wear. “When Elphin was afterwards +imprisoned in the castle of Dyganwy by Maelgwn Gwynedd, Taliesin +by the influence of his song procured his release. There is +a poem in the Myvyrian Archaiology, entitled the +“Consolation of Elphin,” said to have been written by +the chief of Bards.</p> +<p>Or, more likely, because of his connection with the North, he +was one of the sons of Urien Rheged, mentioned by Llywarch Hen in +the following triplet,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Pwylrai Wallawg, marchawg trin,<br /> +Er echwydd gwneuthur dyvin,<br /> +Yn erbyn cyvrysedd Elphin.”</p> +<p>Gwallawg, the knight of tumult, would violently rave,<br /> +With a mind determined to try the sharpest edge,<br /> +Against the conflict of Elphin.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote137a"></a><a href="#citation137a" +class="footnote">[137a]</a> Probably the Epidii, in Cantyre +and Argyleshire. Al. “Hud a phyd,” “The +valour of the forward Elphin had recourse to wiles and +stratagems.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote138a"></a><a href="#citation138a" +class="footnote">[138a]</a> Morien is probably alluded to +here again, whose especial department seems to have been the +superintendence of the martial fire. “Mur +greit,” to which we have given the same meaning as to +“Murgreit,” (line 292) might, however, in connection +with the rest of the verse be differently translated; thus +“The furze was kindled on the rampart by the ardent bull of +conflict,” or “The furze was kindled by the ardent +bulwark, the bull of conflict.” The latter +construction seems to be favoured by a stanza in “Cyvoesi +Merddin,” (Myvyrian Archaiology, vol. i. p. 148) where +Morien is styled “mur trin,” “the bulwark of +conflict.”</p> +<blockquote><p>“Marw Morgeneu marw kyvrennin<br /> +Marw Moryen mur trin<br /> +Trymmav oed am dy adoed di Vyrdin.”</p> +<p>Morgeneu dead, Kyvrenin dead,<br /> +Morien the bulwark of conflict dead;<br /> +Most sad the lingering that thou art left, O Merddin.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote138b"></a><a href="#citation138b" +class="footnote">[138b]</a> The meaning seems to be, that +the enemies directed their attack to the part which abounded most +with riches, or where the treasures were collected, or it may +refer to the banquet; “alavvedd,” signifying the +<i>flowing mead</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote138c"></a><a href="#citation138c" +class="footnote">[138c]</a> “Llaes;” al. +“lliaws,” <i>numerous</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote138d"></a><a href="#citation138d" +class="footnote">[138d]</a> Beli son of Benlli, a famous +warrior in North Wales. Allusion is made to his burying +place in Englynion y Beddau;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Pieu y bedd yn y maes mawr,<br /> +Balch ei law ar ei lavnawr?<br /> +Bedd Beli vab Benlli gawr.”</p> +<p>Who owns the grave in the great plain,<br /> +Proud his hand upon his spear?<br /> +The grave of Beli son of Benlli Gawr. (Myv. Arch. v. i. p. +82.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Or Beli son of Rhun, a sovereign of North Wales.</p> +<p><a name="footnote139a"></a><a href="#citation139a" +class="footnote">[139a]</a> “Ffin;” i.e. the +Catrail.</p> +<p><a name="footnote139b"></a><a href="#citation139b" +class="footnote">[139b]</a> The contrast between the +appearances of the two heralds is remarkable.</p> +<p><a name="footnote139c"></a><a href="#citation139c" +class="footnote">[139c]</a> I.e. the “Nar,” the +puny messenger of the Saxons, compared here to a +“twrch,” a <i>boar</i>, or a <i>mole</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote139d"></a><a href="#citation139d" +class="footnote">[139d]</a> “Of a worthy +character.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote139e"></a><a href="#citation139e" +class="footnote">[139e]</a> Or, “the battle +spear.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote139f"></a><a href="#citation139f" +class="footnote">[139f]</a> “A clat,” cladd, a +trench. “In those parts where it (the Catrail) is +pretty entire,—the fosse is twenty-six and twenty-five feet +broad; and in one place which was measured by Dr. Douglas, the +fosse was twenty-seven and a half feet broad. But in those +parts where the rampart has been most demolished, the fosse only +measures twenty-two and a half feet, twenty, and eighteen; and in +one place only sixteen feet wide.” Chalmers’s +Caledonia, vol. i. Al. “aclut,” i.e. Alclud, +(Dunbarton.) “The warriors upon the far-famed +Alclyde.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote140a"></a><a href="#citation140a" +class="footnote">[140a]</a> Or, “in behalf of the +power.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote140b"></a><a href="#citation140b" +class="footnote">[140b]</a> Being skilled in the knowledge +of the stars.</p> +<p><a name="footnote140c"></a><a href="#citation140c" +class="footnote">[140c]</a> Lit. “For the +falling.” To pull one’s hair was looked upon in +the light of a great insult, as we may well infer from the +kindred one of handling the beard, which was punishable by +law. Thus e.g. a man might legally beat his wife “am +ddymuno mevl ar varv ei gwr”—for wishing disgrace on +the beard of her husband. Such a treatment appears to have +been offered to Gwydion, which made his attendant determined upon +avenging his cause.</p> +<p><a name="footnote140d"></a><a href="#citation140d" +class="footnote">[140d]</a> “Awyr eryr,” a +title given to him in reference to the sublime character of his +profession. Gwydien, or Gwydion, was one of the three +blessed astronomers of the Isle of Britain,</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tri gwyn Seronyddion ynys Prydain. +Idris Gawr, a Gwydion mab Don, a Gwyn ab Nudd; a chan vaint eu +gwybodau am y ser a’u hanianau a’i hansoddau y +darogenynt a chwenychid ei wybod hyd yn nydd brawd.” +(Triad lxxxix. third series.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Two stanzas entitled “Cad Goddau,” published in +the Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 167, are ascribed to him. He is +reported to have been buried in Morva Dinllev. See +Englynion y Beddau, (Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 78.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote141a"></a><a href="#citation141a" +class="footnote">[141a]</a> Gwyddwg seems to have been in +the service of Gwydien.</p> +<p><a name="footnote141b"></a><a href="#citation141b" +class="footnote">[141b]</a> Al. “protect him with his +spear,” (wayw.) The other reading (waen) is preferred +on account of the rhyme.</p> +<p><a name="footnote141c"></a><a href="#citation141c" +class="footnote">[141c]</a> “Murdyn;” it may be +“mur dyn,” (<i>the bulwark of men</i>) as descriptive +of the character of Morien, who is elsewhere styled “mur +trin,” see line 382, note.</p> +<p><a name="footnote141d"></a><a href="#citation141d" +class="footnote">[141d]</a> We meet in British history with +several instances of female heroism; the following Triad records +the names of three viragos in particular;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tri gwrvorwyn ynys Prydain; Llewei verch +Seithwedd Saidi; a Mederai Badellvawr, a Rhorei vawr verch Usber +Galed.” (Triad 96, third series.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The Englynion Beddau y Milwyr point out the graves of +others,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Y beteu yn y morva ys bychan ae haelwy<br +/> +Y mae Sanant Syberv vun y mae Run ryvel achwy<br /> +Y mae Carwen verch Kennin y mae lledin a llywy.” +(Myv. Arch. i. 82.)</p> +<p>The graves on the shore, on which but little generosity has +been bestowed,<br /> +Are those of Sanant the courteous maid, of Rhun foremost in the +war,<br /> +Of Carwen daughter of Cennyn, of Lledyn and Llywy.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote141e"></a><a href="#citation141e" +class="footnote">[141e]</a> His character has been +described before in stanza xxv.</p> +<p><a name="footnote142a"></a><a href="#citation142a" +class="footnote">[142a]</a> The servant in question, for +“unben” does not exclusively mean a monarch, but it +is applied also as a complimentary appellation like the modern +Sir, “Ha unben! Duw a’ch noddo.” “O +Sir! God protect you.” (Kilhwch and Olwen.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote142b"></a><a href="#citation142b" +class="footnote">[142b]</a> Al. “heb benn,” a +headless wolf.</p> +<p><a name="footnote142c"></a><a href="#citation142c" +class="footnote">[142c]</a> It would appear as if the +servant retaliated in kind upon the slayer of his mistress, who +was either a wolf in disposition, or bore it as a badge; and that +such a deed entitled him to bear a coat charged with figures +emblematic thereof.</p> +<p><a name="footnote142d"></a><a href="#citation142d" +class="footnote">[142d]</a> “Ysgrwydiat.” +Al. “Gold mailed warriors slept in death, (cysgrwyddiad) on +the city walls.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote142e"></a><a href="#citation142e" +class="footnote">[142e]</a> “Cred,” of faith, +as distinguished from the unbelieving Saxons.</p> +<p><a name="footnote142f"></a><a href="#citation142f" +class="footnote">[142f]</a> “Aerflawdd,” nimble +for slaughter. “There was a tribute of carnage, nor +were they long engaged in the tumult of battle.”</p> +<p style="text-align: right"><i>Gorch Mael</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote143a"></a><a href="#citation143a" +class="footnote">[143a]</a> Another version gives +“the birds of battle;” but both doubtless refer to +the birds of prey which roved to the scene of battle, prepared to +perch upon the carcases of the dead. There is something +extremely natural and affecting in the conduct of the +“feeble man,” as here described.</p> +<p><a name="footnote143b"></a><a href="#citation143b" +class="footnote">[143b]</a> Or, “of fair +observation:” probably the very individual who warded off +the birds. The Gorchan Maelderw would indicate that Syll +was an incorrect transcript of <i>pelloid</i> or <i>pellwyd</i>, +which word would supply the blank after <i>brwydryat</i>, and +make the line rhyme with the preceding. The passage would +then be, “and drove away the roving birds. Truly, +Mirain,” &c.</p> +<p><a name="footnote143c"></a><a href="#citation143c" +class="footnote">[143c]</a> A river so called, which cannot +now be identified, as there are several in the South of Scotland, +which would admit of this Welsh form; such as, the Leith, the +Lugar, &c. Perhaps it is the same with Aber Lleu, where +Urien Rheged was assassinated, and Aber Llyw mentioned in the +“Elegy on Old Age” by Llywarch Hen.</p> +<p><a name="footnote143d"></a><a href="#citation143d" +class="footnote">[143d]</a> “In the day of +conflict.” <i>Gorch. Mael</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote144a"></a><a href="#citation144a" +class="footnote">[144a]</a> Al. “look.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote144b"></a><a href="#citation144b" +class="footnote">[144b]</a> “Gwyr nod;” this +expression has two significations, it means both “men of +note” and “slaves.” The lines that follow +seem to restrict it here to the latter sense.</p> +<p><a name="footnote144c"></a><a href="#citation144c" +class="footnote">[144c]</a> The word Din indicates it to +have been a camp or a fort.</p> +<p><a name="footnote144d"></a><a href="#citation144d" +class="footnote">[144d]</a> “We may suppose this to +refer to the property that was collected within the camp on the +summit of the hill.</p> +<p><a name="footnote144e"></a><a href="#citation144e" +class="footnote">[144e]</a> “Dinas,” a +fortified town. In these lines we have a graphic picture of +the panic stricken state of that portion of the army in which +Aneurin happened to be at this particular time; and it is a +fitting prelude to the account of his incarceration which he +gives in the succeeding stanza but one. But whilst the bard +exposes his own incapacity, he pays an indirect compliment to the +skill and courage of Gwynwydd; such a state of affairs, he seems +to say, was owing to the absence of that hero on the heights.</p> +<p><a name="footnote144f"></a><a href="#citation144f" +class="footnote">[144f]</a> Meaning, perhaps, that had he +himself been present, this cowardice would not have been +manifested. We may, however, render the line +thus,—“Vines are not named when they are not +found,” and regard it as a proverb intended to illustrate +the truth of the foregoing statements, viz. that no mention would +have been made of such things had they not really existed. +Truth was a necessary element of Welsh Poetry.</p> +<p><a name="footnote145a"></a><a href="#citation145a" +class="footnote">[145a]</a> “Ceny,” i.e. +cyni. Llywarch Hen has introduced a stanza into his +“Elegy on Old Age,” very similar in some of its +expressions;</p> +<blockquote><p>“Adwen leverydd cyni<br /> +Vran; pan disgynai yn nghyvyrdy<br /> +Pen gwr, pan gwin a ddyly.