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diff --git a/old/9700.txt b/old/9700.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..83c7926 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/9700.txt @@ -0,0 +1,20518 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Beowulf, by Unknown + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Beowulf + +Author: Unknown + +Editor: James A. Harrison + Robert Sharp + +Release Date: November 22, 2011 [EBook #9700] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEOWULF *** + + + + +Produced by Karl Hagen and PG Distributed Proofreaders + + + + + + + + + + +** Preface to the Project Gutenberg Edition of Beowulf ** + +This text is a corrected version of the fourth edition of Harrison and +Sharp in its entirety. It comes in two basic versions. The base version, +available in 8-bit (Latin-1) text and HTML, presents the original text as +printed. This file contains the original version. It preserves the +source-text's idiosyncratic use of accented vowels with the exception of +y-circumflex, which is replaced by y-acute (y) to fit within the Latin-1 +character set. Manifestly unintentional errors in the text have been +corrected. In general, this has only been done when the text is internally +inconsistent (e.g., a quotation in the glossary does not match the main +text). Forms that represent deliberate editorial choice have not been +altered, even where they appear wrong. (For example, some of the markings +of vowel length do not reflect current scholarly consensus.) Where an +uncorrected problem may confuse the reader, I have inserted a note +explaining the difficulty, signed KTH. A complete list of the changes made +is appended at the end of the file. In order to make the text more useful +to modern readers, I have also produced a revised edition, available in +Unicode (UTF-8) and HTML. Notes from the source text that indicate changes +adopted in later editions have been incorporated directly into the text and +apparatus. Further, long vowels are indicated with macrons, as is the +common practice of most modern editions. Finally, the quantity of some +words has been altered to the values currently accepted as correct. +Quantities have not been changed when the difference is a matter of +editorial interpretation (e.g., gaest vs. gaest in l. 102, etc.) A list of +these altered quantities appears at the end of the list of corrections. +Your browser must support the Unicode character set to use the revised +version. + +Explanation of the Vowel Accenting + +In general, Harrison and Sharp use circumflex accents over vowels to mark +long vowels. For ash, however, the actual character 'ae' represents the long +vowel. Short ash is rendered with a-umlaut (ae). The long diphthongs (eo, +ea, etc.) are indicated with an acute accent over the _second_ vowel (eo, +ea, etc.). + +** End of PG Preface ** + + +I. BEOWULF: + +_AN ANGLO-SAXON POEM_. + +II. THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURH: + +_A FRAGMENT_. + +WITH TEXT AND GLOSSARY ON THE BASIS OF M. HEYNE. + +EDITED, CORRECTED, AND ENLARGED, BY + +JAMES A. HARRISON, LL.D., LITT. D., + +PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH AND MODERN LANGUAGES, WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, + +AND + +ROBERT SHARP (PH.D. LIPS.), + +PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND ENGLISH, TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA. + +FOURTH EDITION. REVISED, WITH NOTES. + +GINN & COMPANY + +BOSTON--NEW YORK--CHICAGO--LONDON + +Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1883, by + +JAMES ALBERT HARRISON AND ROBERT SHARP + +in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. + + + +DEDICATED + +TO + +PROFESSOR F. A. MARCH, OF LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, PA., + +AND + +FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, ESQ. FOUNDER OF THE "NEW SHAKSPERE SOCIETY," THE +"CHAUCER SOCIETY," ETC., ETC. + + + +PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. + +The favor with which the successive editions of "Beowulf" have been +received during the past thirteen years emboldens the editors to continue +the work of revision in a fourth issue, the most noticeable feature of +which is a considerable body of explanatory Notes, now for the first time +added. These Notes mainly concern themselves with new textual readings, +with here and there grammatical, geographical, and archaeological points +that seemed worthy of explanation. Parallelisms and parallel passages are +constantly compared, with the view of making the poem illustrate and +explain itself. A few emendations and textual changes are suggested by the +editors with all possible diffidence; numerous corrections have been made +in the Glossary and List of Names; and the valuable parts of former +Appendices have been embodied in the Notes. + +For the Notes, the editors are much indebted to the various German +periodicals mentioned on page 116, to the recent publications of Professors +Earle and J. L. Hall, to Mr. S. A. Brooke, and to the Heyne-Socin edition +of "Beowulf." No change has been made in the system of accentuation, though +a few errors in quantity have been corrected. The editors are looking +forward to an eventual fifth edition, in which an entirely new text will be +presented. + +October, 1893. + + + +NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION. + +This third edition of the American issue of Beowulf will, the editors hope, +be found more accurate and useful than either of the preceding editions. +Further corrections in text and glossary have been made, and some +additional new readings and suggestions will be found in two brief +appendices at the back of the book. Students of the metrical system of +Beowulf will find ample material for their studies in Sievers' exhaustive +essay on that subject (Beitraege, X. 209-314). + +Socin's edition of Heyne's Beowulf (called the fifth edition) has been +utilized to some extent in this edition, though it unfortunately came too +late to be freely used. While it repeats many of the omissions and +inaccuracies of Heyne's fourth edition, it contains much that is valuable +to the student, particularly in the notes and commentary. Students of the +poem, which has been subjected to much searching criticism during the last +decade, will also derive especial help from the contributions of Sievers +and Kluge on difficult questions appertaining to it. Wuelker's new edition +(in the Grein _Bibliothek_) is of the highest value, however one may +dissent from particular textual views laid down in the 'Berichtigter Text.' +Paul and Braune's Beitraege contain a varied miscellany of hints, +corrections, and suggestions principally embodying the views of Kluge, +Cosijn, Sievers, and Bugge, some of the more important of which are found +in the appendices to the present and the preceding edition. Holder and +Zupitza, Sarrazin and Hermann Moeller (Kiel, 1883), Heinzel (Anzeiger f.d. +Alterthum, X.), Gering (Zacher's Zeitschrift, XII.), Brenner (Eng. Studien, +IX.), and the contributors to Anglia, have assisted materially in the +textual and metrical interpretation of the poem. + +The subject of Anglo-Saxon quantity has been discussed in several able +essays by Sievers, Sweet, Ten Brink (Anzeiger, f.d. Alterthum, V.), Kluge +(Beitraege, XI.), and others; but so much is uncertain in this field that +the editors have left undisturbed the marking of vowels found in the text +of their original edition, while indicating in the appendices the now +accepted views of scholars on the quantity of the personal pronouns (me, +we, þu, þe, ge, he); the adverb nu, etc. Perhaps it would be best to banish +absolutely all attempts at marking quantities except in cases where the Ms. +has them marked. + +An approximately complete Bibliography of Beowulf literature will be found +in Wuelker's _Grundriss_ and in Garnett's translation of the poem. + +JAMES A. HARRISON, + +ROBERT SHARP. + +WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, +LEXINGTON, VA., May, 1888. + + +NOTE TO THE SECOND REVISED EDITION. + +The editors feel so encouraged at the kind reception accorded their edition +of Beowulf (1883), that, in spite of its many shortcomings, they have +determined to prepare a second revised edition of the book, and thus +endeavor to extend its sphere of usefulness. About twenty errors had, +notwithstanding a vigilant proof-reading, crept into the text,--errors in +single letters, accents, and punctuation. These have been corrected, and it +is hoped that the text has been rendered generally accurate and +trustworthy. In the List of Names one or two corrections have been made, +and in the Glossary numerous mistakes in gender, classification, and +translation, apparently unavoidable in a first edition, have been +rectified. Wherever these mistakes concern _single_ letters, or occupy very +small space, they have been corrected in the plates; where they are longer, +and the expense of correcting them in the plates would have been very +great, the editors have thought it best to include them in an Appendix of +Corrections and Additions, which will be found at the back of the book. +Students are accordingly referred to this Appendix for important longer +corrections and additions. It is believed that the value of the book has +been much enhanced by an Appendix of Recent Readings, based on late +criticisms and essays from the pens of Sievers, Kluge, Cosijn, Holder, +Wuelker, and Sweet. A perplexed student, in turning to these suggested +readings, will often find great help in unravelling obscure or corrupt +passages. + +The objectionable ae and ae, for the short and the long diphthong, have been +retained in the revised edition, owing to the impossibility of removing +them without entirely recasting the plates. + +In conclusion, the editors would acknowledge their great indebtedness to +the friends and critics whose remarks and criticisms have materially aided +in the correction of the text,--particularly to Profs. C.P.G. Scott, +Baskervill, Price, and J.M. Hart; to Prof. J.W. Bright; and to the +authorities of Cornell University, for the loan of periodicals necessary to +the completeness of the revision. While the second revised edition still +contains much that might be improved, the editors cannot but hope that it +is an advance on its predecessor, and that it will continue its work of +extending the study of Old English throughout the land. + +JUNE, 1885. + + +NOTE I. + +The present work, carefully edited from Heyne's fourth edition, (Paderborn, +1879), is designed primarily for college classes in Anglo-Saxon, rather +than for independent investigators or for seekers after a restored or ideal +text. The need of an American edition of "Beowulf" has long been felt, as, +hitherto, students have had either to send to Germany for a text, or +secure, with great trouble, one of the scarce and expensive English +editions. Heyne's first edition came out in 1863, and was followed in 1867 +and 1873 by a second and a third edition, all three having essentially the +same text. + +So many important contributions to the "Beowulf" literature were, however, +made between 1873 and 1879 that Heyne found it necessary to put forth a new +edition (1879). In this new, last edition, the text was subjected to a +careful revision, and was fortified by the views, contributions, and +criticisms of other zealous scholars. In it the collation of the unique +"Beowulf" Ms. (Vitellius A. 15: Cottonian Mss. of the British Museum), as +made by E. Koelbing in Herrig's _Archiv_ (Bd. 56; 1876), was followed +wherever the present condition of the Ms. had to be discussed; and the +researches of Bugge, Bieger, and others, on single passages, were made use +of. The discussion of the metrical structure of the poem, as occurring in +the second and third editions, was omitted in the fourth, owing to the many +controversies in which the subject is still involved. The present editor +has thought it best to do the same, though, happily, the subject of Old +English _Metrik_ is undergoing a steady illumination through the labors of +Schipper and others. + +Some errors and misplaced accents in Heyne's text have been corrected in +the present edition, in which, as in the general revision of the text, the +editor has been most kindly aided by Prof. J.M. Garnett, late Principal of +St. John's College, Maryland. + +In the preparation of the present school edition it has been thought best +to omit Heyne's notes, as they concern themselves principally with +conjectural emendations, substitutions of one reading for another, and +discussions of the condition of the Ms. Until Wuelker's text and the +photographic fac-simile of the original Ms. are in the hands of all +scholars, it will be better not to introduce such matters in the school +room, where they would puzzle without instructing. + +For convenience of reference, the editor has added a head-line to each +"fit" of the poem, with a view to facilitate a knowledge of its episodes. + +WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, +LEXINGTON, VA., June, 1882. + + +NOTE II. + +The editors now have the pleasure of presenting to the public a complete +text and a tolerably complete glossary of "Beowulf." The edition is the +first published in America, and the first of its special kind presented to +the English public, and it is the initial volume of a "Library of +Anglo-Saxon Poetry," to be edited under the same auspices and with the +cooeperation of distinguished scholars in this country. Among these scholars +may be mentioned Professors F.A. March of Lafayette College, T.K. Price of +Columbia College, and W.M. Baskervill of Vanderbilt University. + +In the preparation of the Glossary the editors found it necessary to +abandon a literal and exact translation of Heyne for several reasons, and +among others from the fact that Heyne seems to be wrong in the translation +of some of his illustrative quotations, and even translates the same +passage in two or three different ways under different headings. The +orthography of his glossary differs considerably from the orthography of +his text. He fails to discriminate with due nicety the meanings of many of +the words in his vocabulary, while criticism more recent than his latest +edition (1879) has illustrated or overthrown several of his renderings. The +references were found to be incorrect in innumerable instances, and had to +be verified in every individual case so far as this was possible, a few +only, which resisted all efforts at verification, having to be indicated by +an interrogation point (?). The references are exceedingly numerous, and +the labor of verifying them was naturally great. To many passages in the +Glossary, where Heyne's translation could not be trusted with entire +certainty, the editors have added other translations of phrases and +sentences or of special words; and in this they have been aided by a +careful study of the text and a comparison and utilization of the views of +Kemble and Professor J.M. Garnett (who takes Grein for his foundation). +Many new references have been added; and the various passages in which +Heyne fails to indicate whether a given verb is weak or strong, or fails to +point out the number, etc., of the illustrative form, have been corrected +and made to harmonize with the general plan of the work. Numerous misprints +in the glossary have also been corrected, and a brief glossary to the +Finnsburh-fragment, prepared by Dr. Wm. Hand Browne, and supplemented and +adapted by the editor-in-chief, has been added. + +The editors think that they may without immodesty put forth for themselves +something more than the claim of being re-translators of a translation: the +present edition is, so far as they were able to make it so, an adaptation, +correction, and extension of the work of the great German scholar to whose +loving appreciation of the Anglo-Saxon epic all students of Old English owe +a debt of gratitude. While following his usually sure and cautious +guidance, and in the main appropriating his results, they have thought it +best to deviate from him in the manner above indicated, whenever it seemed +that he was wrong. The careful reader will notice at once the marks of +interrogation which point out these deviations, or which introduce a point +of view illustrative of, or supplementary to, the one given by the German +editor. No doubt the editors are wrong themselves in many +places,--"Beowulf" is a most difficult poem,--but their view may at least +be defended by a reference to the original text, which they have faithfully +and constantly consulted. + +A good many cognate Modern English words have been introduced here and +there in the Glossary with a view to illustration, and other addenda will +be found between brackets and parenthetical marks. + +It is hoped that the present edition of the most famous of Old English +poems will do something to promote a valuable and interesting study. + + +JAMES A. HARRISON, +_Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va._ + +ROBERT SHARP, +_University of Louisiana, New Orleans_. + +April, 1883. + + +The responsibility of the editors is as follows: H. is responsible for the +Text, and for the Glossary from hrinan on; S. for the List of Names, and +for the Glossary as far as hrinan. + +ARGUMENT. + +The only national [Anglo-Saxon] epic which has been preserved entire is +Beowulf. Its argument is briefly as follows:--The poem opens with a few +verses in praise of the Danish Kings, especially Scild, the son of Sceaf. +His death is related, and his descendants briefly traced down to Hroethgar. +Hroethgar, elated with his prosperity and success in war, builds a +magnificent hall, which he calls Heorot. In this hall Hroethgar and his +retainers live in joy and festivity, until a malignant fiend, called +Grendel, jealous of their happiness, carries off by night thirty of +Hroethgar's men, and devours them in his moorland retreat. These ravages go +on for twelve years. Beowulf, a thane of Hygelac, King of the Goths, +hearing of Hroethgar's calamities, sails from Sweden with fourteen +warriors--to help him. They reach the Danish coast in safety; and, after an +animated parley with Hroethgar's coastguard, who at first takes them for +pirates, they are allowed to proceed to the royal hall, where they are well +received by Hroethgar. A banquet ensues, during which Beowulf is taunted by +the envious Hunferheth about his swimming-match with Breca, King of the +Brondings. Beowulf gives the true account of the contest, and silences +Hunferheth. At night-fall the King departs, leaving Beowulf in charge of the +hall. Grendel soon breaks in, seizes and devours one of Beowulf's +companions; is attacked by Beowulf, and, after losing an arm, which is torn +off by Beowulf, escapes to the fens. The joy of Hroethgar and the Danes, and +their festivities, are described, various episodes are introduced, and +Beowulf and his companions receive splendid gifts. The next night Grendel's +mother revenges her son by carrying off AEschere, the friend and councillor +of Hroethgar, during the absence of Beowulf. Hroethgar appeals to Beowulf for +vengeance, and describes the haunts of Grendel and his mother. They all +proceed thither; the scenery of the lake, and the monsters that dwell in +it, are described. Beowulf plunges into the water, and attacks Grendel's +mother in her dwelling at the bottom of the lake. He at length overcomes +her, and cuts off her head, together with that of Grendel, and brings the +heads to Hroethgar. He then takes leave of Hroethgar, sails back to Sweden, and +relates his adventures to Hygelac. Here the first half of the poem ends. +The second begins with the accession of Beowulf to the throne, after the +fall of Hygelac and his son Heardred. He rules prosperously for fifty +years, till a dragon, brooding over a hidden treasure, begins to ravage the +country, and destroys Beowulf's palace with fire. Beowulf sets out in quest +of its hiding-place, with twelve men. Having a presentiment of his +approaching end, he pauses and recalls to mind his past life and exploits. +He then takes leave of his followers, one by one, and advances alone to +attack the dragon. Unable, from the heat, to enter the cavern, he shouts +aloud, and the dragon comes forth. The dragon's scaly hide is proof against +Beowulf's sword, and he is reduced to great straits. Then Wiglaf, one of +his followers, advances to help him. Wiglaf's shield is consumed by the +dragon's fiery breath, and he is compelled to seek shelter under Beowulf's +shield of iron. Beowulf's sword snaps asunder, and he is seized by the +dragon. Wiglaf stabs the dragon from underneath, and Beowulf cuts it in two +with his dagger. Feeling that his end is near, he bids Wiglaf bring out the +treasures from the cavern, that he may see them before he dies. Wiglaf +enters the dragon's den, which is described, returns to Beowulf, and +receives his last commands. Beowulf dies, and Wiglaf bitterly reproaches +his companions for their cowardice. The disastrous consequences of +Beowulf's death are then foretold, and the poem ends with his funeral.--H. +Sweet, in Warton's _History of English Poetry_, Vol. II. (ed. 1871). Cf. +also Ten Brink's _History of English Literature_. + + + + +BEOWULF. + + +I. THE PASSING OF SCYLD. + + Hwaet! we Gar-Dena in gear-dagum + þeod-cyninga þrym gefrunon, + hu þa aeethelingas ellen fremedon. + Oft Scyld Scefing sceaethena þreatum, +5 monegum maegethum meodo-setla ofteah. + Egsode eorl, syethethan aerest weareth + fea-sceaft funden: he þaes frofre gebad, + weox under wolcnum, weoreth-myndum ethah, + oeth þaet him aeghwylc þara ymb-sittendra +10 ofer hron-rade hyran scolde, + gomban gyldan: þaet waes god cyning! + þaem eafera waes aefter cenned + geong in geardum, þone god sende + folce to frofre; fyren-þearfe ongeat, +15 þaet hie aer drugon aldor-lease + lange hwile. Him þaes lif-frea, + wuldres wealdend, worold-are forgeaf; + Beowulf waes breme (blaed wide sprang), + Scyldes eafera Scede-landum in. +20 Swa sceal geong guma, gode gewyrcean, + fromum feoh-giftum on faeder wine, + þaet hine on ylde eft gewunigen + wil-gesiethas, þonne wig cume, + leode gelaesten: lof-daedum sceal +25 in maegetha gehwaere man geþeon. + Him þa Scyld gewat to gescaep-hwile + fela-hror feran on frean waere; + hi hyne þa aetbaeron to brimes faroethe. + swaese gesiethas, swa he selfa baed, +30 þenden wordum weold wine Scyldinga, + leof land-fruma lange ahte. + Þaer aet hyethe stod hringed-stefna, + isig and utfus, aeethelinges faer; + a-ledon þa leofne þeoden, +35 beaga bryttan on bearm scipes, + maerne be maeste. Þaer waes madma fela, + of feor-wegum fraetwa gelaeded: + ne hyrde ic cymlicor ceol gegyrwan + hilde-waepnum and heaetho-waedum, +40 billum and byrnum; him on bearme laeg + madma maenigo, þa him mid scoldon + on flodes aeht feor gewitan. + Nalas hi hine laessan lacum teodan, + þeod-gestreonum, þonne þa dydon, +45 þe hine aet frumsceafte foreth onsendon + aenne ofer yethe umbor wesende: + þa gyt hie him asetton segen gyldenne + heah ofer heafod, leton holm beran, + geafon on gar-secg: him waes geomor sefa, +50 murnende mod. Men ne cunnon + secgan to soethe sele-raedende, + haeleeth under heofenum, hwa þaem hlaeste onfeng. + + +II. THE HALL HEOROT. + + Þa waes on burgum Beowulf Scyldinga, + leof leod-cyning, longe þrage +55 folcum gefraege (faeder ellor hwearf, + aldor of earde), oeth þaet him eft onwoc + heah Healfdene; heold þenden lifde, + gamol and gueth-reow, glaede Scyldingas. + Þaem feower bearn foreth-gerimed +60 in worold wocun, weoroda raeswan, + Heorogar and Hroethgar and Halga til; + hyrde ic, þat Elan cwen Ongenþeowes waes + Heaethoscilfinges heals-gebedde. + Þa waes Hroethgare here-sped gyfen, +65 wiges weoreth-mynd, þaet him his wine-magas + georne hyrdon, oeth þaet seo geogoeth geweox, + mago-driht micel. Him on mod bearn, + þaet heal-reced hatan wolde, + medo-aern micel men gewyrcean, +70 þone yldo bearn aefre gefrunon, + and þaer on innan eall gedaelan + geongum and ealdum, swylc him god sealde, + buton folc-scare and feorum gumena. + Þa ic wide gefraegn weorc gebannan +75 manigre maegethe geond þisne middan-geard, + folc-stede fraetwan. Him on fyrste gelomp + aedre mid yldum, þaet hit weareth eal gearo, + heal-aerna maest; scop him Heort naman, + se þe his wordes geweald wide haefde. +80 He beot ne aleh, beagas daelde, + sinc aet symle. Sele hlifade + heah and horn-geap: heaetho-wylma bad, + laethan liges; ne waes hit lenge þa gen + þaet se ecg-hete aethum-swerian +85 aefter wael-niethe waecnan scolde. + Þa se ellen-gaest earfoethlice + þrage geþolode, se þe in þystrum bad, + þaet he dogora gehwam dream gehyrde + hludne in healle; þaer waes hearpan sweg, +90 swutol sang scopes. Saegde se þe cuethe + frum-sceaft fira feorran reccan, + cwaeeth þaet se aelmihtiga eorethan worhte, + wlite-beorhtne wang, swa waeter bebugeeth, + gesette sige-hreethig sunnan and monan +95 leoman to leohte land-buendum, + and gefraetwade foldan sceatas + leomum and leafum; lif eac gesceop + cynna gehwylcum, þara þe cwice hwyrfaeth. + Swa þa driht-guman dreamum lifdon +100 eadiglice, oeth þaet an ongan + fyrene fremman, feond on helle: + waes se grimma gaest Grendel haten, + maere mearc-stapa, se þe moras heold, + fen and faesten; fifel-cynnes eard +105 won-saelig wer weardode hwile, + siethethan him scyppend forscrifen haefde. + In Caines cynne þone cwealm gewraec, + ece drihten, þaes þe he Abel slog; + ne gefeah he þaere faehethe, ac he hine feor forwraec, +110 metod for þy mane man-cynne fram. + Þanon untydras ealle onwocon, + eotenas and ylfe and orcneas, + swylce gigantas, þa wieth gode wunnon + lange þrage; he him þaes lean forgeald. + + +III. GRENDEL'S VISITS. + +115 Gewat þa neosian, syethethan niht becom, + hean huses, hu hit Hring-Dene + aefter beor-þege gebun haefdon. + Fand þa þaer inne aeethelinga gedriht + swefan aefter symble; sorge ne cuethon, +120 won-sceaft wera. Wiht unhaelo + grim and graedig gearo sona waes, + reoc and reethe, and on raeste genam + þritig þegna: þanon eft gewat + huethe hremig to ham faran, +125 mid þaere wael-fylle wica neosan. + Þa waes on uhtan mid aer-daege + Grendles gueth-craeft gumum undyrne: + þa waes aefter wiste wop up ahafen, + micel morgen-sweg. Maere þeoden, +130 aeetheling aer-god, unbliethe saet, + þolode þryeth-swyeth, þegn-sorge dreah, + syethethan hie þaes laethan last sceawedon, + wergan gastes; waes þaet gewin to strang, + laeth and longsum. Naes hit lengra fyrst, +135 ac ymb ane niht eft gefremede + moreth-beala mare and no mearn fore + faehethe and fyrene; waes to faest on þam. + Þa waes eaeth-fynde, þe him elles hwaer + gerumlicor raeste sohte, +140 bed aefter burum, þa him gebeacnod waes, + gesaegd soethlice sweotolan tacne + heal-þegnes hete; heold hine syethethan + fyr and faestor, se þaem feonde aetwand. + Swa rixode and wieth rihte wan +145 ana wieth eallum, oeth þaet idel stod + husa selest. Waes seo hwil micel: + twelf wintra tid torn geþolode + wine Scyldinga, weana gehwelcne, + sidra sorga; forþam syethethan weareth +150 ylda bearnum undyrne cueth, + gyddum geomore, þaette Grendel wan, + hwile wieth Hroethgar;-- hete-niethas waeg, + fyrene and faehethe fela missera, + singale saece, sibbe ne wolde +155 wieth manna hwone maegenes Deniga + feorh-bealo feorran, feo þingian, + ne þaer naenig witena wenan þorfte + beorhtre bote to banan folmum; + atol aeglaeca ehtende waes, +160 deorc deaeth-scua duguethe and geogoethe + seomade and syrede. Sin-nihte heold + mistige moras; men ne cunnon, + hwyder hel-runan hwyrftum scriethaeth. + Swa fela fyrena feond man-cynnes, +165 atol an-gengea, oft gefremede + heardra hynetha; Heorot eardode, + sinc-fage sel sweartum nihtum + (no he þone gif-stol gretan moste, + maethethum for metode, ne his myne wisse); +170 þaet waes wraec micel wine Scyldinga, + modes brecetha. Monig-oft gesaet + rice to rune; raed eahtedon, + hwaet swieth-ferhethum selest waere + wieth faer-gryrum to gefremmanne. +175 Hwilum hie geheton aet haerg-trafum + wig-weorethunga, wordum baedon, + þaet him gast-bona geoce gefremede + wieth þeod-þreaum. Swylc waes þeaw hyra, + haeethenra hyht; helle gemundon +180 in mod-sefan, metod hie ne cuethon, + daeda demend, ne wiston hie drihten god, + ne hie huru heofena helm herian ne cuethon, + wuldres waldend. Wa bieth þaem þe sceal + þurh sliethne nieth sawle bescufan +185 in fyres faeethm, frofre ne wenan, + wihte gewendan; wel bieth þaem þe mot + aefter deaeth-daege drihten secean + and to faeder faeethmum freoetho wilnian. + + +IV. HYGELAC'S THANE. + + Swa þa mael-ceare maga Healfdenes +190 singala seaeth; ne mihte snotor haeleeth + wean onwendan: waes þaet gewin to swyeth, + laeth and longsum, þe on þa leode becom, + nyd-wracu nieth-grim, niht-bealwa maest. + Þaet fram ham gefraegn Higelaces þegn, +195 god mid Geatum, Grendles daeda: + se waes mon-cynnes maegenes strengest + on þaem daege þysses lifes, + aeethele and eacen. Het him yeth-lidan + godne gegyrwan; cwaeeth he gueth-cyning +200 ofer swan-rade secean wolde, + maerne þeoden, þa him waes manna þearf. + Þone sieth-faet him snotere ceorlas + lyt-hwon logon, þeah he him leof waere; + hwetton higerofne, hael sceawedon. +205 Haefde se goda Geata leoda + cempan gecorone, þara þe he cenoste + findan mihte; fiftena sum + sund-wudu sohte; secg wisade, + lagu-craeftig mon, land-gemyrcu. +210 Fyrst foreth gewat: flota waes on yethum, + bat under beorge. Beornas gearwe + on stefn stigon; streamas wundon + sund wieth sande; secgas baeron + on bearm nacan beorhte fraetwe, +215 gueth-searo geatolic; guman ut scufon, + weras on wil-sieth wudu bundenne. + Gewat þa ofer waeg-holm winde gefysed + flota famig-heals fugle gelicost, + oeth þaet ymb an-tid oethres dogores +220 wunden-stefna gewaden haefde, + þaet þa liethende land gesawon, + brim-clifu blican, beorgas steape, + side sae-naessas: þa waes sund liden, + eoletes aet ende. Þanon up hraethe +225 Wedera leode on wang stigon, + sae-wudu saeldon (syrcan hrysedon, + gueth-gewaedo); gode þancedon, + þaes þe him yeth-lade eaethe wurdon. + Þa of wealle geseah weard Scildinga, +230 se þe holm-clifu healdan scolde, + beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas, + fyrd-searu fuslicu; hine fyrwyt braec + mod-gehygdum, hwaet þa men waeron. + Gewat him þa to waroethe wicge ridan +235 þegn Hroethgares, þrymmum cwehte + maegen-wudu mundum, meethel-wordum fraegn: + "Hwaet syndon ge searo-haebbendra + "byrnum werede, þe þus brontne ceol + "ofer lagu-straete laedan cwomon, +240 "hider ofer holmas helmas baeron? + "Ic waes ende-saeta, aeg-wearde heold, + "þaet on land Dena laethra naenig + "mid scip-herge sceethethan ne meahte. + "No her cuethlicor cuman ongunnon +245 "lind-haebbende; ne ge leafnes-word + "gueth-fremmendra gearwe ne wisson, + "maga gemedu. Naefre ic maran geseah + "eorla ofer eorethan, þonne is eower sum, + "secg on searwum; nis þaet seld-guma +250 "waepnum geweorethad, naefne him his wlite leoge, + "aenlic an-syn. Nu ic eower sceal + "frum-cyn witan, aer ge fyr heonan + "lease sceaweras on land Dena + "furethur feran. Nu ge feor-buend, +255 "mere-liethende, minne gehyraeth + "an-fealdne geþoht: ofost is selest + "to gecyethanne, hwanan eowre cyme syndon." + + +V. THE ERRAND. + + Him se yldesta andswarode, + werodes wisa, word-hord onleac: +260 "We synt gum-cynnes Geata leode + "and Higelaces heoreth-geneatas. + "Waes min faeder folcum gecyethed, + "aeethele ord-fruma Ecgþeow haten; + "gebad wintra worn, aer he on weg hwurfe, +265 "gamol of geardum; hine gearwe geman + "witena wel-hwylc wide geond eorethan.-- + "We þurh holdne hige hlaford þinne, + "sunu Healfdenes, secean cwomon, + "leod-gebyrgean: wes þu us larena god! +270 "Habbaeth we to þaem maeran micel aerende + "Deniga frean; ne sceal þaer dyrne sum + "wesan, þaes ic wene. Þu wast, gif hit is, + "swa we soethlice secgan hyrdon, + "þaet mid Scyldingum sceaetha ic nat hwylc, +275 "deogol daed-hata, deorcum nihtum + "eaweeth þurh egsan uncuethne nieth, + "hynethu and hra-fyl. Ic þaes Hroethgar maeg + "þurh rumne sefan raed gelaeran, + "hu he frod and god feond oferswyetheeth, +280 "gyf him ed-wendan aefre scolde + "bealuwa bisigu, bot eft cuman + "and þa cear-wylmas colran wurethaeth; + "oethethe a syethethan earfoeth-þrage, + "þrea-nyd þolaeth, þenden þaer wunaeth +285 "on heah-stede husa selest." + Weard maethelode, þaer on wicge saet + ombeht unforht: "AEghwaeethres sceal + "scearp scyld-wiga gescad witan, + "worda and worca, se þe wel þenceeth. +290 "Ic þaet gehyre, þaet þis is hold weorod + "frean Scyldinga. Gewitaeth foreth beran + "waepen and gewaedu, ic eow wisige: + "swylce ic magu-þegnas mine hate + "wieth feonda gehwone flotan eowerne, +295 "niw-tyrwedne nacan on sande + "arum healdan, oeth þaet eft byreeth + "ofer lagu-streamas leofne mannan + "wudu wunden-hals to Weder-mearce. + "Gueth-fremmendra swylcum gifeethe bieth, +300 "þaet þone hilde-raes hal gedigeeth." + Gewiton him þa feran (flota stille bad, + seomode on sale sid-faeethmed scyp, + on ancre faest); eofor-lic scionon + ofer hleor-beran gehroden golde +305 fah and fyr-heard, ferh wearde heold. + Guethmode grummon, guman onetton, + sigon aetsomne, oeth þaet hy sael timbred + geatolic and gold-fah ongytan mihton; + þaet waes fore-maerost fold-buendum +310 receda under roderum, on þaem se rica bad; + lixte se leoma ofer landa fela. + Him þa hilde-deor hof modigra + torht getaehte, þaet hie him to mihton + gegnum gangan; gueth-beorna sum +315 wicg gewende, word aefter cwaeeth: + "Mael is me to feran; faeder alwalda + "mid ar-stafum eowic gehealde + "sietha gesunde! ic to sae wille, + "wieth wraeth werod wearde healdan." + + +VI. BEOWULF'S SPEECH. + +320 Straet waes stan-fah, stig wisode + gumum aetgaedere. Gueth-byrne scan + heard hond-locen, hring-iren scir + song in searwum, þa hie to sele furethum + in hyra gryre-geatwum gangan cwomon. +325 Setton sae-meethe side scyldas, + rondas regn-hearde wieth þaes recedes weal, + bugon þa to bence; byrnan hringdon, + gueth-searo gumena; garas stodon, + sae-manna searo, samod aetgaedere, +330 aesc-holt ufan graeg: waes se iren-þreat + waepnum gewurethad. Þa þaer wlonc haeleeth + oret-mecgas aefter aeethelum fraegn: + "Hwanon ferigeaeth ge faette scyldas, + "graege syrcan and grim-helmas, +335 "here-sceafta heap?-- Ic eom Hroethgares + "ar and ombiht. Ne seah ic el-þeodige + "þus manige men modiglicran. + "Wen' ic þaet ge for wlenco, nalles for wraec-siethum, + "ac for hige-þrymmum Hroethgar sohton." +340 Him þa ellen-rof andswarode, + wlanc Wedera leod word aefter spraec, + heard under helme: "We synt Higelaces + "beod-geneatas; Beowulf is min nama. + "Wille ic asecgan suna Healfdenes, +345 "maerum þeodne min aerende, + "aldre þinum, gif he us geunnan wile, + "þaet we hine swa godne gretan moton." + Wulfgar maethelode (þaet waes Wendla leod, + waes his mod-sefa manegum gecyethed, +350 wig and wis-dom): "ic þaes wine Deniga, + "frean Scildinga frinan wille, + "beaga bryttan, swa þu bena eart, + "þeoden maerne ymb þinne sieth ; + "and þe þa andsware aedre gecyethan, +355 "þe me se goda agifan þenceeth." + Hwearf þa hraedlice, þaer Hroethgar saet, + eald and unhar mid his eorla gedriht; + eode ellen-rof, þaet he for eaxlum gestod + Deniga frean, cuethe he duguethe þeaw. +360 Wulfgar maethelode to his wine-drihtne: + "Her syndon geferede feorran cumene + "ofer geofenes begang Geata leode: + "þone yldestan oret-mecgas + "Beowulf nemnaeth. Hy benan synt, +365 "þaet hie, þeoden min, wieth þe moton + "wordum wrixlan; no þu him wearne geteoh, + "þinra gegn-cwida glaednian, Hroethgar! + "Hy on wig-geatwum wyrethe þinceaeth + "eorla geaehtlan; huru se aldor deah, +370 "se þaem heaetho-rincum hider wisade." + + +VII. HROTHGAR'S WELCOME. + + Hroethgar maethelode, helm Scyldinga: + "Ic hine cuethe cniht-wesende. + "Waes his eald-faeder Ecgþeo haten, + "þaem to ham forgeaf Hreethel Geata +375 "angan dohtor; is his eafora nu + "heard her cumen, sohte holdne wine. + "þonne saegdon þaet sae-liethende, + "þa þe gif-sceattas Geata fyredon + "þyder to þance, þaet he þrittiges +380 "manna maegen-craeft on his mund-gripe + "heaetho-rof haebbe. Hine halig god + "for ar-stafum us onsende, + "to West-Denum, þaes ic wen haebbe, + "wieth Grendles gryre: ic þaem godan sceal +385 "for his mod-þraece madmas beodan. + "Beo þu on ofeste, hat hig in gan, + "seon sibbe-gedriht samod aetgaedere; + "gesaga him eac wordum, þaet hie sint wil-cuman + "Deniga leodum." Þa wieth duru healle +390 Wulfgar eode, word inne abead: + "Eow het secgan sige-drihten min, + "aldor East-Dena, þaet he eower aeethelu can + "and ge him syndon ofer sae-wylmas, + "heard-hicgende, hider wil-cuman. +395 "Nu ge moton gangan in eowrum gueth-geatawum, + "under here-griman, Hroethgar geseon; + "laetaeth hilde-bord her onbidian, + "wudu wael-sceaftas, worda geþinges." + Aras þa se rica, ymb hine rinc manig, +400 þryethlic þegna heap; sume þaer bidon, + heaetho-reaf heoldon, swa him se hearda bebead. + Snyredon aetsomne, þa secg wisode + under Heorotes hrof; hyge-rof eode, + heard under helme, þaet he on heoethe gestod. +405 Beowulf maethelode (on him byrne scan, + searo-net seowed smiethes or-þancum): + "Wes þu Hroethgar hal! ic eom Higelaces + "maeg and mago-þegn; haebbe ic maeretha fela + "ongunnen on geogoethe. Me weareth Grendles þing +410 "on minre eethel-tyrf undyrne cueth: + "secgaeth sae-liethend, þaet þes sele stande, + "reced selesta, rinca gehwylcum + "idel and unnyt, siethethan aefen-leoht + "under heofenes hador beholen weoretheeth. +415 "Þa me þaet gelaerdon leode mine, + "þa selestan, snotere ceorlas, + "þeoden Hroethgar, þaet ic þe sohte; + "forþan hie maegenes craeft minne cuethon: + "selfe ofersawon, þa ic of searwum cwom, +420 "fah from feondum, þaer ic fife geband, + "yethde eotena cyn, and on yethum slog + "niceras nihtes, nearo-þearfe dreah, + "wraec Wedera nieth (wean ahsodon) + "forgrand gramum; and nu wieth Grendel sceal, +425 "wieth þam aglaecan, ana gehegan + "þing wieth þyrse. Ic þe nu þa, + "brego Beorht-Dena, biddan wille, + "eodor Scyldinga, anre bene; + "þaet þu me ne forwyrne, wigendra hleo, +430 "freo-wine folca, nu ic þus feorran com, + "þaet ic mote ana and minra eorla gedryht, + "þes hearda heap, Heorot faelsian. + "Haebbe ic eac geahsod, þaet se aeglaeca + "for his won-hydum waepna ne receeth; +435 "ic þaet þonne forhicge, swa me Higelac sie, + "min mon-drihten, modes bliethe, + "þaet ic sweord bere oethethe sidne scyld + "geolo-rand to guethe; ac ic mid grape sceal + "fon wieth feonde and ymb feorh sacan, +440 "laeth wieth laethum; þaer gelyfan sceal + "dryhtnes dome se þe hine deaeth nimeeth. + "Wen' ic þaet he wille, gif he wealdan mot, + "in þaem gueth-sele Geatena leode + "etan unforhte, swa he oft dyde +445 "maegen Hreethmanna. Na þu minne þearft + "hafalan hydan, ac he me habban wile + "dreore fahne, gif mec deaeth nimeeth; + "byreeth blodig wael, byrgean þenceeth, + "eteeth an-genga unmurnlice, +450 "mearcaeth mor-hopu: no þu ymb mines ne þearft + "lices feorme leng sorgian. + "Onsend Higelace, gif mec hild nime, + "beadu-scruda betst, þaet mine breost wereeth, + "hraegla selest; þaet is Hreethlan laf, +455 "Welandes geweorc. Gaeeth a Wyrd swa hio scel!" + + +VIII. HROTHGAR TELLS OF GRENDEL. + + Hroethgar maethelode, helm Scyldinga: + "for were-fyhtum þu, wine min Beowulf, + "and for ar-stafum usic sohtest. + "Gesloh þin faeder faehethe maeste, +460 "weareth he Heaetholafe to hand-bonan + "mid Wilfingum; þa hine Wedera cyn + "for here-brogan habban ne mihte. + "Þanon he gesohte Sueth-Dena folc + "ofer yetha gewealc, Ar-Scyldinga; +465 "þa ic furethum weold folce Deninga, + "and on geogoethe heold gimme-rice + "hord-burh haeleetha: þa waes Heregar dead, + "min yldra maeg unlifigende, + "bearn Healfdenes. Se waes betera þonne ic! +470 "Siethethan þa faehethe feo þingode; + "sende ic Wylfingum ofer waeteres hrycg + "ealde madmas: he me aethas swor. + "Sorh is me to secganne on sefan minum + "gumena aengum, hwaet me Grendel hafaeth +475 "hynetho on Heorote mid his hete-þancum, + "faer-nietha gefremed. Is min flet-werod, + "wig-heap gewanod; hie Wyrd forsweop + "on Grendles gryre. God eaethe maeg + "þone dol-scaethan daeda getwaefan! +480 "Ful oft gebeotedon beore druncne + "ofer ealo-waege oret-mecgas, + "þaet hie in beor-sele bidan woldon + "Grendles guethe mid gryrum ecga. + "Þonne waes þeos medo-heal on morgen-tid, +485 "driht-sele dreor-fah, þonne daeg lixte, + "eal benc-þelu blode bestymed, + "heall heoru-dreore: ahte ic holdra þy laes, + "deorre duguethe, þe þa deaeth fornam. + "Site nu to symle and onsael meoto, +490 "sige-hreeth secgum, swa þin sefa hwette!" + Þa waes Geat-maecgum geador aetsomne + on beor-sele benc gerymed; + þaer swieth-ferhethe sittan eodon + þryethum dealle. Þegn nytte beheold, +495 se þe on handa baer hroden ealo-waege, + scencte scir wered. Scop hwilum sang + hador on Heorote; þaer waes haeleetha dream, + dugueth unlytel Dena and Wedera. + + +IX. HUNFERTH OBJECTS TO BEOWULF. + + Unfereth maethelode, Ecglafes bearn, +500 þe aet fotum saet frean Scyldinga; + onband beadu-rune (waes him Beowulfes sieth, + modges mere-faran, micel aef-þunca, + forþon þe he ne uethe, þaet aenig oether man + aefre maeretha þon ma middan-geardes +505 gehedde under heofenum þonne he sylfa): + "Eart þu se Beowulf, se þe wieth Brecan wunne, + "on sidne sae ymb sund flite, + "þaer git for wlence wada cunnedon + "and for dol-gilpe on deop waeter +510 "aldrum neethdon? Ne inc aenig mon, + "ne leof ne laeth, belean mihte + "sorh-fullne sieth; þa git on sund reon, + "þaer git eagor-stream earmum þehton, + "maeton mere-straeta, mundum brugdon, +515 "glidon ofer gar-secg; geofon yethum weol, + "wintres wylme. Git on waeteres aeht + "seofon niht swuncon; he þe aet sunde oferflat, + "haefde mare maegen. Þa hine on morgen-tid + "on Heaetho-raemas holm up aetbaer, +520 "þonon he gesohte swaesne eethel + "leof his leodum lond Brondinga, + "freoetho-burh faegere, þaer he folc ahte, + "burg and beagas. Beot eal wieth þe + "sunu Beanstanes soethe gelaeste. +525 "Þonne wene ic to þe wyrsan geþinges, + "þeah þu heaetho-raesa gehwaer dohte, + "grimre guethe, gif þu Grendles dearst + "niht-longne fyrst nean bidan!" + Beowulf maethelode, bearn Ecgþeowes: +530 "Hwaet þu worn fela, wine min Unfereth, + "beore druncen ymb Brecan spraece, + "saegdest from his siethe! Soeth ic talige, + "þaet ic mere-strengo maran ahte, + "earfeetho on yethum, þonne aenig oether man. +535 "Wit þaet gecwaedon cniht-wesende + "and gebeotedon (waeron begen þa git + "on geogoeth-feore) þaet wit on gar-secg ut + "aldrum neethdon; and þaet geaefndon swa. + "Haefdon swurd nacod, þa wit on sund reon, +540 "heard on handa, wit unc wieth hron-fixas + "werian þohton. No he wiht fram me + "flod-yethum feor fleotan meahte, + "hraethor on holme, no ic fram him wolde. + "Þa wit aetsomne on sae waeron +545 "fif nihta fyrst, oeth þaet unc flod todraf, + "wado weallende, wedera cealdost, + "nipende niht and norethan wind + "heaetho-grim andhwearf; hreo waeron yetha, + "Waes mere-fixa mod onhrered: +550 "þaer me wieth laethum lic-syrce min, + "heard hond-locen, helpe gefremede; + "beado-hraegl broden on breostum laeg, + "golde gegyrwed. Me to grunde teah + "fah feond-scaetha, faeste haefde +555 "grim on grape: hwaeethre me gyfeethe weareth, + "þaet ic aglaecan orde geraehte, + "hilde-bille; heaetho-raes fornam + "mihtig mere-deor þurh mine hand. + + +X. BEOWULF'S CONTEST WITH BRECA.--THE FEAST. + + "Swa mec gelome laeth-geteonan +560 "þreatedon þearle. Ic him þenode + "deoran sweorde, swa hit gedefe waes; + "naes hie þaere fylle gefean haefdon, + "man-fordaedlan, þaet hie me þegon, + "symbel ymb-saeton sae-grunde neah, +565 "ac on mergenne mecum wunde + "be yeth-lafe uppe laegon, + "sweordum aswefede, þaet syethethan na + "ymb brontne ford brim-liethende + "lade ne letton. Leoht eastan com, +570 "beorht beacen godes; brimu swaethredon, + "þaet ic sae-naessas geseon mihte, + "windige weallas. Wyrd oft nereeth + "unfaegne eorl, ethonne his ellen deah! + "Hwaeethere me gesaelde, þaet ic mid sweorde ofsloh +575 "niceras nigene. No ic on niht gefraegn + "under heofones hwealf heardran feohtan, + "ne on eg-streamum earmran mannan; + "hwaeethere ic fara feng feore gedigde, + "siethes werig. Þa mec sae oethbaer, +580 "flod aefter faroethe, on Finna land, + "wadu weallendu. No ic wiht fram þe + "swylcra searo-nietha secgan hyrde, + "billa brogan: Breca naefre git + "aet heaetho-lace, ne gehwaeether incer +585 "swa deorlice daed gefremede + "fagum sweordum . . . . . . . + ". . . . . . . no ic þaes gylpe; + "þeah þu þinum broethrum to banan wurde, + "heafod-maegum; þaes þu in helle scealt +590 "werhetho dreogan, þeah þin wit duge, + "Secge ic þe to soethe, sunu Ecglafes, + "þaet naefre Grendel swa fela gryra gefremede, + "atol aeglaeca ealdre þinum, + "hynetho on Heorote, gif þin hige waere, +595 "sefa swa searo-grim, swa þu self talast. + "Ac he hafaeth onfunden, þaet he þa faehethe ne þearf, + "atole ecg-þraece eower leode + "swiethe onsittan, Sige-Scyldinga; + "nymeeth nyd-bade, naenegum araeth +600 "leode Deniga, ac he on lust wigeeth, + "swefeeth ond sendeeth, secce ne weneeth + "to Gar-Denum. Ac him Geata sceal + "eafoeth and ellen ungeara nu + "guethe gebeodan. Gaeeth eft se þe mot +605 "to medo modig, siethethan morgen-leoht + "ofer ylda bearn oethres dogores, + "sunne swegl-wered suethan scineeth!" + Þa waes on salum sinces brytta + gamol-feax and gueth-rof, geoce gelyfde +610 brego Beorht-Dena; gehyrde on Beowulfe + folces hyrde faest-raedne geþoht. + Þaer waes haeleetha hleahtor; hlyn swynsode, + word waeron wynsume. Eode Wealhþeow foreth, + cwen Hroethgares, cynna gemyndig, +615 grette gold-hroden guman on healle, + and þa freolic wif ful gesealde + aerest East-Dena eethel-wearde, + baed hine bliethne aet þaere beor-þege, + leodum leofne; he on lust geþeah +620 symbel and sele-ful, sige-rof kyning. + Ymb-eode þa ides Helminga + duguethe and geogoethe dael aeghwylcne; + sinc-fato sealde, oeth þaet sael alamp, + þaet hio Beowulfe, beag-hroden cwen, +625 mode geþungen, medo-ful aetbaer; + grette Geata leod, gode þancode + wis-faest wordum, þaes þe hire se willa gelamp, + þaet heo on aenigne eorl gelyfde + fyrena frofre. He þaet ful geþeah, +630 wael-reow wiga aet Wealhþeon, + and þa gyddode guethe gefysed, + Beowulf maethelode, bearn Ecgþeowes: + "Ic þaet hogode, þa ic on holm gestah, + "sae-bat gesaet mid minra secga gedriht, +635 "þaet ic anunga eowra leoda + "willan geworhte, oethethe on wael crunge, + "feond-grapum faest. Ic gefremman sceal + "eorlic ellen, oethethe ende-daeg + "on þisse meodu-healle minne gebidan." +640 Þam wife þa word wel licodon, + gilp-cwide Geates; eode gold-hroden + freolicu folc-cwen to hire frean sittan. + Þa waes eft swa aer inne on healle + þryeth-word sprecen, þeod on saelum, +645 sige-folca sweg, oeth þaet semninga + sunu Healfdenes secean wolde + aefen-raeste; wiste aet þaem ahlaecan + to þaem heah-sele hilde geþinged, + siethethan hie sunnan leoht geseon ne meahton, +650 oethethe nipende niht ofer ealle, + scadu-helma gesceapu scriethan cwoman, + wan under wolcnum. Werod eall aras. + Grette þa giddum guma oetherne, + Hroethgar Beowulf, and him hael abead, +655 win-aernes geweald and þaet word acwaeeth: + "Naefre ic aenegum men aer alyfde, + "siethethan ic hond and rond hebban mihte, + "þryeth-aern Dena buton þe nu þa. + "Hafa nu and geheald husa selest; +660 "gemyne maeretho, maegen-ellen cyeth, + "waca wieth wraethum! Ne bieth þe wilna gad, + "gif þu þaet ellen-weorc aldre gedigest." + + +XI. THE WATCH FOR GRENDEL. + + Þa him Hroethgar gewat mid his haeleetha gedryht, + eodur Scyldinga ut of healle; +665 wolde wig-fruma Wealhþeo secan, + cwen to gebeddan Haefde kyninga wuldor + Grendle to-geanes, swa guman gefrungon, + sele-weard aseted, sundor-nytte beheold + ymb aldor Dena, eoton weard abead; +670 huru Geata leod georne truwode + modgan maegnes, metodes hyldo. + Þa he him of dyde isern-byrnan, + helm of hafelan, sealde his hyrsted sweord, + irena cyst ombiht-þegne, +675 and gehealdan het hilde-geatwe. + Gespraec þa se goda gylp-worda sum + Beowulf Geata, aer he on bed stige: + "No ic me an here-waesmum hnagran talige + "gueth-geweorca, þonne Grendel hine; +680 "forþan ic hine sweorde swebban nelle, + "aldre beneotan, þeah ic eal maege. + "Nat he þara goda, þaet he me on-gean slea, + "rand geheawe, þeah þe he rof sie + "nieth-geweorca; ac wit on niht sculon +685 "secge ofersittan, gif he gesecean dear + "wig ofer waepen, and siethethan witig god + "on swa hwaeethere hond halig dryhten + "maeretho deme, swa him gemet þince." + Hylde hine þa heaetho-deor, hleor-bolster onfeng +690 eorles andwlitan; and hine ymb monig + snellic sae-rinc sele-reste gebeah. + Naenig heora þohte þaet he þanon scolde + eft eard-lufan aefre gesecean, + folc oethethe freo-burh, þaer he afeded waes, +695 ac hie haefdon gefrunen, þaet hie aer to fela micles + in þaem win-sele wael-deaeth fornam, + Denigea leode. Ac him dryhten forgeaf + wig-speda gewiofu, Wedera leodum + frofor and fultum, þaet hie feond heora +700 þurh anes craeft ealle ofercomon, + selfes mihtum: soeth is gecyethed, + þaet mihtig god manna cynnes + weold wide-ferheth. Com on wanre niht + scriethan sceadu-genga. Sceotend swaefon, +705 þa þaet horn-reced healdan scoldon, + ealle buton anum. Þaet waes yldum cueth, + þaet hie ne moste, þa metod nolde, + se syn-scaetha under sceadu bregdan; + ac he waeccende wraethum on andan +710 bad bolgen-mod beadwa geþinges. + + +XII. GRENDEL'S RAID. + + Þa com of more under mist-hleoethum + Grendel gongan, godes yrre baer. + Mynte se man-scaetha manna cynnes + sumne besyrwan in sele þam hean; +715 wod under wolcnum, to þaes þe he win-reced, + gold-sele gumena, gearwost wisse + faettum fahne. Ne waes þaet forma sieth, + þaet he Hroethgares ham gesohte: + naefre he on aldor-dagum aer ne siethethan +720 heardran haele, heal-þegnas fand! + Com þa to recede rinc siethian + dreamum bedaeled. Duru sona onarn + fyr-bendum faest, syethethan he hire folmum hran; + onbraed þa bealo-hydig, þa he abolgen waes, +725 recedes muethan. Raethe aefter þon + on fagne flor feond treddode, + eode yrre-mod; him of eagum stod + lige gelicost leoht unfaeger. + Geseah he in recede rinca manige, +730 swefan sibbe-gedriht samod aetgaedere, + mago-rinca heap: þa his mod ahlog, + mynte þaet he gedaelde, aer þon daeg cwome, + atol aglaeca, anra gehwylces + lif wieth lice, þa him alumpen waes +735 wist-fylle wen. Ne waes þaet wyrd þa gen, + þaet he ma moste manna cynnes + þicgean ofer þa niht. Þryeth-swyeth beheold + maeg Higelaces, hu se man-scaetha + under faer-gripum gefaran wolde. +740 Ne þaet se aglaeca yldan þohte, + ac he gefeng hraethe forman siethe + slaependne rinc, slat unwearnum, + bat ban-locan, blod edrum dranc, + syn-snaedum swealh: sona haefde +745 unlyfigendes eal gefeormod + fet and folma. Foreth near aetstop, + nam þa mid handa hige-þihtigne + rinc on raeste; raehte ongean + feond mid folme, he onfeng hraethe +750 inwit-þancum and wieth earm gesaet. + Sona þaet onfunde fyrena hyrde, + þaet he ne mette middan-geardes + eorethan sceata on elran men + mund-gripe maran: he on mode weareth +755 forht on ferhethe, no þy aer fram meahte; + hyge waes him hin-fus, wolde on heolster fleon, + secan deofla gedraeg: ne waes his drohtoeth þaer, + swylce he on ealder-dagum aer gemette. + Gemunde þa se goda maeg Higelaces +760 aefen-spraece, up-lang astod + and him faeste wiethfeng. Fingras burston; + eoten waes ut-weard, eorl furethur stop. + Mynte se maera, þaer he meahte swa, + widre gewindan and on weg þanon +765 fleon on fen-hopu; wiste his fingra geweald + on grames grapum. Þaet waes geocor sieth, + þaet se hearm-scaetha to Heorute ateah: + dryht-sele dynede, Denum eallum weareth, + ceaster-buendum, cenra gehwylcum, +770 eorlum ealu-scerwen. Yrre waeron begen, + reethe ren-weardas. Reced hlynsode; + þa waes wundor micel, þaet se win-sele + wiethhaefde heaetho-deorum, þaet he on hrusan ne feol, + faeger fold-bold; ac he þaes faeste waes +775 innan and utan iren-bendum + searo-þoncum besmiethod. Þaer fram sylle abeag + medu-benc monig mine gefraege, + golde geregnad, þaer þa graman wunnon; + þaes ne wendon aer witan Scyldinga, +780 þaet hit a mid gemete manna aenig + betlic and ban-fag tobrecan meahte, + listum tolucan, nymethe liges faeethm + swulge on swaethule. Sweg up astag + niwe geneahhe; Noreth-Denum stod +785 atelic egesa anra gehwylcum + þara þe of wealle wop gehyrdon, + gryre-leoeth galan godes andsacan, + sige-leasne sang, sar wanigean + helle haeftan. Heold hine to faeste +790 se þe manna waes maegene strengest + on þaem daege þysses lifes. + + +XIII. BEOWULF TEARS OFF GRENDEL'S ARM. + + Nolde eorla hleo aenige þinga + þone cwealm-cuman cwicne forlaetan, + ne his lif-dagas leoda aenigum +795 nytte tealde. Þaer genehost braegd + eorl Beowulfes ealde lafe, + wolde frea-drihtnes feorh ealgian + maeres þeodnes, þaer hie meahton swa; + hie þaet ne wiston, þa hie gewin drugon, +800 heard-hicgende hilde-mecgas, + and on healfa gehwone heawan þohton, + sawle secan, þaet þone syn-scaethan + aenig ofer eorethan irenna cyst, + gueth-billa nan gretan nolde; +805 ac he sige-waepnum forsworen haefde, + ecga gehwylcre. Scolde his aldor-gedal + on þaem daege þysses lifes + earmlic wurethan and se ellor-gast + on feonda geweald feor siethian. +810 Þa þaet onfunde se þe fela aeror + modes myrethe manna cynne + fyrene gefremede (he waes fag wieth god) + þaet him se lic-homa laestan nolde, + ac hine se modega maeg Hygelaces +815 haefde be honda; waes gehwaeether oethrum + lifigende laeth. Lic-sar gebad + atol aeglaeca, him on eaxle weareth + syn-dolh sweotol, seonowe onsprungon + burston ban-locan. Beowulfe weareth +820 gueth-hreeth gyfeethe; scolde Grendel þonan + feorh-seoc fleon under fen-hleoethu, + secean wyn-leas wic; wiste þe geornor, + þaet his aldres waes ende gegongen, + dogera daeg-rim. Denum eallum weareth +825 aefter þam wael-raese willa gelumpen. + Haefde þa gefaelsod, se þe aer feorran com, + snotor and swyeth-ferheth sele Hroethgares, + genered wieth niethe. Niht-weorce gefeh, + ellen-maerethum; haefde East-Denum +830 Geat-mecga leod gilp gelaested, + swylce oncyethethe ealle gebette, + inwid-sorge, þe hie aer drugon + and for þrea-nydum þolian scoldon, + torn unlytel. Þaet waes tacen sweotol, +835 syethethan hilde-deor hond alegde, + earm and eaxle (þaer waes eal geador + Grendles grape) under geapne hrof. + + +XIV. THE JOY AT HEOROT. + + Þa waes on morgen mine gefraege + ymb þa gif-healle gueth-rinc monig: +840 ferdon folc-togan feorran and nean + geond wid-wegas wundor sceawian, + laethes lastas. No his lif-gedal + sarlic þuhte secga aenegum, + þara þe tir-leases trode sceawode, +845 hu he werig-mod on weg þanon, + nietha ofercumen, on nicera mere + faege and geflymed feorh-lastas baer. + Þaer waes on blode brim weallende, + atol yetha geswing eal gemenged +850 hatan heolfre, heoro-dreore weol; + deaeth-faege deog, siethethan dreama leas + in fen-freoetho feorh alegde + haeethene sawle, þaer him hel onfeng. + Þanon eft gewiton eald-gesiethas, +855 swylce geong manig of gomen-waethe, + fram mere modge, mearum ridan, + beornas on blancum. Þaer waes Beowulfes + maeretho maened; monig oft gecwaeeth, + þaette sueth ne noreth be saem tweonum +860 ofer eormen-grund oether naenig + under swegles begong selra naere + rond-haebbendra, rices wyrethra. + Ne hie huru wine-drihten wiht ne logon, + glaedne Hroethgar, ac þaet waes god cyning. +865 Hwilum heaetho-rofe hleapan leton, + on geflit faran fealwe mearas, + þaer him fold-wegas faegere þuhton, + cystum cuethe; hwilum cyninges þegn, + guma gilp-hlaeden gidda gemyndig, +870 se þe eal-fela eald-gesegena + worn gemunde, word oether fand + soethe gebunden: secg eft ongan + sieth Beowulfes snyttrum styrian + and on sped wrecan spel gerade, +875 wordum wrixlan, wel-hwylc gecwaeeth, + þaet he fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, + ellen-daedum, uncuethes fela, + Waelsinges gewin, wide siethas, + þara þe gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston, +880 faehethe and fyrene, buton Fitela mid hine, + þonne he swylces hwaet secgan wolde + eam his nefan, swa hie a waeron + aet nietha gehwam nyd-gesteallan: + haefdon eal-fela eotena cynnes +885 sweordum gesaeged. Sigemunde gesprong + aefter deaeth-daege dom unlytel, + syethethan wiges heard wyrm acwealde, + hordes hyrde; he under harne stan, + aeethelinges bearn, ana geneethde +890 frecne daede; ne waes him Fitela mid. + Hwaeethre him gesaelde, þaet þaet swurd þurhwod + wraetlicne wyrm, þaet hit on wealle aetstod, + dryhtlic iren; draca morethre swealt. + Haefde aglaeca elne gegongen, +895 þaet he beah-hordes brucan moste + selfes dome: sae-bat gehlod, + baer on bearm scipes beorhte fraetwa, + Waelses eafera; wyrm hat gemealt. + Se waes wreccena wide maerost +900 ofer wer-þeode, wigendra hleo + ellen-daedum: he þaes aron þah. + Siethethan Heremodes hild sweethrode + eafoeth and ellen. He mid eotenum weareth + on feonda geweald foreth forlacen, +905 snude forsended. Hine sorh-wylmas + lemede to lange, he his leodum weareth, + eallum aeethelingum to aldor-ceare; + swylce oft bemearn aerran maelum + swieth-ferhethes sieth snotor ceorl monig, +910 se þe him bealwa to bote gelyfde, + þaet þaet þeodnes bearn geþeon scolde, + faeder-aeethelum onfon, folc gehealdan, + hord and hleo-burh, haeleetha rice, + eethel Scyldinga. He þaer eallum weareth, +915 maeg Higelaces manna cynne, + freondum gefaegra; hine fyren onwod. + + Hwilum flitende fealwe straete + mearum maeton. Þa waes morgen-leoht + scofen and scynded. Eode scealc monig +920 swieth-hicgende to sele þam hean, + searo-wundor seon, swylce self cyning, + of bryd-bure beah-horda weard, + tryddode tir-faest getrume micle, + cystum gecyethed, and his cwen mid him +925 medo-stig gemaet maegetha hose. + + +XV. HROTHGAR'S GRATULATION. + + Hroethgar maethelode (he to healle geong, + stod on stapole, geseah steapne hrof + golde fahne and Grendles hond): + "þisse ansyne al-wealdan þanc +930 "lungre gelimpe! Fela ic laethes gebad, + "grynna aet Grendle: a maeg god wyrcan + "wunder aefter wundre, wuldres hyrde! + "Þaet waes ungeara, þaet ic aenigra me + "weana ne wende to widan feore +935 "bote gebidan þonne blode fah + "husa selest heoro-dreorig stod; + "wea wid-scofen witena gehwylcne + "þara þe ne wendon, þaet hie wide-ferheth + "leoda land-geweorc laethum beweredon +940 "scuccum and scinnum. Nu scealc hafaeth + "þurh drihtnes miht daed gefremede, + "þe we ealle aer ne meahton + "snyttrum besyrwan. Hwaet! þaet secgan maeg + "efne swa hwylc maegetha, swa þone magan cende +945 "aefter gum-cynnum, gyf heo gyt lyfaeth, + "þaet hyre eald-metod este waere + "bearn-gebyrdo. Nu ic Beowulf + "þec, secg betsta, me for sunu wylle + "freogan on ferhethe; heald foreth tela +950 "niwe sibbe. Ne bieth þe naenigra gad + "worolde wilna, þe ic geweald haebbe. + "Ful-oft ic for laessan lean teohhode + "hord-weorethunge hnahran rince, + "saemran aet saecce. Þu þe self hafast +955 "daedum gefremed, þaet þin dom lyfaeth + "awa to aldre. Alwalda þec + "gode forgylde, swa he nu gyt dyde!" + Beowulf maethelode, bearn Ecgþeowes: + "We þaet ellen-weorc estum miclum, +960 "feohtan fremedon, frecne geneethdon + "eafoeth uncuethes; uethe ic swiethor, + "þaet þu hinc selfne geseon moste, + "feond on fraetewum fyl-werigne! + "Ic hine hraedlice heardan clammum +965 "on wael-bedde wriethan þohte, + "þaet he for mund-gripe minum scolde + "licgean lif-bysig, butan his lic swice; + "ic hine ne mihte, þa metod nolde, + "ganges getwaeman, no ic him þaes georne aetfealh, +970 "feorh-geniethlan; waes to fore-mihtig + "feond on feethe. Hwaeethere he his folme forlet + "to lif-wraethe last weardian, + "earm and eaxle; no þaer aenige swa þeah + "fea-sceaft guma frofre gebohte: +975 "no þy leng leofaeth laeth-geteona + "synnum geswenced, ac hyne sar hafaeth + "in nyd-gripe nearwe befongen, + "balwon bendum: þaer abidan sceal + "maga mane fah miclan domes, +980 "hu him scir metod scrifan wille." + Þa waes swigra secg, sunu Ecglafes, + on gylp-spraece gueth-geweorca, + siethethan aeethelingas eorles craefte + ofer heahne hrof hand sceawedon, +985 feondes fingras, foran aeghwylc; + waes stede naegla gehwylc, style gelicost, + haeethenes hand-sporu hilde-rinces + egle unheoru; aeg-hwylc gecwaeeth, + þaet him heardra nan hrinan wolde +990 iren aer-god, þaet þaes ahlaecan + blodge beadu-folme onberan wolde. + + +XVI. THE BANQUET AND THE GIFTS. + + Þa waes haten hreethe Heort innan-weard + folmum gefraetwod: fela þaera waes + wera and wifa, þe þaet win-reced, +995 gest-sele gyredon. Gold-fag scinon + web aefter wagum, wundor-siona fela + secga gehwylcum þara þe on swylc staraeth + Waes þaet beorhte bold tobrocen swiethe + eal inne-weard iren-bendum faest, +1000 heorras tohlidene; hrof ana genaes + ealles ansund, þa se aglaeca + fyren-daedum fag on fleam gewand, + aldres or-wena. No þaet yethe byeth + to befleonne (fremme se þe wille!) +1005 ac gesacan sceal sawl-berendra + nyde genydde niethetha bearna + grund-buendra gearwe stowe, + þaer his lic-homa leger-bedde faest + swefeeth aefter symle. Þa waes sael and mael, +1010 þaet to healle gang Healfdenes sunu; + wolde self cyning symbel þicgan. + Ne gefraegen ic þa maegethe maran weorode + ymb hyra sinc-gyfan sel gebaeran. + Bugon þa to bence blaed-agende, +1015 fylle gefaegon. Faegere geþaegon + medo-ful manig magas + þara + swieth-hicgende on sele þam hean, + Hroethgar and Hroethulf. Heorot innan waes + freondum afylled; nalles facen-stafas +1020 Þeod-Scyldingas þenden fremedon. + Forgeaf þa Beowulfe bearn Healfdenes + segen gyldenne sigores to leane, + hroden hilte-cumbor, helm and byrnan; + maere maethethum-sweord manige gesawon +1025 beforan beorn beran. Beowulf geþah + ful on flette; no he þaere feoh-gyfte + for sceotendum scamigan þorfte, + ne gefraegn ic freondlicor feower madmas + golde gegyrede gum-manna fela +1030 in ealo-bence oethrum gesellan. + Ymb þaes helmes hrof heafod-beorge + wirum bewunden walan utan heold, + þaet him fela lafe frecne ne meahton + scur-heard sceethethan, þonne scyld-freca +1035 ongean gramum gangan scolde. + Heht þa eorla hleo eahta mearas, + faeted-hleore, on flet teon + in under eoderas; þara anum stod + sadol searwum fah since gewurethad, +1040 þaet waes hilde-setl heah-cyninges, + þonne sweorda gelac sunu Healfdenes + efnan wolde; naefre on ore laeg + wid-cuethes wig, þonne walu feollon. + And þa Beowulfe bega gehwaeethres +1045 eodor Ingwina onweald geteah, + wicga and waepna; het hine wel brucan. + Swa manlice maere þeoden, + hord-weard haeleetha heaetho-raesas geald + mearum and madmum, swa hy naefre man lyheth, +1050 se þe secgan wile soeth aefter rihte. + + +XVII. SONG OF HROTHGAR'S POET--THE LAY OF HNAEF AND HENGEST. + + Þa gyt aeghwylcum eorla drihten + þara þe mid Beowulfe brim-lade teah, + on þaere medu-bence maethethum gesealde, + yrfe-lafe, and þone aenne heht +1055 golde forgyldan, þone þe Grendel aer + mane acwealde, swa he hyra ma wolde, + nefne him witig god wyrd forstode + and þaes mannes mod: metod eallum weold + gumena cynnes, swa he nu git deeth; +1060 forþan bieth andgit aeghwaer selest, + ferhethes fore-þanc! fela sceal gebidan + leofes and laethes, se þe longe her + on þyssum win-dagum worolde bruceeth. + Þaer waes sang and sweg samod aetgaedere +1065 fore Healfdenes hilde-wisan, + gomen-wudu greted, gid oft wrecen, + þonne heal-gamen Hroethgares scop + aefter medo-bence maenan scolde + Finnes eaferum, þa hie se faer begeat: +1070 "Haeleeth Healfdenes, Hnaef Scyldinga, + "in Fr..es waele feallan scolde. + "Ne huru Hildeburh herian þorfte + "Eotena treowe: unsynnum weareth + "beloren leofum aet þam lind-plegan +1075 "bearnum and broethrum; hie on gebyrd hruron + "gare wunde; þaet waes geomuru ides. + "Nalles holinga Hoces dohtor + "meotod-sceaft bemearn, syethethan morgen com, + "þa heo under swegle geseon meahte +1080 "morethor-bealo maga, þaer heo aer maeste heold + "worolde wynne: wig ealle fornam + "Finnes þegnas, nemne feaum anum, + "þaet he ne mehte on þaem meethel-stede + "wig Hengeste wiht gefeohtan, +1085 "ne þa wea-lafe wige forþringan + "þeodnes þegne; ac hig him geþingo budon, + "þaet hie him oether flet eal gerymdon, + "healle and heah-setl, þaet hie healfre geweald + "wieth Eotena bearn agan moston, +1090 "and aet feoh-gyftum Folcwaldan sunu + "dogra gehwylce Dene weorethode, + "Hengestes heap hringum wenede, + "efne swa swiethe sinc-gestreonum + "faettan goldes, swa he Fresena cyn +1095 "on beor-sele byldan wolde. + "Þa hie getruwedon on twa healfa + "faeste frioethu-waere; Fin Hengeste + "elne unflitme aethum benemde, + "þaet he þa wea-lafe weotena dome +1100 "arum heolde, þaet þaer aenig mon + "wordum ne worcum waere ne braece, + "ne þurh inwit-searo aefre gemaenden, + "þeah hie hira beag-gyfan banan folgedon + "þeoden-lease, þa him swa geþearfod waes: +1105 "gyf þonne Frysna hwylc frecnan spraece + "þaes morethor-hetes myndgiend waere, + "þonne hit sweordes ecg syethethan scolde. + "Aeth waes geaefned and icge gold + "ahaefen of horde. Here-Scyldinga +1110 "betst beado-rinca waes on bael gearu; + "aet þaem ade waes eeth-gesyne + "swat-fah syrce, swyn eal-gylden, + "eofer iren-heard, aeetheling manig + "wundum awyrded; sume on waele crungon. +1115 "Het þa Hildeburh aet Hnaefes ade + "hire selfre sunu sweoloethe befaestan, + "ban-fatu baernan and on bael don. + "Earme on eaxle ides gnornode, + "geomrode giddum; gueth-rinc astah. +1120 "Wand to wolcnum wael-fyra maest, + "hlynode for hlawe; hafelan multon, + "ben-geato burston, þonne blod aetspranc + "laeth-bite lices. Lig ealle forswealg, + "gaesta gifrost, þara þe þaer gueth fornam +1125 "bega folces; waes hira blaed scacen. + + +XVIII. THE GLEEMAN'S TALE IS ENDED. + + "Gewiton him þa wigend wica neosian, + "freondum befeallen Frysland geseon, + "hamas and hea-burh. Hengest þa gyt + "wael-fagne winter wunode mid Finne +1130 "ealles unhlitme; eard gemunde, + "þeah þe he ne meahte on mere drifan + "hringed-stefnan; holm storme weol, + "won wieth winde; winter yethe beleac + "is-gebinde oeth þaet oether com +1135 "gear in geardas, swa nu gyt deeth, + "þa þe syngales sele bewitiaeth, + "wuldor-torhtan weder. Þa waes winter scacen, + "faeger foldan bearm; fundode wrecca, + "gist of geardum; he to gyrn-wraece +1140 "swiethor þohte, þonne to sae-lade, + "gif he torn-gemot þurhteon mihte, + "þaet he Eotena bearn inne gemunde. + "Swa he ne forwyrnde worold-raedenne, + "þonne him Hunlafing hilde-leoman, +1145 "billa selest, on bearm dyde: + "þaes waeron mid Eotenum ecge cuethe. + "Swylce ferheth-frecan Fin eft begeat + "sweord-bealo sliethen aet his selfes ham, + "siethethan grimne gripe Guethlaf ond Oslaf +1150 "aefter sae-siethe sorge maendon, + "aetwiton weana dael; ne meahte waefre mod + "forhabban in hreethre. Þa waes heal hroden + "feonda feorum, swilce Fin slaegen, + "cyning on corethre, and seo cwen numen. +1155 "Sceotend Scyldinga to scypum feredon + "eal in-gesteald eoreth-cyninges, + "swylce hie aet Finnes ham findan meahton + "sigla searo-gimma. Hie