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote145b"></a><a href="#citation145b" +class="footnote">[145b]</a> “Talben,” a fixed +charge, or a tax. A very natural reflection from the head +of a family!</p> +<p><a name="footnote145c"></a><a href="#citation145c" +class="footnote">[145c]</a> “Gorddin;” what +impels or drives forward; what is posterior, ultimate, or +following; the rear. (Dr. Pughe’s Dict.) It +would appear from this that the captive was pushed along towards +his prison by some person from behind.</p> +<p><a name="footnote145d"></a><a href="#citation145d" +class="footnote">[145d]</a> I.e. this treatment I despise, +it is beneath my notice, I will regard it as a particle of dust +under my feet. There was a maxim in reference to a really +felt trouble which said;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Nid â gwaew yn ronyn.”</p> +<p>Pain will not become a particle.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote145e"></a><a href="#citation145e" +class="footnote">[145e]</a> How true to nature this +disclaimer of any peevish and revengeful feelings when the power +of fully exercising them was taken away! And yet his +conduct, as implied in “gorddin,” at the same time +belied such a declaration.</p> +<p><a name="footnote145f"></a><a href="#citation145f" +class="footnote">[145f]</a> Lit. “my +knee.” The prisoner here very naturally gives vent to +his feelings in reference to the racking pain which was inflicted +upon him.</p> +<p><a name="footnote146a"></a><a href="#citation146a" +class="footnote">[146a]</a> “<i>Bundat</i>,” +from <i>pwn</i>. In the original the line is imperfect, the +particular part of his person that was thus pained being left +unmentioned.</p> +<p><a name="footnote146b"></a><a href="#citation146b" +class="footnote">[146b]</a> He here summons back his +courage, and bursts into expressions of defiance as to the +irresistible freedom of his <i>awen</i>, declaring that he would +still in his dismal prison celebrate the praise of his +countrymen, to the disparagement of his enemies at the battle of +Cattraeth.</p> +<p><a name="footnote146c"></a><a href="#citation146c" +class="footnote">[146c]</a> Lit. “make,” +“compose;” ποιεω.</p> +<p><a name="footnote146d"></a><a href="#citation146d" +class="footnote">[146d]</a> Perhaps this may mean no more +than that Taliesin’s mind was akin to his own.</p> +<p><a name="footnote146e"></a><a href="#citation146e" +class="footnote">[146e]</a> The dawn of the following +morning; or, it may, be the day of liberty.</p> +<p><a name="footnote146f"></a><a href="#citation146f" +class="footnote">[146f]</a> Or we may put “goroledd +gogledd” in apposition with “gwr,” and construe +it thus,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“The hero, the joy of the North, effected +it,”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>i.e. my deliverance. Llywarch Hen and his sons came from +the North.</p> +<p><a name="footnote147a"></a><a href="#citation147a" +class="footnote">[147a]</a> Lit. “There does not walk +upon the earth.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote147b"></a><a href="#citation147b" +class="footnote">[147b]</a> “Dihafarch drud,” +the same epithets are applied to Llywarch in the following Englyn +y Clywed.—</p> +<blockquote><p>“A glyweisti a gant Llywarch,<br /> +Oedd henwr drud dihavarch;<br /> +Onid cyvarwydd cyvarch.”</p> +<p>Didst thou hear what Llywarch sang,<br /> +The intrepid and bold old man?<br /> +Greet kindly though there be no acquaintance.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote147c"></a><a href="#citation147c" +class="footnote">[147c]</a> He would not submit to +arbitration, which would imply an inability to assert their +rights by force of arms.</p> +<p><a name="footnote147d"></a><a href="#citation147d" +class="footnote">[147d]</a> Senyllt was the son of Cedig ab +Dyvnwal Hen, and father of Nudd Hael. The word means +seneschal, and perhaps Senyllt acted in that character, and had +derived his name from thence. The term in the etymological +sense would be applied to Gwen.</p> +<p><a name="footnote148a"></a><a href="#citation148a" +class="footnote">[148a]</a> Al. “He bestowed his +sword upon the,” &c.</p> +<p><a name="footnote148b"></a><a href="#citation148b" +class="footnote">[148b]</a> Al. “lynwyssawr;” +“he was a plague;” or “with his arm he made +pools of blood.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote148c"></a><a href="#citation148c" +class="footnote">[148c]</a> “Seil,” lit. +“foundation.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote148d"></a><a href="#citation148d" +class="footnote">[148d]</a> This seems to countenance the +idea suggested in the note to line 346, that the <i>Neuadd</i> +was none other than the camp itself.</p> +<p><a name="footnote148e"></a><a href="#citation148e" +class="footnote">[148e]</a> “Keingyell,” +ceingel; a hank of thread.</p> +<p><a name="footnote148f"></a><a href="#citation148f" +class="footnote">[148f]</a> This was probably his sword +which flashed.</p> +<p><a name="footnote148g"></a><a href="#citation148g" +class="footnote">[148g]</a> Llywarch Hen’s son, see +note to line 272. He was slain “ar ryd vorlas,” +on the ford of Morlas, which, as far as its etymology is +concerned, would very well answer to the scene of the battle of +Cattraeth.</p> +<p><a name="footnote148h"></a><a href="#citation148h" +class="footnote">[148h]</a> There is much poetic force in +this line.</p> +<p><a name="footnote149a"></a><a href="#citation149a" +class="footnote">[149a]</a> Perhaps <i>Luce</i> Bay, near +<i>Leuco</i>pibia.</p> +<p><a name="footnote149b"></a><a href="#citation149b" +class="footnote">[149b]</a> Llywarch Hen, in his Elegy on +Urien Rheged, speaks thus,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Yn Aber <i>Lleu</i> lladd Urien.”</p> +<p>In Aber <i>Lleu</i> Urien was slain.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote149c"></a><a href="#citation149c" +class="footnote">[149c]</a> Probably on the river +<i>Lid</i>, or Liddel, on the northern borders of Cumberland.</p> +<p><a name="footnote149d"></a><a href="#citation149d" +class="footnote">[149d]</a> It is not unlikely that the +“cangen Caerwys,” formed a part of the great fleet of +Geraint, who is styled in Brut Tysilio, “Geraint +Caerwys.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote149e"></a><a href="#citation149e" +class="footnote">[149e]</a> A poetical definition of a +storm in winter.</p> +<p><a name="footnote149f"></a><a href="#citation149f" +class="footnote">[149f]</a> “Rhiallu” means +also the power of a sovereign, but as it is not likely that +Aneurin would acknowledge the regal claims of the enemy, we have +thought it more consistent with the general design of the poem to +adopt a construction, which shows the advantages possessed by the +enemy over the natives in point of numerical strength.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Deg myrdd yn y rhiallu, deg rhiallu yn y +vynta, a deg mynta yn y gatyrva.”</p> +<p>Ten myriads in the riallu ten times the riallu, in the mynta, +ten mynta in the catyrva.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote150a"></a><a href="#citation150a" +class="footnote">[150a]</a> “Dyvu wyt,” +dyvnwydd; or according to Gorch. Mael. dyvwn, i.e. Devon, the +country of Geraint ab Erbin,—“Gwr dewr o goettir +Dyvnaint.” (Llywarch Hen.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote150b"></a><a href="#citation150b" +class="footnote">[150b]</a> “Yd wodyn,” from +<i>gwoddew</i>, purpose or design. Al. +“foddyn,” did they drown.</p> +<p><a name="footnote150c"></a><a href="#citation150c" +class="footnote">[150c]</a> Qu. <i>Carban</i>tium in the +province of Valentia?</p> +<p><a name="footnote150d"></a><a href="#citation150d" +class="footnote">[150d]</a> Dyvynawl Vrych, or Donald Brec, +who is said in the Scotch Chronicles to have been slain in the +battle of Vraithe Cairvin, (qu. Carw van?) by Owain king of the +Britons. He is introduced to our notice again in the +Gododin.</p> +<p><a name="footnote150e"></a><a href="#citation150e" +class="footnote">[150e]</a> Or, <i>a bolt</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote150f"></a><a href="#citation150f" +class="footnote">[150f]</a> Pwyll in some of the pedigrees +of Gwynvardd Dyved is said to be the son of Argoel, or Aircol Law +Hir, son of Pyr y Dwyrain; but Mr. Davies in the “Rites and +Mythology of the Druids,” states that he was the son of +Meirig, son of Aircol, son of Pyr, which is rather confirmed by +some other MS. Pedigrees. In Taliesin’s +“Preiddeu Annwn,” he is mentioned, with his son +Pryderi, as having joined Arthur in some perilous +expeditions.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Bu cywair carchar Gwair ynghaer Sidi<br /> +Trwy ebostol Pwyll a Phryderi.” &c.</p> +<p>Arranged was the prison of Gwair in Caer Sidi<br /> +By the ministration of Pwyll and Pryderi. &c. (Myv. +Arch. i. 45.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Pwyll is the hero of one of the Mabinogion.</p> +<p><a name="footnote151a"></a><a href="#citation151a" +class="footnote">[151a]</a> Brwys; “of fine +growth,” “large.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote151b"></a><a href="#citation151b" +class="footnote">[151b]</a> Llywarch Hen speaks of a person +of this name.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tywarchen Ercal ar âr dywal<br /> +Wyr, o edwedd Morial;<br /> +A gwedy Rhys mae rhysonial.” (Elegy on +Cynddylan.)</p> +<p>The sod of Ercal is on the ashes of fierce<br /> +Men, of the progeny of Morial;<br /> +And after Rhys there is great murmuring of woe.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote151c"></a><a href="#citation151c" +class="footnote">[151c]</a> Al. “from the place where +he was once overtaken.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote151d"></a><a href="#citation151d" +class="footnote">[151d]</a> This stanza evidently contains +a reproof to one of the British chiefs, who turned coward on the +field of battle. The circumstances mentioned in the two +first lines, that his shield was pierced behind him, “ar +grymal carnwyd,” (on the crupper of his horse) would +indicate that he was then in the act of fleeing, holding his +shield in such a position, as best to protect his back from the +darts of his pursuers. Of this the Bard remarks “ni +mad,” it was not honourable, “non bene.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote152a"></a><a href="#citation152a" +class="footnote">[152a]</a> Lit. “placed his thigh +on.” Llywarch Hen gives quite a different account of +his own son Pyll;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Mad ddodes ei vorddwyd dros obell<br /> +Ei orwydd, o wng ac o bell.” (On Old Age.)</p> +<p>Gracefully he placed his thigh over the saddle<br /> +Of his steed, on the near and farther side.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote152b"></a><a href="#citation152b" +class="footnote">[152b]</a> We may suppose that the Bard +looks upon the dark hue of his accoutrements as ominous of a +mournful and dishonourable result.</p> +<p><a name="footnote152c"></a><a href="#citation152c" +class="footnote">[152c]</a> A sarcastic irony addressed to +the coward himself, who probably had boasted of some heroic deeds +that he would perform. Where are they? And where is +this brave warrior? Not distinguishing himself on the field +of battle; not entering cities in triumph; but in a cell gnawing +the shoulder of a buck.</p> +<p><a name="footnote152d"></a><a href="#citation152d" +class="footnote">[152d]</a> “Gell.” This +word has a reference to “gell,” <i>dark</i>, and it +may be that Aneurin regarded the one as typical of the other; +that he thought the man who appeared in dark armour would +eventually be found in a dark cellar. It is not clear +whether this person secreted himself, or whether he was placed by +his enemies in the “cell” here mentioned. If +the former, we may regard his eating the venison as a further +proof of his unwarlike character; if the latter, “cnoi +angell bwch” may be considered as something tantamount to +living upon bread and water in our days.</p> +<p><a name="footnote152e"></a><a href="#citation152e" +class="footnote">[152e]</a> Al. “hwch,” a +sow.</p> +<p><a name="footnote152f"></a><a href="#citation152f" +class="footnote">[152f]</a> Al. “May triumph be far +from his hand.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote153a"></a><a href="#citation153a" +class="footnote">[153a]</a> See line 468. It may be +inferred from this place that the person just spoken of had +abandoned Gwen, which shows his character in still blacker +colours.</p> +<p><a name="footnote153b"></a><a href="#citation153b" +class="footnote">[153b]</a> See line 404. O shame +upon the nameless knight, to flee where a woman fought!