on sae-lade + "drihtlice wif to Denum feredon, +1160 "laeddon to leodum." Leoeth waes asungen, + gleo-mannes gyd. Gamen eft astah, + beorhtode benc-sweg, byrelas sealdon + win of wunder-fatum. Þa cwom Wealhþeo foreth + gan under gyldnum beage, þaer þa godan twegen +1165 saeton suhter-gefaederan; þa gyt waes hiera sib aetgaedere + aeghwylc oethrum trywe. Swylce þaer Unfereth þyle + aet fotum saet frean Scyldinga: gehwylc hiora his ferhethe treowde, + þaet he haefde mod micel, þeah þe he his magum naere + arfaest aet ecga gelacum. Spraec þa ides Scyldinga: +1170 "Onfoh þissum fulle, freo-drihten min, + "sinces brytta; þu on saelum wes, + "gold-wine gumena, and to Geatum sprec + "mildum wordum! Swa sceal man don. + "Beo wieth Geatas glaed, geofena gemyndig; +1175 "nean and feorran þu nu friethu hafast. + "Me man saegde, þaet þu þe for sunu wolde + "here-rinc habban. Heorot is gefaelsod, + "beah-sele beorhta; bruc þenden þu mote + "manigra meda and þinum magum laef +1180 "folc and rice, þonne þu foreth scyle + "metod-sceaft seon. Ic minne can + "glaedne Hroethulf, þaet he þa geogoethe wile + "arum healdan, gyf þu aer þonne he, + "wine Scildinga, worold oflaetest; +1185 "wene ic, þaet he mid gode gyldan wille + "uncran eaferan, gif he þaet eal gemon, + "hwaet wit to willan and to woreth-myndum + "umbor wesendum aer arna gefremedon." + Hwearf þa bi bence, þaer hyre byre waeron, +1190 Hreethric and Hroethmund, and haeleetha bearn, + giogoeth aetgaedere; þaer se goda saet + Beowulf Geata be þaem gebroethrum twaem. + + +XIX. BEOWULF'S JEWELLED COLLAR. THE HEROES REST. + + Him waes ful boren and freond-laethu + wordum bewaegned and wunden gold +1195 estum geeawed, earm-hreade twa, + hraegl and hringas, heals-beaga maest + þara þe ic on foldan gefraegen haebbe. + Naenigne ic under swegle selran hyrde + hord-maethethum haeleetha, syethethan Hama aetwaeg +1200 to þaere byrhtan byrig Brosinga mene, + sigle and sinc-faet, searo-niethas fealh + Eormenrices, geceas ecne raed. + Þone hring haefde Higelac Geata, + nefa Swertinges, nyhstan siethe, +1205 siethethan he under segne sinc ealgode, + wael-reaf werede; hyne Wyrd fornam, + syethethan he for wlenco wean ahsode, + faehethe to Frysum; he þa fraetwe waeg, + eorclan-stanas ofer yetha ful, +1210 rice þeoden, he under rande gecranc; + gehwearf þa in Francna faeethm feorh cyninges, + breost-gewaedu and se beah somod: + wyrsan wig-frecan wael reafedon + aefter gueth-sceare, Geata leode +1215 hrea-wic heoldon. Heal swege onfeng. + Wealhþeo maethelode, heo fore þaem werede spraec: + "Bruc þisses beages, Beowulf, leofa + "hyse, mid haele, and þisses hraegles neot + "þeod-gestreona, and geþeoh tela, +1220 "cen þec mid craefte and þyssum cnyhtum wes + "lara liethe! ic þe þaes lean geman. + "Hafast þu gefered, þaet þe feor and neah + "ealne wide-ferheth weras ehtigaeth, + "efne swa side swa sae bebugeeth +1225 "windige weallas. Wes, þenden þu lifige, + "aeetheling eadig! ic þe an tela + "sinc-gestreona. Beo þu suna minum + "daedum gedefe dream healdende! + "Her is aeghwylc eorl oethrum getrywe, +1230 "modes milde, man-drihtne hold, + "þegnas syndon geþwaere, þeod eal gearo: + "druncne dryht-guman, doeth swa ic bidde!" + Eode þa to setle. Þaer waes symbla cyst, + druncon win weras: wyrd ne cuethon, +1235 geo-sceaft grimme, swa hit agangen weareth + eorla manegum, syethethan aefen cwom + and him Hroethgar gewat to hofe sinum, + rice to raeste. Reced weardode + unrim eorla, swa hie oft aer dydon: +1240 benc-þelu beredon, hit geond-braeded weareth + beddum and bolstrum. Beor-scealca sum + fus and faege flet-raeste gebeag. + Setton him to heafdum hilde-randas, + bord-wudu beorhtan; þaer on bence waes +1245 ofer aeethelinge yeth-gesene + heaetho-steapa helm, hringed byrne, + þrec-wudu þrymlic. Waes þeaw hyra, + þaet hie oft waeron an wig gearwe, + ge aet ham ge on herge, ge gehwaeether þara +1250 efne swylce maela, swylce hira man-dryhtne + þearf gesaelde; waes seo þeod tilu. + + +XX. GRENDEL'S MOTHER ATTACKS THE RING-DANES. + + Sigon þa to slaepe. Sum sare angeald + aefen-raeste, swa him ful-oft gelamp, + siethethan gold-sele Grendel warode, +1255 unriht aefnde, oeth þaet ende becwom, + swylt aefter synnum. Þaet gesyne weareth, + wid-cueth werum, þaette wrecend þa gyt + lifde aefter laethum, lange þrage + aefter gueth-ceare; Grendles modor, +1260 ides aglaec-wif yrmethe gemunde, + se þe waeter-egesan wunian scolde, + cealde streamas, siethethan Cain weareth + to ecg-banan angan breether, + faederen-maege; he þa fag gewat, +1265 morethre gemearcod man-dream fleon, + westen warode. Þanon woc fela + geosceaft-gasta; waes þaera Grendel sum, + heoro-wearh hetelic, se aet Heorote fand + waeccendne wer wiges bidan, +1270 þaer him aglaeca aet-graepe weareth; + hwaeethre he gemunde maegenes strenge, + gim-faeste gife, þe him god sealde, + and him to anwaldan are gelyfde, + frofre and fultum: þy he þone feond ofercwom, +1275 gehnaegde helle gast: þa he hean gewat, + dreame bedaeled deaeth-wic seon, + man-cynnes feond. And his modor þa gyt + gifre and galg-mod gegan wolde + sorh-fulne sieth, suna deaeth wrecan. +1280 Com þa to Heorote, þaer Hring-Dene + geond þaet saeld swaefun. Þa þaer sona weareth + ed-hwyrft eorlum, siethethan inne fealh + Grendles modor; waes se gryre laessa + efne swa micle, swa bieth maegetha craeft, +1285 wig-gryre wifes be waepned-men, + þonne heoru bunden, hamere geþuren, + sweord swate fah swin ofer helme, + ecgum dyhtig andweard scireeth. + Þa waes on healle heard-ecg togen, +1290 sweord ofer setlum, sid-rand manig + hafen handa faest; helm ne gemunde, + byrnan side, þe hine se broga angeat. + Heo waes on ofste, wolde ut þanon + feore beorgan, þa heo onfunden waes; +1295 hraethe heo aeethelinga anne haefde + faeste befangen, þa heo to fenne gang; + se waes Hroethgare haeleetha leofost + on gesiethes had be saem tweonum, + rice rand-wiga, þone þe heo on raeste abreat, +1300 blaed-faestne beorn. Naes Beowulf þaer, + ac waes oether in aer geteohhod + aefter maethethum-gife maerum Geate. + Hream weareth on Heorote. Heo under heolfre genam + cuethe folme; cearu waes geniwod +1305 geworden in wicum: ne waes þaet gewrixle til, + þaet hie on ba healfa bicgan scoldon + freonda feorum. Þa waes frod cyning, + har hilde-rinc, on hreon mode, + syethethan he aldor-þegn unlyfigendne, +1310 þone deorestan deadne wisse. + Hraethe waes to bure Beowulf fetod, + sigor-eadig secg. Samod aer-daege + eode eorla sum, aeethele cempa + self mid gesiethum, þaer se snottra bad, +1315 hwaeethre him al-walda aefre wille + aefter wea-spelle wyrpe gefremman. + Gang þa aefter flore fyrd-wyrethe man + mid his hand-scale (heal-wudu dynede) + þaet he þone wisan wordum hnaegde +1320 frean Ingwina; fraegn gif him waere + aefter neod-laethu niht getaese. + + +XXI. SORROW AT HEOROT: AESCHERE'S DEATH. + + Hroethgar maethelode, helm Scildinga: + "Ne frin þu aefter saelum! Sorh is geniwod + "Denigea leodum. Dead is Aesc-here, +1325 "Yrmenlafes yldra broethor, + "min run-wita and min raed-bora, + "eaxl-gestealla, þonne we on orlege + "hafelan weredon, þonne hniton feethan, + "eoferas cnysedan; swylc scolde eorl wesan +1330 "aeetheling aer-god, swylc Aesc-here waes. + "Weareth him on Heorote to hand-banan + "wael-gaest waefre; ic ne wat hwaeder + "atol aese wlanc eft-siethas teah, + "fylle gefraegnod. Heo þa faehethe wraec, +1335 "þe þu gystran niht Grendel cwealdest + "þurh haestne had heardum clammum, + "forþan he to lange leode mine + "wanode and wyrde. He aet wige gecrang + "ealdres scyldig, and nu oether cwom +1340 "mihtig man-scaetha, wolde hyre maeg wrecan, + "ge feor hafaeth faehethe gestaeled, + "þaes þe þincean maeg þegne monegum, + "se þe aefter sinc-gyfan on sefan greoteeth, + "hreether-bealo hearde; nu seo hand ligeeth, +1345 "se þe eow wel-hwylcra wilna dohte. + "Ic þaet lond-buend leode mine + "sele-raedende secgan hyrde, + "þaet hie gesawon swylce twegen + "micle mearc-stapan moras healdan, +1350 "ellor-gaestas: þaera oether waes, + "þaes þe hie gewislicost gewitan meahton, + "idese onlicnes, oether earm-sceapen + "on weres waestmum wraec-lastas traed, + "naefne he waes mara þonne aenig man oether, +1355 "þone on gear-dagum Grendel nemdon + "fold-buende: no hie faeder cunnon, + "hwaeether him aenig waes aer acenned + "dyrnra gasta. Hie dygel lond + "warigeaeth, wulf-hleoethu, windige naessas, +1360 "frecne fen-gelad, þaer fyrgen-stream + "under naessa genipu niether gewiteeth, + "flod under foldan; nis þaet feor heonon + "mil-gemearces, þaet se mere standeeth, + "ofer þaem hongiaeth hrimge bearwas, +1365 "wudu wyrtum faest, waeter oferhelmaeth. + "Þaer maeg nihta gehwaem nieth-wundor seon, + "fyr on flode; no þaes frod leofaeth + "gumena bearna, þaet þone grund wite; + "þeah þe haeeth-stapa hundum geswenced, +1370 "heorot hornum trum holt-wudu sece, + "feorran geflymed, aer he feorh seleeth, + "aldor on ofre, aer he in wille, + "hafelan hydan. Nis þaet heoru stow: + "þonon yeth-geblond up astigeeth +1375 "won to wolcnum, þonne wind styreeth + "laeth gewidru, oeth þaet lyft drysmaeth, + "roderas reotaeth. Nu is raed gelang + "eft aet þe anum! Eard git ne const, + "frecne stowe, þaer þu findan miht +1380 "sinnigne secg: sec gif þu dyrre! + "Ic þe þa faehethe feo leanige, + "eald-gestreonum, swa ic aer dyde, + "wundnum golde, gyf þu on weg cymest." + + +XXII. BEOWULF SEEKS THE MONSTER IN THE HAUNTS OF THE NIXIES. + + Beowulf maethelode, bearn Ecgþeowes: +1385 "Ne sorga, snotor guma! selre bieth aeghwaem, + "þaet he his freond wrece, þonne he fela murne; + "ure aeghwylc sceal ende gebidan + "worolde lifes; wyrce se þe mote + "domes aer deaethe! þaet bieth driht-guman +1390 "unlifgendum aefter selest. + "Aris, rices weard; uton hraethe feran, + "Grendles magan gang sceawigan! + "Ic hit þe gehate: no he on helm losaeth, + "ne on foldan faeethm, ne on fyrgen-holt, +1395 "ne on gyfenes grund, ga þaer he wille. + "Þys dogor þu geþyld hafa + "weana gehwylces, swa ic þe wene to!" + Ahleop þa se gomela, gode þancode, + mihtigan drihtne, þaes se man gespraec. +1400 Þa waes Hroethgare hors gebaeted, + wicg wunden-feax. Wisa fengel + geatolic gengde; gum-feetha stop + lind-haebbendra. Lastas waeron + aefter wald-swaethum wide gesyne, +1405 gang ofer grundas; gegnum for þa + ofer myrcan mor, mago-þegna baer + þone selestan sawol-leasne, + þara þe mid Hroethgare ham eahtode. + Ofer-eode þa aeethelinga bearn +1410 steap stan-hlietho, stige nearwe, + enge an-paethas, un-cueth gelad, + neowle naessas, nicor-husa fela; + he feara sum beforan gengde + wisra monna, wong sceawian, +1415 oeth þaet he faeringa fyrgen-beamas + ofer harne stan hleonian funde, + wyn-leasne wudu; waeter under stod + dreorig and gedrefed. Denum eallum waes, + winum Scyldinga, weorce on mode, +1420 to geþolianne þegne monegum, + oncyeth eorla gehwaem, syethethan Aesc-heres + on þam holm-clife hafelan metton. + Flod blode weol (folc to saegon) + hatan heolfre. Horn stundum song +1425 fuslic fyrd-leoeth. Feetha eal gesaet; + gesawon þa aefter waetere wyrm-cynnes fela, + sellice sae-dracan sund cunnian, + swylce on naes-hleoethum nicras licgean, + þa on undern-mael oft bewitigaeth +1430 sorh-fulne sieth on segl-rade, + wyrmas and wil-deor; hie on weg hruron + bitere and gebolgne, bearhtm ongeaton, + gueth-horn galan. Sumne Geata leod + of flan-bogan feores getwaefde, +1435 yeth-gewinnes, þaet him on aldre stod + here-strael hearda; he on holme waes + sundes þe saenra, þe hyne swylt fornam. + Hraeethe weareth on yethum mid eofer-spreotum + heoro-hocyhtum hearde genearwod, +1440 nietha genaeged and on naes togen + wundorlic waeg-bora; weras sceawedon + gryrelicne gist. Gyrede hine Beowulf + eorl-gewaedum, nalles for ealdre mearn: + scolde here-byrne hondum gebroden, +1445 sid and searo-fah, sund cunnian, + seo þe ban-cofan beorgan cuethe, + þaet him hilde-grap hreethre ne mihte, + eorres inwit-feng, aldre gesceethethan; + ac se hwita helm hafelan werede, +1450 se þe mere-grundas mengan scolde, + secan sund-gebland since geweorethad, + befongen frea-wrasnum, swa hine fyrn-dagum + worhte waepna smieth, wundrum teode, + besette swin-licum, þaet hine syethethan no +1455 brond ne beado-mecas bitan ne meahton. + Naes þaet þonne maetost maegen-fultuma, + þaet him on þearfe lah þyle Hroethgares; + waes þaem haeft-mece Hrunting nama, + þaet waes an foran eald-gestreona; +1460 ecg waes iren ater-tearum fah, + ahyrded heaetho-swate; naefre hit aet hilde ne swac + manna aengum þara þe hit mid mundum bewand, + se þe gryre-siethas gegan dorste, + folc-stede fara; naes þaet forma sieth, +1465 þaet hit ellen-weorc aefnan scolde. + Huru ne gemunde mago Ecglafes + eafoethes craeftig, þaet he aer gespraec + wine druncen, þa he þaes waepnes onlah + selran sweord-frecan: selfa ne dorste +1470 under yetha gewin aldre geneethan, + driht-scype dreogan; þaer he dome forleas, + ellen-maerethum. Ne waes þaem oethrum swa, + syethethan he hine to guethe gegyred haefde. + + +XXIII. THE BATTLE WITH THE WATER-DRAKE. + + Beowulf maethelode, bearn Ecgþeowes: +1475 "geþenc nu, se maera maga Healfdenes, + "snottra fengel, nu ic eom siethes fus, + "gold-wine gumena, hwaet wit geo spraecon, + "gif ic aet þearfe þinre scolde + "aldre linnan, þaet þu me a waere +1480 "foreth-gewitenum on faeder staele; + "wes þu mund-bora minum mago-þegnum, + "hond-gesellum, gif mec hild nime: + "swylce þu þa madmas, þe þu me sealdest, + "Hroethgar leofa, Higelace onsend. +1485 "Maeg þonne on þaem golde ongitan Geata dryhten, + "geseon sunu Hreethles, þonne he on þaet sinc staraeth, + "þaet ic gum-cystum godne funde + "beaga bryttan, breac þonne moste. + "And þu Unfereth laet ealde lafe, +1490 "wraetlic waeg-sweord wid-cuethne man + "heard-ecg habban; ic me mid Hruntinge + "dom gewyrce, oethethe mec deaeth nimeeth." + Aefter þaem wordum Weder-Geata leod + efste mid elne, nalas andsware +1495 bidan wolde; brim-wylm onfeng + hilde-rince. Þa waes hwil daeges, + aer he þone grund-wong ongytan mehte. + Sona þaet onfunde, se þe floda begong + heoro-gifre beheold hund missera, +1500 grim and graedig, þaet þaer gumena sum + ael-wihta eard ufan cunnode. + Grap þa togeanes, gueth-rinc gefeng + atolan clommum; no þy aer in gescod + halan lice: hring utan ymb-bearh, +1505 þaet heo þone fyrd-hom þurh-fon ne mihte, + locene leoetho-syrcan laethan fingrum. + Baer þa seo brim-wylf, þa heo to botme com, + hringa þengel to hofe sinum, + swa he ne mihte no (he þaes modig waes) +1510 waepna gewealdan, ac hine wundra þaes fela + swencte on sunde, sae-deor monig + hilde-tuxum here-syrcan braec, + ehton aglaecan. Þa se eorl ongeat, + þaet he in nieth-sele nat-hwylcum waes, +1515 þaer him naenig waeter wihte ne sceethede, + ne him for hrof-sele hrinan ne mehte + faer-gripe flodes: fyr-leoht geseah, + blacne leoman beorhte scinan. + Ongeat þa se goda grund-wyrgenne, +1520 mere-wif mihtig; maegen-raes forgeaf + hilde-bille, hond swenge ne ofteah, + þaet hire on hafelan hring-mael agol + graedig gueth-leoeth. Þa se gist onfand, + þaet se beado-leoma bitan nolde, +1525 aldre sceethethan, ac seo ecg geswac + þeodne aet þearfe: þolode aer fela + hond-gemota, helm oft gescaer, + faeges fyrd-hraegl: þaet waes forma sieth + deorum maethme, þaet his dom alaeg. +1530 Eft waes an-raed, nalas elnes laet, + maeretha gemyndig maeg Hygelaces; + wearp þa wunden-mael wraettum gebunden + yrre oretta, þaet hit on eorethan laeg, + stieth and styl-ecg; strenge getruwode, +1535 mund-gripe maegenes. Swa sceal man don, + þonne he aet guethe gegan þenceeth + longsumne lof, na ymb his lif cearaeth. + Gefeng þa be eaxle (nalas for faehethe mearn) + Gueth-Geata leod Grendles modor; +1540 braegd þa beadwe heard, þa he gebolgen waes, + feorh-geniethlan, þaet heo on flet gebeah. + Heo him eft hraethe and-lean forgeald + grimman grapum and him togeanes feng; + oferwearp þa werig-mod wigena strengest, +1545 feethe-cempa, þaet he on fylle weareth. + Ofsaet þa þone sele-gyst and hyre seaxe geteah, + brad and brun-ecg wolde hire bearn wrecan, + angan eaferan. Him on eaxle laeg + breost-net broden; þaet gebearh feore, +1550 wieth ord and wieth ecge ingang forstod. + Haefde þa forsiethod sunu Ecgþeowes + under gynne grund, Geata cempa, + nemne him heaetho-byrne helpe gefremede, + here-net hearde, and halig god +1555 geweold wig-sigor, witig drihten; + rodera raedend hit on ryht gesced, + yethelice syethethan he eft astod. + + +XXIV. BEOWULF SLAYS THE SPRITE. + + Geseah þa on searwum sige-eadig bil, + eald sweord eotenisc ecgum þyhtig, +1560 wigena weoreth-mynd: þaet waes waepna cyst, + buton hit waes mare þonne aenig mon oether + to beadu-lace aetberan meahte + god and geatolic giganta geweorc. + He gefeng þa fetel-hilt, freca Scildinga, +1565 hreoh and heoro-grim hring-mael gebraegd, + aldres orwena, yrringa sloh, + þaet hire wieth halse heard grapode, + ban-hringas braec, bil eal þurh-wod + faegne flaesc-homan, heo on flet gecrong; +1570 sweord waes swatig, secg weorce gefeh. + Lixte se leoma, leoht inne stod, + efne swa of hefene hadre scineeth + rodores candel. He aefter recede wlat, + hwearf þa be wealle, waepen hafenade +1575 heard be hiltum Higelaces þegn, + yrre and an-raed. Naes seo ecg fracod + hilde-rince, ac he hraethe wolde + Grendle forgyldan gueth-raesa fela + þara þe he geworhte to West-Denum +1580 oftor micle þonne on aenne sieth, + þonne he Hroethgares heoreth-geneatas + sloh on sweofote, slaepende fraet + folces Denigea fyf-tyne men + and oether swylc ut of-ferede, +1585 laethlicu lac. He him þaes lean forgeald, + reethe cempa, to þaes þe he on raeste geseah + gueth-werigne Grendel licgan, + aldor-leasne, swa him aer gescod + hild aet Heorote; hra wide sprong, +1590 syethethan he aefter deaethe drepe þrowade, + heoro-sweng heardne, and hine þa heafde becearf, + Sona þaet gesawon snottre ceorlas, + þa þe mid Hroethgare on holm wliton, + þaet waes yeth-geblond eal gemenged, +1595 brim blode fah: blonden-feaxe + gomele ymb godne ongeador spraecon, + þaet hig þaes aeethelinges eft ne wendon, + þaet he sige-hreethig secean come + maerne þeoden; þa þaes monige geweareth, +1600 þaet hine seo brim-wylf abroten haefde. + Þa com non daeges. Naes ofgeafon + hwate Scyldingas; gewat him ham þonon + gold-wine gumena. Gistas setan, + modes seoce, and on mere staredon, +1605 wiston and ne wendon, þaet hie heora wine-drihten + selfne gesawon. Þa þaet sweord ongan + aefter heaetho-swate hilde-gicelum + wig-bil wanian; þaet waes wundra sum, + þaet hit eal gemealt ise gelicost, +1610 þonne forstes bend faeder onlaeteeth, + onwindeeth wael-rapas, se þe geweald hafaeth + saela and maela; þaet is soeth metod. + Ne nom he in þaem wicum, Weder-Geata leod, + maethm-aehta ma, þeh he þaer monige geseah, +1615 buton þone hafelan and þa hilt somod, + since fage; sweord aer gemealt, + forbarn broden mael: waes þaet blod to þaes hat, + aettren ellor-gaest, se þaer inne swealt. + Sona waes on sunde, se þe aer aet saecce gebad +1620 wig-hryre wraethra, waeter up þurh-deaf; + waeron yeth-gebland eal gefaelsod, + eacne eardas, þa se ellor-gast + oflet lif-dagas and þas laenan gesceaft. + Com þa to lande lid-manna helm +1625 swieth-mod swymman, sae-lace gefeah, + maegen-byrethenne þara þe he him mid haefde. + Eodon him þa togeanes, gode þancodon, + þryethlic þegna heap, þeodnes gefegon, + þaes þe hi hyne gesundne geseon moston. +1630 Þa waes of þaem hroran helm and byrne + lungre alysed: lagu drusade, + waeter under wolcnum, wael-dreore fag. + Ferdon foreth þonon feethe-lastum + ferhethum faegne, fold-weg maeton, +1635 cuethe straete; cyning-balde men + from þaem holm-clife hafelan baeron + earfoethlice heora aeghwaeethrum + fela-modigra: feower scoldon + on ethaem wael-stenge weorcum geferian +1640 to þaem gold-sele Grendles heafod, + oeth þaet semninga to sele comon + frome fyrd-hwate feower-tyne + Geata gongan; gum-dryhten mid + modig on gemonge meodo-wongas traed. +1645 Þa com in gan ealdor þegna, + daed-cene mon dome gewurethad, + haele hilde-deor. Hroethgar gretan: + Þa waes be feaxe on flet boren + Grendles heafod, þaer guman druncon, +1650 egeslic for eorlum and þaere idese mid: + wlite-seon wraetlic weras onsawon. + + +XXV. HROTHGAR'S GRATITUDE: HE DISCOURSES. + + Beowulf maethelode, bearn Ecgþeowes: + "Hwaet! we þe þas sae-lac, sunu Healfdenes, + "leod Scyldinga, lustum brohton, +1655 "tires to tacne, þe þu her to locast. + "Ic þaet unsofte ealdre gedigde: + "wige under waetere weorc geneethde + "earfoethlice, aet-rihte waes + "gueth getwaefed, nymethe mec god scylde. +1660 "Ne meahte ic aet hilde mid Hruntinge + "wiht gewyrcan, þeah þaet waepen duge, + "ac me geuethe ylda waldend, + "þaet ic on wage geseah wlitig hangian + "eald sweord eacen (oftost wisode +1665 "winigea leasum) þaet ic þy waepne gebraed. + "Ofsloh þa aet þaere saecce (þa me sael ageald) + "huses hyrdas. Þa þaet hilde-bil + "forbarn, brogden mael, swa þaet blod gesprang, + "hatost heaetho-swata: ic þaet hilt þanan +1670 "feondum aetferede; fyren-daeda wraec, + "deaeth-cwealm Denigea, swa hit gedefe waes. + "Ic hit þe þonne gehate, þaet þu on Heorote most + "sorh-leas swefan mid þinra secga gedryht, + "and þegna gehwylc þinra leoda, +1675 "duguethe and iogoethe, þaet þu him ondraedan ne þearft, + "þeoden Scyldinga, on þa healfe, + "aldor-bealu eorlum, swa þu aer dydest." + Þa waes gylden hilt gamelum rince. + harum hild-fruman, on hand gyfen, +1680 enta aer-geweorc, hit on aeht gehwearf + aefter deofla hryre Denigea frean, + wundor-smietha geweorc, and þa þas worold ofgeaf + grom-heort guma, godes andsaca, + morethres scyldig, and his modor eac; +1685 on geweald gehwearf worold-cyninga + þaem selestan be saem tweonum + þara þe on Sceden-igge sceattas daelde. + Hroethgar maethelode, hylt sceawode, + ealde lafe, on þaem waes or writen +1690 fyrn-gewinnes: syethethan flod ofsloh, + gifen geotende, giganta cyn, + frecne geferdon: þaet waes fremde þeod + ecean dryhtne, him þaes ende-lean + þurh waeteres wylm waldend sealde. +1695 Swa waes on þaem scennum sciran goldes + þurh run-stafas rihte gemearcod, + geseted and gesaed, hwam þaet sweord geworht, + irena cyst aerest waere, + wreoethen-hilt and wyrm-fah. Þa se wisa spraec +1700 sunu Healfdenes (swigedon ealle): + "Þaet la maeg secgan, se þe soeth and riht + "fremeeth on folce, (feor eal gemon + "eald eethel-weard), þaet þes eorl waere + "geboren betera! Blaed is araered +1705 "geond wid-wegas, wine min Beowulf, + "þin ofer þeoda gehwylce. Eal þu hit geþyldum healdest, + "maegen mid modes snyttrum. Ic þe sceal mine gelaestan + "freode, swa wit furethum spraecon; þu scealt to frofre weorethan + "eal lang-twidig leodum þinum, +1710 "haeleethum to helpe. Ne weareth Heremod swa + "eaforum Ecgwelan, Ar-Scyldingum; + "ne geweox he him to willan, ac to wael-fealle + "and to deaeth-cwalum Deniga leodum; + "breat bolgen-mod beod-geneatas, +1715 "eaxl-gesteallan, oeth þaet he ana hwearf, + "maere þeoden. mon-dreamum from: + "þeah þe hine mihtig god maegenes wynnum, + "eafeethum stepte, ofer ealle men + "foreth gefremede, hwaeethere him on ferhethe greow +1720 "breost-hord blod-reow: nallas beagas geaf + "Denum aefter dome; dream-leas gebad, + "þaet he þaes gewinnes weorc þrowade, + "leod-bealo longsum. Þu þe laer be þon, + "gum-cyste ongit! ic þis gid be þe +1725 "awraec wintrum frod. Wundor is to secganne, + "hu mihtig god manna cynne + "þurh sidne sefan snyttru bryttaeth, + "eard and eorl-scipe, he ah ealra geweald. + "Hwilum he on lufan laeteeth hworfan +1730 "monnes mod-geþonc maeran cynnes, + "seleeth him on eethle eorethan wynne, + "to healdanne hleo-burh wera, + "gedeeth him swa gewealdene worolde daelas, + "side rice, þaet he his selfa ne maeg +1735 "for his un-snyttrum ende geþencean; + "wunaeth he on wiste, no hine wiht dweleeth, + "adl ne yldo, ne him inwit-sorh + "on sefan sweorceeth, ne gesacu ohwaer, + "ecg-hete eoweeth, ac him eal worold +1740 "wendeeth on willan; he þaet wyrse ne con, + "oeth þaet him on innan ofer-hygda dael + "weaxeeth and wridaeth, þonne se weard swefeeth, + "sawele hyrde: bieth se slaep to faest, + "bisgum gebunden, bona swiethe neah, +1745 "se þe of flan-bogan fyrenum sceoteeth. + + +XXVI. THE DISCOURSE IS ENDED.--BEOWULF PREPARES TO LEAVE. + + "Þonne bieth on hreethre under helm drepen + "biteran straele: him bebeorgan ne con + "wom wundor-bebodum wergan gastes; + "þinceeth him to lytel, þaet he to lange heold, +1750 "gytsaeth grom-hydig, nallas on gylp seleeth + "faette beagas and he þa foreth-gesceaft + "forgyteeth and forgymeeth, þaes þe him aer god sealde + "wuldres waldend, weoreth-mynda dael. + "Hit on ende-staef eft gelimpeeth, +1755 "þaet se lic-homa laene gedreoseeth, + "faege gefealleeth; feheth oether to, + "se þe unmurnlice madmas daeleeth, + "eorles aer-gestreon, egesan ne gymeeth. + "Bebeorh þe þone bealo-nieth, Beowulf leofa, +1760 "secg se betsta, and þe þaet selre geceos, + "ece raedas; oferhyda ne gym, + "maere cempa! Nu is þines maegnes blaed + "ane hwile; eft sona bieth, + "þaet þec adl oethethe ecg eafoethes getwaefeeth, +1765 "oethethe fyres feng oethethe flodes wylm, + "oethethe gripe meces oethethe gares fliht, + "oethethe atol yldo, oethethe eagena bearhtm + "forsiteeth and forsworceeth; semninga bieth, + "þaet þec, dryht-guma, deaeth oferswyetheeth. +1770 "Swa ic Hring-Dena hund missera + "weold under wolcnum, and hig wige beleac + "manigum maegetha geond þysne middan-geard, + "aescum and ecgum, þaet ic me aenigne + "under swegles begong gesacan ne tealde. +1775 "Hwaet! me þaes on eethle edwenden cwom, + "gyrn aefter gomene, seoethethan Grendel weareth, + "eald-gewinna, in-genga min: + "ic þaere socne singales waeg + "mod-ceare micle. Þaes sig metode þanc, +1780 "ecean drihtne, þaes þe ic on aldre gebad, + "þaet ic on þone hafelan heoro-dreorigne + "ofer eald gewin eagum starige! + "Ga nu to setle, symbel-wynne dreoh + "wigge weorethad: unc sceal worn fela +1785 "maethma gemaenra, siethethan morgen bieth." + Geat waes glaed-mod, geong sona to, + setles neosan, swa se snottra heht. + Þa waes eft swa aer ellen-rofum, + flet-sittendum faegere gereorded +1790 niowan stefne. Niht-helm geswearc + deorc ofer dryht-gumum. Dugueth eal aras; + wolde blonden-feax beddes neosan, + gamela Scylding. Geat ungemetes wel, + rofne rand-wigan restan lyste: +1795 sona him sele-þegn siethes wergum, + feorran-cundum foreth wisade, + se for andrysnum ealle beweotede + þegnes þearfe, swylce þy dogore + heaetho-liethende habban scoldon. +1800 Reste hine þa rum-heort; reced hlifade + geap and gold-fah, gaest inne swaef, + oeth þaet hrefn blaca heofones wynne + blieth-heort bodode. Þa com beorht sunne + scacan ofer grundas; scaethan onetton, +1805 waeron aeethelingas eft to leodum + fuse to farenne, wolde feor þanon + cuma collen-ferheth ceoles neosan. + Heht þa se hearda Hrunting beran, + sunu Ecglafes, heht his sweord niman, +1810 leoflic iren; saegde him þaes leanes þanc, + cwaeeth he þone gueth-wine godne tealde, + wig-craeftigne, nales wordum log + meces ecge: þaet waes modig secg. + And þa sieth-frome searwum gearwe +1815 wigend waeron, eode weoreth Denum + aeetheling to yppan, þaer se oether waes + haele hilde-deor, Hroethgar grette. + + +XXVII. THE PARTING WORDS. + + Beowulf maethelode, bearn Ecgþeowes: + "Nu we sae-liethend secgan wyllaeth +1820 "feorran cumene, þaet we fundiaeth + "Higelac secan. Waeron her tela + "willum bewenede; þu us wel dohtest. + "Gif ic þonne on eorethan owihte maeg + "þinre mod-lufan maran tilian, +1825 "gumena dryhten, þonne ic gyt dyde, + "gueth-geweorca ic beo gearo sona. + "Gif ic þaet gefricge ofer floda begang, + "þaet þec ymbe-sittend egesan þywaeth, + "swa þec hetende hwilum dydon, +1830 "ic þe þusenda þegna bringe, + "haeleetha to helpe. Ic on Higelace wat, + "Geata dryhten, þeah þe he geong sy, + "folces hyrde, þaet he mec fremman wile + "wordum and worcum, þaet ic þe wel herige, +1835 "and þe to geoce gar-holt bere + "maegenes fultum, þaer þe bieth manna þearf; + "gif him þonne Hreethric to hofum Geata + "geþingeeth, þeodnes bearn, he maeg þaer fela + "freonda findan: feor-cyethethe beoeth +1840 "selran gesohte þaem þe him selfa deah." + Hroethgar maethelode him on andsware: + "Þe þa word-cwydas wittig drihten + "on sefan sende! ne hyrde ic snotorlicor + "on swa geongum feore guman þingian: +1845 "þu eart maegenes strang and on mode frod, + "wis word-cwida. Wen ic talige, + "gif þaet gegangeeth, þaet þe gar nymeeth, + "hild heoru-grimme Hreethles eaferan, + "adl oethethe iren ealdor þinne, +1850 "folces hyrde, and þu þin feorh hafast, + "þaet þe Sae-Geatas selran naebben + "to geceosenne cyning aenigne, + "hord-weard haeleetha, gif þu healdan wylt + "maga rice. Me þin mod-sefa +1855 "licaeth leng swa wel, leofa Beowulf: + "hafast þu gefered, þaet þam folcum sceal, + "Geata leodum and Gar-Denum + "sib gemaenum and sacu restan, + "inwit-niethas, þe hie aer drugon; +1860 "wesan, þenden ic wealde widan rices, + "maethmas gemaene, manig oetherne + "godum gegretan ofer ganotes baeeth; + "sceal hring-naca ofer heaethu bringan + "lac and luf-tacen. Ic þa leode wat +1865 "ge wieth feond ge wieth freond faeste geworhte + "aeghwaes untaele ealde wisan." + Þa git him eorla hleo inne gesealde, + mago Healfdenes maethmas twelfe, + het hine mid þaem lacum leode swaese +1870 secean on gesyntum, snude eft cuman. + Gecyste þa cyning aeethelum god, + þeoden Scildinga, þegen betstan + and be healse genam; hruron him tearas, + blonden-feaxum: him waes bega wen, +1875 ealdum infrodum, oethres swiethor, + þaet hi seoethethan geseon moston + modige on meethle. Waes him se man to þon leof, + þaet he þone breost-wylm forberan ne mehte, + ac him on hreethre hyge-bendum faest +1880 aefter deorum men dyrne langaeth + beorn wieth blode. Him Beowulf þanan, + gueth-rinc gold-wlanc graes-moldan traed, + since hremig: sae-genga bad + agend-frean, se þe on ancre rad. +1885 Þa waes on gange gifu Hroethgares + oft geaehted: þaet waes an cyning + aeghwaes orleahtre, oeth þaet hine yldo benam + maegenes wynnum, se þe oft manegum scod. + + +XXVIII. BEOWULF RETURNS TO GEATLAND.--THE QUEENS HYGD AND THRYTHO. + + Cwom þa to flode fela-modigra +1890 haeg-stealdra heap; hring-net baeron, + locene leoetho-syrcan. Land-weard onfand + eft-sieth eorla, swa he aer dyde; + no he mid hearme of hliethes nosan + gaestas grette, ac him togeanes rad; +1895 cwaeeth þaet wilcuman Wedera leodum + scawan scir-hame to scipe foron. + Þa waes on sande sae-geap naca + hladen here-waedum, hringed-stefna + mearum and maethmum: maest hlifade +1900 ofer Hroethgares hord-gestreonum. + He þaem bat-wearde bunden golde + swurd gesealde, þaet he syethethan waes + on meodu-bence maethme þy weorethra, + yrfe-lafe. Gewat him on yeth-nacan, +1905 drefan deop waeter, Dena land ofgeaf. + Þa waes be maeste mere-hraegla sum, + segl sale faest. Sund-wudu þunede, + no þaer weg-flotan wind ofer yethum + siethes getwaefde; sae-genga for, +1910 fleat famig-heals foreth ofer yethe, + bunden-stefna ofer brim-streamas, + þaet hie Geata clifu ongitan meahton, + cuethe naessas. Ceol up geþrang, + lyft-geswenced on lande stod. +1915 Hraethe waes aet holme hyeth-weard gearo, + se þe aer lange tid, leofra manna + fus, aet faroethe feor wlatode; + saelde to sande sid-faeethme scip + oncer-bendum faest, þy laes hym yetha þrym +1920 wudu wynsuman forwrecan meahte. + Het þa up beran aeethelinga gestreon, + fraetwe and faet-gold; naes him feor þanon + to gesecanne sinces bryttan: + Higelac Hreethling þaer aet ham wunaeth, +1925 selfa mid gesiethum sae-wealle neah; + bold waes betlic, brego-rof cyning, + hea on healle, Hygd swiethe geong, + wis, wel-þungen, þeah þe wintra lyt + under burh-locan gebiden haebbe +1930 Haereethes dohtor: naes hio hnah swa þeah, + ne to gneaeth gifa Geata leodum, + maethm-gestreona. Mod Þryetho waeg, + fremu folces cwen, firen ondrysne: + naenig þaet dorste deor geneethan +1935 swaesra gesietha, nefne sin-frea, + þaet hire an daeges eagum starede; + ac him wael-bende weotode tealde, + hand-gewriethene: hraethe seoethethan waes + aefter mund-gripe mece geþinged, +1940 þaet hit sceaethen-mael scyran moste, + cwealm-bealu cyethan. Ne bieth swylc cwenlic þeaw + idese to efnanne, þeah þe hio aenlicu sy, + þaette freoethu-webbe feores onsaece + aefter lige-torne leofne mannan. +1945 Huru þaet onhohsnode Heminges maeg; + ealo drincende oether saedan, + þaet hio leod-bealewa laes gefremede, + inwit-nietha, syethethan aerest weareth + gyfen gold-hroden geongum cempan, +1950 aeethelum diore, syethethan hio Offan flet + ofer fealone flod be faeder lare + siethe gesohte, þaer hio syethethan wel + in gum-stole, gode maere, + lif-gesceafta lifigende breac, +1955 hiold heah-lufan wieth haeleetha brego, + ealles mon-cynnes mine gefraege + þone selestan bi saem tweonum + eormen-cynnes; forþam Offa waes + geofum and guethum gar-cene man, +1960 wide geweorethod; wisdome heold + eethel sinne, þonon Eomaer woc + haeleethum to helpe, Heminges maeg, + nefa Garmundes, nietha craeftig. + + +XXIX. HIS ARRIVAL. HYGELAC'S RECEPTION. + + Gewat him þa se hearda mid his hond-scole +1965 sylf aefter sande sae-wong tredan, + wide waroethas. Woruld-candel scan, + sigel suethan fus: hi sieth drugon, + elne geeodon, to þaes þe eorla hleo, + bonan Ongenþeowes burgum on innan, +1970 geongne gueth-cyning godne gefrunon + hringas daelan. Higelace waes + sieth Beowulfes snude gecyethed, + þaet þaer on worethig wigendra hleo, + lind-gestealla lifigende cwom, +1975 heaetho-laces hal to hofe gongan. + Hraethe waes gerymed, swa se rica bebead, + feethe-gestum flet innan-weard. + Gesaet þa wieth sylfne, se þa saecce genaes, + maeg wieth maege, syethethan man-dryhten +1980 þurh hleoethor-cwyde holdne gegrette + meaglum wordum. Meodu-scencum + hwearf geond þaet reced Haereethes dohtor: + lufode þa leode, lieth-waege baer + haelum to handa. Higelac ongan +1985 sinne geseldan in sele þam hean + faegre fricgean, hyne fyrwet braec, + hwylce Sae-Geata siethas waeron: + "Hu lomp eow on lade, leofa Biowulf, + "þa þu faeringa feorr gehogodest, +1990 "saecce secean ofer sealt waeter, + "hilde to Hiorote? Ac þu Hroethgare + "wid-cuethne wean wihte gebettest, + "maerum þeodne? Ic þaes mod-ceare + "sorh-wylmum seaeth, siethe ne truwode +1995 "leofes mannes; ic þe lange baed, + "þaet þu þone wael-gaest wihte ne grette, + "lete Sueth-Dene sylfe geweorethan + "guethe wieth Grendel. Gode ic þanc secge, + "þaes þe ic þe gesundne geseon moste." +2000 Biowulf maethelode, bearn Ecgþiowes: + "Þaet is undyrne, dryhten Higelac, + "maere gemeting monegum fira, + "hwylc orleg-hwil uncer Grendles + "weareth on þam wange, þaer he worna fela +2005 "Sige-Scildingum sorge gefremede, + "yrmethe to aldre; ic þaet eal gewraec, + "swa ne gylpan þearf Grendeles maga + "aenig ofer eorethan uht-hlem þone, + "se þe lengest leofaeth laethan cynnes, +2010 "fenne bifongen. Ic þaer furethum cwom, + "to þam hring-sele Hroethgar gretan: + "sona me se maera mago Healfdenes, + "syethethan he mod-sefan minne cuethe, + "wieth his sylfes sunu setl getaehte. +2015 "Weorod waes on wynne; ne seah ic widan feorh + "under heofenes hwealf heal-sittendra + "medu-dream maran. Hwilum maeru cwen, + "friethu-sibb folca flet eall geond-hwearf, + "baedde byre geonge; oft hio beah-wriethan +2020 "secge sealde, aer hio to setle geong. + "Hwilum for duguethe dohtor Hroethgares + "eorlum on ende ealu-waege baer, + "þa ic Freaware flet-sittende + "nemnan hyrde, þaer hio naegled sinc +2025 "haeleethum sealde: sio gehaten waes, + "geong gold-hroden, gladum suna Frodan; + "hafaeth þaes geworden wine Scyldinga + "rices hyrde and þaet raed talaeth, + "þaet he mid þy wife wael-faehetha dael, +2030 "saecca gesette. Oft no seldan hwaer + "aefter leod-hryre lytle hwile + "bon-gar bugeeth, þeah seo bryd duge! + + +XXX. BEOWULF'S STORY OF THE SLAYINGS. + + "Maeg þaes þonne ofþyncan þeoden Heaethobeardna + "and þegna gehwam þara leoda, +2035 "þonne he mid faemnan on flett gaeeth, + "dryht-bearn Dena duguetha biwenede: + "on him gladiaeth gomelra lafe + "heard and hring-mael, Heaethobeardna gestreon, + "þenden hie þam waepnum wealdan moston, +2040 "oeth þaet hie forlaeddan to þam lind-plegan + "swaese gesiethas ond hyra sylfra feorh. + "Þonne cwieth aet beore, se þe beah gesyheth, + "eald aesc-wiga, se þe eall geman + "gar-cwealm gumena (him bieth grim sefa), +2045 "onginneeth geomor-mod geongne cempan + "þurh hreethra gehygd higes cunnian, + "wig-bealu weccean and þaet word acwyeth: + "'Meaht þu, min wine, mece gecnawan, + "'þone þin faeder to gefeohte baer +2050 "'under here-griman hindeman siethe, + "'dyre iren, þaer hyne Dene slogon, + "'weoldon wael-stowe, syethethan wiether-gyld laeg, + "'aefter haeleetha hryre, hwate Scyldungas? + "'Nu her þara banena byre nat-hwylces, +2055 "'fraetwum hremig on flet gaeeth, + "'morethres gylpeeth and þone maethethum byreeth, + "'þone þe þu mid rihte raedan sceoldest!'" + "Manaeth swa and myndgaeth maela gehwylce + "sarum wordum, oeth þaet sael cymeeth, +2060 "þaet se faemnan þegn fore faeder daedum + "aefter billes bite blod-fag swefeeth, + "ealdres scyldig; him se oether þonan + "losaeth lifigende, con him land geare. + "Þonne bioeth brocene on ba healfe +2065 "aeth-sweord eorla; syethethan Ingelde + "weallaeth wael-niethas and him wif-lufan + "aefter cear-waelmum colran weorethaeth. + "Þy ic Heaethobeardna hyldo ne telge, + "dryht-sibbe dael Denum unfaecne, +2070 "freond-scipe faestne. Ic sceal foreth sprecan + "gen ymbe Grendel, þaet þu geare cunne, + "sinces brytta, to hwan syethethan weareth + "hond-raes haeleetha. Syethethan heofones gim + "glad ofer grundas, gaest yrre cwom, +2075 "eatol aefen-grom, user neosan, + "þaer we gesunde sael weardodon; + "þaer waes Hondscio hild onsaege, + "feorh-bealu faegum, he fyrmest laeg, + "gyrded cempa; him Grendel weareth, +2080 "maerum magu-þegne to mueth-bonan, + "leofes mannes lic eall forswealg. + "No þy aer ut þa gen idel-hende + "bona blodig-toeth bealewa gemyndig, + "of þam gold-sele gongan wolde, +2085 "ac he maegnes rof min costode, + "grapode gearo-folm. Glof hangode + "sid and syllic searo-bendum faest, + "sio waes orþoncum eall gegyrwed + "deofles craeftum and dracan fellum: +2090 "he mec þaer on innan unsynnigne, + "dior daed-fruma, gedon wolde, + "manigra sumne: hyt ne mihte swa, + "syethethan ic on yrre upp-riht astod. + "To lang ys to reccenne, hu ic þam leod-sceaethan +2095 "yfla gehwylces ond-lean forgeald; + "þaer ic, þeoden min, þine leode + "weorethode weorcum. He on weg losade, + "lytle hwile lif-wynna breac; + "hwaeethre him sio swiethre swaethe weardade +2100 "hand on Hiorte and he hean þonan, + "modes geomor mere-grund gefeoll. + "Me þone wael-raes wine Scildunga + "faettan golde fela leanode, + "manegum maethmum, syethethan mergen com +2105 "and we to symble geseten haefdon. + "Þaer waes gidd and gleo; gomela Scilding + "fela fricgende feorran rehte; + "hwilum hilde-deor hearpan wynne, + "gomen-wudu grette; hwilum gyd awraec +2110 "soeth and sarlic; hwilum syllic spell + "rehte aefter rihte rum-heort cyning. + "Hwilum eft ongan eldo gebunden, + "gomel gueth-wiga gioguethe cwiethan + "hilde-strengo; hreether inne weoll, +2115 "þonne he wintrum frod worn gemunde. + "Swa we þaer inne andlangne daeg + "niode naman, oeth þaet niht becwom + "oether to yldum. Þa waes eft hraethe + "gearo gyrn-wraece Grendeles modor, +2120 "siethode sorh-full; sunu deaeth fornam, + "wig-hete Wedra. Wif unhyre + "hyre bearn gewraec, beorn acwealde + "ellenlice; þaer waes Aesc-here, + "frodan fyrn-witan, feorh uethgenge; +2125 "noether hy hine ne moston, syethethan mergen cwom, + "deaeth-werigne Denia leode + "bronde forbaernan, ne on bael hladan + "leofne mannan: hio þaet lic aetbaer + "feondes faeethmum under firgen-stream. +2130 "Þaet waes Hroethgare hreowa tornost + "þara þe leod-fruman lange begeate; + "þa se þeoden mec þine life + "healsode hreoh-mod, þaet ic on holma geþring + "eorl-scipe efnde, ealdre geneethde, +2135 "maeretho fremede: he me mede gehet. + "Ic þa þaes waelmes, þe is wide cueth, + "grimne gryrelicne grund-hyrde fond. + "Þaer unc hwile waes hand gemaene; + "holm heolfre weoll and ic heafde becearf +2140 "in þam grund-sele Grendeles modor + "eacnum ecgum, unsofte þonan + "feorh oethferede; naes ic faege þa gyt, + "ac me eorla hleo eft gesealde + "maethma menigeo, maga Healfdenes. + + +XXXI. HE GIVES PRESENTS TO HYGELAC. HYGELAC REWARDS HIM. HYGELAC'S DEATH. + BEOWULF REIGNS. + +2145 "Swa se þeod-kyning þeawum lyfde; + "nealles ic þam leanum forloren haefde, + "maegnes mede, ac he me maethmas geaf, + "sunu Healfdenes, on sinne sylfes dom; + "þa ic þe, beorn-cyning, bringan wylle, +2150 "estum geywan. Gen is eall aet þe + "lissa gelong: ic lyt hafo + "heafod-maga, nefne Hygelac þec!" + Het þa in beran eafor, heafod-segn, + heaetho-steapne helm, hare byrnan, +2155 gueth-sweord geatolic, gyd aefter wraec: + "Me þis hilde-sceorp Hroethgar sealde, + "snotra fengel, sume worde het, + "þaet ic his aerest þe eft gesaegde, + "cwaeeth þaet hyt haefde Hiorogar cyning, +2160 "leod Scyldunga lange hwile: + "no þy aer suna sinum syllan wolde, + "hwatum Heorowearde, þeah he him hold waere, + "breost-gewaedu. Bruc ealles well!" + Hyrde ic þaet þam fraetwum feower mearas +2165 lungre gelice last weardode, + aeppel-fealuwe; he him est geteah + meara and maethma. Swa sceal maeg don, + nealles inwit-net oethrum bregdan, + dyrnum craefte deaeth renian +2170 hond-gesteallan. Hygelace waes, + nietha heardum, nefa swyethe hold + and gehwaeether oethrum hroethra gemyndig. + Hyrde ic þaet he þone heals-beah Hygde gesealde, + wraetlicne wundur-maethethum, þone þe him Wealhþeo geaf, +2175 þeodnes dohtor, þrio wicg somod + swancor and sadol-beorht; hyre syethethan waes + aefter beah-þege breost geweorethod. + Swa bealdode bearn Ecgþeowes, + guma guethum cueth, godum daedum, +2180 dreah aefter dome, nealles druncne slog + heoreth-geneatas; naes him hreoh sefa, + ac he man-cynnes maeste craefte + gin-faestan gife, þe him god sealde, + heold hilde-deor. Hean waes lange, +2185 swa hyne Geata bearn godne ne tealdon, + ne hyne on medo-bence micles wyrethne + drihten wereda gedon wolde; + swyethe oft saegdon, þaet he sleac waere, + aeetheling unfrom: edwenden cwom +2190 tir-eadigum menn torna gehwylces. + Het þa eorla hleo in gefetian, + heaetho-rof cyning, Hreethles lafe, + golde gegyrede; naes mid Geatum þa + sinc-maethethum selra on sweordes had; +2195 þaet he on Biowulfes bearm alegde, + and him gesealde seofan þusendo, + bold and brego-stol. Him waes bam samod + on þam leod-scipe lond gecynde, + eard eethel-riht, oethrum swiethor +2200 side rice, þam þaer selra waes. + Eft þaet geiode ufaran dogrum + hilde-hlaemmum, syethethan Hygelac laeg + and Heardrede hilde-meceas + under bord-hreoethan to bonan wurdon, +2205 þa hyne gesohtan on sige-þeode + hearde hilde-frecan, Heaetho-Scilfingas, + nietha genaegdan nefan Hererices. + Syethethan Beowulfe brade rice + on hand gehwearf: he geheold tela +2210 fiftig wintru (waes þa frod cyning, + eald eethel-weard), oeth þaet an ongan + deorcum nihtum draca ricsian, + se þe on heare haeethe hord beweotode, + stan-beorh steapne: stig under laeg, +2215 eldum uncueth. Þaer on innan giong + nietha nat-hwylces neode gefeng + haeethnum horde hond . d . . geþ . . hwylc + since fahne, he þaet syethethan . . . . . + . . . þ . . . leth . þ . . l . g +2220 slaepende be fyre, fyrena hyrde + þeofes craefte, þaet sie . . . . ethioeth . . . . . + . idh . folc-beorn, þaet he gebolgen waes. + + +XXXII. THE FIRE-DRAKE. THE HOARD. + + Nealles mid geweoldum wyrm-horda . . . craeft + sohte sylfes willum, se þe him sare gesceod, +2225 ac for þrea-nedlan þeow nat-hwylces + haeleetha bearna hete-swengeas fleah, + for ofer-þearfe and þaer inne fealh + secg syn-bysig. Sona in þa tide + þaet . . . . . þam gyste . . . . br . g . stod, +2230 hwaeethre earm-sceapen . . . . . . . + . . eth . . . sceapen o . . . . i r . . e se faes begeat, + sinc-faet geseah: þaer waes swylcra fela + in þam eoreth-scraefe aer-gestreona, + swa hy on gear-dagum gumena nat-hwylc +2235 eormen-lafe aeethelan cynnes + þanc-hycgende þaer gehydde, + deore maethmas. Ealle hie deaeth fornam + aerran maelum, and se an þa gen + leoda duguethe, se þaer lengest hwearf, +2240 weard wine-geomor wiscte þaes yldan, + þaet he lytel faec long-gestreona + brucan moste. Beorh eal gearo + wunode on wonge waeter-yethum neah, + niwe be naesse nearo-craeftum faest: +2245 þaer on innan baer eorl-gestreona + hringa hyrde hard-fyrdne dael + faettan goldes, fea worda cwaeeth: + "Heald þu nu, hruse, nu haeleeth ne moston, + "eorla aehte. Hwaet! hit aer on þe +2250 "gode begeaton; gueth-deaeth fornam, + "feorh-bealo frecne fyra gehwylcne, + "leoda minra, þara þe þis lif ofgeaf, + "gesawon sele-dream. Nah hwa sweord wege + "oethethe fetige faeted waege, +2255 "drync-faet deore: dugueth ellor scoc. + "Sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde + "faetum befeallen: feormiend swefaeth, + "þa þe beado-griman bywan sceoldon, + "ge swylce seo here-pad, sio aet hilde gebad +2260 "ofer borda gebraec bite irena, + "brosnaeth aefter beorne. Ne maeg byrnan hring + "aefter wig-fruman wide feran + "haeleethum be healfe; naes hearpan wyn, + "gomen gleo-beames, ne god hafoc +2265 "geond sael swingeeth, ne se swifta mearh + "burh-stede beateeth. Bealo-cwealm hafaeth + "fela feorh-cynna feorr onsended!" + Swa giomor-mod giohetho maende, + an aefter eallum unbliethe hweop, +2270 daeges and nihtes, oeth þaet deaethes wylm + hran aet heortan. Hord-wynne fond + eald uht-sceaetha opene standan, + se þe byrnende biorgas seceeth + nacod nieth-draca, nihtes fleogeeth +2275 fyre befangen; hyne fold-buend + wide gesawon. He gewunian sceall + hlaw under hrusan, þaer he haeethen gold + waraeth wintrum frod; ne byeth him wihte þe sel. + Swa se þeod-sceaetha þreo hund wintra +2280 heold on hrusan hord-aerna sum + eacen-craeftig, oeth þaet hyne an abealh + mon on mode: man-dryhtne baer + faeted waege, frioetho-waere baed + hlaford sinne. Þa waes hord rasod, +2285 onboren beaga hord, bene getiethad + fea-sceaftum men. Frea sceawode + fira fyrn-geweorc forman siethe. + Þa se wyrm onwoc, wroht waes geniwad; + stonc þa aefter stane, stearc-heort onfand +2290 feondes fot-last; he to foreth gestop, + dyrnan craefte, dracan heafde neah. + Swa maeg unfaege eaethe gedigan + wean and wraec-sieth, se þe waldendes + hyldo gehealdeeth. Hord-weard sohte +2295 georne aefter grunde, wolde guman findan, + þone þe him on sweofote sare geteode: + hat and hreoh-mod hlaew oft ymbe hwearf, + ealne utan-weardne; ne þaer aenig mon + waes on þaere westenne. Hwaeethre hilde gefeh, +2300 beado-weorces: hwilum on beorh aethwearf, + sinc-faet sohte; he þaet sona onfand, + þaet haefde gumena sum goldes gefandod + heah-gestreona. Hord-weard onbad + earfoethlice, oeth þaet aefen cwom; +2305 waes þa gebolgen beorges hyrde, + wolde se laetha lige forgyldan + drinc-faet dyre. Þa waes daeg sceacen + wyrme on willan, no on wealle leng + bidan wolde, ac mid baele for, +2310 fyre gefysed. Waes se fruma egeslic + leodum on lande, swa hyt lungre weareth + on hyra sinc-gifan sare geendod. + + +XXXIII. BEOWULF RESOLVES TO KILL THE FIRE-DRAKE. + + Þa se gaest ongan gledum spiwan, + beorht hofu baernan; bryne-leoma stod +2315 eldum on andan; no þaer aht cwices + laeth lyft-floga laefan wolde. + Waes þaes wyrmes wig wide gesyne, + nearo-fages nieth nean and feorran, + hu se gueth-sceaetha Geata leode +2320 hatode and hynde: hord eft gesceat, + dryht-sele dyrnne aer daeges hwile. + Haefde land-wara lige befangen, + baele and bronde; beorges getruwode, + wiges and wealles: him seo wen geleah. +2325 Þa waes Biowulfe broga gecyethed + snude to soethe, þaet his sylfes him + bolda selest bryne-wylmum mealt, + gif-stol Geata. Þaet þam godan waes + hreow on hreethre, hyge-sorga maest: +2330 wende se wisa, þaet he wealdende, + ofer ealde riht, ecean dryhtne + bitre gebulge: breost innan weoll + þeostrum geþoncum, swa him geþywe ne waes. + Haefde lig-draca leoda faesten, +2335 ea-lond utan, eoreth-weard þone + gledum forgrunden. Him þaes gueth-cyning, + Wedera þioden, wraece leornode. + Heht him þa gewyrcean wigendra hleo + eall-irenne, eorla dryhten +2340 wig-bord wraetlic; wisse he gearwe, + þaet him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, + lind wieth lige. Sceolde laen-daga + aeetheling aer-god ende gebidan + worulde lifes and se wyrm somod; +2345 þeah þe hord-welan heolde lange. + Oferhogode þa hringa fengel, + þaet he þone wid-flogan weorode gesohte, + sidan herge; no he him þa saecce ondred, + ne him þaes wyrmes wig for wiht dyde, +2350 eafoeth and ellen; forþon he aer fela + nearo neethende nietha gedigde, + hilde-hlemma, syethethan he Hroethgares, + sigor-eadig secg, sele faelsode + and aet guethe forgrap Grendeles maegum, +2355 laethan cynnes. No þaet laesest waes + hond-gemota, þaer mon Hygelac sloh, + syethethan Geata cyning guethe raesum, + frea-wine folces Freslondum on, + Hreethles eafora hioro-dryncum swealt, +2360 bille gebeaten; þonan Biowulf com + sylfes craefte, sund-nytte dreah; + + haefde him on earme ... XXX + hilde-geatwa, þa he to holme stag. + Nealles Hetware hremge þorfton +2365 feethe-wiges, þe him foran ongean + linde baeron: lyt eft becwom + fram þam hild-frecan hames niosan. + Oferswam þa sioleetha bigong sunu Ecgþeowes, + earm an-haga eft to leodum, +2370 þaer him Hygd gebead hord and rice, + beagas and brego-stol: bearne ne truwode, + þaet he wieth ael-fylcum eethel-stolas + healdan cuethe, þa waes Hygelac dead. + No þy aer fea-sceafte findan meahton +2375 aet þam aeethelinge aenige þinga, + þaet he Heardrede hlaford waere, + oethethe þone cyne-dom ciosan wolde; + hwaeethre he him on folce freond-larum heold, + estum mid are, oeth þaet he yldra weareth, +2380 Weder-Geatum weold. Hyne wraec-maecgas + ofer sae sohtan, suna Ohteres: + haefdon hy forhealden helm Scylfinga, + þone selestan sae-cyninga, + þara þe in Swio-rice sinc brytnade, +2385 maerne þeoden. Him þaet to mearce weareth; + he þaer orfeorme feorh-wunde hleat + sweordes swengum, sunu Hygelaces; + and him eft gewat Ongenþiowes bearn + hames niosan, syethethan Heardred laeg; +2390 let þone brego-stol Biowulf healdan, + Geatum wealdan: þaet waes god cyning. + + +XXXIV. RETROSPECT OF BEOWULF.--STRIFE BETWEEN SWEONAS AND GEATAS. + + Se þaes leod-hryres lean gemunde + uferan dogrum, Eadgilse weareth + fea-sceaftum feond. Folce gestepte +2395 ofer sae side sunu Ohteres + wigum and waepnum: he gewraec syethethan + cealdum cear-siethum, cyning ealdre bineat. + Swa he nietha gehwane genesen haefde, + sliethra geslyhta, sunu Ecgþiowes, +2400 ellen-weorca, oeth þone anne daeg, + þe he wieth þam wyrme gewegan sceolde. + Gewat þa twelfa sum torne gebolgen + dryhten Geata dracan sceawian; + haefde þa gefrunen, hwanan sio faeheth aras, +2405 bealo-nieth biorna; him to bearme cwom + maethethum-faet maere þurh þaes meldan hond, + Se waes on þam þreate þreotteoetha secg, + se þaes orleges or onstealde, + haeft hyge-giomor, sceolde hean þonon +2410 wong wisian: he ofer willan giong + to þaes þe he eoreth-sele anne wisse, + hlaew under hrusan holm-wylme neh, + yeth-gewinne, se waes innan full + wraetta and wira: weard unhiore, +2415 gearo gueth-freca, gold-maethmas heold, + eald under eorethan; naes þaet yethe ceap, + to gegangenne gumena aenigum. + Gesaet þa on naesse nieth-heard cyning, + þenden haelo abead heoreth-geneatum +2420 gold-wine Geata: him waes geomor sefa, + waefre and wael-fus, Wyrd ungemete neah, + se þone gomelan gretan sceolde, + secean sawle hord, sundur gedaelan + lif wieth lice: no þon lange waes +2425 feorh aeethelinges flaesce bewunden. + Biowulf maethelade, bearn Ecgþeowes: + "Fela ic on giogoethe gueth-raesa genaes, + "orleg-hwila: ic þaet eall gemon. + "Ic waes syfan-wintre, þa mec sinca baldor, +2430 "frea-wine folca aet minum faeder genam, + "heold mec and haefde Hreethel cyning, + "geaf me sinc and symbel, sibbe gemunde; + "naes ic him to life laethra owihte + "beorn in burgum, þonne his bearna hwylc, +2435 "Herebeald and Haeethcyn, oethethe Hygelac min. + "Waes þam yldestan ungedefelice + "maeges daedum morethor-bed stred, + "syethethan hyne Haeethcyn of horn-bogan, + "his frea-wine flane geswencte, +2440 "miste mercelses and his maeg ofscet, + "broethor oetherne, blodigan gare: + "þaet waes feoh-leas gefeoht, fyrenum gesyngad + "hreethre hyge-meethe; sceolde hwaeethre swa þeah + "aeetheling unwrecen ealdres linnan. +2445 "Swa bieth geomorlic gomelum ceorle + "to gebidanne, þaet his byre ride + "giong on galgan, þonne he gyd wrece, + "sarigne sang, þonne his sunu hangaeth + "hrefne to hroethre and he him helpe ne maeg, +2450 "eald and in-frod, aenige gefremman. + "Symble bieth gemyndgad morna gehwylce + "eaforan ellor-sieth; oethres ne gymeeth + "to gebidanne burgum on innan + "yrfe-weardes, þonne se an hafaeth +2455 "þurh deaethes nyd daeda gefondad. + "Gesyheth sorh-cearig on his suna bure + "win-sele westne, wind-gereste, + "reote berofene; ridend swefaeth + "haeleeth in hoethman; nis þaer hearpan sweg, +2460 "gomen in geardum, swylce þaer iu waeron. + + +XXXV. MEMORIES OF PAST TIME.--THE FEUD WITH THE FIRE-DRAKE. + + "Gewiteeth þonne on sealman, sorh-leoeth gaeleeth + "an aefter anum: þuhte him eall to rum, + "wongas and wic-stede. Swa Wedra helm + "aefter Herebealde heortan sorge +2465 "weallende waeg, wihte ne meahte + "on þam feorh-bonan faehethe gebetan: + "no þy aer he þone heaetho-rinc hatian ne meahte + "laethum daedum, þeah him leof ne waes. + "He þa mid þaere sorge, þe him sio sar belamp, +2470 "gum-dream ofgeaf, godes leoht geceas; + "eaferum laefde, swa deeth eadig mon, + "lond and leod-byrig, þa he of life gewat. + "Þa waes synn and sacu Sweona and Geata, + "ofer wid waeter wroht gemaene, +2175 "here-nieth hearda, syethethan Hreethel swealt, + "oethethe him Ongenþeowes eaferan waeran + "frome fyrd-hwate, freode ne woldon + "ofer heafo healdan, ac ymb Hreosna-beorh + "eatolne inwit-scear oft gefremedon. +2480 "Þaet maeg-wine mine gewraecan, + "faehethe and fyrene, swa hyt gefraege waes, + "þeah þe oether hit ealdre gebohte, + "heardan ceape: Haeethcynne weareth, + "Geata dryhtne, gueth onsaege. +2485 "Þa ic on morgne gefraegn maeg oetherne + "billes ecgum on bonan staelan, + "þaer Ongenþeow Eofores niosade: + "gueth-helm toglad, gomela Scylfing + "hreas heoro-blac; hond gemunde +2490 "faehetho genoge, feorh-sweng ne ofteah. + "Ic him þa maethmas, þe he me sealde, + "geald aet guethe, swa me gifeethe waes, + "leohtan sweorde: he me lond forgeaf, + "eard eethel-wyn. Naes him aenig þearf, +2495 "þaet he to Gifethum oethethe to Gar-Denum + "oethethe in Swio-rice secean þurfe + "wyrsan wig-frecan, weorethe gecypan; + "symle ic him on feethan beforan wolde, + "ana on orde, and swa to aldre sceall +2500 "saecce fremman, þenden þis sweord þolaeth, + "þaet mec aer and sieth oft gelaeste, + "syethethan ic for dugeethum Daeghrefne weareth + "to hand-bonan, Huga cempan: + "nalles he þa fraetwe Fres-cyninge, +2505 "breost-weorethunge bringan moste, + "ac in campe gecrong cumbles hyrde, + "aeetheling on elne. Ne waes ecg bona, + "ac him hilde-grap heortan wylmas, + "ban-hus gebraec. Nu sceall billes ecg, +2510 "hond and heard sweord ymb hord wigan." + Beowulf maethelode, beot-wordum spraec + niehstan siethe: "Ic geneethde fela + "guetha on geogoethe; gyt ic wylle, + "frod folces weard, faehethe secan, +2515 "maerethum fremman, gif mec se man-sceaetha + "of eoreth-sele ut geseceeth!" + Gegrette þa gumena gehwylcne, + hwate helm-berend hindeman siethe, + swaese gesiethas: "Nolde ic sweord beran, +2520 "waepen to wyrme, gif ic wiste hu + "wieth þam aglaecean elles meahte + "gylpe wiethgripan, swa ic gio wieth Grendle dyde; + "ac ic þaer heaethu-fyres hates wene, + "reethes and-hattres: forþon ic me on hafu +2525 "bord and byrnan. Nelle ic beorges weard + "oferfleon fotes trem, feond unhyre, + "ac unc sceal weorethan aet wealle, swa unc Wyrd geteoeth, + "metod manna gehwaes. Ic eom on mode from, + "þaet ic wieth þone gueth-flogan gylp ofersitte. +2530 "Gebide ge on beorge byrnum werede, + "secgas on searwum, hwaeether sel maege + "aefter wael-raese wunde gedygan + "uncer twega. Nis þaet eower sieth, + "ne gemet mannes, nefne min anes, +2535 "þaet he wieth aglaecean eofoetho daele, + "eorl-scype efne. Ic mid elne sceall + "gold gegangan oethethe gueth nimeeth, + "feorh-bealu frecne, frean eowerne!" + Aras þa bi ronde rof oretta, +2540 heard under helm, hioro-sercean baer + under stan-cleofu, strengo getruwode + anes mannes: ne bieth swylc earges sieth. + Geseah þa be wealle, se þe worna fela, + gum-cystum god, guetha gedigde, +2545 hilde-hlemma, þonne hnitan feethan, + (stod on stan-bogan) stream ut þonan + brecan of beorge; waes þaere burnan waelm + heaetho-fyrum hat: ne meahte horde neah + unbyrnende aenige hwile +2550 deop gedygan for dracan lege. + Let þa of breostum, þa he gebolgen waes, + Weder-Geata leod word ut faran, + stearc-heort styrmde; stefn in becom + heaetho-torht hlynnan under harne stan. +2555 Hete waes onhrered, hord-weard oncniow + mannes reorde; naes þaer mara fyrst, + freode to friclan. From aerest cwom + orueth aglaecean ut of stane, + hat hilde-swat; hruse dynede. +2560 Biorn under beorge bord-rand onswaf + wieth þam gryre-gieste, Geata dryhten: + þa waes hring-bogan heorte gefysed + saecce to seceanne. Sweord aer gebraed + god gueth-cyning gomele lafe, +2565 ecgum ungleaw, aeghwaeethrum waes + bealo-hycgendra broga fram oethrum. + Stieth-mod gestod wieth steapne rond + winia bealdor, þa se wyrm gebeah + snude tosomne: he on searwum bad. +2570 Gewat þa byrnende gebogen scriethan to, + gescife scyndan. Scyld wel gebearg + life and lice laessan hwile + maerum þeodne, þonne his myne sohte, + þaer he þy fyrste forman dogore +2575 wealdan moste, swa him Wyrd ne gescraf + hreeth aet hilde. Hond up abraed + Geata dryhten, gryre-fahne sloh + incge lafe, þaet sio ecg gewac + brun on bane, bat unswiethor, +2580 þonne his þiod-cyning þearfe haefde, + bysigum gebaeded. Þa waes beorges weard + aefter heaethu-swenge on hreoum mode, + wearp wael-fyre, wide sprungon + hilde-leoman: hreeth-sigora ne gealp +2585 gold-wine Geata, gueth-bill geswac + nacod aet niethe, swa hyt no sceolde, + iren aer-god. Ne waes þaet eethe sieth, + þaet se maera maga Ecgþeowes + grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde; +2590 sceolde wyrmes willan wic eardian + elles hwergen, swa sceal aeghwylc mon + alaetan laen-dagas. Naes þa long to þon, + þaet þa aglaecean hy eft gemetton. + Hyrte hyne hord-weard, hreether aeethme weoll, +2595 niwan stefne: nearo þrowode + fyre befongen se þe aer folce weold. + Nealles him on heape hand-gesteallan, + aeethelinga bearn ymbe gestodon + hilde-cystum, ac hy on holt bugon, +2600 ealdre burgan. Hiora in anum weoll + sefa wieth sorgum: sibb aefre ne maeg + wiht onwendan, þam þe wel þenceeth. + + +XXXVI. WIGLAF HELPS BEOWULF IN THE FEUD. + + Wiglaf waes haten Weoxstanes sunu, + leoflic lind-wiga, leod Scylfinga, +2605 maeg Aelfheres: geseah his mon-dryhten + under here-griman hat þrowian. + Gemunde þa þa are, þe he him aer forgeaf + wic-stede weligne Waegmundinga, + folc-rihta gehwylc, swa his faeder ahte; +2610 ne mihte þa forhabban, hond rond gefeng, + geolwe linde, gomel swyrd geteah, + þaet waes mid eldum Eanmundes laf, + suna Ohteres, þam aet saecce weareth + wracu wine-leasum Weohstanes bana +2615 meces ecgum, and his magum aetbaer + brun-fagne helm, hringde byrnan, + eald sweord eotonisc, þaet him Onela forgeaf, + his gaedelinges gueth-gewaedu, + fyrd-searo fuslic: no ymbe þa faehethe spraec, +2620 þeah þe he his broethor bearn abredwade. + He fraetwe geheold fela missera, + bill and byrnan, oeth þaet his byre mihte + eorl-scipe efnan, swa his aer-faeder; + geaf him þa mid Geatum gueth-gewaeda +2625 aeghwaes unrim; þa he of ealdre gewat, + frod on foreth-weg. Þa waes forma sieth + geongan cempan, þaet he guethe raes + mid his freo-dryhtne fremman sceolde; + ne gemealt him se mod-sefa, ne his maeges laf +2630 gewac aet wige: þaet se wyrm onfand, + syethethan hie togaedre gegan haefdon. + Wiglaf maethelode word-rihta fela, + saegde gesiethum, him waes sefa geomor: + "Ic þaet mael geman, þaer we medu þegun, +2635 "þonne we geheton ussum hlaforde + "in bior-sele, þe us þas beagas geaf, + "þaet we him þa gueth-geatwa gyldan woldon, + "gif him þyslicu þearf gelumpe, + "helmas and heard sweord: þe he usic on herge geceas +2640 "to þyssum sieth-fate sylfes willum, + "onmunde usic maeretha and me þas maethmas geaf, + "þe he usic gar-wigend gode tealde, + "hwate helm-berend, þeah þe hlaford us + "þis ellen-weorc ana aþohte +2645 "to gefremmanne, folces hyrde, + "forþam he manna maest maeretha gefremede, + "daeda dollicra. Nu is se daeg cumen, + "þaet ure man-dryhten maegenes behofaeth + "godra gueth-rinca: wutun gangan to, +2650 "helpan hild-fruman, þenden hyt sy, + "gled-egesa grim! God wat on mec, + "þaet me is micle leofre, þaet minne lic-haman + "mid minne gold-gyfan gled faeethmie. + "Ne þynceeth me gerysne, þaet we rondas beren +2655 "eft to earde, nemne we aeror maegen + "fane gefyllan, feorh ealgian + "Wedra þiodnes. Ic wat geare, + "þaet naeron eald-gewyrht, þaet he ana scyle + "Geata duguethe gnorn þrowian, +2660 "gesigan aet saecce: sceal urum þaet sweord and helm, + "byrne and byrdu-scrud bam gemaene." + Wod þa þurh þone wael-rec, wig-heafolan baer + frean on fultum, fea worda cwaeeth: + "Leofa Biowulf, laest eall tela, +2665 "swa þu on geogueth-feore geara gecwaede, + "þaet þu ne alaete be þe lifigendum + "dom gedreosan: scealt nu daedum rof, + "aeetheling an-hydig, ealle maegene + "feorh ealgian; ic þe fullaestu!" +2670 Aefter þam wordum wyrm yrre cwom, + atol inwit-gaest oethre siethe, + fyr-wylmum fah fionda niosan, + laethra manna; lig-yethum forborn + bord wieth ronde: byrne ne meahte +2675 geongum gar-wigan geoce gefremman: + ac se maga geonga under his maeges scyld + elne geeode, þa his agen waes + gledum forgrunden. Þa gen gueth-cyning + maeretha gemunde, maegen-strengo, +2680 sloh hilde-bille, þaet hyt on heafolan stod + niethe genyded: Naegling forbaerst, + geswac aet saecce sweord Biowulfes + gomol and graeg-mael. Him þaet gifeethe ne waes, + þaet him irenna ecge mihton +2685 helpan aet hilde; waes sio hond to strong, + se þe meca gehwane mine gefraege + swenge ofersohte, þonne he to saecce baer + waepen wundrum heard, naes him wihte þe sel. + Þa waes þeod-sceaetha þriddan siethe, +2690 frecne fyr-draca faehetha gemyndig, + raesde on þone rofan, þa him rum ageald, + hat and heaetho-grim, heals ealne ymbefeng + biteran banum; he geblodegod weareth + sawul-driore; swat yethum weoll. + + +XXXVII. BEOWULF WOUNDED TO DEATH. + +2695 Þa ic aet þearfe gefraegn þeod-cyninges + and-longne eorl ellen cyethan, + craeft and cenethu, swa him gecynde waes; + ne hedde he þaes heafolan, ac sio hand gebarn + modiges mannes, þaer he his maeges healp, +2700 þaet he þone nieth-gaest nioethor hwene sloh, + secg on searwum, þaet þaet sweord gedeaf + fah and faeted, þaet þaet fyr ongon + sweethrian syethethan. Þa gen sylf cyning + geweold his gewitte, waell-seaxe gebraed, +2705 biter and beadu-scearp, þaet he on byrnan waeg: + forwrat Wedra helm wyrm on middan. + Feond gefyldan (ferh ellen wraec), + and hi hyne þa begen abroten haefdon, + sib-aeethelingas: swylc sceolde secg wesan, +2710 þegn aet þearfe. Þaet þam þeodne waes + siethast sige-hwile sylfes daedum, + worlde geweorces. Þa sio wund ongon, + þe him se eoreth-draca aer geworhte, + swelan and swellan. He þaet sona onfand, +2715 þaet him on breostum bealo-nieth weoll, + attor on innan. Þa se aeetheling giong, + þaet he bi wealle, wis-hycgende, + gesaet on sesse; seah on enta geweorc, + hu þa stan-bogan stapulum faeste +2720 ece eoreth-reced innan heoldon. + Hyne þa mid handa heoro-dreorigne + þeoden maerne þegn ungemete till, + wine-dryhten his waetere gelafede, + hilde-saedne and his helm onspeon. +2725 Biowulf maethelode, he ofer benne spraec, + wunde wael-bleate (wisse he gearwe, + þaet he daeg-hwila gedrogen haefde + eorethan wynne; þa waes eall sceacen + dogor-gerimes, deaeth ungemete neah): +2730 "Nu ic suna minum syllan wolde + "gueth-gewaedu, þaer me gifeethe swa + "aenig yrfe-weard aefter wurde, + "lice gelenge. Ic þas leode heold + "fiftig wintra: naes se folc-cyning +2735 "ymbe-sittendra aenig þara, + "þe mec gueth-winum gretan dorste, + "egesan þeon. Ic on earde bad + "mael-gesceafta, heold min tela, + "ne sohte searo-niethas, ne me swor fela +2740 "aetha on unriht. Ic þaes ealles maeg, + "feorh-bennum seoc, gefean habban: + "forþam me witan ne þearf waldend fira + "morethor-bealo maga, þonne min sceaceeth + "lif of lice. Nu þu lungre +2745 "geong, hord sceawian under harne stan, + "Wiglaf leofa, nu se wyrm ligeeth, + "swefeeth sare wund, since bereafod. + "Bio nu on ofoste, þaet ic aer-welan, + "gold-aeht ongite, gearo sceawige +2750 "swegle searo-gimmas, þaet ic þy seft maege + "aefter maethethum-welan min alaetan + "lif and leod-scipe, þone ic longe heold." + + +XXXVIII. THE JEWEL-HOARD. THE PASSING OF BEOWULF. + + Þa ic snude gefraegn sunu Wihstanes + aefter word-cwydum wundum dryhtne +2755 hyran heaetho-siocum, hring-net beran, + brogdne beadu-sercean under beorges hrof. + Geseah þa sige-hreethig, þa he bi sesse geong, + mago-þegn modig maethethum-sigla fela, + gold glitinian grunde getenge, +2760 wundur on wealle and þaes wyrmes denn, + ealdes uht-flogan, orcas stondan, + fyrn-manna fatu feormend-lease, + hyrstum behrorene: þaer waes helm monig, + eald and omig, earm-beaga fela, +2765 searwum gesaeled. Sinc eaethe maeg, + gold on grunde, gumena cynnes + gehwone ofer-higian, hyde se þe wylle! + Swylce he siomian geseah segn eall-gylden + heah ofer horde, hond-wundra maest, +2770 gelocen leoetho-craeftum: of þam leoma stod, + þaet he þone grund-wong ongitan meahte, + wraete giond-wlitan. Naes þaes wyrmes þaer + onsyn aenig, ac hyne ecg fornam. + Þa ic on hlaewe gefraegn hord reafian, +2775 eald enta geweorc anne mannan, + him on bearm hladan bunan and discas + sylfes dome, segn eac genom, + beacna beorhtost; bill aer-gescod + (ecg waes iren) eald-hlafordes +2780 þam þara maethma mund-bora waes + longe hwile, lig-egesan waeg + hatne for horde, hioro-weallende, + middel-nihtum, oeth þaet he morethre swealt. + Ar waes on ofoste eft-siethes georn, +2785 fraetwum gefyrethred: hyne fyrwet braec, + hwaeether collen-fereth cwicne gemette + in þam wong-stede Wedra þeoden, + ellen-siocne, þaer he hine aer forlet. + He þa mid þam maethmum maerne þioden, +2790 dryhten sinne driorigne fand + ealdres aet ende: he hine eft ongon + waeteres weorpan, oeth þaet wordes ord + breost-hord þurhbraec. Beowulf maethelode, + gomel on giohethe (gold sceawode): +2795 "Ic þara fraetwa frean ealles þanc + "wuldur-cyninge wordum secge, + "ecum dryhtne, þe ic her on starie, + "þaes þe ic moste minum leodum + "aer swylt-daege swylc gestrynan. +2800 "Nu ic on maethma hord mine bebohte + "frode feorh-lege, fremmaeth ge nu + "leoda þearfe; ne maeg ic her leng wesan. + "Hataeth heaetho-maere hlaew gewyrcean, + "beorhtne aefter baele aet brimes nosan; +2805 "se scel to gemyndum minum leodum + "heah hlifian on Hrones naesse, + "þaet hit sae-liethend syethethan hatan + "Biowulfes biorh, þa þe brentingas + "ofer floda genipu feorran drifaeth." +2810 Dyde him of healse hring gyldenne + þioden þrist-hydig, þegne