</p> +<p><a name="footnote153c"></a><a href="#citation153c" +class="footnote">[153c]</a> “Dibennor;” this +word may signify either the rabble who were not invested with +military accoutrements, or such as had no regular commander, or +the infantry as distinguished from the cavalry mentioned in the +succeeding line. Though so many were ready to attack the +Saxons, the circumstance could not inspire our hero(!) with any +corresponding amount of patriotic feelings.</p> +<p><a name="footnote153d"></a><a href="#citation153d" +class="footnote">[153d]</a> “It is well that Adonwy +came, that Adonwy came to the defence of those that were left;<br +/> +Bradwen fought, slaughtered, and burned;<br /> +Thou didst not guard either the extremity or the entrance<br /> +Of the towering town; thy helmet did I not behold from the +sea,<br /> +From the rampart of the sea, O thou knight worse than a +slave.”</p> +<p style="text-align: right"><i>Gorch. Mael</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote154a"></a><a href="#citation154a" +class="footnote">[154a]</a> This stanza refers to a +conference, to which the Cymry were at length fain to submit.</p> +<p><a name="footnote154b"></a><a href="#citation154b" +class="footnote">[154b]</a> <i>Trimuntium</i>, belonging to +the Selgovæ, in Valentia. Al. “The dales beyond +the ridges that were cultivated.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote154c"></a><a href="#citation154c" +class="footnote">[154c]</a> “Gwas,” which means +also youth. It is probable that the messenger or herald of +the Saxons is here meant, who being of an avaricious mind made +exorbitant demands, was “heb ymwyd,” could not keep +his “gwyd,” his inclinations or desires, within his +own breast. Nor was Aneurin on the other hand willing that +his countrymen should make concessions; rather than that, he +calls upon them to put forth their strength once more, and assert +their rights on the field of battle.</p> +<p><a name="footnote154d"></a><a href="#citation154d" +class="footnote">[154d]</a> Aneurin, addressing his +country.</p> +<p><a name="footnote154e"></a><a href="#citation154e" +class="footnote">[154e]</a> Al. +“Plentiful.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote154f"></a><a href="#citation154f" +class="footnote">[154f]</a> Llancarvan in Glamorganshire +was anciently called by this name. Al. “tan +veithin;” qu. tân eithin, gorze fire?</p> +<p><a name="footnote154g"></a><a href="#citation154g" +class="footnote">[154g]</a> “Luthvin,” (glwth +vin.) Al. “the edge of his sword gleamed.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote154h"></a><a href="#citation154h" +class="footnote">[154h]</a> The Saxon herald.</p> +<p><a name="footnote154i"></a><a href="#citation154i" +class="footnote">[154i]</a> “Gnaws gwan,” him, +who was necessarily in a weak or defenceless state, namely the +British herald.</p> +<p><a name="footnote154j"></a><a href="#citation154j" +class="footnote">[154j]</a> By the “bulwark of +toil” is probably understood Morien.</p> +<p><a name="footnote155a"></a><a href="#citation155a" +class="footnote">[155a]</a> Being like him a Bard.</p> +<p><a name="footnote155b"></a><a href="#citation155b" +class="footnote">[155b]</a> “Cynrennin.” +Al. “expert.” The conference having been so +egregiously violated by the assassination of the British herald, +is immediately broken up, and the advice of Aneurin eagerly +followed.</p> +<p><a name="footnote155c"></a><a href="#citation155c" +class="footnote">[155c]</a> Their loquacity and haste had +been greatly excited by liquor.</p> +<p><a name="footnote155d"></a><a href="#citation155d" +class="footnote">[155d]</a> See Notes to stanza +xxxviii.</p> +<p><a name="footnote155e"></a><a href="#citation155e" +class="footnote">[155e]</a> The treacherous herald before +mentioned.</p> +<p><a name="footnote156a"></a><a href="#citation156a" +class="footnote">[156a]</a> Another way of construing these +two lines would be,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Strangers to the country, their deeds shall +be heard of;<br /> +The bright wave murmured along on its pilgrimage;”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>in reference to the British heroes.</p> +<p><a name="footnote156b"></a><a href="#citation156b" +class="footnote">[156b]</a> According to version +4,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Where they had collected together the most +melodious deer.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The deer were collected within the encampment for the purpose +of supplying the army with food, or so as to be out of the reach +of the enemy. The locality was probably that of Ban Carw, +the Deer Bank.</p> +<p><a name="footnote156c"></a><a href="#citation156c" +class="footnote">[156c]</a> Dyvynawl Brych.</p> +<p><a name="footnote156d"></a><a href="#citation156d" +class="footnote">[156d]</a> I.e. no pacific insignia.</p> +<p><a name="footnote156e"></a><a href="#citation156e" +class="footnote">[156e]</a> A moral reflection suggested by +the perfidy of the Saxons at the conference of Llanveithin.</p> +<p><a name="footnote156f"></a><a href="#citation156f" +class="footnote">[156f]</a> Morial is recorded in one of +the Englynion y Beddau, (see line 348, note 2) as one who fell +not unavenged. His name occurs in one of Llywarch +Hen’s poems, (see line 495. note 2.) Meugant gives an +account of the expedition of one Morial to Caer Lwydgoed +(Lincoln) from whence he brought a booty of 1500 bullocks.</p> +<p><a name="footnote156g"></a><a href="#citation156g" +class="footnote">[156g]</a> Or, “mutually +sharing” the toils of war.</p> +<p><a name="footnote157a"></a><a href="#citation157a" +class="footnote">[157a]</a> These two lines may be +translated in reference to the Saxon herald;</p> +<blockquote><p>“The stranger with the crimson robe +pursued,<br /> +And slaughtered with axes and blades.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote157b"></a><a href="#citation157b" +class="footnote">[157b]</a> “Cywrein.” +Al. “The warriors arose, met together, and with one +accord,” &c.</p> +<p><a name="footnote157c"></a><a href="#citation157c" +class="footnote">[157c]</a> Or, “made the +assault.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote157d"></a><a href="#citation157d" +class="footnote">[157d]</a> Or, simply, +“women.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote157e"></a><a href="#citation157e" +class="footnote">[157e]</a> “Gwich,” a shriek; +Al. “acted bravely.” Al. “were greatly +exasperated;” or perhaps for “gwyth” we should +read <i>gweddw</i>, “their wives they made +widows.” Gruffydd ap yr Ynad Coch in his Elegy upon +Llywelyn, (Myv. Arch. i. 396) makes use of similar sentiments, in +the following lines,—</p> +<blockquote><p>Llawer deigr hylithr yn hwylaw ar rudd<br /> +Llawer ystlys rhudd a rhwyg arnaw<br /> +Llawer gwaed am draed wedi ymdreiddiaw<br /> +Llawer gweddw a gwaedd y amdanaw<br /> +Llawer meddwl trwm yn tomrwyaw.<br /> +Llawer mam heb dad gwedi ei adaw<br /> +Llawer hendref fraith gwedi llwybrgodaith<br /> +A llawer diffaith drwy anrhaith draw<br /> +Llawer llef druan fal ban fu’r Gamlan.</p> +<p>Many a slippery tear sails down the cheek,<br /> +Many a wounded side is red with gore,<br /> +Many a foot is bathed in blood,<br /> +Many a widow raises the mournful shriek,<br /> +Many a mind is heavily troubled,<br /> +Many a son is left without a father,<br /> +Many an old grey town is deserted,<br /> +Many are ruined by yonder deed of war,<br /> +Many a cry of misery arises as erst on Camlan field.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote158a"></a><a href="#citation158a" +class="footnote">[158a]</a> Al. “Nor was there a hero +(lew from glew)” &c. Al. “Nor was there a +lion so generous, in the presence of a lion of the greatest +course;” the latter description referring to some other +chief of renown.</p> +<p><a name="footnote158b"></a><a href="#citation158b" +class="footnote">[158b]</a> Or the <i>cry</i>, +“dias;” being either the shout of battle, or the +voice of distress.</p> +<p><a name="footnote158c"></a><a href="#citation158c" +class="footnote">[158c]</a> “Angor,” from +<i>ang</i> and <i>gor</i>; lit. a <i>staying round</i>, which +indicates the city in question to have been of a circular +form. Probably it was one of the forts which are so +commonly seen on our hills.</p> +<p><a name="footnote158d"></a><a href="#citation158d" +class="footnote">[158d]</a> That is, either the place where +Bards were entertained, or where the deer were protected. +See line 535.</p> +<p><a name="footnote159a"></a><a href="#citation159a" +class="footnote">[159a]</a> “Gwryd,” +<i>manliness</i>, as displayed in war.</p> +<p><a name="footnote159b"></a><a href="#citation159b" +class="footnote">[159b]</a> I.e. Cynon.</p> +<p><a name="footnote159c"></a><a href="#citation159c" +class="footnote">[159c]</a> Or, “wide.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote159d"></a><a href="#citation159d" +class="footnote">[159d]</a> A similar expression has been +used before (line 512) “nac eithaf na chynor.” +A “clod heb or heb eithaf,” simply means immortal +praise.</p> +<p><a name="footnote159e"></a><a href="#citation159e" +class="footnote">[159e]</a> The distinguishing feature of +this stanza is its prosopopæia, or its change of things +into persons, as in the case of Hwrreith, Buddugre, and Rheiddyn, +which are translated respectively Spoliation, Victory, and the +Lance.</p> +<p><a name="footnote159f"></a><a href="#citation159f" +class="footnote">[159f]</a> Eidol or Eidiol Gadarn is +recorded as one of the three strong men of Britain, having, at +the meeting on Salisbury plain, slain 660 Saxons with a billet of +wood.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tri Gyrddion Ynys Prydain; Gwrnerth +Ergydlym, a laddes yr arth mwyaf ac a welwyd erioed a saeth +wellten; a Gwgawn Lawgadarn, a dreiglis maen Maenarch or glynn i +ben y mynydd, ac nid oedd llai na thrugain ych ai tynnai; ac +Eidiol Gadarn, a laddes o’r Saeson ym mrad Caersallawg +chwechant a thrugain a chogail gerdin o fachlud haul yd yn +nhywyll.” (Triad 60. third series.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The time here specified “from sunset until dark,” +will not be found to tally at all with the commencement of the +fight at Cattraeth, which is said to have been “with the +day,” and “with the dawn;” this circumstance is +fatal to Davies’s theory.</p> +<p>The first lines of this stanza may be translated in divers +ways, such as,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“With a feast of wine and a banquet of mead, +endowed<br /> +By Cynlaith, mother of Hwrraith, was the energetic +Eidol.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Also,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“With a feast of wine and a banquet of +mead,<br /> +Did his brave (<i>hwrraith</i> from <i>hwrdd</i>) mother<br /> +Cynlaith, enrich<br /> +The energetic Eidol.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Again,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“With a feast of wine and a banquet of +mead,<br /> +Did his mother Hwrraith<br /> +At the first fall of the dew (<i>cyn llaith</i>) enrich<br /> +The energetic Eidol.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote160a"></a><a href="#citation160a" +class="footnote">[160a]</a> The hill on which the vanguard +was stationed.</p> +<p><a name="footnote160b"></a><a href="#citation160b" +class="footnote">[160b]</a> Waiting their prey.</p> +<p><a name="footnote160c"></a><a href="#citation160c" +class="footnote">[160c]</a> “Cynydaw” (cnydiaw) +to yield a crop. Cynydaw means also to rise; and we may +thus construe the passage,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“The foremost spearmen spring up around +him.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Another reading gives “cwydaw” to fall, in +allusion to the slaughter of the men; adopting this expression, +it would seem that “arnaw” was more applicable to +“racvre,” the mount of the van.</p> +<p><a name="footnote160d"></a><a href="#citation160d" +class="footnote">[160d]</a> “Glas heid,” (glas +haidd) green barley. It is rather singular that the words, +without the slightest alteration, will admit of another simile +equally beautiful and appropriate, viz.—<i>glas haid</i>, a +blue swarm of flies. The word <i>glas</i> may be indicative +of the prevailing colour of the dress or armour of the men,</p> +<blockquote><p>“As from the rocky cliff the shepherd +sees<br /> +Clustering in heaps on heaps the driving bees,<br /> +Rolling, and blackening, swarms succeeding swarms,<br /> +With deeper murmurs and more hoarse alarms;<br /> +Dusky they spread, a close embodied crowd,<br /> +And o’er the vale descends the living cloud.” +(Pope’s Homer, b. ii. l. 111.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote161a"></a><a href="#citation161a" +class="footnote">[161a]</a> “Hedin;” this word +seems of kindred nature with haidd (barley) and is here +translated accordingly; (hedeg, to shoot out, or to ear, as +corn.) Another version gives “hediw,” +(<i>heddyw</i>, today.