gesealde, + geongum gar-wigan, gold-fahne helm, + beah and byrnan, het hyne brucan well: + "Þu eart ende-laf usses cynnes, +2815 "Waegmundinga; ealle Wyrd forsweof, + "mine magas to metod-sceafte, + "eorlas on elne: ic him aefter sceal." + Þaet waes þam gomelan gingeste word + breost-gehygdum, aer he bael cure, +2820 hate heaetho-wylmas: him of hreethre gewat + sawol secean soeth-faestra dom. + + +XXXIX. THE COWARD-THANES. + + Þa waes gegongen guman unfrodum + earfoethlice, þaet he on eorethan geseah + þone leofestan lifes aet ende +2825 bleate gebaeran. Bona swylce laeg, + egeslic eoreth-draca, ealdre bereafod, + bealwe gebaeded: beah-hordum leng + wyrm woh-bogen wealdan ne moste, + ac him irenna ecga fornamon, +2830 hearde heaetho-scearpe homera lafe, + þaet se wid-floga wundum stille + hreas on hrusan hord-aerne neah, + nalles aefter lyfte lacende hwearf + middel-nihtum, maethm-aehta wlonc +2835 ansyn ywde: ac he eorethan gefeoll + for þaes hild-fruman hond-geweorce. + Huru þaet on lande lyt manna þah + maegen-agendra mine gefraege, + þeah þe he daeda gehwaes dyrstig waere, +2840 þaet he wieth attor-sceaethan oreethe geraesde, + oethethe hring-sele hondum styrede, + gif he waeccende weard onfunde + buan on beorge. Biowulfe weareth + dryht-maethma dael deaethe forgolden; +2845 haefde aeghwaeether ende gefered + laenan lifes. Naes þa lang to þon, + þaet þa hild-latan holt ofgefan, + tydre treow-logan tyne aetsomne, + þa ne dorston aer dareethum lacan +2850 on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe; + ac hy scamiende scyldas baeran, + gueth-gewaedu, þaer se gomela laeg: + wlitan on Wiglaf. He gewergad saet, + feethe-cempa frean eaxlum neah, +2855 wehte hyne waetre; him wiht ne speow; + ne meahte he on eorethan, þeah he uethe wel, + on þam frum-gare feorh gehealdan, + ne þaes wealdendes willan wiht oncirran; + wolde dom godes daedum raedan +2860 gumena gehwylcum, swa he nu gen deeth. + Þa waes aet þam geongan grim andswaru + eeth-begete þam þe aer his elne forleas. + Wiglaf maethelode, Weohstanes sunu, + secg sarig-fereth seah on unleofe: +2865 "Þaet la maeg secgan, se þe wyle soeth sprecan, + "þaet se mon-dryhten, se eow þa maethmas geaf, + "eored-geatwe, þe ge þaer on standaeth, + "þonne he on ealu-bence oft gesealde + "heal-sittendum helm and byrnan, +2870 "þeoden his þegnum, swylce he þryethlicost + "ohwaer feor oethethe neah findan meahte, + "þaet he genunga gueth-gewaedu + "wraethe forwurpe. Þa hyne wig beget, + "nealles folc-cyning fyrd-gesteallum +2875 "gylpan þorfte; hwaeethre him god uethe, + "sigora waldend, þaet he hyne sylfne gewraec + "ana mid ecge, þa him waes elnes þearf, + "Ic him lif-wraethe lytle meahte + "aetgifan aet guethe and ongan swa þeah +2880 "ofer min gemet maeges helpan: + "symle waes þy saemra, þonne ic sweorde drep + "ferheth-geniethlan, fyr unswiethor + "weoll of gewitte. Wergendra to lyt + "þrong ymbe þeoden, þa hyne sio þrag becwom. +2885 "Nu sceal sinc-þego and swyrd-gifu + "eall eethel-wyn eowrum cynne, + "lufen alicgean: lond-rihtes mot + "þaere maeg-burge monna aeghwylc + "idel hweorfan, syethethan aeethelingas +2890 "feorran gefricgean fleam eowerne, + "dom-leasan daed. Deaeth bieth sella + "eorla gehwylcum þonne edwit-lif!" + + +XL. THE SOLDIER'S DIRGE AND PROPHECY. + + Heht þa þaet heaetho-weorc to hagan biodan + up ofer eg-clif, þaer þaet eorl-weorod +2895 morgen-longne daeg mod-giomor saet, + bord-haebbende, bega on wenum + ende-dogores and eft-cymes + leofes monnes. Lyt swigode + niwra spella, se þe naes gerad, +2900 ac he soethlice saegde ofer ealle; + "Nu is wil-geofa Wedra leoda, + "dryhten Geata deaeth-bedde faest, + "wunaeth wael-reste wyrmes daedum; + "him on efn ligeeth ealdor-gewinna, +2905 "siex-bennum seoc: sweorde ne meahte + "on þam aglaecean aenige þinga + "wunde gewyrcean. Wiglaf siteeth + "ofer Biowulfe, byre Wihstanes, + "eorl ofer oethrum unlifigendum, +2910 "healdeeth hige-meethum heafod-wearde + "leofes and laethes. Nu ys leodum wen + "orleg-hwile, syethethan underne + "Froncum and Frysum fyll cyninges + "wide weoretheeth. Waes sio wroht scepen +2915 "heard wieth Hugas, syethethan Higelac cwom + "faran flot-herge on Fresna land, + "þaer hyne Hetware hilde gehnaegdon, + "elne geeodon mid ofer-maegene, + "þaet se byrn-wiga bugan sceolde, +2920 "feoll on feethan: nalles fraetwe geaf + "ealdor dugoethe; us waes a syethethan + "Merewioinga milts ungyfeethe. + "Ne ic to Sweo-þeode sibbe oethethe treowe + "wihte ne wene; ac waes wide cueth, +2925 "þaette Ongenþio ealdre besnyethede + "Haeethcyn Hreethling wieth Hrefna-wudu, + "þa for on-medlan aerest gesohton + "Geata leode Gueth-scilfingas. + "Sona him se froda faeder Ohtheres, +2930 "eald and eges-full ond-slyht ageaf, + "abreot brim-wisan, bryd aheorde, + "gomela io-meowlan golde berofene, + "Onelan modor and Ohtheres, + "and þa folgode feorh-geniethlan +2935 "oeth þaet hi oetheodon earfoethlice + "in Hrefnes-holt hlaford-lease. + "Besaet þa sin-herge sweorda lafe + "wundum werge, wean oft gehet + "earmre teohhe andlonge niht: +2940 "cwaeeth he on mergenne meces ecgum + "getan wolde, sume on galg-treowum + "fuglum to gamene. Frofor eft gelamp + "sarig-modum somod aer-daege, + "syethethan hie Hygelaces horn and byman +2945 "gealdor ongeaton. Þa se goda com + "leoda dugoethe on last faran. + + +XLI. HE TELLS OF THE SWEDES AND THE GEATAS. + + "Waes sio swat-swaethu Sweona and Geata, + "wael-raes wera wide gesyne, + "hu þa folc mid him faehethe towehton. +2950 "Gewat him þa se goda mid his gaedelingum, + "frod fela geomor faesten secean, + "eorl Ongenþio ufor oncirde; + "haefde Higelaces hilde gefrunen, + "wlonces wig-craeft, wiethres ne truwode, +2955 "þaet he sae-mannum onsacan mihte, + "heaetho-liethendum hord forstandan, + "bearn and bryde; beah eft þonan + "eald under eoreth-weall. Þa waes aeht boden + "Sweona leodum, segn Higelace. +2960 "Freoetho-wong þone foreth ofereodon, + "syethethan Hreethlingas to hagan þrungon. + "Þaer weareth Ongenþio ecgum sweorda, + "blonden-fexa on bid wrecen, + "þaet se þeod-cyning þafian sceolde +2965 "Eofores anne dom: hyne yrringa + "Wulf Wonreding waepne geraehte, + "þaet him for swenge swat aedrum sprong + "foreth under fexe. Naes he forht swa þeh, + "gomela Scilfing, ac forgeald hraethe +2970 "wyrsan wrixle wael-hlem þone, + "syethethan þeod-cyning þyder oncirde: + "ne meahte se snella sunu Wonredes + "ealdum ceorle ond-slyht giofan, + "ac he him on heafde helm aer gescer, +2975 "þaet he blode fah bugan sceolde, + "feoll on foldan; naes he faege þa git, + "ac he hyne gewyrpte, þeah þe him wund hrine, + "Let se hearda Higelaces þegn + "bradne mece, þa his broethor laeg, +2980 "eald sweord eotonisc, entiscne helm, + "brecan ofer bord-weal: þa gebeah cyning, + "folces hyrde, waes in feorh dropen. + "Þa waeron monige, þe his maeg wriethon, + "ricone araerdon, þa him gerymed weareth, +2985 "þaet hie wael-stowe wealdan moston. + "Þenden reafode rinc oetherne, + "nam on Ongenþio iren-byrnan, + "heard swyrd hilted and his helm somod; + "hares hyrste Higelace baer. +2990 "He þam fraetwum feng and him faegre gehet + "leana fore leodum and gelaeste swa: + "geald þone gueth-raes Geata dryhten, + "Hreethles eafora, þa he to ham becom, + "Jofore and Wulfe mid ofer-maethmum, +2995 "sealde hiora gehwaeethrum hund þusenda + "landes and locenra beaga; ne þorfte him þa lean oethwitan + "mon on middan-gearde, syethethan hie þa maeretha geslogon; + "and þa Jofore forgeaf angan dohtor, + "ham-weorethunge, hyldo to wedde. +3000 "Þaet ys sio faehetho and se feond-scipe, + "wael-nieth wera, þaes þe ic wen hafo, + "þe us seceaeth to Sweona leode, + "syethethan hie gefricgeaeth frean userne + "ealdor-leasne, þone þe aer geheold +3005 "wieth hettendum hord and rice, + "aefter haeleetha hryre hwate Scylfingas, + "folc-raed fremede oethethe furethur gen + "eorl-scipe efnde. Nu is ofost betost, + "þaet we þeod-cyning þaer sceawian +3010 "and þone gebringan, þe us beagas geaf, + "on ad-faere. Ne scel anes hwaet + "meltan mid þam modigan, ac þaer is maethma hord. + "gold unrime grimme geceapod + "and nu aet siethestan sylfes feore +3015 "beagas gebohte; þa sceal brond fretan, + "aeled þeccean, nalles eorl wegan + "maethethum to gemyndum, ne maegeth scyne + "habban on healse hring-weorethunge, + "ac sceall geomor-mod golde bereafod +3020 "oft nalles aene el-land tredan, + "nu se here-wisa hleahtor alegde, + "gamen and gleo-dream. Forþon sceall gar wesan + "monig morgen-ceald mundum bewunden, + "haefen on handa, nalles hearpan sweg +3025 "wigend weccean, ac se wonna hrefn + "fus ofer faegum, fela reordian, + "earne secgan, hu him aet aete speow, + "þenden he wieth wulf wael reafode." + Swa se secg hwata secgende waes +3030 laethra spella; he ne leag fela + wyrda ne worda. Weorod eall aras, + eodon unbliethe under Earna naes + wollen-teare wundur sceawian. + Fundon þa on sande sawul-leasne +3035 hlim-bed healdan, þone þe him hringas geaf + aerran maelum: þa waes ende-daeg + godum gegongen, þaet se gueth-cyning, + Wedra þeoden, wundor-deaethe swealt. + AEr hi gesegan syllicran wiht, +3040 wyrm on wonge wiether-raehtes þaer + laethne licgean: waes se leg-draca, + grimlic gryre-gaest, gledum beswaeled, + se waes fiftiges fot-gemearces. + lang on legere, lyft-wynne heold +3045 nihtes hwilum, nyether eft gewat + dennes niosian; waes þa deaethe faest, + haefde eoreth-scrafa ende genyttod. + Him big stodan bunan and orcas, + discas lagon and dyre swyrd, +3050 omige þurh-etone, swa hie wieth eorethan faeethm + þusend wintra þaer eardodon: + þonne waes þaet yrfe eacen-craeftig, + iu-monna gold galdre bewunden, + þaet þam hring-sele hrinan ne moste +3055 gumena aenig, nefne god sylfa, + sigora soeth-cyning, sealde þam þe he wolde + (he is manna gehyld) hord openian, + efne swa hwylcum manna, swa him gemet þuhte. + + +XLII. WIGLAF SPEAKS. THE BUILDING OF THE BALE-FIRE. + + Þa waes gesyne, þaet se sieth ne þah +3060 þam þe unrihte inne gehydde + wraete under wealle. Weard aer ofsloh + feara sumne; þa sio faeheth geweareth + gewrecen wraethlice. Wundur hwar, þonne + eorl ellen-rof ende gefere +3065 lif-gesceafta, þonne leng ne maeg + mon mid his magum medu-seld buan. + Swa waes Biowulfe, þa he biorges weard + sohte, searo-niethas: seolfa ne cuethe, + þurh hwaet his worulde gedal weorethan sceolde; +3070 swa hit oeth domes daeg diope benemdon + þeodnas maere, þa þaet þaer dydon, + þaet se secg waere synnum scildig, + hergum geheaetherod, hell-bendum faest, + wommum gewitnad, se þone wong strade. +3075 Naes he gold-hwaet: gearwor haefde + agendes est aer gesceawod. + Wiglaf maethelode, Wihstanes sunu: + "Oft sceall eorl monig anes willan + "wraec adreogan, swa us geworden is. +3080 "Ne meahton we gelaeran leofne þeoden, + "rices hyrde raed aenigne, + "þaet he ne grette gold-weard þone, + "lete hyne licgean, þaer he longe waes, + "wicum wunian oeth woruld-ende. +3085 "Heoldon heah gesceap: hord ys gesceawod, + "grimme gegongen; waes þaet gifeethe to swieth, + "þe þone þeoden þyder ontyhte. + "Ic waes þaer inne and þaet eall geond-seh, + "recedes geatwa, þa me gerymed waes, +3090 "nealles swaeslice sieth alyfed + "inn under eoreth-weall. Ic on ofoste gefeng + "micle mid mundum maegen-byrethenne + "hord-gestreona, hider ut aetbaer + "cyninge minum: cwico waes þa gena, +3095 "wis and gewittig; worn eall gespraec + "gomol on gehetho and eowic gretan het, + "baed þaet ge geworhton aefter wines daedum + "in bael-stede beorh þone hean + "micelne and maerne, swa he manna waes +3100 "wigend weoreth-fullost wide geond eorethan, + "þenden he burh-welan brucan moste. + "Uton nu efstan oethre siethe + "seon and secean searo-geþraec, + "wundur under wealle! ic eow wisige, +3105 "þaet ge genoge nean sceawiaeth + "beagas and brad gold. Sie sio baer gearo + "aedre geaefned, þonne we ut cymen, + "and þonne geferian frean userne, + "leofne mannan, þaer he longe sceal +3110 "on þaes waldendes waere geþolian." + Het þa gebeodan byre Wihstanes, + haele hilde-dior, haeleetha monegum + bold-agendra, þaet hie bael-wudu + feorran feredon, folc-agende +3115 godum togenes: "Nu sceal gled fretan + "(weaxan wonna leg) wigena strengel, + "þone þe oft gebad isern-scure, + "þonne straela storm, strengum gebaeded, + "scoc ofer scild-weall, sceft nytte heold, +3120 "feether-gearwum fus flane full-eode." + Huru se snotra sunu Wihstanes + acigde of corethre cyninges þegnas + syfone tosomne þa selestan, + eode eahta sum under inwit-hrof; +3125 hilde-rinc sum on handa baer + aeled-leoman, se þe on orde geong. + Naes þa on hlytme, hwa þaet hord strude, + syethethan or-wearde aenigne dael + secgas gesegon on sele wunian, +3130 laene licgan: lyt aenig mearn, + þaet hi ofostlice ut geferedon + dyre maethmas; dracan ec scufun, + wyrm ofer weall-clif, leton waeg niman, + flod faeethmian fraetwa hyrde. +3135 Þaer waes wunden gold on waen hladen, + aeghwaes unrim, aeetheling boren, + har hilde-rinc to Hrones naesse. + + +XLIII. BEOWULF'S FUNERAL PYRE. + + Him þa gegiredan Geata leode + ad on eorethan un-waclicne, +3140 helmum behongen, hilde-bordum, + beorhtum byrnum, swa he bena waes; + alegdon þa to-middes maerne þeoden + haeleeth hiofende, hlaford leofne. + Ongunnon þa on beorge bael-fyra maest +3145 wigend weccan: wudu-rec astah + sweart ofer swioethole, swogende leg, + wope bewunden (wind-blond gelaeg) + oeth þaet he þa ban-hus gebrocen haefde, + hat on hreethre. Higum unrote +3150 mod-ceare maendon mon-dryhtnes cwealm; + swylce giomor-gyd + lat . con meowle + . . . . . wunden heorde . . . + serg (?) cearig saelde geneahhe + þaet hio hyre . . . . gas hearde +3155 . . . . . ede waelfylla wonn . . + hildes egesan hyetho + haf mid heofon rece swealh (?) + Geworhton þa Wedra leode + hlaew on hliethe, se waes heah and brad, +3160 waeg-liethendum wide gesyne, + and betimbredon on tyn dagum + beadu-rofes becn: bronda betost + wealle beworhton, swa hyt weorethlicost + fore-snotre men findan mihton. +3165 Hi on beorg dydon beg and siglu, + eall swylce hyrsta, swylce on horde aer + nieth-hydige men genumen haefdon; + forleton eorla gestreon eorethan healdan, + gold on greote, þaer hit nu gen lifaeth +3170 eldum swa unnyt, swa hit aeror waes. + Þa ymbe hlaew riodan hilde-deore, + aeethelinga bearn ealra twelfa, + woldon ceare cwiethan, kyning maenan, + word-gyd wrecan and ymb wer sprecan, +3175 eahtodan eorl-scipe and his ellen-weorc + duguethum demdon, swa hit ge-defe bieth, + þaet mon his wine-dryhten wordum herge, + ferhethum freoge, þonne he foreth scile + of lic-haman laene weorethan. +3180 Swa begnornodon Geata leode + hlafordes hryre, heoreth-geneatas, + cwaedon þaet he waere woruld-cyning + mannum mildust and mon-þwaerust, + leodum liethost and lof-geornost. + + + + +APPENDIX + + +THE ATTACK IN FINNSBURG. [Footnote: See v. 1069 _seqq._] + + ". . . . . . . . . . . naes byrnaeth naefre." + Hleoethrode þa heaetho-geong cyning: + "Ne þis ne dagaeth eastan, ne her draca ne fleogeeth, + "ne her þisse healle hornas ne byrnaeth, +5 "ac fer foreth beraeth fugelas singaeth, + "gylleeth graeg-hama, gueth-wudu hlynneeth, + "scyld scefte oncwyeth. Nu scyneeth þes mona + "waethol under wolcnum; nu arisaeth wea-daeda, + "þe þisne folces nieth fremman willaeth. +10 "Ac onwacnigeaeth nu, wigend mine, + "hebbaeth eowre handa, hicgeaeth on ellen, + "winnaeth on orde, wesaeth on mode!" + Þa aras monig gold-hladen þegn, gyrde hine his swurde; + þa to dura eodon drihtlice cempan, +15 Sigefereth and Eaha, hyra sweord getugon, + and aet oethrum durum Ordlaf and Guethlaf, + and Hengest sylf; hwearf him on laste. + Þa git Garulf Guethere styrode, + þaet hie swa freolic feorh forman siethe +20 to þaere healle durum hyrsta ne baeran, + nu hyt nietha heard anyman wolde: + ac he fraegn ofer eal undearninga, + deor-mod haeleeth, hwa þa duru heolde. + "Sigefereth is min nama (cwaeeth he), ic eom Secgena leod, +25 "wrecca wide cueth. Fela ic weana gebad, + "heardra hilda; þe is gyt her witod, + "swaeether þu sylf to me secean wylle." + Þa waes on wealle wael-slihta gehlyn, + sceolde celod bord cenum on handa +30 ban-helm berstan. Buruh-þelu dynede, + oeth þaet aet þaere guethe Garulf gecrang, + ealra aerest eoreth-buendra, + Guethlafes sunu; ymbe hine godra fela. + Hwearf flacra hraew hraefn, wandrode +35 sweart and sealo-brun; swurd-leoma stod + swylce eal Finns-buruh fyrenu waere. + Ne gefraegn ic naefre wurethlicor aet wera hilde + sixtig sige-beorna sel gebaeran, + ne naefre swanas swetne medo sel forgyldan, +40 þonne Hnaefe guldon his haeg-stealdas. + Hig fuhton fif dagas, swa hyra nan ne feol + driht-gesietha, ac hig þa duru heoldon. + Þa gewat him wund haeleeth on waeg gangan, + saede þaet his byrne abrocen waere, +45 here-sceorpum hror, and eac waes his helm þyrl. + Þa hine sona fraegn folces hyrde, + hu þa wigend hyra wunda genaeson + oethethe hwaeether þaera hyssa . . . . . . . + + + + +LIST OF NAMES; NOTES; AND GLOSSARY. + +ABBREVIATIONS + +m.: masculine. +f.: feminine. +n.: neuter. +nom., gen.: nominative, genitive, etc. +w.: weak. +w. v.: weak verb. +st.: strong. +st. v.: strong verb. +I., II., III.: first, second, third person. +comp.: compound. +imper.: imperative. +w.: with. +instr.: instrumental. +G. and Goth.: Gothic. +O.N.: Old Norse. +O.S.: Old Saxon. +O.H.G.: Old High German. +M.H.G.: Middle High German. + +The vowel ae = _a_ in _glad_ } +The diphthong ae = _a_ in _hair_ } approximately. + + +The names Leo, Bugge, Rieger, etc., refer to authors of emendations. + +Words beginning with ge- will be found under their root-word. + +Obvious abbreviations, like subj., etc., are not included in this list. + + + + +LIST OF NAMES. + +Abel, Cain's brother, 108. + +Aelf-here (gen. Aelf-heres, 2605), a kinsman of Wiglaf's, 2605. + +Aesc-here, confidential adviser of King Hroethgar (1326), older brother of +Yrmenlaf (1325), killed by Grendel's mother, 1295, 1324, 2123. + +Ban-stan, father of Breca, 524. + +Beo-wulf, son of Scyld, king of the Danes, 18, 19. After the death of his +father, he succeeds to the throne of the Scyldings, 53. His son is +Healfdene, 57. + +Beo-wulf (Biowulf, 1988, 2390; gen. Beowulfes, 857, etc., Biowulfes, 2195, +2808, etc.; dat. Beowulfe, 610, etc., Biowulfe, 2325, 2843), of the race of +the Geatas. His father is the Waegmunding Ecgþeow (263, etc.); his mother a +daughter of Hreethel, king of the Geatas (374), at whose court he is brought +up after his seventh year with Hreethel's sons, Herebeald, Haeethcyn, and +Hygelac, 2429 ff. In his youth lazy and unapt (2184 f., 2188 f.); as man he +attains in the gripe of his hand the strength of thirty men, 379. Hence his +victories in his combats with bare hands (711 ff., 2502 ff.), while fate +denies him the victory in the battle with swords, 2683 f. His +swimming-match with Breca in his youth, 506 ff. Goes with fourteen Geatas +to the assistance of the Danish king, Hroethgar, against Grendel, 198 ff. His +combat with Grendel, and his victory, 711 ff., 819 ff. He is, in +consequence, presented with rich gifts by Hroethgar, 1021 ff. His combat with +Grendel's mother, 1442 ff. Having again received gifts, he leaves Hroethgar +(1818-1888), and returns to Hygelac, 1964 ff.--After Hygelac's last battle +and death, he flees alone across the sea, 2360 f. In this battle he crushes +Daeghrefn, one of the Hugas, to death, 2502 f. He rejects at the same time +Hygelac's kingdom and the hand of his widow (2370 ff.), but carries on the +government as guardian of the young Heardred, son of Hygelac, 2378 ff. +After Heardred's death, the kingdom falls to Beowulf, 2208, +2390.--Afterwards, on an expedition to avenge the murdered Heardred, he +kills the Scylfing, Eadgils (2397), and probably conquers his country. +--His fight with the drake, 2539 ff. His death, 2818. His burial, 3135 ff. + +Breca (acc. Brecan, 506, 531), son of Beanstan, 524. Chief of the +Brondings, 521. His swimming-match with Beowulf, 506 ff. + +Brondingas (gen. Brondinga, 521), Breca, their chief, 521. + +Brosinga mene, corrupted from, or according to Muellenhoff, written by +mistake for, Breosinga mene (O.N., Brisinga men, cf. Haupts Zeitschr. XII. +304), collar, which the Brisingas once possessed. + +Cain (gen. Caines, 107): descended from him are Grendel and his kin, 107, +1262 ff. + +Daeg-hrefn (dat. Daeghrefne, 2502), a warrior of the Hugas, who, according to +2504-5, compared with 1203, and with 1208, seems to have been the slayer of +King Hygelac, in his battle against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Hugas. +Is crushed to death by Beowulf in a hand-to-hand combat, 2502 ff. + +Dene (gen. Dena, 242, etc., Denia, 2126, Deniga, 271, etc.; dat. Denum, +768, etc.), as subjects of Scyld and his descendants, they are also called +Scyldings; and after the first king of the East Danes, Ing (Runenlied, 22), +Ing-wine, 1045, 1320. They are also once called Hreethmen, 445. On account of +their renowned warlike character, they bore the names Gar-Dene, 1, 1857, +Hring-Dene (Armor-Danes), 116, 1280, Beorht-Dene, 427, 610. The great +extent of this people is indicated by their names from the four quarters of +the heavens: East-Dene, 392, 617, etc., West-Dene, 383, 1579, Sueth-Dene, +463, Noreth-Dene, 784.--Their dwelling-place "in Scedelandum," 19, "on +Scedenigge," 1687, "be saem tweonum," 1686. + +Ecg-laf (gen. Ecglafes, 499), Hunfereth's father, 499. + +Ecg-þeow (nom. Ecgþeow, 263, Ecgþeo, 373; gen. Ecgþeowes, 529, etc., +Ecgþiowes, 2000), a far-famed hero of the Geatas, of the house of the +Waegmundings. Beowulf is the son of Ecgþeow, by the only daughter of Hreethel, +king of the Geatas, 262, etc. Among the Wylfings, he has slain Heaetholaf +(460), and in consequence he goes over the sea to the Danes (463), whose +king, Hroethgar, by means of gold, finishes the strife for him, 470. + +Ecg-wela (gen. Ecg-welan, 1711). The Scyldings are called his descendants, +1711. Grein considers him the founder of the older dynasty of Danish kings, +which closes with Heremod. See Heremod. + +Elan, daughter of Healfdene, king of the Danes, (?) 62. According to the +restored text, she is the wife of Ongenþeow, the Scylfing, 62, 63. + +Earna-naes, the Eagle Cape in the land of the Geatas, where occurred +Beowulf's fight with the drake, 3032. + +Eadgils (dat. Eadgilse, 2393), son of Ohthere, and grandson of Ongenþeow, +the Scylfing, 2393. His older brother is + +Eanmund (gen. Eanmundes, 2612). What is said about both in our poem +(2201-2207, 2380-2397, 2612-2620) is obscure, but the following may be +conjectured:-- + +The sons of Ohthere, Eanmund and Eadgils, have rebelled against their +father (2382), and must, in consequence, depart with their followers from +Swiorice, 2205-6, 2380. They come into the country of the Geatas to +Heardred (2380), but whether with friendly or hostile intent is not stated; +but, according to 2203 f., we are to presume that they came against +Heardred with designs of conquest. At a banquet (on feorme; or feorme, MS.) +Heardred falls, probably through treachery, by the hand of one of the +brothers, 2386, 2207. The murderer must have been Eanmund, to whom, +according to 2613, "in battle the revenge of Weohstan brings death." +Weohstan takes revenge for his murdered king, and exercises upon Eanmund's +body the booty-right, and robs it of helm, breastplate, and sword +(2616-17), which the slain man had received as gifts from his uncle, Onela, +2617-18. But Weohstan does not speak willingly of this fight, although he +has slain Onela's brother's son, 2619-20.--After Heardred's and Eanmund's +death, the descendant of Ongenþeow, Eadgils, returns to his home, 2388. He +must give way before Beowulf, who has, since Heardred's death, ascended the +throne of the Geatas, 2390. But Beowulf remembers it against him in after +days, and the old feud breaks out anew, 2392-94. Eadgils makes an invasion +into the land of the Geatas (2394-95), during which he falls at the hands +of Beowulf, 2397. The latter must have then obtained the sovereignty over +the Sweonas (3005-6, where only the version, Scylfingas, can give a +satisfactory sense). + +Eofor (gen. Eofores, 2487, 2965; dat. Jofore, 2994, 2998), one of the +Geatas, son of Wonred and brother of Wulf (2965, 2979), kills the Swedish +king, Ongenþeow (2487 ff., 2978-82), for which he receives from King +Hygelac, along with other gifts, his only daughter in marriage, 2994-99. + +Eormen-ric (gen. Eormenrices, 1202), king of the Goths (cf. about him, W. +Grimm, Deutsche Heldensage, p. 2, ff.). Hama has wrested the Brosinga mene +from him, 1202. + +Eomaer, son of Offa and Þryetho (cf. Þryetho), 1961. + +Finn (gen. Finnes, 1069, etc.; dat. Finne, 1129), son of Folcwalda (1090), +king of the North Frisians, i.e. of the Eotenas, husband of Hildeburg, a +daughter of Hoc, 1072, 1077. He is the hero of the inserted poem on the +Attack in Finnsburg, the obscure incidents of which are, perhaps, as +follows: In Finn's castle, Finnsburg, situated in Jutland (1126-28), the +Hocing, Hnaef, a relative--perhaps a brother--of Hildeburg is spending some +time as guest. Hnaef, who is a liegeman of the Danish king, Healfdene, has +sixty men with him (Finnsburg, 38). These are treacherously attacked one +night by Finn's men, 1073. For five days they hold the doors of their +lodging-place without losing one of their number (Finnsburg, 41, 42). Then, +however, Hnaef is slain (1071), and the Dane, Hengest, who was among Hnaef's +followers, assumes the command of the beleaguered band. But on the +attacking side the fight has brought terrible losses to Finn's men. Their +numbers are diminished (1081 f.), and Hildeburg bemoans a son and a brother +among the fallen (1074 f., cf. 1116, 1119). Therefore the Frisians offer +the Danes peace (1086) under the conditions mentioned (1087-1095), and it +is confirmed with oaths (1097), and money is given by Finn in propitiation +(1108). Now all who have survived the battle go together to Friesland, the +homo proper of Finn, and here Hengest remains during the winter, prevented +by ice and storms from returning home (Grein). But in spring the feud +breaks out anew. Guethlaf and Oslaf avenge Hnaef's fall, probably after they +have brought help from home (1150). In the battle, the hall is filled with +the corpses of the enemy. Finn himself is killed, and the queen is captured +and carried away, along with the booty, to the land of the Danes, +1147-1160. + +Finna land. Beowulf reaches it in his swimming-race with Breca, 580. + +Fitela, the son and nephew of the Waelsing, Sigemund, and his companion in +arms, 876-890. (Sigemund had begotten Fitela by his sister, Signy. Cf. more +at length Leo on Beowulf, p. 38 ff., where an extract from the legend of +the Walsungs is given.) + +Folc-walda (gen. Folc-waldan, 1090), Finn's father, 1090. + +Francan (gen. Francna, 1211; dat. Froncum, 2913). King Hygelac fell on an +expedition against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Hugas, 1211, 2917. + +Fresan, Frisan, Frysan (gen. Fresena, 1094, Frysna, 1105, Fresna, 2916: +dat. Frysum, 1208, 2913). To be distinguished, are: 1) North Frisians, +whose king is Finn, 1069 ff.; 2) West Frisians, in alliance with the Franks +and Hugas, in the war against whom Hygelac falls, 1208, 2916. The country +of the former is called Frysland, 1127; that of the latter, Fresna land, +2916. + +Fr..es wael (in Fr..es waele, 1071), mutilated proper name. + +Freawaru, daughter of the Danish king, Hroethgar; given in marriage to +Ingeld, the son of the Heaethobeard king, Froda, in order to end a war +between the Danes and the Heaethobeardnas, 2023 ff., 2065. + +Froda (gen. Frodan), father of Ingeld, the husband of Freaware, 2026. + +Garmund (gen. Garmundes, 1963) father of Offa. His grandson is Eomaer, +1961-63. + +Geatas (gen. Geata, 205, etc.; dat. Geatum, 195, etc.), a tribe in Southern +Scandinavia, to which the hero of this poem belongs; also called +Wedergeatas, 1493, 2552; or, Wederas, 225, 423, etc.; Guethgeatas, 1539; +Saegeatas, 1851, 1987. Their kings named in this poem are: Hreethel; Haeethcyn, +second son of Hreethel; Hygelac, the brother of Haeethcyn; Heardred, son of +Hygelac; then Beowulf. + +Gifethas (dat. Gifethum, 2495), Gepidae, mentioned in connection with Danes and +Swedes, 2495. + +Grendel, a fen-spirit (102-3) of Cain's race, 107, 111, 1262, 1267. He +breaks every night into Hroethgar's hall and carries off thirty warriors, 115 +ff., 1583ff. He continues this for twelve years, till Beowulf fights with +him (147, 711 ff.), and gives him a mortal wound, in that he tears out one +of his arms (817), which is hung up as a trophy in the roof of Heorot, 837. +Grendel's mother wishes to avenge her son, and the following night breaks +into the hall and carries off Aeschere, 1295. Beowulf seeks for and finds +her home in the fen-lake (1493 ff.), fights with her (1498 ff.), and kills +her (1567); and cuts off the head of Grendel, who lay there dead (1589), +and brings it to Hroethgar, 1648. + +Gueth-laf and Oslaf, Danish warriors under Hnaef, whose death they avenge on +Finn, 1149. + +Halga, with the surname, _til_, the younger brother of the Danish king, +Hroethgar, 61. His son is Hroethulf, 1018, 1165, 1182. + +Hama wrests the _Brosinga mene_ from Eormenric, 1199. + +Haereeth (gen. Haereethes, 1982), father of Hygd, the wife of Hygelac, 1930, +1982. + +Haeethcyn (dat. Haeethcynne, 2483), second son of Hreethel, king of the Geatas, +2435. Kills his oldest brother, Herebeald, accidentally, with an arrow, +2438 ff. After Hreethel's death, he obtains the kingdom, 2475, 2483. He falls +at Ravenswood, in the battle against the Swedish king, Ongenþeow, 2925. His +successor is his younger brother, Hygelac, 2944 ff., 2992. + +Helmingas (gen. Helminga, 621). From them comes Wealhþeow, Hroethgar's wife, +621. + +Heming (gen. Heminges, 1945, 1962). Offa is called Heminges maeg, 1945; +Eomaer, 1962. According to Bachlechner (Pfeiffer's Germania, I., p. 458), +Heming is the son of the sister of Garmund, Offa's father. + +Hengest (gen. Hengestes, 1092; dat. Hengeste, 1084): about him and his +relations to Hnaef and Finn, see Finn. + +Here-beald (dat. Herebealde, 2464), the oldest son of Hreethel, king of the +Geatas (2435), accidentally killed with an arrow by his younger brother, +Haeethcyn, 2440. + +Here-mod (gen. Heremodes, 902), king of the Danes, not belonging to the +Scylding dynasty, but, according to Grein, immediately preceding it; is, on +account of his unprecedented cruelty, driven out, 902 ff., 1710. + +Here-ric (gen. Hererices, 2207) Heardred is called Hererices nefa, 2207. +Nothing further is known of him. + +Het-ware or Franks, in alliance with the Frisians and the Hugas, conquer +Hygelac, king of the Geatas, 2355, 2364 ff., 2917. + +Healf-dene (gen. Healfdenes, 189, etc.), son of Beowulf, the Scylding (57); +rules the Danes long and gloriously (57 f.); has three sons, Heorogar, +Hroethgar, and Halga (61), and a daughter, Elan, who, according to the +renewed text of the passage, waes married to the Scylfing, Ongenþeow, 62, +63. + +Heard-red (dat. Heardrede, 2203, 2376), son of Hygelac, king of the Geatas, +and Hygd. After his father's death, while still under age, he obtains the +throne (2371, 2376, 2379); wherefore Beowulf, as nephew of Heardred's +father, acts as guardian to the youth till he becomes older, 2378. He is +slain by Ohthere's sons, 2386. This murder Beowulf avenges on Eadgils, +2396-97. + +Heaetho-beardnas (gen. -beardna, 2033, 2038, 2068), the tribe of the +Lombards. Their king, Froda, has fallen in a war with the Danes, 2029, +2051. In order to end the feud, King Hroethgar has given his daughter, +Freawaru, as wife to the young Ingeld, the son of Froda, a marriage that +does not result happily; for Ingeld, though he long defers it on account of +his love for his wife, nevertheless takes revenge for his father, 2021-2070 +(Widsieth, 45-49). + +Heaetho-laf (dat. Heaetho-lafe, 460), a Wylfingish warrior. Ecgþeow, Beowulf's +father, kills him, 460. + +Heaetho-raemas reached by B. in the swimming-race with Beowulf, 519. + +Heoro-gar (nom. 61; Heregar, 467; Hiorogar, 2159), son of Healfdene, and +older brother of Hroethgar, 61. His death is mentioned, 467. He has a son, +Heoroweard, 2162. His coat of mail Beowulf has received from Hroethgar +(2156), and presents it to Hygelac, 2158. + +Heoro-weard (dat. Heorowearde, 2162), Heorogar's son, 2161-62. + +Heort, 78. Heorot, 166 (gen. Heorotes, 403; dat. Heorote, 475, Heorute, +767, Hiorte, 2100). Hroethgar's throne-room and banqueting hall and +assembly-room for his liegemen, built by him with unusual splendor, 69, 78. +In it occurs Beowulf's fight with Grendel, 720 ff. The hall receives its +name from the stag's antlers, of which the one-half crowns the eastern +gable, the other half the western. + +Hildeburh, daughter of Hoc, relative of the Danish leader, Hnaef, consort of +the Frisian king, Finn. After the fall of the latter, she becomes a captive +of the Danes, 1072, 1077, 1159. See also under Finn. + +Hnaef (gen. Hnaefes, 1115), a Hocing (Widsieth, 29), the Danish King +Healfdene's general, 1070 ff. For his fight with Finn, his death and +burial, see under Finn. + +Hond-scio, warrior of the Geatas: dat. 2077. + +Hoc (gen. Hoces, 1077), father of Hildeburh, 1077; probably also of Hnaef +(Widsieth, 29). + +Hreethel (gen. Hreethles, 1486), son of Swerting, 1204. King of the Geatas, +374. He has, besides, a daughter, who is married to Ecgþeow, and has borne +him Beowulf, (374), three sons, Herebeald, Haeethcyn, and Hygelac, 2435. The +eldest of these is accidentally killed by the second, 2440. On account of +this inexpiable deed, Hreethel becomes melancholy (2443), and dies, 2475. + +Hreethla (gen. Hreethlan, MS. Hraedlan, 454), the same as Hreethel (cf. Muellenhoff +in Haupts Zeitschrift, 12, 260), the former owner of Beowulf's coat of +mail, 454. + +Hreeth-men (gen. Hreeth-manna, 445), the Danes are so called, 445. + +Hreeth-ric, son of Hroethgar, 1190, 1837. + +Hrefna-wudu, 2926, or Hrefnes-holt, 2936, the thicket near which the +Swedish king, Ongenþeow, slew Haeethcyn, king of the Geatas, in battle. + +Hreosna-beorh, promontory in the land of the Geatas, near which Ongenþeow's +sons, Ohthere and Onela, had made repeated robbing incursions into the +country after Hreethel's death. These were the immediate cause of the war in +which Hreethel's son, King Haeethcyn, fell, 2478 ff. + +Hroeth-gar (gen. Hroethgares, 235, etc.; dat. Hroethgare, 64, etc.), of the +dynasty of the Scyldings; the second of the three sons of King Healfdene, +61. After the death of his elder brother, Heorogar, he assumes the +government of the Danes, 465, 467 (yet it is not certain whether Heorogar +was king of the Danes before Hroethgar, or whether his death occurred while +his father, Healfdene, was still alive). His consort is Wealhþeow (613), of +the stock of the Helmings (621), who has borne him two sons, Hreethric and +Hroethmund (1190), and a daughter, Freaware (2023), who has been given in +marriage to the king of the Heaethobeardnas, Ingeld. His throne-room (78 +ff.), which has been built at great cost (74 ff.), is visited every night +by Grendel (102, 115), who, along with his mother, is slain by Beowulf (711 +ff., 1493 ff). Hroethgar's rich gifts to Beowulf, in consequence, 1021, 1818; +he is praised as being generous, 71 ff., 80, 1028 ff., 1868 ff.; as being +brave, 1041 ff., 1771 ff.; and wise, 1699, 1725.--Other information about +Hroethgar's reign for the most part only suggested: his expiation of the +murder which Ecgþeow, Beowulf's father, committed upon Heaetholaf, 460, 470; +his war with the Heaethobeardnas; his adjustment of it by giving his +daughter, Freaware, in marriage to their king, Ingeld; evil results of this +marriage, 2021-2070.--Treachery of his brother's son, Hroethulf, intimated, +1165-1166. + +Hroeth-mund, Hroethgar's son, 1190. + +Hroeth-ulf, probably a son of Halga, the younger brother of King Hroethgar, +1018, 1182. Wealhþeow expresses the hope (1182) that, in case of the early +death of Hroethgar, Hroeth-ulf would prove a good guardian to Hroethgar's young +son, who would succeed to the government; a hope which seems not to have +been accomplished, since it appears from 1165, 1166 that Hroeth-ulf has +abused his trust towards Hroethgar. + +Hrones-naes (dat. -naesse, 2806, 3137), a promontory on the coast of the +country of the Geatas, visible from afar. Here is Beowulf's grave-mound, +2806, 3137. + +Hrunting (dat. Hruntinge, 1660), Hunfereth's sword, is so called, 1458, 1660. + +Hugas (gen. Huga, 2503), Hygelac wars against them allied with the Franks +and Frisians, and falls, 2195 ff. One of their heroes is called Daeghrefn, +whom Beowulf slays, 2503. + +[H]un-fereth, the son of Ecglaf, þyle of King Hroethgar. As such, he has his +place near the throne of the king, 499, 500, 1167. He lends his sword, +Hrunting, to Beowulf for his battle with Grendel's mother, 1456 f. +According to 588, 1168, he slew his brothers. Since his name is always +alliterated with vowels, it is probable that the original form was, as +Rieger (Zachers Ztschr., 3, 414) conjectures, Unfereth. + +Hun-lafing, name of a costly sword, which Finn presents to Hengest, 1144. +See Note. + +Hygd (dat. Hygde, 2173), daughter of Haereeth, 1930; consort of Hygelac, king +of the Geatas, 1927; her son, Heardred, 2203, etc.--Her noble, womanly +character is emphasized, 1927 ff. + +Hyge-lac (gen. Hige-laces, 194, etc., Hygelaces, 2387; dat. Higelace, 452, +Hygelace, 2170), king of the Geatas, 1203, etc. His grandfather is +Swerting, 1204; his father, Hreethel, 1486, 1848; his older brothers, +Herebeald and Haeethcyn, 2435; his sister's son, Beowulf, 374, 375. After his +brother, Haeethcyn, is killed by Ongenþeow, he undertakes the government (2992 +in connection with the preceding from 2937 on). To Eofor he gives, as +reward for slaying Ongenþeow, his only daughter in marriage, 2998. But much +later, at the time of the return of Beowulf from his expedition to Hroethgar, +we see him married to the very young Hygd, the daughter of Haereeth, 1930. The +latter seems, then, to have been his second wife. Their son is Heardred, +2203, 2376, 2387.--Hygelac falls during an expedition against the Franks, +Frisians, and Hugas, 1206, 1211, 2356-59, 2916-17. + +Ingeld (dat. Ingelde, 2065), son of Froda, the Heaethobeard chief, who fell +in a battle with the Danes, 2051 ff. in order to end the war, Ingeld is +married to Freawaru, daughter of the Danish king, Hroethgar, 2025-30. Yet his +love for his young wife can make him forget only for a short while his +desire to avenge his father. He finally carries it out, excited thereto by +the repeated admonitions of an old warrior, 2042-70 (Widsieth, 45-59). + +Ing-wine (gen. Ingwina, 1045, 1320), friends of Ing, the first king of the +East Danes. The Danes are so called, 1045, 1320. + +Mere-wioingas (gen. Mere-wioinga, 2922), as name of the Franks, 2922. + +Naegling, the name of Beowulf's sword, 2681. + +Offa (gen. Offan, 1950), king of the Angles (Widsieth, 35), the son of +Garmund, 1963; married (1950) to Þryetho (1932), a beautiful but cruel woman, +of unfeminine spirit (1932 ff.), by whom he has a son, Eomaer, 1961. + +Oht-here (gen. Ohtheres, 2929, 2933; Ohteres, 2381, 2393, 2395, 2613), son +of Ongenþeow, king of the Swedes, 2929. His sons are Eanmund (2612) and +Eadgils, 2393. + +Onela (gen. Onelan, 2933), Ohthere's brother, 2617, 2933. + +Ongen-þeow (nom. -þeow, 2487, -þio, 2952; gen. -þeowes, 2476, -þiowes, +2388; dat. -þio, 2987), of the dynasty of the Scylfings; king of the +Swedes, 2384. His wife is, perhaps, Elan, daughter of the Danish king, +Healfdene (62), and mother of two sons, Onela and Ohthere, 2933. She is +taken prisoner by Haeethcyn, king of the Geatas, on an expedition into Sweden, +which he undertakes on account of her sons' plundering raids into his +country, 2480 ff. She is set free by Ongenþeow (2931), who kills Haeethcyn, +2925, and encloses the Geatas, now deprived of their leader, in the +Ravenswood (2937 ff.), till they are freed by Hygelac, 2944. A battle then +follows, which is unfavorable to Ongenþeow's army. Ongenþeow himself, +attacked by the brothers, Wulf and Eofor, is slain by the latter, 2487 ff., +2962 ff. + +Os-laf, a warrior of Hnaef's, who avenges on Finn his leader's death, 1149 +f. + +Scede-land, 19. Sceden-ig (dat. Sceden-igge, 1687), O.N., Scan-ey, the most +southern portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, belonging to the Danish +kingdom, and, in the above-mentioned passages of our poem, a designation of +the whole Danish kingdom. + +Scef or Sceaf. See Note. + +Scyld (gen. Scyldes, 19), a Scefing. 4. His son is Beowulf, 18, 53: his +grandson, Healfdene, 57; his great-grandson, Hroethgar, who had two brothers +and a sister, 59 ff.--Scyld dies, 26; his body, upon a decorated ship, is +given over to the sea (32 ff.), just as he, when a child, drifted alone, +upon a ship, to the land of the Danes, 43 ff. After him his descendants +bear his name. + +Scyldingas (Scyldungas, 2053; gen. Scyldinga, 53, etc., Scyldunga, 2102, +2160; dat. Scyldingum, 274, etc.), a name which is extended also to the +Danes, who are ruled by the Scyldings, 53, etc. They are also called +Ar-Scyldingas, 464; Sige-Scyldingas, 598, 2005; Þeod-Scyldingas, 1020; +Here-Scyldingas, 1109. + +Scylfingas, a Swedish royal family, whose relationship seems to extend to +the Geatas, since Wiglaf, the son of Wihstan, who in another place, as a +kinsman of Beowulf, is called a Waegmunding (2815), is also called leod +Scylfinga, 2604. The family connections are perhaps as follows:-- + + Scylf. + | + ------------------------ + Waegmund. ....... + | | +------------------ ---------- +Ecgþeow. Weohstan. Ongenþeow. + | | | +-------- -------- --------------- +Beowulf. Wiglaf. Onela. Ohthere. + | + ----------------- + Eaumund. Eadgils. + +The Scylfings are also called Heaetho-Scilfingas, 63, Gueth-Scylfingas, 2928. + +Sige-mund (dat. -munde, 876, 885), the son of Waels, 878, 898. His (son and) +nephew is Fitela, 880, 882. His fight with the drake, 887 ff. + +Swerting (gen. Swertinges, 1204), Hygelac's grandfather, and Hreethel's +father, 1204. + +Sweon (gen. Sweona, 2473, 2947, 3002), also Sweo-þeod, 2923. The dynasty of +the Scylfings rules over them, 2382, 2925. Their realm is called Swiorice, +2384, 2496. + +Þryetho, consort of the Angle king, Offa, 1932, 1950. Mother of Eomaer, 1961, +notorious on account of her cruel, unfeminine character, 1932 ff. She is +mentioned as the opposite to the mild, dignified Hygd, the queen of the +Geatas. + +Waels (gen. Waelses, 898), father of Sigemund, 878, 898. + +Waeg-mundingas (gen. Waegmundinga, 2608, 2815). The Waegmundings are on one +side, Wihstan and his son Wiglaf; on the other side, Ecgþeow and his son +Beowulf (2608, 2815). See under Scylfingas. + +Wederas (gen. Wedera, 225, 423, 498, etc.), or Weder-geatas. See Geatas. + +Weland (gen. Welandes, 455), the maker of Beowulf's coat of mail, 455. + +Wendlas (gen. Wendla, 348): their chief is Wulfgar. See Wulfgar. The +Wendlas are, according to Grundtvig and Bugge, the inhabitants of Vendill, +the most northern part of Jutland, between Limfjord and the sea. + +Wealh-þeow (613, Wealh-þeo, 665, 1163), the consort of King Hroethgar, of the +stock of the Helmings, 621. Her sons are Hreethric and Hroethmund, 1190; her +daughter, Freawaru, 2023. + +Weoh-stan (gen. Weox-stanes, 2603, Weoh-stanes, 2863, Wih-stanes, 2753, +2908, etc.), a Waegmunding (2608), father of Wiglaf, 2603. In what +relationship to him Aelfhere, mentioned 2605, stands, is not +clear.--Weohstan is the slayer of Eanmund (2612), in that, as it seems, he +takes revenge for his murdered king, Heardred. See Eanmund. + +Wig-laf, Weohstan's son, 2603, etc., a Waegmunding, 2815, and so also a +Scylfing, 2604; a kinsman of Aelfhere, 2605. For his relationship to +Beowulf, see the genealogical table under Scylfingas.--He supports Beowulf +in his fight with the drake, 2605 ff., 2662 ff. The hero gives him, before +his death, his ring, his helm, and his coat of mail, 2810 ff. + +Won-red (gen. Wonredes, 2972), father of Wulf and Eofor, 2966, 2979. + +Wulf (dat. Wulfe, 2994), one of the Geatas, Wonred's son. He fights in the +battle between the armies of Hygelac and Ongenþeow with Ongenþeow himself, +and gives him a wound (2966), whereupon Ongenþeow, by a stroke of his +sword, disables him, 2975. Eofor avenges his brother's fall by dealing +Ongenþeow a mortal blow, 2978 ff. + +Wulf-gar, chief of the Wendlas, 348, lives at Hroethgar's court, and is his +"ar and ombiht," 335. + +Wylfingas (dat. Wylfingum, 461). Ecgþeow has slain Heoetholaf, a warrior of +this tribe, 460. + +Yrmen-laf, younger brother of Aeschere, 1325. + + +ADDITIONAL. + +Eotenas (gen. pl. Eotena, 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. Eotenum, 1146), the +subjects of Finn, the North Frisians: distinguished from eoton, _giant_. +Vid eoton. Cf. Bugge, Beit., xii. 37; Earle, Beowulf in Prose, pp. 146, +198. + +Hreethling, son of Hreethel, Hygelac: nom. sg. 1924; nom. pl., the subjects of +Hygelac, the Geats, 2961. + +Scefing, the son (?) of Scef, or Sceaf, reputed father of Scyld, 4. See +Note. + + + +ABBREVIATIONS. + + B.: Bugge. + Br.: S.A. Brooke, Hist. of Early Eng. Lit. + C.: Cosijn. + E.: Earle, Deeds of Beowulf in Prose. + G.: Garnett, Translation of Beowulf + Gr.: Grein. + H.: Heyne. + Ha.: Hall, Translation of Beowulf. + H.-So.: Heyne-Socin, 5th ed. + Ho.: Holder. + K.: Kemble. + Kl.: Kluge. + Muellenh.: Muellenhoff. + R.: Rieger. + S.: Sievers. + Sw.: Sweet, Anglo-Saxon Reader, 6th ed. + Ten Br.: Ten Brink. + Th.: Thorpe. + Z.: Zupitza. + + PERIODICALS. + + Ang.: Anglia. + Beit.: Paul und Branne's Beitraege. + Eng. Stud.: Englische Studien. + Germ.: Germania. + Haupts Zeitschr.: Haupts Zeitschrift, etc. + Mod. Lang. Notes: Modern Language Notes. + Tidskr.: Tidskrift for Philologi. +Zachers Zeitschr.: Zachers Zeitschrift, etc. + + +NOTES. + +l. 1. hwaet: for this interjectional formula opening a poem, cf. _Andreas, +Daniel, Juliana, Exodus, Fata Apost., Dream of the Rood_, and the +"Listenith lordinges!" of mediaeval lays.--E. Cf. Chaucer, Prologue, ed. +Morris, l. 853: + + "Sin I shal beginne the game, + _What_, welcome be the cut, a Goddes name!" + +we ... gefrunon is a variant on the usual epic formulae ic gefraegn (l. 74) +and mine gefraege (l. 777). _Exodus, Daniel, Phoenix_, etc., open with the +same formula. + +l. 1. "Gar was the javelin, armed with two of which the warrior went into +battle, and which he threw over the 'shield-wall.' It was barbed."--Br. +124. Cf. _Maldon_, l. 296; _Judith_, l. 224; _Gnom. Verses_, l. 22; etc. + +l. 4. "Scild of the Sheaf, not 'Scyld the son of Scaf'; for it is too +inconsistent, even in myth, to give a patronymic to a foundling. According +to the original form of the story, Sceaf was the foundling; he had come +ashore with a sheaf of corn, and from that was named. This form of the +story is preserved in Ethelwerd and in William of Malmesbury. But here the +foundling is Scyld, and we must suppose he was picked up with the sheaf, +and hence his cognomen."--E., p. 105. Cf. the accounts of Romulus and +Remus, of Moses, of Cyrus, etc. + +l. 6. egsian is also used in an active sense (not in the Gloss.), = _to +terrify_. + +l. 15. S. suggests þa (_which_) for þaet, as object of dreogan; and for +aldor-lease, Gr. suggested aldor-ceare.--_Beit._ ix. 136. + +S. translates: "For God had seen the dire need which the rulerless ones +before endured." + +l. 18. "Beowulf (that is, Beaw of the Anglo-Saxon genealogists, not our +Beowulf, who was a Geat, not a Dane), 'the son of Scyld in Scedeland.' This +is our ancestral myth,--the story of the first culture-hero of the North; +'the patriarch,' as Rydberg calls him, 'of the royal families of Sweden, +Denmark, Angeln, Saxland, and England.'"--Br., p. 78. Cf. _A.-S. Chron._ +an. 855. + +H.-So. omits parenthetic marks, and reads (after S., _Beit._ ix. 135) +eaferan; cf. _Fata Apost._: lof wide sprang þeodnes þegna. + +"The name _Beowulf_ means literally 'Bee-wolf,' wolf or ravager of +the bees, = bear. Cf. _beorn_, 'hero,' originally 'bear,' and +_beohata_, 'warrior,' in Caedmon, literally 'bee-hater' or +'persecutor,' and hence identical in meaning with _beowulf_."--Sw. + +Cf. "Arcite and Palamon, + That foughten _breme_, as it were bores two." + --Chaucer, _Knightes Tale_, l. 841, ed. Morris. + +Cf. M. Mueller, _Science of Lang._, Sec. Series, pp. 217, 218; and Hunt's +_Daniel_, 104. + +l. 19. Cf. l. 1866, where Scedenig is used, = _Scania_, in Sweden(?). + +l. 21. wine is pl.; cf. its apposition wil-gesiethas below. H.-So. compares +_Heliand_, 1017, for language almost identical with ll. 20, 21. + +l. 22. on ylde: cf. + "_In elde_ is bothe wisdom and usage." + --Chaucer, _Knightes Tale_, l. 1590, ed. Morris. + +l. 26. Reflexive objects often pleonastically accompany verbs of motion; +cf. ll. 234, 301, 1964, etc. + +l. 28. faroeth = _shore, strand, edge._ Add these to the meanings in the +Gloss. + +l. 31. The object of ahte is probably geweald, to be supplied from wordum +weold of l. 30.--H.-So. + +R., Kl., and B. all hold conflicting views of this passage: _Beit._ xii. +80, ix. 188; _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 382, etc. Kl. suggests laendagas for +lange. + +l. 32. "hringed-stefna is sometimes translated 'with curved prow,' but it +means, I think, that in the prow were fastened rings through which the +cables were passed that tied it to the shore."--Br., p. 26. Cf. ll. 1132, +1898. Hring-horni was the mythic ship of the Edda. See Toller-Bosworth for +three different views; and cf. wunden-stefna (l. 220), hring-naca (l. +1863). + +ll. 34-52. Cf. the burial of Haki on a funeral-pyre ship, _Inglinga Saga;_ +the burial of Balder, Sinfioetli, Arthur, etc. + +l. 35. "And this [their joy in the sea] is all the plainer from the number +of names given to the ship-names which speak their pride and affection. It +is the AEtheling's vessel, the Floater, the Wave-swimmer, the Ring-sterned, +the Keel, the Well-bound wood, the Sea-wood, the Sea-ganger, the Sea-broad +ship, the Wide-bosomed, the Prow-curved, the Wood of the curved neck, the +Foam-throated floater that flew like a bird."--Br., p. 168. + +l. 49. "We know from Scandinavian graves ... that the illustrious dead were +buried ... in ships, with their bows to sea-ward; that they were however +not sent to sea, but were either burnt in that position, or mounded over +with earth."--E. See Du Chaillu, _The Viking Age_, xix. + +l. 51. (1) sele-raedende (K., S., C.); (2) sele-raedenne (H.); (3) +sele-raedende (H.-So.). Cf. l. 1347; and see Ha. + +l. 51. E. compares with this canto Tennyson's "Passing of Arthur" and the +legendary burial-journey of St. James of Campostella, an. 800. + +l. 53. The poem proper begins with this, "There was once upon a time," the +first 52 lines being a prelude. Eleven of the "fitts," or cantos, begin +with the monosyllable þa, four with the verb gewitan, nine with the formula +Hroethgar (Beowulf, Unfereth) maethelode, twenty-four with monosyllables in +general (him, swa, se, hwaet, þa, heht, waes, maeg, cwom, straet). + +l. 58. gamel. "The ... characteristics of the poetry are the use of archaic +forms and words, such as mec for me, the possessive sin, gamol, dogor, swat +for eald, daeg, blod, etc., after they had become obsolete in the prose +language, and the use of special compounds and phrases, such as hildenaedre +(_war-adder_) for 'arrow,' gold-gifa (_gold-giver_) for 'king,' ... +goldwine gumena (_goldfriend of men, distributor of gold to men_) for +'king,'" etc.--Sw. Other poetic words are ides, ielde (_men_), etc. + +l. 60. H.-So. reads raeswa (referring to Heorogar alone), and places a point +(with the Ms.) after Heorogar instead of after raeswa. Cf. l. 469; see B., +_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 193. + +l. 62. Elan here (OHG. _Elana, Ellena, Elena, Elina, Alyan_) is thought by +B. (_Tidskr_. viii. 43) to be a remnant of the masc. name Onela, and he +reads: [On-]elan ewen, Heaethoscilfingas(=es) healsgebedda. + +l. 68. For he, omitted here, cf. l. 300. Pronouns are occasionally thus +omitted insubord. clauses.--Sw. + +l. 70. þone, here = þonne, _than_, and micel = mare? The passage, by a +slight change, might be made to read, medo-aern micle ma gewyrcean,--þone = +_by much larger than_,--in which þone (þonne) would come in naturally. + +l. 73. folc-scare. Add _folk-share_ to the meanings in the Gloss.; and cf. +gueth-scearu. + +l. 74. ic wide gefraegn: an epic formula very frequent in poetry, = _men +said._ Cf. _Judith_, ll. 7, 246; _Phoenix_, l. 1; and the parallel (noun) +formula, mine gefraege, ll. 777, 838, 1956, etc. + +ll. 78-83. "The hall was a rectangular, high-roofed, wooden building, its +long sides facing north and south. The two gables, at either end, had +stag-horns on their points, curving forwards, and these, as well as the +ridge of the roof, were probably covered with shining metal, and glittered +bravely in the sun."--Br., p. 32. + +l. 84. _Son-in-law and father-in-law;_ B., a so-called _dvanda_ compound. +Cf. l. 1164, where a similar compound means _uncle and nephew;_ and +Widsieth's suhtorfaedran, used of the same persons. + +l. 88. "The word dream conveys the buzz and hum of social happiness, and +more particularly the sound of music and singing."--E. Cf. l. 3021; and +_Judith_, l. 350; _Wanderer_, l. 79, etc. + +ll. 90-99. There is a suspicious similarity between this passage and the +lines attributed by Bede to Caedmon: + + Nu we sculan herian heofonrices Weard, etc. + --Sw., p. 47. + +ll. 90-98 are probably the interpolation of a Christian scribe. + +ll. 92-97. "The first of these Christian elements [in _Beowulf_] is the +sense of a fairer, softer world than that in which the Northern warriors +lived.... Another Christian passage (ll. 107, 1262) derives all the demons, +eotens, elves, and dreadful sea-beasts from the race of Cain. The folly of +sacrificing to the heathen gods is spoken of (l. 175).... The other point +is the belief in immortality (ll. 1202, 1761)."--Br. 71. + +l. 100. Cf. l. 2211, where the third dragon of the poem is introduced in +the same words. Beowulf is the forerunner of that other national +dragon-slayer, St. George. + +l. 100. onginnan in _Beowulf_ is treated like verbs of motion and modal +auxiliaries, and takes the object inf. without to; cf. ll. 872, 1606, 1984, +244. Cf. _gan_ (= _did_) in Mid. Eng.: _gan_ espye (Chaucer, _Knightes +Tale_, l. 254, ed. Morris). + +l. 101. B. and H.-So. read, feond on healle; cf. l. 142.--_Beit._ xii. + +ll. 101-151. "Grimm connects [Grendel] with the Anglo-Saxon grindel (_a +bolt_ or _bar_).... It carries with it the notion of the bolts and bars of +hell, and hence _a fiend._ ... Ettmueller was the first ... to connect the +name with grindan, _to grind, to crush to pieces, to utterly destroy._ +Grendel is then _the tearer, the destroyer_."--Br., p. 83. + +l. 102. gaest = _stranger_ (Ha.); cf. ll. 1139, 1442, 2313, etc. + +l. 103. See Ha., p. 4. + +l. 106. "The perfect and pluperfect are often expressed, as in Modern +English, by haefeth and haefde with the past participle."--Sw. Cf. ll. 433, +408, 940, 205 (p. p. inflected in the last two cases), etc. + +l. 106. S. destroys period here, reads in Caines, etc., and puts þone ... +drihten in parenthesis. + +l. 108. þaes þe = _because_, especially after verbs of thanking (cf. ll. +228, 627, 1780, 2798); _according as_ (l. 1351). + +l. 108. The def. article is omitted with Drihten (_Lord_) and Deofol +(_devil_; cf. l. 2089), as it is, generally, sparingly employed in poetry; +cf. to sae (l. 318), ofer sae (l. 2381), on lande (l. 2311), to raeste (l. +1238), on wicge (l. 286), etc., etc. + +l. 119. weras (S., H.-So.); wera (K., Th.).--_Beit._ ix. 137. + +l. 120. unfaelo = _uncanny_ (R.). + +l. 131. E. translates, _majestic rage;_ adopting Gr.'s view that swyeth is = +Icel. sviethi, _a burn_ or _burning_. Cf. l. 737. + +l. 142. B. supposes heal-þegnes to be corrupted from helþegnes; cf. l. +101.--_Beit._ xii. 80. See Guethlac, l. 1042. + +l. 144. See Ha., p. 6, for S.'s rearrangement. + +l. 146. S. destroys period after selest, puts waes ... micel in parenthesis, +and inserts a colon after tid. + +l. 149. B. reads sarcwidum for syethethan. + +l. 154. B. takes sibbe for accus. obj. of wolde, and places a comma after +Deniga.--_Beit._ xii. 82. + +l. 159. R. suggests ac se for atol. + +l. 168. H.-So. plausibly conjectures this parenthesis to be a late +insertion, as, at ll. 180-181, the Danes also are said to be heathen. +Another commentator considers the throne under a "spell of enchantment," +and therefore it could not be touched. + +l. 169. ne ... wisse: _nor had he desire to do so_ (W.). See Ha., p. 7, for +other suggestions. + +l. 169. myne wisse occurs in _Wanderer_, l. 27. + +l. 174. The gerundial inf. with to expresses purpose, defines a noun or +adjective, or, with the verb be, expresses duty or necessity passively; cf. +ll. 257, 473, 1004, 1420, 1806, etc. Cf. to + inf. at ll. 316, 2557. + +ll. 175-188. E. regards this passage as dating the time and place of the +poem relatively to the times of heathenism. Cf. the opening lines, _In days +of yore_, etc., as if the story, even then, were very old. + +l. 177. gast-bona is regarded by Ettmueller and G. Stephens (_Thunor_, p. +54) as an epithet of Thor (= _giant-killer_), a kenning for Thunor or Thor, +meaning both _man_ and _monster_.--E. + +l. 189. Cf. l. 1993, where similar language is used. H.-So. takes both +mod-ceare and mael-ceare as accus., others as instr. + +ll. 190, 1994. seaeth: for this use of seoethan cf. Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, ed. +Miller, p. 128, where p. p. soden is thus used. + +l. 194. fram ham = _in his home_ (S., H.-So.); but fram ham may be for fram +him (_from them_, i.e. _his people_, or _from Hrothgar's_). Cf. Ha., p. 8. + +l. 197. Cf. ll. 791, 807, for this fixed phrase. + +l. 200. See _Andreas, Elene_, and _Juliana_ for swan-rad (_= sea_). "The +swan is said to breed wild now no further away than the North of Sweden." +--E. Cf. ganotes baeeth, l. 1862. + +l. 203. Concessive clauses with þeah, þeah þe, þeah ... eal, vary with +subj. and ind., according as fact or contingency is dominant in the mind; +cf. ll. 526, 1168, 2032, etc. (subj.), 1103, 1614 (ind.). Cf. gif, nefne. + +l. 204. hael, an OE. word found in Wuelker's Glossaries in various forms, = +_augury, omen, divination_, etc. Cf. haelsere, _augur_; hael, _omen;_ +haelsung, _augurium_, haelsian, etc. Cf. Tac., _Germania_, 10. + +l. 207. C. adds "= _impetrare_" to the other meanings of findan given in +the Gloss. + +l. 217. Cf. l. 1910; and _Andreas_, l. 993.--E. E. compares Byron's + + "And fast and falcon-like the vessel flew," + --_Corsair_, i.17. + +and Scott's + + "Merrily, merrily bounds the bark." + --_Lord of the Isles_, iv. 7. + +l. 218. Cf. + "The fomy stedes on the golden brydel + Gnawinge." + --Chaucer, _Knightes Tale_, l. 1648, ed. Morris. + +l. 219. Does an-tid mean _hour_ (Th.), or _corresponding hour_ = and-tid +(H.-So.), or _in due time_ (E.), or _after a time_, when oþres, etc., would +be adv. gen.? See C., _Beit._ viii. 568. + +l. 224. eoletes may = (1) _voyage_; (2) _toil, labor_; (3) _hurried +journey;_ but _sea_ or _fjord_ appears preferable. + +ll. 229-257. "The scenery ... is laid on the coast of the North Sea and the +Kattegat, the first act of the poem among the Danes in Seeland, the second +among the Geats in South Sweden."--Br., p. 15. + +l. 239. "A shoal of simple terms express in _Beowulf_ the earliest +sea-thoughts of the English.... The simplest term is Sae.... To this they +added Waeter, Flod, Stream, Lagu, Mere, Holm, Grund, Heathu, Sund, Brim, +Garsecg, Eagor, Geofon, Fifel, Hron-rad, Swan-rad, Segl-rad, +Ganotes-baeeth."--Br., p. 163-166. + +l. 239. "The infinitive is often used in poetry after a verb of motion +where we should use the present participle."--Sw. Cf. ll. 711, 721, 1163 +1803, 268, etc. Cf. German _spazieren fahren reiten_, etc., and similar +constructions in French, etc. + +l. 240, W. reads hringed-stefnan for helmas baeron. B. inserts (?) after +holmas and begins a new line at the middle of the verse. S. omits B.'s "on +the wall." + +l. 245. Double and triple negatives strengthen each other and do not +produce an affirmative in A.-S. or M. E. The neg. is often prefixed to +several emphatic words in the sentence, and readily contracts with vowels, +and h or w; cf. ll. 863, 182, 2125, 1509, 575, 583, 3016, etc. + +l. 249. seld-guma = _man-at-arms in another's house_ (Wood); = _low-ranking +fellow_ (Ha.); stubenhocker, _stay-at-home_ (Gr.), Scott's "carpet knight," +_Marmion_, i. 5. + +l. 250. naefne (nefne, nemne) usually takes the subj., = _unless_; cf. ll. +1057, 3055, 1553. For ind., = _except_, see l. 1354. Cf. butan, gif, þeah. + +l. 250. For a remarkable account of armor and weapons in _Beowulf_, see S. +A. Brooke, _Hist. of Early Eng. Lit_. For general "Old Teutonic Life in +Beowulf," see J. A. Harrison, _Overland Monthly_. + +l. 252. aer as a conj. generally has subj., as here; cf. ll. 264, 677, 2819, +732. For ind., cf. l. 2020. + +l. 253. leas = _loose_, _roving_. Ettmueller corrected to lease. + +l. 256. This proverb (ofest, etc.) occurs in _Exod_. (Hunt), l. 293. + +l. 258. An "elder" may be a very young man; hence yldesta, = _eminent_, may +be used of Beowulf. Cf. _Laws of AElfred_, C. 17: Na þaet aelc eald sy, ac þaet +he eald sy on wisdome. + +l. 273. Verbs of hearing and seeing are often followed by acc. with inf.; +cf. ll. 229, 1024, 729, 1517, etc. Cf. German construction with _sehen, +horen_, etc., French construction with _voir, entendre_, etc., and the +classical constructions. + +l. 275. daed-hata = _instigator_. Kl. reads daed-hwata. + +l. 280. ed-wendan, n. (B.; cf. 1775), = edwenden, limited by bisigu. So ten +Br. = _Tidskr_. viii. 291. + +l. 287. "Each is denoted ... also by the strengthened forms 'aeghwaeether +('aegether), eghwaeether, etc. This prefixed 'ae, oe corresponds to the Goth, +_aiw_, OHG. _eo_, _io_, and is umlauted from a, o by the i of the gi which +originally followed."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 190. + +l. 292. "All through the middle ages suits of armour are called +'weeds.'"--E. + +l. 303. "An English warrior went into battle with a boar-crested helmet, +and a round linden shield, with a byrnie of ringmail ... with two javelins +or a single ashen spear some eight or ten feet long, with a long two-edged +sword naked or held in an ornamental scabbard.... In his belt was a short, +heavy, one-edged sword, or rather a long knife, called the seax ... used +for close quarters."--Br., p. 121. + +l. 303. For other references to the boar-crest, cf. ll. 1112, 1287, 1454; +Grimm, _Myth._ 195; Tacitus, _Germania_, 45. "It was the symbol of their +[the Baltic AEstii's] goddess, and they had great faith in it as a +preservative from hard knocks."--E. See the print in the illus. ed. of +Green's _Short History_, Harper & Bros. + +l. 303. "See Kemble, _Saxons in England_, chapter on heathendom, and +Grimm's _Teutonic Mythology_, chapter on Freyr, for the connection these +and other writers establish between the Boar-sign and the golden boar which +Freyr rode, and his worship."--Br., p. 128. Cf. _Elene_, l. 50. + +l. 304. Gering proposes hleor-bergan = _cheek-protectors_; cf. _Beit._ xii. +26. "A bronze disk found at Oeland in Sweden represents two warriors in +helmets with boars as their crests, and cheek-guards under; these are the +hleor-bergan."--E. Cf. hauberk, with its diminutive habergeon, < A.-S. +heals, _neck_ + beorgan, _to cover_ or _protect_; and harbor, < A.-S. here, +_army_ + beorgan, id.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ xii. 123. Cf. cinberge, Hunt's +_Exod._ l. 175. + +l. 305. For ferh wearde and guethmode grummon, B. and ten Br. read +ferh-wearde (l. 305) and guethmodgum men (l. 306), = _the boar-images ... +guarded the lives of the warlike men_. + +l. 311. leoma: cf. Chaucer, _Nonne Preestes Tale_, l. 110, ed. Morris: + + "To dremen in here dremes + Of armes, and of fyr with rede _lemes_." + +l. 318. On the double gender of sae, cf. Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 147; and +note the omitted article at ll. 2381, 318, 544, with the peculiar tmesis of +_between_ at ll. 859, 1298, 1686, 1957. So _Caedmon_, l. 163 (Thorpe), +_Exod._ l. 562 (Hunt), etc. + +l. 320. Cf. l. 924; and _Andreas_, l. 987, where almost the same words +occur. "Here we have manifestly before our eye one of those ancient +causeways, which are among the oldest visible institutions of +civilization." --E. + +l. 322. S. inserts comma after scir, and makes hring-iren (= _ring-mail_) +parallel with gueth-byrne. + +l. 325. Cf. l. 397. "The deposit of weapons outside before entering a house +was the rule at all periods.... In provincial Swedish almost everywhere a +church porch is called vakenhus,... i.e. _weapon-house_, because the +worshippers deposited their arms there before they entered the house."--E., +after G. Stephens. + +l. 333. Cf. Dryden's "mingled metal _damask'd_ o'er with gold."--E. + +l. 336. "ael-, el-, kindred with Goth. _aljis_, other, e.g. in aelþeodig, +elþeodig, foreign."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 47. + +l. 336. Cf. l. 673 for the functions of an ombiht-þegn. + +l. 343. Cf. l. 1714 for the same beod-geneatas,--"the predecessor title to +that of the Knights of the Table Round."--E. Cf. _Andreas_ (K.), l. 2177. + +l. 344. The future is sometimes expressed by willan + inf., generally with +some idea of volition involved; cf. ll. 351, 427, etc. Cf. the use of +willan as principal vb. (with omitted inf.) at ll. 318, 1372, 543, 1056; +and sculan, ll. 1784, 2817. + +l. 353. sieth here, and at l. 501, probably means _arrival_. E. translates +the former by _visit_, the latter by _adventure_. + +l. 357. unhar = _hairless, bald_ (Gr., etc.). + +l. 358. eode is only one of four or five preterits of gan (gongan, gangan, +gengan), viz. geong (giong: ll. 926, 2410, etc.), gang (l. 1296, etc.), +gengde (ll. 1402, 1413). Sievers, p. 217, apparently remarks that eode is +"probably used only in prose." (?!). Cf. geng, _Gen._ ll. 626, 834; _Exod._ +(Hunt) l. 102. + +l. 367. The MS. and H.-So. read with Gr. and B. glaedman Hroethgar, abandoning +Thorkelin's glaednian. There is a glass. hilaris glaedman.--_Beit._ xii. 84; +same as glaed. + +l. 369. dugan is a "preterit-present" verb, with new wk. preterit, like +sculan, durran, magan, etc. For various inflections, see ll. 573, 590, +1822, 526. Cf. _do_ in "that will _do_"; _doughty_, etc. + +l. 372. Cf. l. 535 for a similar use; and l. 1220. Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, +ed. Miller, uses the same expression several times. "Here, and in all other +places where cniht occurs in this poem, it seems to carry that technical +sense which it bore in the military hierarchy [of a noble youth placed out +and learning the elements of the art of war in the service of a qualified +warrior, to whom he is, in a military sense, a servant], before it bloomed +out in the full sense of _knight_."--E. + +l. 373. E. remarks of the hyphened eald-faeder, "hyphens are risky toys to +play with in fixing texts of pre-hyphenial antiquity"; eald-faeder could +only = _grandfather_. eald here can only mean _honored_, and the hyphen is +unnecessary. Cf. "old fellow," "my old man," etc.; and Ger. _alt-vater_. + +l. 378. Th. and B. propose Geatum, as presents from the Danish to the +Geatish king.--_Beit._ xii. + +l. 380. haebbe. The subj. is used in indirect narration and question, wish +and command, purpose, result, and hypothetical comparison with swelce = _as +if_. + +ll. 386, 387. Ten Br. emends to read: "Hurry, bid the kinsman-throng go +into the hall together." + +l. 387. sibbe-gedriht, for Beowulf's friends, occurs also at l. 730. It is +subject-acc. to seon. Cf. ll. 347, 365, and Hunt's _Exod_. l. 214. + +l. 404. "Here, as in the later Icelandic halls, Beowulf saw Hrothgar +enthroned on a high seat at the east end of the hall. The seat is sacred. +It has a supernatural quality. Grendel, the fiend, cannot approach +it."--Br., p. 34. Cf. l. 168. + +l. 405. "At Benty Grange, in Derbyshire, an Anglo-Saxon barrow, opened in +1848, contained a coat of mail. 'The iron chain work consists of a large +number of links of two kinds attached to each other by small rings half an +inch in diameter; one kind flat and lozenge-shaped ... the others all of +one kind, but of different lengths.'"--Br., p. 126. + +l. 407. Wes ... hal: this ancient Teutonic greeting afterwards grew into +wassail. Cf. Skeat's _Luke_, i. 28; _Andreas_ (K.), 1827; Layamon, l. +14309, etc. + +l. 414. "The distinction between wesan and weorethan [in passive relations] +is not very clearly defined, but wesan appears to indicate a state, weorethan +generally an action."--Sw. Cf. Mod. German _werden_ and _sein_ in similar +relations. + +l. 414. Gr. translates hador by _receptaculum_; cf. Gering, _Zachers +Zeitschr._ xii. 124. Toller-Bosw. ignores Gr.'s suggestion. + +ll. 420, 421. B. reads: þaer ic (_on_) fifelgeban (= _ocean_) yethde eotena +cyn. Ten Br. reads: þaer ic fifelgeban yethde, eotena ham. Ha. suggests +fifelgeband = _monster-band_, without further changes. + +l. 420. R. reads þaera = _of them_, for þaer.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 399; +_Beit._ xii. 367. + +l. 420. "niht has a gen., nihtes, used for the most part only adverbially, +and almost certainly to be regarded as masculine."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., +p. 158. + +l. 425. Cf. also ll. 435, 635, 2345, for other examples of Beowulf's +determination to fight single-handed. + +l. 441. þe hine = _whom_, as at l. 1292, etc. The indeclinable þe is often +thus combined with personal pronouns, = relative, and is sometimes +separated from them by a considerable interval.--Sw. + +l. 443. The MS. has Geotena. B. and Fahlbeck, says H.-So., do not consider +the Geatas, but the Jutes, as the inhabitants of Swedish West-Gothland. +Alfred translates Juti by Geatas, but _Jutland_ by _Gotland_. In the laws +they are called Guti.--_Beit._ xii. 1, etc. + +l. 444. B., Gr., and Ha. make unforhte an adv. = _fearlessly_, modifying +etan. Kl. reads anforhte = _timid_. + +l. 446. Cf. l. 2910. Th. translates: _thou wilt not need my head to hide_ +(i.e. _bury_). Simrock supposes a dead-watch or lyke-wake to be meant. +Wood, _thou wilt not have to bury so much as my head!_ H.-So. supposes +heafod-weard, _a guard of honor_, such as sovereigns or presumptive rulers +had, to be meant by hafalan hydan; hence, _you need not give me any guard_, +etc. Cf. Schmid, _Gesetze der A._, 370-372. + +l. 447. S. places a colon after nimeeth. + +l. 451. H.-So., Ha., and B. (_Beit._ xii. 87) agree essentially in +translating feorme, _food_. R. translates _consumption of my corpse. +Maintenance, support_, seems preferable to either. + +l. 452. Roenning (after Grimm) personifies Hild.--_Beovulfs Kvadet_, l. 59. +Hildr is the name of one of the Scandinavian Walkyries, or battle-maidens, +who transport the spirits of the slain to Walhalla. Cf. Kent's _Elene_, l. +18, etc. + +l. 455. "The war-smiths, especially as forgers of the sword, were garmented +with legend, and made into divine personages. Of these Weland is the type, +husband of a swan maiden, and afterwards almost a god."-- Br., p. 120. Cf. +A. J. C. Hare's account of "Wayland Smith's sword with which Henry II. was +knighted," and which hung in Westminster Abbey to a late date.--_Walks in +London_, ii. 228. + +l. 455. This is the aelces mannes wyrd of Boethius (Sw., p. 44) and the wyrd +bieth swiethost of Gnomic Verses, 5. There are about a dozen references to it +in _Beowulf_. + +l. 455. E. compares the fatalism of this concluding hemistich with the +Christian tone of l. 685 _seq._ + +ll. 457, 458. B. reads waere-ryhtum ( = _from the obligations of +clientage_). + +l. 480. Cf. l. 1231, where the same sense, "flown with wine," occurs. + +l. 488. "The dugueth, the mature and ripe warriors, the aristocracy of the +nation, are the support of the throne."--E. The M. E. form of the word, +_douth_, occurs often. Associated with geogoeth, ll. 160 and 622. + +l. 489. Kl. omits comma after meoto and reads (with B.) sige-hreeth-secgum, = +_disclose thy thought to the victor-heroes_. Others, as Koerner, convert +meoto into an imperative and divide on sael = _think upon happiness_. But +cf. onband beadu-rune, l. 501. B. supposes onsael meoto =_speak courteous +words_. _Tidskr_. viii. 292; _Haupts Zeitschr._ xi. 411; _Eng. Stud_. ii. +251. + +l. 489. Cf. the invitation at l. 1783. + +l. 494. Cf. Grimm's _Andreas_, l. 1097, for deal, =_proud, elated, +exulting; Phoenix_ (Bright), l. 266. + +l. 499. MS. has Hunfereth, but the alliteration requires Unfereth, as at ll. +499, 1166, 1489; and cf. ll. 1542, 2095, 2930. See _List of Names_. + +l. 501. sieth = _arrival_ (?); cf. l. 353. + +l. 504. þon ma = _the more_ (?), may be added to the references under þon. + +l. 506. E. compares the taunt of Eliab to David, I Sam. xvii. 28. + +l. 509. dol-gilp = _idle boasting_. The second definition in the Gloss. is +wrong. + +l. 513. "Eagor-stream might possibly be translated the stream of Eagor, the +awful terror-striking stormy sea in which the terrible [Scandinavian] giant +dwelt, and through which he acted."--Br., p. 164. He remarks, "The English +term _eagre_ still survives in provincial dialect for the tide-wave or bore +on rivers. Dryden uses it in his _Threnod. Angust._ 'But like an _eagre_ +rode in triumph o'er the tide.' Yet we must be cautious," etc. Cf. Fox's +_Boethius_, ll. 20, 236; Thorpe's _Caedmon_, 69, etc. + +l. 524. Krueger and B. read Banstanes.--_Beit._ ix. 573. + +l. 525. R. reads wyrsan (= wyrses: cf. Mod. Gr. _guten Muthes_) geþinges; +but H.-So. shows that the MS. wyrsan ... þingea = wyrsena þinga, _can +stand_; cf. gen. pl. banan, _Christ_, l. 66, etc. + +l. 534. Insert, under eard-lufa (in Gloss.), earfoeth, st. n., _trouble, +difficulty, struggle_; acc. pl. earfeetho, 534. + +l. 545 _seq._ "Five nights Beowulf and Breca kept together, not swimming, +but sailing in open boats (to swim the seas is to sail the seas), then +storm drove them asunder ... Breca is afterwards chief of the Brondings, a +tribe mentioned in _Widsith_. The story seems legendary, not +mythical."--Br., pp. 60, 61. + +ll. 574-578. B. suggests swa þaer for hwaeethere, = _so there it befell me_. +But the word at l. 574 seems = _however_, and at l. 578 = _yet_; cf. l. +891; see S.; _Beit._ ix. 138; _Tidskr_. viii. 48; _Zacher_, iii. 387, etc. + +l. 586. Gr. and Grundt. read fagum sweordum (no ic þaes fela gylpe!), +supplying fela and blending the broken half-lines into one. Ho. and Kl. +supply geflites. + +l. 599. E. translates nyd-bade by _blackmail_; adding "ned bad, _toll_; ned +badere, _tolltaker_."--Land Charters, Gloss, v. + +l. 601. MS. has ond = _and_ in three places only (601, 1149, 2041); +elsewhere it uses the symbol 7 = _and_. + +l. 612. _seq._ Cf. the drinking ceremony at l. 1025. "The royal lady offers +the cup to Beowulf, not in his turn where he sate among the rest, but after +it has gone the round; her approach to Beowulf is an act apart."--E. + +l. 620. "The [loving] cup which went the round of the company and was +tasted by all," like the Oriel and other college anniversary cups.--E. + +l. 622. Cf. ll. 160, 1191, for the respective places of young and old. + +l. 623. Cf. the circlet of gold worn by Wealhþeow at l. 1164. + +l. 631. gyddode. Cf. Chaucer, _Prol._ l. 237 (ed. Morris): + + "Of _yeddynges_ he bar utterly the prys." + +Cf. _giddy_. + +l. 648. Kl. suggests a period after geþinged, especially as B. (_Tidskr_. +viii. 57) has shown that oþþe is sometimes = ond. Th. supplies ne. + +l. 650. oþþe here and at ll. 2476, 3007, probably = _and_. + +l. 651. Cf. 704, where sceadu-genga (the _night-ganger_ of _Leechdoms_, ii. +344) is applied to the demon.--E. + +l. 659. Cf. l. 2431 for same formula, "to have and to hold" of the Marriage +Service.--E. + +l. 681. B. considers þeah ... eal a precursor of Mod. Eng. _although_. + +l. 682. godra = _advantages in battle_ (Gr.), _battle-skill_ (Ha.), _skill +in war_ (H.-So.). Might not nat be changed to nah = ne + ah (cf. l. 2253), +thus justifying the translation _ability_ (?) --_he has not the ability +to_, etc. + +l. 695. Kl. reads hiera.--_Beit._ ix. 189. B. omits hie as occurring in the +previous hemistich.--_Beit._ xii. 89. + +l. 698. "Here Destiny is a web of cloth."--E., who compares the Greek +Clotho, "spinster of fate." Women are also called "weavers of peace," as l. +1943. Cf. Kent's _Elene_, l. 88; _Widsieth_, l. 6, etc. + +l. 711. B. translates þa by _when_ and connects with the preceding +sentences, thus rejecting the ordinary canto-division at l. 711. He objects +to the use of com as principal vb. at ll. 703, 711, and 721. (_Beit_, xii.) + +l. 711. "Perhaps the Gnomic verse which tells of Thyrs, the giant, is +written with Grendel in the writer's mind,--þyrs sceal on fenne gewunian +ana inuan lande, _the giant shall dwell in the fen, alone in the land_ +(Sweet's Read., p. 187)."--Br. p. 36. + +l. 717. Dietrich, in _Haupt._ xi. 419, quotes from AElfric, _Hom._ ii. 498: +he beworhte þa bigelsas mid gyldenum laefrum, _he covered the arches with +gold-leaf_,--a Roman custom derived from Carthage. Cf. Mod. Eng. _oriel_ = +_aureolum_, a gilded room.--E. (quoting Skeat). Cf. ll. 2257, 1097, 2247, +2103, 2702, 2283, 333, 1751, for various uses of gold-sheets. + +l. 720. B. and ten Br. suggest _hell-thane_ (Grendel) for heal-þegnas, and +make haele refer to Beowulf. Cf. l. 142. + +l. 723. Z. reads [ge]hran. + +l. 727. For this use of standan, cf. ll. 2314, 2770; and Vergil, _Ecl._ ii. 26: + + "Cum placidum ventis _staret_ mare." + +l. 757. gedraeg. _Tumult_ is one of the meanings of this word. Here, appar. += _occupation, lair_. + +l. 759. R. reads modega for goda, "because the attribute cannot be +separated from the word modified unless the two alliterate." + +l. 762. Cf. _Andreas_, l. 1537, for a similar use of ut = _off_.--E. + +l. 769. The foreign words in _Beowulf_ (as ceaster-here) are not numerous; +others are (aside from proper names like _Cain, Abel_, etc.) deofol +(diabolus), candel (l. 1573), ancor (l. 303), scrifan (for- ge-), segn (l. +47), gigant (l. 113), mil- (l. 1363), straet (l. 320), ombeht (l. 287), gim +(l. 2073), etc. + +l. 770. MS. reads cerwen, a word conceived by B. and others to be part of a +fem. compd.: -scerwen like -wenden in ed-wenden, -raeden, etc. (cf. +meodu-scerpen in _Andreas_, l. 1528); emended to -scerwen, _a great scare +under the figure of a mishap at a drinking-bout_; one might compare +bescerwan, _to deprive_, from bescyrian (Grein, i. 93), hence ealu-seerwen +would = _a sudden taking away, deprivation, of the beer_.--H.-So., p. 93. +See B., _Tidskr_. viii. 292. + +l. 771. Ten Br. reads reethe, renhearde, = _raging, exceeding bold_. + +l. 792. Instrumental adverbial phrases like aenige þinga, naenige þinga (_not +at all_), huru þinga (_especially_) are not infrequent. See Cook's Sievers' +Gram., p. 178; March, _A.-S. Gram._, p. 182. + +l. 811. myrethe. E. translates _in wanton mood_. Toller-Bosw. does not +recognize _sorrow_ as one of the meanings of this word. + +ll. 850, 851. S. reads deop for deog and erases semicolon after weol, = +_the death-stained deep welled with sword-gore_; cf. l. 1424. B. reads +deaeth-faeges deop, etc., = _the deep welled with the doomed one's +gore_.--_Beit._ xii. 89. + +l. 857. The meaning of blaneum is partly explained by fealwe mearas below, +l. 866. Cf. Layamon's "and leop on his _blancke" = steed_, l. 23900; Kent's +_Elene_, l. 1185. + +l. 859. Koerner, _Eng. Stud_. i. 482, regards the oft-recurring be saem +tweonum as a mere formula = _on earth_; cf. ll. 1298, 1686. tweone is part +of the separable prep. _between_; see be-. Cf. Baskerville's _Andreas_, l. +558. + +l. 865. Cf. _Voyage of Ohthere and Wulfstan_ for an account of funeral +horse-racing, Sweet's Read., p. 22. + +l. 868. See Ha., p. 31, for a variant translation. + +l. 871 _seq._ R. considers this a technical description of improvised +alliterative verse, suggested by and wrought out on the spur of the moment. + +l. 872. R. and B. propose secg[an], = _rehearse_, for secg, which suits the +verbs in the next two lines. + +ll. 878-98. "It pleases me to think that it is in English literature we +possess the first sketch of that mighty saga [the Volsunga Saga = Waelsinges +gewin] which has for so many centuries engaged all the arts, and at last in +the hands of Wagner the art of music."--Br., p. 63. Cf. _Nibelung. Lied_, +l. 739. + +l. 894. Intransitive verbs, as gan, weorethan, sometimes take habban, "to +indicate independent action."--Sw. Cf. hafaeth ... geworden, l. 2027. + +l. 895. "brucan (_enjoy_) always has the genitive."--Sw.; cf. l. 895; acc., +gen., instr., dat., according to March, _A.-S. Gram._, p. 151. + +l. 898. Scherer proposes hate, = _from heat_, instr. of hat, _heat_; cf. l. +2606. + +l. 901. he þaes aron þah = _he throve in honor_ (B.). Ten Br. inserts comma +after þah, making siethethan introduce a depend. clause.--_Beit._ viii. 568. +Cf. weoreth-myndum þah, l. 8; ll. 1155, 1243.--H.-So. + +l. 902. Heremodes is considered by Heinzel to be a mere epithet = _the +valiant_; which would refer the whole passage to Sigmund (Sigfrid), the +eotenas, l. 903, being the Nibelungen. This, says H.-So., gets rid of the +contradiction between the good "Heremod" here and the bad one, l. 1710 +_seq._--B. however holds fast to Heremod.--_Beit._ xii. 41. on feonda +geweald, l. 904,--_into the hands of devils_, says B.; cf. ll. 809, 1721, +2267; _Christ_, l. 1416; _Andreas_, l. 1621; for hine fyren onwod, cf. +_Gen._ l. 2579; Hunt's _Dan._ 17: hie wlenco anwod. + +l. 902 _seq._ "Heremod's shame is contrasted with the glory of Sigemund, +and with the prudence, patience, generosity, and gentleness of Beowulf as a +chieftain."--Br., p. 66. + +l. 906. MS. has lemede. Toller-Bosw. corrects to lemedon. + +l. 917. Cf. Hunt's _Exod._, l. 170, for similar language. + +l. 925. hos, G. hansa, _company_, "the word from which the mercantile +association of the 'Hanseatic' towns took their designation."--E. + +l. 927. on staþole = _on the floor_ (B., Rask, ten Br.).--_Beit._ xii. 90. + +l. 927. May not steapne here = _bright_, from its being immediately +followed by golde fahne? Cf. Chaucer's "his eyen _stepe_," _Prol._ l. 201 +(ed. Morris); Cockayne's _Ste. Marherete_, pp. 9, 108; _St. Kath._, l. +1647. + +l. 931. grynna may be for gyrnna (= _sorrows_), gen. plu. of gyrn, as +suggested by one commentator. + +l. 937. B. (_Beit._ xii. 90) makes gehwylcne object of wid-scofen (haefde). +Gr. makes wea nom. absolute. + +l. 940. scuccum: cf. G. scheuche, scheusal; Prov. Eng. _old-shock_; perhaps +the pop. interjection _O shucks!_ (!) + +l. 959. H. explains we as a "plur. of majesty," which Beowulf throws off at +l. 964. + +l. 963. feond þone fraetgan (B. _Beit._ xii. 90). + +l. 976. synnum. "Most abstract words in the poetry have a very wide range +of meanings, diverging widely from the prose usage, synn, for instance, +means simply _injury, mischief, hatred_, and the prose meaning _sin_ is +only a secondary one; hata in poetry is not only _hater_, but _persecutor, +enemy_, just as nieth is both _hatred_ and _violence, strength_; heard is +_sharp_ as well as _hard_."--Sw. + +l. 986. S. places waes at end of l. 985 and reads stiethra naegla, omitting +gehwylc and the commas after that and after sceawedon. _Beit._ ix. 138; +stedra (H.-So.); hand-sporu (H.-So.) at l. 987. + +l. 986. Miller (_Anglia_, xii. 3) corrects to aeghwylene, in apposition to +fingras. + +l. 987. hand-sporu. See _Anglia_, vii. 176, for a discussion of the +intrusion of u into the nom. of n-stems. + +l. 988. Cf. ll. 2121, 2414, for similar use of unheoru = ungeheuer. + +l. 992. B. suggests heatimbred for haten, and gefraetwon for -od; Kl., +hroden (_Beit._ ix. 189). + +l. 995, 996. Gold-embroidered tapestries seem to be meant by web = +_aurifrisium_. + +l. 997. After þara þe = _of those that_, the depend, vb. often takes sg. +for pl.; cf. ll. 844, 1462, 2384, 2736.--Sw.; Dietrich. + +l. 998. "Metathesis of l takes place in seld for setl, bold for botl," +etc.--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 96. Cf. Eng. proper names, _Bootle, +Battle_field, etc.--Skeat, _Principles_, i. 250. + +l. 1000. heorras: cf. Chaucer, _Prol._ (ed. Morris) l. 550: + + "Ther was no dore that he nolde heve of _harre_." + +ll. 1005-1007. See _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 391, and _Beit._ xii. 368, for +R.'s and B.'s views of this difficult passage. + +l. 1009. Cf. l. 1612 for sael and mael, surviving still in E. Anglia in "mind +your _seals and meals_," = _times and occasions_, i.e. have your wits about +you.--E. + +ll. 1012, 1013. Cf. ll. 753, 754 for two similar comparatives used in +conjunction. + +l. 1014. Cf. l. 327 for similar language. + +ll. 1015, 1016. H.-So. puts these two lines in parentheses (fylle ... +þara). Cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 91. + +l. 1024. One of the many famous swords spoken of in the poem. See Hrunting, +ll. 1458, 1660; Hunlafing, l. 1144, etc. Cf. Excalibur, Roland's sword, the +Nibelung Balmung, etc. + +l. 1034. scur-heard. For an ingenious explanation of this disputed word see +Professor Pearce's article in _Mod. Lang. Notes_, Nov. 1, 1892, and ensuing +discussion. + +l. 1039. eoderas is of doubtful meaning. H. and Toller-Bosw. regard the +word here = _enclosure, palings of the court_. Cf. _Caedmon_, ll. 2439, +2481. The passage throws interesting light on horses and their trappings + +l. 1043. Grundt. emends wig to wicg, = _charger_; and E. quotes Tacitus, +_Germania_, 7. + +l. 1044. "Power over each and both"; cf. "all and some," "one and all." + +For Ingwin, see _List of Names_. + +l. 1065. Gr. contends that fore here = de, _concerning, about_ (Ebert's +_Jahrb._, 1862, p. 269). + +l. 1069. H.-So. supplies fram after eaferum, to govern it, = _concerning_ +(?). Cf. _Fight at Finnsburg_, Appendix. + +l. 1070. For the numerous names of the Danes, "bright-" "spear-" "east-" +"west-" "ring-" Danes, see these words. + +l. 1073. Eotenas = _Finn's people, the Frisians_; cf. ll. 1089, 1142, 1146, +etc., and _Beit._ xii. 37. Why they are so called is not known. + +l. 1084. R. proposes wiht Hengeste wieth gefeohtan (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. +394). Kl., wieth H. wiht gefeohtan. + +ll. 1085 and 1099. wea-laf occurs in Wulfstan, _Hom._ 133, ed. Napier.--E. +Cf. daroetha laf, _Brunanb._, l. 54; ades lafe, _Phoenix_, 272 (Bright), etc. + +l. 1098. elne unflitme = _so dass der eid (der inhalt des eides) nicht +streitig war_.--B., _Beit._ iii. 30. But cf. 1130, where Hengist and Finn +are again brought into juxtaposition and the expression ealles (?) unhlitme +occurs. + +l. 1106. The pres. part. + be, as myndgiend waere here, is comparatively +rare in original A.-S. literature, but occurs abundantly in translations +from the Latin. The periphrasis is generally meaningless. Cf. l. 3029. + +l. 1108. Koerner suggests ecge, = _sword_, in reference to a supposed old +German custom of placing ornaments, etc., on the point of a sword or spear +(_Eng. Stud._ i. 495). Singer, ince-gold = _bright gold_; B., andiege = +Goth, _andaugjo, evidently_. Cf. incge lafe, l. 2578. Possibly: and inge (= +_young men_) gold ahofon of horde. For inge, cf. Hunt's _Exod._ l. 190. + +ll. 1115-1120. R. proposes (het þa ...) banfatu baernan ond on bael don, +earme on eaxe = _to place the arms in the ashes_, reading guethrec = +_battle-reek_, for -rinc (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 395). B., Sarrazin +(_Beit._ xi. 530), Lichtenfeld (_Haupts Zeitschr._ xvi. 330), C., etc., +propose various emendations. See H.-So., p. 97, and _Beit._ viii. 568. For +guethrinc astah, cf. Old Norse, _stiga a bal_, "ascend the bale-fire." + +l. 1116. sweoloethe. "On Dartmoor the burning of the furze up the hillsides +to let new grass grow, is called _zwayling_."--E. Cf. _sultry_, G. +_schwuel_, etc. + +l. 1119. Cf. wudu-rec astah, l. 3145; and _Exod_. (Hunt), l. 450: waelmist +astah. + +l. 1122. aetspranc = _burst forth, arose_ (omitted from the Gloss.), < aet + +springan. + +l. 1130. R. and Gr. read elne unflitme, = _loyally and without contest_, as +at l. 1098. Cf. Ha., p. 39; H.-So., p. 97. + +l. 1137. scacen = _gone_; cf. ll. 1125, 2307, 2728. + +l. 1142. "The sons of the Eotenas" (B., _Beit._ xii. 31, who conjectures a +gap after 1142). + +l. 1144. B. separates thus: Hun Lafing, = _Hun placed the sword Lafing_, +etc.--_Beit._ xii. 32; cf. R., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 396. Heinzel and +Homburg make other conjectures (Herrig's _Archiv_, 72, 374, etc.). + +l. 1143. B., H.-So., and Moeller read: worod raedenne, þonne him Hun Lafing, += _military brotherhood, when Hun laid upon his breast_ (the sword) +_Lafing_. There is a sword _Laufi, Loevi_ in the Norse sagas; but swords, +armor, etc., are often called the _leaving_ (laf) of files, hammers, etc., +especially a precious heirloom; cf. ll. 454, 1033, 2830, 2037, 2629, 796, +etc., etc. + +l. 1152. roden = _reddened_ (B., _Tidskr_. viii. 295). + +l. 1160. For ll. 1069-1160, containing the Finn episode, cf. Moeller, +_Alteng. Volksepos_, 69, 86, 94; Heinzel, _Anz. f. dtsch. Altert._, 10, +226; B., _Beit._ xii. 29-37. Cf. _Widsieth_, l. 33, etc. + +ll. 1160, 1161. leoeth (lied = _song, lay_) and gyd here appear synonyms. + +ll. 1162-1165. "Behind the wars and tribal wanderings, behind the +contentions of the great, we watch in this poem the steady, continuous life +of home, the passions and thoughts of men, the way they talked and moved +and sang and drank and lived and loved among one another and for one +another."--Br., p. 18. + +l. 1163. Cf. _wonderwork_. So _wonder-death, wonder-bidding, +wonder-treasure, -smith, -sight_, etc. at ll. 1748, 3038, 2174, 1682, 996, +etc. Cf. the German use of the same intensive, = _wondrous_, in +_wunder-schoen_, etc. + +l. 1165. þa gyt points to some future event when "each" was not "true to +other," undeveloped in this poem, suhtor-gefaederan = Hroethgar and Hroethulf, +l. 1018. Cf. aethum-swerian, l. 84. + +l. 1167 almost repeats l. 500, aet fotum, etc., where Unfereth is first +introduced. + +l. 1191. E. sees in this passage separate seats for youth and middle-aged +men, as in English college halls, chapels, convocations, and churches +still. + +l. 1192. ymbutan, _round about_, is sometimes thus separated: ymb hie utan; +cf. _Voyage of Ohthere_, etc. (Sw.), p. 18, l. 34, etc.; _Beowulf_, ll. +859, 1686, etc. + +l. 1194. bewaegned, a [Greek: hapax legomenon], tr. _offered_ by Th. +Probably a p. p. waegen, made into a vb. by -ian, like _own, drown_, etc. +Cf. hafenian ( < hafen, < hebban), etc. + +l. 1196. E. takes the expression to mean "mantle and its rings or +broaches." "Rail" long survived in Mid. Eng. (_Piers Plow_., etc.). + +l. 1196. This necklace was afterwards given by Beowulf to Hygd, ll. 2173, +2174. + +ll. 1199-1215. From the obscure hints in the passage, a part of the poem +may be approximately dated,--if Hygelac is the _Chochi-laicus_ of Gregory +of Tours, _Hist. Francorum_, iii. 3,--about A.D. 512-20. + +l. 1200. The Breosinga men (Icel. _Brisinga men_) is the necklace of the +goddess Freya; cf. _Elder Edda, Hamarshemt_. Hama stole the necklace from +the Gothic King Eormenric; cf. _Traveller's Song_, ll. 8, 18, 88, 111. The +comparison of the two necklaces leads the poet to anticipate Hygelac's +history,--a suggestion of the poem's mosaic construction. + +l. 1200. For Brosinga mene, cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 72. C. suggests fleah, = +_fled_, for fealh, placing semicolon after byrig, and making he subject of +fleah and geceas. + +l. 1202. B. conjectures geceas ecne raed to mean _he became a pious man and +at death went to heaven_. Heime (Hama) in the _Thidrekssaga_ goes into a +cloister = to choose the better part (?). Cf. H.-So., p. 98. But cf. +Hroethgar's language to Beowulf, ll. 1760, 1761. + +l. 1211. S. proposes feoh, = _property_, for feorh, which would be a +parallel for breost-gewaedu ... beah below. + +l. 1213. E. remarks that in the _Laws of Cnut_, i. 26, the devil is called +se wodfreca werewulf, _the ravening werwolf_. + +l. 1215. C. proposes heals-bege onfeng. _Beit._ viii. 570. For hrea- Kl. +suggests hrae-. + +l. 1227. The son referred to is, according to Ettmueller, the one that +reigns after Hroethgar. + +l. 1229. Kl. suggests si, = _be_, for _is_. + +l. 1232. S. gives _wine-elated_ as the meaning of druncne.--_Beit._ ix. +139; Kl. _ibid_. 189, 194. But cf. _Judith_, ll. 67, 107. + +l. 1235. Cf. l. 119 for similarity of language. + +l. 1235. Kl. proposes gea-sceaft; but cf. l. 1267. + +l. 1246. Ring armor was common in the Middle Ages. E. points out the +numerous forms of byrne in cognate languages,--Gothic, Icelandic, OHG., +Slavonic, O. Irish, Romance, etc. Du Chaillu, _The Viking Age_, i. 126. Cf. +Murray's _Dict._ s. v. + +l. 1248. anwig-gearwe = _ready for single combat_ (C.); but cf. Ha. p. 43; +_Beit._ ix. 210, 282. + +l. 1252. Some consider this _fitt_ the beginning of Part (or Lay) II. of +the original epic, if not a separate work in itself. + +l. 1254. K., W., and Ho. read farode = _wasted;_ Kolbing reads furode; but +cf. westen warode, l. 1266. MS. has warode. + +ll. 1255-1258. This passage is a good illustration of the constant +parallelism of word and phrase characteristic of A.-S. poetry, and is +quoted by Sw. The changes are rung on ende and swylt, on gesyne and widcueth, +etc. + +l. 1259. "That this story of Grendel's mother was originally a separate lay +from the first seems to be suggested by the fact that the monsters are +described over again, and many new details added, such as would be inserted +by a new singer who wished to enhance and adorn the original tale."--Br., +p. 41. + +l. 1259. Cf. l. 107, which also points to the ancestry of murderers and +monsters and their descent from "Cain." + +l. 1261. The MS. has se þe, m.; changed by some to seo þe. At ll. 1393, +1395, 1498, Grendel's mother is referred to as m.; at ll. 1293, 1505, +1541-1546, etc., as f., the uncertain pronoun designating a creature female +in certain aspects, but masculine in demonic strength and +savageness.--H.-So.; Sw. p. 202. Cf. the masc. epithets at ll. 1380, 2137, +etc. + +l. 1270. aglaeca = _Grendel_, though possibly referring to Beowulf, as at l. +1513.--Sw. + +l. 1273. "It is not certain whether anwalda stands for onwealda, or whether +it should be read anwealda, = _only ruler_.--Sw. + +l. 1279. The MS. has sunu þeod wrecan, which R. changes to sunu +þeod-wrecan, þeod- = _monstrous_; but why not regard þeod as opposition to +sunu, = _her son, the prince?_ See Sweet's Reader, and Koerner's discussion, +_Eng. Stud._ i. 500. + +l. 1281. Ten Br. suggests (for sona) sara = _return of sorrows._ + +l. 1286. "geþuren (twice so written in MSS.) stands for geþruen, _forged_, +and is an isolated p. p."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., 209. But see Toller-Bosw. +for examples; Sw., Gloss.; March, p. 100, etc. + +ll. 1292. þe hine = _whom;_ cf. ll. 441, 1437, 1292; _Heliand_, l. 1308. + +l. 1298. be saem tweonum; cf. l. 1192; Hunt's _Exod_. l. 442; and Mod. Eng. +"to _us_-ward, etc.--Earle's _Philol._, p. 449. Cf. note, l. 1192. + +l. 1301. C. proposes oether him aern = _another apartment was assigned him_. + +l. 1303. B. conjectures under hrof genam; but Ha., p. 45, shows this to be +unnecessary, under also meaning _in_, as _in_ (or _under_) these +circumstances. + +l. 1319. E. and Sw. suggest naegde or negde, _accosted_, < negan = Mid. Ger. +_nehwian_, pr. p. _nehwiandans, approach_. For hnaegan, _press down, +vanquish_, see ll. 1275, 1440, etc. + +l. 1321. C. suggests nead-laethum for neod-laethu, _after crushing hostility_; +but cf. freond-laethu, l. 1193. + +l. 1334. K. and ten Br. conjecture gefaegnod = _rejoicing in her fill_, a +parallel to aese wlanc, l. 1333. + +l. 1340. B. translates: "and she has executed a deed of blood-vengeance of +far-reaching consequence."--_Beit._ xii. 93. + +l. 1345. B. reads geo for eow (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 205). + +ll. 1346-1377. "This is a fine piece of folk-lore in the oldest extant +form.... The authorities for the story are the rustics (ll. 1346, 1356)." +--E. + +l. 1347. Cf. sele-raedende at l. 51. + +l. 1351. "The ge [of gewitan] may be merely a scribal error,--a repetition +(dittography) of the preceding ge of gewislicost."--Sw. + +l. 1352. ides, like firas, _men_, etc., is a poetic word supposed by Grimm +to have been applied, like Gr. [Greek: numphae], to superhuman or +semi-divine women. + +ll. 1360-1495 _seq._ E. compares this Dantesque tarn and scenery with the +poetical accounts of _AEneid_, vii. 563; _Lucretius_, vi. 739, etc. + +l. 1360. firgenstream occurs also in the _Phoenix_ (Bright, p. 168) l. 100; +_Andreas_, ll. 779, 3144 (K.); _Gnomic Verses_, l. 47, etc. + +l. 1363. The genitive is often thus used to denote measure = by or in +miles; cf. l. 3043; and contrast with partitive gen. at l. 207. + +l. 1364. The MS. reads hrinde = hrinende (?), which Gr. adopts; K. and Th. +read hrinde-bearwas; hringde, _encircling_ (Sarrazin, _Beit._ xi. 163); +hrimge = _frosty_ (Sw.); _with frost-whiting covered_ (Ha.). See Morris, +_Blickling Hom_., Preface, vi., vii. + +l. 1364. Cf. Ruin, hrimige edoras behrofene, _rimy, roofless halls_. + +l. 1366. niethwundor may = nieth- (as in nieth-sele, _q. v._) wundor, _wonder of +the deep_. + +l. 1368. The personal pronoun is sometimes omitted in subordinate and even +independent clauses; cf. wite here; and Hunt's _Exod_., l. 319. + +l. 1370. hornum. Such "datives of manner or respect" are not infrequent +with adj. + +l. 1371. "seleeth is not dependent on aer, for in that case it would be in the +subjunctive, but aer is simply an adverb, correlative with the conjunction +aer in the next line: 'he will (sooner) give up his life, before he will,' +etc."--Sw. + +l. 1372. Cf. ll. 318 and 543 for willan with similar omitted inf. + +l. 1373. heafola is found only in poetry.--Sw. It occurs thirteen or +fourteen times in this poem. Cf. the poetic gamol, swat (l. 2694), etc., +for eald, blod. + +l. 1391. uton: hortatory subj. of witan, _go_, = _let us go;_ cf. French +_allons_, Lat. _eamus_, Ital. _andiamo_, etc. + inf. Cf. ll. 2649, 3102. + +l. 1400. H. is dat. of person indirectly affected, = advantage. + +l. 1402. geatolic probably = _in his equipments_, as B. suggests (_Beit._ +xii. 83), comparing searolic. + +ll. 1402, 1413 reproduce the wk. form of the pret. of gan (Goth, +_gaggida_). Cf. _Andreas_, l. 1096, etc. + +l. 1405. S. (_Beit._ ix. 140) supplies [þaer heo] gegnum for; B. (_ibid._ +xii. 14) suggests hwaer heo. + +l. 1411. B., Gr., and E. take an-paethas = paths wide enough for only one, +like Norwegian _einstig_; cf. stige nearwe, just above. _Trail_ is the +meaning. Cf. enge anpaethas, uncueth gelad, _Exod._ (Hunt), l. 58. + +l. 1421. Cf. oncyeth, l. 831. The whole passage (ll. 1411-1442) is replete +with suggestions of walrus-hunting, seal-fishing, harpooning of sea-animals +(l. 1438), etc. + +l. 1425. E. quotes from the 8th cent. Corpus Gloss., "_Falanx_ foeetha." + +l. 1428. For other mention of nicors, cf. ll. 422, 575, 846. E. remarks, +"it survives in the phrase 'Old Nick' ... a word of high authority ... +Icel. _nykr_, water-goblin, Dan. _noek, nisse_, Swed. _naecken_, G. _nix, +nixe_, etc." See Skeat, _Nick._ + +l. 1440. Sw. reads gehnaeged, _prostrated_, and regards nietha as gen. pl. +"used instrumentally," = _by force._ + +l. 1441. -bora = _bearer, stirrer;_ occurs in other compds., as mund-, +raed-, waeg-bora. + +l. 1447. him = _for him_, a remoter dative of reference.--Sw. + +l. 1455. Gr. reads brondne, = _flaming_. + +l. 1457. leon is the inf. of lah; cf. onlah (< onleon) at l. 1468. lihan +was formerly given as the inf.; cf. laene = laehne. + +l. 1458. Cf. the similar dat. of possession as used in Latin. + +l. 1458. H.-So. compares the Icelandic saga account of Grettir's battle +with the giant in the cave. haeft-mece may be = Icel. _heptisax_ (_Anglia_, +iii. 83), "hip-knife." + +l. 1459. "The sense seems to be 'pre-eminent among the old treasures.' ... +But possibly foran is here a prep. with the gen.: 'one before the old +treasures.'".--Sw. For other examples of foran, cf. ll. 985, 2365. + +l. 1460. ater-tearum = _poison-drops_ (C., _Beit._ viii. 571; S., _ibid_. +xi. 359). + +l. 1467. þaet, comp. relative, = _that which_; "we testify _that_ we do +know." + +l. 1480. foreth-gewitenum is in appos. to me, = _mihi defuncto_.--M. +Callaway, _Am. Journ. of Philol._, October, 1889. + +l. 1482. nime. Conditional clauses of doubt or future contingency take gif +or buton with subj.; cf. ll. 452, 594; of fact or certainty, the ind.; cf. +ll. 442, 447, 527, 662, etc. For buton, cf. ll. 967, 1561. + +l. 1487. "findan sometimes has a preterit funde in W. S. after the manner +of the weak preterits."--Cook's Sievers' Cram., p, 210. + +l. 1490. Kl. reads wael-sweord, = _battle-sword_. + +l. 1507. "This cave under the sea seems to be another of those natural +phenomena of which the writer had personal knowledge (ll. 2135, 2277), and +which was introduced by him into the mythical tale to give it a local +color. There are many places of this kind. Their entrance is under the +lowest level of the tide."--Br., p. 45. + +l. 1514. B. (_Beit._ xii. 362) explains niethsele, hrofsele as _roof-covered +hall in the deep_; cf. Grettir Saga (_Anglia_, iii. 83). + +l. 1538. Sw., R., and ten Br. suggest feaxe for eaxle, = _seized by the +hair_. + +l. 1543. and-lean (R.); cf. l. 2095. The MS. has hand-lean. + +l. 1546. Sw. and S. read seax.--_Beit._ ix. 140. + +l. 1557. H.-So. omits comma and places semicolon after yethelice; Sw. and S. +place comma after gesced. + +l. 1584. oether swylc = _another fifteen_ (Sw.); = _fully as many_ (Ha.). + +ll. 1592-1613 _seq._ Cf. _Anglia_, iii; 84 (Grettir Saga). + +l. 1595. blondenfeax = _grizzly-haired_ (Bright, Reader, p. 258); cf. +_Brunanb._, l. 45 (Bright). + +l. 1599. geweareth, impers. vb., = _agree, decide = many agreed upon this, +that_, etc. (Ha., p. 55; cf. ll. 2025-2027, 1997; B., _Beit._ xii. 97). + +l. 1605. C. supposes wiston = wiscton = _wished_.--_Beit._ viii. 571. + +l. 1607. broden mael is now regarded as a comp. noun, = _inlaid or +damascened sword_.--W., Ho. + +l. 1611. wael-rapas = _water-ropes = bands of frost_ (l. 1610) (?). Possibly +the Prov. Eng. weele, _whirlpool_. Cf. wael, _gurges_, Wright, Voc., _Gnom. +Verses_, l. 39.--E. + +l. 1611. waegrapas (Sw.) = _wave-bands_ (Ha.). + +l. 1622. B. suggests eatna = eotena, eardas, _haunts of the giants_ +(Northumbr. ea for eo). + +l. 1635. cyning-holde (B., _Beit._ xii. 369); cf. l. 290. + +l. 1650. H., Gr., and Ettmueller understand idese to refer to the queen. + +l. 1651. Cf. _Anglia_, iii. 74, _Beit._ xi. 167, for coincidences with the +Grettir Saga (13th cent.). + +l. 1657. Restore MS. reading wigge in place of wige. + +l. 1664. B. proposes eotenise ... este for eacen ... oftost, omitting +brackets (_Zackers Zeitschr._ iv. 206). G. translates _mighty ... often_. + +l. 1675. ondraedan. "In late texts the final n of the preposition on is +frequently lost when it occurs in a compound word or stereotyped phrase, +and the prefix then appears as a: abutan, amang, aweg, aright, +adr'aedan."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 98. + +ll. 1680-1682. Giants and their work are also referred to at ll. 113, 455, +1563, 1691, etc. + +l. 1680. Cf. ceastra ... orethanc enta geweorc, _Gnomic Verses_, l. 2; +Sweet's Reader, p. 186. + +ll. 1687-1697. "In this description of the writing on the sword, we see the +process of transition from heathen magic to the notions of Christian times +.... The history of the flood and of the giants ... were substitutes for +names of heathen gods, and magic spells for victory."--E. Cf. Mohammedan +usage. + +ll. 1703, 1704. þaet þe eorl naere geboren betera (B., _Tidskr._ 8, 52). + +l. 1715. ana hwearf = _he died solitary and alone_ (B., _Beit._ xii. 38); = +_lonely_ (Ha.); = _alone_ (G.). + +l. 1723. leod-bealo longsum = _eternal hell-torment_ (B., _Beit._ xii. 38, +who compares _Ps. Cott._ 57, lif longsum). + +l. 1729. E. translates on lufan, _towards possession_; Ha., _to +possessions_. + +l. 1730. modgeþonc, like lig, sae, segn, niht, etc., is of double gender +(m., n. in the case of modgeþ.). + +l. 1741. The doctrine of nemesis following close on [Greek: hubris], or +overweening pride, is here very clearly enunciated. The only protector +against the things that "assault and hurt" the soul is the "Bishop and +Shepherd of our souls" (l. 1743). + +l. 1745 appears dimly to fore-shadow the office of the evil archer Loki, +who in the Scandinavian mythology shoots Balder with a mistletoe twig. The +language closely resembles that of Psalm 64. + +l. 1748. Kl. regards wom = wo(u)m; cf. woh-bogen, l. 2828. See Gloss., p. +295, under wam. Contrast the construction of bebeorgan a few lines below +(l. 1759), where the dat. and acc. are associated. + +l. 1748. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 167, for declension of woh, _wrong_ += gen. wos or woges, dat. wo(u)m, etc.; pl. gen. wora, dat. wo(u)m, etc.; +and cf. declension of heah, hreoh, ruh, etc. + +l. 1748. wergan gastes; cf. _Blickl. Hom._ vii.; _Andreas_, l. 1171. "_Auld +Wearie_ is used in Scotland, or was used a few years ago, ... to mean the +devil."--E. Bede's _Eccles. Hist._ contains (naturally) many examples of +the expression = devil. + +l. 1750. on gyld = _in reward_ (B. _Beit._ xii. 95); Ha. translates +_boastfully_; G., _for boasting_; Gr., _to incite to boastfulness_. Cf. +_Christ_, l. 818. + +l. 1767. E. thinks this an allusion to the widespread superstition of the +evil eye (_mal occhio, mauvais aeil_). Cf. Vergil, _Ecl._ iii. 103. He +remarks that Pius IX., Gambetta, and President Carnot were charged by their +enemies with possessing this weapon. + +l. 1784. wigge geweorethad (MS. wigge weorethad) is C.'s conjecture; cf. +_Elene_, l. 150. So G., _honored in war_. + +l. 1785. The future generally implied in the present of beon is plainly +seen in this line; cf. ll. 1826, 661, 1830, 1763, etc. + +l. 1794. Some impers. vbs. take acc. (as here, Geat) of the person +affected; others (as þyncan) take the dat. of the person, as at ll. 688, +1749, etc. Cf. verbs of dreaming, being ashamed, desiring, etc.--March, +A.-S. Gram., p. 145. + +l. 1802. E. remarks that the blaca hrefn here is a bird of good omen, as +opposed to se wonna hrefn of l. 3025. The raven, wolf, and eagle are the +regular epic accompaniments of battle and carnage. Cf. ll. 3025-3028; +_Maldon_, 106; _Judith_, 205-210, etc. + +l. 1803. S. emends to read: "then came the light, going bright after +darkness: the warriors," etc. Cf. Ho., p. 41, l. 23. G. puts period before +"the warriors." For onettan, cf. Sw.'s Gloss, and Bright's Read., Gloss. + +ll. 1808-1810. Muellenh. and Grundt. refer se hearda to Beowulf, correct +sunu (MS.) to suna Ecglafes (i.e. Unferth); [_he_] (Beo.) _thanked him_ +(Un.) _for the loan_. Cf. ll. 344, 581, 1915. + +ll. 1823-1840. "Beowulf departing pledges his services to Hroethgar, to be +what afterwards in the mature language of chivalry was called his 'true +knight'"--E. + +l. 1832. Kl. corrects to dryhtne, in appos. with Higelace. + +l. 1835 gar-holt more properly means _spear-shaft_; cf. aesc-holt. + +l. 1855. sel = _better_ (Grundt.; B., _Beit._ xii. 96), instead of MS. wel. + +ll. 1855-1866. "An ideal picture of international amity according to the +experience and doctrine of the eighth century."--E. + +l. 1858. S. and Kl. correct to gemaene, agreeing with sib.--_Beit._ ix. 140, +190. + +l. 1862. "The gannet is a great diver, plunging down into the sea from a +considerable height, such as forty feet."--E. + +l. 1863. Kl. suggests heafu, = _seas_. + +l. 1865. B. proposes geþohte, = _with firm thought_, for geworhte; cf. l. +611. + +l. 1876. geseon = _see again_ (Kl., _Beit._ ix. 190). S. and B. insert na +to modify geseon and explain Hroethgar's tears. Ha. and G. follow Heyne's +text. Cf. l. 567. + +l. 1881. Is beorn here = bearn (be-arn?) of l. 67? or more likely = born, +barn, = _burned?_--S., Th. + +l. 1887. orleahtre is a _[Greek: hapax legomenon]_. E. compares Tennyson's +"blameless" king. Cf. also ll. 2015, 2145; and the god cyning of l. 11. + +l. 1896. scaethan = _warriors_ (cf. l. 1804) has been proposed by C.; but cf. +l. 253. + +l. 1897. The boat had been left, at ll. 294-302, in the keeping of +Hroethgar's men; at l. 1901 the bat-weard is specially honored by Beowulf +with a sword and becomes a "sworded squire."--E. This circumstance appears +to weld the poem together. Cf. also the speed of the journey home with ymb +an-tid oþres dogores of l. 219, and the similarity of language in both +passages (famig-heals, clifu, naessas, saelde, brim, etc.).--The nautical +terms in Beowulf would form an interesting study. + +l. 1904. R. proposes, gewat him on naca, = _the vessel set out_, on +alliterating as at l. 2524 (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 402). B. reads on +nacan, but inserts irrelevant matter (_Beit._ xii. 97). + +l. 1913. Cf. the same use of ceol, = _ship_, in the _A.-S. Chron._, ed. +Earle-Plummer; _Gnomic Verses_, etc. + +l. 1914. S. inserts þaet he before on lande. + +l. 1916. B. makes leofra manna depend on wlatode, = _looked for the dear +men ready at the coast_ (_Beit._ xii. 97). + +l. 1924. Gr., W., and Ho. propose wunade, = _remained;_ but cf. l. 1929. S. +conceives ll. 1924, 1925 as "direct speech" (_Beit._ ix. 141). + +l. 1927 _seq._ "The women of Beowulf are of the fine northern type; trusted +and loved by their husbands and by the nobles and people; generous, gentle, +and holding their place with dignity."--Br., p. 67. Thrytho is the +exception, l. 1932 _seq._ + +l. 1933. C. suggests frecnu, = _dangerous, bold_, for Thrytho could not be +called "excellent." G. writes "Modthrytho" as her name. The womanly Hygd +seems purposely here contrasted with the terrible Thrytho, just as, at l. +902 _seq._, Sigemund and Heremod are contrasted. For Thrytho, etc., cf. +Gr., _Jahrb. fuer rom. u. eng. Lit._ iv. 279; Muellenhoff, _Haupts Zeitschr._ +xiv. 216; Matthew Paris; Suchier, _Beit._ iv. 500-521; R. _Zachers +Zeitschr._ iii. 402; B., _ibid._ iv. 206; Koerner, _Eng. Stud._ i. 489-492; +H.-So., p. 106. + +l. 1932-1963. K. first pointed out the connection between the historical +Offa, King of Mercia, and his wife Cwendrida, and the Offa and Þryetho (Gr.'s +_Drida_ of the _Vita Offae Secundi_) of the present passage. The tale is +told of her, not of Hygd. + +l. 1936. Suchier proposes andaeges, = _eye to eye_; Leo proposes andaeges, = +_the whole day_; G., _by day_. No change is necessary if an be taken to +govqern hire, = _on her_, and daeges be explained (like nihtes, etc.) as a +genitive of time, = _by day_. + +l. 1943. R. and Suchier propose onsece, = _seek, require_; but cf. 2955. + +l. 1966. Cf. the _heofoncandel_ of _Exod_. l. 115 (Hunt). Shak.'s 'night's +candles.' + +l. 1969. Cf. l. 2487 _seq._ for the actual slayer of Ongenþeow, i.e. Eofor, +to whom Hygelac gave his only daughter as a reward, l. 2998. + +l. 1981. meodu-scencum = _with mead-pourers_ or _mead-cups_ (G., Ha.); +_draught or cup of mead_ (Toller-Bosw.). + +l. 1982. K., Th., W., H. supply [heal-]reced; Holler [hea-]. + +l. 1984. B. defends the MS., reading hae nu (for haeethnu), which he regards as += Heinir, the inhabitants of the Jutish "heaths" (haeeth). Cf. H.-So., p. 107; +_Beit._ xii. 9. + +l. 1985. sinne. "In poetry there is a reflexive possessive of the third +person, sin (declined like min). It is used not only as a true reflexive, +but also as a non-reflexive (= Lat. _ejus_)"--Sw.; Cook's Sievers' Gram., +p. 185. Cf. ll. 1508, 1961, 2284, 2790. + +l. 1994. Cf. l. 190 for a similar use of seaeth; cf. to "glow" with emotion, +"boil" with indignation, "burn" with anger, etc. weallan is often so used; +cf. ll. 2332, 2066, etc. + +l. 2010. B. proposes facne, = _in treachery_, for fenne. Cf. _Juliana_, l. +350; _Beit._ xii. 97. + +l. 2022. Food of specific sorts is rarely, if at all, mentioned in the +poem. Drink, on the other hand, occurs in its primitive varieties,--_ale_ +(as here: ealu-waeg), _mead, beer, wine, lieth_ (cider? Goth. _leiþus_, Prov. +Ger. _leit-_ in _leit-haus_, ale-house), etc. + +l. 2025. Kl. proposes is for waes. + +l. 2027. Cf. l. 1599 for a similar use of weorethan, = _agree, be pleased +with_ (Ha.); _appear_ (Sw., Reader, 6th ed.). + +ll. 2030, 2031. Ten Br. proposes: oft seldan ( = _gave_) waere aefter +leod-hryre: lytle hwile bongar bugeeth, þeah seo bryd duge = _oft has a +treaty been given after the fall of a prince: but little while the +murder-spear resteth, however excellent the bride be._ Cf. Kl., _Beit._ ix. +190; B., _Beit._ xii. 369; R., _Zachers Zeitschr._ in. 404; Ha., p. 69; G., +p. 62. + +l. 2036. Cf. Kl, _Beit._ ix. 191; R., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 404. + +l. 2042. For beah B. reads ba, = _both_, i.e. Freaware and the Dane. + +l. 2063. Thorkelin and Conybeare propose wigende, = _fighting_, for +lifigende. + +l. 2068. W.'s edition begins section xxx. (not marked in the MS.) with this +line. Section xxxix. (xxxviii. in copies A and B, xxxix. in Thorkelin) is +not so designated in the MS., though þa (at l. 2822) is written with +capitals and xl. begins at l. 2893. + +l. 2095. Cf. l. 1542, and note. + +l. 2115 _seq._ B. restores thus: + + Þaer on innan giong + niethetha nathwylc, neode to gefeng + haeethnum horde; hond aetgenam + seleful since fah; ne he þaet syethethan ageaf, + þeah þe he slaepende besyrede hyrde + þeofes craefte: þaet se þioden onfand, + by-folc beorna, þaet he gebolgen waes. + +--_Beit._ xii. 99; _Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 210. + +l. 2128. aetbaer here = _bear away_, not given in the Gloss. + +l. 2129. B. proposes faerunga, = _suddenly_, for Gr.'s reading in the +text.--_Beit._ xii. 98. + +l. 2132. MS. has þine life, which Leo translates _by thy leave_ (= ON. +_leyfi_); B., _by thy life_.--_Beit._ xii. 369. + +l. 2150. B. renders gen, etc., by "now I serve thee alone again as my +gracious king" (_Beit._ xii. 99). + +l. 2151. The forms hafu [hafo], hafast, hafaeth, are poetic archaisms.--Sw. + +l. 2153. Kl. proposes ealdor, = _prince_, for eafor. W. proposes the compd. +eafor-heafodsegn, = _helm_; cf. l. 1245. + +l. 2157. The wk. form of the adj. is frequent in the vocative, especially +when postponed: "Beowulf leofa," l. 1759. So, often, in poetry in nom.: +wudu selesta, etc. + +l. 2158. aerest is possibly the verbal subs. from arisan, _to arise, = +arising, origin_. R. suggested aerist, _arising, origin_. Cf. Bede, _Eccles. +Hist._, ed. Miller, where the word is spelt as above, but = (as usual) +_resurrection_. See Sweet, Reader, p. 211; E.-Plummer's _Chronicle_, p. +302, etc. The MS. has est. See Ha., p. 73; S., _Beit._ x. 222; and cf. l. +2166. + +l. 2188. Gr., W., H. supply [wen]don, = _weened_, instead of Th.'s [oft +saeg]don. + +l. 2188. The "slack" Beowulf, like the sluggish Brutus, ultimately reveals +his true character, and is presented with a historic sword of honor. It is +"laid on his breast" (l. 2195) as Hun laid Lafing on Hengest's breast, l. +1145. + +l. 2188. "The boy was at first slothful, and the Geats thought him an +unwarlike prince, and long despised him. Then, like many a lazy third son +in the folk tales, a change came, he suddenly showed wonderful daring and +was passionate for adventure."--Br., p. 22. + +l. 2196. "Seven of thousands, manor and lordship" (Ha.). Kl., _Beit._ ix. +191, thinks with Ettm. that þusendo means a hide of land (see Schmid, _Ges. +der Angl_, 610), Bede's familia = 1/2 sq. meter; seofan being used (like +hund, l. 2995) only for the alliteration. + +l. 2196. "A vast Honour of 7000 hides, a mansion, and a judgment-seat" +[throne].--E. + +l. 2210. MS. has the more correct wintra. + +l. 2211. Cf. similar language about the dragon at l. 100. Beowulf's +"jubilee" is fitly solemnized by his third and last dragon-fight. + +l. 2213. B. proposes se þe on hearge haeethen hord beweotode; cf. Ha., p. 75. + +l. 2215. "The dragon lies round the treasures in a cave, as Fafnir, like a +Python, lay coiled over his hoard. So constant was this habit among the +dragons that gold is called Worms' bed, Fafnir's couch, Worms' bed-fire. +Even in India, the cobras ... are guardians of treasure."--Br., p. 50. + +l. 2216. neode. E. translates _deftly_; Ha., _with ardor_. H.-So. reads +neode, = _with desire, greedily_, instr. of neod. + +l. 2223. E. begins his "Part Third" at this point as he begins "Part +Second" at l. 1252, each dragon-fight forming part of a trilogy. + +ll. 2224, 2225. B. proposes: nealles mid gewealdum wyrmes weard gaest sylfes +willum.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 211; _Beit._ xii. 100. + +l. 2225. For þeow read þegn.--K. and Z. + +l. 2225. þeow, st. m., _slave, serf_ (not in H.-So.). + +l. 2227. For ofer-þearfe read aernes þearfa.--Z. + +ll. 2229-2231. B. proposes: + + secg synbysig sona onwlatode, + þeah þam gyste gryrebroga stod, + hwaeethre earmsceapen innganges þearfa + . . . . . . . . . . + feasceapen, þa hyne se faer begeat. + --_Beit._ xii. 101. Cf. Ha., p. 69. + +l. 2232. W. suggests seah or seir for geseah, and Gr. suggests searolic. + +l. 2233. Z. surmises eoreth-huse (for -scraefe). + +l. 2241. B. proposes laen-gestreona, = _transitory_, etc.; Th., R. propose +leng (= _longer_) gestreona; S. accepts the text but translates "the +long accumulating treasure." + +l. 2246. B. proposed (1) hard-fyndne, = _hard to find_; (2) hord-wynne +dael,--_a deal of treasure-joy_ (cf. l. 2271).--_Zachers Zeitschr._ +iv. 211; _Beit._ xii. 102. + +l. 2247. fecword = _banning words_ (?) MS. has fec. + +l. 2254. Others read feor-[mie], = _furbish_, for fetige: _I own not one +who may_, etc. + +l. 2261. The Danes themselves were sometimes called the "Ring-Danes," += clad in ringed (or a ring of) armor, or possessing rings. Cf. +ll. 116, 1280. + +l. 2264. Note the early reference to hawking. Minstrelsy (hearpan +wyn), saga-telling, racing, swimming, harpooning of sea-animals, feasting, +and the bestowal of jewels, swords, and rings, are the other amusements +most frequent in _Beowulf_. + +l. 2264. Cf. _Maldon_, ll. 8, 9, for a reference to hawking. + +l. 2276. Z. suggests swyethe ondraedaeth; Ho. puts gesecean for Gr.'s +gewunian. + +l. 2277. Z. and K. read: hord on hrusan. "Three hundred winters," +at l. 2279, is probably conventional for "a long time," like hund +missera, l. 1499; hund þusenda, l. 2995; þritig (of Beowulf's strength), l. +379; þritig (of the men slain by Grendel), l. 123; seofan þusendo, l. 2196, +etc. + +l. 2285. B. objects to hord as repeated in ll. 2284, 2285; but cf. Ha., p. +77. C. prefers sum to hord. onboren = _inminutus_; cf. B., _Beit._ xii. +102. + +l. 2285. onberan is found also at line 991, = _carry off_, with on- = E. +_un--(un-bind, -loose, -tie_, etc.), G. _ent-_. The negro still pronounces +_on-do_, etc. + +l. 2299. Cf. H.-So., p. 112, for a defense of the text as it stands. B. +proposes "nor was there any man in that desert who rejoiced in conflict," +etc. So ten Br. + +l. 2326. B. and ten Br,. propose ham, = _home_, for him.--_Beit._ xii. 103. + +l. 2335. E. translates ealond utan by _the sea-board front, the +water-washed land on the (its) outside_. See B., _Beit._ xii. 1, 5. + +l. 2346. Cf. l. 425, where Beowulf resolves to fight the dragon +single-handed. E. compares _Guy of Warwick_, ll. 49, 376. + +l. 2355. Ten Br. proposes laethan cynne as apposition to maegum. + +l. 2360. Cf. Beowulf's other swimming-feat with Breca, ll. 506 _seq._ + +l. 2362. Gr. inserts ana, = _lone-going_, before xxx.: approved by B.; and +Krueger, _Beit._ ix. 575. Cf. l. 379. + +l. 2362. "Beowulf has the strength of thirty men in the original tale. +Here, then, the new inventor makes him carry off thirty coats of +mail."--Br., p. 48. + +l. 2364. Hetware = Chattuarii, a nation allied against Hygelac in his +Frisian expedition; cf. ll. 1208 _seq._, 2917, etc. + +l. 2368. B. proposes _quiet sea_ as trans, of sioleetha bigong, and compares +Goth. _anasilan_, to be still; Swed. dial, _sil_, still water between +waterfalls.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 214. + +l. 2380. hyne--Heardred; so him, l. 2358. + +l. 2384. E. calls attention to Swio-rice as identical with the modern +_Sverige_ = Sweden; cf. l. 2496. + +l. 2386. Gr. reads on feorme, = _at the banquet_; cf. Moeller, _Alteng. +Volksepos_, 111, who reads (f)or feorme. The MS. has or. + +l. 2391. Cf. l. 11. + +l. 2394. B., Gr., and Mullenh. understand ll. 2393-2397 to mean that +Eadgils, Ohthere's son, driven from Sweden, returns later, supported by +Beowulf, takes the life of his uncle Onela, and probably becomes himself +O.'s successor and king of Sweden. For another view see H.-So., p. 115. MS. +has freond (l. 2394), which Leo, etc., change to feond. G. translates +_friend_.--_Beit._ xii. 13; _Anzeiger f. d. Altert_. iii. 177. + +l. 2395. Eadgils is Ohthere's son; cf. l. 2381; Onela is Ohthere's brother; +cf. ll. 2933, 2617. + +l. 2402. "Twelfsome"; cf. "fifteensome" at l. 207, etc. As _Beowulf_ is +essentially _the_ Epic of Philanthropy, of the true love of man, as +distinguished from the ordinary love-epic, the number twelve in this +passage may be reminiscent of another Friend of Man and another Twelve. In +each case all but one desert the hero. + +l. 2437. R. proposes styred, = _ordered, decreed_, for stred.--_Zachers +Zeitschr._ iii. 409. + +l. 2439. B. corrects to freo-wine = _noble friend_, asking, "How can +Herebeald be called Haeethcyn's frea-wine [MS.], _lord?_" + +l. 2442. feohleas gefeoht, "a homicide which cannot be atoned for by +money--in this case an unintentional fratricide."--Sw. + +l. 2445. See Ha., pp. 82, 83, for a discussion of ll. 2445-2463. Cf. G., p. +75. + +l. 2447. MS. reads wrece, justified by B. (_Tidskr_. viii. 56). W. +conceives wrece as optative or hortative, and places a colon before þonne. + +l. 2449. For helpan read helpe.--K., Th., S. (_Zeitschr. f. D. Phil._ xxi. +3, 357). + +ll. 2454-2455. (1) Muellenh. (_Haupts Zeitschr._ xiv. 232) proposes: + + þonne se an hafaeth + þurh daeda nyd deaethes gefandod. + +(2) B. proposes: + + þurh daeda nieth deaethes gefondad. + --_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 215. + +l. 2458. Cf. sceotend, pl., ll. 704, 1155, like ridend. Cf. _Judith_, l. +305, etc. + +l. 2474. Th. considers the "wide water" here as the Maelar lake, the +boundary between Swedes and Goths. + +l. 2477. On oþþe = _and_, cf. B., _Tidskr_. viii. 57. See Ha., p. 83. + +l. 2489. B. proposes hrea-blac for Gr.'s heoro-.--_Tikskr_. viii. 297. + +l. 2494. S. suggests eethel-wynne. + +l. 2502. E. translates for dugeethum, _of my prowess_; so Ettmueller. + +ll. 2520-2522. Gr. and S. translate, "if I knew how else I might combat the +monster's boastfulness."--Ha., p. 85. + +l. 2524. and-hattres is H.'s invention. Gr. reads oreethes and attres, _blast +and venom_. Cf. orueth, l. 2558, and l. 2840 (where attor- also occurs). + +l. 2526. E. quotes fleon fotes trym from _Maldon_, l. 247. + +l. 2546. Gr., H.-So., and Ho. read standan stan-bogan (for stod on +stan-bogan) depending on geseah. + +l. 2550. Grundt. and B. propose deor, _brave one_, i.e. Beowulf, for deop. + +L. 2565. MS. has ungleaw (K., Th.), unglaw (Grundt.). B. proposes unslaw, = +_sharp_.--_Beit._ xii. 104. So H.-So., Ha., p. 86. + +ll. 2570, 2571. (1) May not gescife (MS. to gscipe) = German _schief_, +"crooked," "bent," "aslant," and hence be a parallel to gebogen, _bent, +coiled?_ cf. l. 2568, þa se wyrm gebeah snude tosomne, and l. 2828. Coiled +serpents spring more powerfully for the coiling. (2) Or perhaps destroy +comma after to and read gescaepe, = _his fate_; cf. l. 26: him þa Scyld +gewat to gescaep-hwile. G. appar. adopts this reading, p. 78. + +l. 2589. grund-wong = _the field_, not _the earth_ (so B.); H.-So., _cave_, +as at l. 2771. So Ha., p. 87. + +l. 2595. S. proposes colon after stefne.--_Beit._ ix. 141. + +l. 2604. Muellenh. explains leod Scylfinga in _Anzeiger f. d. Altert._ iii. +176-178. + +l. 2607. are = _possessions, holding_ (Kl., _Beit._ ix. 192; Ha., p. 88). + +l. 2609. folcrihta. Add "folk-right" to the meanings in the Gloss.; and cf. +eethel-, land-riht, word-riht. + +l. 2614. H.-So. reads with Gr. wraeccan wineleasum Weohstan bana, = _whom, a +friendless exile, W. had slain_. + +ll. 2635-61. E. quotes Tacitus, _Germania_, xiv.: "turpe comitatui virtutem +principis non adaequare." Beowulf had been deserted by his _comitatus_. + +l. 2643. B. proposes user.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 216. + +l. 2649. wutun; l. 3102, uton = pres. subj. pl. 1st person of witan, _to +go_, used like Mod. Eng. _let us_ + inf., Lat. _eamus_, Ital. _andiamo_, +Fr. _allons_; M. E. (_Layamon_) _uten_. Cf. Psa. ii. 3, etc. March, _A.-S. +Gram._, pp. 104, 196. + +l. 2650. B. suggests hat for hyt,.--_Beit._ xii. 105. + +l. 2656. fane = fah-ne; cf. fara = fah-ra, l. 578; so heanne (MS.) = +heah-ne, etc., l. 984. See Cook's Sievers' Gram. + +ll. 2660, 2661. Why not read beadu-scrud, as at l. 453, = _battle-shirt?_ +B. and R. suppose two half-verses omitted between byrdu-scrud and bam +gemaene. B. reads bywdu, = _handsome_, etc. Gr. suggests unc nu, = _to us +two now_, for urum; and K. and Grundt. read beon gemaene for bam, etc. This +makes sense. Cf. Ha., p. 89. + +l. 2666. Cf. the dat. absolute without preposition. + +l. 2681. Naegling; cf. Hrunting, Lafing, and other famous wundor-smietha +geweorc of the poem. + +l. 2687. B. changes þonne into þone (rel. pro.) = _which_.--_Beit._ xii. +105. + +l. 2688. B. supports the MS. reading, wundum. + +l. 2688. Cf. l. 2278 for similar language. + +l. 2698. B. (_Beit._ xii. 105) renders: "he did not heed the head of the +dragon (which Beowulf with his sword had struck without effect), but he +struck the dragon somewhat further down." Cf. Saxo, vi. p. 272. + +l. 2698. Cf. the language used at ll. 446 and 1373, where hafelan also +occurs; and hydan. + +l. 2700. hwene; cf. Lowl. Sc. _wheen_, a number; Chaucer's _woon_, number. + +l. 2702. S. proposes þa (for þaet) þaet fyr, etc., = _when the fire began_, +etc. + +l. 2704. "The (hup)-seax has often been found in Saxon graves on the hip of +the skeleton."--E. + +l. 2707. Kl. proposes: feorh ealne wraec, = _drove out all the life_; cf. +_Gen._ l. 1385.--_Beit._ ix. 192. S. suggests gefylde,--_he felled the +foe_, etc.--_Ibid_. Parentheses seem unnecessary. + +l. 2727. daeg-hwil = _time allotted, lifetime_. + +l. 2745, 2745. Ho. removes geong from the beginning of l. 2745 and places +it at the end of l. 2744. + +l. 2750. R. proposes sigle searogimmas, as at l. 1158. + +l. 2767. (1) B. proposes doubtfully oferhigean or oferhigan, = Goth, +_ufarhauhjan_, p. p. _ufarhauhids_ (Gr. [Greek: tuphwtheis]) = _exceed in +value_.--_Tidskr_. viii. 60. (2) Kl. proposes oferhydian, = _to make +arrogant, infatuate_; cf. oferhyd.--_Beit._ ix. 192. + +l. 2770. gelocen leoethocraeftum = (1) _spell-bound_ (Th., Arnold, E.); (2) +_wrought with hand-craft_ (G.); (3) _meshed, linked together_ (H., Ho.); +cf. _Elene_, ll. 1251, 522. + +l. 2778. B. considers bill ... ealdhlafordes as Beowulf's short sword, with +which he killed the dragon, l. 2704 (_Tidskr_. viii. 299). R. proposes +ealdhlaforde. Muellenh. understands ealdhlaford to mean the former possessor +of the hoard. W. agrees to this, but conceives aergescod as a compd. = aere +calceatus, _sheathed in brass_. Ha. translates aergescod as vb. and adv. + +l. 2791. Cf. l. 224, eoletes aet ende; landes aet ende, _Exod_. (Hunt). + +l. 2792. MS. reads waeteres weorpan, which R. would change to waetere +sweorfan. + +l. 2806. "Men saw from its height the whales tumbling in the waves, and +called it Whale's Ness (Hrones-naes)."--Br. p. 28. Cf. l. 3137. + +l. 2815. Wiglaf was the next of kin, the last of the race, and hence the +recipient of Beowulf's kingly insignia. There is a possible play on the +word laf (Wig-_laf_, ende-_laf_). + +l. 2818. gingeste word; cf. _novissima verba_, and Ger. _juengst_, lately. + +l. 2837. E. translates on lande, _in the world_, comparing _on life, on +worulde_. + +l. 2840. geraesde = pret. of geraesan (omitted from the Gloss.), same as +raesan; cf. l. 2691. + +l. 2859. B. proposes deaeth araedan, = _determine death_.--_Beit._ xii. 106. + +l. 2861. Change geongum to geongan as a scribal error (?), but cf. +Lichtenheld, _Haupts Zeitschr._ xvi. 353-355. + +l. 2871. S. and W. propose ower.--_Beit._ ix. 142. + +l. 2873. S. punctuates: wraethe forwurpe, þa, etc. + +l. 2874. H.-So. begins a new sentence with nealles, ending the preceding +one with beget. + +l. 2879. aetgifan = _to render, to afford_; omitted in Gloss. + +ll. 2885-2892. "This passage ... equals the passage in Tacitus which +describes the tie of chief to companion and companion to chief among the +Germans, and which recounts the shame that fell on those who survived their +lord."--Br., p. 56. + +l. 2886. cyn thus has the meaning of _gens_ or clan, just as in many +Oriental towns all are of one blood. E. compares Tacitus, _Germania_, 7; +and cf. "kith and kin." + +l. 2892. Death is preferable to dishonor. Cf. Kemble, _Saxons_, i. 235. + +l. 2901. The _[Greek: angelos]_ begins his _[Greek: angelia]_ here. + +l. 2910. S. proposes higemeethe, _sad of soul;_ cf. ll. 2853 and 2864 +(_Beit._ ix. 142). B. considers higemeethum a dat. or instr. pl. of an +abstract in -u (_Beit._ xii. 106). H. makes it a dat. pl. = _for the dead_. +For heafod-wearde, etc., cf. note on l. 446. + +l. 2920-2921. B. explains "he could not this time, as usual, give jewels to +his followers."--_Beit._ xii. 106. + +l. 2922. The Merovingian or Frankish race. + +l. 2940 _seq._ B. conjectures: + + cwaeeth hie on mergenne meces ecgum + getan wolde, sumon galgtreowu + aheawan on holte ond hie ahoan on þa + fuglum to gamene. + +--_Beit._ xii. 107, 372. Cf. S., _Beit._ ix. 143. getan = _cause blood to +be shed._ + +l. 2950. B. proposes gomela for goda; "a surprising epithet for a Geat to +apply to the 'terrible' Ongentheow."--Ha. p. 99. But "good" does not +necessarily mean "morally excellent," as a "good" hater, a "good" fighter. + +l. 2959. See H.-So. for an explanatory quotation from Paulus Diaconus, etc. +B., K., and Th. read segn Higelaces, = H.'s banner uplifted began to pursue +the Swede-men.--_Beit._ xii. 108. S. suggests saece, = _pursuit_. + +l. 2977. gewyrpton: this vb. is also used reflexively in _Exod_. (Hunt), l. +130: wyrpton hie werige. + +l. 2989. baer is Grundt.'s reading, after the MS. "The surviving victor is +the heir of the slaughtered foe."--H.-So. Cf. _Hildebrands Lied_, ll. 61, +62. + +l. 2995. "A hundred of thousands in land and rings" (Ha., p. 100). Cf. ll. +2196, 3051. Cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 20, who quotes Saxo's _bis senas gentes_ +and remarks: "Hrolf Kraki, who rewards his follower, for the slaying of the +foreign king, with jewels, rich lands, and his only daughter's hand, +answers to the Jutish king Hygelac, who rewards his liegeman, for the +slaying of Ongentheow, with jewels, enormous estates, and _his_ only +daughter's hand." + +l. 3006. H.-So. suggests Scilfingas for Scyldingas, because, at l. 2397, +Beowulf kills the Scylfing Eadgils and probably acquires his lands. Thus +ll. 3002, 3005, 3006, would indicate that, after Beowulf's death, the +Swedes desired to shake off his hated yoke. Muellenh., however, regards l. +3006 as a thoughtless repetition of l. 2053.--_Haupts Zeitschr._ xiv. 239. + +l. 3008. Cf. the same proverb at l. 256; and _Exod._ (Hunt.) l. 293. + +l. 3022. E. quotes: + + "Thai token an harp _gle and game_ + And maked a lai and yaf it name." + --_Weber_, l. 358. + +and from Percy, "The word _glee_, which peculiarly denoted their art (the +minstrels'), continues still in our own language ... it is to this day used +in a musical sense, and applied to a peculiar piece of composition." + +l. 3025. "This is a finer use than usual of the common poetic attendants of +a battle, the wolf, the eagle, and the raven. The three are here like three +Valkyrie, talking of all that they have done."--Br., p. 57. + +l. 3033. Cf. Hunt's _Dan._ l. 731, for similar language. + +l. 3039. B. supplies a supposed gap here: + + [banan eac fundon bennum seocne + (ne) aer hi þaem gesegan syllicran wiht] + wyrm on wonge... + --_Beit._ xii. 372. + +Cf. Ha., p. 102. W. and Ho. insert [þaer] before gesegan. + +l. 3042. Cf. l. 2561, where gryre-giest occurs as an epithet of the dragon. +B. proposes gry[re-fah]. + +l. 3044. lyft-wynne, _in the pride of the air_, E.; _to rejoice in the +air_, Ha. + +l. 3057. (1) He (God) is men's hope; (2) he is the heroes' hope; (3) gehyld += the secret place of enchanters; cf. helsmanna gehyld, Gr.'s reading, +after A.-S. haelsere, haruspex, augur. + +l. 3060. B. suggests gehyethde, = _plundered_ (i.e. by the thief), for +gehydde. + +ll. 3063-3066. (1) B. suggests wundur [deaethe] hwar þonne eorl ellenrof ende +gefere = _let a brave man then somewhere meet his end by wondrous venture_, +etc.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 241; cf. l. 3038. (2) S. supposes an indirect +question introduced by hwar and dependent upon wundur, = _a mystery is it +when it happens that the hero is to die, if he is no longer to linger among +his people_.--_Beit._ ix. 143. (3) Muellenh. suggests: _is it to be wondered +at that a man should die when he can no longer live?