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote161b"></a><a href="#citation161b" +class="footnote">[161b]</a> It is still very common in +Wales to call the cause or origin of any thing by the name of +mam: thus, for instance, we say “mam y drwg” of the +chief instigator of mischief. What we are to understand by +the “mother of the lance” it is not very easy to +determine; it might have been courage or the sense of wrong, or +quarrel, or any other cause which excited the Britons to +fight.</p> +<p><a name="footnote161c"></a><a href="#citation161c" +class="footnote">[161c]</a> Al. “They marched and +chanted, clad in coat of mail.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote162a"></a><a href="#citation162a" +class="footnote">[162a]</a> “Vawr dru,” +&c. Al. “miserable hero.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote162b"></a><a href="#citation162b" +class="footnote">[162b]</a> This confirms the view we have +taken of the “milcant a thrychant” at line 86.</p> +<p><a name="footnote162c"></a><a href="#citation162c" +class="footnote">[162c]</a> “Gloew dull;” in +bright array. It may refer also to the viands.</p> +<p><a name="footnote162d"></a><a href="#citation162d" +class="footnote">[162d]</a> “Mai;” Taliesin, in +like manner, says of Urien, that he was,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Un yn darwedd<br /> +Gwin a mal a medd.”</p> +<p>One who was generous of wine, and bounty, and mead.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>“Mal,” properly speaking, seems to have been a +certain tribute, as above. Thus we read in Welsh +legends;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“He gave his domain of Clynog to God and to +Beuno for ever, without either contribution or tax (heb na mal +nac ardreth.”) (Buch. Beuno.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Again,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“There is neither contribution nor tax, (na +mal na threth) which we ought to pay.” (H. Car. +Mag. Mabinogion.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The word in the text may signify gifts or presents; or it may +mean <i>meal</i>, (mâl, what is ground) in allusion to the +more substantial portion of the feast.</p> +<p><a name="footnote163a"></a><a href="#citation163a" +class="footnote">[163a]</a> Lit. “I am being +ruined.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote163b"></a><a href="#citation163b" +class="footnote">[163b]</a> Mynyddawg himself.</p> +<p><a name="footnote163c"></a><a href="#citation163c" +class="footnote">[163c]</a> Al. “From +amongst.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote163d"></a><a href="#citation163d" +class="footnote">[163d]</a> That is, free and precipitate +in his course, as a ball flies through the air. This simile +seems to have been borrowed from a popular game among the Britons +called <i>pelre</i>, which consisted in the beating of a ball +backwards and forwards, and is alluded to by Taliesin in the +following lines;</p> +<blockquote><p>“Ceiniadon moch clywid eu govalon:<br /> +Marchawglu mor daer am Gaer Llion;<br /> +A dial Idwal ar Aranwynion<br /> +A gware pelre a phen Saeson.” (Myv. Arch. i. p. +73.)</p> +<p>Songsters, soon would their cares be heard;<br /> +An army of horsemen so harassing round Caer Llion;<br /> +And the revenge of Idwal on the Aranwynians;<br /> +And the playing of ball-buffetting with Saxon heads.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Al. “mab Pel;” Present the son of Pel.</p> +<p><a name="footnote163e"></a><a href="#citation163e" +class="footnote">[163e]</a> “Hud:” has this +word any reference to “<i>hud</i>wg,” a racket for +ball playing?</p> +<p><a name="footnote164a"></a><a href="#citation164a" +class="footnote">[164a]</a> “Ystryng;” from +<i>ys</i> and <i>tryng</i> or <i>trengu</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote164b"></a><a href="#citation164b" +class="footnote">[164b]</a> “Adan;” that is +<i>â dan</i>, will go under. Lit. “under the +red-stained warriors go the steeds,” &c. +“Ymdan march,” is a well known phrase for mounting a +horse.</p> +<p><a name="footnote164c"></a><a href="#citation164c" +class="footnote">[164c]</a> The same, it may be, with +Angar, one of the sons of Caw of Cwm Cawlwyd, and brother of +Aneurin. A saying of his occurs in the Chwedlau’r +Doethion. (Iolo MSS. pp. 256, 554.)</p> +<blockquote><p>“A glyweist ti chwedl Angar<br /> +Mab Caw, Catfilwr clodgar?<br /> +Bid tonn calon gan alar.”</p> +<p>Hast thou heard the saying of Angar,<br /> +Son of Caw the celebrated warrior?<br /> +The heart will break with grief.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote164d"></a><a href="#citation164d" +class="footnote">[164d]</a> “Raen,” from +<i>rha</i>, which is also the root of <i>rhain</i>, spears.</p> +<p><a name="footnote164e"></a><a href="#citation164e" +class="footnote">[164e]</a> This passage, in another form, +occurs three times in the Maelderw version and may be translated +as follows;</p> +<blockquote><p>“Angor, thou scatterer of the brave,<br /> +Serpent, piercing pike,<br /> +And immovable stone in the front of the army.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote164f"></a><a href="#citation164f" +class="footnote">[164f]</a> Al. “Oppressor, dressed +in thy shining white robes.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote165a"></a><a href="#citation165a" +class="footnote">[165a]</a> “Gwaenawr.” +Al. “The spears.” Al. “The +stones.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote165b"></a><a href="#citation165b" +class="footnote">[165b]</a> That is, the fosse of the +Catrail, or that which surrounded one of the camps.</p> +<p><a name="footnote165c"></a><a href="#citation165c" +class="footnote">[165c]</a> See lines 386, 524, 534. +Al. “like ploughing the furrow.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote165d"></a><a href="#citation165d" +class="footnote">[165d]</a> The Bard in this stanza +evidently plays upon the names of three of the British heroes, +showing how appropriately they represented their respective +characters; <i>Cywir</i>, <i>enwir</i>; <i>Merin</i>, <i>mur</i>; +<i>Madien</i>, <i>mad</i>. Perhaps it would be better to +transpose the two first, and read the line as it occurs in one +stanza of the Gorchan Maelderw;</p> +<blockquote><p>“Enwir ith elwir oth gywir +weithred.”<br /> +Enwir art thou named from thy righteous deed;</p> +</blockquote> +<p>for in “Kilhwch and Olwen” we meet with a person +bearing the name of Gweir Gwrhyd <i>Ennwir</i>, who is said to +have been an uncle of Arthur, his mother’s brother.</p> +<p><a name="footnote165e"></a><a href="#citation165e" +class="footnote">[165e]</a> “Bulwark of every +tribe.” Al. “of every language.” +<i>Gorch. Maelderw</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote165f"></a><a href="#citation165f" +class="footnote">[165f]</a> Merin the son of Merini ab +Seithenyn, king of the plain of Gwyddno, whose land was +overflowed by the sea. He is said to have been the founder +of the church of Llanverin, or Llanvetherin, Monmouthshire. +In the Gorchan Maelderw Merin is called the son of Madieith.</p> +<p><a name="footnote166a"></a><a href="#citation166a" +class="footnote">[166a]</a> Al. “Gwynedd.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote166b"></a><a href="#citation166b" +class="footnote">[166b]</a> I.e. the drinking horn. +“Dial;” <i>Gorch. Mael</i>. “to take vengeance +for the contribution of mead.” Owain Cyveiliog +alludes to this circumstance in his Poem on the Hirlas +Horn;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Kigleu am dal met myned dreig +Kattraeth.” (Myv. Arch. i. 266.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>That this author was acquainted with the Gododin appears +further from the following,</p> +<blockquote><p>“Nid ym hyn dihyll nam hen deheu;”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>where he evidently refers to line 290 of our Poem.</p> +<p><a name="footnote166c"></a><a href="#citation166c" +class="footnote">[166c]</a> “Cyvyringet,” those +who met together between the two armies; from cyvrwng, +cyd-rhwng.</p> +<p><a name="footnote166d"></a><a href="#citation166d" +class="footnote">[166d]</a> “Cibno ced,” seems +to have been the cup of drink presented to bards and minstrels by +their entertainers. (See line 345.) Not even the +speech inspiring influence of this cup, could elicit an adequate +description of the slaughter which ensued at Cattraeth.</p> +<p><a name="footnote167a"></a><a href="#citation167a" +class="footnote">[167a]</a> Or, “the gallantry of the +glorious knight of conflict.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote167b"></a><a href="#citation167b" +class="footnote">[167b]</a> Lit. “Ruddy +reaping.” Al. “Ruddy reaper, thou pantest for +war.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote167c"></a><a href="#citation167c" +class="footnote">[167c]</a> Al. “Thou man of +Gwynedd.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote167d"></a><a href="#citation167d" +class="footnote">[167d]</a> Lit. “Thou +unmanest;” di-mwng.</p> +<p><a name="footnote167e"></a><a href="#citation167e" +class="footnote">[167e]</a> “Llain.” Al. +“lance.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote167f"></a><a href="#citation167f" +class="footnote">[167f]</a> The expression “until +blood flows” is not in the original.</p> +<p><a name="footnote167g"></a><a href="#citation167g" +class="footnote">[167g]</a> That glass vessels were used by +the Britons in the sixth century is further proved by the +testimony of Llywarch Hen, who speaks of</p> +<blockquote><p>“Gwyr ni giliynt rhag ovn gwayw,<br /> +Ac yved gwin o wydr gloyw.” (Elegy upon Geraint)</p> +<p>Men who would not flinch from the dread of the spear,<br /> +And the quaffing of wine out of the bright glass.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote168a"></a><a href="#citation168a" +class="footnote">[168a]</a> “Ariant,” money +contributed towards any thing; thus “ariant cwynos,” +supper money, was paid by the gentry and freeholders towards the +maintenance of the officers of the court; “ariant +gwastrodion,” money of the equerries, was paid by the +king’s tenants in villainage once a year, to furnish +provender for his horses; “ariant am y vedd” would +likewise be a contribution paid towards a banquet of mead. +Gwaednerth made his enemies, as it were, pay him this tribute +with the gold of their armour.</p> +<p><a name="footnote168b"></a><a href="#citation168b" +class="footnote">[168b]</a> His history is unknown.</p> +<p><a name="footnote168c"></a><a href="#citation168c" +class="footnote">[168c]</a> Or, “retinue.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote168d"></a><a href="#citation168d" +class="footnote">[168d]</a> “Dyrraith;” law of +fate; death,</p> +<p><a name="footnote168e"></a><a href="#citation168e" +class="footnote">[168e]</a> Probably Ayr in Scotland, +rather than Aeron in Wales.</p> +<p><a name="footnote168f"></a><a href="#citation168f" +class="footnote">[168f]</a> Lit. “the +head.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote168g"></a><a href="#citation168g" +class="footnote">[168g]</a> I.e. the Clyde. Al. +“The brown eagles.” Llywarch Hen speaks of +“the brown eagles” (eryron llwyd) and of “the +eagle with the brown beak,” (eryr pengarn llwyd.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote169a"></a><a href="#citation169a" +class="footnote">[169a]</a> Lit. “Without +reproach.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote169b"></a><a href="#citation169b" +class="footnote">[169b]</a> Or, “From the +region.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote169c"></a><a href="#citation169c" +class="footnote">[169c]</a> Al. “Men of +privilege.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote169d"></a><a href="#citation169d" +class="footnote">[169d]</a> “Llogell;” a +receptacle, a depository, a closet. It might here refer +more particularly to the room which contained the viands. +“Llogail” would be a wattled room.</p> +<p><a name="footnote169e"></a><a href="#citation169e" +class="footnote">[169e]</a> The frequent repetition of the +word “byd” in this stanza is remarkable.</p> +<p><a name="footnote169f"></a><a href="#citation169f" +class="footnote">[169f]</a> Lit. “not without +ambition.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote169g"></a><a href="#citation169g" +class="footnote">[169g]</a> Eidol is specified by name as +being the most indefatigable in his pursuit after mirth. A +person of that name and character is mentioned in a poem +attributed to Cuhelyn. See Myv. Arch. i. 164.</p> +<p><a name="footnote169h"></a><a href="#citation169h" +class="footnote">[169h]</a> Or, “the grandson of +Enovant.” Al. “One out of a hundred,” +Cynddilig might have been the son of Cor Cnud, whose grave is +recorded in the Englynion y Beddau. (Myv. Arch. i. 11.)</p> +<blockquote><p>“Kian a ud diffaith cnud.<br /> +Draw o tuch pen bet alltud<br /> +Bet Cindilic mab Corknud.