_--_Zachers Zeitschr._ +xiv. 241. (4) Possibly thus: + + Wundraeth hwaet þonne, + eorl ellen-rof, ende gefere + lif-gesceafta, þonne leng ne maeg (etc.), + +in which hwaet would = þurh hwaet at l. 3069, and eorl would be subject of +the conjectural vb. wundraeth: "the valiant earl wondereth then through what +he shall attain his life's end, when he no longer may live.... So Beowulf +knew not (wondered how) through what _his_ end should come," etc. W. and +Ho. join þonne to the next line. Or, for hwar read waere: Wundur waere þonne +(= gif), etc., = "would it be any wonder if a brave man," etc., which is +virtually Muellenhoff's. + +l. 3053. galdre bewunden, _spell-bound_, throws light on l. 2770, gelocen +leoetho-craeftum. The "accursed" gold of legend is often dragon-guarded and +placed under a spell. Even human ashes (as Shakespeare's) are thus banned. +ll. 3047-3058 recall the so-called "Treasury of Atreus." + +l. 3073. herh, hearh, _temple_, is conjectured by E. to survive in _Harrow. +Temple, barrow_, etc., have thus been raised to proper names. Cf. Biowulfes +biorh of l. 2808. + +l. 3074. H.-So. has strude, = _ravage_, and compares l. 3127. MS. has +strade. S. suggests stride, = _tread_. + +l. 3074. H.-So. omits stradan, = _tread, stride over_, from the Gloss., +referring ll. 3174 and 3074 to strudan, q. v. + +l. 3075. S. proposes: naes he goldhwaetes gearwor haefde, etc., = _Beowulf had +not before seen the greedy possessor's favor_.--_Beit._ ix. 143. B. reads, +goldhwaete gearwor haefde, etc., making goldhwaete modify est, = _golden +favor_; but see _Beit._ xii. 373, for B.'s later view. + +l. 3086-3087. B. translates, "that which (i.e. the treasure) drew the king +thither was granted indeed, but it overwhelmed us."--_Beit._ xii. 109. + +l. 3097. B. and S. propose aefter wine deadum, = _in memory of the dead +friend_.--_Beit._ ix. 144. + +l. 3106. The brad gold here possibly includes the iu-monna gold of l. 3053 +and the wunden gold of l. 3135. E. translates brad by _bullion_. + +l. 3114. B. supposes folc-agende to be dat. sg. to godum, referring to +Beowulf. + +l. 3116. C. considers weaxan, = Lat. _vescor_, to devour, as a parallel to +fretan, and discards parentheses.--_Beit._ viii. 573. + +l. 3120. fus = _furnished with_; a meaning which must be added to those in +the Gloss. + +ll. 3124-3125. S. proposes: + + eode eahta sum under inwit-hrof + hilderinca: sum on handa baer, etc. + --_Beit._ ix. 144. + +l. 3136. H.-So. corrects (after B.) to aeetheling_c_, the MS. having _e_. + +l. 3145. "It was their [the Icelanders'] belief that the higher the smoke +rose in the air the more glorious would the burnt man be in heaven."-- +_Ynglinga Saga_, 10 (quoted by E.). Cf. the funeral pyre of Herakles. + +l. 3146-3147. B. conjectures: + + ... swogende lec + wope bewunden windblonda leg + +(lec from lacan, see Gloss.).--_Beit._ xii. 110. Why not windblonda lac? + +l. 3147. Muellenhoff rejected wind-blond gelaeg because a great fire raises +rather than "lays" the wind; hence B., as above, = "swoughing sported the +flame wound with the howling of wind-currents." + +l. 3151 _seq._ B. restores conjecturally: + + swylce giomor-gyd sio geo-meowle + [aefter Beowulfe] bunden-heorde + [song] sorg-cearig, saede geneahhe, + þaet hio hyre [hearm-]dagas hearde on [dr]ede, + waelfylla worn, [w]igendes egesan, + hy[n]etho ond haeftnyd, heof on rice wealg. + --_Beit._ xii. 100. + +Here geo-meowle = _old woman_ or _widow;_ bunden-heorde = _with bound +locks;_ heof = _lamentation;_ cf. l. 3143. on rice wealg is less preferable +than the MS. reading, heofon rece swealg = _heaven swallowed the smoke_.-- +H.-So. B. thinks Beowulf's widow (geomeowle) was probably Hygd; cf. ll. +2370, 3017-3021. + +l. 3162. H.-So. reads (with MS.) bronda be lafe, for betost, and omits +colon after becn. So B., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 224. + +l. 3171. E. quotes Gibbon's accounts of the burial of Attila when the +"chosen squadrons of the Hun, wheeling round in measured evolutions, +chanted a funeral song to the memory of a hero." + +ll. 3173-3174. B. proposes: + + woldon gen cwiethan [ond] kyning + wordgyd wrecan ond ymb wel sprecan. + --_Beit._ xii. 112. + +l. 3183. Z., K., Th. read manna for mannum. + +l. 3184. "It is the English ideal of a hero as it was conceived by an +Englishman some twelve hundred years ago."--Br., p. 18. + + + +NOTES TO THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURG. + +The original MS. of this fragment has vanished, but a copy had been made +and printed by Hickes in his _Thesaurus Linguarum Septentrionalium_, i. +192. The original was written on a single sheet attached to a codex of +homilies in the Lambeth Library. Moeller, _Alteng. Epos_, p. 65, places the +fragment in the Finn episode, between ll. 1146 and 1147. Bugge (_Beit._ +xii. 20) makes it illustrate the conflict in which Hnaef fell, _i.e._ as +described in _Beowulf_ as antecedent to the events there given. Heinzel +(_Anzeiger f. d. Altert_.), however, calls attention to the fact that +Hengest in the fragment is called cyning, whereas in _Beowulf_, l. 1086, he +is called þegn. See H.-So., p. 125. + +"The _Fight at Finnsburg_ and the lays from which our _Beowulf_ was +composed were, as it seems to me, sung among the English who dwelt in the +north of Denmark and the south of Sweden, and whose tribal name was the +Jutes or Goths."--Br., p. 101. + +l. 1. R. supposes [hor]nas, and conjectures such an introductory +conversation as follows: "Is it dawning in the east, or is a fiery dragon +flying about, or are the turrets of some castle burning?" questions which +the king negatives in the same order. Then comes the positive declaration, +"rather they are warriors marching whose armor gleams in the moonlight." +--_Alt- und Angels. Lesebuch_, 1861. Heinzel and B. conjecture, [beorhtor +hor]nas byrnaeth naefre. So. G.--_Beit._ xii. 22; _Anzeiger f. d. Altert._ x. +229. + +l. 5. B. conjectures fugelas to mean _arrows_, and supplies: + + ac her foreth beraeth [fyrdsearu rincas, + flacre flanbogan], fugelas singaeth. + +He compares Saxo, p. 95, _cristatis galeis hastisque sonantibus instant_, +as explanatory of l. 6.--_Beit._ xii. 22. But see Brooke, _Early Eng. +Literature_, who supposes fugelas = _raven_ and _eagle_, while graeg-hama is += _wulf_ (the "grey-coated one"), the ordinary accompaniers of battle. + +l. 11. hicgeaeth, etc.: cf. _Maldon_, l. 5; _Exod_. l. 218. + +l. 15. Cf. B. (_Beit._ xii. 25), etc., and Saxo, p. 101, for l. 13. + +ll. 18-21. H.-So. remarks: "If, according to Moeller and Bugge, Garulf is +one of the attackers, one of Finn's men, this does not harmonize with his +character as Guethlaf's son (l. 33), who (l. 16, and _Beowulf_, l. 1149) is a +Dane, therefore one of Finn's antagonists." B. (_Beit._ xii. 25) +conjectures: + + þa gyt Guethdene Garulf styrode, + þaet he swa freolic feorh forman siethe + to þaere healle durum hyrsta ne baere, + nu hie nietha heard anyman wolde; + +in which Guethdene is the same as Sigefereth, l. 24; he (l. 22) refers to +Garulf; and hie (l. 21) to hyrsta. + +l. 27. swaeether = _either_ (bad or good, life or death).--H.-So. + +l. 29. celod: meaning doubtful; cf. _Maldon_, l. 283. G. renders "curved +board"; Sw. suggests "round"? "hollow"? + +l. 30. B. suggests bar-helm, = _boar-helm._ Cf. Saxo, p. 96.--_Beit._ xii. +26. + +l. 34. B. conjectures: (1) hwearf flacra hraew hraefen, wandrode; (2) hwearf +flacra hraew hraefen fram oethrum = _flew from one corpse to another_.--_Beit._ +xii. 27. + +l. 43. B. supposes wund haeleeth to be a Dane, folces hyrde to be Hnaef, in +opposition to Holtzmann (_Germania_, viii. 494), who supposes the wounded +man to be a Frisian, and folces hyrde to be their king, Finn.--_Beit._ xii. +28. + +l. 45. B. adopts Th.'s reading heresceorp unhror = _equipments +useless_.--_Beit._ xii. 28. + +l. 47. "Though wounded, they had retained their strength and activity in +battle."--B., _Beit._ xii. 28. + + + +ADDENDA. + +ll. 105 and 218. MS. and Ho. read won-saeli and fami-heals. + +ll. 143, 183, 186, etc. Read þaem for þaem. + +l. 299. MS. reads god-fremmendra. So H.-So. + +l. 338. Ho. marks wraec- and its group long. + +l. 530. Hwaet should here probably be printed as an interj., hwaet! Cf. ll. +1, 943, 2249. + +l. 2263. Koeppel suggests nis for naes. + +The editors are much indebted to E. Koeppel (in _Eng. Stud._ xiii. 3) for +numerous corrections in text and glossary. + +l. 3070. H.-So. begins a new line with swa. + + + + +GLOSSARY + +A + +ac, conj. denoting contrariety: hence 1) _but_ (like N.H.G. sondern), 109, +135, 339, etc.--2) _but_ (N.H.G. aber), _nevertheless_, 602, 697, etc.--3) +in direct questions: nonne, numquid, 1991. + +aglaeca, ahlaeca, aeglaeca, -cea, w. m. (cf. Goth, aglo, _trouble_, O.N. agi, +_terror_, + lac, _gift, sport: = misery, vexation, = bringer of trouble_; +hence): 1) _evil spirit, demon, a demon-like being_; of Grendel, 159, 433, +593, etc.; of the drake, 2535, 2906, etc.--2) _great hero, mighty warrior_; +of Sigemund, 894; of Beowulf: gen. sg. aglaecan(?), 1513; of Beowulf and the +drake: nom. pl. þa aglaecean, 2593. + +aglaec-wif, st. n., _demon, devil, in the form of a woman_; of Grendel's +mother, 1260. + +aldor. See ealdor. + +al-wealda. See eal-w. + +am-biht (from and-b., Goth, and-baht-s), st. m., _servant, man-servant_: +nom. sg. ombeht, of the coast-guard, 287; ombiht, of Wulfgar, 336. + +ambiht-þegn (from ambiht n. officium and þegn, which see), _servant, +man-servant_: dat. sg. ombiht-þegne, of Beowulf's servant, 674. + +an, prep, with the dat., _on, in, with respect to_, 678; _with, among, at, +upon_ (position after the governed word), 1936; with the acc., 1248. +Elsewhere on, which see. + +ancor, st. m., _anchor_: dat. sg. ancre, 303, 1884. + +ancor-bend, m. (?) f. (?), _anchor-cable_: dat. pl. oncer-bendum, 1919. + +and, conj. (ond is usual form; for example, 601, 1149, 2041), and 33, 39, +40, etc. (See Appendix.) + +anda, w. m., _excitement, vexation, horror_: dat. wraethum on andan, 709, +2315. + +and-git, st. n., _insight, understanding_: nom. sg., 1060. See gitan. + +and-hator, st. m. n., _heat coming against one_: gen. sg. reethes +and-hattres, 2524. + +and-lang, -long, adj., _very long._ hence 1) _at whole length, raised up +high_: acc. andlongne eorl, 2696 (cf. Bugge upon this point, Zachers +Ztschr., 4, 217).--2) _continual, entire_; andlangne daeg, 2116, _the whole +day_; andlonge niht, 2939. + +and-lean, st. n., _reward, payment in full_: acc. sg., 1542, 2095 (hand-, +hond-lean, MS.). + +and-risno, st. f. (see risan, surgere, decere), _that which is to be +observed, that which is proper, etiquette_: dat. pl. for andrysnum, +_according to etiquette_, 1797. + +and-saca, w. m., _adversary_: godes andsaca (Grendel), 787, 1683. + +and-slyht, st. m., _blow in return_: acc. sg., 2930, 2973 (MS. both times +hond-slyht). + +and-swaru, st. f., _act of accosting_: 1) to persons coming up, _an +address_, 2861.--2) in reply to something said, _an answer_, 354, 1494, +1841. + +and-weard, adj., _present, existing_: acc. sg. n. swin ofer helme and-weard +(_the image of the boar, which stands on his helm_), 1288. + +and-wlita, w. m., _countenance_: acc. sg. -an, 690. + +an-sund, adj., _entirely unharmed_: nom. sg. m., 1001. + +an-syn, f., _the state of being seen_: hence 1) _the exterior, the form_, +251: ansyn ywde, _showed his form_, i.e. appeared, 2835.--2) _aspect, +appearance_, 929; on-syn, 2773. + +an-walda, w. m., _He who rules over all, God_, 1273. See Note. + +atol, adj. (also eatol, 2075, etc.), _hostile, frightful, cruel_: of +Grendel, 159, 165, 593, 2075, etc.; of Grendel's mother's hands (dat. pl. +atolan), 1503; of the undulation of the waves, 849; of battle, 597, +2479.--cf. O.N. atall, fortis, strenuus. + +atelic, adj., _terrible, dreadful_: atelic egesa, 785. + + +A + +a, adv. (Goth, aiv, acc. from aiv-s aevum), _ever, always_, 455, 882, 931, +1479: a syethethan, _ever afterwards, ever, ever after_, 283, 2921.--_ever_, +780.--Comp. na. + +ad st. m. _funeral pile_: acc. sg. ad, 3139; dat. sg. ade, 1111, 1115. + +ad-faru, st. f., _way to the funeral pile_, dat. sg. on ad-faere, 3011. + +adl, st. f. _sickness_, 1737, 1764, 1849. + +aeth, st. m., _oath in general_, 2740; _oath of allegiance_, 472 (?); _oath +of reconciliation of two warring peoples_, 1098, 1108. + +aeth-sweord, st. n., _the solemn taking of an oath, the swearing of an oath_: +nom. pl., 2065. See sweord. + +aethum-swerian, m. pl., _son-in-law and father-in-law_: dat. pl., 84. + +agan, verb, pret. and pres., _to have, to possess_, w. acc.: III. prs. sg. +ah, 1728; inf. agan, 1089; prt. ahte, 487, 522, 533; with object, geweald, +to be supplied, 31. Form contracted with the negative: prs. sg. I. nah hwa +sweord wege (_I have no one to wield the sword_), 2253. + +agen, adj., _own, peculiar_, 2677. + +agend (prs. part. of agan), _possessor, owner, lord_: gen. sg. agendes, _of +God_, 3076.--Compounds: blaed-, bold-, folc-, maegen-agend. + +agend-frea, w. m., _owner, lord_: gen. sg. agend-frean, 1884. + +ahsian, ge-ahsian, w. v.: 1) _to examine, to find out by inquiring_: pret. +part. ge-ahsod, 433.--2) _to experience, to endure_: pret. ahsode, 1207; +pl. ahsodon, 423. + +aht, st. n. (contracted from a-wiht, which see), _something, anything_: aht +cwices, 2315. + +an, num. The meaning of this word betrays its apparent demonstrative +character: 1) _this, that_, 2411, of the hall in the earth mentioned +before; similarly, 100 (of Grendel; already mentioned), cf. also 2775.--2) +_one_, a particular one among many, a single one, in numerical sense: ymb +ane niht (_the next night_), 135; þurh anes craeft, 700; þara anum, 1038; an +aefter anum, _one for the other_ (Hreethel for Herebeald), 2462: similarly, an +aefter eallum, 2269; anes hwaet, _some single thing, a part_, 3011; se an +leoda duguethe, _the one of the heroes of the people_, 2238; anes willan, +_for the sake of a single one_, 3078, etc.--Hence, again, 3) _alone, +distinguished_, 1459, 1886.--4) _a_, in the sense of an indefinite article: +an ... feond, 100; gen. sg. anre bene (or to No.2[?]), 428; an ... draca, +221l--5) gen. pl. anra, in connection with a pronoun, _single_; anra +gehwylces, _every single one_, 733; anra gehwylcum, 785. Similarly, the +dat. pl. in this sense: nemne feaum anum, _except a few single ones_, +1082.--6) solus, _alone_: in the strong form, 1378, 2965; in the weak form, +145, 425, 431, 889, etc.; with the gen., ana Geata duguethe, _alone of the +warriors of the Geatas_, 2658.--7) solitarius, _alone, lonely_, see +aen.--Comp. nan. + +an-feald, adj., _simple, plain, without reserve_: acc. sg. anfealdne +geþoht, _simple opinion_, 256. + +an-genga, -gengea, w. m., _he who goes alone_, of Grendel, 165, 449. + +an-haga, w. m., _he who stands alone_, solitarius, 2369. + +an-hydig, adj. (like the O.N. ein-rad-r, _of one resolve_, i.e. of firm +resolve), _of one opinion_, i.e. firm, brave, decided, 2668. + +anga, adj. (only in the weak form), _single, only_: acc. sg. angan dohtor, +375, 2998; angan eaferan, 1548; dat. sg. angan breether, 1263. + +an-paeeth, st. m., _lonely way, path_: acc. pl. anpaethas, 1411. + +an-raed, adj. (cf. under an-hydig), _of firm resolution, resolved_, 1530, +1576. + +an-tid, st. f., _one time_, i.e. the same time, ymb an-tid oethres dogores, +_about the same time the second day_ (they sailed twenty-four hours), +219.--an stands as in an-mod, O.H.G. ein-muoti, _harmonious, of the same +disposition_. + +anunga, adv., _throughout, entirely, wholly_, 635. + +ar, st. m., _ambassador, messenger_, 336, 2784. + +ar, st. f., 1) _honor, dignity_: arum healdan, _to hold in honor_, 296; +similarly, 1100, 1183.--2) _favor, grace, support_: acc. sg. are, 1273, +2607; dat. sg. are, 2379; gen. pl. hwaet ... arna, 1188.--Comp. worold-ar; +also written aer. + +ar-faest, adj., _honorable, upright_, 1169; of Hunfereth (with reference to +588). See faest. + +arian, w. v., (_to be gracious_), _to spare_: III. sg. prs. w. dat. naenegum +araeth; of Grendel, 599. + +ar-staef, st. m.,(elementum honoris), _grace, favor_: dat. pl. mid arstafum, +317.--_Help, support_: dat. pl. for ar-stafum, _to the assistance_, 382, +458. See staef. + +ater-tear, m., _poisonous drop_: dat. pl. iren ater-tearum fah (steel which +is dipped in poison or in poisonous sap of plants), 1460. + +attor, st. n., _poison_, here of the poison of the dragon's bite: nom., +2716. + +attor-sceaetha, w. m., _poisonous enemy, of the poisonous dragon_: gen. sg. +-sceaethan, 2840. + +awa, adv. (certainly not the dative, but a reduplicated form of a, which +see), _ever_: awa to aldre, _for ever and ever_, 956. + + +Ae + +aedre, adv., _hastily, directly, immediately_, 77, 354, 3107. [aedre.] + +aeethele, adj., _noble_: nom. sg., of Beowulf, 198, 1313; of Beowulf's father, +263, where it can be understood as well in a moral as in a genealogical +sense; the latter prevails decidedly in the gen. sg. aeethelan cynnes, 2235. + +aeetheling, st. m., _nobleman, man of noble descent_, especially the +appellation of a man of royal birth; so of the kings of the Danes, 3; of +Scyld, 33; of Hroethgar, 130; of Sigemund, 889; of Beowulf, 1226, 1245, 1597, +1816, 2189, 2343, 2375, 2425, 2716, 3136; perhaps also of Daeghrefn, +2507;--then, in a broader sense, also denoting other noble-born men: +Aeschere, 1295; Hroethgar's courtiers, 118, 983; Heremod's courtiers, 907; +Hengest's warriors, 1113; Beowulf's retinue, 1805, 1921, 3172; noble-born +in general, 2889. --Comp. sib-aeetheling. + +aeethelu, st. n., only in the pl., _noble descent, nobility_, in the sense of +noble lineage: acc. pl. aeethelu, 392; dat. pl. cyning aeethelum god, _the king, +of noble birth_, 1871; aeethelum diore, _worthy on account of noble lineage_, +1950; aeethelum (haeleþum, MS.), 332.--Comp. faeder-aeethelu. + +aefnan, w. v. w. acc., _to perform, to carry out, to accomplish_: inf. +ellen-weorc aefnan, _to do a heroic deed_, 1465; pret. unriht aefnde, +_perpetrated wrong_, 1255. + +ge-aefnan, 1) _to carry out, to do, to accomplish_: pret. pl. þaet geaefndon +swa, _so carried that out_, 538; pret. part. aeth waes geaefned, _the oath was +sworn_, 1108.--2) _get ready, prepare_: pret. part. geaefned, 3107. See +efnan. + +aefter (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it expresses the idea +of _forth, away, from, back_), a) adv., _thereupon, afterwards_, 12, 341, +1390, 2155.--ic him aefter sceal, _I shall go after them_, 2817; in word +aefter cwaeeth, 315, the sense seems to be, _spoke back, having turned_; b) +prep. w. dat., 1) (temporal) _after_, 119, 128, 187, 825, 1939, etc.; aefter +beorne, _after the_ (death of) _the hero_, 2261, so 2262; aefter +maethethum-welan, _after_ (obtaining) _the treasure_, 2751.--2) (causal) as +proceeding from something, denoting result and purpose, hence, _in +consequence of, conformably to_: aefter rihte, _in accordance with right_, +1050, 2111; aefter faroethe, _with the current_, 580; so 1321, 1721, 1944, +2180, etc., aefter heaetho-swate, _in consequence of the blood of battle_, +1607; aefter waelniethe, _in consequence of mortal enmity_, 85; _in accordance +with, on account of, after, about_: aefter aeethelum (haeleþum, MS.)fraegn, +_asked about the descent_, 332; ne frin þu aefter saelum, _ask not after my +welfare_, 1323; aefter sincgyfan greoteeth, _weeps for the giver of treasure_, +1343; him aefter deorum men dyrne langaeth, _longs in secret for the dear +man_, 1880; an aefter anum, _one for the other_, 2462, etc.--3) (local), +_along_: aefter gumcynnum, _throughout the races of men, among men_, 945; +sohte bed aefter burum, _sought a bed among the rooms of the castle_ (the +castle was fortified, the hall was not), 140; aefter recede wlat, _looked +along the hall_, 1573; stone aefter stane, _smelt along the rocks_, 2289; +aefter lyfte, _along the air through the air_, 2833; similarly, 996, 1068, +1317, etc. + +aef-þunca, w. m., _anger, chagrin, vexatious affair_: nom., 502. + +aeglaecea. See aglaecea. + +aeled (Old Sax. eld, O.N. edl-r), st. m., _fire_, 3016. [aeled.] + +aeled-leoma, w. m., _(fire-light), torch_: acc. sg. leoman, 3126. See leoma. + +ael-fylce (from ael-, Goth. ali-s, [Greek: allos], and fylce, O.N. fylki, +collective form from folc), st. n., _other folk, hostile army_: dat. pl. +wieth aelfylcum, 2372. + +ael-mihtig (for eal-m.), adj., _almighty_: nom. sg. m., of the weak form, se +ael-mihtiga, 92. + +ael-wiht, st. m., _being of another species, monster_: gen. pl. ael-wihta +eard, of the dwelling-place of Grendel's kindred, 1501. + +aeppel-fealu, adj., _dappled sorrel_, or _apple-yellow_: nom. pl. +aeppel-fealuwe mearas, _apple-yellow steeds_, 2166. + +aern, st. n., _house_, in the compounds heal-, hord-, medo-, þryeth-, win-aern. + +aesc, st. m., _ash_ (does not occur in Beowulf in this sense), _lance, +spear_, because the shaft consists of ash wood: dat. pl. (qua instr.) aescum +and ecgum, _with spears and swords_, 1773. + +aesc-holt, st. n., _ash wood, ashen shaft_: nom. pl. aesc-holt ufan graeg, +_the ashen shafts gray above_ (spears with iron points), 330. + +aesc-wiga, w. m., _spear-fighter, warrior armed with the spear_: nom. sg., +2043. + +aet, prep. w. dat., with the fundamental meaning of nearness to something, +hence 1) local, a) _with, near, at, on, in_ (rest): aet hyethe, in _harbor_, +32; aet symle, _at the meal_, 81, aet ade, _on the funeral-pile_, 1111, 1115; +aet þe anum, _with thee alone_, 1378; aet wige, _in the fight_, 1338; aet +hilde, 1660, 2682; aet aete, _in eating_, 3027, etc. b) _to, towards, at, on_ +(motion to): deaethes wylm hran aet heortan, _seized upon the heart_, 2271; +geheton aet haergtrafum, _vowed at_ (or _to_) _the temples of the gods_, 175. +c) with verbs of taking away, _away from_ (as starting from near an +object): geþeah þaet ful aet Wealhþeon, _took the cup from W_., 630; fela ic +gebad grynna aet Grendle, _from Grendel_, 931; aet minum faeder genam, _took +me from my father to himself_, 2430.--2) temporal, _at, in, at the time +of_: aet frumsceafte, _in the beginning_, 45; aet ende, _at an end_, 224; +fand sinne dryhten ealdres aet ende, _at the end of life, dying_, 2791; +similarly, 2823; aet feohgyftum, _in giving gifts_, 1090; aet siethestan, +_finally_, 3014. + +aet-graepe, adj., _laying hold of_, prehendens, 1270. + +aet-rihte, adv., _almost_, 1658. + + +AE + +aedre, edre, st. f., _aqueduct, canal_ (not in Beow.), _vein_ (not in +Beow.), _stream, violent pouring forth_: dat. pl. swat aedrum sprong, _the +blood sprang in streams_, 2967; blod edrum dranc, _drank the blood in +streams_(?), 743. + +aeethm, st. m., _breath, gasp, snort_: instr. sg. hreether aeethme weoll, _the +breast_ (of the drake) _heaved with snorting_, 2594. + +aefen, st. m., _evening_, 1236. + +aefen-gram, adj., _hostile at evening, night-enemy_: nom. sg. m. aefen-grom, +of Grendel, 2075. + +aefen-leoht, st. n., _evening-light_: nom. sg., 413. + +aefen-raest, st. f., _evening-rest_: acc. sg. -raeste, 647, 1253. + +aefen-spraec, st. f., _evening-talk_: acc. sg. gemunde ...aefen-spraece, +_thought about what he had spoken in the evening_, 760. + +aefre, adv., _ever, at any time_, 70, 280, 504, 693, etc.: in negative +sentences, aefre ne, _never_, 2601.--Comp. naefre. + +aeg-hwa (O.H.G. eo-ga-hwer), pron., _every, each_: dat. sg. aeghwaem, 1385. +The gen. sg. in adverbial sense, _in all, throughout, thoroughly_: aeghwaes +untaele, _thoroughly blameless_, 1866; aeghwaes unrim, _entirely innumerable +quantity_, i.e. an enormous multitude, 2625, 3136. + +aeg-hwaeether (O.H.G. eo-ga-hwedar): 1) _each_ (of two): nom. sg. haefde +aeghwaeether ende gefered, _each of the two_ (Beowulf and the drake) _had +reached the end_, 2845; dat. sg. aeghwaeethrum waes broga fram oethrum, _to each +of the two_ (Beowulf and the drake) _was fear of the other_, 2565; gen. sg. +aeghwaeethres ... worda and worca, 287.--2) _each_ (of several): dat. sg. heora +aeghwaeethrum, 1637. + +aeg-hwaer, adv., _everywhere_, 1060. + +aeg-hwilc (O.H.G. eo-gi-hwelih), pron., unusquisque, _every_ (one): 1) used +as an adj.: acc. sg. m. dael aeghwylcne, 622.--2) as substantive, a) with the +partitive genitive: nom. sg. aeg-hwylc, 9, 2888; dat. sg. aeghwylcum, 1051. +b) without gen.: nom. sg. aeghwylc, 985, 988; (waes) aeghwylc oethrum trywe, +_each one_ (of two) _true to the other_, 1166. + +aeg-weard, st. f., _watch on the sea shore_: acc. sg. aeg-wearde, 241. + +aeht (abstract form from agan, denoting the state of possessing), st. f.: 1) +_possession, power_: acc. sg. on flodes aeht, 42; on waeteres aeht, _into the +power of the water_, 516; on aeht gehwearf Denigea frean, _passed over into +the possession of a Danish master_, 1680.--2) _property, possessions, +goods_: acc. pl. aehte, 2249.--Comp. maethm-, gold-aeht. + +aeht (O.H.G. ahta), st. f., _pursuit_: nom. þa waes aeht boden Sweona leodum, +segn Higelace, _then was pursuit offered to the people of the Sweonas, +(their) banner to Hygelac_ (i.e. the banner of the Swedes, taken during +their flight, fell into the hands of Hygelac), 2958. + +ge-aehtan, w. v., _to prize, to speak in praise of_: pret. part. geaehted, +1866. [geaehtan.] + +ge-aehtla, w. m., or ge-aehtle, w. f., _a speaking of with praise, high +esteem_: gen. sg. hy ... wyrethe þinceaeth eorla geaehtlan, _seem worthy of the +high esteem of the noble-born_, 369. [geaehtla.] + +aen (oblique form of an), num., _one_: acc. sg. m. þone aenne þone..., _the +one whom_..., 1054; oftor micle þonne on aenne sieth, _much oftener than one +time_, 1580; foreth onsendon aenne, _sent him forth alone_, 46. + +aene, adv., _once_: oft nalles aene, 3020. + +aenig, pron., _one, any one_, 474, 503, 510, 534, etc.: instr. sg. nolde ... +0nige þinga, _would in no way, not at all_, 792; lyt aenig mearn, _little +did any one sorrow_ (i.e. no one), 3130.--With the article: naes se +folccyning ... aenig, _no people's king_, 2735.--Comp. naenig. + +aen-lic, adj., _alone, excellent, distinguished_: aenlic ansyn, +_distinguished appearance_, 251; þeah þe hio aenlicu sy, _though she be +beautiful_, 1942. + +aer (comparative form, from a): 1) adv., _sooner, before, beforehand_, 15, +656, 695, 758, etc., _for a long time_, 2596; eft swa aer, _again as +formerly_, 643; aer ne siethethan, _neither sooner nor later_, 719; aer and sieth, +_sooner and later_ (all times), 2501; no þy aer (_not so much the sooner_), +_yet not_, 755, 1503, 2082, 2161, 2467.--2) conjunct., _before, ere_: a) +with the ind.: aer hio to setle geong, 2020. b) w. subjunc.: aer ge fyr +feran, _before you travel farther_, 252; aer he on hwurfe 164, so 677, 2819; +aer þon daeg cwome, _ere the day break_, 732; aer correlative to aer adv.: aer +he feorh seleeth, aldor an ofre, aer he wille ..., _he will sooner_ (rather) +_leave his life upon the shore, before_ (than) _he will_ ..., 1372.--3) +prepos. with dat., _before_ aer deaethe, _before death_, 1389; aer daeges hwile, +_before daybreak_, 2321; aer swylt-daege, _before the day of death_, 2799. + +aeror, comp. adv., _sooner, before-hand_, 810; _formerly_, 2655. + +aerra, comp. adj., _earlier_; instr. pl., aerran maelum, _in former times_, +908, 2238, 3036. + +aerest, superl.: 1) adv., _first of all, foremost_, 6, 617, 1698, etc.--2) +as subst. n., _relation to, the beginning_: acc. þaet ic his aerest þe eft +gesaegde (_to tell thee in what relation it stood at first to the coat of +mail that has been presented_), 2158. See Note. + +aer-daeg, st. m. (_before-day_), _morning-twilight, gray of morning_: dat. +sg. mid aerdaege, 126; samod aerdaege, 1312, 2943. + +aerende, st. n., _errand, trust_: acc. sg., 270, 345. + +aer-faeder, st. m., _late father, deceased father_: nom sg. swa his aerfaeder, +2623. + +aer-gestreon, st. n., _old treasure, possessions dating from old times_: acc +sg., 1758; gen. sg. swylcra fela aergestreona, _much of such old treasure_, +2233. See gestreon. + +aer-geweorc, st. n., _work dating from old times_: nom. sg. enta aer-geweorc, +_the old work of the giants_ (of the golden sword-hilt from Grendel's +water-hall), 1680. See geweorc. + +aer-god, adj., _good since old times, long invested with dignity_ or +_advantages_: aeetheling aergod, 130; (eorl) aergod, 1330; iren aergod +(_excellent sword_), 990, 2587. + +aer-wela, w. m., _old possessions, riches dating from old times_: acc. sg. +aerwelan, 2748. See wela. + +aes, st. n., _carcass, carrion_: dat. (instr.) sg. aese, of Aeschere's corpse, +1333. + +aet, st. m., _food, meat_: dat, sg., hu him aet aete speow, _how he fared well +at meat_, 3027. + +aettren (see attor), adj., _poisonous_: waes þaet blod to þaes hat, aettren +ellorgast, se aer inne swealt, _so hot was the blood, (and) poisonous the +demon_ (Grendel's mother) _who died therein_, 1618 + + +B + +bana, bona, w. m., _murderer_, 158, 588, 1103, etc.: acc. sg. bonan +Ongenþeowes, of Hygelac, although in reality his men slew Ongenþeow (2965 +ff.), 1969. Figuratively of inanimate objects: ne waes ecg bona, 2507; weareth +wracu Weohstanes bana, 2614.--Comp.: ecg-, feorh-, gast-, hand-, mueth-bana. + +bon-gar, st. m. _murdering spear_, 2032. + +ge-bannan, st. v. w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the person, _to command, +to bid_: inf., 74. + +bad, st. f., _pledge_, only in comp.: nyd-bad. + +ban, st. n., _bone_: dat. sg. on bane (on the bony skin of the drake), +2579; dat. pl. heals ealne ymbefeng biteran banum (here of the teeth of the +drake), 2693. + +ban-cofa, w. m., "cubile ossium" (Grimm) of the body: dat. sg. -cofan, +1446. + +ban-fag, adj., _variegated with bones_, either with ornaments made of +bone-work, or adorned with bone, perhaps deer-antlers; of Hroethgar's hall, +781. The last meaning seems the more probable. + +ban-faet, st. n., _bone-vessel_, i.e. the body: acc. pl. ban-fatu, 1117. + +ban-hring, st. m., _the bone-structure, joint, bone-joint_: acc. pl. hire +wieth halse ... banhringas braec (_broke her neck-joint_), 1568. + +ban-hus, st. n., _bone-house_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. banhus gebraec, 2509; +similarly, 3148. + +ban-loca, w. m., _the enclosure of the bones_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bat +banlocan, _bit the body_, 743; nom. pl. burston banlocan, _the body burst_ +(of Grendel, because his arm was torn out), 819. + +bat, st. m., _boat, craft, ship_, 211.--Comp. sae-bat. + +bat-weard, st. m., _boat-watcher, he who keeps watch over the craft._ dat. +sg. -wearde, 1901. + +baeeth, st. n., _bath_: acc. sg. ofer ganotes baeeth, _over the diver's bath_ +(i.e. the sea), 1862. + +baernan, w. v., _to cause to burn, to burn_: inf. het ... banfatu baernan, +_bade that the bodies be burned_, 1117; ongan ... beorht hofu baernan, +_began to consume the splendid country-seats_ (the dragon), 2314. + +for-baernan, w. v., _consume with fire_: inf. hy hine ne moston ... +brondefor-baernan, _they_ (the Danes) _could not burn him_ (the dead +Aeschere) _upon the funeral-pile_, 2127. + +baedan (Goth, baidjan, O.N. beethia), _to incite, to encourage_: pret. baedde +byre geonge, _encouraged the youths_ (at the banquet), 2019. + +ge-baedan, w. v., _to press hard_: pret. part. bysigum gebaeded, _distressed +by trouble, difficulty, danger_ (of battle), 2581; _to drive, to send +forth_: straela storm strengum gebaeded, _the storm of arrows sent with +strength_, 3118; _overcome_: draca ... bealwe gebaeded, _the dragon ... +overcome by the ills of battle_, 2827. + +bael (O.N. bal), st. n., _fire, flames_: (wyrm) mid baele for, _passed +(through the air) with fire_, 2309; haefde landwara lige befangan, baele and +bronde, _with fire and burning_, 2323.--Especially, _the fire of the +funeral-pile, the funeral-pile_, 1110, 1117, 2127; aer he bael cure, _ere he +sought the burning_ (i.e. died), 2819; hataeth ... hlaew gewyrcean ... aefter +baele, _after I am burned, let a burial mound be thrown up_ (Beowulf's +words), 2804. + +bael-fyr, st. n., _bale-fire, fire of the funeral-pile_: gen. pl. baelfyra +maest, 3144. + +bael-stede, st. m., _place for the funeral-pile_: dat. sg. in bael=stede, +3098. + +bael-wudu, st. m., _wood for the funeral-pile_, 3113. + +baer, st. f., _bier_, 3106. + +ge-baeran, w. v., _to conduct one's self, behave_: inf. w. adv., ne gefraegen +ic þa maegethe ... sel gebaeran, _I did not hear that a troop bore itself +better, maintained a nobler deportment_, 1013; he on eorethan geseah þone +leofestan lifes aet ende bleate gebaeran, _saw the best-beloved upon the +earth, at the end of his life, struggling miserably_ (i.e. in a helpless +situation), 2825. + +ge-baetan (denominative from baete, _the bit_), w. v., _to place the bit in +the mouth of an animal, to bridle_: pret. part. þa waes Hroethgare hors +gebaeted, 1400. + +be, prep. w. dat. (with the fundamental meaning _near_, "but not of one +direction, as aet, but more general"): 1) local, _near by, near, at, on_ +(rest): be ydlafe uppe laegon, _lay above, upon the deposit of the waves_ +(upon the strand, of the slain nixies), 566; haefde be honda, _held by the +hand_ (Beowulf held Grendel), 815; be saem tweonum, _in the circuit of both +the seas_, 859, 1686; be maeste, _on the mast_, 1906; by fyre, _by the +fire_, 2220; be naesse, _at the promontory_, 2244; saet be þaem gebroethrum +twaem, _sat by the two brothers_, 1192; waes se gryre laessa efne swa micle +swa bieth maegetha craeft be waepnedmen, _the terror was just so much less, as is +the strength of woman to the warrior_ (i.e. is valued by), 1285, etc.--2) +also local, but of motion from the subject in the direction of the object, +_on, upon, by_: gefeng be eaxle, _seized by the shoulder_, 1538; aledon +leofne þeoden be maeste, _laid the dear lord near the mast_, 36; be healse +genam, _took him by the neck, fell upon his neck_, 1873; waepen hafenade be +hiltum, _grasped the weapon by the hilt_, 1757, etc.--3) with this is +connected the causal force, _on account of, for, according to_: ic þis gid +be þe awraec, _I spake this solemn speech for thee, for thy sake_, 1724; þu +þe laer be þon, _learn according to this, from this_, 1723; be faeder lare, +_according to her father's direction_, 1951.--4) temporal, _while, during_: +be þe lifigendum, _while thou livest, during thy life_, 2666. See bi. + +bed, st. n., _bed, couch_: acc. sg. bed, 140, 677; gen. sg. beddes, 1792; +dat. pl. beddum, 1241.--Comp: deaeth-, hlin-, laeger-, morethor-, wael-bed. + +ge-bedde, w. f., _bed-fellow_: dat. sg. wolde secan ewen to gebeddan, +_wished to seek the queen as bed-fellow, to go to bed with her_, +666.--Comp. heals-gebedde. + +begen, fem. ba, _both_: nom. m., 536, 770, 2708; acc. fem. on ba healfa, +_on two sides_ (i.e. Grendel and his mother), 1306; dat. m. bam, 2197; and +in connection with the possessive instead of the personal pronoun, urum +bam, 2661; gen. n. bega, 1874, 2896; bega gehwaeethres, _each one of the two_, +1044; bega folces, of _both peoples_, 1125. + +ge-belgan, st. v. (properly, _to cause to swell, to swell_), _to irritate_: +w. dat. (pret. subj.) þaet he ecean dryhtne bitre gebulge, _that he had +bitterly angered the eternal Lord_, 2332; pret. part. gebolgen, 1540; +(gebolge, MS.), 2222; pl. gebolgne, 1432; more according to the original +meaning in torne gebolgen, 2402. + +a-belgan, _to anger_: pret. sg. w. acc. oeth þaet hyne an abealh mon on mode, +_till a man angered him in his heart_, 2281; pret. part. abolgen, 724. + +ben, st. f., _wound_: acc. sg. benne, 2725.--Comp.: feorh-, seax-ben. + +benc, st. f., _bench_: nom. sg. benc, 492; dat. sg. bence, 327, 1014, 1189, +1244.--Comp.: ealu-, medu-benc. + +benc-sweg, st. m., (_bench-rejoicing_), _rejoicing which resounds from the +benches_, 1162. + +benc-þel, st. n., _bench-board, the wainscotted space where the benches +stand_: nom. pl. benc-þelu, 486; acc. pl. bencþelu beredon, _cleared the +bench-boards_ (i.e. by taking away the benches, so as to prepare couches), +1240. + +bend, st. m. f., _bond, fetter_: acc. sg. forstes bend, _frost's bond_, +1610; dat. pl. bendum, 978.--Comp.: fyr-, hell-, hyge-, iren-, oncer-, +searo-, wael-bend. + +ben-geat, st. n., (_wound-gate_), _wound-opening_: nom. pl. ben-geato, +1122. + +bera (O.N. beri), w. m., _bearer_: in comp. hleor-bera. + +beran, st. v. w. acc., _to carry_; III. sg. pres. byreeth, 296, 448; þone +maethethum byreeth, _carries the treasure_ (upon his person), 2056; pres. subj. +bere, 437; pl. beren, 2654; inf. beran, 48, 231, 291, etc.; heht þa se +hearda Hrunting beran, _to bring Hrunting_, 1808; up beran, 1921; in beran, +2153; pret. baer, 495, 712, 847, etc.; mandryhtne baer faeted waege, _brought +the lord the costly vessel_, 2282; pl. baeron, 213, 1636, etc.; baeran, 2851; +pret. part. boren, 1193, 1648, 3136.--The following expressions are poetic +paraphrases of the forms _go, come_: þaet we rondas beren eft to earde, +2654; gewitaeth foreth beran waepen and gewaedu, 291; ic gefraegn sunu Wihstanes +hringnet beran, 2755; wigheafolan baer, 2662; helmas baeron, 240 +(conjecture); scyldas baeran, 2851: they lay stress upon the connection of +the man with his weapons. + +aet-beran, _to carry to_: inf. to beadulace (_battle_) aetberan, 1562; pret. +þa hine on morgentid on Heaethoraemas holm up aetbaer, _the sea bore him up to +the Heaethoraemas_, 519; hio Beowulfe medoful aetbaer _brought Beowulf the +mead-cup_, 625; maegenbyrethenne ... hider ut aetbaer cyninge minum, _bore the +great burden hither to my king_, 3093; pl. hi hyne aetbaeron to brimes +faroethe, 28. + +for-beran, _to hold, to suppress_: inf. þaet he þone breostwylm forberan ne +mehte, _that he could not suppress the emotions of his breast_, 1878. + +ge-beran, _to bring forth, to bear_: pret. part. þaet la maeg secgan se þe +soeth and riht fremeeth on folce ... þaet þes eorl waere geboren betera (_that +may every just man of the people say, that this nobleman is better born_), +1704. + +oeth-beran, _to bring hither_: pret. þa mec sae oethbaer on Finna land, 579. + +on-beran (O.H.G. in beran, intperan, but in the sense of carere), auferre, +_to carry off, to take away_: inf. iren aergod þaet þaes ahlaecan blodge +beadufolme onberan wolde, _excellent sword which would sweep off the bloody +hand of the demon_, 991; pret. part. (waes) onboren beaga hord, _the +treasure of the rings had been carried off_, 2285.--Compounds with the +pres. part.: helm-, sawl-berend. + +berian (denominative from baer, _naked_), w. v., _to make bare, to clear_: +pret. pl. bencþelu beredon, _cleared the bench-place_ (by removing the +benches), 1240. + +berstan, st. v., _to break, to burst_: pret. pl. burston banlocan, 819; +bengeato burston, 1122.--_to crack, to make the noise of breaking_: fingras +burston, _the fingers cracked_ (from Beowulf's gripe), 761. + +for-berstan, _break, to fly asunder_: pret. Naegling forbaerst, _Naegling_ +(Beowulf's sword) _broke in two_, 2681. + +betera, adj. (comp.), _better_: nom. sg. m. betera, 469, 1704. + +bet-lic, adj., _excellent, splendid_: nom. sg. n., of Hroethgar's hall, 781; +of Hygelac's residence, 1926. + +betst, betost (superl.), _best, the best_: nom. sg. m. betst beadurinca, +1110; neut. nu is ofost betost, þaet we ..., _now is haste the best, that +we..._, 3008; voc. m. secg betsta, 948; neut. acc. beaduscruda betst, 453; +acc. sg. m. þegn betstan, 1872. + +becn, st. n., _(beacon), token, mark, sign_: acc. sg. betimbredon +beadu-rofes becn (of Beowulf's grave-mound), 3162. See beacen. + +beg. See beag. + +ben, st. f., _entreaty_: gen. sg. bene, 428, 2285. + +bena, w. m., _suppliant_, supplex: nom. sg. swa þu bena eart (_as thou +entreatest_), 352; swa he bena waes (_as he had asked_), 3141; nom. pl. hy +benan synt, 364. + +ge-betan: 1) _to make good, to remove_: pret. ac þu Hroethgare widcuethne wean +wihte gebettest, _hast thou in any way relieved Hroethgar of the evil known +afar_, 1992; pret. part. acc. sg. swylce oncyethethe ealle gebette, _removed +all trouble_, 831. --2) _to avenge_: inf. wihte ne meahte on þam feorhbonan +faehethe gebetan, _could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer_, 2466. + +beadu, st. f., _battle, strife, combat_: dat. sg. (as instr.) beadwe, _in +combat_, 1540; gen. pl. bad beadwa ge-þinges, _waited for the combats_ +(with Grendel) _that were in store for him_, 710. + +beadu-folm, st. f., _battle-hand_: acc. sg. -folme, of Grendel's hand, 991. + +beado-grima, w. m., _(battle-mask), helmet_: acc. pl. -griman, 2258. + +beado-hraegl, st. n., _(battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail_, 552. + +beadu-lac, st. n., (_exercise in arms, tilting_), _combat, battle_: dat. +sg. to beadu-lace, 1562. + +beado-leoma, w. m., (_battle-light_), _sword_: nom. sg., 1524. + +beado-mece, st. m., _battle-sword_: nom. pl. beado-mecas, 1455. + +beado-rinc, st. m., _battle-hero, warrior_: gen. pl. betst beadorinca, +1110. + +beadu-rof, adj., _strong in battle_: gen. sg. -rofes, of Beowulf, 3162. + +beadu-run, st. f., _mystery of battle_: acc. sg. onband beadu-rune, _solved +the mystery of the combat_, i.e. gave battle, commenced the fight, 501. + +beadu-scearp, adj., _battle-sharp, sharp for the battle_, 2705. + +beadu-scrud, st. n., (_battle-dress_), _corselet, shirt of mail_: gen. pl. +beaduscruda betst, 453. + +beadu-serce, w. f., (_battle-garment_), _corselet, shirt of mail_: acc. sg. +brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of interlaced metal rings), +2756. + +beado-weorc, st. n., (_battle-work_), _battle_: gen. sg. gefeh +beado-weorces, _rejoiced at the battle_, 2300. + +beald, adj., _bold, brave_: in comp. cyning-beald. + +bealdian, w. v., _to show one's self brave_: pret. bealdode godum daedum +(_through brave deeds_), 2178. + +bealdor, st. m., _lord, prince_: nom. sg. sinca baldor, 2429; winia +bealdor, 2568. + +bealu, st. n., _evil, ruin, destruction_: instr. sg. bealwe, 2827; gen. pl. +bealuwa, 281; bealewa, 2083; bealwa, 910.--Comp.: cwealm-, ealdor-, +hreether-, leod-, morethor-, niht-, sweord-, wig-bealu. + +bealu, adj., _deadly, dangerous, bad_: instr. sg. hyne sar hafaeth befongen +balwon bendum, _pain has entwined him in deadly bands_, 978. + +bealo-cwealm, st. m., _violent death, death by the sword_(?), 2266. + +bealo-hycgende, pres. part., _thinking of death, meditating destruction_: +gen. pl. aeghwaeethrum bealo-hycgendra, 2566. + +bealo-hydig, adj., _thinking of death, meditating destruction_: of Grendel, +724. + +bealo-nieth, st. m., (_zeal for destruction_), _deadly enmity_: nom. sg., +2405; _destructive struggle_: acc. sg. bebeorh þe þone bealonieth, _beware of +destructive striving_, 1759; _death-bringing rage_: nom. sg. him on +breostum bealo-nieth weoll, _in his breast raged deadly fury_ (of the +dragon's poison), 2715. + +bearhtm (see beorht): 1) st. m., _splendor, brightness, clearness_: nom. +sg. eagena bearhtm, 1767.--2) _sound, tone_: acc. sg. bearhtm ongeaton, +guethhorn galan, _they heard the sound, (heard) the battle-horn sound_, 1432. + +bearm, m., gremium, sinus, _lap, bosom_: nom. sg. foldan bearm, 1138; acc. +sg. on bearm scipes, 35, 897; on bearm nacan, 214; him on bearm hladan +bunan and discas, 2776.--2) figuratively, _possession, property_, because +things bestowed were placed in the lap of the receiver (1145 and 2195, on +bearm licgan, alecgan); dat. sg. him to bearme cwom maethethumfaet maere, _came +into his possession_, 2405. + +bearn, st. n., 1) _child, son_: nom. sg. bearn Healfdenes, 469, etc.; +Ecglafes bearn, 499, etc.; dat. sg. bearne, 2371; nom. pl. bearn, 59; dat. +pl. bearnum, 1075.--2) in a broader sense, _scion, offspring, descendant_: +nom. sg. Ongenþeow's bearn, of his grandson, 2388; nom. pl. yldo. bearn, +70; gumena bearn, _children of men_, 879; haeleetha bearn, 1190; aeethelinga +bearn, 3172; acc. pl. ofer ylda bearn, 606; dat. pl. ylda bearnum, 150; +gen. pl. niethetha bearna, 1006.--Comp.: broethor-, dryht-bearn. + +bearn-gebyrdu, f., _birth, birth of a son_: gen. sg. þaet hyre ealdmetod +este waere bearn-gebyrdo, _has been gracious through the birth of such a +son_ (i.e. as Beowulf), 947. + +bearu, st. m., (_the bearer_, hence properly only the fruit-tree, +especially the oak and the beech), _tree_, collectively _forest_: nom. pl. +hrimge bearwas, _rime-covered_ or _ice-clad_, 1364. + +beacen, st. n., _sign, banner_, vexillum: nom. sg. beorht beacen godes, _of +the sun_, 570; gen. pl. beacna beorhtost, 2778. See becn. + +ge-beacnian, w. v., _to mark, to indicate_: pret. part. ge-beacnod, 140. + +beag, st. m., _ring, ornament_: nom. sg. beah (_neck-ring_), 1212; acc. sg. +beah (the collar of the murdered king of the Heaethobeardnas), 2042; beg +(collective for the acc. pl.), 3165; dat. sg. cwom Wealhþeo foreth gan under +gyldnum beage, _she walked along under a golden head-ring, wore a golden +diadem_, 1164; gen. sg. beages (of a collar), 1217; acc. pl. beagas (rings +in general), 80, 523, etc.; gen. pl. beaga, 35, 352, 1488, 2285, etc.-- +Comp.: earm-, heals-beag. + +beag-gyfa, w. m., _ring-giver_, designation of the prince: gen. sg. -gyfan, +1103. + +beag-hroden, adj., _adorned with rings, ornamented with clasps_: nom. sg. +beaghroden, cwen, of Hroethgar's consort, perhaps with reference to her +diadem (cf. 1164), 624. + +beah-hord, st. m. n., _ring-hoard, treasure consisting of rings_: gen. sg. +beah-hordes, 895; dat. pl. beah-hordum, 2827; gen. pl. beah-horda weard, of +King Hroethgar, 922. + +beah-sele, st. m., _ring-hall, hall in which the rings were distributed_: +nom. sg., of Heorot, 1178. + +beah-þegu, st. f., _the receiving of the ring_: dat. sg. aefter beah-þege, +2177. + +beah-wrietha, w. m. _ring-band_, ring with prominence given to its having the +form of a band: acc. sg. beah-wriethan, 2019. + +beam, st. m., _tree_, only in the compounds fyrgen-, gleo-beam. + +beatan, st. v., _thrust, strike_: pres. sg. mearh burhstede beateeth, _the +steed beats the castle-ground_ (place where the castle is built), i.e. with +his hoofs, 2266; pret. part. swealt bille ge-beaten, _died, struck by the +battle-axe_, 2360. + +beorh, st. m.: 1) _mountain, rock_: dat. sg. beorge, 211; gen. sg. beorges, +2525, 2756; acc. pl. beorgas, 222.--2) _grave-mound, tomb-hill_: acc. sg. +biorh, 2808; beorh, 3098, 3165. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat +(cf. 2277, 2412): nom. sg. beorh, 2242; gen. sg. beorges, 2323.--Comp. +stan-beorh. + +beorh, st. f., _veil, covering, cap_; only in the comp. heafod-beorh. + +beorgan, st. v. (w. dat. of the interested person or thing), _to save, to +shield_: inf. wolde feore beorgan, _place her life in safety_, 1294; +here-byrne ... seo þe bancofan beorgan cuethe, _which could protect his +body_, 1446; pret. pl. ealdre burgan, 2600. + +be-beorgan (w. dat. refl. of pers. and acc. of the thing), _to take care, +to defend one's self from_: inf. him be-beorgan ne con wom, _cannot keep +himself from stain_ (fault), 1747; imp. bebeorh þe þone bealonteth, 1759. + +ge-beorgan (w, dat. of person or thing to be saved), _to save, to protect_: +pret. sg. þaet gebearh feore, _protected the life_, 1549; scyld wel gebearg +life and lice, 2571. + +ymb-beorgan, _to surround protectingly_: pret. sg. bring utan ymb-bearh, +1504. + +beorht, byrht, adj.: 1) _gleaming, shining, radiant, shimmering_: nom. sg. +beorht, of the sun, 570, 1803; beorhta, of Heorot, 1178; þaet beorhte bold, +998; acc. sg. beorhtne, of Beowulf's grave-mound, 2804; dat. sg. to þaere +byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig, 1200; acc. pl. beorhte fraetwe, 214, 897; +beorhte randas, 231; bordwudu beorhtan, 1244; n. beorht hofu, 2314. +Superl.: beacna beorhtost, 2778. --2) _excellent, remarkable_: gen. sg. +beorhtre bote, 158. --Comp.: sadol-, wlite-beorht. + +beorhte, adv., _brilliantly, brightly, radiantly_, 1518. + +beorhtian, w. v., _to sound clearly_: pret. sg. beorhtode benc-sweg, 1162. + +beorn, st. m., _hero, warrior, noble man_: nom. sg. (Hroethgar), 1881, +(Beowulf), 2434, etc.; acc. sg. (Beow.), 1025, (Aeschere), 1300; dat. sg. +beorne, 2261; nom. pl. beornas (Beowulf and his companions), 211, +(Hroethgar's guests), 857; gen. pl. biorna (Beowulf's liege-men), +2405.--Comp.: folc-, gueth-beorn. + +beornan, st. v., _to burn_: pres. part. byrnende (of the drake), +2273.--Comp. un-byrnende. + +for-beornan, _to be consumed, to burn_: pret. sg. for-barn, 1617, 1668; +for-born, 2673. + +ge-beornan, _to be burned_: pret. gebarn, 2698. + +beorn-cyning, st. m., _king of warriors, king of heroes_: nom. sg. (as +voc.), 2149. + +beodan, st. v.: 1) _to announce, to inform, to make known_: inf. biodan, +2893.--2) _to offer, to proffer_ (as the notifying of a transaction in +direct reference to the person concerned in it): pret. pl. him geþingo +budon, _offered them an agreement_, 1086; pret. part. þa waes aeht boden +Sweona leodum, _then was pursuit offered the Swedish people_, 2958; inf. ic +þaem godan sceal maethmas beodan, _I shall offer the excellent man treasures_, +385. + +a-beodan, _to present, to announce_: pret. word inne abead, _made known the +words within_, 390; _to offer, to tender, to wish_: pret. him hael abead, +_wished him health_ (greeted him), 654. Similarly, haelo abead, 2419; eoton +weard abead, _offered the giant a watcher_, 669. + +be-beodan, _to command, to order_: pret. swa him se hearda bebead, _as the +strong man commanded them_, 401. Similarly, swa se rica bebead, 1976. + +ge-beodan: 1) _to command, to order_: inf. het þa gebeodan byre Wihstanes +haeleetha monegum, þaet hie..., _the son of Wihstan caused orders to be given +to many of the men..._, 3111.--2) _to offer_: him Hygd gebead hord and +rice, _offered him the treasure and the chief power_, 2370; inf. guethe +gebeodan, _to offer battle_, 604. + +beod-geneat, st. m., _table-companion_: nom. and acc. pl. geneatas, 343, +1714. + +beon, verb, _to be_, generally in the future sense, _will be_: pres. sg. I. +guethgeweorca ic beo gearo sona, _I shall immediately be ready for warlike +deeds_, 1826; sg. III. wa bieth þaem þe sceal..., _woe to him who_...! 183; +so, 186; gifeethe bieth is given, 299; ne bieth þe wilna gad (_no wish will be +denied thee_), 661; þaer þe bieth manna þearf, _if thou shalt need the +warriors_, 1836; ne bieth swylc cwenlic þeaw, _is not becoming, honorable to +a woman_, 1941; eft sona bieth _will happen directly_, 1763; similarly, 1768, +etc.; pl. þonne bioeth brocene, _then are broken_, 2064; feor cyethethe beoeth +selran gesohte þam þe..., "terrae longinquae meliores sunt visitatu ei +qui..." (Grein), 1839; imp. beo (bio) þu on ofeste, _hasten!_ 386, 2748; +beo wieth Geatas glaed, _be gracious to the Geatas_, 1174. + +beor, st. n., _beer_: dat. sg. aet beore, _at beer-drinking_, 2042; instr. +sg. beore druncen, 531; beore druncne, 480. + +beor-scealc, st. m., _keeper of the beer, cup-bearer_: gen. pl. +beor-scealca sum (one of Hroethgar's followers, because they served the +Geatas at meals), 1241. + +beor-sele, st. m., _beer-hall, hall in which beer is drunk_: dat. sg. in +(on) beorsele, 482, 492, 1095; biorsele, 2636. + +beor-þegu, st. f., _beer-drinking, beer-banquet_: dat. sg. aefter beorþege, +117; aet þaere beorþege, 618. + +beot, st. n., _promise, binding agreement to something that is to be +undertaken_: acc. sg. he beot ne aleh, _did not break his pledge_, 80; beot +eal ... gelaeste, _performed all that he had pledged himself to_, 523. + +ge-beotian, w. v., _to pledge one's self to an undertaking, to bind one's +self_: pret. gebeotedon, 480, 536. + +beot-word, st. n., same as beot: dat. pl. beot-wordum spraec, 2511. + +biddan, st. v., _to beg, to ask, to pray_: pres. sg. I. doeth swa ic bidde! +1232; inf. (w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the thing asked for) ic þe +biddan wille anre bene, _beg thee for one_, 427; pret. swa he selfa baed, +_as he himself had requested_, 29; baed hine bliethne (supply wesan) aet þaere +beorþege, _begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet_, 618; ic þe lange +baed þaet þu..., _begged you a long time that you_, 1995; frioethowaere baed +hlaford sinne, _begged his lord for protection_ (acc. of pers. and gen. of +thing), 2283; baed þaet ge geworhton, _asked that you_..., 3097; pl. wordum +baedon þaet..., 176. + +on-bidian, w. v., _to await_: inf. laetaeth hilde-bord her onbidian ... worda +geþinges, _let the shields await here the result of the conference_ (lay +the shields aside here), 397. + +bil, st. n. _sword_: nom. sg. bil, 1568; bill, 2778; acc. sg. bil, 1558; +instr. sg. bille, 2360; gen. sg. billes, 2061, etc.; instr. pl. billum, 40; +gen. pl. billa, 583, 1145.--Comp.: gueth-, hilde-, wig-bil. + +bindan, st. v., _to bind, to tie_: pret. part. acc. sg. wudu bundenne, _the +bound wood_, i.e. the built ship, 216; bunden golde swurd, _a sword bound +with gold_, i.e. either having its hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold +chains upon the hilt (swords of both kinds have been found), 1901; nom. sg. +heoru bunden, 1286, has probably a similar meaning. + +ge-bindan, _to bind_: pret. sg. þaer ic fife geband, _where I had bound +five_(?), 420; pret. part. cyninges þegn word oether fand soethe gebunden, _the +king's man found_ (after many had already praised Beowulf's deed) _other +words_ (also referring to Beowulf, but in connection with Sigemund) +_rightly bound together_, i.e. in good alliterative verses, as are becoming +to a gid, 872; wundenmael wraettum gebunden, _sword bound with ornaments_, +i.e. inlaid, 1532; bisgum gebunden, _bound together by sorrow_, 1744; gomel +guethwiga eldo gebunden, _hoary hero bound by old age_ (fettered, oppressed), +2112. + +on-bindan, _to unbind, to untie, to loose_: pret. onband, 501. + +ge-bind, st. n. coll., _that which binds, fetters_: in comp. is-gebind. + +bite, st. m., _bite_, figuratively of the cut of the sword: acc. sg. bite +irena, _the swords' bite_, 2260; dat. sg. aefter billes bite, 2061.--Comp. +laeth-bite. + +biter (primary meaning that of biting), adj.: 1) _sharp, cutting, cutting +in_: acc. sg. biter (of a short sword), 2705; instr. sg. biteran straele, +1747; instr. pl. biteran banum, _with sharp teeth_, 2693.--2) _irritated, +furious_: nom. pl. bitere, 1432. + +bitre, adv., _bitterly_ (in a moral sense), 2332. + +bi, big (fuller form of the prep. be, which see), prep. w. dat.: 1) _near, +at, on, about, by_ (as under be, No. 1): bi saem tweonum, _in the circuit of +both seas_, 1957; aras bi ronde, _raised himself up by the shield_, 2539; +bi wealle gesaet, _sat by the wall_, 2718. With a freer position: him big +stodan bunan and orcas, _round about him_, 3048.--2) _to, towards_ +(motion): hwearf þa bi bence, _turned then towards the bench_, 1189; geong +bi sesse, _went to the seat_, 2757. + +bid (see bidan), st. n., _tarrying hesitation_: þaer weareth Ongenþio on bid +wrecen, _forced to tarry_, 2963. + +bidan, st. v.: 1) _to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait_: inf. no on +wealle leng bidan wolde, _would not stay longer within the wall_ (the +drake), 2309; pret. in þystrum bad, _remained in darkness_, 87; flota +stille bad, _the craft lay still_, 301; receda ... on þaem se rica bad, +_where the mighty one dwelt_, 310; þaer se snottra bad, _where the wise man_ +(Hroethgar) _waited_, 1314; he on searwum bad, _he_ (Beowulf) _stood there +armed_, 2569; ic on earde bad maelgesceafta, _lived upon the paternal ground +the time appointed me by fate_, 2737; pret. pl. sume þaer bidon, _some +remained, waited there_, 400.--2) _to await, to wait for_, with the gen. of +that which is awaited: inf. bidan woldon Grendles guethe, _wished to await +the combat with Grendel, to undertake it_, 482; similarly, 528; wiges +bidan, _await the combat_, 1269; nalas andsware bidan wolde, _would await +no answer_, 1495; pret. bad beadwa geþinges, _awaited the event of the +battle_, 710; saegenga bad agend-frean, _the sea-goer_ (boat) _awaited its +owner_, 1883; sele ... heaethowylma bad, laethan liges (the poet probably means +to indicate by these words that the hall Heorot was destroyed later in a +fight by fire; an occurrence, indeed, about which we know nothing, but +which 1165 and 1166, and again 2068 ff. seem to indicate), 82. + +a-bidan, _to await_, with the gen.: inf., 978. + +ge-bidan: 1) _to tarry, to wait_: imp. gebide ge on beorge, _wait ye on the +mountain_, 2530; pret. part. þeah þe wintra lyt under burhlocan gebiden +haebbe Haereethes dohtor _although H's daughter had dwelt only a few years in +the castle_, 1929.--2) _to live through, to experience, to expect_ (w. +acc.): inf. sceal endedaeg minne gebidan, _shall live my last day_, 639; ne +wende ... bote gebidan, _did not hope ... to live to see reparation_, 935; +fela sceal gebidan leofes and laethes, _experience much good and much +affliction_, 1061; ende gebidan, 1387, 2343; pret. he þaes frofre gebad, +_received consolation_ (compensation) _therefore_, 7; gebad wintra worn, +_lived a great number of years_, 264; in a similar construction, 816, 930, +1619, 2259, 3117. With gen.: inf. to gebidanne oethres yrfeweardes, _to await +another heir_, 2453. With depend, clause: inf. to gebidanne þaet his byre +ride on galgan, _to live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows_, +2446; pret. dream-leas gebad þaet he..., _joyless he experienced it, that +he_..., 1721; þaes þe ic on aldre gebad þaet ic..., _for this, that I, in my +old age, lived to see that_..., 1780. + +on-bidan, _to wait, to await_: pret. hordweard onbad earfoethlice oeth þaet aefen +cwom, _scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was evening_, 2303. + +bitan, st. v., _to bite_, of the cutting of swords: inf. bitan, 1455, 1524; +pret. bat banlocan, _bit into his body_ (Grendel), 743; bat unswiethor, _cut +with less force_ (Beowulf's sword), 2579. + +blanca, w. m., properly _that which shines_ here of the horse, not so much +of the white horse as the dappled: dat. pl. on blancum, 857. + +ge-bland, ge-blond, st. n., _mixture, heaving mass, a turning_.--Comp.: +sund-, yeth-geblond, windblond. + +blanden-feax, blonden-feax, adj., _mixed_, i.e. having gray hair, +_gray-headed_, as epithet of an old man: nom. sg. blondenfeax, 1792; +blondenfexa, 2963; dat. sg. blondenfeaxum, 1874; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe, +1595. + +blaec, adj., _dark, black_: nom. sg, hrefn blaca, 1802. + +blac, adj.: 1) _gleaming, shining_: acc. sg. blacne leoman, _a brilliant +gleam_, 1518.--2) of the white death-color, _pale_; in comp. heoroblac. + +blaed, st. m.: 1) _strength, force, vigor_: nom. sg. waes hira blaed scacen +(of both tribes), _strength was gone_, i.e. the bravest of both tribes lay +slain, 1125; nu is þines maegnes blaed ane hwile, _now the fulness of thy +strength lasts for a time_, 1762.--2) _reputation, renown, knowledge_ (with +stress upon the idea of filling up, spreading out): nom. sg. blaed, 18; +(þin) blaed is araered, _thy renown is spread abroad_, 1704. + +blaed-agend, pt., _having renown, renowned_: nom. pl. blaed-agende, 1014. + +blaed-faest, adj., _firm in renown, renowned, known afar_: acc. sg. +blaedfaestne beorn (of Aeschere, with reference to 1329), 1300. + +bleat, adj., _miserable, helpless_; only in comp. wael-bleat. + +bleate, adv., _miserably, helplessly_, 2825. + +blican, st. v., _shine, gleam_: inf., 222 + +bliethe, adj.: 1) _blithe, joyous, happy_ acc. sg. bliethne, 618.--2) +_gracious, pleasing_: nom. sg. bliethe, 436.--Comp. un-bliethe. + +blieth-heort, adj., _joyous in heart, happy_: nom. sg., 1803. + +blod, st. n., _blood_: nom. sg., 1122; acc. sg., 743; dat. sg. blode, 848; +aefter deorum men him langaeth beorn wieth blode, _the hero_ (Hroethgar) _longs +for the beloved man contrary to blood_, i.e. he loves him although he is +not related to him by blood, 1881; dat. as instr. blode, 486, 935, 1595, +etc. + +blod-fag, adj., _spotted with blood, bloody_, 2061. + +blodig, adj., _bloody_: acc. sg. f. blodge, 991; acc. sg. n. blodig, 448; +instr. sg. blodigan gare, 2441. + +ge-blodian, w. v., _to make bloody, to sprinkle with blood_: pret. part. +ge-blodegod, 2693. + +blodig-toeth, adj., _with bloody teeth_: nom. sg. bona blodig-toeth (of +Grendel, because he bites his victims to death), 2083. + +blod-reow, adj., _bloodthirsty, bloody-minded_: nom. sg. him on ferhethe +greow breost-hord blod-reow, _in his bosom there grew a bloodthirsty +feeling_, 1720. + +be-bod, st. n., _command, order_; in comp. wundor-bebod. + +bodian, w. v., _(to be a messenger), to announce, to make known_: pret. +hrefn blaca heofones wynne blieth-heort bodode, _the black raven announced +joyfully heaven's delight_ (the rising sun), 1803. + +boga, w. m., _bow_, of the bended form; here of the dragon, in comp. +hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the comp. flan-, horn-boga; +bow of the arch, in comp. stan-boga. + +bolca, w. m., "forus navis" (Grein), _gangway_; here probably the planks +which at landing are laid from the ship to the shore: acc. sg. ofer bolcan, +231. + +bold, st. n., _building, house, edifice_: nom. sg. (Heorot), 998; +(Hygelac's residence), 1926; (Beowulfs residence), 2197, 2327.--Comp. +fold-bold. + +bold-agend, pt., _house-owner, property-holder_: gen. pl. monegum +boldagendra, 3113. + +bolgen-mod, adj., _angry at heart, angry_, 710, 1714. + +bolster, st. m., _bolster, cushion, pillow_: dat. pl. (reced) geond-braeded +weareth beddum and bolstrum, _was covered with beds and bolsters_, +1241.--Comp. hleor-bolster. + +bon-. See ban-. + +bora, w. m., _carrier, bringer, leader_: in the comp. mund-, raed-, +waeg-bora. + +bord, st. n., _shield_: nom. sg., 2674; acc. sg., 2525; gen. pl. ofer borda +gebraec, _over the crashing of the shields_, 2260.--Comp.: hilde-, wig-bord. + +bord-haebbend, pt., _one having a shield, shield-bearer_: nom. pl. haebbende, +2896. + +bord-hreoetha, w. m., _shield-cover, shield_ with particular reference to its +cover (of hides or linden bark): dat. sg. -hreoethan, 2204. + +bord-rand, st. m., _shield_: acc. sg., 2560. + +bord-weall, st. m., _shield-wall, wall of shields_: acc. sg., 2981. + +bord-wudu, st. m., _shield-wood, shield_: acc. pl. beorhtan beord-wudu, +1244. + +botm, st. m., _bottom_: dat. sg. to botme (here of the bottom of the +fen-lake), 1507. + +bot (emendation, cf. betan), st. f.: 1) _relief, remedy_: nom. sg., 281; +acc. sg. bote, 935; acc. sg. bote, 910.--2) _a performance in expiation, a +giving satisfaction, tribute_: gen. sg. bote, 158. + +brand, brond, st. m.: 1) _burning, fire_: nom. sg. þa sceal brond fretan +(_the burning of the body_), 3015; instr. sg. by hine ne moston ... bronde +forbaernan (_could not bestow upon him the solemn burning_), 2127; haefde +landwara lige befangen, baele and bronde, _with glow, fire, and flame_, +2323.--2) in the passage, þaet hine no brond ne beadomecas bitan ne meahton, +1455, brond has been translated _sword, brand_ (after the O.N. brand-r). +The meaning _fire_ may be justified as well, if we consider that the old +helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts were +mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact that the +helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very unusual.--3) in +the passage, forgeaf þa Beowulfe brand Healfdenes segen gyldenne, 1021, our +text, with other editions, has emendated, bearn, since brand, if it be +intended as a designation of Hroethgar (perhaps _son_), has not up to this +time been found in this sense in A.-S. + +brant, bront, adj., _raging, foaming, going-high_, of ships and of waves: +acc. sg. brontne, 238, 568. + +brad, adj.: 1) _extended, wide_: nom. pl. brade rice, 2208.--2) _broad_: +nom. sg. heah and brad (of Beowulf's grave-mound), 3159; acc. sg. bradne +mece, 2979; (seax) brad [and] brunecg, _the broad, short sword with bright +edge_, 1547.--3) _massive, in abundance_. acc, sg. brad gold, 3106. + +ge-braec, st. n., _noise, crash_: acc. sg. borda gebraec, 2260. + +geond-braedan, w. v., _to spread over, to cover entirely_: pret. part. +geond-braeded, 1240. + +brecan, st. v.: 1) _to break, to break to pieces_: pret. banhringas braec, +(the sword) _broke the joints_, 1568. In a moral sense: pret. subj. þaet þaer +aenig mon waere ne braece, _that no one should break the agreement_, 1101; +pret. part. þonne bioeth brocene ... aeth-sweord eorla, _then are the oaths of +the men broken_, 2064.--2) probably also simply _to break in upon +something, to press upon_, w. acc.: pret. sg. saedeor monig hildetuxum +heresyrcan braec, _many a sea-animal pressed with his battle-teeth upon the +shirt of mail_ (did not break it, for, according to 1549 f., 1553 f., it +was still unharmed). 1512.--3) _to break out, to spring out_: inf. geseah +... stream ut brecan of beorge, _saw a stream break out from the rocks_, +2547; let se hearda Higelaces þegn bradne mece ... brecan ofer bordweal, +_caused the broadsword to spring out over the wall of shields_, 2981.--4) +figuratively, _to vex, not to let rest_: pret. hine fyrwyt braec, _curiosity +tormented_ (N.H.G. brachte die Neugier um), 232, 1986, 2785. + +ge-brecan, _to break to pieces_: pret. banhus gebraec, _broke in pieces his +body_ (Beowulf in combat with Daeghrefn), 2509. + +to-brecan, _to break in pieces_: inf., 781; pret. part. to-brocen, 998. + +þurh-brecan, _to break through_, pret. wordes ord breosthord þurh-braec, +_the word's point broke through his closed breast_, i.e. a word burst out +from his breast, 2793. + +breceth, st. f., _condition of being broken, breach_: nom. pl. modes brecetha +(_sorrow of heart_), 171. + +a-bredwian, w. v. w. acc., _to fell to the ground, to kill_ (?): pret. +abredwade, 2620. + +bregdan, st. v., properly _to swing round_, hence: 1) _to swing_: inf. +under sceadu bregdan, _swing among the shadows, to send into the realm of +shadows_, 708; pret. braegd ealde lafe, _swung the old weapon_, 796; braegd +feorh-geniethlan, _swung his mortal enemy_ (Grendel's mother), threw her +down, 1540; pl. git eagorstream ... mundum brugdon, _stirred the sea with +your hands_ (of the movement of the hands in swimming), 514; pret. part. +broden (brogden) mael, _the drawn sword_, 1617, 1668.--2) _to knit, to knot, +to plait_: inf., figuratively, inwitnet oethrum bregdan, _to weave a +waylaying net for another_ (as we say in the same way, to lay a trap for +another, to dig a pit for another), 2168; pret. part. beadohraegl broden, _a +woven shirt of mail_ (because it consisted of metal rings joined together), +552; similarly, 1549; brogdne beadusercean, 2756. + +a-bregdan, _to swing_: pret. hond up a-braed, _swung, raised his hand_, +2576. + +ge-bregdan: 1) _swing_: pret. hring-mael gebraegd, _swung the ringed sword_, +1565; eald sweord eacen ... þaet ic þy waepne gebraegd, _an old heavy sword +that I swung as my weapon_, 1665; with interchanging instr. and acc. +waellseaxe gebraed, biter and beadu-scearp, 2704; also, _to draw out of the +sheath_: sweord aer gebraed, _had drawn the sword before_, 2563.