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Or the son of Nwython, mentioned in the Bruts, (Myv. Arch. ii. +321) and Genealogy of the Saints. (Iolo MSS. 137.) Or +else he might have been the son of Llywarch Hen,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Och Cynddilig, na buost wraig!”<br /> +Oh, Cynddilig, why wert thou not a woman!</p> +<p style="text-align: right">(Elegy on Old Age.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The mention made of Aeron in the foregoing stanza naturally +led the Bard to speak in this of a chieftain connected +therewith.</p> +<p><a name="footnote170a"></a><a href="#citation170a" +class="footnote">[170a]</a> Were it not for the anachronism +we should be induced to regard this lady as none other than Elen +the daughter of Eudav, prince of Erging and Euas, and wife of +Macsen Wledig; heroine also of a Romance entitled “The +Dream of Macsen Wledig.” As Macsen, however, is known +to have been put to death as early as the year 388, Elen’s +life could not possibly have been so protracted as to enable her +to take a part in the battle of Cattraeth.</p> +<p><a name="footnote170b"></a><a href="#citation170b" +class="footnote">[170b]</a> “Dieis.” Al. +“her thrusts were penetrating.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote171a"></a><a href="#citation171a" +class="footnote">[171a]</a> “Meiwyr,” men of +the field. Al. “Meinir,” the slender maid, +which might refer to the daughter of Eudav.</p> +<p><a name="footnote171b"></a><a href="#citation171b" +class="footnote">[171b]</a> The Gorchan Maelderw clearly +indicates that the fire was kindled in the presence of the army, +and not for religious purposes before the Deity.</p> +<p><a name="footnote171c"></a><a href="#citation171c" +class="footnote">[171c]</a> This stanza explains the +expression used in line 116. Seven days, then, we may +suppose, formed the whole space of time during which the events +related in the Gododin occurred. The action of +Homer’s Iliad occupied nearly fifty days.</p> +<p><a name="footnote171d"></a><a href="#citation171d" +class="footnote">[171d]</a> The daily operations are +somewhat differently stated in the fragments of the Gododin, +which are appended to “Gorchan Maelderw.” There +they are as follows,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“On Tuesday they put on their splendid +robes;<br /> +On Wednesday bitter was their assembly;<br /> +On Thursday messengers formed contracts;<br /> +On Friday there was slaughter;<br /> +On Saturday they dealt mutual blows;<br /> +On Sunday they were pierced by ruddy weapons;<br /> +On Monday a pool of blood knee deep was seen.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote172a"></a><a href="#citation172a" +class="footnote">[172a]</a> See lines 27, &c. It +would appear as if the three lines at the end of the stanza were +appended to it by some compiler, merely on account of their +uniformity of rhyme.</p> +<p><a name="footnote172b"></a><a href="#citation172b" +class="footnote">[172b]</a> Lit, “At the early +arising morn,” or “quickly rising in the +morning.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote172c"></a><a href="#citation172c" +class="footnote">[172c]</a> “Aber;” the +junction of rivers; the fall of a lesser river into a greater, or +into the sea. By metaphor, a port or harbour.</p> +<p><a name="footnote172d"></a><a href="#citation172d" +class="footnote">[172d]</a> Or more +definitely,—“Occurred the battle of Aber in front of +the course.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote172e"></a><a href="#citation172e" +class="footnote">[172e]</a> Or “a breach was made, +and the knoll was pervaded with fire.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote172f"></a><a href="#citation172f" +class="footnote">[172f]</a> The stanza is imperfect, which +accounts for the omission of the hero’s name. From +the Gorchan Maelderw we would infer that he was Gwair one of the +three “taleithiawg cad,” or coronetted chiefs of +battle. (Myv. Arch. ii. 12.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote172g"></a><a href="#citation172g" +class="footnote">[172g]</a> Probably, the valuables +collected within the encampment on the hill.</p> +<p><a name="footnote173a"></a><a href="#citation173a" +class="footnote">[173a]</a> This word may be taken either +in its literal sense, as alluding to the birds of prey that +devoured the dead bodies, or else metaphorically as denoting the +warriors themselves. In the latter sense Casnodyn uses it +in the following passage;</p> +<blockquote><p>“Cynan—<br /> +Eryr tymyr gwyr, gweilch disaesneg.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Cynan, the eagle of the land of men, who are heroes with no +English.</p> +<p>In this sense “gwrwnde” would necessarily allude +to the colour of the men’s habiliments.</p> +<p><a name="footnote173b"></a><a href="#citation173b" +class="footnote">[173b]</a> The stanza is thus varied in +Gorchan Maelderw,</p> +<blockquote><p>“At the early dawn of morn they marched<br +/> +To conflict, headed by the king in front of the course;<br /> +Gwair was greeted by the fluid gore<br /> +In the van of the battle;<br /> +He was a beloved friend.<br /> +In the day of distress<br /> +The wealth of the mountain, the place,<br /> +And the forward beam of war, wore a murky hue.” +(<i>Gorch. Mael</i>.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote173c"></a><a href="#citation173c" +class="footnote">[173c]</a> “Eilin;” in a +second; another reading has “meitin,” a word of +similar import, signifying a space of time.</p> +<p><a name="footnote173d"></a><a href="#citation173d" +class="footnote">[173d]</a> “Aber;” ut +supra.</p> +<p><a name="footnote173e"></a><a href="#citation173e" +class="footnote">[173e]</a> The Catrail, or else the vallum +of our hero’s camp.</p> +<p><a name="footnote173f"></a><a href="#citation173f" +class="footnote">[173f]</a> That is, single handed he faces +a hundred men of the enemy.</p> +<p><a name="footnote174a"></a><a href="#citation174a" +class="footnote">[174a]</a> That you should have committed +such a slaughter with the same coolness and indifference, as if +you were merely revelling over your mead.</p> +<p><a name="footnote174b"></a><a href="#citation174b" +class="footnote">[174b]</a> “Dynin,” the dwarf, +who had killed the British herald, contrary to the law of +war. Al, “ * * * with the edge and stroke of the +sword, the fierce warrior.”</p> +<blockquote><p>“It was such a thrust to the little +man.” (Gorch. Mael.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote174c"></a><a href="#citation174c" +class="footnote">[174c]</a> “Mor ddiachor;” it +may be also translated “how unrestrainedly.” +The Gorchan Maelderw has it “mor diachar,” <i>how +unamiably</i>, which seems to be required by the rhythmical run +of the passage;</p> +<blockquote><p>“Oed mor diachar<br /> +Yt wanei escar.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote174d"></a><a href="#citation174d" +class="footnote">[174d]</a> It is not quite clear whether +this person be the same with the one mentioned in stanza lli. or +whether another event, of a similar character with that described +therein, be not here introduced. We are inclined, however, +to consider both passages as referring to the same act of +treachery.</p> +<p><a name="footnote174e"></a><a href="#citation174e" +class="footnote">[174e]</a> Probably from the top of the +rampart.</p> +<p><a name="footnote174f"></a><a href="#citation174f" +class="footnote">[174f]</a> “Cynyt,” (cynnud) +fire wood. The bushes growing out of the sides of the +vallum checked not his fall. Al. “Cywydd,” his +song; though this word derived from <i>cy</i> and <i>gwydd</i>, +may likewise have the same meaning as the former.</p> +<p><a name="footnote174g"></a><a href="#citation174g" +class="footnote">[174g]</a> “Cywrenhin,” +(cywreinin) accurate, elaborate; well formed, handsome. If +it may be taken actively, the meaning in this place would be +skilful or talented, which epithet would apply well to him as a +bard.</p> +<p><a name="footnote175a"></a><a href="#citation175a" +class="footnote">[175a]</a> It will be recollected that the +“gorgeous pilgrim,” (line 534) broke down the +encampment; on the supposition, then, that he was identical with +the “foe” mentioned in the last stanza, we may +imagine him encountering Owain with his badge of truce at the +very breach he was making, and that he then and there put him to +death. It is not impossible, however, but that Owain was +another herald who renewed the offer of peace, after the death of +the “delight of the bulwark of toil,” and that both +were dishonourably slain by the same perfidious messenger.</p> +<p><a name="footnote175b"></a><a href="#citation175b" +class="footnote">[175b]</a> That is, he was entitled in +right of his office, as herald, to every protection and safety, +whilst engaged in proposing terms of peace.</p> +<p><a name="footnote175c"></a><a href="#citation175c" +class="footnote">[175c]</a> Lit. “The best +branch.” “The wand denotes +privilege.” See Iolo MSS. p. 634.</p> +<p><a name="footnote175d"></a><a href="#citation175d" +class="footnote">[175d]</a> Lit. “due.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote175e"></a><a href="#citation175e" +class="footnote">[175e]</a> “Three things are +forbidden to a bard; immorality, to satirize, and to <i>bear +arms</i>.” (Institutional Triads.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote175f"></a><a href="#citation175f" +class="footnote">[175f]</a> Quasi dicat, “did not +wear one.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote176a"></a><a href="#citation176a" +class="footnote">[176a]</a> That is, avenge his +death. There is a reference here to the custom of +distributing gifts out of a coffer, suggested by the similarity +between the expressions “pridd prenial,” the earthly +shrine or coffin, and “prid prenial,” the price +chest.</p> +<p><a name="footnote176b"></a><a href="#citation176b" +class="footnote">[176b]</a> “Barn ben” might +have the sense of <i>adjudged to lose her head</i>, capitis +damnata; in which case the passage would be translated as +follows:—</p> +<blockquote><p>“It was a violation of privilege to sentence +a woman to death.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The other construction is, however, more especially +countenanced by a similar expression in “Gwasgargerdd +Vyrddin” where the meaning is obvious.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Pan dyvo y brych cadarn<br /> +Hyt yn Rhyt Pengarn<br /> +Lliwaut gwyr treuliaut Karn<br /> +Pendevic Prydein yno <i>pen Barn</i>;” (Myv. Arch. i. +132.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>And on that account is preferred here. There is reason +to think that the Lady in question is the daughter of Eudav, +already mentioned, upon whose message, as well as that of +Mynyddawg, “the gay and the illustrious tribes,” +proceeded to Cattraeth. It is observable, as confirmatory +of this view, that Eidol was introduced into our notice before in +the stanza immediately preceding that in which she is +celebrated.</p> +<p><a name="footnote176c"></a><a href="#citation176c" +class="footnote">[176c]</a> “Iaen,” like +ice.</p> +<p><a name="footnote177a"></a><a href="#citation177a" +class="footnote">[177a]</a> “Rhy,” +excessively.</p> +<p><a name="footnote177b"></a><a href="#citation177b" +class="footnote">[177b]</a> “Gwlad +<i>gordd</i>,” “<i>gwrdd</i> werydd.” In +the Triads Eidol is called one of the three <i>gyrddion</i> of +the Isle of Britain. (Triad, 60.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote177c"></a><a href="#citation177c" +class="footnote">[177c]</a> The agricultural character of +the usual employments of the early Britons in times of peace, is +clearly inferred from the frequent use of the word +“medel,” in reference to their soldiery.</p> +<p><a name="footnote177d"></a><a href="#citation177d" +class="footnote">[177d]</a> Or, “He sounded for +steeds, he sounded for harness.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote177e"></a><a href="#citation177e" +class="footnote">[177e]</a> “<i>Am</i> grudd;” +his cheeks all <i>around</i>.</p> +<p><a name="footnote177f"></a><a href="#citation177f" +class="footnote">[177f]</a> Or, “the ribs.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote178a"></a><a href="#citation178a" +class="footnote">[178a]</a> The Cymry were thus styled to +distinguish them from the Saxons, who were pagans. See +supra, line 365.</p> +<p><a name="footnote178b"></a><a href="#citation178b" +class="footnote">[178b]</a> “Amnant,” from +“avn,” boldness, courage.</p> +<p><a name="footnote178c"></a><a href="#citation178c" +class="footnote">[178c]</a> “Cell;” a cell, a +closet, a grove. Perhaps it here means a <i>house</i>, or +<i>habitation</i> in general.</p> +<p><a name="footnote178d"></a><a href="#citation178d" +class="footnote">[178d]</a> Lit. the room, or chamber.</p> +<p><a name="footnote178e"></a><a href="#citation178e" +class="footnote">[178e]</a> “Yt vyddei +dyrllyddei;” where was, where was brewed; or, “where +it was wont to brew.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote178f"></a><a href="#citation178f" +class="footnote">[178f]</a> A person of the name of +“Gwres the son of Rheged,” is mentioned in the +“Dream of Rhonabwy,” in conjunction with Owain ab +Urien. Gwrys seems to have been a Venedotian chief.</p> +<p><a name="footnote178g"></a><a href="#citation178g" +class="footnote">[178g]</a> The Welsh poets frequently +represent a man of worth, as a <i>ced</i>, or a gift.</p> +<p><a name="footnote178h"></a><a href="#citation178h" +class="footnote">[178h]</a> As the Lloegrians have been +shown before to be clearly amongst the enemies of the British +chiefs, (see line 547) the meaning of this sentence is, that the +hero under consideration was the conqueror, or the master of the +Lloegrians; and that he thus marshalled them against their +will. In like manner Einion ab Gwalchmai describes Llywelyn +as,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Llywelyn llew glwys, Loegrwys +lugyrn.”</p> +<p>Llywelyn the amiable lion, the torch of the Lloegrians.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote178i"></a><a href="#citation178i" +class="footnote">[178i]</a> “Attawr;” al. +“allawr,” the altar. A metaphor borrowed from +the discipline of the church, and in keeping with the title of +saints, by which the chieftain and his followers are +designated.</p> +<p><a name="footnote179a"></a><a href="#citation179a" +class="footnote">[179a]</a> Lit. “the battle of +sovereignty,”</p> +<p><a name="footnote179b"></a><a href="#citation179b" +class="footnote">[179b]</a> “Cynnest,” Al. +“cyn cywest,” “before thou art allied to the +earth,” before thou formest an acquaintance or connection +with the earth by falling thereon.</p> +<p><a name="footnote179c"></a><a href="#citation179c" +class="footnote">[179c]</a> “Gorffin;” the +Catrail.</p> +<p><a name="footnote179d"></a><a href="#citation179d" +class="footnote">[179d]</a> We have repeatedly seen that +fire was resorted to in this war, for the purpose of annoying or +destroying the adversary, or else in self defence, with the view +of keeping him at bay. On the part of the Britons the fire +department seems to have been presided over by Morien; and indeed +the title “Mynawc,” which we have here translated +high-minded, and which is elsewhere connected with the name of +Morien, would induce us to infer that the Bard, in the above +stanza, is presenting us once more with a prospect of that hero +surrounded by his own blazing engines.</p> +<p><a name="footnote179e"></a><a href="#citation179e" +class="footnote">[179e]</a> “Lluyddawg.” +Al. “The successful (llwyddawg) bitter-handed, high-minded +chief;” who may have been Llyr lluyddawg. (Tr. +xxiii.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote180a"></a><a href="#citation180a" +class="footnote">[180a]</a> The contrast between his +conduct in war and his domestic character is here noticed.</p> +<p><a name="footnote180b"></a><a href="#citation180b" +class="footnote">[180b]</a> I.e. the enemy.</p> +<p><a name="footnote180c"></a><a href="#citation180c" +class="footnote">[180c]</a> Or, “we are called to the +sea and the borders, (or to the harbours “cynnwr,” +from cyn-dwfr) to engage in the conflict.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote180d"></a><a href="#citation180d" +class="footnote">[180d]</a> Lit. “Sharpened +iron.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote180e"></a><a href="#citation180e" +class="footnote">[180e]</a> “Llavn.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote180f"></a><a href="#citation180f" +class="footnote">[180f]</a> “Sychyn,” a small +ploughshare. Doubtless a weapon resembling it, and bearing +the same name. Al. “Syrthyn,” “They fell +headlong with a clang.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote180g"></a><a href="#citation180g" +class="footnote">[180g]</a> We have adopted this as a +proper name from its similarity to Fflewddur Fflam, the name of +one of the three sovereigns of Arthur’s court, who +preferred remaining with him as knights, although they had +territories and dominions of their own.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tri unben Llys Arthur; Goronwy ab Echel +Forddwydtwll, a Chadraith ab Porthor Godo; a Fleidur Fflam mab +Godo; sef oeddent yn Dywysogion yn Berchennogion Gwlad a +Chyfoeth, a gwell oedd ganddynt no hynny aros yn Farchogion yn +Llys Arthur, gan y bernid hynny yn bennaf ar bob anrhydedd a +bonheddigeiddrwydd, a ellid wrth ygair y Tri Chyfiawn +Farchawg.” (Triad, 114, third series.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>If, however, it be not a proper name, the line might be +rendered,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“A successful warrior, flaming in steel, +before the enemy.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote181a"></a><a href="#citation181a" +class="footnote">[181a]</a> “Dinus;” from +“din,” a fort, and “ysu,” to consume.</p> +<p><a name="footnote181b"></a><a href="#citation181b" +class="footnote">[181b]</a> “Gwych.” Al. +“the angry.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote181c"></a><a href="#citation181c" +class="footnote">[181c]</a> Or, “the +honourable.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote181d"></a><a href="#citation181d" +class="footnote">[181d]</a> “Echadaf,” i.e. +“ech,” εχ ex, and “adav,” a +hand.</p> +<p><a name="footnote181e"></a><a href="#citation181e" +class="footnote">[181e]</a> A person of this name is ranked +in the Triads as one of the three “trwyddedawg +hanvodawg,” or free guests of the court of Arthur. +(Myv. Arch. ii. 73 )</p> +<p><a name="footnote181f"></a><a href="#citation181f" +class="footnote">[181f]</a> Or, “the sovereign of the +impregnable strand, or extremity of Gododin,” traeth y +annor (an nhor.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote182a"></a><a href="#citation182a" +class="footnote">[182a]</a> “Am rann, (i.e. +amrant.) See line 40.</p> +<p><a name="footnote182b"></a><a href="#citation182b" +class="footnote">[182b]</a> The city of Mynyddawg, from +whence he was called Mynyddawg Eiddyn.</p> +<p><a name="footnote182c"></a><a href="#citation182c" +class="footnote">[182c]</a> Or, “The raging flame +turns not from Eiddyn.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote182d"></a><a href="#citation182d" +class="footnote">[182d]</a> Or, “at the entrance or +gate.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote182e"></a><a href="#citation182e" +class="footnote">[182e]</a> “Trusi;” al. +“trin;” “he placed a thick cover in front of +the battle.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote182f"></a><a href="#citation182f" +class="footnote">[182f]</a> The effects of his toil in +battle.</p> +<p><a name="footnote182g"></a><a href="#citation182g" +class="footnote">[182g]</a> Al. “O goledd,” by +arrangement, being actuated by the same motive as that which +induced Gwrgan the Freckled long before to “enact a law +that no one should bear a shield, but only a sword and +bow;” hence it is said, “his countrymen became very +heroic.” (Iolo MSS. p. 351.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote183a"></a><a href="#citation183a" +class="footnote">[183a]</a> Lit. “the strand +supported.” Traeth means also the extremity of a +district, and may accordingly be applied here to the boundary +line between Gododin and the British dominions.</p> +<p><a name="footnote183b"></a><a href="#citation183b" +class="footnote">[183b]</a> “Periglawr;” one +who has to do with what is extreme, or dangerous; one who +administers extreme unction; a parish priest.</p> +<p><a name="footnote183c"></a><a href="#citation183c" +class="footnote">[183c]</a> Al. “penifeddawr,” +giddy-headed. Al. “penufuddawr” having an +obedient head—rein-obeying.</p> +<p><a name="footnote183d"></a><a href="#citation183d" +class="footnote">[183d]</a> Al. “The mounted +spearman.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote183e"></a><a href="#citation183e" +class="footnote">[183e]</a> Another reading gives +“Odren” but the one adopted above suits the rhyme +better.</p> +<p><a name="footnote183f"></a><a href="#citation183f" +class="footnote">[183f]</a> There is a reference here to +some pagan ceremonies to which the Saxons had recourse, for the +purpose either of propitiating their gods, or of receiving omens +at their altars.</p> +<p><a name="footnote184a"></a><a href="#citation184a" +class="footnote">[184a]</a> A body of British soldiers +under the command of Nwython son of Gildas, and nephew of +Aneurin, seem to have taken advantage of the peculiar position of +the enemy, who were now probably unarmed, and to have attacked +them, which caused the latter, as usual, to seek refuge by flight +in one of the neighbouring forts. That we are right in +adopting Nwython as a proper name would appear, moreover, from +two different passages in the fragments of the Gododin subjoined +to Gorchan Maelderw, where “the son of Nwython,” is +distinctly mentioned as one of the heroes that fell at +Cattraeth.</p> +<p><a name="footnote184b"></a><a href="#citation184b" +class="footnote">[184b]</a> Donald Brec, or as he is called +in Latin, Dovenal Varius, king of the Scots, who was slain by +Owain, king of the Strathclyde Britons in the battle of Vraithe +Cairvin, otherwise Calatros, which in sound somewhat resembles +Galltraeth, or Cattraeth. It is true that the Scottish +chronicles assign a much later date to that event, than the era +of the Gododin, nevertheless as they themselves are very +inconsistent with one another on that point, giving the different +dates of 629, 642, 678 and 686, it is clear that no implicit +deference is due to their chronological authority, and that we +may, therefore, reasonably acquiesce in the view which identifies +Dyvnwal Vrych, with Donald Brec, seeing the striking similarity +which one name bears to the other.</p> +<p><a name="footnote184c"></a><a href="#citation184c" +class="footnote">[184c]</a> Supposing the person who killed +Donald to be the same with Owain, son of Urien, there may be here +an allusion to his men as well as to the birds of prey. See +line 18 note one.</p> +<p><a name="footnote184d"></a><a href="#citation184d" +class="footnote">[184d]</a> Lit. “The bone;” +even as it is popularly said at this day that a man who gives +great support to another is his back bone.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Caletach wrth elyn nog asgwrn.”</p> +<p>Harder to an enemy than a bone. (Elegy on Cunedda.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote185a"></a><a href="#citation185a" +class="footnote">[185a]</a> Or, “whilst the foes +range the sea.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote185b"></a><a href="#citation185b" +class="footnote">[185b]</a> Lit. “It was his +characteristic or property.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote185c"></a><a href="#citation185c" +class="footnote">[185c]</a> “Naw rhiallu;” the +literal amount of this force would be 900,000; “naw,” +however, may have here the meaning of “nawv,” +<i>floating</i>; “naw rhiallu,” a fleet.</p> +<p><a name="footnote185d"></a><a href="#citation185d" +class="footnote">[185d]</a> “Gorddinau;” from +“gorddin,” what impels or drives forward; or the word +may mean <i>tribes</i>, from “cordd”; and then the +passage would be:</p> +<blockquote><p>“In the face of blood, of the country, and +of the tribes.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote185e"></a><a href="#citation185e" +class="footnote">[185e]</a> Cynddilig was introduced to our +notice before, (line 645) as a person who loved the world in +company with the melody-seeking Eidol.</p> +<p><a name="footnote186a"></a><a href="#citation186a" +class="footnote">[186a]</a> Or, “as the +alternative.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote186b"></a><a href="#citation186b" +class="footnote">[186b]</a> That this is a proper name, +appears from the following passage in Taliesin’s +“Canu y Cwrw;”—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Ev cyrch cerddorion<br /> +Se syberw Seon<br /> +Neu’r dierveis i rin<br /> +Ymordei Uffin<br /> +Ymhoroedd Gododin.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote186c"></a><a href="#citation186c" +class="footnote">[186c]</a> Or, “who caused the +stream of blood.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote186d"></a><a href="#citation186d" +class="footnote">[186d]</a> Gwenddoleu ap Ceidiaw is +recorded in the Triads as the head of one of the three +“teulu diwair,” or faithful tribes of the Isle of +Britain, because his men maintained the war for six weeks after +he was slain in the battle of Arderydd, A.D. 577. He is +also joined with Cynvar and Urien, under the title of the three +“tarw cad” or bulls of battle, on account of their +impetuosity in rushing upon the enemy.