--2) _to +knit, to knot, to plait_: pret. part. bere-byrne hondum gebroden, 1444. + +on-bregdan, _to tear open, to throw open_: pret. onbraed þa recedes muethan, +_had then thrown open the entrance of the hall_ (onbregdan is used because +the opening door swings upon its hinges), 724. + +brego, st. m., _prince, ruler_: nom. sg. 427, 610. + +brego-rof, adj., _powerful, like a ruler, of heroic strength_: nom. sg. m., +1926. + +brego-stol, st. m., _throne_, figuratively for _rule_: acc. sg. him +gesealde seofon þusendo, bold and brego-stol, _seven thousand_ see under +sceat), _a country-seat, and the dignity of a prince_, 2197; þaer him Hygd +gebead ... brego-stol, _where H. offered him the chief power_, 2371; let +þone bregostol Beowulf healdan, _gave over to Beowulf the chief power_ (did +not prevent Beowulf from entering upon the government), 2390. + +breme, adj., _known afar, renowned_. nom. sg., 18. + +brenting (see brant), st. m., _ship craft_: nom. pl. brentingas, 2808. + +a-breatan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. abreot +brimwisan, _killed the sea-king_ (King Haeethcyn), 2931. See breotan. + +breost, st. n.: 1) _breast_: nom. sg., 2177; often used in the pl., so acc. +þaet mine breost wereeth, _which protects my breast_, 453; dat. pl. beadohraegl +broden on breostum laeg. 552.--2) _the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart, +the bosom_: nom. sg. breost innan weoll þeostrum geþoncum, _his breast +heaved with troubled thoughts_, 2332; dat. pl. let þa of breostum word ut +faran, _caused the words to come out from his bosom_, 2551. + +breost-gehygd, st. n. f., _breast-thought, secret thought_: instr. pl. +-gehygdum, 2819. + +breost-gewaedu, st. n. pl., _breast-clothing, garment covering the breast_, +of the coat of mail: nom., 1212; acc., 2163. + +breost-hord, st. m., _breast-hoard, that which is locked in the breast, +heart, mind, thought, soul_: nom. sg., 1720; acc. sg., 2793. + +breost-net, st. n., _breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail_: nom. +sg. breost-net broden, 1549. + +breost-weorethung, st. f., _ornament that is worn upon the breast_: acc. sg. +breost-weorethunge, 2505: here the collar is meant which Beowulf receives +from Wealhþeow (1196, 2174) as a present, and which B., according to 2173, +presents to Hygd, while, according to 1203, it is in the possession of her +husband Hygelac. In front the collar is trimmed with ornaments (fraetwe), +which hang down upon the breast, hence the name breost-weorethung. + +breost-wylm, st. m., _heaving of the breast, emotion of the bosom_: acc. +sg, 1878. + +breotan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. breat +beodgeneatas, _killed his table-companions_ (courtiers), 1714. + +a-breotan, same as above: pret. þone þe heo on raeste abreat, _whom she +killed upon his couch_, 1299; pret. part. þa þaet monige geweareth, þaet hine +seo brimwylf abroten haefde, _many believed that the sea-wolf_ (Grendel's +mother) _had killed him_, 1600; hi hyne ... abroten haefdon, _had killed +him_ (the dragon), 2708. + +brim, st. n., _flood, the sea_: nom. sg., 848, 1595; gen. sg. to brimes +faroethe, _to the sea_, 28; aet brimes nosan, _at the sea's promontory_, 2804; +nom. pl. brimu swaethredon, _the waves subsided_, 570. + +brim-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff, cliff washed by the sea_: acc. pl. -clifu, +222. + +brim-lad, st. f., _flood-way, sea-way_: acc. sg. þara þe mid Beowulfe +brimlade teah, _who had travelled the sea-way with B._, 1052. + +brim-liethend, pt, _sea-farer, sailor_ acc. p. -liethende, 568. + +brim-stream, st. m., _sea-stream, the flood of the sea_: acc. pl. ofer +brim-streamas, 1911. + +brim-wisa, w. m., _sea-king_: acc. sg. brimwisan, of Haeethcyn, king of the +Geatas, 2931. + +brim-wylf, st. f., _sea-wolf_ (designation of Grendel's mother): nom. sg. +seo brimwylf, 1507, 1600. + +brim-wylm, st. m., _sea-wave_: nom. sg., 1495. + +bringan, anom. v., _to bring, to bear_: prs. sg. I. ic þe þusenda þegna +bringe to helpe, _bring to your assistance thousands of warriors_, 1830; +inf. sceal hringnaca ofer heaethu bringan lac and luftacen, _shall bring +gifts and love-tokens over the high sea_, 1863; similarly, 2149, 2505; +pret. pl. we þas saelac ... brohton, _brought this sea-offering_ (Grendel's +head), 1654. + +ge-bringan, _to bring_: pres. subj. pl. þat we þone gebringan ... on +adfaere, _that we bring him upon the funeral-pile_, 3010. + +brosnian, w. v., _to crumble, to become rotten, to fall to pieces_: prs. +sg. III. herepad ... brosnaeth aefter beorne, _the coat of mail falls to +pieces after_ (the death of) _the hero_, 2261. + +broethor, st. m., _brother_: nom. sg., 1325, 2441; dat sg. breether, 1263; gen. +sg. his broethor bearn, 2620; dat. pl. broethrum, 588, 1075. + +ge-broethru, pl., _brethren, brothers_: dat. pl. saet be þaem gebroethrum twaem, +_sat by the two brothers_, 1192. + +broga, w. m., _terror, horror_: nom. sg., 1292, 2325, 2566; acc. sg. billa +brogan, 583.--Comp.: gryre-, here-broga. + +brucan, st. v. w. gen., _to use, to make use of_: prs. sg. III. se þe longe +her worolde bruceeth, _who here long makes use of the world_, i.e. lives +long, 1063; imp. bruc manigra meda, _make use of many rewards, give good +rewards_, 1179; _to enjoy_: inf. þaet he beahhordes brucan moste, _could +enjoy the ring-hoard_, 895; similarly, 2242, 3101; pret. breac +lifgesceafta, _enjoyed the appointed life, lived the appointed time_, 1954. +With the genitive to be supplied: breac þonne moste, 1488; imp. bruc þisses +beages, _enjoy this ring, take this ring_, 1217. Upon this meaning depends +the form of the wish, wel brucan (compare the German geniesze froh!): inf. +het hine wel brucan, 1046; het hine brucan well, 2813; imp. bruc ealles +well, 2163. + +brun, adj., _having a brown lustre, shining_: nom. sg. sio ecg brun, 2579. + +brun-ecg, adj., _having a gleaming blade_: acc. sg. n. (hyre seaxe) brad +[and] brunecg, _her broad sword with gleaming blade_, 1547. + +brun-fag, adj., _gleaming like metal_: acc. sg. brunfagne helm, 2616. + +bryne-leoma, w. m., _light of a conflagration, gleam of fire _: nom. sg., +2314. + +bryne-wylm, st. m., _wave of fire_: dat. pl. -wylmum, 2327. + +brytnian (properly _to break in small pieces_, cf. breotan), w. v., _to +bestow, to distribute_: pret. sinc brytnade, _distributed presents_, i.e. +ruled (since the giving of gifts belongs especially to rulers), 2384. + +brytta, w. m., _giver, distributer_, always designating the king: nom. sg. +sinces brytta, 608, 1171, 2072; acc. sg. beaga bryttan, 35, 352, 1488; +sinces bryttan, 1923. + +bryttian (_to be a dispenser_), w. v., _to distribute, to confer_: prs. sg. +III. god manna cynne snyttru bryttaeth, _bestows wisdom upon the human race_, +1727. + +bryd, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_: acc. sg. bryd, 2931; bryde, 2957, both +times of the consort of Ongenþeow (?).--2) _betrothed, bride_: nom. sg., of +Hroethgar's daughter, Freaware, 2032. + +bryd-bur, st. n., _woman's apartment_: dat. sg. eode ... cyning of +brydbure, _the king came out of the apartment of his wife_ (into which, +according to 666, he had gone), 922. + +bunden-stefna, w. m., _(that which has a bound prow), the framed ship_: +nom. sg., 1911. + +bune, w. f., _can_ or _cup, drinking-vessel_: nom. pl. bunan, 3048; acc. +pl. bunan, 2776. + +burh, burg, st. f., _castle, city, fortified house_: acc. sg. burh, 523; +dat. sg. byrig, 1200; dat. pl. burgum, 53, 1969, 2434.--Comp.: freo, +freoetho-, hea-, hleo-, hord-, leod-, maeg-burg. + +burh-loca, w. m., _castle-bars_: dat. sg. under burh-locan, _under the +castle-bars_, i.e. in the castle (Hygelac's), 1929. + +burh-stede, st. m., _castle-place, place where the castle_ or _city +stands_: acc. sg. burhstede, 2266. + +burh-wela, w. m., _riches, treasure of a castle_ or _city_: gen. sg. þenden +he burh-welan brucan moste, 3101. + +burne, w. f., _spring, fountain_: gen. þaere burnan waelm, _the bubbling of +the spring_, 2547. + +buan, st. v.: 1) _to stay, to remain, to dwell_: inf. gif he weard onfunde +buan on beorge, _if he had found the watchman dwelling on the mountain_, +2843.--2) _to inhabit_, w. acc.: meduseld buan, _to inhabit the +mead-house_, 3066. + +ge-buan, w. acc., _to occupy a house, to take possession_: pret. part. hean +huses, hu hit Hring Dene aefter beorþege gebun haefdon, _how the Danes, after +their beer-carouse, had occupied it_ (had made their beds in it), +117.--With the pres. part. buend are the compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-, +lond-buend. + +bugan, st. v., _to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to flee_: prs. sg. III. +bon-gar bugeeth, _the fatal spear sinks_, i.e. its deadly point is turned +down, it rests, 2032; inf. þaet se byrnwiga bugan sceolde, _that the armed +hero had to sink down_ (having received a deadly blow), 2919; similarly, +2975; pret. sg. beah eft under eorethweall, _turned, fled again behind the +earth-wall_, 2957; pret. pl. bugon to bence, _turned to the bench_, 327, +1014; hy on holt bugon, _fled to the wood_, 2599. + +a-bugan, _to bend off, to curve away from_: pret. fram sylle abeag medubenc +monig, _from the threshold curved away many a mead-bench_, 776. + +be-bugan, w. acc., _to surround, to encircle_: prs. swa (_which_) waeter +bebugeeth, 93; efne swa side swa sae bebugeeth windige weallas, _as far as the +sea encircles windy shores_, 1224. + +ge-bugan, _to bend, to bow, to sink_: a) intrans.: heo on flet gebeah, +_sank on the floor_, 1541; þa gebeah cyning, _then sank the king_, 2981; þa +se wyrm gebeah snude tosomne (_when the drake at once coiled itself up_), +2568; gewat þa gebogen scriethan to, _advanced with curved body_ (the drake), +2570.--b) w. acc. of the thing to which one bends or sinks: pret. selereste +gebeah, _sank upon the couch in the hall_, 691; similarly gebeag, 1242. + +bur, st. n., _apartment, room_: dat. sg. bure, 1311, 2456; dat. pl. burum, +140.--Comp. bryd-bur. + +butan, buton (from be and utan, hence in its meaning referring to what is +without, excluded): 1) conj. with subjunctive following, _lest_: butan his +lic swice, _lest his body escape_, 967. With ind. following, _but_: buton +hit waes mare þonne aenig mon oether to beadulace aetberan meahte, _but it_ (the +sword) _was greater than any other man could have carried to battle_, 1561. +After a preceding negative verb, _except_: þara þe gumena bearn gearwe ne +wiston buton Fitela mid hine, _which the children of men did not know at +all, except Fitela, who was with him_, 880; ne nom he maethm-aehta ma buton +þone hafelan, etc., _he took no more of the rich treasure than the head +alone_, 1615.--2) prep, with dat., _except_: buton folcscare, 73; buton þe, +658; ealle buton anum, 706. + +bycgan, w. v., _to buy, to pay_: inf. ne waes þaet gewrixle til þaet hie on ba +healfa bicgan scoldon freonda feorum, _that was no good transaction, that +they, on both sides_ (as well to Grendel as to his mother), _had to pay +with the lives of their friends_, 1306. + +be-bycgan, _to sell_: pret. nu ic on maethma hord mine bebohte frode +feorhlege (_now I, for the treasure-hoard, gave up my old life_), 2800. + +ge-bycgan, _to buy, to acquire; to pay_: pret. w. acc. no þaer aenige ... +frofre gebohte, _obtained no sort of help, consolation_, 974; hit (his, +MS.) ealdre gebohte, _paid it with his life_, 2482; pret. part. sylfes +feore beagas [geboh]te, _bought rings with his own life_, 3015. + +byldan, w. v. (_to make_ beald, which see), _to excite, to encourage, to +brave deeds_: inf. w. acc. swa he Fresena cyn on beorsele byldan wolde (by +distributing gifts), 1095. + +ge-byrd, st. n., "fatum destinatum" (Grein) (?): acc. sg. hie on gebyrd +hruron gare wunde, 1075. + +ge-byrdu, st. f., _birth_; in compound, bearn-gebyrdu. + +byrdu-scrud, st. n., _shield-ornament, design upon a shield_(?): nom. sg., +2661. + +byre, st. m., (_born_) _son_: nom. sg., 2054, 2446, 2622, etc.; nom. pl. +byre, 1189. In a broader sense, _young man, youth_: acc. pl. baedde byre +geonge, _encouraged the youths_ (at the banquet), 2019. + +byrethen, st. f., _burden_; in comp. maegen-byrethen. + +byrele, st. m., _steward, waiter, cupbearer_: nom. pl. byrelas, 1162. + +byrgan, w. v., _to feast, to eat_: inf., 448. + +ge-byrgea, w. m., _protector_; in comp. leod-gebyrgea. + +byrht. See _beorht_. + +byrne, w. f., _shirt of mail, mail_: nom. sg. byrne, 405, 1630, etc.; +hringed byrne, _ring-shirt_, consisting of interlaced rings, 1246; acc. sg. +byrnan, 1023, etc.; side byrnan, _large coat of mail_, 1292; hringde +byrnan, 2616; hare byrnan, _gray coat of mail_ (of iron), 2154; dat. sg. on +byrnan, 2705; gen. sg. byrnan hring, _the ring of the shirt of mail_ (i.e. +the shirt of mail), 2261; dat. pl. byrnum, 40, 238, etc.; beorhtum byrnum, +_with gleaming mail_, 3141.--Comp.: gueth-, here-, heaetho-, iren-, +isern-byrne. + +byrnend. See beornan. + +byrn-wiga, w. m., _warrior dressed in a coat of mail_: nom. sg., 2919. + +bysgu, bisigu, st. f., _trouble, difficulty, opposition_: nom. sg. bisigu, +281; dat. pl. bisgum, 1744, bysigum, 2581. + +bysig, adj., _opposed, in need_, in the compounds lif-bysig, syn-bysig. + +byme, w. f., _a wind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone_: gen. sg. byman +gealdor, _the sound of the trumpet_, 2944. + +bywan, w. v., _to ornament, to prepare_: inf. þa þe beado-griman bywan +sceoldon, _who should prepare the helmets_, 2258. + + +C + +camp, st. m., _combat, fight between two_: dat. sg. in campe (Beowulf's +with Daeghrefn; cempan, MS.), 2506. + +candel, st. f., _light, candle_: nom. sg. rodores candel, of the sun, +1573.--Comp. woruld-candel. + +cempa, w. m., _fighter, warrior, hero_: nom. sg. aeethele cempa, 1313; Geata +cempa, 1552; reethe cempa, 1586; maere cempa (as voc.), 1762; gyrded cempa, +2079; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, 1949, 2045, 2627; Huga cempan, +2503; acc. pl. cempan, 206.--Comp. feethe-cempa. + +cennan, w. v.: 1) _to bear_, w. acc.: efne swa hwylc maegetha swa þone magan +cende, _who bore the son_, 944; pret. part. þaem eafera waes aefter cenned, +_to him was a son born_, 12.--2) reflexive, _to show one's self, to reveal +one's self_: imp. cen þec mid craefte, _prove yourself by your strength_, +1220. + +a-cennan, _to bear_: pret. part. no hie faeder cunnon, hwaeether him aenig waes +aer acenned dyrnra gasta, _they_ (the people of the country) _do not know +his_ (Grendel's) _father, nor whether any evil spirit has been before born +to him_ (whether he has begotten a son), 1357. + +cenethu, st. f., _boldness_: acc. sg. cenethu, 2697. + +cene, adj., _keen, warlike, bold_: gen. p.. cenra gehwylcum, 769. Superl., +acc. pl. cenoste, 206.--Comp.: daed-, gar-cene. + +ceald, adj., _cold_: acc. pl. cealde streamas, 1262; dat. pl. cealdum +cearsiethum, _with cold, sad journeys_, 2397. Superl. nom. sg. wedera +cealdost, 546;--Comp. morgen-ceald. + +cearian, w. v., _to have care, to take care, to trouble one's self_: prs. +sg. III. na ymb his lif cearaeth, _takes no care for his life_, 1537. + +cearig, adj., _troubled, sad_: in comp. sorh-cearig. + +cear-sieth, st. m., _sorrowful way, an undertaking that brings sorrow_, i.e. +a warlike expedition: dat. pl. cearsiethum (of Beowulf's expeditions against +Eadgils), 2397. + +cearu, st. f., _care, sorrow, lamentation_: nom. sg., 1304; acc. sg. +[ceare], 3173.--Comp.: ealdor-, gueth-, mael-, mod-cearu. + +cear-waelm, st. m., _care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the breast_: dat. +pl. aefter cear-waelmum, 2067. + +cear-wylm, st. m., same as above; nom. pl. þa cear-wylmas, 282. + +ceaster-buend, pt, _inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a +castle_: dat. pl. ceaster-buendum, of those established in Hroethgar's +castle, 769. + +ceap, st. m., _purchase, transaction_: figuratively, nom. sg. naes þaet yethe +ceap, _no easy transaction_, 2416; instr. sg. þeah þe oether hit ealdre +gebohte, heardan ceape, _although the one paid it with his life, a dear +purchase_, 2483. + +ge-ceapian, w. v., _to purchase_: pret. part. gold unrime grimme geceapod, +_gold without measure, bitterly purchased_ (with Beowulf's life), 3013. + +be-ceorfan, st. v., _to separate, to cut off_ (with acc. of the pers. and +instr. of the thing): pret. hine þa heafde becearf, _cut off his head_, +1591; similarly, 2139. + +ceorl, st. m., _man_: nom. sg. snotor ceorl monig, _many a wise man_, 909; +dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, _the old man_ (of King Hreethel), 2445; so, ealdum +ceorle, of King Ongenþeow, 2973; nom. pl. snotere ceorlas, _wise men_, 202, +416, 1592. + +ceol, st. m., _keel_, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., 1913; acc. sg. +ceol, 38, 238; gen. sg. ceoles, 1807. + +ceosan, st. v., _to choose_, hence, _to assume_: inf. þone cynedom ciosan +wolde, _would assume the royal dignity_, 2377; _to seek_: pret. subj. aer he +bael cure, _before he sought his funeral-pile_ (before he died), 2819. + +ge-ceosan, _to choose, to elect_: gerund, to geceosenne cyning aenigne +(selran), _to choose a better king_, 1852; imp. þe þaet selre ge-ceos, +_choose thee the better_ (of two: bealonieth and ece raedas), 1759; pret. he +usic on herge geceas to þyssum siethfate, _selected us among the soldiers for +this undertaking_, 2639; geceas ecne raed, _chose the everlasting gain_, +i.e. died, 1202; similarly, godes leoht geceas, 2470; pret. part. acc. pl. +haefde ... cempan gecorone, 206. + +on-cirran, w. v., _to turn, to change_: inf. ne meahte ... þaes wealdendes +[willan] wiht on-cirran, _could not change the will of the Almighty_, 2858; +pret. ufor oncirde, _turned higher_, 2952; þyder oncirde, _turned thither_, +2971. + +a-cigan, w. v., _to call hither_: pret. acigde of corethre cyninges þegnas +syfone, _called from the retinue of the king seven men_, 3122. + +clam, clom, st. m., f. n.? _fetter_, figuratively of a strong gripe: dat. +pl. heardan clammum, 964; heardum clammum, 1336; atolan clommum (horrible +claws of the mother of Grendel), 1503. + +clif, cleof, st. n., _cliff, promontory_: acc. pl. Geata clifu, +1912.--Comp.: brim-, eg-, holm-, stan-clif. + +ge-cnawan, st. v., _to know, to recognize_: inf. meaht þu, min wine, mece +gecnawan, _mayst thou, my friend, recognize the sword_, 2048. + +on-cnawan, _to recognize, to distinguish_: hordweard oncniow mannes reorde, +_distinguished the speech of a man_, 2555. + +cniht, st. m., _boy, youth_: dat. pl. þyssum cnyhtum, _to these boys_ +(Hroethgar's sons), 1220. + +cniht-wesende, prs. part., _being a boy_ or _a youth_: acc. sg. ic hine +cuethe cniht-wesende, _knew him while still a boy_, 372; nom. pl. wit þaet +gecwaedon cniht-wesende, _we both as young men said that_, 535. + +cnyssan, w. v., _to strike, to dash against each other_: pret. pl. þonne +... eoferas cnysedan, _when the bold warriors dashed against each other, +stormed_ (in battle), 1329. + +collen-ferheth, -fereth, adj., (properly, _of swollen mind_), _of uncommon +thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others, +high-minded_: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferheth, of Beowulf, 1807; collen-fereth, of +Wiglaf, 2786. + +corether, st. n., _troop, division of an army, retinue_: dat. sg. þa waes ... +Fin slaegen, cyning on corethre, _then was Fin slain, the king in the troop_ +(of warriors), 1154; of corethre cyninges, _out of the retinue of the king_, +3122. + +costian, w. v., _to try_; pret. (w. gen.) he min costode, _tried me_, 2085. + +cofa, w. m., _apartment, sleeping-room, couch_: in comp. ban-cofa. + +col, adj., _cool_: compar. cearwylmas colran wurethaeth, _the waves of sorrow +become cooler_, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, 282; him wiflufan ... colran +weorethaeth, _his love for his wife cools_, 2067. + +craeft, st. m., _the condition of being able_, hence: 1) _physical +strength_: nom. sg. maegetha craeft, 1284; acc. sg. maegenes craeft, 418; þurh +anes craeft, 700; craeft and cenethu, 2697; dat. (instr.) sg. craefte, 983, +1220, 2182, 2361.--2) _art, craft, skill_: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum +craefte, _with secret_ (magic) _art_, 2169; dyrnan craefte, 2291; þeofes +craefte, _with thief's craft_, 2221; dat. pl. deofles craeftum, _by devil's +art_ (sorcery), 2089.--3) _great quantity_ (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda craeft, +2223.--Comp.: leoetho-, maegen-, nearo-, wig-craeft. + +craeftig, adj.: 1) _strong, stout_: nom. sg. eafoethes craeftig, 1467; nietha +craeftig, 1963. Comp. wig-craeftig.--2) _adroit, skilful_: in comp. +lagu-craeftig.--3) _rich_ (of treasures); in comp. eacen-craeftig. + +cringan, st. v., _to fall in combat, to fall with the writhing movement of +those mortally wounded_: pret. subj. on wael crunge, _would sink into death, +would fall_, 636; pret. pl. for the pluperfect, sume on waele crungon, 1114. + +ge-cringan, same as above: pret. he under rande gecranc, _fell under his +shield_, 1210; aet wige gecrang, _fell in battle_, 1338; heo on flet +gecrong, _fell to the ground_, 1569; in campe gecrong, _fell in single +combat_, 2506. + +cuma (_he who comes_), w. m., _newcomer, guest_: nom. sg. 1807.--Comp.: +cwealm-, wil-cuma. + +cuman, st. v., _to come_: pres. sg. II. gyf þu on weg cymest, _if thou +comest from there_, 1383; III. cymeeth, 2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23; +pl. þonne we ut cymen, _when we come out_, 3107; inf. cuman, 244, 281, +1870; pret. sg. com, 430, 569, 826, 1134, 1507, 1601, etc.; cwom, 419, +2915; pret. subj. sg. cwome, 732; pret. part. cumen, 376; pl. cumene, 361. +Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, com gongan, 711; com siethian, +721; com in gan, 1645; cwom gan, 1163; com scacan, 1803; cwomon laedan, 239; +cwomon secean, 268; cwoman scriethan, 651, etc. [pret. com, etc.] + +be-cuman, _to come, to approach, to arrive_: pret. syethethan niht becom, +_after the night had come_, 115; þe on þa leode becom, _that had come over +the people_, 192; þa he to ham becom, 2993. And with inf. following: stefn +in becom ... hlynnan under harne stan, 2553; lyt eft becwom ... hames +niosan, 2366; oeth þaet ende becwom, 1255; similarly, 2117. With acc. of +pers.: þa hyne sio þrag becwom, _when this time of battle came over him_, +2884. + +ofer-cuman, _to overcome, to compel_: pret. þy he þone feond ofercwom, +_thereby he overcame the foe_, 1274: pl. hie feond heora ... ofercomon, +700; pret. part. (w. gen.) nietha ofercumen, _compelled by combats_, 846. + +cumbol, cumbor, st. m., _banner_: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506.--Comp. +hilte-cumbor. + +cund, adj., _originating in, descended from_: in comp. feorran-cund. + +cunnan, verb pret. pres.: 1) _to know, to be acquainted with_ (w. acc. or +depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic minne can glaedne Hroethulf þaet he ... wile, +_I know my gracious H., that he will_..., 1181; II. eard git ne const, +_thou knowest not yet the land_, 1378; III. he þaet wyrse ne con, _knows no +worse_, 1740. And reflexive: con him land geare, _knows the land well_, +2063; pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helrunan scriethaeth, _men do not know +whither_..., 162; pret. sg. ic hine cuethe, _knew him_, 372; cuethe he dugueth +þeaw, _knew the customs of the distinguished courtiers_, 359; so with the +acc., 2013; seolfa ne cuethe þurh hwaet..., _he himself did not know through +what_..., 3068; pl. sorge ne cuethon, 119; so with the acc., 180, 418, 1234. +With both (acc. and depend. clause): no hie faeder cunnon (scil. no hie +cunnon) hwaeether him aenig waes aer acenned dyrnra gasta, 1356.--2) with inf. +following, _can, to be able_: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, _cannot defend +himself_, 1747; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, _cannot say_, 50; pret. sg. +cuethe reccan, 90; beorgan cuethe, 1446; pret. pl. herian ne cuethon, _could not +praise_, 182; pret. subj. healdan cuethe, 2373. + +cunnian, w. v., _to inquire into, to try_, w. gen. or acc.: inf. sund +cunnian (figurative for _roam over the sea_), 1427, 1445; geongne cempan +higes cunnian, _to try the young warrior's mind_, 2046; pret. eard cunnode, +_tried the home_, i.e. came to it, 1501; pl. wada cunnedon, _tried the +flood_, i.e. swam through the sea, 508. + +cueth, adj.: 1) _known, well known; manifest, certain_: nom. sg. undyrne cueth, +150, 410; wide cueth, 2924; acc. sg. fern. cuethe folme, 1304; cuethe straete, +1635; nom. pl. ecge cuethe, 1146; acc. pl. cuethe naessas, 1913.--2) _renowned_: +nom. sg. guethum cueth, 2179; nom. pl. cystum cuethe, 868.--3) also, _friendly, +dear, good_ (see un-cueth).--Comp.: un-, wid-cueth. + +cueth-lice, adv., _openly, publicly_: comp. no her cuethlicor cuman ongunnon +lind-haebbende, _no shield-bearing men undertook more boldly to come hither_ +(the coast-watchman means by this the secret landing of the Vikings), 244. + +cwalu, st. f., _murder, fall_: in comp. deaeth-cwalu. + +cweccan (_to make alive_, see cwic), w. v., _to move, to swing_: pret. +cwehte maegen-wudu, _swung the wood of strength_ (= spear), 235. + +cweethan, st. v., _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: prs. sg. III. cwieth aet +beore, _speaks at beer-drinking_, 2042.--b) w. acc.: pret. word aefter cwaeeth, +315; fea worda cwaeeth, 2247, 2663.--c) with þaet following: pret. sg. cwaeeth, +92, 2159; pl. cwaedon, 3182.--d) with þaet omitted: pret. cwaeeth he gueth-cyning +secean wolde, _said he would seek out the war-king_, 199; similarly, 1811, +2940. + +a-cweethan, _to say, to speak_, w. acc.: prs. þaet word acwyeth, _speaks the +word_, 2047; pret. þaet word acwaeeth, 655. + +ge-cweethan, _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: pret. sg. II. swa þu gecwaede, +2665.--b)w. acc.: pret. wel-hwylc gecwaeeth, _spoke everything_, 875; pl. wit +þaet gecwaedon, 535.--c) w. þaet following: pret. gecwaeeth, 858, 988. + +cwellan, w. v., (_to make die_), _to kill, to murder_: pret. sg. II. þu +Grendel cwealdest, 1335. + +a-cwellan, _to kill_: pret. sg. (he) wyrm acwealde, 887; þone þe Grendel aer +mane acwealde, _whom Grendel had before wickedly murdered_, 1056; beorn +acwealde, 2122. + +cwen, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_ (of noble birth): nom. sg. cwen, 62; +(Hroethgar's), 614, 924; (Finn's), 1154.--2) particularly denoting the queen: +nom. sg. beaghroden cwen (Wealhþeow), 624; maeru cwen, 2017; fremu folces +cwen (Þryetho), 1933; acc. sg. cwen (Wealhþeow), 666.-Comp. folc-cwen. + +cwen-lic, adj., _feminine, womanly_: nom. sg. ne bieth swylc cwenlic þeaw +(_such is not the custom of women, does not become a woman_), 1941. + +cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder, destruction_: acc. sg. þone cwealm +gewraec, _avenged the death_ (of Abel by Cain), 107; maendon mondryhtnes +cwealm, _lamented the ruler's fall_, 3150.--Comp.: bealo-, deaeth-, +gar-cwealm. + +cwealm-bealu, st. n., _the evil of murder_: acc. sg., 1941. + +cwealm-cuma, w. m., _one coming for murder, a new-comer who contemplates +murder_: acc. sg. þone cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793. + +cwic and cwico, adj., _quick, having life, alive_: acc. sg. cwicne, 793, +2786; gen. sg. aht cwices, _something living_, 2315; nom. pl. cwice, 98; +cwico waes þa gena, _was still alive_, 3094. + +cwide, st. m., _word, speech, saying_: in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hleo-, ethor- +[non-existant form--KTH], word-cwide. + +cwiethan, st. v., _to complain, to lament_: inf. w. acc. ongan ... gioguethe +cwiethan hilde-strengo, _began to lament the_ (departed) _battle-strength of +his youth_, 2113 [ceare] cwiethan, _lament their cares_, 3173. + +cyme, st. m., _coming, arrival_: nom. pl. hwanan eowre cyme syndon, _whence +your coming is_, i. e. whence ye are, 257.--Comp. eft-cyme. + +cymlice, adv., (convenienter), _splendidly, grandly_: comp. cymlicor, 38. + +cyn, st. n., _race_, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage: +nom. sg. Fresena cyn, 1094; Wedera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461; acc. sg. eotena +cyn, 421; giganta cyn, 1691; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107; manna cynne, 811, +915, 1726; eowrum (of those who desert Beowulf in battle) cynne, 2886; gen. +sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.; maeran cynnes, 1730; laethan cynnes, +2009, 2355; usses cynnes Waegmundinga, 2814; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum, +98.--Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn. + +cyn, st. n., _that which is suitable or proper_: gen. pl. cynna (of +etiquette) gemyndig, 614. + +ge-cynde, adj., _innate, peculiar, natural_: nom. sg., 2198, 2697. + +cyne-dom, st. m., _kingdom, royal dignity_: acc. sg., 2377. + +cyning, st. m., _king_: nom. acc. sg. cyning, II, 864, 921, etc.; kyning, +620, 3173; dat. sg. cyninge, 3094; gen. sg. cyninges, 868, 1211; gen. pl. +kyning[a] wuldor, of God, 666.--Comp. beorn-, eoreth-, folc-, gueth-, heah-, +leod-, sae-, soeth-, þeod-, worold-, wuldor-cyning. + +cyning-beald, adj., "_nobly bold_" (Thorpe), _excellently brave_ (?): nom. +pl. cyning-balde men, 1635. + +ge-cyssan, w. v., _to kiss_: pret. gecyste þa cyning ... þegen betstan, +_kissed the best thane_ (Beowulf), 1871. + +cyst (_choosing_, see ceosan), st. f., _the select, the best of a thing, +good quality, excellence_: nom. sg. irenna cyst, _of the swords_, 803, +1698; waepna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst, _choice banquet_, 1233; acc. sg. irena +cyst, 674; dat. pl. foldwegas ... cystum cuethe, _known through excellent +qualities_, 868; (cyning) cystum gecyethed, 924.--Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst. + +cyeth. See on-cyeth. + +cyethan (see cueth), w. v., _to make known, to manifest, to show_: imp. sg. +maegen-ellen cyeth, _show thy heroic strength_, 660; inf. cwealmbealu cyethan, +1941; ellen cyethan, 2696. + +ge-cyethan (_to make known_, hence): 1) _to give information, to announce_: +inf. andsware gecyethan, _to give answer_, 354; gerund, to gecyethanne hwanan +eowre cyme syndon (_to show whence ye come_), 257; pret. part. soeth is +gecyethed þaet ... (_the truth has become known_, it has shown itself to be +true), 701; Higelace waes sieth Beowulfes snude gecyethed, _the arrival of B. +was quickly announced_, 1972; similarly, 2325.--2) _to make celebrated_, in +pret. part.: waes min faeder folcum gecyethed (_my father was known to +warriors_), 262; waes his modsefa manegum gecyethed, 349; cystum gecyethed, 924. + +cyethethu (properly, _condition of being known_, hence _relationship_), st. f., +_home, country, land_: in comp. feor-cyethethu. [should be cyeth, feor-cyeth--KTH] + +ge-cypan, w. v., _to purchase_: inf. naes him aenig þearf þaet he ... þurfe +wyrsan wigfrecan weorethe gecypan, _had need to buy with treasures no +inferior warrior_, 2497. + + +D + +daroeth, st. m., _spear_: dat. pl. dareethum lacan (_to fight_), 2849. + +ge-dal, st. n., _parting, separation_: nom. sg. his worulde gedal, _his +separation from the world_ (his death), 3069.--Comp. ealdor-, lif-gedal. + +daeg, st. m., _day_: nom. sg. daeg, 485, 732, 2647; acc. sg. daeg, 2400; +andlangne daeg, _the whole day_, 2116; morgenlongne daeg (_the whole +morning_), 2895; oeth domes daeg, _till judgment-day_, 3070; dat. sg. on þaem +daege þysses lifes (eo tempore, tunc), 197, 791, 807; gen. sg. daeges, 1601, +2321; hwil daeges, _a day's time, a whole day_, 1496; daeges and nihtes, _day +and night_, 2270; daeges, _by day_, 1936; dat. pl. on tyn dagum, _in ten +days_, 3161.--Comp. aer-, deaeth-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, gear-, laen-, lif-, +swylt-, win-daeg, an-daeges. + +daeg-hwil, st. f., _day-time_: acc. pl. þaet he daeghwila gedrogen haefde +eorethan wynne, _that he had enjoyed earth's pleasures during the days_ +(appointed to him), i.e. that his life was finished, 2727.--(After Grein.) + +daeg-rim, st. n., _series of days, fixed number of days_: nom. sg. dogera +daegrim (_number of the days of his life_), 824. + +daed, st. f., _deed, action_: acc. sg. deorlice daed, 585; domleasan daed, +2891; frecne daede, 890; daed, 941; acc. pl. Grendles daeda, 195; gen. pl. +daeda, 181, 479, 2455, etc.; dat. pl. daedum, 1228, 2437, etc.--Comp. ellen-, +fyren-, lof-daed. + +daed-cene, adj., _bold in deed_: nom. sg. daed-cene mon, 1646. + +daed-fruma, w. m., _doer of deeds, doer_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 2091. + +daed-bata, w. m., _he who pursues with his deeds_: nom. sg., of Grendel, +275. + +daedla, w. m., _doer_: in comp. man-for-daedla. + +dael, st. m., _part, portion_: acc. sg. dael, 622, 2246, 3128; acc. pl. +daelas, 1733.--Often dael designates the portion of a thing or of a quality +which belongs in general to an individual, as, oeth þaet him on innan +oferhygda dael weaxeeth, _till in his bosom his portion of arrogance +increases_: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, his arrogance, 1741. Biowulfe +weareth dryhtmaethma dael deaethe, forgolden, _to Beowulf his part of the splendid +treasures was paid with death_, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were +allotted to him, whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the +dragon, 2844; similarly, 1151, 1753, 2029, 2069, 3128. + +daelan, w. v., _to divide, to bestow, to share with_, w. acc.: pres. sg. +III. madmas daeleeth, 1757; pres. subj. þaet he wieth aglaecean eofoetho daele, _that +he bestow his strength upon_ (strive with) _the bringer of misery_ the +drake), 2535; inf. hringas daelan, 1971; pret. beagas daelde, 80; sceattas +daelde, 1687. + +be-daelan, w. instr., _(to divide), to tear away from, to strip of_: pret. +part. dreamum (dreame) bedaeled, _deprived of the heavenly joys_ (of +Grendel), 722, 1276. + +ge-daelan: 1) _to distribute_: inf. (w. acc. _of the thing distributed_); +baer on innan eall gedaelan geongum and ealdum swylc him god sealde, +_distribute therein to young and old all that God had given him_, 71.--2) +_to divide, to separate_, with acc.: inf. sundur gedaelan lif wieth lice, +_separate life from the body_, 2423; so pret. subj. þaet he gedaelde ... anra +gehwylces lif wieth lice, 732. + +denn (cf. denu, dene, vallis), st. n., _den, cave_: acc. sg. þaes wyrmes +denn, 2761; gen. sg. (draca) gewat dennes niosian, 3046. + +ge-defe, adj.: 1) (impersonal) _proper, appropriate_: nom. sg. swa hit +gedefe waes (bieth), _as was appropriate, proper_, 561, 1671, 3176.--2) _good, +kind, friendly_; nom sg. beo þu suna minum daedum gedefe, _be friendly to my +son by deeds_ (support my son in deed, namely, when he shall have attained +to the government), 1228.--Comp. un-ge-defelice. + +deman (see dom), w. v.: 1) _to judge, to award justly_: pres. subj. maeretho +deme, 688.--2) _to judge favorably, to praise, to glorify_: pret. pl. his +ellenweorc duguethum demdon, _praised his heroic deed with all their might_, +3176. + +demend, _judge_: daeda demend (of God), 181. + +deal, adj., "superbus, clarus, fretus" (Grimm): nom. pl. þryethum dealle, +494. + +dead, adj., _dead_: nom. sg. 467, 1324, 2373; acc. sg. deadne, 1310. + +deaeth, st. m., _death, dying_: nom. sg, deaeth, 441, 447, etc.; acc. sg. deaeth, +2169; dat. sg. deaethe, 1389, 1590, (as instr.) 2844, 3046; gen. sg. deaethes +wylm, 2270; deaethes nyd, 2455.--Comp. gueth-, wael-, wundor-deaeth. + +deaeth-bed, st. n., _death-bed_: dat. sg. deaeth-bedde faest, 2902. + +deaeth-cwalu, st. f., _violent death_, _ruin and death_: dat. pl. to +deaeth-cwalum, 1713. + +deaeth-cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder_: nom. sg. 1671. + +deaeth-daeg, st. m., _death-day, dying day_: dat. sg. aefter deaeth-daege (_after +his death_), 187, 886. + +deaeth-faege, adj., _given over to death_: nom. sg. (Grendel) deaeth-faege deog, +_had hidden himself, being given over to death_ (mortally wounded), 851. + +deaeth-scua, w. m., _death-shadow, ghostly being, demon of death_: nom. sg. +deorc deaeth-scua (of Grendel), 160. + +deaeth-werig, adj., _weakened by death_, i.e. dead: acc. sg. deaeth-werigne, +2126. See werig. + +deaeth-wic, st. n. _death's house, home of death_: acc. sg. gewat deaethwic +seon (_had died_), 1276. + +deagan (O.H.G. pret. part. tougan, _hidden_), _to conceal one's self, to +hide_: pret. (for pluperf.) deog, 851.--Leo. + +deorc, adj., _dark_: of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) deorc, 1791; dat. +pl. deorcum nihtum, 275, 2212; of the terrible Grendel, nom. sg. deorc +deaeth-scua, 160. + +deofol, st. m. n., _devil_: gen. sg. deofles, 2089; gen. pl. deofla, of +Grendel and his troop, 757, 1681. + +deogol, dygol, adj., _concealed, hidden, inaccessible, beyond information, +unknown_: nom. sg. deogol daedhata (of Grendel), 275; acc. sg. dygel lond, +_inaccessible land_, 1358. + +deop, st. n., _deep, abyss_: acc. sg., 2550. + +deop, adv. _deeply_: acc. sg. deop waeter, 509, 1905. + +diope, adj., _deep_: hit oeth domes daeg diope benemdon þeodnas maere, _the +illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the judgment-day, had laid a +solemn spell upon it_, 3070. + +deor, st. n., _animal, wild animal_: in comp. mere-, sae-deor. + +deor, adj.: 1) _wild, terrible_: nom. sg. dior daed-fruma (of Grendel), +2091.--2) _bold, brave_: nom. naenig ... deor, 1934.--Comp.: heaethu-, +hilde-deor. + +deore, dyre, adj.: 1) _dear, costly_ (high in price): acc. sg. dyre iren, +2051; drincfaet dyre (deore), 2307, 2255; instr. sg. deoran sweorde, 561; +dat. sg. deorum maethme, 1529; nom. pl. dyre swyrd, 3049; acc. pl. deore +(dyre) maethmas, 2237, 3132.--2) _dear, beloved, worthy_: nom. sg. f., aeethelum +diore, _worthy by reason of origin_, 1950; dat. sg. aefter deorum men, 1880; +gen. sg. deorre duguethe, 488; superl. acc. sg. aldorþegn þone deorestan, +1310. + +deor-lic, adj., _bold, brave_: acc. sg. deorlice daed, 585. See deor. + +disc, st. m., _disc, plate, flat dish_: nom. acc. pl. discas, 2776, 3049. + +ge-digan. See ge-dygan. + +dol-gilp, st. m., _mad boast, foolish pride, vain-glory, thoughtless +audacity_: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, 509. + +dol-lic, adj., _audacious_: gen. pl. maest ... daeda dollicra, 2647. + +dol-sceaetha, w. m., _bold enemy_: acc. sg. þone dol-scaethan (Grendel), 479. + +dogor, st. m. n., _day_; 1) day as a period of 24 hours: gen. sg. ymb antid +oethres dogores, _at the same time of the next day_, 219; morgen-leoht oethres +dogores, _the morning-light of the second day_, 606.--2) day in the usual +sense: acc. sg. n. þys dogor, _during this day_, 1396; instr. þy dogore, +1798; forman dogore, 2574; gen. pl. dogora gehwam, 88; dogra gehwylce, +1091; dogera daegrim, _the number of his days_ (the days of his life), +824.--3) _day_ in the wider sense of time: dat. pl. ufaran dogrum, _in +later days, times_, 2201, 2393.--Comp. ende-dogor. + +dogor-gerim, st. n., _series of days_: gen. sg. waes eall sceacen +dogor-gerimes, _the whole number of his days_ (his life) _was past_, 2729. + +dohtor, st. f., _daughter_: nom. acc. sg. dohtor, 375, 1077, 1930, 1982, +etc. + +dom, st. m.: I., _condition, state in general_; in comp. cyne-, +wis-dom.--II., having reference to justice, hence: 1) _judgment, judicial +opinion_: instr. sg. weotena dome, _according to the judgment of the +Witan_, 1099. 2) _custom_: aefter dome, _according to custom_, 1721. 3) +_court, tribunal_: gen. sg. miclan domes, 979; oeth domes daeg, 3070, both +times of the last judgment.--III., _condition of freedom_ or _superiority_, +hence: 4) _choice, free will_: acc. sg. on sinne sylfes dom, _according to +his own choice_, 2148; instr. sg. selfes dome, 896, 2777. 5) _might, +power_: nom. sg. dom godes, 2859; acc. sg. Eofores anne dom, 2965; dat. sg. +drihtnes dome, 441. 6) _glory, honor, renown_: nom. sg. [dom], 955; dom +unlytel, _not a little glory_, 886; þaet waes forma sieth deorum maethme þaet his +dom alaeg, _it was the first time to the dear treasure_ (the sword Hrunting) +_that its fame was not made good_, 1529; acc. sg. ic me dom gewyrce, _make +renown for myself_, 1492; þaet þu ne alaete dom gedreosan, _that thou let not +honor fall_, 2667; dat. instr. sg. þaer he dome forleas, _here he lost his +reputation_, 1471; dome gewurethad, _adorned with glory_, 1646; gen. sg. +wyrce se þe mote domes, _let him make himself reputation, whoever is able_, +1389. 7) _splendor_ (in heaven): acc. soeth-faestra dom, _the glory of the +saints_, 2821. + +dom-leas, adj., _without reputation, inglorious_: acc. sg. f. domleasan +daed, 2891. + +don, red. v., _to do, to make, to treat_: 1) absolutely: imp. doeth swa ic +bidde, _do as I beg_, 1232.--2) w. acc.: inf. het hire selfre sunu on bael +don, 1117; pret. þa he him of dyde isernbyrnan, _took off the iron +corselet_, 672; (þonne) him Hunlafing, ... billa selest, on bearm dyde, +_when he made a present to him of Hunlafing, the best of swords_, 1145; +dyde him of healse hring gyldenne, _took off the gold ring from his neck_, +2810; ne him þaes wyrmes wig for wiht dyde, eafoeth and ellen, _nor did he +reckon as anything the drake's fighting, power, and strength_, 2349; pl. hi +on beorg dydon beg and siglu, _placed in the (grave-) mound rings and +ornaments_, 3165.--3) representing preceding verbs: inf. to Geatum sprec +mildum wordum! swa sceal man don, _as one should do_, 1173; similarly, +1535, 2167; pres. metod eallum weold, swa he nu git deeth, _the creator ruled +over all, as he still does_, 1059; similarly, 2471, 2860, and (sg. for pl.) +1135; pret. II. swa þu aer dydest, 1677; III. swa he nu gyt dyde, 957; +similarly, 1382, 1892, 2522; pl. swa hie oft aer dydon, 1239; similarly, +3071. With the case also which the preceding verb governs: wen' ic þaet he +wille ... Geatena leode etan unforhte, swa he oft dyde maegen Hreethmanna, _I +believe he will wish to devour the Geat people, the fearless, as he often +did_ (devoured) _the bloom of the Hreethmen_, 444; gif ic þaet gefricge ... +þaet þec ymbesittend egesan þywaeth, swa þec hetende hwilum dydon, _that the +neighbors distress thee as once the enemy did thee_ (i.e. distressed), +1829; gif ic owihte maeg þinre mod-lufan maran tilian þonne ic gyt dyde, _if +I can with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done_, 1825; +similarly, pl. þonne þa dydon, 44. + +ge-don, _to do, to make_, with the acc. and predicate adj.: prs. (god) +gedeeth him swa gewealdene worolde daelas, _makes the parts of the world_ +(i.e. the whole world) _so subject that ..._, 1733; inf. ne hyne on +medo-bence micles wyrethne drihten wereda gedon wolde, _nor would the leader +of the people much honor him at the mead-banquet_, 2187. With adv.: he mec +þaer on innan ... gedon wolde, _wished to place me in there_, 2091. + +draca, w. m., _drake, dragon_: nom. sg., 893, 2212; acc. sg. dracan, 2403, +3132; gen. sg., 2089, 2291, 2550.--Comp.: eoreth-, fyr-, leg-, lig-, +nieth-draca. + +on-draedan, st. v., w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the pers., _to fear, to +be afraid of_: inf. þaet þu him on-draedan ne þearft ... aldorbealu, _needest +not fear death for them_, 1675; pret. no he him þa saecce ondred, _was not +afraid of the combat_, 2348. + +ge-draeg (from dragan, in the sense se gerere), st. n., _demeanor, actions_: +acc. sg. secan deofla gedraeg, 757. + +drepan, st. v., _to hit, to strike_: pret. sg. sweorde drep ferheth-geniethlan, +2881; pret. part. bieth on hreethre ... drepen biteran straele, _struck in the +breast with piercing arrow_, 1746; waes in feorh dropen (_fatally hit_), +2982. + +drepe, st. m., _blow, stroke_: acc. sg. drepe, 1590. + +drefan, ge-drefan, w. v., _to move, to agitate, to stir up_: inf. gewat ... +drefan deop waeter (_to navigate_), 1905; pret. part. waeter under stod +dreorig and gedrefed, 1418. + +dream, st. m., _rejoicing, joyous actions, joy_: nom. sg. haeleetha dream, +497; acc. sg. dream hludne, 88; þu ... dream healdende, _thou who livest in +rejoicing_ (at the drinking-carouse), _who art joyous_, 1228: dat. instr. +sg. dreame bedaeled, 1276; gen. pl. dreama leas, 851; dat. pl. dreamum (here +adverbial) lifdon, _lived in rejoicing, joyously_, 99; dreamum bedaeled, +722; the last may refer also to heavenly joys.--Comp. gleo-, gum-, man-, +sele-dream. + +dream-leas, adj., _without rejoicing, joyless_: nom. sg. of King Heremod, +1721. + +dreogan, st. v.: 1) _to lead a life, to be in a certain condition_: pret. +dreah aefter dome, _lived in honor, honorably_, 2180; pret. pl. fyren-þearfe +ongeat, þaet hie aer drugon aldorlease lange hwile, _(God) had seen the great +distress, (had seen) that they had lived long without a ruler_ (?), 15.--2) +_to experience, to live through, to do, to make, to enjoy_: imp. dreoh +symbelwynne, _pass through the pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal_, +1783; inf. driht-scype dreogan (_do a heroic deed_), 1471; pret. sundnytte +dreah (_had the occupation of swimming_, i.e. swam through the sea), 2361; +pret. pl. hie gewin drugon (_fought_), 799; hi sieth drugon, _made the way, +went_, 1967.--3) _to experience, to bear, to suffer_: scealt werhetho +dreogan, _shall suffer damnation_, 590; pret. þegn-sorge dreah, _bore +sorrow for his heroes_, 131; nearoþearfe dreah, 422; pret. pl. inwidsorge +þe hie aer drugon, 832; similarly, 1859. + +a-dreogan, _to suffer, to endure_: inf. wraec adreogan, 3079. + +ge-dreogan, _to live through, to enjoy_, pret. part. þaet he ... gedrogen +haefde eorethan wynne, _that he had now enjoyed the pleasures of earth_ (i.e. +that he was at his death), 2727. + +dreor, st. m., _blood dropping or flowing from wounds_: instr. sg. dreore, +447.--Comp. heoru-, sawul-, wael-dreor. + +dreor-fah, adj., _colored with blood, spotted with blood_: nom. sg. 485. + +dreorig, adj., _bloody, bleeding_: nom. sg. waeter stod dreorig, 1418; acc. +sg. dryhten sinne driorigne fand, 2790.--Comp. heoru-dreorig. + +ge-dreosan, st. v., _to fall down, to sink_: pres. sg. III. lic-homa laene +gedreoseeth, _the body, belonging to death, sinks down_, 1755; inf. þaet þu ne +alaete dom gedreosan, _honor fall, sink_, 2667. + +drincan, st. v., _to drink_ (with and without the acc.): pres. part. nom. +pl. ealo drincende, 1946; pret. blod edrum dranc, _drank the blood in +streams_(?), 743; pret. pl. druncon win weras, _the men drank wine_, 1234; +þaer guman druncon, _where the men drank_, 1649. The pret. part., when it +stands absolutely, has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, _ye +warriors who have drunk, are drinking_, 1232; acc. pl. nealles druncne slog +heoreth-geneatas, _slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with him_, +i.e. at the banquet, 2180. With the instr. it means _drunken_: nom. sg. +beore (wine) druncen, 531, 1468; nom. pl. beore druncne, 480. + +drifan, st. v., _to drive_: pres. pl. þa þe brentingas ofer floda genipu +feorran drifaeth, _who drive their ships thither from afar over the darkness +of the sea_, 2809; inf. (w. acc.) þeah þe he [ne] meahte on mere drifan +hringedstefnan, _although he could not drive the ship on the sea_, 1131. + +to-drifan, _to drive apart, to disperse_: pret. oeth þaet unc flod todraf, +545. + +drohtoeth, st. m., _mode of living_ or _acting, calling, employment_: nom. +sg. ne waes his drohtoeth þaer swylce he aer gemette, _there was no employment +for him_ (Grendel) _there such as he had found formerly_, 757. + +drusian, w. v. (cf. dreosan, properly, _to be ready to fall_; here of +water), _to stagnate, to be putrid_. pret. lagu drusade (through the blood +of Grendel and his mother), 1631. + +dryht, driht, st. f., _company, troop, band of warriors; noble band_: in +comp. mago-driht. + +ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., _troop, band of noble warriors_: nom. sg. minra +eorla gedryht, 431; acc. sg. aeethelinga gedriht, 118; mid his eorla (haeleetha) +gedriht (gedryht), 357, 663; similarly, 634, 1673.--Comp. sibbe-gedriht. + +dryht-bearn, st. n., _youth from a noble warrior band, noble young man_: +nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, 2036. + +dryhten, drihten, st. m., _commander, lord_: a) _temporal lord_: nom. sg. +dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; drihten, 1051; dat. dryhtne, 2483, etc.; +dryhten, 1832.--b) _God_: nom. drihten, 108, etc.; dryhten, 687, etc.; dat. +sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc.; drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, 441; +drihtnes, 941.--Comp.: frea-, freo-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten. + +dryht-guma, w. m., _one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior_: dat. sg. +drihtguman, 1389; nom. pl. drihtguman, 99; dryhtguman, 1232; dat. pl. ofer +dryhtgumum, 1791 (of Hroethgar's warriors). + +dryht-lic, adj., _(that which befits a noble troop of warriors), noble, +excellent_: dryhtlic iren, _excellent sword_, 893; acc. sg. f. (with an +acc. sg. n.) drihtlice wif (of Hildeburh), 1159. + +dryht-maethum, st. m., _excellent jewel, splendid treasure_: gen. pl. +dryhtmaethma, 2844. + +dryht-scipe, st. m., _(lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed_: +acc. sg. drihtscype dreogan, _to do a heroic deed_, 1471. + +dryht-sele, st. m., _excellent, splendid hall_: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485; +dryhtsele, 768; acc. sg. dryhtsele, 2321. + +dryht-sib, st. f., _peace_ or _friendship between troops of noble +warriors_: gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, 2069. + +drync, st. m., _drink_: in comp. heoru-drync. + +drync-faet, st. n., _vessel for drink, to receive the drink_: acc. sg., +2255; drinc-faet, 2307. + +drysmian, w. v., _to become obscure, gloomy_ (through the falling rain): +pres. sg. III. lyft drysmaeth, 1376. + +drysne, adj. See on-drysne. + +dugan, v., _to avail, to be capable, to be good_: pres. sg. III. huru se +aldor deah, _especially is the prince capable_, 369; ethonne his ellen deah, +_if his strength avails, is good_, 573; þe him selfa deah, _who is capable +of himself, who can rely on himself_, 1840; pres. subj. þeah þin wit duge, +_though, indeed, your understanding be good, avail_, 590; similarly, 1661, +2032; pret. sg. þu us wel dohtest, _you did us good, conducted yourself +well towards us_, 1822; similarly, nu seo hand ligeeth se þe eow welhwylcra +wilna dohte, _which was helpful to each one of your desires_, 1345; pret. +subj. þeah þu heaethoraesa gehwaer dohte, _though thou wast everywhere strong +in battle_, 526. + +dugueth (_state of being fit, capable_), st. f.: 1) _capability, strength_: +dat. pl. for dugeethum, _in ability_(?), 2502; duguethum demdon, _praised with +all their might_(?), 3176.--2) _men capable of bearing arms, band of +warriors_, esp., _noble warriors_: nom. sg. dugueth unlytel, 498; dugueth, +1791, 2255; dat. sg. for duguethe, _before the heroes_, 2021; nalles fraetwe +geaf ealdor duguethe, _gave the band of heroes no treasure_ (more), 2921; +leoda duguethe on last, _upon the track of the heroes of the people_, i.e. +after them, 2946; gen. sg. cuethe he duguethe þeaw, _the custom of the noble +warriors_, 359; deorre duguethe, 488; similarly, 2239, 2659; acc. pl. duguetha, +2036.--3) contrasted with geogoeth, dugueth designates the noted warriors of +noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so +gen. sg. duguethe and geogoethe, 160; gehwylc ... duguethe and iogoethe, 1675; +duguethe and geogoethe dael aeghwylcne, 622. + +durran, v. pret. and pres. _to dare_; prs. sg. II. þu dearst bidan, _darest +to await_, 527; III. he gesecean dear, 685; pres. subj. sec gyf þu dyrre, +_seek_ (Grendel's mother), _if thou dare_, 1380; pret. dorste, 1463, 1469, +etc.; pl. dorston, 2849. + +duru, st. f., _door, gate, wicket_: nom. sg., 722; acc. sg. [duru], 389. + +ge-dufan, st. v., _to dip in, to sink into_: pret. þaet sweord gedeaf (_the +sword sank into the drake_, of a blow), 2701. + +þurh-dufan, _to dive through; to swim through, diving_: pret. waeter up +þurh-deaf, _swam through the water upwards_ (because he was before at the +bottom), 1620. + +dwellan, w. v., _to mislead, to hinder_: prs. III. no hine wiht dweleeth, adl +ne yldo, _him nothing misleads, neither sickness nor age_, 1736. + +dyhtig, adj., _useful, good for_: nom. sg. n. sweord ... ecgum dyhtig, +1288. + +dynnan, w. v., _to sound, to groan, to roar_: pret. dryhtsele (healwudu, +hruse) dynede, 768, 1318, 2559. + +dyrne, adj.: 1) _concealed, secret, retired_: nom. sg. dyrne, 271; acc. sg. +dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), 2321.--2) _secret, malicious, +hidden by sorcery_: dat. instr. sg. dyrnan craefte, _with secret magic art_, +2291; dyrnum craefte, 2169; gen. pl. dyrnra gasta, _of malicious spirits_ +(of Grendel's kin), 1358.--Comp. un-dyrne. + +dyrne, adv., _in secret, secretly_: him ...aefter deorum men dyrne langaeth, +_longs in secret for the dear man_, 1880. + +dyrstig, adj., _bold, daring_: þeah þe he daeda gehwaes dyrstig waere, +_although he had been courageous for every deed_, 2839. + +ge-dygan, ge-digan, w. v., _to endure, to overcome_, with the acc. of the +thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif þu þaet ellenweorc aldre gedigest, _if thou +survivest the heroic work with thy life_, 662; III. þaet þone hilderaes hal +gedigeeth, _that he survives the battle in safety_, 300; similarly, inf. +unfaege gedigan wean and wraecsieth, 2293; hwaeether sel maege wunde gedygan, +_which of the two can stand the wounds better_ (come off with life), 2532; +ne meahte unbyrnende deop gedygan, _could not endure the deep without +burning_ (could not hold out in the deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III. +ge-digde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544. + +dygol. See deogol. + +dyre. See deore. + + +E + +ecg, st. f., _edge of the sword, point_: nom. sg. sweordes ecg, 1107; ecg, +1525, etc.; acc. sg. wieth ord and wieth ecge ingang forstod, _defended the +entrance against point and edge_ (i.e. against spear and sword), 1550; +meces ecge, 1813; nom. pl. ecge, 1146.--_Sword, battle-axe, any cutting +weapon_: nom. sg. ne waes ecg bona (_not the sword killed him_), 2507; sio +ecg brun (Beowulf's sword Naegling), 2578; hyne ecg fornam, _the sword +snatched him away_, 2773, etc.; nom. pl. ecga, 2829; dat. pl. aescum and +ecgum, 1773; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) eacnum ecgum, 2141; +gen. pl. ecga, 483, 806, 1169;--_blade_: ecg waes iren, 1460.--Comp.: brun-, +heard-, styl-ecg, adj. + +ecg-bana, w. m., _murderer by the sword_: dat. sg. Cain weareth to ecg-banan +angan breether, 1263. + +ecg-hete, st. m., _sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries out_: nom. +sg., 84, 1739. + +ecg-þracu, st. f., _sword-storm_ (of violent combat): acc. atole ecg-þraece, +597. + +ed-hwyrft, st. m., _return_ (of a former condition): þa þaer sona weareth +edhwyrft eorlum, siethethan inne fealh Grendles modor (i.e. after Grendel's +mother had penetrated into the hall, the former perilous condition, of the +time of the visits of Grendel, returned to the men), 1282. + +ed-wendan, w. v., _to turn back, to yield, to leave off_: inf. gyf him +edwendan aefre scolde bealuwa bisigu, _if for him the affliction of evil +should ever cease_, 280. + +ed-wenden, st. f., _turning, change_: nom. sg. edwenden, 1775; ed-wenden +torna gehwylces (_reparation for former neglect_), 2189. + +edwit-lif, st. n., _life in disgrace_: nom. sg., 2892. + +efn, adj., _even, like_, with preceding on, and with depend. dat., _upon +the same level, near_: him on efn ligeeth ealdorgewinna, _lies near him_, +2904. + +efnan (see aefnan) w. v., _to carry out, to perform, to accomplish_: pres. +subj. eorlscype efne (_accomplish knightly deeds_), 2536; inf. eorlscipe +efnan, 2623; sweorda gelac efnan (_to battle_), 1042; gerund. to efnanne, +1942; pret. eorlscipe efnde, 2134, 3008. + +efne, adv., _even, exactly, precisely, just_, united with swa or swylc: +efne swa swiethe swa, _just so much as_, 1093; efne swa side swa, 1224; waes +se gryre laessa efne swa micle swa, _by so much the less as ..._, 1284; +leoht inne stod efne swa ... scineeth, _a gleam stood therein_ (in the sword) +_just as when ... shines_, 1572; efne swa hwylc maegetha swa þone magan cende +(_a woman who has borne such a son_), 944; efne swa hwylcum manna swa him +gemet þuhte, _to just such a man as seemed good to him_, 3058; efne swylce +maela swylce ... þearf gesaelde, _just at the times at which necessity +commanded it_, 1250. + +eft, adv.: l) _thereupon, afterwards_: 56, 1147, 2112, 3047, etc.; eft sona +bieth, _then it happens immediately_, 1763; bot eft cuman, _help come again_, +281.--2) _again, on the other side_: þaet hine on ylde eft gewunigen +wilgesiethas, _that in old age again_ (also on their side) _willing +companions should be attached to him_, 22;--_anew, again_: 135, 604, 693, +1557, etc.; eft swa aer, _again as formerly_, 643.--3) retro, rursus, +_back_: 123, 296, 854, etc.; þaet hig aeethelinges eft ne wendon (_did not +believe that he would come back_), 1597. + +eft-cyme, st. m., _return_: gen. sg. eftcymes, 2897. + +eft-sieth, st. m., _journey back, return_: acc. sg. 1892; gen. sg. eft-siethes +georn, 2784; acc. pl. eftsiethas teah, _went the road back_, i.e. returned, +1333. + +egesa, egsa (_state of terror_, active or passive): l) _frightfulness_: +acc. sg. þurh egsan, 276; gen. egesan ne gymeeth, _cares for nothing +terrible, is not troubled about future terrors_(?), 1758.--2) _terror, +horror, fear_: nom. sg. egesa, 785; instr. sg. egesan, 1828, 2737.--Comp.: +gled-, lig-, waeter-egesa. + +eges-full, adj., _horrible (full of fear, fearful)_, 2930. + +eges-lic, adj., _terrible, bringing terror_: of Grendel's head, 1650; of +the beginning of the fight with the drake, 2310; of the drake, 2826. + +egle, adj., _causing aversion, hideous_: nom. pl. neut., or, more probably, +perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), 988. + +egsian (denominative from egesa), w. v., _to have terror, distress_: pret. +(as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), 6. + +ehtian, w. v., _to esteem, to make prominent with praise_: III. pl. pres. +þaet þe ... weras ehtigaeth, _that thee men shall esteem, praise_, 1223. + +elde (_those who generate_, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), st. m. only in the +pl., _men_: dat. pl. eldum, 2215; mid eldum, _among men_, 2612.--See ylde. + +eldo, st. f., _age_: instr. sg. eldo gebunden, 2112. + +el-land, st. n., _foreign land, exile_: acc. sg. sceall ... elland tredan, +(_shall be banished_), 3020. + +ellen, st. n., _strength, heroic strength, bravery_: nom. sg. ellen, 573; +eafoeth and ellen, 903; Geata ... eafoeth and ellen, 603; acc. sg. eafoeth and +ellen, 2350; ellen cyethan, _show bravery_, 2696; ellen fremedon, _exercised +heroic strength, did heroic deeds_, 3; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlic +ellen, 638; ferh ellen wraec, _life drove out the strength_, i.e. with the +departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, 2707; dat. sg. on +elne, 2507, 2817; as instr. þa waes aet þam geongum grim andswaru eethbegete +þam þe aer his elne forleas, _then it was easy for_ (every one of) _those +who before had lost his hero-courage, to obtain rough words from the young +man_ (Wiglaf), 2862; mid elne, 1494, 2536; elne, alone, in adverbial sense, +_strongly, zealously_, and with the nearly related meaning, _hurriedly, +transiently_, 894, 1098, 1968, 2677, 2918; gen. sg. elnes laet, 1530; þa him +waes elnes þearf, 2877.--Comp. maegen-ellen. + +ellen-daed, st. f., _heroic deed_: dat. pl. -daedum, 877, 901. + +ellen-gaest, st. m., _strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength_: nom. sg. +of Grendel, 86. + +ellen-lice, adv., _strongly, with heroic strength_, 2123. + +ellen-maerethu, st. f., _renown of heroic strength_, dat. pl. -maerethum, 829, +1472. + +ellen-rof, adj., _renowned for strength_: nom. sg. 340, 358, 3064; dat. pl. +-rofum, 1788. + +ellen-seoc, adj., _infirm in strength_: acc. sg. þeoden ellensiocne (_the +mortally wounded king, Beowulf_), 2788. + +ellen-weorc, st. n., (_strength-work_), _heroic deed, achievement in +battle_: acc. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen. pl. ellen-weorca, 2400. + +elles, adv., _else, otherwise_: a (modal), _in another manner_, 2521.--b +(local), elles hwaer, _somewhere else_, 138; elles hwergen, 2591. + +ellor, adv., _to some other place_, 55, 2255. + +ellor-gast, -gaest, st. m., _spirit living elsewhere_ (standing outside of +the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgast (Grendel), 808; (Grendel's +mother), 1622; ellorgaest (Grendel's mother), 1618; acc. pl. ellorgaestas, +1350. + +ellor-sieth, st. m., _departure, death_: nom. sg. 2452. + +elra, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth. aljis, alius), +_another_: dat. sg. on elran men, 753. + +el-þeodig, adj., _of another people: foreign_: acc. pl. el-þeodige men, +336. + +ende, st. m., _the extreme_: hence, 1) _end_: nom. sg. aldres (lifes) ende, +823, 2845; oeth þaet ende becwom (scil. unrihtes), 1255; acc. sg. ende +lifgesceafta (lifes, laen-daga), 3064, 1387, 2343; haefde eorethscrafa ende +genyttod, _had used the end of the earth-caves_ (had made use of the caves +for the last time), 3047; dat. sg. ealdres (lifes) aet ende, 2791, 2824; +eoletes aet ende, 224.--2) _boundary_: acc. sg. side rice þaet he his selfa +ne maeg ... ende geþencean, _the wide realm, so that he himself cannot +comprehend its boundaries_, 1735.--3) _summit, head_: dat. sg. eorlum on +ende, _to the nobles at the end_ (the highest courtiers), 2022.--Comp. +woruld-ende. + +ende-daeg, st. m., _last day, day of death_: nom. sg. 3036; acc. sg. 638. + +ende-dogor, st. m., _last day, day of death_: gen. sg. bega on wenum +endedogores and eftcymes leotes monnes (_hesitating between the belief in +the death and in the return of the dear man_), 2897. + +ende-laf, st. f., _last remnant_: nom. sg. þu eart ende-laf usses cynnes, +_art the last of our race_, 2814. + +ende-lean, st. n., _final reparation_: acc. sg. 1693. + +ende-saeta, w. m., _he who sits on the border, boundary-guard_: nom. sg. +(here of the strand-watchman), 241. + +ende-staef, st. m. (elementum finis), _end_: acc. sg. hit on endestaef eft +gelimpeeth, _then it draws near to the end_, 1754. + +ge-endian, w. v., _to end_: pret. part. ge-endod, 2312. + +enge, adj., _narrow_: acc. pl. enge anpaethas, _narrow paths_, 1411. + +ent, st. m., _giant_: gen. pl. enta aer-geweorc (the sword-hilt out of the +dwelling-place of Grendel), 1680; enta geweorc (the dragon's cave), 2718; +eald-enta aer-geweorc (the costly things in the dragon's cave), 2775. + +entisc, adj., _coming from giants_: acc. sg. entiscne helm, 2980. + +etan, st. v., _to eat, to consume_: pres. sg. III. blodig wael ... eteeth +an-genga, _he that goes alone_ (Grendel) _will devour the bloody corpse_, +448; inf. Geatena leode ... etan, 444. + +þurh-etan, _to eat through_: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd ... þurhetone, +_swords eaten through_ (by rust), 3050. + + +E + +ec. See eac. + +ece, adj., _everlasting_; nom. ece drihten (God), 108; acc. sg. ece +eorethreced, _the everlasting earth-hall_ (the dragon's cave), 2720; geceas +ecne raed, _chose the everlasting gain_ (died), 1202; dat. sg. ecean +dryhtne, 1693, 1780, 2331; acc. pl. geceos ece raedas, 1761. + +edre. See aedre. + +eeth-begete, adj., _easy to obtain, ready_: nom. sg. þa waes aet þam geongum +grim andswaru eeth-begete, _then from the young man_ (Wiglaf) _it was an easy +thing to get a gruff answer_, 2862. + +eethe. See eaethe. + +eethel, st. m., _hereditary possessions, hereditary estate_: acc. sg. swaesne +eethel, 520; dat. sg. on eethle, 1731.--In royal families the hereditary +possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. eethel Scyldinga, _of the +kingdom of the Scyldings_, 914; (Offa) wisdome heold eethel sinne, _ruled +with wisdom his inherited kingdom_, 1961. + +eethel-riht, st. n., _hereditary privileges_ (rights that belong to a +hereditary estate): nom. sg. eard eethel-riht, _estate and inherited +privileges_, 2199. + +eethel-stol, st. m., _hereditary seat, inherited throne_: acc. pl. +eethel-stolas, 2372. + +eethel-turf, st. f., _inherited ground, hereditary estate_: dat. sg. on minre +eetheltyrf, 410. + +eethel-weard, st. m., _lord of the hereditary estate_ (realm): nom. sg. +eethelweard (_king_), 1703, 2211; dat. sg. East-Dena eethel wearde (King +Hroethgar), 617. + +eethel-wyn, st. f., _joy in_, or _enjoyment of, hereditary possessions_: nom. +sg. nu sceal ... eall eethelwyn eowrum cynne, lufen alicgean, _now shall your +race want all home-joy, and subsistence_(?) (your race shall be banished +from its hereditary abode), 2886; acc. sg. he me lond forgeaf, eard +eethelwyn, _presented me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home_, 2494. + +eeth-gesyne, yeth-gesene, adj., _easy to see, visible to all_: nom. sg. 1111, +1245. + +efstan, w. v., _to be in haste, to hasten_: inf. uton nu efstan, _let us +hurry now_, 3102; pret. efste mid elne, _hastened with heroic strength_, +1494. + +eg-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: acc. sg. ofer eg-clif (ecg-clif, MS.), 2894. + +eg-stream, st. m., _sea-stream, sea-flood_: dat. pl. on eg-streamum, _in +the sea-floods_, 577. See eagor-stream. + +ehtan (M.H.G. aechten; cf. aeht and ge-aehtla), w. v. w. gen., _to be a +pursuer, to pursue_: pres. part. aeglaeca ehtende waes duguethe and geogoethe, +159; pret. pl. ehton aglaecan, _they pursued the bringer of sorrow_ +(Beowulf)(?), 1513. + +est, st. m. f., _favor, grace, kindness_: acc. sg. he him est geteah meara +and maethma (_honored him with horses and jewels_), 2166; gearwor haefde +agendes est aer gesceawod, _would rather have seen the grace of the Lord_ +(of God) _sooner_, 3076.--dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce +heold, estum mid are, 2379; estum geywan (_to present_), 2150; him waes ... +wunden gold estum geeawed (_presented_), 1195; we þaet ellenweorc estum +miclum fremedon, 959. + +este, adj., _gracious_: w. gen. este bearn-gebyrdo, _gracious through the +birth_ (of such a son as Beowulf), 946. + + +EA + +eafoeth, st. n., _power, strength_: nom, sg. eafoeth and ellen, 603, 903; acc. +sg. eafoeth and ellen, 2350; we frecne geneethdon eafoeth uncuethes, _we have +boldly ventured against the strength of the enemy_ (Grendel) _have +withstood him_, 961; gen. sg. eafoethes craeftig, 1467; þaet þec adl oethethe ecg +eafoethes getwaefed, _shall rob of strength_, 1764; acc. pl. eafeetho (MS. +earfeetho) [This reading cancelled. See note to l. 534--KTH], 534; dat. pl. +hine mihtig god ... eafeethum stepte, _made him great through strength_, +1718. See Note for l. 534. + +eafor, st. m., _boar_; here the image of the boar as banner: acc. sg. +eafor, 2153. + +eafora (_offspring_), w. m.: 1) _son_: nom. sg. eafera, 12, 898; eafora, +375; acc. sg. eaferan, 1548, 1848; gen. sg. eafera, 19; nom. pl. eaferan, +2476; dat. pl. eaferum, 1069, 2471; uncran eaferan, 1186.--2) in broader +sense, _successor_: dat. pl. eaforum, 1711. + +eahta, num., _eight_: acc. pl. eahta mearas, 1036; eode eahta sum, _went as +one of eight, with seven others_, 3124. + +eahtian, w. v.: 1) _to consider; to deliberate_: pret. pl. w. acc. raed +eahtedon, _consulted about help_, 172; pret. sg. (for the plural) þone +selestan þara þe mid Hroethgare ham eahtode, _the best one of those who with +Hroethgar deliberated about their home_ (ruled), 1408.