</p> +<p><a name="footnote187a"></a><a href="#citation187a" +class="footnote">[187a]</a> “Pen o draed;” from +head to foot. Not, as Davies translates it, “from the +highest to the lowest,” as is evident from a similar phrase +in Cynddelw, (Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 220.)</p> +<blockquote><p>“Yd kwytynt pennawr penn o draed;”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>where the word “pennawr” refers to one particular +rank, if not to an individual.</p> +<p><a name="footnote187b"></a><a href="#citation187b" +class="footnote">[187b]</a> See line 344.</p> +<p><a name="footnote187c"></a><a href="#citation187c" +class="footnote">[187c]</a> See line 324.</p> +<p><a name="footnote187d"></a><a href="#citation187d" +class="footnote">[187d]</a> See line 335.</p> +<p><a name="footnote187e"></a><a href="#citation187e" +class="footnote">[187e]</a> Lit. “after their +conflict.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote188a"></a><a href="#citation188a" +class="footnote">[188a]</a> “Tra;” +“whilst the gory pool continued to fill.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote188b"></a><a href="#citation188b" +class="footnote">[188b]</a> “Erchyn;” al. +“echyn,” “and slew them like a hero; they were +not saved.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote188c"></a><a href="#citation188c" +class="footnote">[188c]</a> Or, “he darted with the +spear,” or, “they were prostrated with the +spear.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote188d"></a><a href="#citation188d" +class="footnote">[188d]</a> “A medd,” with the +mead. He abandoned the social banquet, or a life of luxury, +at the call of public duty.</p> +<p><a name="footnote188e"></a><a href="#citation188e" +class="footnote">[188e]</a> Al. “Is there a place +where the people do not relate the greatness of his +counsel?”</p> +<p><a name="footnote188f"></a><a href="#citation188f" +class="footnote">[188f]</a> “Bwylliadau,” (i.e. +bwyelliadau) the strokes of his battle-axe. Another version +gives “bwyll yaddeu,” which may be rendered, +“Pwyll assaulted.”</p> +<blockquote><p>“With a rush Pwyll made the +assault.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote188g"></a><a href="#citation188g" +class="footnote">[188g]</a> “Lliveit handit;” +which were sharpened.</p> +<p><a name="footnote188h"></a><a href="#citation188h" +class="footnote">[188h]</a> Al. “Where his founding +blade was seen.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote189a"></a><a href="#citation189a" +class="footnote">[189a]</a> Or, “maintenance +for.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote189b"></a><a href="#citation189b" +class="footnote">[189b]</a> There were two persons who bore +this name in the sixth century, the one was Pryderi the son of +Dolor, chief of the people of Deivyr and Bryneich, and was +distinguished with Tinwaed and Rhineri, under the epithet of the +three strong cripples of the isle of Britain:</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tri Gwrddvaglawg ynys Prydain; Rhineri mab +Tangwn; a Thinwaed Vaglawg; a Phryderi mab Doler Deivr a +Bryneich.” (Triad, 75.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The other was Pryderi, the son of Pwyll Pen Annwn, a chieftain +of Dyved, which country is by Lewis Glyn Cothi called +“Gwlad Pryderi;” and by Davydd ab Gwilym, +“Pryderi dir.” He is styled one of the three +strong swineherds of Britain, having tended the swine of Pendaran +his foster father, during the absence of his father in the +unknown world.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tri Gwrddveichiad ynys Prydain; cyntav vu +Pryderi vab Pwyll Pendaran Dyved, a getwis voch ei dad tra +yttoedd yn Annwn; ac yng nglyn Cwch yn Emlyn y cetwis eve +wynt.” &c. (Triad, 101.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>In the Tale of Math Mathonwy, he is said to have been buried +at Maen Tyriawg, near Ffestiniog. We may therefore presume +that the Englynion y Beddau refer to the other in the following +passage;</p> +<blockquote><p>“Yn Abergenoli y mae Bet Pryderi<br /> +Yn y terau tormeu tir.”</p> +<p>In Abergenoli is the grave of Pryderi,<br /> +Where the waves beat against the shore.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>A saying of Pryderi has been thus recorded;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Hast thou heard the saying of Pryderi,<br +/> +The wisest person in counselling?<br /> +There is no wisdom like silence.” (Iolo MSS. p. +661.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote190a"></a><a href="#citation190a" +class="footnote">[190a]</a> “Pryderaf,” I am +anxious about; a word suggested by the name of the chief.</p> +<p><a name="footnote190b"></a><a href="#citation190b" +class="footnote">[190b]</a> A result brought about by the +arrival of Pryderi’s troops.</p> +<p><a name="footnote190c"></a><a href="#citation190c" +class="footnote">[190c]</a> “Have I been +afflicted.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote190d"></a><a href="#citation190d" +class="footnote">[190d]</a> “Celaig;” from +<i>cel</i>, the root also of Celtiaid and Celyddon.</p> +<p><a name="footnote190e"></a><a href="#citation190e" +class="footnote">[190e]</a> There were two territories of +this name, Argoed Derwennydd, (Derwent wood apparently) and +Argoed Calchvynydd, “between the river Tren and the river +Tain, that is the river of London.” (Iolo MSS. p. +476.) One of them, the former probably, was the patrimony +of Llywarch Hen.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Cyn bum cain vaglawg, bum cyfes eiriawg,<br +/> +Ceinvygir ni eres;<br /> +Gwyr Argoed eirioed a’m porthes.” (Elegy on Old +Age.)</p> +<p>Before I appeared with crutches, I was eloquent in my +complaint,<br /> +It will be extolled, what is not wonderful—<br /> +The men of Argoed have ever supported me!</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote191a"></a><a href="#citation191a" +class="footnote">[191a]</a> “Gwal.” +“The Cymmry appropriated this name to regions that were +cultivated and had fixed inhabitancy, as opposed to the wilds, or +the unsettled residences of the Celtiaid, Celyddon, Gwyddyl, +Gwyddelod, Ysgotiaid, and Ysgodogion; which are terms descriptive +of such tribes as lived by hunting and tending their +flocks.” (Dr. Pughe, sub. voce.) Both +descriptions of persons are thus included in the Bard’s +affectionate regret. Al. “accustomed at the +rampart.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote191b"></a><a href="#citation191b" +class="footnote">[191b]</a> “Pwys;” pressure or +weight. Or perhaps “arlwydd pwys” means +“the legitimate lord,” in opposition to usurpers, +just as a wedded wife is styled “gwraig bwys,” as +distinguished from a concubine.</p> +<p><a name="footnote191c"></a><a href="#citation191c" +class="footnote">[191c]</a> “Dilyvn;” or +perhaps “dylyvn,” smooth.</p> +<p><a name="footnote191d"></a><a href="#citation191d" +class="footnote">[191d]</a> Al. +“rekindled.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote191e"></a><a href="#citation191e" +class="footnote">[191e]</a> “Gosgroyw,” rather +fresh.</p> +<p><a name="footnote191f"></a><a href="#citation191f" +class="footnote">[191f]</a> Geraint, the son of Erbin, was +prince of Dyvnaint, (Devon) and one of the three owners of fleets +of the Isle of Britain, each fleet consisting of 120 ships, and +each ship being manned by 120 persons.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tri Llynghesawg ynys Prydain; Geraint mab +Erbin; Gwenwynwyn mab Nav; a March mab Meirchion; a chweugain +llong gan bob un o’r Llynghesogion, a chweugain llongwyr +ymhob llong.” (Triad 68, Third series.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Llywarch Hen wrote an Elegy upon Geraint, in which the place +of his death is thus mentioned;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Yn Llongborth y llas Geraint,<br /> +Gwr dewr o goettir Dyvnaint,<br /> +Wyntwy yn lladd gyd a’s lleddaint.”</p> +<p>At Llongborth was Geraint slain,<br /> +A strenuous warrior from the woodland of Dyvnaint,<br /> +Slaughtering his foes as he fell.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Geraint ab Erbin was the grandfather of Aneurin, but as he +died in king Arthur’s time, A.D. 530, we can hardly +identify him with the Geraint of the text, who probably was a +son, or some other relation, that had inherited his fleet.</p> +<p><a name="footnote192a"></a><a href="#citation192a" +class="footnote">[192a]</a> “Llwch gwyn,” +probably “Vanduara,” <i>Gwyn Dwr</i>, or White Water, +which seems to have been one of the old designations of a river +in Renfrewshire. (See <i>Caledonia Romana</i>, p. +143.) Adar y y llwch gwyn, the birds of the white lake, is +a mythological epithet for vultures. Their history is +recorded in the Iolo MSS. p. 600.</p> +<p><a name="footnote192b"></a><a href="#citation192b" +class="footnote">[192b]</a> Al. “There was a white +badge on his shield.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote192c"></a><a href="#citation192c" +class="footnote">[192c]</a> Lit. “his +anchor.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote192d"></a><a href="#citation192d" +class="footnote">[192d]</a> “Cyman,” +“cydvan,” (i.e. cyd man) the place of +gathering. Al. “his broken anchor.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote192e"></a><a href="#citation192e" +class="footnote">[192e]</a> It is not improbable that the +eagle was charged on Geraint’s standard, for it is also +frequently alluded to in Llywarch Hen’s +Elegy—e.g.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Oedd re redaint dan vorddwyd Geraint,<br /> +Garhirion, grawn odew,<br /> +Rhuddion, rhuthr eryron glew.”</p> +<p>Under the thigh of Geraint were fleet runners,<br /> +With long hams, fattened with corn;<br /> +They were red ones; their assault was like the bold eagles.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote193a"></a><a href="#citation193a" +class="footnote">[193a]</a> “Lledvegin,” an +animal partly reared in a domestic way. We have chosen the +lamb as being one of the animals most commonly reared in this +manner. Nevertheless, a previous wildness, with reference +to the military aspect of his character, might be intended to be +conveyed in this epithet.</p> +<blockquote><p>“<i>Lledvegyn</i> is a kine, or what shall +be tamed in a house; namely, such as a fawn, or a fox, or a wild +beast similar to those.” (Welsh Laws.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote193b"></a><a href="#citation193b" +class="footnote">[193b]</a> “Rhan,” see lines +40 and 732.</p> +<p><a name="footnote193c"></a><a href="#citation193c" +class="footnote">[193c]</a> Or, “He presided over the +feast, pouring from the horn the splendid mead.” So +Cynddelw,—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Baran lew llew lloegyr oual<br /> +Lleduegin gwin gwyrt uual.” (Myv. Arch. v. i. p. +225.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote193d"></a><a href="#citation193d" +class="footnote">[193d]</a> As the natural consequence of +military operations.</p> +<p><a name="footnote193e"></a><a href="#citation193e" +class="footnote">[193e]</a> “Llawr llaned,” +ground of smooth surface. Al. “llanwed,” every +region was filled with slaughter.</p> +<p><a name="footnote193f"></a><a href="#citation193f" +class="footnote">[193f]</a> “Hual amhaval,” +like a fetter. “Avneued” from +“avn,” courage.</p> +<p><a name="footnote194a"></a><a href="#citation194a" +class="footnote">[194a]</a> The sound of the name, in +connection with the word “hual,” in a former line, +makes it very probable that the hero mentioned was of the tribe +of Caswallon Law Hir, celebrated as one of the “hualogion +deulu” of the Isle of Britain, called so because the men +bound themselves together with the<br /> +“hualau,” or fetters of their horses, to sustain the +attack of Serigi Wyddel, whom Caswallon slew with his own hand, +when he drove the Irish out of Anglesey.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tri hualogion teulu Y. P. Teulu Caswallon +Llawhir a ddodasant hualeu eu Meirch ar eu traed pob deu o +naddynt wrth ymladd a Serigi Wyddel yng Cerrig y Gwyddyl y Mon, a +theulu Rhiwallon mab Uryen yn ymladd ar Saeson, a theulu Belyn o +Leyn yn ymladd ag Etwyn ym mryn Ceneu yn Rhos.” +(Triad 49, first series.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p>Caswallon Law Hir was the son of Einion Yrth ab Cunedda +Wledig, king of Gododin. He succeeded to the sovereignty of +North Wales, A.D. 443, and is said to have died in 517. +There was a Cas son of Seidi, who was one of the heroes of +Arthur’s Court.</p> +<p><a name="footnote194b"></a><a href="#citation194b" +class="footnote">[194b]</a> A hundred in the middle part of +North Wales, so called from Rhuvon son of Cunedda Wledig, whose +inheritance it was.</p> +<p><a name="footnote194c"></a><a href="#citation194c" +class="footnote">[194c]</a> Probably the enemy.</p> +<p><a name="footnote194d"></a><a href="#citation194d" +class="footnote">[194d]</a> Or, “the shout was +raised.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote194e"></a><a href="#citation194e" +class="footnote">[194e]</a> Cadvorion, i.e. cad-vawrion; +or, it may be, more literally, cad-vorion, “martial +ants,” in reference to their activity.</p> +<p><a name="footnote194f"></a><a href="#citation194f" +class="footnote">[194f]</a> Lit. “warning.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote195a"></a><a href="#citation195a" +class="footnote">[195a]</a> Lit. +“prepared.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote195b"></a><a href="#citation195b" +class="footnote">[195b]</a> The popular air “Nos +Galan” is supposed to have been a relic of the musical +entertainments of this season.</p> +<p><a name="footnote195c"></a><a href="#citation195c" +class="footnote">[195c]</a> A chieftain of Mona, the land +that enjoyed “the valour of Ervei;” see his Elegy by +Taliesin apud Myv. Arch. v. i. p. 70. Ervei was also +engaged in the battle of Cattraeth;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Red speared was Urvei before the lord of +Eiddin.” (Gorch. Mael.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote195d"></a><a href="#citation195d" +class="footnote">[195d]</a> That is, in domestic life he +was as refined as a lady, modest as a virgin, whilst in war he +was brave and high minded.</p> +<p><a name="footnote195e"></a><a href="#citation195e" +class="footnote">[195e]</a> The word “teyrn” +reminds us of a line which countenances the theory we suggested +relative to the expression “edyrn diedyrn,” in stanza +xv. but which we omitted to mention in its proper place. It +occurs in the “Elegy on Cunedda.” (Myv. Arch. +i. p. 71) as follows;—</p> +<blockquote><p>“Rhag mab <i>edern</i> cyn <i>edyrn</i> +anaelew.”</p> +<p>“Before the son of Edeyrn ere his kingdom became +fearful.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote196a"></a><a href="#citation196a" +class="footnote">[196a]</a> This warrior was probably of +the family of Urien Rheged, for a grandson of his, the celebrated +Kentigern, was called Cyndeyrn Garthwys. Arthwys son of +Ceneu ab Coel was too early for the battle of Cattraeth.</p> +<p><a name="footnote196b"></a><a href="#citation196b" +class="footnote">[196b]</a> Tinogad was the son of Cynan +Garwyn, and was celebrated for his swift steed, named Cethin.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Tri marchlwyth ynys Prydain—ar ail +marchlwyth aduc Cornann March meibion Eliffer gosgortuawr, a duc +Gwrgi a Pheredur arnaw, ac nys gordiuedawd neb namyn Dinogat vab +Kynan Garwyn yar y Kethin kyvlym ac aruidiawt ac aglot a gauas yr +hynny hyd hediw.” (Triad 11, second series.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote196c"></a><a href="#citation196c" +class="footnote">[196c]</a> The possession of slaves, +whether of native origin, or derived from the custom of the +Romans, prevailed to some extent among the Britons of the fifth +and sixth century, and seems to have denoted a certain degree of +power on the part of the owners. Taliesin the Druid boasts +that he had received “a host of slaves,” (torof +keith) from his royal patron Cunedda Wledig. (Myv. Arch. v. +i. p. 71.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote197a"></a><a href="#citation197a" +class="footnote">[197a]</a> “Bar,” al. +“ban,” on the heights.</p> +<p><a name="footnote197b"></a><a href="#citation197b" +class="footnote">[197b]</a> Or, the chief, the best.</p> +<p><a name="footnote197c"></a><a href="#citation197c" +class="footnote">[197c]</a> Many places in Wales bear the +name of this animal, where it appears to have been common in +ancient times, such as “Bryn yr iwrch,” “Ffynon +yr iwrch,” and the like. Hunting the roebuck is +recognised in the Welsh Laws; and is called one of the three cry +hunts (helva ddolev.)</p> +<blockquote><p>“Mi adaen iwrch er nas daliwyv.” +(Adage.)<br /> +I know a roebuck, though I may not catch him.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote197d"></a><a href="#citation197d" +class="footnote">[197d]</a> “Derwenydd;” +Derventio, the river Derwent in Cumberland.</p> +<p><a name="footnote197e"></a><a href="#citation197e" +class="footnote">[197e]</a> “Llewyn a +llwyvein.” It is difficult to ascertain the +particular animals which these terms respectively +represent. The former might denote a young lion, a white +lion, or any beast in general to whose eating faculties the word +<i>llewa</i> would be applicable. The latter might signify +any animal whose haunts were the elm forests, or whose property +was to <i>llyvu</i> or to lick, as does a dog. The fox +being named llwynog from <i>llwyn</i> a forest, and the forests +in the North being chiefly of elm, it is not unlikely but that +the said animal was frequently called <i>llwyvain</i> in that +part of the country when the Bard wrote, though it is not known +now by that name. It is remarkable that both terms also +signify certain kinds of wood. The former the herb orach, +the latter the elm.</p> +<p><a name="footnote197f"></a><a href="#citation197f" +class="footnote">[197f]</a> Al. “None would +escape.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote198a"></a><a href="#citation198a" +class="footnote">[198a]</a> “Angcyvrwng;” lit. +“were he to place me without an intervening space,” +that is, were he to straiten me on every side.</p> +<p><a name="footnote198b"></a><a href="#citation198b" +class="footnote">[198b]</a> When any thing is taken away or +used, or when any thing is done, the owner not knowing it, or +without asking his leave, it is called <i>Anghyvarch</i>. +“Anghyvarchwyr,” extortioners. W. Salesbury, 1 +Cor. v.</p> +<p><a name="footnote198c"></a><a href="#citation198c" +class="footnote">[198c]</a> Lit. “There would not +come, there would not be to me, one more formidable.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote198d"></a><a href="#citation198d" +class="footnote">[198d]</a> The head of the river Clyde in +Scotland.</p> +<p><a name="footnote198e"></a><a href="#citation198e" +class="footnote">[198e]</a> “Veruarch.” +Morach Morvran is often mentioned by the poets on account of his +celebrated banquet.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Cygleu yn Maelawr gawr vawr vuan,<br /> +A garw ddisgyr gwyr a gwyth erwan;<br /> +Ac ymgynnull, am drull, am dramwyan,<br /> +Mal y bu yn Mangor am ongyr dan;<br /> +Pan wnaeth dau deyrn uch cyrn cyvrdan,<br /> +Pan vu gyveddach Morach Morvran.”</p> +<p>In Maelor the great, the hastening shout was heard,<br /> +And the dreadful shrieks of men with gashing wounds in pain;<br +/> +And together thronging to seek a cure, round and round they +strayed,<br /> +As it was in Bangor for the fire of the brunt of spears;<br /> +When over horns two princes caused discord,<br /> +While in the banquet of Morach Morvran. (Owain +Cyveiliog.)</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote199a"></a><a href="#citation199a" +class="footnote">[199a]</a> This stanza evidently refers to +the same transaction as that which is recorded in the lxxxth, +though the details are somewhat differently described.</p> +<p><a name="footnote199b"></a><a href="#citation199b" +class="footnote">[199b]</a> One of these, we may presume, +was Dyvnwal Vrych.</p> +<p><a name="footnote199c"></a><a href="#citation199c" +class="footnote">[199c]</a> The whole line may be thus +translated;</p> +<blockquote><p>“I saw the men, who with the dawn, dug the +deep pit.” Al. “I saw at dawn a great breach +made in the wall at Adoen.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote199d"></a><a href="#citation199d" +class="footnote">[199d]</a> See stanza lii.</p> +<p><a name="footnote199e"></a><a href="#citation199e" +class="footnote">[199e]</a> “Yngwydd.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote199f"></a><a href="#citation199f" +class="footnote">[199f]</a> “Yr enwyd.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote200a"></a><a href="#citation200a" +class="footnote">[200a]</a> Gwarthan the son of Dunawd by +Dwywe his wife, “who was slain by the pagan Saxons in their +wars in the north.” (Iolo MSS. p. 556.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote200b"></a><a href="#citation200b" +class="footnote">[200b]</a> Or, “let it be forcibly +seized in one entire region.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote200c"></a><a href="#citation200c" +class="footnote">[200c]</a> An allusion to his +incarceration, see lines 440, 445.</p> +<p><a name="footnote200d"></a><a href="#citation200d" +class="footnote">[200d]</a> Gardith; i.e. garw deith (or +teithi.)</p> +<p><a name="footnote200e"></a><a href="#citation200e" +class="footnote">[200e]</a> Tithragon; i.e. +teith-dragon.</p> +<p><a name="footnote200f"></a><a href="#citation200f" +class="footnote">[200f]</a> A pitched battle.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Gwr yn gware a Lloegyrwys.” +(Cynddelw.)<br /> +A man playing with the Lloegrians.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote200g"></a><a href="#citation200g" +class="footnote">[200g]</a> Or, “did he bring and +supply.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote200h"></a><a href="#citation200h" +class="footnote">[200h]</a> “Tymyr;” native +place.</p> +<p><a name="footnote201a"></a><a href="#citation201a" +class="footnote">[201a]</a> “Dyvnuyt;” see also +stanza, xlviii.</p> +<p><a name="footnote201b"></a><a href="#citation201b" +class="footnote">[201b]</a> One of the officers appointed +to the command of Geraint’s fleet.</p> +<p><a name="footnote201c"></a><a href="#citation201c" +class="footnote">[201c]</a> This stanza, with the exception +of a few words, is the same with the lxxxix.</p> +<p><a name="footnote201d"></a><a href="#citation201d" +class="footnote">[201d]</a> Or “valiantly.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote201e"></a><a href="#citation201e" +class="footnote">[201e]</a> “Gwelydeint,” from +“gwelyd,” a wound; or “gwelyddeint,” they +took repose in the grave.</p> +<p><a name="footnote201f"></a><a href="#citation201f" +class="footnote">[201f]</a> Al. “with the gory +trappings,” as in the other stanza.</p> +<p><a name="footnote202a"></a><a href="#citation202a" +class="footnote">[202a]</a> Al. “a dau,” the +two sons, and two haughty boars.</p> +<p><a name="footnote202b"></a><a href="#citation202b" +class="footnote">[202b]</a> Al. “riein,” a +lady.</p> +<p><a name="footnote202c"></a><a href="#citation202c" +class="footnote">[202c]</a> Cilydd was the son of Celyddon +Wledig, and father of Cilhwch who is the hero of an ancient +dramatic tale of a singular character.</p> +<p><a name="footnote202d"></a><a href="#citation202d" +class="footnote">[202d]</a> In a former stanza he is called +Garthwys Hir.</p> +<p><a name="footnote202e"></a><a href="#citation202e" +class="footnote">[202e]</a> “Nod;” is a +conspicuous mark.</p> +<p><a name="footnote203a"></a><a href="#citation203a" +class="footnote">[203a]</a> See stanza xl.</p> +<p><a name="footnote203b"></a><a href="#citation203b" +class="footnote">[203b]</a> “Dyli,” condition +or impulse.</p> +<p><a name="footnote203c"></a><a href="#citation203c" +class="footnote">[203c]</a> “Vracden;” from +“brag,” a sprouting out, and “ten,” +stretched.</p> +<p><a name="footnote203d"></a><a href="#citation203d" +class="footnote">[203d]</a> The Irish.</p> +<p><a name="footnote203e"></a><a href="#citation203e" +class="footnote">[203e]</a> The inhabitants of +Scotland.</p> +<blockquote><p>“Hon a oresgyn<br /> +Holl Loegr a Phrydyn.” (Taliesin.)</p> +<p>She will conquer<br /> +All England and Scotland.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><a name="footnote203f"></a><a href="#citation203f" +class="footnote">[203f]</a> “Giniaw,” from +“cyni,” affliction.</p> +<p><a name="footnote204a"></a><a href="#citation204a" +class="footnote">[204a]</a> “Cemp,” i.e. +“camp,” a feat, surpassingly.</p> +<p><a name="footnote204b"></a><a href="#citation204b" +class="footnote">[204b]</a> Or, “at his +side.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote204c"></a><a href="#citation204c" +class="footnote">[204c]</a> Al. “Arreith;” i.e. +“a rhaith;” “the sentence of the law was that +they should search;” or “the jury +searched.” Al. “in various directions they +searched.”</p> +<p><a name="footnote204d"></a><a href="#citation204d" +class="footnote">[204d]</a> Probably the Cantii or people +of Kent.</p> +<p><a name="footnote204e"></a><a href="#citation204e" +class="footnote">[204e]</a> If the stanza, however, is not +properly completed here, we may assign the sigh to Gwenabwy +himself, in reference probably to his father, as in the preceding +stanza.</p> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK Y GODODIN***</p> +<pre> + + +***** This file should be named 9842-h.htm or 9842-h.zip****** + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/9/8/4/9842 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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