--2) _to speak with +reflection of_ (along with the idea of praise): pret. pl. eahtodan +eorlscipe, _spoke of his noble character_, 3175. + +eal, eall, adj., _all, whole_: nom. sg. werod eall, 652; pl. eal bencþelu, +486; sg. eall eethelwyn, 2886; eal worold, 1739, etc.; þaet hit weareth eal +gearo, healaerna maest, 77; þaet hit (wigbil) eal gemealt, 1609. And with a +following genitive: þaer waes eal geador Grendles grape, _there was all +together Grendel's hand, the whole hand of Grendel_, 836; eall ... lissa, +_all favor_, 2150; waes eall sceacen dogorgerimes, 2728. With apposition: +þuhte him eall to rum, wongas and wicstede, 2462; acc. sg. beot eal, 523; +similarly, 2018, 2081; oncyethethe ealle, _all distress_, 831; heals ealne, +2692; hlaew ... ealne utan-weardne, 2298; gif he þaet eal gemon, 1186, 2428; +þaet eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, 3089; ealne wide-ferheth, _through the +whole wide life, through all time_, 1223; instr. sg. ealle maegene, _with +all strength_, 2668; dat. sg. eallum ... manna cynne, 914; gen. sg. ealles +moncynnes, 1956. Subst. ic þaes ealles maeg ... gefean habban, 2740; bruc +ealles well, 2163; frean ealles þanc secge, _give thanks to the Lord of +all_, 2795; nom. pl. untydras ealle, 111; sceotend ... ealle, 706; we +ealle, 942; acc. pl. feond ealle, 700; similarly, 1081, 1797, 2815; subst. +ofer ealle, 650; ealle hie deaeth fornam, 2237; lig ealle forswealg þara þe +þaer gueth fornam, _all of those whom the war had snatched away_, 1123; dat. +pl. eallum ceaster-buendum, 768; similarly, 824, 907, 1418; subst. ana wieth +eallum, _one against all_, 145; with gen. eallum gumena cynnes, 1058; gen. +pl. aeethelinga bearn ealra twelfa, _the kinsmen of all twelve nobles_ (twelve +nobles hold the highest positions of the court), 3172; subst. he ah ealra +geweald, _has power over all_, 1728. + +Uninflected: bil eal þurhwod flaeschoman, _the battle-axe cleft the body +through and through_, 1568; haefde ... eal gefeormod fet and folma, _had +devoured entirely feet and hands_, 745; se þe eall geman gar-cwealm gumena, +_who remembers thoroughly the death of the men by the spear_, 2043, etc. + +Adverbial: þeah ic eal maege, _although I am entirely able_, 681; hi on +beorg dydon beg and siglu eall swylce hyrsta, _they placed in the +grave-mound rings, and ornaments, all such adornments_, 3165.--The gen. sg. +ealles, adverbial in the sense of _entirely_, 1001, 1130. + +eald, adj., _old_: a) of the age of living beings: nom. sg. eald, 357, +1703, 2211, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, 2973; gen. sg. ealdes uhtflogan +(_dragon_), 2761; dat. sg. ealdum, 1875; geongum and ealdum, 72.--b) of +things and of institutions: nom. sg. helm monig eald and omig, 2764; acc. +sg. ealde lafe (_sword_), 796, 1489; ealde wisan, 1866; eald sweord, 1559, +1664, etc.; eald gewin, _old_ (lasting years), _distress_, 1782; eald enta +geweorc (_the precious things in the drake's cave_), 2775; acc. pl. ealde +maethmas, 472; ofer ealde riht, _against the old laws_ (namely, the Ten +Commandments; Beowulf believes that God has sent him the drake as a +punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one of the +commandments), 2331. + +yldra, compar. _older_: min yldra maeg, 468; yldra broethor, 1325; oeth þaet he +(Heardred) yldra weareth, 2379. + +yldesta, superl. _oldest_, in the usual sense; dat. sg. þam yldestan, 2436; +in a moral sense, _the most respected_: nom. sg. se yldesta, 258; acc. sg. +þone yldestan, 363, both times of Beowulf. + +eald-faeder, st. m., _old-father, grandfather, ancestor_: nom. sg. 373. + +eald-gesegen, st. f., _traditions from old times_: gen. pl. eal-fela +eald-gesegena, _very many of the old traditions_, 870. + +eald-gesieth, st. m., _companion ever since old times, courtier for many +years_: nom. pl. eald-gesiethas, 854. + +eald-gestreon, st. n., _treasure out of the old times_: dat. pl. +eald-gestreonum, 1382; gen. pl. -gestreona, 1459. + +eald-gewinna, w. m., _old-enemy, enemy for many years_: nom. sg. of +Grendel, 1777. + +eald-gewyrht, st. n., _merit on account of services rendered during many +years_: nom. pl. þaet naeron eald-gewyrht, þaet he ana scyle gnorn þrowian, +_that has not been his desert ever since long ago, that he should bear the +distress alone_, 2658. + +eald-hlaford, st. m., _lord through many years_: gen. sg. bill +eald-hlafordes (of the old Beowulf(?)), 2779. + +eald-metod, st. m., _God ruling ever since ancient times_: nom. sg. 946. + +ealdor, aldor, st. m., _lord, chief_ (king or powerful noble): nom. sg. +ealdor, 1645, 1849, 2921; aldor, 56, 369, 392; acc. sg. aldor, 669; dat. +sg. ealdre, 593; aldre, 346. + +ealdor, aldor, st. n., _life_: acc. sg. aldor, 1372; dat. sg. aldre, 1448, +1525; ealdre, 2600; him on aldre stod herestrael hearda (in vitalibus), +1435; nalles for ealdre mearn, _was not troubled about his life_, 1443; of +ealdre gewat, _went out of life, died_, 2625; as instr. aldre, 662, 681, +etc.; ealdre, 1656, 2134, etc.; gen. sg. aldres, 823; ealdres, 2791, 2444; +aldres orwena, _despairing of life_, 1003, 1566; ealdres scyldig, _having +forfeited life_, 1339, 2062; dat. pl. aldrum neethdon, 510, 538.--Phrases: on +aldre (_in life_), _ever_, 1780; to aldre (_for life_), _always_, 2006, +2499; awa to aldre, _for ever and ever_, 956. + +ealdor-bealu, st. n., _life's evil_: acc. sg. þu ... ondraedan ne þearft ... +aldorbealu eorlum, _thou needest not fear death for the courtiers_, 1677. + +ealdor-cearu, st. f., _trouble that endangers life, great trouble_: dat. +sg. he his leodum weareth ... to aldor-ceare, 907. + +ealdor-dagas, st. m. pl., _days of one's life_: dat. pl. naefre on +aldor-dagum (_never in his life_), 719; on ealder-dagum aer (_in former +days_), 758. + +ealdor-gedal, st. n., _severing of life, death, end_: nom. sg. aldor-gedal, +806. + +ealdor-gewinna, w. m., _life-enemy, one who strives to take his enemy's +life_ (in N.H.G. the contrary conception, Tod-feind): nom. sg. +ealdorgewinna (_the dragon_), 2904. + +ealdor-leas, adj., _without a ruler_(?): nom. pl. aldor-lease, 15. + +ealdor-leas, adj., _lifeless, dead_: acc. sg. aldor-leasne, 1588; +ealdor-leasne, 3004. + +ealdor-þegn, st. m., _nobleman at the court, distinguished courtier_: acc. +sg. aldor-þegn (Hroethgar's confidential adviser, Aeschere), 1309. + +eal-fela, adj., _very much_: with following gen., eal-fela eald-gesegena, +_very many old traditions_, 870; eal-fela eotena cynnes, 884. + +ealgian, w. v., _to shield, to defend, to protect_: inf. w. acc. feorh +ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; pret. siethethan he (Hygelac) under segne sinc +eal-gode, waelreaf werede, _while under his banner he protected the +treasures, defended the spoil of battle_ (i.e. while he was upon the Viking +expeditions), 1205. + +eal-gylden, adj., _all golden, entirely of gold_: nom. sg. swyn ealgylden, +1112; acc. sg. segn eallgylden, 2768. + +eal-irenne, adj., _entirely of iron_: acc. sg. eall-irenne wigbord, _a +wholly iron battle-shield_, 2339. + +ealu, st. n., _ale, beer_: acc. sg. ealo drincende, 1946. + +ealu-benc, st. f., _ale-bench, bench for those drinking ale_: dat. sg. in +ealo-bence, 1030; on ealu-bence, 2868. + +ealu-scerwen, st. f., _terror_, under the figure of a mishap at an +ale-drinking, probably the sudden taking away of the ale: nom. sg. Denum +eallum weareth ... ealuscerwen, 770. + +ealu-waege, st. n., _ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale is poured +into the cups_: acc. sg. 2022; hroden ealowaege, 495; dat. sg. ofer ealowaege +(_at the ale-carouse_), 481. + +eal-wealda, w. adj., _all ruling_ (God): nom. sg. faeder alwalda, 316; +alwalda, 956, 1315; dat. sg. al-wealdan, 929. + +eard, st. m., _cultivated ground, estate, hereditary estate_; in a broader +sense, _ground in general, abode, place of sojourn_: nom. sg. him waes bam +... lond gecynde, eard eethel-riht, _the land was bequeathed to them both, +the land and the privileges attached to it._ 2199; acc. sg. fifel-cynnes +eard, _the ground of the giant race, place of sojourn_, 104; similarly, +aelwihta eard, 1501; eard gemunde, _thought of his native ground, his home_, +1130; eard git ne const, _thou knowest not yet the place of sojourn._ 1378; +eard and eorlscipe, _praedium et nobilitatem_, 1728; eard eethelwyn, _land and +the enjoyment of home_, 2494; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, _went +elsewhere from his place of abode_, i.e. died, 56; þaet we rondas beren eft +to earde, _that we go again to our homes_, 2655; on earde, 2737; nom. pl. +eacne eardas, _the broad expanses_ (in the fen-sea where Grendel's home +was), 1622. + +eardian, w. v.: 1) _to have a dwelling-place, to live; to rest_: pret. pl. +dyre swyrd swa hie wieth eorethan faeethm þaer eardodon, _costly swords, as they +had rested in the earth's bosom_, 3051.--2) also transitively, _to +inhabit_: pret. sg. Heorot eardode, 166; inf. wic eardian elles hwergen, +_inhabit a place elsewhere_ (i.e. die), 2590. + +eard-lufa, w. m., _the living upon one's land, home-life_: acc. sg. +eard-lufan, 693. + +earfoeth-lice, adv., _with trouble, with difficulty_, 1637, 1658; _with +vexation, angrily_, 86; _sorrowfully_, 2823; _with difficulty, scarcely_, +2304, 2935. + +earfoeth-þrag, st. f., _time full of troubles, sorrowful time_: acc. sg. +-þrage, 283. + +earh, adj., _cowardly_: gen. sg. ne bieth swylc earges sieth (_no coward +undertaken that_), 2542. + +earm, st. m., _arm_: acc. sg. earm, 836, 973; wieth earm gesaet, _supported +himself with his arm_, 750; dat. pl. earmum, 513. + +earm, adj., _poor, miserable, unhappy_: nom. sg. earm, 2369; earme ides, +_the unhappy woman_, 1118; dat. sg. earmre teohhe, _the unhappy band_, +2939.--Comp. acc. sg. earmran mannan, _a more wretched, more forsaken man_, +577. + +earm-beag, st. m., _arm-ring, bracelet_: gen. pl. earm-beaga fela searwum +gesaeled, _many arm-rings interlaced_, 2764. + +earm-hread, st. f., _arm-ornament_. nom. pl. earm-hreade twa, 1195 (Grein's +conjecture, MS. earm reade). + +earm-lic, adj., _wretched, miserable_: nom. sg. sceolde his ealdor-gedal +earmlic wurethan, _his end should be wretched_, 808. + +earm-sceapen, pret. part. as adj. (_properly, wretched by the decree of +fate_), _wretched_: nom. sg. 1352. + +earn, st. m., _eagle_: dat. sg. earne, 3027. + +eatol. See atol. + +eaxl, st. f., _shoulder_: acc. sg. eaxle, 836, 973; dat. sg. on eaxle, 817, +1548; be eaxle, 1538; on eaxle ides gnornode, _the woman sobbed on the +shoulder_ (of her son, who has fallen and is being burnt), 1118; dat. pl. +saet frean eaxlum neah, _sat near the shoulders of his lord_ (Beowulf lies +lifeless upon the earth, and Wiglaf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so +as to sprinkle the face of his dead lord), 2854; he for eaxlum gestod +Deniga frean, _he stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes_ +(i.e. not directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette +demanded), 358. + +eaxl-gestealla, w. m., _he who has his position at the shoulder_ (sc. of +his lord), _trusty courtier, counsellor of a prince_: nom. sg. 1327; acc. +pl. -gesteallan, 1715. + + +EA + +eac, conj., _also_: 97, 388, 433, etc.; ec, 3132. + +eacen (pret. part. of a not existing eacan, augere), adj., _wide-spread_, +_large_: nom. pl. eacne eardas, _broad plains_, 1622.--_great, heavy_: eald +sweord eacen, 1664; dat. pl. eacnum ecgum, 2141, both times of the great +sword in Grendel's habitation.--_great, mighty, powerful_: aeethele and eacen, +of Beowulf, 198. + +eacen-craeftig, adj., _immense_ (of riches), _enormously great_: acc. sg. +hord-aerna sum eacen-craeftig, _that enormous treasure-house_, 2281; nom. sg. +þaet yrfe eacen-craeftig, iumonna gold, 3052. + +eadig, adj., _blessed with possessions, rich, happy by reason of property_: +nom. sg. wes, þenden þu lifige, aeetheling eadig, _be, as long as thou livest, +a prince blessed with riches_, 1226; eadig mon, 2471.--Comp. sige-, sigor-, +tir-eadig. + +eadig-lice, adv., _in abundance, in joyous plenty_: dreamum lifdon +eadiglice, _lived in rejoicing and plenty_, 100. + +eaethe, eethe, yethe, adj., _easy, pleasant_: nom. pl. gode þancedon þaes þe him +yeth-lade eaethe wurdon, _thanked God that the sea-ways_ (the navigation) _had +become easy to them_, 228; ne waes þaet eethe sieth, _no pleasant way_, 2587; naes +þaet yethe ceap, _no easy purchase_, 2416; no þaet yethe byeth to befleonne, _not +easy_ (as milder expression for _in no way, not at all_), 1003. + +eaethe, yethe, adv., _easily_. eaethe, 478, 2292, 2765. + +eaeth-fynde, adj., _easy to find_: nom. sg. 138. + +eage, w. n., _eye_: dat. pl. him of eagum stod leoht unfaeger, _out of his +eyes came a terrible gleam_, 727; þaet ic ... eagum starige, _see with eyes, +behold_, 1782; similarly, 1936; gen. pl. eagena bearhtm, 1767. + +eagor-stream, st. m., _sea-stream sea_: acc. sg. 513. + +ea-land, st. n., _land surrounded by water_ (of the land of the Geatas): +acc. sg. ea-lond, 2335; _island_. + +eam, st. m., _uncle, mothers brother_: nom. sg. 882. + +eastan, adv., _from the east_, 569. + +eawan, w. v., _to disclose, to show, to prove_: pres. sg. III. eaweeth ... +uncuethne nieth, _shows evil enmity_, 276. See eowan, ywan. + +ge-eawan, _to show, to offer_: pret. part. him waes ... wunden gold estum +ge-eawed, _was graciously presented_, 1195. + + +EO + +eode. See gangan. + +eodor, st. m., _fence, hedge, railing_. Among the old Germans, an estate +was separated by a fence from the property of others. Inside of this fence +the laws of peace and protection held good, as well as in the house itself. +Hence eodor is sometimes used instead of _house_: acc. pl. heht eahta +mearas on flet teon, in under eoderas, _gave orders to lead eight steeds +into the hall, into the house_, 1038.--2) figuratively, _lord, prince_, as +protector: nom. sg. eodor, 428, 1045; eodur, 664. + +eofoeth, st. n., _strength_: acc. pl. eofoetho, 2535. See eafoeth. + +eofer, st. m.: 1) _boar_, here of the metal boar-image upon the helmet: +nom. sg. eofer irenheard, 1113.--2) figuratively, _bold hero, brave +fighter_ (O.N. ioefur): nom. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, _when the +heroes rushed upon each other_, 1329, where eoferas and feethan stand in the +same relation to each other as cnysedan and hniton. + +eofor-lic, st. n. _boar-image_ (on the helmet): nom. pl. eofor-lic scionon, +303. + +eofor-spreot, st. m., _boar-spear_: dat. pl. mid eofer-spreotum +heoro-hocyhtum, _with hunting-spears which were provided with sharp hooks_, +1438. + +eogueth, iogueth. See geogoeth. + +eolet, st. m. n., _sea_(?): gen. sg. eoletes, 224. + +eorclan-stan, st. m., _precious stone_: acc. pl. -stanas, 1209. + +eoreth-cyning, st. m., _king of the land_: gen. sg. eoreth-cyninges (Finn), +1156. + +eoreth-draca, w. m., _earth-drake, dragon that lives in the earth_: nom. sg. +2713, 2826. + +eorethe, w. f.: 1) _earth_ (in contrast with heaven), _world_: acc. sg. +aelmihtiga eorethan worhte, 92; wide geond eorethan, _far over the earth, +through the wide world_, 266; dat. sg. ofer eorethan, 248, 803; on eorethan, +1823, 2856, 3139; gen. sg. eorethan, 753.--2) _earth, ground_: acc. sg. he +eorethan gefeoll, _fell to the ground_, 2835; forleton eorla gestreon eorethan +healdan, _let the earth hold the nobles' treasure_, 3168; dat. sg. þaet hit +on eorethan laeg, 1533; under eorethan, 2416; gen. sg. wieth eorethan faeethm (_in the +bosom of the earth_), 3050. + +eoreth-reced, st. n., _hall in the earth, rock-hall_: acc. sg. 2720. + +eoreth-scraef, st. n., _earth-cavern, cave_: dat. sg. eoreth-[scraefe], 2233; +gen. pl. eoreth-scraefe, 3047. + +eoreth-sele, st. m., _hall in the earth, cave_: acc. sg. eoreth-sele, 2411; dat +sg. of eorethsele, 2516. + +eoreth-weall, st. m., _earth-wall_: acc. sg. (Ongenþeow) beah eft under +eorethweall, _fled again under the earth-wall_ (into his fortified camp), +2958; þa me waes ... sieth alyfed inn under eorethweall, _then the way in, under +the earth-wall was opened to me_ (into the dragon's cave), 3091. + +eoreth-weard, st. m., _land-property, estate_: acc. sg. 2335. + +eorl, st. m., _noble born man, a man of the high nobility_: nom. sg. 762, +796, 1229, etc.; acc. sg. eorl, 573, 628, 2696; gen. sg. eorles, 690, 983, +1758, etc.; acc. pl. eorlas, 2817; dat. pl. eorlum, 770, 1282, 1650, etc.; +gen. pl. eorla, 248, 357, 369, etc.--Since the king himself is from the +stock of the eorlas, he is also called eorl, 6, 2952. + +eorl-gestreon, st. n., _wealth of the nobles_: gen. pl. eorl-gestreona ... +hardfyrdne dael, 2245. + +eorl-gewaede, st. n., _knightly dress, armor_: dat. pl. -gewaedum, 1443. + +eorlic (i.e. eorl-lic), adj., _what it becomes a noble born man to do, +chivalrous_: acc. sg. eorlic ellen, 638. + +eorl-scipe, st. m., _condition of being noble born, chivalrous nature, +nobility_: acc. sg. eorl-scipe, 1728, 3175; eorl-scipe efnan, _to do +chivalrous deeds_, 2134, 2536, 2623, 3008. + +eorl-weorod, st. n., _followers of nobles_: nom. sg. 2894. + +eormen-cyn, st. n., _very extensive race, mankind_: gen. sg. eormen-cynnes, +1958. + +eormen-grund, st. m., _immensely wide plains, the whole broad earth_: acc. +sg. ofer eormen-grund, 860. + +eormen-laf, st. f., _enormous legacy_: acc. sg. eormen-lafe aeethelan cynnes +(_the treasures of the dragon's cave_) 2235. + +eorre, adj., _angry, enraged_: gen. sg. eorres, 1448. + +eoton, st. m.: 1) _giant_: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel), 762; dat. sg. +uninflected, eoton (Grendel), 669; nom. pl. eotenas, 112.--2) Eotens, +subjects of Finn, the N. Frisians: 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. pl. 1146. See +List of Names, p. 114. + +eotonisc, adj., _gigantic, coming from giants_: acc. sg. eald sweord +eotenisc (eotonisc), 1559, 2980, (etonisc, MS.) 2617. + + +EO + +eored-geatwe, st. f. pl., _warlike adornments_: acc. pl., 2867. + +eowan, w. v., _to show, to be seen_: pres. sg. III. ne gesacu ohwaer, +ecghete eoweeth, _nowhere shows itself strife, sword-hate_, 1739. See eawan, +ywan. + +eower: 1) gen. pl. pers. pron., vestrum: eower sum, _that one of you_ +(namely, Beowulf), 248; faehethe eower leode, _the enmity of the people of +you_ (of your people), 597; nis þaet eower sieth ... nefne min anes, 2533.--2) +poss. pron., _your_, 251, 257, 294, etc. + + +F + +ge-fandian, -fondian, w. v., _to try, to search for, to find out, to +experience_: w. gen. pret. part. þaet haefde gumena sum goldes gefandod, +_that a man had discovered the gold_, 2302; þonne se an hafaeth þurh deaethes +nyd daeda gefondad, _now the one_ (Herebeald) _has with death's pang +experienced the deeds_ (the unhappy bow-shot of Haeethcyn), 2455. + +fara, w. m., _farer, traveller_: in comp. mere-fara. + +faran, st. v., _to move from one place to another, to go, to wander_: inf. +to ham faran, _to go home_, 124; leton on geflit faran fealwe mearas, _let +the fallow horses go in emulation_, 865; cwom faran flotherge on Fresna +land, _had come to Friesland with a fleet_, 2916; com leoda dugoethe on last +faran, _came to go upon the track of the heroes of his people_, i.e. to +follow them, 2946; gerund waeron aeethelingas eft to leodum fuse to farenne, +_the nobles were ready to go again to their people_, 1806; pret. sg. gegnum +for [þa] ofer myrcan mor, _there had_ (Grendel's mother) _gone away over +the dark fen_, 1405; saegenga for, _the seafarer_ (the ship) _drove along_, +1909; (wyrm) mid baele for, (the dragon) _fled away with fire_, 2309; pret. +pl. þaet ... scawan scirhame to scipe foron, _that the visitors in +glittering attire betook themselves to the ship_, 1896. + +gefaran, _to proceed, to act_: inf. hu se mansceaetha under faergripum gefaran +wolde, _how he would act in his sudden attacks_, 739. + +ut faran, _to go out_: w. acc. let of breostum ... word ut faran, _let +words go out of his breast, uttered words_, 2552. + +faroeth, st. m., _stream, flood of the sea_: dat. sg. to brimes faroethe, 28; +aefter faroethe, _with the stream_, 580; aet faroethe, 1917. + +faru, st. f., _way, passage, expedition_: in comp. ad-faru. + +facen-staef (elementum nequitiae), st. m., _wickedness, treachery, deceit_. +acc. pl. facen-stafas, 1019. + +fah, fag, adj., _many-colored, variegated, of varying color_ (especially +said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams of +light are refracted): nom. sg. fah (_covered with blood_), 420; blode fah, +935; atertanum fah (sc. iren) [This is the MS reading; emmended to +atertearum in text--KTH], 1460; sadol searwum fah (_saddle artistically +ornamented with gold_), 1039; sweord swate fah, 1287; brim blode fah, 1595; +waeldreore fag, 1632; (draca) fyrwylmum fah (_because he spewed flame_), +2672; sweord fah and faeted, 2702; blode fah, 2975; acc. sg. dreore fahne, +447; goldsele faettum fahne, 717; on fagne flor treddode, _trod the shining +floor_ (of Heorot), 726; hrof golde fahne, _the roof shining with gold_, +928; nom. pl. eoforlic ... fah and fyr-beard, 305; acc. pl. þa hilt since +fage, 1616; dat. pl. fagum sweordum, 586.--Comp. ban-, blod-, brun-, +dreor-, gold-, gryre-, searo-, sinc-, stan-, swat-, wael-, wyrm-fah. + +fah, fag, fa, adj.: 1) _hostile_: nom. sg. fah feond-scaetha, 554; he waes fag +wieth god (Grendel), 812; acc. sg. fane (_the dragon_), 2656; gen. pl. fara, +578, 1464.--2) _liable to pursuit, without peace, outlawed_: nom. sg. fag, +1264; mane fah, _outlawed through crime_, 979; fyren-daedum fag, +1002.--Comp. nearo-fah. + +famig-heals, adj., _with foaming neck_: nom. sg. flota famig-heals, 218; +(saegenga) famig-heals, 1910. + +faec, st. n., _period of time_: acc. sg. lytel faec, _during a short time_, +2241. + +faeder, st. m., _father_: nom. sg. faeder, 55, 262, 459, 2609; of God, 1610; +faeder alwalda, 316; acc. sg. faeder, 1356; dat. sg. faeder, 2430; gen. sg. +faeder, 21, 1480; of God, 188--Comp.: aer, eald-faeder. + +faedera, w. m., _father's brother_ in comp. suhter-gefaederan. + +faeder-aeethelo, st. n. pl., _paternus principatus_ (?): dat. pl. faeder-aeethelum, +912. + +faederen-maeg, st. m., _kinsman descended from the same father, +co-descendant_: dat. sg. faederen-maege, 1264. + +faeethm, st. m.: 1) _the outspread, encircling arms_: instr. pl. feondes +faeeth[mum], 2129.--2) _embrace, encircling_: nom. sg. liges faeethm, 782; acc. +sg. in fyres faeethm, 185.--3) _bosom, lap_: acc. sg. on foldan faeethm, 1394; +wieth eorethan faeethm, 3050; dat. pl. to faeder (God's) faeethmum, 188.--4) _power, +property_: acc. in Francna faeethm, 1211.--Cf. sid-faeethmed, sieth-faeethme. + +faeethmian, w. v., _to embrace, to take up into itself_: pres. subj. þaet minne +lichaman ... gled faeethmie, 2653; inf. leton flod faeethmian fraetwa hyrde, 3134. + +ge-faeg, adj., _agreeable, desirable_ (Old Eng., fawe, _willingly_): comp. +ge-faegra, 916. + +faegen, adj., _glad, joyous_: nom. pl. ferhethum faegne, _the glad at heart_, +1634. + +faeger, adj., _beautiful, lovely_: nom. sg. faeger fold-bold, 774; faeger +foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. freoethoburh faegere, 522; nom. pl. þaer him +fold-wegas faegere þuhton, 867.--Comp. un-faeger. + +faegere, faegre, adv., _beautifully, well, becomingly, according to +etiquette_: faegere geþaegon medoful manig, 1015; þa waes flet-sittendum +faegere gereorded, _becomingly the repast was served_, 1789; Higelac ongan +... faegre fricgean, 1986; similarly, 2990. + +faer, st. n., _craft, ship_: nom. sg., 33. + +faest, adj., _bound, fast_: nom. sg. bieth se slaep to faest, 1743; acc. sg. +freondscipe faestne, 2070; faeste frioethuwaere, 1097.--The prep. on stands to +denote the where or wherein: waes to faest on þam (sc. on faehethe and fyrene), +137; on ancre faest, 303. Or, oftener, the dative: feond-grapum faest, +_(held) fast in his antagonist's clutch_, 637; fyrbendum faest, _fast in the +forged hinges_, 723; handa faest, 1291, etc.; hygebendum faest (beorn him +langaeth), _fast (shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for_ (i.e. +in secret), 1879.--Comp: ar-, blaed-, gin-, soeth-, tir-, wis-faest. + +faeste, adv., _faest_ 554, 761, 774, 789, 1296.--Comp. faestor, 143. + +be-faestan, w. v., _to give over_: inf. het Hildeburh hire selfre sunu +sweoloethe befaestan, _to give over to the flames her own son_, 1116. + +faesten, st. n., _fortified place, or place difficult of access_: acc. sg. +leoda faesten, _the fastness of the Geatas_ (with ref. to 2327), 2334; +faesten (Ongenþeow's castle or fort), 2951; faesten (Grendel's house in the +fen-sea), 104. + +faest-raed, adj., _firmly resolved_: acc. sg. faest-raedne geþoht, _firm +determination_, 611. + +faet, st. m., _way, journey_: in comp. sieth-faet. + +faet, st. n., _vessel; vase, cup_: acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, _the +(drinking-) vessels of men of old times_, 2762.--Comp.: ban-, drync-, +maethethum-, sinc-, wundor-faet. + +faet, st. n. (?), _plate, sheet of metal_, especially _gold plate_ (Dietrich +Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420): dat. pl. gold sele ... faettum fahne, _shining with +gold plates_ (the walls and the inner part of the roof were partly covered +with gold), 717; sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde faetum befeallen (sc. +wesan), _the gold ornaments shall fall away from it_, 2257. + +faeted, faett, part., _ornamented with gold beaten into plate-form_: gen. sg. +faettan goldes, 1094, 2247; instr. sg. faettan golde, 2103. Elsewhere, +_covered, ornamented with gold plate_: nom. sg. sweord ... faeted, 2702; +acc. sg. faeted waege, 2254, 2283; acc. pl. faette scyldas, 333; faette beagas, +1751. [faeted, etc.] + +faeted-hleor, adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.): acc. pl. eahta mearas +faeted-hleore (_eight horses with bridles covered with plates of gold_), +1037. + +faet-gold, st. n., _gold in sheets_ or _plates_: acc. sg., 1922. + +faege, adj.: 1) _forfeited to death, allotted to death by fate_: nom. sg. +faege, 1756, 2142, 2976; faege and ge-flymed, 847; fus and faege, 1242; acc. +sg. faegne flaesc-homan, 1569; dat. sg. faegum, 2078; gen. sg. faeges, +1528.--2) _dead_: dat. pl. ofer faegum (_over the warriors fallen in the +battle_), 3026.--Comp.: deaeth-, un-faege. + +faeheth (_state of hostility_, see fah), st. f., _hostile act, feud, battle_: +nom. sg. faeheth, 2404, 3062; acc. sg. faehethe, 153, 459, 470, 596, 1334, etc.; +also of the unhappy bowshot of the Hreethling, Haeethcyn, by which he killed his +brother, 2466; dat. sg. fore faehethe and fyrene, 137; nalas for faehethe mearn +(_did not recoil from the combat_), 1538; gen. sg, ne gefeah he þaere faehethe, +109; gen. pl. faehetha gemyndig, 2690.--Comp. wael-faeheth. + +faehetho, st. f., same as above: nom. sg. sio faehetho, 3000; acc. faehetho, 2490. + +faelsian, w. v., _to bring into a good condition, to cleanse_: inf. þaet ic +mote ... Heorot faelsian (from the plague of Grendel), 432; pret. Hroethgares +... sele faelsode, 2353. + +ge-faelsian, w. v., same as above: pret. part. haefde gefaelsod ... sele +Hroethgares, 826; Heorot is gefaelsod, 1177; waeron yeth-gebland eal gefaelsod, +1621. + +faemne, w. f., _virgin, recens nupta_: dat. sg. faemnan, 2035; gen. sg. +faemnan, 2060, both times of Hroethgar's daughter Freaware. + +faer, st. m., _sudden, unexpected attack_: nom. sg. (attack upon Hnaef's band +by Finn's), 1069, 2231. + +faer-gripe, st. m., _sudden, treacherous gripe, attack_: nom. sg. faer-gripe +flodes, 1517; dat. pl. under faergripum, 739. + +faer-gryre, st. m., _fright caused by a sudden attack_: dat. pl. wieth +faer-gryrum (against the inroads of Grendel into Heorot), 174. + +faeringa, adv., _suddenly, unexpectedly_, 1415, 1989. + +faer-nieth, st. m., _hostility with sudden attacks_: gen. pl. hwaet me Grendel +hafaeth ... faernietha gefremed, 476. + +feether-gearwe, st. f. pl. _(feather-equipment), the feathers of the shaft of +the arrow_: dat. (instr.) pl. sceft feether-gearwum fus, 3120. + +fel, st. n., _skin, hide_: dat. pl. glof ... gegyrwed dracan fellum, _made +of the skins of dragons_, 2089. + +fela, I., adj. indecl., _much, many_: as subst.: acc. sg. fela fricgende, +2107. With worn placed before: hwaet þu worn fela ... ymb Brecan spraece, +_how very much you spoke about Breca_, 530.--With gen. sg.: acc. sg. fela +fyrene, 810; wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426; worna fela sorge, 2004; to fela micles +... Denigea leode, _too much of the race of the Danes_, 695; uncuethes fela, +877; fela laethes, 930; fela leofes and laethes, 1061.--With gen. pl.: nom. sg. +fela madma, 36; fela þaera wera and wifa, 993, etc.; acc. sg. fela missera, +153; fela fyrena, 164; ofer landa fela, 311; maethethum-sigla fela (falo, MS.), +2758; ne me swor fela aetha on unriht, _swore no false oaths_, 2739, etc.; +worn fela maethma, 1784; worna fela guetha, 2543.--Comp. eal-fela. + +II., adverbial, _very_, 1386, 2103, 2951. + +fela-hror, adj., valde agitatus, _very active against the enemy, very +warlike_, 27. + +fela-modig, adj., _very courageous_: gen. pl. -modigra, 1638, 1889. + +fela-synnig, adj., _very criminal, very guilty_: acc. sg. fela-sinnigne +secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to simple sinnigne), +1380. + +feolan, st. v., _to betake one's self into a place, to conceal one's self_: +pret. siethethan inne fealh Grendles modor (in Heorot), 1282; þaer inne fealh +secg syn-bysig (in the dragon's cave), 2227.--_to fall into, undergo, +endure_: searoniethas fealh, 1201. + +aet-feolan, w. dat., insistere, adhaerere: pret. no ic him þaes georne aetfealh +_(held him not fast enough_, 969. + +fen, st. n., _fen, moor_: acc. sg. fen, 104; dat. sg. to fenne, 1296; +fenne, 2010. + +fen-freoetho, st. f., _refuge in the fen_: dat. sg. in fen-freoetho, 852. + +feng, st. m., _gripe, embrace_: nom. sg. fyres feng, 1765; acc. sg. fara +feng (of the hostile sea-monsters), 578.--Comp. inwit-feng. + +fengel (probably _he who takes possession_, cf. to fon, 1756, and fon to +rice, _to enter upon the government_), st. m., _lord, prince, king_: nom. +sg. wisa fengel, 1401; snottra fengel, 1476, 2157; hringa fengel, 2346. + +fen-ge-lad, st. n., _fen-paths, fen with paths_: acc. pl. frecne fengelad +(_fens difficult of access_), 1360. + +fen-hlieth, st. n., _marshy precipice_: acc. pl. under fen-hleoethu, 821. + +fen-hop, st. n., _refuge in the fen_: acc. pl. on fen-hopu, 765. + +ferh, st. m. n., _life_; see feorh. + +ferh, st. m., _hog, boar_, here of the boar-image on the helmet: nom. sg., +305. + +ferheth, st. m., _heart, soul_: dat. sg. on ferhethe, 755, 949, 1719; gehwylc +hiora his ferhethe treowde, þaet ..., _each of them trusted to his_ +(Hunfereth's) _heart, that_ ..., 1167; gen. sg. ferhethes fore-þanc, 1061; dat. +pl. (adverbial) ferhethum faegne, _happy at heart_, 1634; þaet mon ... ferhethum +freoge, _that one ... heartily love_, 3178.--Comp.: collen-, sarig-, +swift-, wide-ferheth. + +ferheth-frec, adj., _having good courage, bold, brave_: acc. sg. ferheth-frecan +Fin, 1147. + +ferheth-geniethla, w. m., _mortal enemy_: acc. sg. ferheth-geniethlan, of the +drake, 2882. + +ferian, w. v. w. acc., _to bear, to bring, to conduct_: pres. II. pl. +hwanon ferigeaeth faette scyldas, 333; pret. pl. to scypum feredon eal +ingesteald eorethcyninges, 1155; similarly, feredon, 1159, 3114. + +aet-ferian, _to carry away, to bear off_: pret. ic þaet hilt þanan feondum +aetferede, 1669. + +ge-ferian, _bear, to bring, to lead_: pres. subj. I. pl. þonne (we) +geferian frean userne, 3108; inf. geferian ... Grendles heafod, 1639; pret. +þaet hi ut geferedon dyre maethmas, 3131; pret. part. her syndon geferede +feorran cumene ... Geata leode, _men of the Geatas, come from afar, have +been brought hither_ (by ship), 361. + +oeth-ferian, _to tear away, to take away_: pret. sg. I. unsofte þonan feorh +oeth-ferede, 2142. + +of-ferian, _to carry off, to take away, to tear away_: pret. oether swylc ut +offerede, _took away another such_ (sc. fifteen), 1584. + +fetel-hilt, st. n., _sword-hilt_, with the gold chains fastened to it: acc. +(sg. or pl.?), 1564. (See "Leitfaden f. nord. Altertumskunde," pp.45, 46.) + +fetian, w. v., _to bring near, bring_: pres. subj. nah hwa ... fe[tige] +faeted waege, _bring the gold-chased tankard_, 2254; pret. part. hraethe waes to +bure Beowulf fetod, 1311. + +ge-fetian, _to bring_: inf. het þa eorla hleo in gefetian Hreethles lafe, +_caused Hreethel's sword to be brought_, 2191. + +a-fedan, w. v., _to nourish, to bring up_: pret. part. þaer he afeded waes, +694. + +feetha (O.H.G. fendo), w. m.: 1) _foot-soldiers_: nom. pl. feethan, 1328, +2545.--2) collective in sing., _band of foot-soldiers, troop of warriors_: +nom. feetha eal gesaet, 1425; dat. on feethan, 2498, 2920.--Comp. gum-feetha. + +feethe, st. n., _gait, going, pace_: dat. sg. waes to foremihtig feond on +feethe, _the enemy was too strong in going_ (i.e. could flee too fast), 971. + +feethe-cempa, w. m., _foot-soldier_: nom. sg., 1545, 2854. + +feethe-gaest, st. m., _guest coming on foot_: dat. pl. feethe-gestum, 1977. + +feethe-last, st. m., _signs of going, footprint_: dat. pl. ferdon foreth þonon +feethe-lastum, _went forth from there upon their trail_, i.e. by the same way +that they had gone, 1633. + +feethe-wig, st. m., _battle on foot_: gen. sg. nealles Hetware hremge þorfton +(sc. wesan) feethe-wiges, 2365. + +fel (= feol), st. f. _file_: gen. pl. fela lafe, _what the files have left +behind_ (that is, the swords), 1033. + +feran, w. v., iter (A.S. for) facere, _to come, to go, to travel_: pres. +subj. II. pl. aer ge ... on land Dena furethur feran, _ere you go farther into +the land of the Danes_, 254; inf. feran on frean waere (_to die_), 27; +gewiton him þa feran (_set out upon their way_), 301; mael is me to feran, +316; feran ... gang sceawigan, _go, so as to see the footprints_, 1391; +wide feran, 2262; pret. ferdon folctogan ... wundor sceawian, _the princes +came to see the wonder_, 840; ferdon foreth, 1633. + +ge-feran: 1) adire, _to arrive at_: pres. subj. þonne eorl ende gefere +lifgesceafta, _reach the end of life_, 3064; pret. part. haefde aeghwaeether +ende gefered laenan lifes, _frail life's end had both reached_, 2845.--2) +_to reach, to accomplish, to bring about_: pret. hafast þu gefered þaet ..., +1222, 1856.--3) _to behave one's self, to conduct one's self_: pret. frecne +geferdon, _had shown themselves daring_, 1692. + +feal, st. m., _fall_: in comp. wael-feal. + +feallan, st. v., _to fall, to fall headlong_: inf. feallan, 1071; pret. sg. +þaet he on hrusan ne feol, _that it_ (the hall) _did not fall to the +ground_, 773; similarly, feoll on foldan, 2976; feoll on feethan (dat. sg.), +_fell in the band_ (of his warriors), 2920; pret. pl. þonne walu feollon, +1043. + +be-feallen, pret. part. w. dat. or instr., _deprived of, robbed_: freondum +befeallen, _robbed of friends_, 1127; sceal se hearda helm ... faetum +befeallen (sc. wesan), _be robbed of its gold mountings_ (the gold mounting +will fall away from it moldering), 2257. + +ge-feallan, _to fall, to sink down_: pres. sg. III. þaet se lic-homa ... +faege gefealleeth, _that the body doomed to die sinks down_, 1756.--Also, with +the acc. of the place whither: pret. meregrund gefeoll, 2101; he eorethan +gefeoll, 2835. + +fealu, adj., _fallow, dun-colored, tawny_: acc. sg. ofer fealone flod +(_over the sea_), 1951; fealwe straete (with reference to 320), 917; acc. +pl. leton on geflit faran fealwe mearas, 866.--Comp. aeppel-fealo. + +feax, st. n., _hair, hair of the head_: dat. sg. waes be feaxe on flet boren +Grendles heafod, _was carried by the hair into the hall_, 1648; him ... +swat ... sprong foreth under fexe, _the blood sprang out under the hair of +his head_, 2968.--Comp.: blonden-, gamol-, wunden-feax. + +ge-fea, w. m., _joy_: acc. sg. þaere fylle gefean, _joy at the abundant +repast_, 562; ic þaes ealles maeg ... gefean habban (_can rejoice at all +this_), 2741. + +fea, adj., _few_ dat. pl. nemne feaum anum, _except some few_, 1082; gen. +pl. feara sum, _as one of a few, with a few_, 1413; feara sumne, _one of a +few (some few)_, 3062. With gen. following: acc. pl. fea worda cwaeeth, _spoke +few words_, 2663, 2247. + +fea-sceaft, adj., _miserable, unhappy, helpless_: nom. sg. syethethan aerest +weareth feasceaft funden, 7; feasceaft guma (Grendel), 974; dat. sg. +feasceaftum men, 2286; Eadgilse ... feasceaftum, 2394; nom. pl. feasceafte +(the Geatas robbed of their king, Hygelac), 2374. + +feoh, feo, st. n., (_properly cattle, herd_) here, _possessions, property, +treasure_: instr. sg. ne wolde ... feorh-bealo feo þingian, _would not +allay life's evil for treasure_ (tribute), 156; similarly, þa faehethe feo +þingode, 470; ic þe þa faehethe feo leanige, 1381. + +ge-feohan, ge-feon, st. v. w. gen. and instr., _to enjoy one's self, to +rejoice at something_: a) w. gen.: pret. sg. ne gefeah he þaere faehethe, 109; +hilde gefeh, beado-weorces, 2299; pl. fylle gefaegon, _enjoyed themselves at +the bounteous repast_, 1015; þeodnes gefegon, _rejoiced at_ (the return of) +_the ruler_, 1628.--b) w. instr.: niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-maerethum, 828; +secg weorce gefeh, 1570; saelace gefeah, maegen-byrethenne þara þe he him mid +haefde, _rejoiced at the gift of the sea, and at the great burden of that_ +(Grendel's head and the sword-hilt) _which he had with him_, 1625. + +feoh-gift, -gyft, st. f., _bestowing of gifts_ or _treasures_: gen. sg. +þaere feoh-gyfte, 1026; dat. pl. aet feohgyftum, 1090; fromum feohgiftum, +_with rich gifts_, 21. + +feoh-leas, adj., _that cannot be atoned for through gifts_: nom. sg. þaet +waes feoh-leas gefeoht, _a deed of arms that cannot be expiated_ (the +killing of his brother by Haeethcyn), 2442. + +ge-feoht, st. n., _combat; warlike deed_: nom. sg. (the killing of his +brother by Haeethcyn), 2442; dat. sg. mece þone þin fader to gefeohte baer, +_the sword which thy father bore to the combat_, 2049. + +ge-feohtan, st. v., _to fight_: inf. w. acc. ne mehte ... wig Hengeste wiht +gefeohtan (_could by no means offer Hengest battle_), 1084. + +feohte, w. f., _combat_: acc. sg. feohtan, 576, 960. See were-fyhte. + +feor, adj., _far, remote_: nom. sg. nis þaet feor heonon, 1362; naes him feor +þanon to gesecanne sinces bryttan, 1922; acc. sg. feor eal (_all that is +far, past_), 1702. + +feor, adv., _far, far away_: a) of space, 42, 109, 809, 1806, 1917; feor +and (oethethe) neah, _far and (or) near_, 1222, 2871; feorr, 2267.--b) of time: +ge feor hafaeth faehethe gestaeled (_has placed us under her enmity henceforth_), +1341. + +Comparative, fyr, feorr, and feor: fyr and faestor, 143; fyr, 252; feorr, +1989; feor, 542. + +feor-buend, pt., _dwelling far away_: nom. pl. ge feor-buend, 254. + +feor-cyeth, st. f., _home of those living far away, distant land_: nom, pl. +feor-cyethethe beoeth selran gesohte þaem þe him selfa deah, _foreign lands are +better sought by him who trusts to his own ability_, 1839. + +feorh, ferh (Goth. fairhvu-s, _world_), st. m. and n., _life, principle of +life, soul_: nom. sg. feorh, 2124; no þon lange waes feorh aeethelinges flaesce +bewunden, _not for much longer was the soul of the prince enveloped in the +body_ (he was near death), 2425; ferh ellen wraec, _life expelled the +strength_ (i.e. with the departing life the strength disappeared also), +2707; acc. sg. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; feorh gehealdan, _preserve +his life_, 2857; feorh alegde, _gave up his life_, 852; similarly, aer he +feorh seleeth, 1371; feorh oethferede, _tore away her life_, 2142; oeth þaet hie +forlaeddan to þam lindplegan swaese gesiethas ond hyra sylfra feorh, _till in +an evil hour they carried into battle their dear companions and their +lives_ (i.e. led them to their death), 2041; gif þu þin feorh hafast, 1850; +ymb feorh sacan (_to fight for life_), 439; waes in feorh dropen, _was +wounded into his life_, i.e. mortally, 2982; widan feorh, as temporal acc., +_through a wide life_, i.e. always, 2015; dat. sg. feore, 1294, 1549; to +widan feore, _for a wide life_, i.e. at all times, 934; on swa geongum +feore (_at a so youthful age_), 1844; as instr., 578, 3014; gen. sg. +feores, 1434, 1943; dat. pl. buton ... feorum gumena, 73; freonda feorum, +1307.--Also, _body, corpse_: þa waes heal hroden feonda feorum (_the hall +was covered with the slain of the enemy_), 1153; gehwearf þa in Francna +faeethm feorh cyninges, _then the body of the king_ (Hygelac) _fell into the +power of the Franks_, 1211. --Comp. geogoeth-feorh. + +feorh-bana, w. m., _(life-slayer), man-slayer, murderer_: dat. sg. +feorh-bonan, 2466. + +feorh-ben, st. f., _wound that takes away life, mortal wound_: dat. +(instr.) pl. feorh-bennum seoc, 2741. + +feorh-bealu, st. n., _evil destroying life, violent death_: nom. sg., 2078, +2251, 2538; acc. sg., 156. + +feorh-cyn, st. n., _race of the living, mankind_: gen. pl. fela +feorh-cynna, 2267. + +feorh-geniethla, w. m., _he who seeks life, life's enemy_ (N.H.G. Tod-feind), +_mortal enemy_: acc. sg. -geniethlan, 1541; dat. sg. -geniethlan, 970; acc. sg. +braegd feorh-geniethlan, 1541; acc. pl. folgode feorh-geniethlan, (Ongenþeow) +_pursued his mortal enemies_, 2934. + +feorh-lagu, st. f., _the life allotted to anyone, life determined by fate_: +acc. sg. on maethma hord mine (minne, MS.) bebohte frode feorh-lege, _for the +treasure-hoard I sold my old life_, 2801. + +feorh-last, st. m., _trace of (vanishing) life, sign of death _: acc. pl. +feorh-lastas baer, 847. + +feorh-seoc, adj., _mortally wounded_: nom. sg., 821. + +feorh-sweng, st. m., _(stroke robbing of life), fatal blow_: acc. sg., +2490. + +feorh-wund, st. f., _mortal wound, fatal injury_: acc. sg. feorh-wunde +hleat, 2386. + +feorm, st. f., _subsistence, entertainment_: acc. sg. no þu ymb mines ne +þearft lices feorme leng sorgian, _thou needest no longer have care for the +sustenance of my body_, 451.--2) _banquet_: dat. on feorme (or feorme, +MS.), 2386. + +feormend-leas, adj., _wanting the. cleanser_: acc. pl. geseah ... +fyrn-manna fatu feormend-lease, 2762. + +feormian, w. v., _to clean, to cleanse, to polish_: pres. part. nom pl. +feormiend swefaeth (feormynd, MS.), 2257. + +ge-feormian, w. v., _to feast, to eat_; pret. part. sona haefde unlyfigendes +eal gefeormod fet and folma, 745. + +feorran, w. v., w. acc., _to remove_: inf. sibbe ne wolde wieth manna hwone +maegenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, feo þingian, (Grendel) _would not from +friendship free any one of the men of the Danes of life's evil, nor allay +it for tribute_, 156. + +feorran, adv., _from afar_: a) of space, 361, 430, 826, 1371, 1820, etc.; +siethethan aeethelingas feorran gefricgean fleam eowerne, _when noble men afar +learn of your flight_ (when the news of your flight reaches distant lands), +2890; ferdon folctogan feorran and nean, _from far and from near_, 840; +similarly, nean and feorran þu nu [friethu] hafast, 1175; waes þaes wyrmes wig +wide gesyne ... nean and feorran, _visible from afar, far and near_, +2318.--b) temporal: se þe cuethe frumsceaft fira feorran reccan (_since +remote antiquity_), 91; similarly, feorran rehte, 2107. + +feorran-cund, adj., _foreign-born_: dat. sg. feorran-cundum, 1796. + +feor-weg, st. m., _far way_: dat. pl. madma fela of feorwegum, _many +precious things from distant paths_ (from foreign lands), 37. + +ge-feon. See feohan. + +feond, st. m., _enemy_: nom. sg., 164, 726, 749; feond on helle (Grendel), +101; acc. sg., 279, 1865, 2707; dat. sg. feonde, 143, 439; gen. sg. +feondes, 985, 2129, 2290; acc, pl. feond, 699; dat. pl. feondum, 420, 1670; +gen. pl. feonda 294, 809, 904. + +feond-grap, st. f., _foe's clutch_: dat. (instr.) pl. feond-grapum faest, +637. + +feond-sceaetha, w. m., _one who is an enemy and a robber_: nom. sg. fah +feond-scaetha (_a hostile sea-monster_), 554. + +feond-scipe, st. m., _hostility_: nom. sg., 3000. + +feower, num., _four_: nom. feower bearn, 59; feower mearas, 2164; feower, +as substantive, 1638; acc. feower maethmas, 1028. + +feower-tyne, num., _fourteen_: nom. with following gen. pl. feowertyne +Geata, 1642. + +findan, st. v., _to find, to invent, to attain_: a) with simple object in +acc.: inf. þara þe he cenoste findan mihte, 207; swylce hie at Finnes-ham +findan meahton sigla searo-gimma, 1157; similarly, 2871; maeg þaer fela +freonda findan, 1839; wolde guman findan, 2295; swa hyt weorethlicost +fore-snotre men findan mihton, _so splendidly as only very wise men could +devise it_, 3164; pret. sg. healþegnas fand, 720; word oether fand, _found +other words_, i.e. went on to another narrative, 871; grimne gryrelicne +grund-hyrde fond, 2137; þaet ic godne funde beaga bryttan, 1487; pret. part. +syethethan aerest weareth feasceaft funden (_discovered_), 7.--b) with acc. and +pred. adj.: pret. sg. dryhten sinne driorigne fand, 2790.--c) with acc. and +inf.: pret. fand þa þaer inne aeethelinga gedriht swefan, 118; fand waeccendne +wer wiges bidan, 1268; hord-wynne fond opene standan, 2271; oeth þaet he +fyrgen-beamas ... hleonian funde, 1416; pret. pl. fundon þa sawulleasne +hlim-bed healdan, 3034.--d) with dependent clause: inf. no þy aer feasceafte +findan meahton aet þam aeethelinge þaet he Heardrede hlaford waere (_could by no +means obtain it from the prince_), 2374. + +on-findan, _to be sensible of, to perceive, to notice_: a) w. acc.: pret. +sg. landweard onfand eftsieth eorla, _the coast-guard observed the return of +the earls_, 1892; pret. part. þa heo onfunden waes (_was discovered_), +1294.--b) w. depend, clause: pret. sg. þa se gist onfand þaet se beado-leoma +bitan nolde, _the stranger_ (Beowulf) _perceived that the sword would not +cut_, 1523; sona þaet onfunde, þaet ..., _immediately perceived that_..., +751; similarly, 810, 1498. + +finger, st. m., _finger_: nom. pl. fingras, 761; acc. pl. fingras, 985; +dat. (instr.) pl. fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. fingra, 765. + +firas, fyras (O.H.G. firahi, i.e. _the living_; cf. feorh), st. m., only in +pl., _men_: gen. pl. fira, 91, 2742; monegum fira, 2002; fyra gehwylcne +leoda minra, 2251; fira fyrngeweorc, 2287. + +firen, fyren, st. f., _cunning waylaying, insidious hostility, malice, +outrage_: nom. sg. fyren, 916; acc. sg. fyrene and faehethe, 153; faehethe and +fyrene, 880, 2481; firen' ondrysne, 1933; dat. sg. fore faehethe and fyrene, +137; gen. pl. fyrena, 164, 629; and fyrene, 812; fyrena hyrde (of Grendel), +751. The dat. pl., fyrenum, is used adverbially in the sense of +_maliciously_, 1745, or _fallaciously_, with reference to Haeethcyn's killing +Herebeald, which was done unintentionally, 2442. + +firen-daed, st. f., _wicked deed_: acc. pl. fyren-daeda, 1670; instr. pl. +fyren-daedum, 1002; both times of Grendel and his mother, with reference to +their nocturnal inroads. + +firen-þearf, st. f., _misery through the malignity of enemies_: acc. sg. +fyren-þearfe, 14. + +firgen-beam, st. m., _tree of a mountain-forest_: acc. pl. fyrgen-beamas, +1415. + +firgen-holt, st. m., _mountain-wood, mountain-forest_: acc. sg. on +fyrgen-holt, 1394. + +firgen-stream, st. m., _mountain-stream_: nom. sg. fyrgen-stream, 1360; +acc. sg. under fyrgen-stream (marks the place where the mountain-stream, +according to 1360, empties into Grendel's sea), 2129. + +fisc, st. m., _fish_: in comp. hron-, mere-fisc. + +fif, num., _five_: uninflect. gen. fif nihta fyrst, 545; acc. fife (?), +420. + +fifel-cyn (O.N. fifl, stultus and gigas), st. n., _giant-race_: gen. sg. +fifelcynnes eard, 104. + +fif-tene, fif-tyne, num., _fifteen_: acc. fyftyne, 1583; gen. fiftena sum, +207. + +fif-tig, num., _fifty_: 1) as substantive with gen. following; acc. fiftig +wintra, 2734; gen. se waes fiftiges fot-gemearces lang, 3043.--2) as +adjective: acc. fiftig wintru, 2210. + +flan, st. m., _arrow_: dat. sg. flane, 3120; as instr., 2439. + +flan-boga, w. m., _bow which shoots the flan, bow_: dat. sg. of flan-bogan, +1434, 1745. + +flaesc, st. n., _flesh, body in contrast with soul_: instr. sg. no þon lange +waes feorh aeethelinges flaesce bewunden, _not much longer was the son of the +prince contained in his body_, 2425. + +flaesc-hama, w. m., _clothing of flesh_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. +flaesc-homan, 1569. + +flet, st. n.: 1) _ground, floor of a hall_: acc. sg. heo on flet gebeah, +_fell to the ground_, 1541; similarly, 1569.--2) _hall, mansion_: nom. sg. +1977; acc. sg. flet, 1037, 1648, 1950, 2018, etc.; flett, 2035; þaet hie him +oether flet eal gerymdon, _that they should give up entirely to them another +hall_, 1087; dat. sg. on flette, 1026. + +flet-raest, st. f., _resting-place in the hall_: acc. sg. flet-raeste gebeag, +_reclined upon the couch in the hall_, 1242. + +flet-sittend, pres. part., _sitting in the hall_: acc. pl -sittende, 2023; +dat. pl. -sittendum, 1789. + +flet-werod, st. n., _troop from the hall_: nom. sg., 476. + +fleam, st. m., _flight_: acc. sg. on fleam gewand, _had turned to flight_, +1002; fleam eowerne, 2890. + +fleogan, st. v., _to fly_: prs. sg. III. fleogeeth, 2274. + +fleon, st. v., _to flee_: inf. on heolster fleon, 756; fleon on fenhopu, +765; fleon under fen-hleoethu, 821; pret. hete-swengeas fleah, 2226. + +be-fleon, w. acc., _to avoid, to escape_: gerund no þaet yethe byeth to +befleonne, _that is not easy_ (i.e. not at all) _to be avoided_, 1004. + +ofer-fleon, w. acc., _to flee from one, to yield_: inf. nelle ic beorges +weard oferfleon fotes trem, _will not yield to the warder of the mountain_ +(the drake) _a foot's breadth_, 2526. + +fleotan, st. v., _to float upon the water, to swim_: inf. no he wiht fram +me flod-yethum feor fleotan meahte. hraethor on helme, _no whit, could he swim +from me farther on the waves_ (regarded as instrumental, so that the waves +marked the distance), _more swiftly in the sea_, 542; pret. saegenga fleat +famigheals foreth ofer yethe, _floated away over the waves_, 1910. + +fliht. See flyht. + +flitme. See un-flitme. + +flitan, st. v., _to exert one's self, to strive, to emulate_: pres. part. +flitende fealwe straete mearum maeton (_rode a race_), 917; pret. sg. II. +eart þu se Beowulf, se þe wieth Brecan ... ymb sund flite, _art thou the +Beowulf who once contended with Breca for the prize in swimming?_ 507. + +ofer-flitan, _to surpass one in a contest, to conquer, to overcome_: pret. +w. acc. he þe aet sunde oferflat (_overcome thee in a swimming-wager_), 517. + +ge-flit, st. n., _emulation_: acc. sg. leton on geflit faran fealwe mearas, +_let the fallow horses go in emulation_, 866. + +floga, w. m., _flyer_; in the compounds: gueth-, lyft-, uht-, wieth-floga. + +flota (see fleotan), w. m., _float, ship, boat_: nom. sg., 210, 218, 301; +acc. sg. flotan eowerne, 294.--Comp. waeg-flota. + +flot-here, st. m., _fleet_: instr. sg. cwom faran flotherge on Fresna land, +2916. + +flod, st. m., _flood, stream, sea-current_: nom. sg., 545, 580, 1362, etc.; +acc. sg. flod, 3134; ofer fealone flod, 1951; dat. sg. to flode, 1889; gen. +pl. floda begong, _the region of floods_, i.e. the sea, 1498, 1827; floda +genipu, 2809. + +flod-yeth, st. f., _flood-wave_: instr. pl. flod-yethum, 542. + +flor, st. m., _floor, stone-floor_: acc. sg. on fagne flor (the floor was +probably a kind of mosaic, made of colored flags), 726; dat. sg. gang þa +aefter flore, _along the floor_ (i.e. along the hall), 1317. + +flyht, fliht, st. m., _flight_: nom. sg. gares fliht, _flight of the +spear_, 1766. + +ge-flyman, w. v., _to put to flight_: pret. part. geflymed, 847, 1371. + +folc, st. n., _troop, band of warriors; folk_, in the sense of the whole +body of the fighting men of a nation: acc. sg. folc, 522, 694, 912; Suethdene +folc, 464; folc and rice, 1180; dat. sg. folce, 14, 2596; folce Deninga, +465; as instr. folce gestepte ofer sae side, _went with a band of warriors +over the wide sea_, 2394; gen. sg. folces, 1125; folces Denigea, 1583.--The +king is called folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2645, 2982; freawine folces, 2358; +or folces weard, 2514. The queen, folces cwen, 1933.--The pl., in the sense +of _warriors, fighting men_: nom. pl. folc, 1423, 2949; dat. pl. folcum, +55, 262, 1856; gen. pl. freo- (frea-) wine folca, _of the king_, 430, 2430; +friethu-sibb folca, _of the queen_, 2018.--Comp. sige-folc. + +folc-agend, pres. part., _leader of a band of warriors_: nom. pl. +folc-agende, 3114. + +folc-beorn, st. m., _man of the multitude, a common man_: nom. sg. +folc-beorn, 2222. + +folc-cwen, st. f., _queen of a warlike host_: nom. sg., of Wealhþeow, 642. + +folc-cyning, st. m., _king of a warlike host_: nom. sg., 2734, 2874. + +folc-raed, st. m, _what best serves a warlike host_: acc. sg., 3007. + +folc-riht, st. n., _the rights of the fighting men of a nation_: gen. pl. +him aer forgeaf ... folcrihta gehwylc, swa his faeder ahte, 2609. + +folc-scearu, st. f., _part of a host of warriors, nation_: dat. sg. +folc-scare, 73. + +folc-stede, st. m., _position of a band of warriors, place where a band of +warriors is quartered_: acc. sg. folcstede, of the hall, Heorot, 76; +folcstede fara (_the battle-field_), 1464. + +folc-toga, w. m., _leader of a body of warriors, duke_: nom. pl., powerful +liege-men of Hroethgar are called folc-togan, 840. + +fold-bold, st. n., _earth-house_ (i.e. a house on earth in contrast with a +dwelling in heaven): nom. sg. faeger fold-bold, of the hall, Heorot, 774. + +fold-buend, pres. part. _dweller on earth, man_: nom. pl. fold-buend, 2275; +fold-buende, 1356; dat. pl. fold-buendum, 309. + +folde, w. f., _earth, ground_: acc. sg. under foldan, 1362; feoll on +foldan, 2976; gen. sg. foldan bearm, _the bosom of the earth_, 1138; foldan +sceatas, 96; foldan faeethm, 1394.--Also, _earth, world_: dat. sg. on foldan, +1197. + +fold-weg, st. m., _field-way, road through the country_: acc. sg. fold-weg, +1634; acc. pl. fold-wegas, 867. + +folgian, w. v.: 1) _to perform vassal-duty, to serve, to follow_: pret. pl. +þeah hie hira beaggyfan banan folgedon, _although they followed the +murderer of their prince_, 1103.--2) _to pursue, to follow after_: folgode +feorh-geniethlan (acc. pl.) 2934. + +folm, st. f, _hand_: acc. sg. folme, 971, 1304; dat. sg. mid folme, 743; +acc. pl. fet and folma, _feet and hands_, 746; dat. pl. to banan folmum, +158; folmum (instr.), 723, 993.--Comp.: beado-, gearo-folm. + +for, prep. w. dat., instr., and acc.: 1) w. dat. local, _before_, ante: þaet +he for eaxlum gestod Deniga frean, 358; for hlawe, 1121.--b) _before_, +coram, in conspectu: no he þaere feohgyfte for sceotendum scamigan þorfte, +_had no need to be ashamed of the gift before the warriors_, 1027; for þaem +werede, 1216; for eorlum, 1650; for duguethe, _before the noble band of +warriors_, 2021.--Causal, a) to denote a subjective motive, _on account of, +through, from_: for wlenco, _from bravery, through warlike courage_, 338, +1207; for wlence, 508; for his wonhydum, 434; for onmedlan, 2927, etc.--b) +objective, partly denoting a cause, _through, from, by reason of_: for +metode, _for the creator, on account of the creator_, 169; for þreanydum, +833; for þreanedlan, 2225; for dolgilpe, _on account of, in accordance with +the promise of bold deeds_ (because you claimed bold deeds for yourself), +509; him for hrofsele hrinan ne mehte faer-gripe flodes, _on account of the +roofed hall the malicious grasp of the flood could not reach him_, 1516; +lig-egesan waeg for horde, _on account of_ (the robbing of) _the treasure_, +2782; for mundgripe minum, _on account of, through the gripe of my hand_, +966; for þaes hildfruman hondgeweorce, 2836; for swenge, _through the +stroke_, 2967; ne meahte ... deop gedygan for dracan lege, _could not hold +out in the deep on account of the heat of the drake_, 2550. Here may be +added such passages as ic þaem godan sceal for his modþraece maethmas beodan, +_will offer him treasures on account of his boldness of character, for his +high courage_, 385; ful-oft for laessan lean teohhode, _gave often reward +for what was inferior_, 952; nalles for ealdre mearn, _was not uneasy about +his life_, 1443; similarly, 1538. Also denoting purpose: for arstafum, _to +the assistance_, 382, 458.--2) w. instr. causal, _because of, for_: he hine +feor forwraec for þy mane, 110.--3) w. acc., _for, as, instead of_: for sunu +freogan, _love as a son_, 948; for sunu habban, 1176; ne him þaes wyrmes wig +for wiht dyde, _held the drake's fighting as nothing_, 2349. + +foran, adv., _before, among the first, forward_: siethethan ... sceawedon +feondes fingras, foran aeghwylc (_each before himself_), 985; þaet waes an +foran ealdgestreona, _that was one among the first of the old treasures_, +i.e. a splendid old treasure, 1459; þe him foran ongean linde baeron, _bore +their shields forward against him_ (went out to fight against him), 2365. + +be-foran: 1) adv., local, _before_: he ... beforan gengde, _went before_, +1413; temporal, _before, earlier_, 2498.--2) prep. w. acc. _before_, in +conspectu: maere maethethum-sweord manige gesawon beforan beorn beran, 1025. + +ford, st. m., _ford, water-way_: acc. sg. ymb brontne ford, 568. + +foreth: 1) local, _forth, hither, near_: foreth near aetstop, _approached +nearer_, 746; þa cwom Wealhþeo foreth gan, 1163; similarly, 613; him seleþegn +foreth wisade, _led him_ (Beowulf) _forth_ (to the couch that had been +prepared for him in Heorot), 1796; þaet him swat sprong foreth under fexe, +_forth under the hair of his head_, 2968. _Forward, further_: gewitaeth foreth +beran waepen and gewaedu, 291; he to foreth gestop, 2290; freoetho-wong þone foreth +ofereodon, 2960. _Away, forth_, 45, 904; fyrst foreth gewat, _the time_ (of +the way to the ship) _was out_, i.e. they had arrived at the ship, 210; me +... foreth-gewitenum, _to me the departed_, 1480; ferdon foreth, _went forth_ +(from Grendel's sea), 1633; þonne he foreth scile, _when he must (go) forth_, +i.e. die, 3178; hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men foreth gefremede, _carried +him forth, over all men_, 1719.--2) temporal, _forth, from now on_: heald +foreth tela niwe sibbe, 949; ic sceal foreth sprecan gen ymbe Grendel, _shall +from now on speak again of Grendel_, 2070. See furethum and furethor. + +foreth-gerimed, pres. part., _in unbroken succession_, 59. + +foreth-gesceaft, st. f., _that which is determined for farther on, future +destiny_: acc. sg. he þa foreth-gesceaft forgyteeth and forgymeeth, 1751. + +foreth-weg, st. m., _road that leads away, journey_: he of ealdre gewat frod +on foreth-weg (_upon the way to the next world_), 2626. + +fore, prep. w. dat., local, _before_, coram, in conspectu: heo fore þaem +werede spraec, 1216. Causal, _through, for, because of_: no mearn fore faehethe +and fyrene, 136; fore faeder daedum, _because of the father's deeds_, +2060,--Allied to this is the meaning, _about_, de, super: þaer waes sang and +sweg samod aetgaedere fore Healfdenes hildewisan, _song and music about +Healfdene's general_ (the song of Hnaef), 1065. + +fore-maere, adj., _renowned beyond (others)_, praeclarus: superl. þaet waes +fore-maerost foldbuendum receda under roderum, 309. + +fore-mihtig, adj., _able beyond (others)_, praepotens: nom. sg. waes to +foremihtig feond on feethe, _the enemy was too strong in going_ (could flee +too rapidly), 970. + +fore-snotor, adj., _wise beyond (others)_, sapientissimus: nom. pl. +foresnotre men, 3164. + +fore-þanc, st. m., _forethought, consideration, deliberation_: nom. sg., +1061. + +forht, adj., _fearful, cowardly_: nom. sg. forht, 2968; he on mode weareth +forht on ferhethe, 755.--Comp. unforht. + +forma, adj., _foremost, first_: nom. sg. forma sieth (_the first time_), 717, +1464, 1528, 2626; instr. sg. forman siethe, 741, 2287; forman dogore, 2574. + +fyrmest, adv. superl., _first of all, in the first place_: he fyrmest laeg, +2078. + +forst, st. m., _frost, cold_: gen. sg. forstes bend, 1610. + +for-þam, for-þan, for-þon, adv. and conj., _therefore, on that account, +then_: forþam, 149; forþan, 418, 680, 1060; forþon þe, _because_, 503. + +fon, st. v., _to catch, to grasp, to take hold, to take_: prs. sg. III. +feheth oether to, _another lays hold_ (takes possession), 1756; inf. ic mid +grape sceal fon wieth feonde, 439; pret. sg. him togeanes feng, _caught at +him, grasped at him_, 1543; w. dat. he þam fraetwum feng, _received the rich +adornments_ (Ongenþeow's equipment), 2990. + +be-fon, _to surround, to ensnare, to encompass, to embrace_: pret. part. +hyne sar hafaeth ... nearwe befongen balwon bendum, 977; heo aeethelinga anne +haefde faeste befangen (_had seized him firmly_), 1296; helm ... befongen +freawrasnum (_encircled by an ornament like a diadem_), 1452; fenne +bifongen, _surrounded by the fen_, 2010; (draca) fyre befongen, _encircled +by fire_, 2275, 2596; haefde landwara lige befangen, _encompassed by fire_, +2322. + +ge-fon, w. acc., _to seize, to grasp_: pret. he gefeng slaependne rinc, 741; +guethrinc gefeng atolan clommum, 1502; gefeng þa be eaxle ... Guethgeata leod +Grendles modor, 1538; gefeng þa fetelhilt, 1564; hond rond gefeng, geolwe +linde, 2610; ic on ofoste gefeng micle mid mundum maegen-byrethenne, _hastily +I seized with my hands the enormous burden_, 3091. + +on-fon, w. dat., _to receive, to accept, to take_: pres. imp. sg. onfoh +þissum fulle, _accept this cup_, 1170; inf. þaet þaet þeodnes bearn ... +scolde faeder-aeethelum onfon, _receive the paternal rank_, 912; pret. sg. hwa +þaem hlaeste onfeng, _who received the ship's lading_, 52; hleor-bolster +onfeng eorles andwlitan, _the pillow received the nobleman's face_, 689; +similarly, 853, 1495; heal swege onfeng, _the hall received the loud +noise_, 1215; he onfeng hraethe inwit-þancum, _he_ (Beowulf) _at once +clutched him_ (Grendel) _devising malice_, 749. + +þurh-fon, w. acc., _to break through with grasping, to destroy by +grasping_: inf. þaet heo þone fyrd-hom þurh-fon ne mihte, 1505. + +wieth-fon, w. dat., _(to grasp at), to seize, to lay hold of_: pret. sg. him +faeste wieth-feng, 761. + +ymbe-fon, w. acc., _to encircle_: pret. heals ealne ymbefeng biteran banum, +_encircled his_ (Beowulf's) _whole neck with sharp bones_ (teeth), 2692. + +fot, st. m., _foot_: gen. sg. fotes trem (_the measure of a foot, a foot +broad_), 2526; acc. pl. fet, 746; dat. pl. aet fotum, _at the feet_, 500, +1167. + +fot-gemearc, st. n., _measure, determining by feet, number of feet_: gen. +sg. se waes fiftiges fotgemearces lang (_fifty feet long_), 3043. + +fot-last, st. m., _foot-print_: acc. sg. (draca) onfand feondes fot-last, +2290. + +fracod, adj., _objectionable, useless_. nom. sg. naes seo ecg fracod +hilde-rince, 1576. + +fram, from, I. prep. w. dat. loc. _away from something_: þaer fram sylle +abeag medubenc monig, 776, 1716; þanon eft gewiton ealdgesiethas ... fram +mere, 856; cyning-balde men from þaem holmclife hafelan baeron, 1636; +similarly, 541, 543, 2367. Standing after the dat.: he hine feor forwraec +... mancynne fram, 110; similarly, 1716. Also, _hither from something_: þa +ic cwom ... from feondum, 420; aeghwaeethrum waes ... broga fram oethrum, +2566.--Causal with verbs of saying and hearing, _of, about, concerning_: +saegdest from his siethe, 532; no ic wiht fram þe swylcra searo-nietha secgan +hyrde, 581; þaet he fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876. II adv., _away, +thence_: no þy aer fram meahte, 755; _forth, out_: from aerest cwom orueth +aglaecean ut of stane, _the breath of the dragon came forth first from the +rock_ 2557. + +fram, from, adj.: 1) _directed forwards, striving forwards_; in comp. +sieth-fram.--2) _excellent, splendid_, of a man with reference to his warlike +qualities: nom. sg. ic eom on mode from, 2528; nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, +1642, 2477. Of things: instr. pl. fromum feoh-giftum, 21.--Comp. un-from; +see freme, forma. + +ge-fraegen. See frignan. + +fraetwe, st. f. pl., _ornament, anything costly_, originally _carved +objects_ (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr. X. 216 ff.), afterwards of any +costly and artistic work: acc. pl. fraetwe, 2920; beorhte fraetwe, 214; +beorhte fraetwa, 897; fraetwe.. eorclan-stanas, 1208; fraetwe,... +breost-weorethunge, 2504, both times of Hygelac's collar; fraetwe and +faet-gold, 1922; fraetwe (Eanmund's sword and armor), 2621; dat. instr. pl. +þam fraetwum, 2164; on fraetewum, 963; fraetwum (Heaethobeard sword) hremig, +2055; fraetwum, of the drake's treasures, 2785; fraetwum (Ongenþeow's armor), +2990; gen. pl. fela ... fraetwa, 37; þara fraetwa (drake's treasure), 2795; +fraetwa hyrde (drake), 3134. + +fraetwan, w. v., _to supply with ornaments, to adorn_: inf. folc-stede +fraetwan, 76. + +ge-fraetwian, w. v., _to adorn_: pret. sg. gefraetwade foldan sceatas leomum +and leafum, 96; pret. part. þa waes haten Heort innanweard folmum gefraetwod, +993. + +ge-fraege, adj., _known by reputation, renowned_: nom. sg. leod-cyning ... +folcum gefraege, 55; swa hyt gefraege waes, 2481. + +ge-fraege, st. n., _information through hearsay_: instr. sg. mine gefraege +(_as I learned through the narrative of others_), 777, 838, 1956, etc. + +ge-fraegnian, w. v., _to become known through hearsay_: pret. part. fylle +gefraegnod (of Grendel's mother, who had become known through the carrying +off of Aeschere), 1334? + +freca, w. m., properly _a wolf_, as one that breaks in, robs; here a +designation of heroes: nom. sg. freca Scildinga, of Beowulf, 1564.--Comp.: +gueth-, hilde-, scyld-, sweord-, wig-freca; fereth-frec (adj.). + +fremde, adj., properly _distant, foreign_; then _estranged, hostile_: nom +sg. þaet waes fremde þeod ecean dryhtne, of the giants, 1692. + +freme, adj., _excellent, splendid_: nom. sg. fem. fremu folces cwen, of +Þryetho, 1933(?). + +fremman, w. v., _to press forward, to further_, hence: 1) in general, _to +perform, to accomplish, to do, to make_: pres. subj. without an object, +fremme se þe wille, _let him do (it) whoever will_, 1004. With acc.: imp. +pl. fremmaeth ge nu leoda þearfe, 2801; inf. fyrene fremman, 101; saecce +fremman, 2500; faehethe ... maerethum fremman, 2515, etc.; pret. sg. folcraed +fremede (_did what was best for his men_, i.e. ruled wisely), 3007; pl. hu +þa aeethelingas ellen fremedon, 3; feohtan fremedon, 960; nalles facenstafas +... þenden fremedon, 1020; pret. subj. þaet ic ... maeretho fremede, 2135. --2) +_to help on, to support_: inf. þaet he mec fremman wile wordum and worcum +(to an expedition), 1833. + +ge-fremman, w. acc., _to do, to make, to render_: inf. gefremman eorlic +ellen, 637; helpan gefremman, _to give help_, 2450; aefter weaspelle wyrpe +gefremman, _to work a change after sorrow_ (to give joy after sorrow), +1316; gerund, to gefremmanne, 174, 2645; pret. sg. gefremede, 135, 165, +551, 585, etc.; þeah þe hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men foreth gefremede, +_placed him away, above all men_, i.e. raised him, 1719; pret. pl. +gefremedon, 1188, 2479; pret. subj. gefremede, 177; pret. part. gefremed, +476; fem, nu scealc hafaeth ... daed gefremede, 941; absolutely, þu þe self +hafast daedum gefremed, þaet ..., _hast brought it about by thy deeds that_, +955. + +fretan, st. v., _to devour, to consume_: inf. þa (the precious things) +sceal brond fretan, 3015; nu sceal gled fretan wigena strengel, 3115; pret. +sg. (Grendel) slaepende fraet folces Denigea fyftyne men, 1582. + +frecne, adj., _dangerous, bold_: nom. sg. frecne fyr-draca, 2690; +feorh-bealo frecne, 2251, 2538; acc. sg. frecne daede, 890; frecne fengelad, +1360; frecne stowe, 1379; instr. sg. frecnan spraece (_through provoking +words_), 1105. + +frecne, adv., _boldly, audaciously_, 960, 1033, 1692. + +frea, w. m., _ruler, lord_, of a temporal ruler: nom. sg. frea, 2286; acc. +sg. frean, 351, 1320, 2538, 3003, 3108; gen. sg. frean, 359, 500, 1167, +1681; dat. sg. frean, 271, 291, 2663. Of a husband: dat. sg. eode ... to +hire frean sittan, 642. Of God: dat. sg. frean ealles, _the Lord of all_, +2795; gen. sg. frean, 27.-- Comp.: agend-, lif-, sin-frea. + +frea-dryhten, st. m., _lord, ruling lord_: gen. sg. frea-drihtnes, 797. + +frea-wine, st. m., _lord and friend, friendly ruler_: nom. sg. frea-wine +folces (folca), 2358, 2430; acc. sg. his frea-wine, 2439. + +frea-wrasn, st. f., _encircling ornament like a diadem_: instr. pl. helm +... befongen freawrasnum, 1452; see wrasn. + +freoethu, friethu, f., _protection, asylum, peace_: acc. sg. wel bieth þaem þe mot +... to faeder faeethmum freoetho wilnian, _who may obtain an asylum in God's +arms_, 188; nean and feorran þu nu [friethu] hafast, 1175.--Comp. fen-freoetho. + +freoetho-burh, st. f., _castle, city affording protection_: acc. sg. +freoethoburh faegere, 522. + +freoetho-wong, st. m., _field of peace, field of protection_: acc. sg., 2960; +seems to have been the proper name of a field. + +freoetho-waer, st. f., _peace-alliance, security of peace_: acc. sg. þa hie +getruwedon on twa healfa faeste frioethu-waere, 1097; gen. sg. frioethowaere baed +hlaford sinne, _entreated his lord for the protection of peace_ (i.e. full +pardon for his delinquency), 2283. + +freoetho-webbe, w. f., _peace-weaver_, designation of the royal consort +(often one given in marriage as a confirmation of a peace between two +nations): nom. sg., 1943. + +freo-burh, st. f., = frea-burg (?), _ruler's castle_ (?) (according to +Grein, arx ingenua): acc. sg. freoburh, 694. + +freod, st. f., _friendship_: acc. sg. freode ne woldon ofer heafo healdan, +2477; gen. sg. naes þaer mara fyrst freode to friclan, _was no longer time to +seek for friendship_, 2557; --_favor, acknowledgement_: acc. sg. ic þe +sceal mine gelaestan freode (_will show myself grateful_, with reference to +1381 ff.), 1708. + +freo-dryhten (= frea-dryhten), st. m., _lord, ruler_; according to Grein, +dominus ingenuus vel nobilis: nom. sg. as voc. freo-drihten min! 1170; dat. +sg. mid his freo-dryhtne, 2628. + +freogan, w. v., _to love; to think of lovingly_: pres. subj. þaet mon his +wine-dryhten ... ferhethum freoge, 3178; inf. nu ic þec ... me for sunu wylle +freogan on ferhethe, 949. + +freo-lic, adj., _free, free-born_ (here of the lawful wife in contrast with +the bond concubine): nom. sg. freolic wif, 616; freolicu folc-cwen, 642. + +freond, st. m., _friend_: acc. sg. freond, 1386, 1865; dat. pl. freondum, +916, 1019, 1127; gen. pl. freonda, 1307, 1839. + +freond-laethu, st. f., _friendly invitation_: nom. sg. him waes ful boren and +freond-laethu (_friendly invitation to drink_) wordum bewaegned, 1193. + +freond-lar, st. f., _friendly counsel_: dat. (instr.) pl. freond-larum, +2378. + +freond-lice, adv., _in a friendly manner, kindly_: compar. freond-licor, +1028. + +freond-scipe, st. m., _friendship_: acc. sg. freond-scipe faestne, 2070. + +freo-wine, st. m. (see freawine), _lord and friend, friendly ruler_; +according to Grein, amicus nobilis, princeps amicus: nom. sg. as voc. +freo-wine folca! 430. + +fricgean, w. v., _to ask, to inquire into_: inf. ongan sinne geseldan faegre +fricgean hwylce Sae-Geata siethas waeron, 1986; pres. part, gomela Scilding +fela fricgende feorran rehte, _the old Scilding, asking many questions_ +(having many things related to him), _told of old times_ (the conversation +was alternate), 2107. + +ge-fricgean, _to learn, to learn by inquiry_: pres. pl. syethethan hie +ge-fricgeaeth frean userne ealdorleasne, _when they learn that our lord is +dead_, 3003; pres. subj. gif ic þaet gefricge, þaet..., 1827; pl. syethethan +aeethelingas feorran gefricgean fleam eowerne, 2890. + +friclan (see freca), w. v. w. gen., _to seek, to desire, to strive for_: +inf. naes þaer mara fyrst freode to friclan, 2557. + +frietho-sib, st. f., _kin for the confirming of peace_, designation of the +queen (see freoetho--webbe), _peace-bringer_: nom. sg. friethu-sibb folca, +2018. + +frignan, fringan, frinan, st. v., _to ask, to inquire_: imp. ne frin þu +aefter saelum, _ask not after the well-being!_ 1323; inf. ic þaes wine Deniga +frinan wille ... ymb þinne sieth, 351; pret. sg. fraegn, 236, 332; fraegn gif +..., _asked whether_ ..., 1320. + +ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge-frinan, _to find out by inquiry, to learn by +narration._ pret. sg. (w. acc.) þaet fram ham gefraegn Higelaces þegn +Grendles daeda, 194; no ic gefraegn heardran feohtan, 575; (w. acc. and inf.) +þa ic wide gefraegn weorc gebannan, 74; similarly, 2485, 2753, 2774; ne +gefraegen ic þa maegethe maran weorode ymb hyra sincgyfan sel gebaeran, _I never +heard that any people, richer in warriors, conducted itself better about +its chief_, 1012; similarly, 1028; pret. pl. (w. acc.) we þeodcyninga þrym +gefrunon, 2; (w. acc. and inf.) geongne guethcyning godne gefrunon hringas +daelan, 1970; (parenthetical) swa guman gefrungon, 667, (after þonne) +medo-aern micel (_greater_) ... þone yldo bearn aefre gefrunon, 70; pret. +part. haefde Higelaces hilde gefrunen, 2953; haefdon gefrunen þaet..., _had +learned that_ ..., 695; haefde gefrunen hwanan sio faeheth aras, 2404; +healsbeaga maest þara þe ic on foldan gefraegen haebbe, 1197. + +from, See fram. + +frod, adj.: 1) aetate provectus, _old, gray_: nom. sg. frod, 2626, 2951; +frod cyning, 1307, 2210; frod folces weard, 2514; wintrum frod, 1725, 2115, +2278; se froda, 2929; ac. sg. frode feorhlege (_the laying down of my old +life_), 2801; dat. sg. frodan fyrnwitan (may also, from its meaning, belong +under No. 2), 2124.--2) mente excellentior, _intelligent, experienced, +wise_: nom. sg. frod, 1367; frod and god, 279; on mode frod, 1845.--Comp.: +in-, un-frod. + +frofor, st. f., _consolation, compensation, help_: nom. sg. frofor, 2942; +acc. sg. frofre, 7, 974; fyrena frofre, 629; frofre and fultum, 1274; +frofor and fultum, 699; dat. sg. to frofre, 14, 1708; gen. sg. frofre, 185. + +fruma (see forma), w. m., _the foremost_, hence: l) _beginning_: nom. sg. +waes se fruma egeslic leodum on lande, swa hyt lungre weareth on hyra +sincgifan sare geendod (_the beginning of the dragon-combat was terrible, +its end distressing through the death of Beowulf_), 2310.--2) _he who +stands first, prince_; in comp. daed-, hild-, land-, leod-, ord-, wig-fruma. + +frum-cyn, st. n., (genus primitivum), _descent, origin_: acc. sg. nu ic +eower sceal frumcyn witan, 252. + +frum-gar, st. m., primipilus, _duke, prince_: dat. sg. frumgare (of +Beowulf), 2857. + +frum-sceaft, st. f., prima creatio, _beginning_: acc. sg. se þe cuethe +frumsceaft fira feorran reccan, _who could tell of the beginning of mankind +in old times_, 91; dat. sg. frum-sceafte, _in the beginning_, i.e at his +birth, 45. + +fugol, st. m., _bird_: dat. sg. fugle gelicost, 218; dat. pl. [fuglum] to +gamene, 2942. + +ful, adj., _full, filled_: nom. sg. w. gen. pl. se waes innan full wraetta +and wira, 2413.--Comp.: eges-, sorh-, weoreth-ful. + +ful, adv., plene, _very_: ful oft, 480; ful-oft, 952. + +ful, st. n., _cup, beaker_: nom. sg., 1193; acc. sg. ful, 616, 629, 1026; +ofer yetha ful, _over the cup of the waves_ (the basin of the sea filled with +waves), 1209; dat. sg. onfoh þissum fulle, 1170.--Comp.: medo-, sele-full. + +fullaestian, w. v. w. dat, _to give help_: pres. sg. ic þe fullaestu, 2669. + +fultum, st. m., _help, support, protection_: acc. sg. frofor (frofre) and +fultum, 699, 1274; maegenes fultum, 1836; on fultum, 2663.--Comp. +maegen-fultum. + +fundian, w. v., _to strive, to have in view_: pres. pl. we fundiaeth Higelac +secan, 1820; pret. sg. fundode of geardum, 1138. + +furethum, adv., primo, _just, exactly; then first_: þa ic furethum weold folce +Deninga, _then first governed the people of the Danes_ (had just assumed +the government), 465; þa hie to sele furethum ... gangan cwomon, 323; ic þaer +furethum cwom to þam hringsele, 2010;--_before, previously_: ic þe sceal mine +gelaestan freode, swa wit furethum spraecon, 1708. + +furethur, adv., _further, forward, more distant_, 254, 762, 3007. + +fus, adj., _inclined to, favorable, ready_: nom. sg. nu ic eom siethes fus, +1476; leofra manna fus, _prepared for the dear men_, i.e. expecting them, +1917; sigel suethan fus, _the sun inclined from the south_ (midday sun), +1967; se wonna hrefn fus ofer faegum, _eager over the slain_, 3026; sceft +... feether-gearwum fus, 3120; nom. pl. waeron ... eft to leodum fuse to +farenne, 1806.--Sometimes fus means _ready for death_, moribundus: fus and +faege, 1242.--Comp.: hin-, ut-fus. + +fus-lic, adj., _prepared, ready_: acc. sg. fus-lic f[yrd]-leoeth, 1425; +fyrd-searo fus-lic, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fus-licu, 232. + +fyl, st. m., _fall_: nom. sg. fyll cyninges, _the fall of the king_ (in the +dragon-fight), 2913; dat. sg. þaet he on fylle weareth, _that he came to a +fall, fell_, 1545.--Comp. hra-fyl. + +fylce (collective form from folc), st. n., _troop, band of warriors_: in +comp. ael-fylce. + +ge-fyllan (see feal), w. v., _to fell, to slay in battle_: inf. fane +gefyllan, _to slay the enemy_, 2656; pret. pl. feond gefyldan, _they had +slain the enemy_, 2707. + +a-fyllan (see ful), w. v., _to fill_: pret. part. Heorot innan waes freondum +afylled (_was filled with trusted men_), 1019. + +fyllo, st. f. (_plenty, abundant meal_: dat. (instr.) sg. fylle gefraegnod, +1334; gen. sg. naes hie þaere fylle gefean haefdon, 562; fylle gefaegon, +1015.--Comp.: wael-, wist-fyllo. + +fyl-werig, adj., _weary enough to fall, faint to death_, moribundus: acc. +sg. fyl-werigne, 963. + +fyr. See feor. + +fyrian, w. v. w. acc. (= ferian) _to bear, to bring, carry_: pret. pl. þa +þe gif-sceattas Geata fyredon þyder to þance, 378. + +fyras. See firas. + +fyren. See firen. + +fyrde, adj., _movable, that can be moved_.--Comp. hard-fyrde.--Leo. + +fyrd-gestealla, w. m., _comrade on an expedition, companion in battle_: +dat. pl. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874 + +fyrd-ham, st. m., _war-dress, coat of mail_: acc. sg. þone fyrd-hom, 1505. + +fyrd-hraegl, st. n., _coat of mail, war-dress_: acc. sg. fyrd-hraegl, 1528. + +fyrd-hwaet, adj., _sharp, good in war, warlike_: nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, +1642, 2477. + +fyrd-leoeth, st. n., _war-song, warlike music_: acc. sg. horn stundum song +fuslic f[yrd]leoeth, 1425. + +fyrd-searu, st. n., _equipment for an expedition_: acc. sg. fyrd-searu +fuslic, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fuslicu, 232. + +fyrd-wyrethe, adj., _of worth in war, excellent in battle_: nom. sg. +fyrd-wyrethe man (Beowulf), 1317. + +ge-fyrethran (see foreth), w. v., _to bring forward, to further_: pret. part. +ar waes on ofoste, eftsiethes georn, fraetwum gefyrethred, _he was hurried +forward by the treasure_ (i.e. after he had gathered up the treasure, he +hasted to return, so as to be able to show it to the mortally-wounded +Beowulf), 2785. + +fyrmest. See forma. + +fyrn-dagas, st. m. pl., _by-gone days_: dat. pl. fyrndagum (_in old +times_), 1452. + +fyrn-geweorc, st. n., _work, something done in old times_: acc. sg. fira +fyrn-geweorc (the drinking-cup mentioned in 2283), 2287. + +fyrn-gewin, st. n., _combat in ancient times_: gen. sg. or fyrn-gewinnes +(_the origin of the battles of the giants_), 1690. + +fyrn-man, st. m., _man of ancient times_: gen. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, 2762. + +fyrn-wita, w. m., _counsellor ever since ancient times, adviser for many +years_: dat. sg. frodan fyrnwitan, of Aeschere, 2124. + +fyrst, st. m., _portion of time, definite time, time_: nom. sg. naes hit +lengra fyrst, ac ymb ane niht ..., 134; fyrst foreth gewat, _the time_ (of +going to the harbor) _was past_, 210; naes þaer mara fyrst freode to friclan, +2556; acc. sg. niht-longne fyrst, 528; fif nihta fyrst, 545; instr. sg. þy +fyrste, 2574; dat. sg. him on fyrste gelomp ..., _within the fixed time_, +76. + +fyr-wit, -wet, -wyt, st. n., _prying spirit, curiosity_: nom. sg. fyrwyt, +232; fyrwet, 1986, 2785. + +ge-fysan (fus), w. v., _to make ready, to prepare_: part. winde gefysed +flota, _the ship provided with wind_ (for the voyage), 217; (wyrm) fyre +gefysed, _provided with fire_, 2310; þa waes hringbogan (of the drake) +heorte gefysed saecce to seceanne, 2562; with gen., in answer to the +question, for what? guethe gefysed, _ready for battle, determined to fight_, +631. + +fyr, st. n., _fire_: nom. sg., 1367, 2702, 2882; dat. sg. fyre, 2220; as +instr. fyre, 2275, 2596; gen. sg. fyres faeethm, 185; fyres feng, 1765.-- +Comp.: ad-, bael-, heaethu-, wael-fyr. + +fyr-bend, st. m., _band forged in fire_: dat. pl. duru ... fyr-bendum faest, +723. + +fyr-draca, w. m., _fire-drake, fire-spewing dragon_: nom. sg., 2690. + +fyr-heard, adj., _hard through fire, hardened in fire_: nom. pl. (eoforlic) +fah and fyr-heard, 305. + +fyr-leoht, st. n., _fire-light_: acc. sg., 1517. + +fyr-wylm, st. m., _wave of fire, flame-wave_: dat. pl. wyrm ... fyrwylmum +fah, 2672. + + +G + +galan, st. v., _to sing, to sound_: pres. sg. sorh-leoeth gaeleeth, 2461; inf. +gryre-leoeth galan, 787; bearhtm ongeaton, guethhorn galan, _heard the clang, +the battle-trumpet sound_, 1433. + +a-galan, _to sing, to sound_: pret. sg. þaet hire on hafelan hringmael agol +graedig guethleoeth, _that the sword caused a greedy battle-song to sound upon +her head_, 1522. + +gamban, or, according to Bout., gambe, w. f., _tribute, interest_: acc. sg. +gomban gyldan, 11. + +gamen, st. n., _social pleasure, rejoicing, joyous doings_: nom. sg. gamen, +1161; gomen, 2460; gomen gleobeames, _the pleasure of the harp_, 2264; acc. +sg. gamen and gleodream, 3022; dat. sg. gamene, 2942; gomene, 1776.--Comp. +heal-gamen. + +gamen-waeth, st. f., _way offering social enjoyment, journey in joyous +society_: dat. sg. of gomen-waethe, 855. + +gamen-wudu, st. m., _wood of social enjoyment_, i.e. harp: nom. sg. þaer waes +... gomenwudu greted, 1066; acc. sg. gomenwudu grette, 2109. + +gamol, gomol, gomel, adj., _old_; of persons, _having lived many years, +gray_: gamol, 58, 265; gomol, 3096; gomel, 2113, 2794; se gomela, 1398; +gamela (gomela) Scylding, 1793, 2106; gomela, 2932; acc. sg. þone gomelan, +2422; dat. sg. gamelum rince, 1678; gomelum ceorle, 2445; þam gomelan, +2818; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe gomele, 1596.--Also, _late, belonging to former +time_: gen. pl. gomelra lafe (_legacy_), 2037.--Of things, _old, from old +times_: nom. sg. sweord ... gomol, 2683; acc. sg. gomele lafe, 2564; gomel +swyrd, 2611; gamol is a more respectful word than eald. + +gamol-feax, adj., _with gray hair_: nom. sg., 609. + +gang, st. m.: 1) _gait, way_: dat. sg. on gange, 1885; gen. sg. ic hine ne +mihte ... ganges ge-twaeman, _could not keep him from going_, 969.--2) +_step, foot-step_: nom. sg. gang (the foot-print of the mother of Grendel), +1405; acc. sg. uton hraethe feran Grendles magan gang sceawigan, 1392.--Comp. +in-gang. + +be-gang, bi-gang, st. m., (_so far as something goes_), _extent_: acc. sg. +ofer geofenes begang, _over the extent of the sea_, 362; ofer floda begang, +1827; under swegles begong, 861, 1774; floda begong, 1498; sioleetha bigong, +2368. + +gangan. See under gan. + +ganot, st. m., _diver_, fulica marina: gen. sg. ofer ganotes baeeth (i.e. the +sea), 1862. + +gad, st. n., _lack_: nom. sg. ne bieth þe wilna gad (_thou shalt have no lack +of desirable_ [valuable] _things_), 661; similarly, 950. + +gan, _expanded =_ gangan, st. v., _to go_: pres. sg. III. gaeeth a Wyrd swa +hio scel, 455; gaeeth eft ... to medo, 605; þonne he ... on flett gaeeth, 2035; +similarly, 2055; pres. subj. III. sg. ga þaer he wille, _let him go whither +he will_, 1395; imp. sg. II. ga nu to setle, 1783; nu þu lungre geong, hord +sceawian, under harne stan, 2744; inf. in gan, _to go in_, 386, 1645 'foreth +gan, _to go forth, to go thither_, 1164; þat hie him to mihton gegnum +gangan, _to go towards, to go to_, 314; to sele ... gangan cwomon, 324; in +a similar construction, gongan, 1643; nu ge moton gangan ... Hroethgar +geseon, 395; þa com of more ... Grendel gongan, _there came Grendel (going) +from the fen_, 712; ongean gramum gangan, _to go to meet the enemy, to go +to the war_, 1035; cwom ... to hofe gongan, 1975; wutun gangan to, _let us +go thither_, 2649.--As preterite, serve, 1) geong or giong: he to healle +geong, 926; similarly, 2019; se þe on orde geong, _who went at the head, +went in front, _3126; on innan giong, _went in_, 2215; he ... giong to þaes +þe he eorethsele anne wisse, _went thither, where he knew of that earth-hall, +_2410; þa se aeetheling, giong, þaet he bi wealle gesaet, _then went the prince_ +(Beowulf) _that he might sit down by the wall_, 2716.--2) gang: to healle +gang Healfdenes sunu, 1010; similarly, 1296; gang þa aefter flore, _went +along the floor, along the hall_, 1317.--3) gengde (Goth. gaggida): he ... +beforan gengde ..., wong sceawian, _went in front to inspect the fields_, +1413; gengde, also of riding, 1402.--4) from another stem, eode (Goth. +iddja): eode ellenrof, þaet he for eaxlum gestod Deniga frean, 358; +similarly, 403; [wieth duru healle Wulfgar eode], _went towards the door of +the hall_, 390; eode Wealhþeow foreth, _went forth_, 613; eode to hire frean +sittan, 641; eode yrremod, _went with angry feeling_, 727; eode ... to +sele, 919; similarly, 1233; eode ... þaer se snottra bad, 1313; eode weoreth +Denum aeetheling to yppan, _the prince_ (Beowulf), _honored by the Danes, went +to the high seat_, 1815; eode ... under inwit-hrof, 3124; pl. þaer +swiethferhethe sittan eodon, 493; eodon him þa togeanes, _went to meet him_, +1627; eodon under Earna naes, 3032. + +a-gangan, _to go out, to go forth, to befall_: pret. part. swa bit agangen +weareth eorla manegum (_as it befell many a one of the earls_), 1235. + +full-gangan, _to emulate, to follow after_: pret. sg. þonne ... sceft nytte +heold, feether-gearwum fus flane full-eode, _when the shaft had employment, +furnished with feathers it followed the arrow, did as the arrow_, 3120. + +ge-gan, ge-gangan: 1) _to go, to approach_: inf. (w. acc.) his modor ... +gegan wolde sorhfulne sieth, 1278; se þe gryre-siethas gegan dorste, _who dared +to go the ways of terror_ (to go into the combat), 1463; pret. sg. se maga +geonga under his maeges scyld elne geeode, _went quickly under his kinsman's +shield_, 2677; pl. elne geeodon to þaes þe ..., _went quickly thither where_ +..., 1968; pret. part. syethethan hie to-gaedre gegan haefdon, _when they_ +(Wiglaf and the drake) _had come together_, 2631; þaet his aldres waes ende +gegongen, _that the end of his life had come_, 823; þa waes endedaeg godum +gegongen, þaet se guethcyning ... swealt, 3037.--2) _to obtain, to reach_: +inf. (w. acc.) þonne he aet guethe gegan þenceeth longsumne lof, 1536; ic mid +elne sceall gold gegangan, 2537; gerund, naes þaet yethe ceap to gegangenne +gumena aenigum, 2417; pret. pl. elne geeodon ... þaet se byrnwiga bugan +sceolde, 2918; pret. part. haefde ... gegongen þaet, _had attained it, that_ +..., 894; hord ys gesceawod, grimme gegongen, 3086.--3) _to occur, to +happen_: pres. sg. III. gif þaet gegangeeth þaet ..., _if that happen, that_ +..., 1847; pret. sg. þaet geiode ufaran dogrum hilde-hlaemmum, _it happened +in later times to the warriors_ (the Geatas), 2201; pret. part. þa waes +gegongen guman unfrodum earfoethlice þaet, _then it had happened to the young +man in sorrowful wise that_ ..., 2822. + +oeth-gangan, _to-go thither_: pret. pl. oeth þaet hi oetheodon ... in Hrefnesholt, +2935. + +ofer-gangan, w. acc., _to go over_: pret. sg. ofereode þa aeethelinga bearn +steap stan-hlietho, _went over steep, rocky precipices_, 1409; pl. +freoetho-wong þone foreth ofereodon, 2960. + +ymb-gangan, w. acc., _to go around_: pret. ymb-eode þa ides Helminga duguethe +and geogoethe dael aeghwylcne, _went around in every part, among the superior +and the inferior warriors_, 621. + +gar, st. m., _spear, javelin, missile_: nom. sg., 1847, 3022; instr. sg. +gare, 1076; blodigan gare, 2441; gen. sg. gares fliht, 1766; nom. pl. +garas, 328; gen. pl., 161(?).--Comp.: bon-, frum-gar. + +gar-cene, adj., _spear-bold_: nom. sg., 1959. + +gar-cwealm, st. m., _murder, death by the spear_: acc. sg. gar-cwealm +gumena, 2044. + +gar-holt, st. n., _forest of spears_, i.e. crowd of spears: acc. sg., 1835. + +gar-secg, st. m. (cf. Grimm, in Haupt l. 578), _sea, ocean_: acc. sg. on +gar-secg, 49, 537; ofer gar-secg, 515. + +gar-wiga, w. m., _one who fights with the spear_: dat. sg. geongum +gar-wigan, of Wiglaf, 2675, 2812. + +gar-wigend, pres. part., _fighting with spear, spear-fighter_: acc. pl. +gar-wigend, 2642. + +gast, gaest, st. m., _ghost, demon_: acc. sg. helle gast (Grendel), 1275; +gen. sg. wergan gastes (of Grendel), 133; (of the tempter), 1748; gen. pl. +dyrnra gasta (Grendel's race), 1358; gaesta gifrost (_flames consuming +corpses_), 1124.--Comp.: ellor-, geo-sceaft-gast; ellen-, wael-gaest. + +gast-bana, w. m., _slayer of the spirit_, i.e. the devil: nom. sg. +gast-bona, 177. + +gaedeling, st. m., _he who is connected with another, relation, companion_: +gen. sg. gaedelinges, 2618; dat. pl. mid his gaedelingum, 2950. + +aet-gaedere, adv., _together, united_: 321, 1165, 1191; samod aetgaedere, 329, +387, 730, 1064. + +to-gadere, adv., _together_, 2631. + +gaest, gist, gyst, st. m., _stranger, guest_: nom. sg. gaest, 1801; se gaest +(the drake), 2313; se grimma gaest (Grendel), 102; gist, 1139, 1523; acc. +sg. gryre-licne gist (the nixy slain by Beowulf), 1442; dat. sg. gyste, +2229; nom. pl. gistas, 1603; acc. pl. gaes[tas], 1894.--Comp.: feethe-, +gryre-, inwit-, nieth-, sele-gaest (-gyst). + +gaest-sele, st. m., _hall in which the guests spend their time, guest-hall_: +acc. sg., 995. + +ge, conj., _and_, 1341; ge ... ge ..., _as well ... as ..._, 1865; ge ... +ge ..., ge ..., 1249; ge swylce, _and likewise, and moreover_, 2259. + +ge, pron., _ye, you_, plur. of þu, 237, 245, etc. + +gegn-cwide, st. m., _reply_: gen. pl. þinra gegn-cwida, 367. + +gegnum, adv., _thither, towards, away_, with the prep, to, ofer, giving the +direction: þaet hie him to mihton gegnum gangan (_that they might go +thither_), 314; gegnum for [þa] ofer myrcan mor, _away over the dark moor_, +1405. + +gehethu, geohethu, st. f., _sorrow, care_: instr. sg. giohetho maende, 2268; dat. +sg. on gehetho, 3096; on giohethe, 2794. + +gen (from gegn), adv., _yet, again_. ne waes hit lenge þa gen, þaet ..., _it +was not then long before_ ..., 83; ic sceal foreth sprecan gen ymb Grendel, +_shall from now on speak again of Grendel_, 2071; no þy aer ut þa gen ... +gongan wolde (_still he would not yet go out_), 2082; gen is eall aet þe +lissa gelong (_yet all my favor belongs to thee_), 2150; þa gen, _then +again_, 2678, 2703; swa he nu gen deeth, _as he still does_, 2860; furethur +gen, _further still, besides_, 3007; nu gen, _now again_, 3169; ne gen, _no +more, no farther_: ne waes þaet wyrd þa gen, _that was no more fate_ (fate no +longer willed that), 735. + +gena, _still_: cwico waes þa gena, _was still living_, 3094. + +genga, w. m., _goer_; in comp. in-, sae-, sceadu-genga. + +gengde. See gan(3). + +genge. See ueth-genge. + +genunga (from gegnunga), adv., _precisely, completely_, 2872. + +gerwan, gyrwan, w. v.: 1) _to prepare, to make ready, to put in condition_: +pret. pl. gestsele gyredon, 995.--2) _to equip, to arm for battle_: pret. +sg. gyrede hine Beowulf eorl-gewaedum (_dressed himself in the armor_), +1442. + +ge-gyrwan: 1) _to make, to prepare_: pret. pl. him þa gegiredan Geata leode +ad ... unwaclicne, 3138; pret. part. glof ... eall gegyrwed deofles craeftum +and dracan fellum, 2088.--2) _to fit out, to make ready_: inf. ceol +gegyrwan hilde-waepnum and heaethowaedum, 38; het him yethlidan godne gegyrwan, +_had (his) good ship fitted up for him_, 199. Also, _to provide warlike +equipment_: pret. part. syethethan he hine to guethe gegyred haefde, 1473.--3) _to +endow, to provide, to adorn_: pret. part. nom. sg. beado-hraegl ... golde +gegyrwed, 553; acc. sg. lafe ... golde gegyrede, 2193; acc. pl. madmas ... +golde gegyrede, 1029. + +getan, w. v., _to injure, to slay_: inf., 2941. + +be-gete, adj., _attainable_; in comp. eeth-begete. + +geador, adv., _unitedly, together, jointly_, 836; geador aetsomne, 491. + +on-geador, adv., _unitedly, together_, 1596. + +gealdor, st. n.: 1) _sound_: acc. sg. byman gealdor, 2944.--2) _magic song, +incantation, spell_: instr. sg. þonne waes þaet yrfe ... galdre bewunden +(_placed under a spell_), 3053. + +gealga, w. m., _gallows_: dat. sg. þaet his byre ride giong on galgan, 2447. + +gealg-mod, adj., _gloomy_: nom. sg. gifre and galgmod, 1278. + +gealg-treow, st. n., _gallows_: dat. pl. on galg-treowu[m], 2941. + +geard, st. m., _residence_; in Beowulf corresponding to the house-complex +of a prince's residence, used only in the plur.: acc. in geardas (_in +Finn's castle_), 1135; dat. in geardum, 13, 2460; of geardum, 1139; aer he +on weg hwurfe ... of geardum, _before he went away from his +dwelling-place_, i.e. died, 265.--Comp. middan-geard. + +gearo, adj., properly, _made, prepared_; hence, _ready, finished, +equipped_: nom. sg. þaet hit weareth eal gearo, heal-aerna maest, 77; wiht +unhaelo ... gearo sona waes, _the demon of destruction was quickly ready, did +not delay long_, 121; Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca waes on bael gearu, +_was ready for the funeral-pile_ (for the solemn burning), 1110; þeod (is) +eal gearo, _the warriors are altogether ready, always prepared_, 1231; +hraethe waes aet holme hyeth-weard gearo (geara, MS.), 1915; gearo gueth-freca, +2415; sie sio baer gearo aedre geaefned, _let the bier be made ready at once_, +3106. With gen.: gearo gyrnwraece, _ready for revenge for harm done_, 2119, +acc. sg. gearwe stowe, 1007; nom. pl. beornas gearwe, 211; similarly, 1814. + +gearwe, gearo, geare, adv., _completely, entirely_: ne ge ... gearwe ne +wisson, _you do not know at all_ ..., 246; similarly, 879; hine gearwe +geman witena welhwyle (_remembers him very well_), 265; wisse he gearwe þaet +..., _he knew very well that_ ..., 2340, 2726; þaet ic ... gearo sceawige +swegle searogimmas (_that I may see the treasures altogether, as many as +they are_), 2749; ic wat geare þaet ..., 2657.--Comp. gearwor, _more +readily, rather_, 3077.--Superl. gearwost, 716. + +gearo-folm, adj., _with ready hand_, 2086. + +gearwe, st. f., _equipment, dress_; in comp. feether-gearwe. + +geat, st. n., _opening, door_; in comp. ben-, hilde-geat. + +geato-lic, adj., _well prepared, handsome, splendid_: of sword and armor, +215, 1563, 2155; of Heorot, 308. Adv.: wisa fengel geatolic gengde, _passed +on in a stately manner_, 1402. + +geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment, adornment_: acc. recedes geatwa, _the +ornaments of the dragon's cave_ (its treasures), 3089.--Comp.: eored-, +gryre-, gueth-, hilde-, wig-geatwe. + +gean (from gegn), adv. in + +on-gean, adv. and prep., _against, towards_: þaet he me ongean slea, 682; +raehte ongean feond mid folme, 748; foran ongean, _forward towards_, 2365. +With dat.: ongean gramum, _against the enemy_, 1035. + +to-geanes, to-genes, prep, _against, towards_: Grendle togeanes, _towards +Grendel, against Grendel_, 667; grap þa togeanes, _she grasped at_ +(Beowulf), 1502; similarly, him togeanes feng, 1543; eodon him þa togeanes, +_went towards him_, 1627; het þa gebeodan ... þaet hie bael-wudu feorran +feredon godum togenes, _had it ordered that they should bring the wood from +far for the funeral-pyre towards the good man_ (i.e. to the place where the +dead Beowulf lay), 3115. + +geap, adj., _roomy, extensive, wide_: nom. sg. reced ... geap, _the roomy +hall_, 1801; acc. sg. under geapne hrof, 837.--Comp.: horn-, sae-geap. + +gear, st. n., _year_: nom. sg., 1135; gen. pl. geara, in adverbial sense, +olim, _in former times_, 2665. See un-geara. + +gear-dagas, st. m. pl., _former days_: dat. pl. in (on) gear-dagum, 1, +1355. + +geofe. See gifu. + +geofon, gifen, gyfen (see Kuhn Zeitschr. I. 137), st. n., _sea, flood_: +nom. sg. geofon, 515; gifen geotende, _the streaming flood_, 1691; gen. sg. +geofenes begang, 362; gyfenes, 1395. + +geogoeth, st. f.: 1) _youth, time of youth_: dat. sg. on geogoethe, 409, 466, +2513; on giogoethe, 2427; gen. gioguethe, 2113.--2) contrasted with dugueth, _the +younger warriors of lower rank_ (about as in the Middle Ages, the squires +with the knights): nom. sg. geogoeth, 66; giogoeth, 1191; acc. sg. geogoethe, +1182; gen. duguethe and geogoethe, 160; duguethe and iogoethe (geogoethe), 1675, 622. + +geogueth-feorh, st. n., _age of youth_, i.e. age in which one still belongs +in the ranks of the geogoeth: on geogoeth- (geogueth-) feore, 537, 2665. + +geohetho. See gehetho. + +geolo, adj., _yellow_: acc. sg. geolwe linde (_the shield of yellow linden +bark_), 2611. + +geolo-rand, st. m., _yellow shield_ (shield with a covering of interlaced +yellow linden bark): acc. sg., 438. + +geond, prep. w. acc., _through, throughout, along, over_: geond þisne +middangeard, _through the earth, over the earth_, 75; wide geond eorethan, +266, 3100; ferdon folctogan ... geond wid-wegas, _went along the ways +coming from afar_, 841; similarly, 1705; geond þaet saeld, _through the hall, +through the extent of the hall_, 1281; similarly, 1982, 2265. + +geong, adj., _young, youthful_: nom. sg., 13, 20, 855, etc.; giong, 2447; +w. m. se maga geonga, 2676; acc. sg. geongne guethcyning, 1970; dat. sg. +geongum, 1949, 2045, 2675, etc.; on swa geongum feore, _at a so youthful +age_, 1844; geongan cempan, 2627; acc. pl. geonge, 2019; dat. pl. geongum +and ealdum, 72.--Superl. gingest, _the last_: nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word, +2818. + +georn, adj., _striving, eager_, w. gen. of the thing striven for: eft siethes +georn, 2784.--Comp. lof-georn. + +georne, adv., _readily, willingly_: þaet him wine-magas georne hyrdon, 66; +georne truwode, 670.--_zealously, eagerly_: sohte georne aefter grunde, +_eagerly searched over the ground_, 2295.--_carefully, industriously_: no +ic him þaes georne aetfealh (_held him not fast enough_), 969.--_completely, +exactly_: comp. wiste þe geornor, 822. + +geo, iu, adv., _once, formerly, earlier_, 1477; gio, 2522; iu, 2460. + +geoc, st. f., _help, support_: acc. sg. geoce gefremman, 2675; þaet him +gast-bona geoce gefremede wieth þeod-þreaum, 177; geoce gelyfde, _believed in +the help_ (of Beowulf), 609; dat. sg. to geoce, 1835. + +geocor, adj., _ill, bad_: nom. sg., 766.--See Haupt's Zeitschrift 8, p. 7. + +geo-man, iu-man, st. m., _man of former times_: gen. pl. iu-manna, 3053. + +geo-meowle, w. f., (_formerly a virgin), wife_: acc. sg. io-meowlan, 2932. + +geomor, adj., _with depressed feelings, sad, troubled_: nom. sg. him waes +geomor sefa, 49, 2420, 2633, 2951; modes geomor, 2101; fem. þaet waes geomuru +ides, 1076. + +geomore, adv., _sadly_, 151. + +geomor-gid, st. n., _dirge_: acc. sg. giomor-gyd, 3151. + +geomor-lic, adj., _sad, painful_: swa bieth geomorlic gomelum ceorle to +gebidanne þaet..., _it is painful to an old man to experience it, that ..._, +2445. + +geomor-mod, adj., _sad, sorrowful_: nom. sg., 2045, 3019; giomor-mod, 2268. + +geomrian, w. v., _to complain, to lament_: pret. sg. geomrode giddum, 1119. + +geo-sceaft, st. f., (_fixed in past times), fate_: acc. sg. geosceaft +grimme, 1235. + +geosceaft-gast, st. m., _demon sent by fate_: gen. pl. fela +geosceaft-gasta, of Grendel and his race, 1267. + +geotan, st. v. intrans., _to pour, to flow, to stream_: pres. part. gifen +geotende, 1691. + +gicel, st. m., _icicle_: in comp. hilde-gicel. + +gid, gyd, st. n., _speech, solemn alliterative song_: nom. sg. þaer waes ... +gid oft wrecen, 1066; leoeth waes asungen, gleomannes gyd, _the song was sung, +the gleeman's lay_, 1161; þaer waes gidd and gleo, 2106; acc. sg. ic þis gid +awraec, 1724; gyd awraec, 2109; gyd aefter wraec, 2155; þonne he gyd wrece, +2447; dat. pl. giddum, 151, 1119; gen. pl. gidda gemyndig, 869.--Comp.: +geomor-, word-gid. + +giddian, w. v., _to speak, to speak in alliteration_: pret. gyddode, 631. + +gif, conj.: 1) _if_, w. ind., 442, 447, 527, 662, etc.; gyf, 945, etc. With +subj., 452, 594, 1482, etc.; gyf, 280, 1105, etc.--2) _whether_, w. ind., +272; w. subj., 1141, 1320. + +gifa, geofa, w. m., _giver_; in comp. gold-, sinc-, wil-gifa (-geofa). + +gifan, st. v., _to give_: inf. giofan, 2973; pret. sg. nallas beagas geaf +Denum, 1720; he me [maethmas] geaf, 2147; and similarly, 2174, 2432, 2624, +etc.; pret. pl. geafon (hyne) on garsecg, 49; pret. part. þa waes Hroethgare +here-sped gyfen, 64; þa waes gylden hilt gamelum rince ... on hand gyfen, +1679; syethethan aerest weareth gyfen ... geongum cempan (_given in marriage_), +1949. + +a-gifan, _to give, to impart_: inf. andsware ... agifan, _to give an +answer_, 355; pret. sg. sona him se froda faeder Ohtheres ... ondslyht ageaf +(_gave him a counter-blow_), (_hand-blow_?), 2930. + +for-gyfan, _to give, to grant_: pret. sg. him þaes lif-frea ... worold-are +forgeaf, 17; þaem to ham forgeaf Hreethel Geata angan dohtor (_gave in +marriage_), 374; similarly, 2998; he me lond forgeaf, _granted me land_, +2493; similarly, 697, 1021, 2607, 2617; maegen-raes forgeaf hilde-bille, _he +gave with his battle-sword a mighty blow_, i.e. he struck with full force, +1520. + +of-gifan, (_to give up_), _to leave_: inf. þaet se maera maga Ecgþeowes +grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde (_was fated to leave the earth-plain_), 2589; +pret. sg. þas worold ofgeaf gromheort guma, 1682; similarly, gumdream +ofgeaf, 2470; Dena land ofgeaf, 1905; pret. pl. naes ofgeafon hwate +Scyldingas, _left the promontory_, 1601; þaet þa hildlatan holt ofgefan, +_that the cowards left the wood_ (into which they had fled), 2847; sg. +pret. for pl. þara þe þis [lif] ofgeaf, 2252. + +gifeethe, adj., _given, granted_: Guethfremmendra swylcum gifeethe bieth þaet..., +_to such a warrior is it granted that_..., 299; similarly, 2682; swa me +gifeethe waes, 2492; þaer me gifeethe swa aenig yrfeweard aefter wurde, _if an +heir_, (living) _after me, had been given me_, 2731.--Neut. as subst.: waes +þaet gifeethe to swieth, þe þone [þeoden] þyder ontyhte, _the fate was too harsh +that has drawn hither the king_, 3086; gyfeethe, 555, 820.--Comp. un-gifeethe. + +gif-heal, st. f., _hall in which fiefs were bestowed, throne-hall_: acc. +sg. ymb þa gifhealle, 839. + +gif-sceat, st. m., _gift of value_: acc. pl. gif-sceattas, 378. + +gif-stol, st. m., _seat from which fiefs are granted, throne_: nom. sg., +2328; acc. sg., 168. + +gift, st. f., _gift, present_: in comp. feoh-gift. + +gifu, geofu, st. f., _gift, present, grant; fief_: nom. sg. gifu, 1885 acc. +sg. gimfaeste gife þe him god sealde, _the great gift that God had granted +him_ (i.e. the enormous strength), 1272; ginfaestan gife þe him god sealde, +2183; dat. pl. (as instr.) geofum, 1959; gen. pl. gifa, 1931; geofena, +1174.--Comp.: maethethum-, sinc-gifu. + +gigant, st. m., _giant_: nom. pl. gigantas, 113; gen. pl. giganta, 1563, +1691. + +gild, gyld, st. n., _reparation_: in comp. wiether-gyld(?). + +gildan, gyldan, st. v., _to do something in return, to repay, to reward, to +pay_: inf. gomban gyldan, _pay tribute_, 11; he mid gode gyldan wille +uncran eaferan, 1185; we him þa guethgeatwa gyldan woldon, 2637; pret. sg. +heaethoraesas geald mearum and maethmum, _repaid the battles with horses and +treasures_, 1048; similarly, 2492; geald þone guethraes ... Jofore and Wulfe +mid ofermaethmum, _repaid Eofor and Wulf the battle with exceedingly great +treasures_, 2992. + +an-gildan, _to pay for_: pret. sg. sum sare angeald aefenraeste, _one_ +(Aeschere) _paid for the evening-rest with death's pain_, 1252. + +a-gildan, _to offer one's self_: pret. sg. þa me sael ageald, _when the +favorable opportunity offered itself_, 1666; similarly, þa him rum ageald, +2691. + +for-gildan, _to repay, to do something in return, to reward_: pres. subj. +sg. III. alwalda þec gode forgylde, _may the ruler of all reward thee with +good_, 957; inf. þone aenne heht golde forgyldan, _he ordered that the one_ +(killed by Grendel) _be paid for_ (atoned for) _with gold_, 1055; he ... +wolde Grendle for-gyldan guethraesa fela, _wished to pay Grendel for many +attacks_, 1578; wolde se laetha lige forgyldan drinc-faet dyre, _the enemy +wished to repay with fire the costly drinking vessel_ (the theft of it), +2306; pret. sg. he him þaes lean forgeald, _he gave them the reward +therefore_, 114; similarly, 1542, 1585, 2095; forgeald hraethe wyrsan wrixle +waelhlem þone, _repaid the murderous blow with a worse exchange_, 2969. + +gilp, gylp, st. m., _speech in which one promises great things for himself +in a coming combat, defiant speech, boasting speech_: acc. sg. haefde ... +Geat-mecga leod gilp gelaested (_had fulfilled what he had claimed for +himself before the battle_), 830; nallas on gylp seleeth faette beagas, _gives +no chased gold rings for a boastful speech_, 1750; þaet ic wieth þone +guethflogan gylp ofersitte, _restrain myself from the speech of defiance_, +2529; dat. sg. gylpe wiethgripan (_fulfil my promise of battle_), +2522.--Comp. dol-gilp. + +gilpan, gylpan, st. v. w. gen., acc., and dat., _to make a defiant speech, +to boast, to exult insolently_: pres. sg. I. no ic þaes gilpe (after a break +in the text), 587; sg. III. morethres gylpeeth, _boasts of the murder_, 2056; +inf. swa ne gylpan þearf Grendles maga aenig ... uhthlem þone, 2007; nealles +folc-cyning fyrdgesteallum gylpan þorfte, _had no need to boast of his +fellow-warrior_, 2875; pret. sg. hreethsigora ne gealp goldwine Geata, _did +not exult at the glorious victory_ (could not gain the victory over the +drake), 2584. + +gilp-cwide, st. m., _speech in which a man promises much for himself for a +coming combat, speech of defiance_: nom. sg., 641. + +gilp-hlaeden, pret. part., _laden with boasts of defiance_ (i.e. he who has +made many such boasts, and consequently has been victorious in many +combats), _covered with glory_: nom. sg. guma gilp-hlaeden, 869. + +gilp-spraec, same as gilp-cwide, _speech of defiance, boastful speech_: dat. +sg. on gylp-spraece, 982. + +gilp-word, st. n., _defiant word before the coming combat, vaunting word_: +gen. pl. gespraec ... gylp-worda sum, 676. + +gim, st. m., _gem, precious stone, jewel_: nom. sg. heofones gim, _heaven's +jewel_, i.e. the sun, 2073. Comp. searo-gim. + +gimme-rice, adj., _rich in jewels_: acc. sg. gimme-rice hord-burh haeleetha, +466. + +gin (according to Bout., ginne), adj., properly _gaping_, hence, _wide, +extended_: acc. sg. gynne grund (_the bottom of the sea_), 1552. + +gin-faest, adj., _extensive, rich_: acc. sg. gim-faeste gife (gim-, on +account of the following _f_), 1272; in weak form, gin-faestan gife, 2183. + +ginnan, st. v., original meaning, _to be open, ready_; in + +on-ginnan, _to begin, to undertake_: pret. oeth þaet an ongan fyrene fremman +feond on helle, 100; secg eft ongan sieth Beowulfes snyttrum styrian, 872; þa +þaet sweord ongan ... wanian, _the sword began to diminish_, 1606; Higelac +ongan sinne geseldan ... faegre fricgean, _began with propriety to question +his companion_, 1984, etc.; ongon, 2791; pret. pl. no her cuethlicor cuman +ongunnon lindhaebbende, _no shield-bearing men e'er undertook more openly to +come hither_, 244; pret. part. haebbe ic maeretha fela ongunnen on geogoethe, +_have in my youth undertaken many deeds of renown_, 409. + +gist. See gaest. + +gistran, adv., _yesterday_: gystran niht, _yesterday night_, 1335. + +git, pron., _ye two_, dual of þu, 508, 512, 513, etc. + +git, gyt, adv., _yet; then still_, 536, 1128, 1165, 2142; _hitherto_, 957; +naefre git, _never yet_, 583; _still_, 945, 1059, 1135; _once more_, 2513; +_moreover_, 47, 1051, 1867. + +gitan (original meaning, _to take hold of, to seize, to attain_), in + +be-gitan, w. acc., _to grasp, to seize, to reach_: pret. sg. begeat, 1147, +2231; þa hine wig beget, _when war seized him, came upon him_, 2873; +similarly, begeat, 1069; pret. pl. hit aer on þe gode be-geaton, _good men +received it formerly from thee_, 2250; subj. sg. for pl. þaet waes Hroethgare +hreowa tornost þara þe leodfruman lange begeate, _the bitterest of the +troubles that for a long time had befallen the people's chief_, 2131. + +for-gitan, w. acc., _to forget_: pres. sg. III. he þa forethgesceaft forgyteeth +and forgymeeth, 1752. + +an-gitan, on-gitan, w. acc.: 1) _to take hold of, to grasp_: imp. sg. +gumcyste ongit, _lay hold of manly virtue, of what becomes the man_, 1724; +pret. sg. þe hine se broga angeat, _whom terror seized_, 1292.--2) _to +grasp intellectually, to comprehend, to perceive, to distinguish, to +behold_: pres. subj. I. þaet ic aerwelan ... ongite, _that I may behold the +ancient wealth_ (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2749; inf. sael timbred +... ongytan, 308, 1497; Geata clifu ongitan, 1912; pret. sg. fyren-þearfe +ongeat, _had perceived their distress from hostile snares_, 14; ongeat ... +grund-wyrgenne, _beheld the she-wolf of the bottom_, 1519; pret. pl. +bearhtm ongeaton, guethhorn galan, _perceived the noise_, (heard) _the +battle-trumpet sound_, 1432; syethethan hie Hygelaces horn and byman gealdor +ongeaton, 2945. + +gifre, adj., _greedy, eager_: nom. sg. gifre and galgmod, of Grendel's +mother, 1278.--Superl.: lig..., gaesta gifrost, 1124.--Comp. heoro-gifre. + +gitsian, w. v., _to be greedy_: pres. sg. III. gytsaeth, 1750. + +gio-, gio-. See geo-, geo-. + +gladian, w. v., _to gleam, to shimmer_: pres. pl. III. on him gladiaeth +gomelra lafe, _upon him gleams the legacy of the men of ancient times_ +(armor), 2037. + +glaed, adj., _gracious, friendly_ (as a form of address for princes): nom. +sg. beo wieth Geatas glaed, 1174; acc. sg. glaedne Hroethgar, 864; glaedne +Hroethulf, 1182; dat. sg. gladum suna Frodan, 2026. + +glaede, adv., _in a gracious, friendly way_, 58. + +glaednian, w. v., _to rejoice_: inf. w. gen., 367. + +glaed-mod, adj., _joyous, glad_, 1786. + +gled, st. f., _fire, flame_: nom. sg., 2653, 3115; dat. (instr.) pl. +gledum, 2313, 2336, 2678, 3042. + +gled-egesa, w. m., _terror on account of fire, fire-terror_: nom. sg. +gled-egesa grim (_the fire-spewing of the drake_), 2651. + +gleaw (Goth, glaggwu-s), adj., _considerate, well-bred_, of social conduct; +in comp. un-gleaw. + +gleo, st. n., _social entertainment_, (especially by music, play, and +jest): nom. sg. þaer waes gidd and gleo, 2106. + +gleo-beam, st. m., _(tree of social entertainment, of music), harp._ gen. +sg. gleo-beames, 2264. + +gleo-dream, st. _m., joyous carrying-on in social entertainment, mirth, +social gaiety_: acc. sg. gamen and gleo-dream, 3022. + +gleo-man, m., _(gleeman, who enlivens the social entertainment, especially +with music), harper_: gen. sg. gleomannes gyd, 1161. + +glitinian (O.H.G. glizinon), w. v., _to gleam, to light, to glitter_: inf. +geseah þa ... gold glitinian, 2759. + +glidan, st. v., _to glide_: pret. sg. syethethan heofones gim glad ofer +grundas, _after heaven's gem had glided over the fields_ (after the sun had +set), 2074; pret. pl. glidon ofer garsecg, _you glided over the ocean_ +(swimming), 515. + +to-glidan _(to glide asunder), to separate, to fall asunder_: pret. +gueth-helm to-glad (Ongenþeow's helmet was split asunder by the blow of +Eofor), 2488. + +glof, st. f., _glove_: nom. sg. glof hangode, (on Grendel) _a glove hung_, +2086. + +gneaeth, adj., _niggardly_: nom. sg. f. naes hio ... to gneaeth gifa Geata +leodum, _was not too niggardly with gifts to the people of the Geatas_, +1931. + +gnorn, st. m., _sorrow, sadness_: acc. sg. gnorn þrowian, 2659. + +gnornian, w. v., _to be sad, to complain_: pret. sg. earme ... ides +gnornode, 1118. + +be-gnornian, w. acc., _to bemoan, to mourn for_: pret. pl. begnornodon ... +hlafordes [hry]re, _bemoaned their lord's fall_, 3180. + +god, st. m., _god_: nom. sg., 13, 72, 478, etc.; halig god, 381, 1554; +witig god, 686; mihtig god, 702; acc. sg. god, 812; ne wiston hie drihten +god, _did not know the Lord God_, 181; dat. sg. gode, 113, 227, 626, etc.; +gen. sg. godes, 570, 712, 787, etc. + +gold, st. n., _gold_: nom. sg., 3013, 3053; icge gold, 1108; wunden gold, +_wound gold, gold in ring-form_, 1194, 3136; acc. sg. gold, 2537, 2759, +2794, 3169; haeethen gold, _heathen gold_ (that from the drake's cave), 2277; +brad gold, _massive gold_, 3106; dat. instr. sg. golde, 1055, 2932, 3019; +faettan golde, _with chased gold, with gold in plate-form_, 2103; gehroden +golde, _covered with gold, gilded_, 304; golde gegyrwed (gegyrede), +_provided with, ornamented with gold_, 553, 1029, 2193; golde geregnad, +_adorned with gold_, 778; golde fahne (hrof), _the roof shining with gold_, +928; bunden golde, _bound with gold_ (see under bindan), 1901; hyrsted +golde (helm), _the helmet ornamented with, mounted with gold_, 2256; gen. +sg. goldes, 2302; faettan goldes, 1094, 2247; sciran goldes, _of pure gold_, +1695. --Comp. faet-gold. + +gold-aeht, st. f., _possessions in gold, treasure_: acc. sg., 2749. + +gold-fah, adj., _variegated with gold, shining with gold_: nom. sg. reced +... gold-fah, 1801; acc. sg. gold-fahne helm, 2812; nom. pl. gold-fag +scinon web aefter wagum, _variegated with gold, the tapestry gleamed along +the walls_, 995. + +gold-gifa, w. m., _gold-giver_, designation of the prince: acc. sg. mid +minne goldgyfan, 2653. + +gold-hroden, pret. part., _(covered with gold), ornamented with gold_: nom. +sg., 615, 641, 1949, 2026; epithet of women of princely rank. + +gold-hwaet, adj., _striving after gold, greedy for gold_: naes he goldhwaet, +_he_ (Beowulf) _was not greedy for gold_ (he did not fight against the +drake for his treasure, cf. 3067 ff.) 3075. + +gold-maethm, st. m., _jewel of gold_: acc. pl. gold-maethmas (the treasures of +the drake's cave), 2415. + +gold-sele, st. m., _gold-hall_, i.e. the hall in which the gold was +distributed, ruler's hall: acc. sg., 716, 1254; dat. sg. gold-sele, 1640, +2084. + +gold-weard, st. m., _gold-ward, defender of the gold_: acc. sg. (of the +drake), 3082. + +gold-wine, st. m., _friend who distributes gold_, i.e. ruler, prince: nom. +sg. (partly as voc.) goldwine gumena, 1172, 1477, 1603; goldwine Geata, +2420, 2585. + +gold-wlanc, adj., _proud of gold_: nom. sg. guethrinc goldwlanc (Beowulf +rewarded with gold by Hroethgar on account of his victory), 1882. + +gomban, gomel, gomen. See gamban, gamal, gamen. + +gong, gongan. See gang, gangan. + +god, adj., _good, fit_, of persons and things: nom. sg., 11, 195, 864, +2264, 2391, etc.; frod and god, 279; w. dat. cyning aeethelum god, _the king +noble in birth_, 1871; gumcystum god, 2544; w. gen. wes þu us larena god, +_be good to us with teaching_ (help us thereto through thy instruction), +269; in weak form, se goda, 205, 355, 676, 1191, etc.; acc. sg. godne, 199, +347, 1596, 1970, etc.; gumcystum godne, 1487; neut. god, 1563; dat. sg. +godum, 3037, 3115; þaem godan, 384, 2328; nom. pl. gode, 2250; þa godan, +1164; acc. pl. gode, 2642; dat. pl. godum daedum, 2179; gen. pl. godra +guethrinca, 2649.--Comp. aer-god. + +god, st. n.: 1) _good that is done, benefit, gift_: instr. sg. gode, 20, +957, 1185; gode maere, _renowned on account of her gifts_ (Þryetho), 1953; +instr. pl. godum, 1862.--2) _ability_, especially in fight: gen. pl. nat he +þara goda, 682. + +gram, adj., _hostile_: gen. sg. on grames grapum, _in the gripe of the +enemy_ (Beowulf), 766; nom. pl. þa graman, 778; dat. pl. gramum, 424, 1035. + +gram-heort, adj., _of a hostile heart, hostile_: nom. sg. grom-heort guma, +1683. + +gram-hydig, adj., _with hostile feeling, maliciously inclined_: nom. sg. +gromhydig, 1750. + +grap, st. f., _the hand ready to grasp, hand, claw_: dat. sg. mid grape, +438; on grape, 555; gen. sg. eal ... Grendles grape, _all of Grendel's +claw, the whole claw_, 837; dat. pl. on grames grapum, 766; (as instr.) +grimman grapum, _with grim claws_, 1543.--Comp.: feond-, hilde-grap. + +grapian, w. v., _to grasp, to lay hold of, to seize_: pret. sg. þaet hire +wieth halse heard grapode, _that_ (the sword) _griped hard at her neck_, +1567; he ... grapode gearofolm, _he took hold with ready hand_, 2086. + +graes-molde, w. f., _grass-plot_: acc. sg. graesmoldan traed, _went over the +grass-plot_, 1882. + +graedig, adj., _greedy, hungry, voracious_: nom. sg. grim and graedig, 121, +1500; acc. sg. graedig guethleoeth, 1523. + +graeg, adj., _gray_: nom. pl. aesc-holt ufan graeg, _the ashen wood, gray +above_ (the spears with iron points) 330; acc. pl. graege syrcan, _gray_ +(i.e. iron) _shirts of mail_, 334. + +graeg-mael, adj., _having a gray color_, here = _iron_: nom. sg. sweord +Beowulfes gomol and graegmael, 2683. + +graepe. See aet-graepe. + +gretan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to greet, to salute_: inf. hine swa godne +gretan, 347; Hroethgar gretan, 1647, 2011; eowic gretan het (_bade me bring +you his last greeting_), 3096; pret. sg. grette Geata leod, 626; grette þa +guma oetherne, 653; Hroethgar grette, 1817.-- 2) _to come on, to come near, to +seek out; to touch; to take hold of_: inf. gifstol gretan, _take possession +of the throne, mount it as ruler_, 168; naes se folccyning aenig ... þe mec +guethwinum gretan dorste (_attack with swords_), 2736; Wyrd ... se þone +gomelan gretan sceolde, 2422; þaet þone sin-scaethan guethbilla nan gretan +nolde, _that no sword would take hold upon the irreconcilable enemy_, 804; +pret. sg. grette goldhroden guman on healle, _the gold-adorned_ (queen) +_greeted the men in the hall_, 615; no he mid hearme ... gaestas grette, +_did not approach the strangers with insults_, 1894; gomenwudu grette, +_touched the wood of joy, played the harp_, 2109; pret. subj. II. sg. þaet +þu þone waelgaest wihte ne grette, _that thou shouldst by no means seek out +the murderous spirit_ (Grendel), 1996; similarly, sg. III. þaet he ne grette +goldweard þone, 3082; pret. part. þaer waes ... gomenwudu greted, 1066. + +ge-gretan, w. acc.: 1) _to greet, to salute, to address_: pret. sg. holdne +gegrette meaglum wordum, _greeted the dear man with formal words_, 1981; +gegrette þa gumena gehwylcne ... hindeman siethe, _spoke then the last time +to each of the men_, 2517.--2) _to approach, to come near, to seek out_: +inf. sceal ... manig oetherne godum gegretan ofer ganotes baeeth, _many a one +will seek another across the sea with gifts_, 1862. + +greot, st. m., _grit, sand, earth_: dat. sg. on greote, 3169. + +greotan, st. v., _to weep, to mourn, to lament_: pres. sg. III. se þe aefter +sincgyfan on sefan greoteeth, _who laments in his heart for the +treasure-giver_, 1343. + +grim, adj., _grim, angry, wild, hostile_: nom. sg., 121, 555, 1500, etc.; +weak form, se grimma gaest, 102; acc. sg. m. grimne, 1149, 2137; fem, +grimme, 1235; gen. sg. grimre guethe, 527; instr. pl. grimman grapum, +1543.--Comp.: beado-, heaetho-, heoro-, searo-grim. + +grimme, adv., _grimly, in a hostile manner, bitterly_, 3013, 3086. + +grim-lic, adj., _grim, terrible_: nom. sg. grimlic gry[re-gaest], 3042. + +grimman, st. v., (properly _to snort_), _to go forward hastily, to hasten_: +pret. pl. grummon, 306. + +grindan, st. v., _to grind_, in + +for-grindan, _to destroy, to ruin_: pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand gramum, +_destroyed the enemy, killed them_ (?), 424; pret. part. w. acc. haefde +ligdraca leoda faesten ... gledum forgrunden, _had with flames destroyed the +people's feasts_, 2336; þa his agen (scyld) waes gledum forgrunden, _since +his own (shield) had been destroyed by the fire_, 2678. + +gripe, st. m., _gripe, attack_: nom. sg. gripe meces, 1766; acc. sg. grimne +gripe, 1149.--Comp.: faer-, mund-, nieth-gripe. + +grima, w. m., _mask, visor_: in comp. beado-, here-grima. + +grim-helm, st. m., _mask-helmet, helmet with visor_: acc. pl. grim-helmas, +334. + +gripan, st. v., _to gripe, to seize, to grasp_: pret. sg. grap þa togeanes, +_then she caught at_, 1502. + +for-gripan _(to gripe vehemently), to gripe so as to kill, to kill by the +grasp_, w. dat.: pret. sg. aet guethe forgrap Grendeles maegum, 2354. +wieth-gripan, w. dat., _(to seize at), to maintain, to hold erect_: inf. hu +wieth þam aglaecean elles meahte gylpe wieth-gripan, _how else I might maintain +my boast of battle against the monster_, 2522. + +growan, st. v., _to grow, to sprout_: pret. sg. him on ferhethe greow +breosthord blodreow, 1719. + +grund, st. m.: 1) _ground, plain, fields_ in contrast with highlands; +_earth_ in contrast with heaven: dat. sg. sohte ... aefter grunde, _sought +along the ground_, 2295; acc. pl. ofer grundas, 1405, 2074.--2) _bottom, +the lowest part_: acc. sg. grund (of the sea of Grendel), 1368; on gyfenes +grund, 1395; under gynne grund (_bottom of the sea_) 1552; dat. sg. to +grunde (of the sea), 553; grunde (of the drake's cave) getenge, 2759; so, +on grunde, 2766.--Comp.: eormen-, mere-, sae-grund. + +grund-buend, pres. part., _inhabitant of the earth_: gen. pl. +grund-buendra, 1007. + +grund-hyrde, st. m., _warder of the bottom_ (of the sea): acc. sg. (of +Grendel's mother), 2137. + +grund-sele, st. m., _hall at the bottom_ (of the sea): dat sg. in þam +[grund]sele, 2140. + +grund-wang, st. m., _ground surface, lowest surface_: acc. sg. þone +grund-wong (_bottom of the sea_), 1497; (bottom of the drake's cave), 2772, +2589. + +grund-wyrgen, st. f., _she-wolf of the bottom_ (of the sea): acc. sg. +grund-wyrgenne (Grendel's mother), 1519. + +gryn (cf. Gloss. Aldh. "retinaculum, rete grin," Hpts. Ztschr. IX. 429), +st. n., _net, noose, snare_: gen. pl. fela ... grynna, 931. See gyrn. + +gryre, st. m., _horror, terror, anything causing terror_: nom. sg., 1283; +acc. sg. wieth Grendles gryre, 384; hie Wyrd forsweop on Grendles gryre, +_snatched them away into the horror of Grendel, to the horrible Grendel_, +478; dat. pl. mid gryrum ecga, 483; gen. pl. swa fela gryra, 592.--Comp.: +faer-, wig-gryre. + +gryre-broga, w. m., _terror and horror, amazement_: nom. sg. +[gryre-]br[o]g[a], 2229. + +gryre-fah, adj., _gleaming terribly_: acc. sg. gryre-fahne (_the +fire-spewing drake_, cf. also [draca] fyrwylmum fah, 2672), 2577. + +gryre-gaest, st. m., _terror-guest, stranger causing terror_: nom. sg. +grimlic gry[regaest], 3042; dat. sg. wieth þam gryregieste (the dragon), 2561. + +gryre-geatwe, st. f. pl., _terror-armor, warlike equipment_: dat. pl. in +hyra gryre-geatwum, 324. + +gryre-leoeth, st. n., _terror-song, fearful song_: acc. sg. gehyrdon +gryreleoeth galan godes and-sacan (_heard Grendel's cry of agony_), 787. + +gryre-lic, adj., _terrible, horrible_: acc. sg. gryre-licne, 1442, 2137. + +gryre-sieth, st. m., _way of terror, way causing terror_, i.e. warlike +expedition: acc. pl. se þe gryre-siethas gegan dorste, 1463. + +guma, w. m., _man, human being_: nom. sg., 653, 869, etc.; acc. sg. guman, +1844, 2295; dat. sg. guman (gumum, MS.), 2822; nom pl. guman, 215, 306, +667, etc.; acc. pl. guman, 615; dat. pl. gumum, 127, 321; gen. pl. gumena, +73, 328, 474, 716, etc.--Comp.: driht-, seld-guma. + +gum-cyn, st. n., _race of men, people, nation_: gen. sg. we synt gumcynnes +Geata leode, _people from the nation of the Geatas_, 260; dat. pl. aefter +gum-cynnum, _along the nations, among the nations_, 945. + +gum-cyst, st. f., _man's excellence, man's virtue_: acc. sg. (or pl.) +gumcyste, 1724; dat. pl. as adv., _excellently, preeminently_: gumcystum +godne beaga bryttan, 1487; gumcystum god ... hilde-hlemma (Beowulf), 2544. + +gum-dream, st. m., _joyous doings of men_: acc. sg. gum-dream ofgeaf +(died), 2470. + +gum-dryhten, st. m., _lord of men_: nom. sg. 1643. + +gum-feetha, w. m., _troop of men going on foot_: nom. sg., 1402. + +gum-man, st. m., _man_: gen. pl. gum-manna fela, 1029. + +gum-stol, st. m., _man's seat_ [Greek: kat'ezochaen] _ruler's seat, throne_: +dat. sg. in gumstole, 1953. + +gueth, st. f., _combat, battle_: nom. sg., 1124, 1659, 2484, 2537; acc. sg. +guethe, 604; instr. sg. guethe, 1998; dat. sg. to (aet) guethe, 438, 1473. 1536, +2354, etc.; gen. sg. guethe, 483, 527, 631, etc.; dat. pl. guethum, 1959, 2179; +gen. pl. guetha, 2513, 2544. + +gueth-beorn, st. m., _warrior_: gen. pl. gueth-beorna sum (_the strand-guard on +the Danish coast_), 314. + +gueth-bil, st. n., _battle-bill_: nom. sg. guethbill, 2585; gen. pl. gueth-billa +nan, 804. + +gueth-byrne, w. f., _battle-corselet_: nom. sg., 321. + +gueth-cearu, st. f., _sorrow which the combat brings_: dat. sg. aefter +gueth-ceare, 1259. + +gueth-craeft, st. m., _warlike strength, power in battle_: nom. sg. Grendles +gueth-craeft, 127. + +gueth-cyning, st. m., _king in battle, king directing a battle_: nom. sg., +199, 1970, 2336, etc. + +gueth-deaeth, st. m., _death in battle_: nom. sg., 2250. + +gueth-floga, w. m., _flying warrior_: acc. sg. wieth þone guethflogan (the +drake), 2529. + +gueth-freca, w. m., _hero in battle, warrior_ (see freca): nom. sg. gearo +gueth-freca, of the drake, 2415. + +gueth-fremmend, pres. part., _fighting a battle, warrior_: gen. pl. +gueth-fremmendra, 246; gueth- (god-, MS.) fremmendra swylcum, _such a warrior_ +(meaning Beowulf), 299. + +gueth-gewaede, st. n., _battle-dress, armor_: nom. pl. gueth-gewaedo, 227; acc. +pl. -gewaedu, 2618, 2631(?), 2852, 2872; gen. pl. -gewaeda, 2624. + +gueth-geweorc, st. n., _battle-work warlike deed_: gen. pl., -geweorca, 679, +982, 1826. + +gueth-geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment for combat_: acc. þa gueth-geatwa +(-getawa, MS.), 2637; dat. in eowrum gueth-geatawum, 395. + +gueth-helm, st. m., _battle-helmet_: nom. sg., 2488. + +gueth-horn, st. n., _battle-horn_: acc. sg., 1433. + +gueth-hreeth, st. f., _battle-fame_: nom. sg., 820. + +gueth-leoeth, st. n., _battle-song_: acc., sg., 1523. + +gueth-mod, adj., _disposed to battle, having an inclination to battle_. nom. +pl. gueth-mode, 306. + +gueth-raes, st. m., _storm of battle, attack_: acc. sg., 2992; gen. pl. +gueth-raesa, 1578, 2427. + +gueth-reow, adj., _fierce in battle_: nom. sg., 58. + +gueth-rinc, st. m., _man of battle, fighter, warrior_: nom. sg., 839, 1119, +1882; acc. sg., 1502; gen. pl. gueth-rinca, 2649. + +gueth-rof, adj., _renowned in battle_: nom. sg., 609. + +gueth-sceaetha, w. m., _battle-foe, enemy in combat_: nom. sg., of the drake, +2319. + +gueth-scearu, st. f., _decision of the battle_: dat. sg. aefter gueth-sceare, +1214. + +gueth-sele, st. m., _battle-hall, hall in which a battle takes place_: dat +sg. in þaem guethsele (in Heorot), 443. + +gueth-searo, st. n. pl., _battle-equipment, armor_; acc., 215, 328. + +gueth-sweord, st. n., _battle-sword_: acc. sg., 2155. + +gueth-werig, adj., _wearied by battle dead_: acc. sg. gueth-werigne Grendel, +1587. + +gueth-wine, st. m., _battle-friend, comrade in battle_ designation of the +sword: acc. sg., 1811; instr. pl. þe mec gueth-winum gretan dorste, _who +dared to attack me with his war-friends_, 2736. + +gueth-wiga, w. m., _fighter of battles, warrior_: nom. sg., 2112. + +gyd. See gid. + +gyfan. See gifan. + +gyldan. See gildan. + +gylden, adj., _golden_: nom. sg. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. segen +gyldenne, 47, 1022; bring gyldenne, 2810; dat. sg. under gyldnum beage, +1164.--Comp. eal-gylden. + +gylp. See gilp. + +gyrdan, w. v., _to gird, to lace_: pret. part. gyrded cempa, _the (sword-) +girt warrior_, 2079. + +gyrn, st. n., _sorrow, harm_: nom. sg., 1776. + +gyrn-wracu, st. f., _revenge for harm_: dat. sg. to gyrn-wraece, 1139; gen. +sg. þa waes eft hraethe gearo gyrn-wraece Grendeles modor, _then was Grendel's +mother in turn immediately ready for revenge for the injury_, 2119. + +gyrwan. See gerwan. + +gystran. See gistran. + +gyman, w. v. w. gen., _to take care of, to be careful about_: pres. III. +gymeeth, 1758, 2452; imp. sg. oferhyda ne gym! _do not study arrogance_ +(despise it), 1761. + +for-gyman, w. acc., _to neglect, to slight_: pres. sg. III. he þa +foreth-gesceaft forgyteeth and forgymeeth, 1752. + +gytsian. See gitsian. + +gyt. See git. + + +H + +habban, w. v., _to have_: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. I. þaes ic wen haebbe (_as I +hope_), 383; þe ic geweald haebbe, 951; ic me on hafu bord and byrnan, _have +on me shield and coat of mail_, 2525; hafo, 3001; sg. II. þu nu [friethu] +hafast, 1175; pl. I. habbaeth we ... micel aerende, 270; pres. subj. sg. III. +þaet he þrittiges manna maegencraeft on his mundgripe haebbe, 381. Blended with +the negative: pl. III. þaet be Sae-Geatas selran naebben to geceosenne cyning +aenigne, _that the Sea-Geatas will have no better king than you to choose_, +1851; imp. hafa nu and geheald husa selest, 659; inf. habban, 446, 462, +3018; pret. sg. haefde, 79, 518, 554; pl. haefdon, 539.--2) used as an +auxiliary with the pret. part.: pres. sg. I. haebbe ic ... ongunnen, 408; +haebbe ic ... geahsod, 433; II. hafast, 954, 1856; III. hafaeth, 474, 596; +pret. sg. haefde, 106, 220, 666, 2322, 2334, 2953, etc.; pl. haefdon, 117, +695, 884, 2382, etc. Pret. part. inflected: nu scealc hafaeth daed gefremede, +940; haefde se goda ... cempan gecorone, 205. With the pres. part. are +formed the compounds: bord-, rond-haebbend. + +for-habban, _to hold back, to keep one's self_: inf. ne meahte waefre mod +forhabban in hreethre, _the expiring life could not hold itself back in the +breast_, 1152; ne mihte þa for-habban, _could not restrain himself_, 2610. + +wieth-habban, _to resist, to offer resistance_: pret. þaet se winsele +wieth-haefde heaetho-deorum, _that the hall resisted them furious in fight_, +773. + +hafela, heafola, w. m., _head_: acc. sg. hafelan, 1373, 1422, 1615, 1636, +1781; na þu minne þearft hafalan hydan, 446; þonne we on orlege hafelan +weredon, _protected our heads, defended ourselves_, 1328; se hwita helm +hafelan werede, 1449; dat. sg. hafelan, 673, 1522; heafolan, 2680; gen. sg. +heafolan, 2698; nom. pl. hafelan, 1121.--Comp. wig-heafola. + +hafenian, w. v., _to raise, to uplift_: pret. sg. waepen hafenade heard be +hiltum, _raised the weapon, the strong man, by the hilt_, 1574. + +hafoc, st. m., _hawk_: nom. sg., 2264. + +haga, w. m., _enclosed piece of ground, hedge, farm-enclosure_: dat. sg. to +hagan, 2893, 2961. + +haga, w. m. See an-haga. + +hama, homa, w. m., _dress_: in the comp. flaesc-, fyrd-, lic-hama, scir-ham +(adj.). + +hamer, st. m., _hammer_: instr. sg. hamere, 1286; gen. pl. homera lafe +(swords), 2830. + +hand, hond, st. f., _hand_: nom. sg. 2138; sio swiethre ... hand, _the right +hand_, 2100; hond, 1521, 2489, 2510; acc. sg. hand, 558, 984; hond, 657, +687, 835, 928, etc.; dat. sg. on handa, 495, 540; mid handa, 747, 2721; be +honda, 815; dat. pl. (as instr.) hondum, 1444, 2841. + +hand-bana, w. m., _murderer with the hand_, or _in hand-to-hand combat_: +dat. sg. to hand-bonan (-banan), 460, 1331. + +hand-gemot, st. n., _hand-to-hand conflict, battle_: gen. pl. (ecg) þolode +aer fela hand-gemota, 1527; no þaet laesest waes hond-gemota, 2356. + +hand-gesella, w. m., _hand-companion, man of the retinue_: dat. pl. +hond-gesellum, 1482. + +hand-gestealla, w. m., _(one whose position is near at hand), comrade, +companion, attendant_: dat. sg. hond-gesteallan, 2170; nom. pl. +hand-gesteallan, 2597. + +hand-geweorc, st. n., _work done with the hands_, i.e. achievement in +battle: dat. sg. for þaes hild-fruman hondgeweorce, 2836. + +hand-gewriethen, pret. part. _hand-wreathed, bound with the hand._ acc. pl. +waelbende ... hand-gewriethene, 1938. + +hand-locen, pret. part., _joined, united by hand_: nom. sg. (gueth-byrne, +lic-syrce) hondlocen (because the shirts of mail consisted of interlaced +rings), 322, 551. + +hand-raes, st. m., _hand-battle_, i.e. combat with the hands: nom. sg. +hond-raes, 2073. + +hand-scalu, st. f., _hand-attendance, retinue_: dat. sg. mid his hand-scale +(hond-scole), 1318, 1964. + +hand-sporu, st. f., _finger_ (on Grendel's hand), under the figure of a +spear: nom. pl. hand-sporu, 987. + +hand-wundor, st. n., _wonder done by the hand, wonderful handwork_: gen. +pl. hond-wundra maest, 2769. + +hangan. See hon. + +hangian, w. v., _to hang_: pres. sg. III. þonne his sunu hangaeth hrefne to +hroethre, _when his son hangs, a joy to the ravens_, 2448; pl. III. ofer þaem +(mere) hongiaeth hrimge bearwas, _over which frosty forests hang_, 1364; inf. +hangian, 1663; pret. hangode, _hung down_, 2086. + +hatian, w. v. w. acc., _to hate, to be an enemy to, to hurt_: inf. he þone +heaetho-rinc hatian ne meahte laethum daedum (_could not do him any harm_), +2467; pret. sg. hu se gueth-sceaetha Geata leode hatode and hynde, 2320. + +had, st. m., _form, condition, position, manner_: acc. sg. þurh haestne had, +_in a powerful manner_, 1336; on gesiethes had, _in the position of follower, +as follower_, 1298; on sweordes had, _in the form of a sword_, 2194. See +under on. + +hador, st. m., _clearness, brightness_: acc. sg. under heofenes hador, 414. + +hador, adj., _clear, fresh, loud_: nom. sg. scop hwilum sang hador on +Heorote, 497. + +hadre, adv., _clearly, brightly_, 1572. + +hal, adj., _hale, whole, sound, unhurt_: nom. sg. hal, 300. With gen. +heaetho-laces hal, _safe from battle_, 1975. As form of salutation, wes ... +hal, 407; dat. sg. halan lice, 1504. + +halig, adj., _holy_: nom. sg. halig god, 381, 1554; halig dryhten, 687. + +ham, st. m., _home, residence, estate, land_: acc. sg. ham, 1408; Hroethgares +ham, 718. Usually in adverbial sense: gewat him ham, _betook himself home_, +1602; to ham, 124, 374, 2993; fram ham, _at home_, 194; aet ham, _at home_, +1249, 1924, 1157; gen. sg. hames, 2367; acc. pl. hamas, 1128.--Comp. +Finnes-ham, 1157. + +ham-weorethung, st. f., _honor_ or _ornament of home_: acc. sg. ham-weorethunge +(designation of the daughter of Hygelac, given in marriage to Eofor), 2999. + +har, adj., _gray_: nom. sg. har hilde-rinc, 1308, 3137; acc. sg. under +(ofer) harne stan, 888, 1416, 2554; hare byrnan (i.e. iron shirt of mail), +2154; dat. sg. harum hildfruman, 1679; f. on heare haeethe (on heaw ... h ... +ethe, MS.), 2213; gen. sg. hares, _of the old man_, 2989.--Comp. un-har. + +hat, adj., _hot, glowing, flaming_ nom sg., 1617, 2297, 2548, 2559, etc.; +wyrm hat gemealt, _the drake hot_ (of his own heat) _melted_, 898; acc. +sg., 2282(?); inst. sg. hatan heolfre, 850, 1424; g. sg. heaethu-fyres hates, +2523; acc. pl. hate heaetho-wylmas, 2820.--Sup.: hatost heaetho-swata, 1669. + +hat, st. n., _heat, fire_: acc. sg. geseah his mondryhten ... hat þrowian, +_saw his lord endure the_ (drake's) _heat_, 2606. + +hata, w. m., _persecutor_; in comp. daed-hata. + +hatan, st. v.: 1) _to bid, to order, to direct_, with acc. and inf., and +acc. of the person: pres. sg. I. ic maguþegnas mine hate ... flotan eowerne +arum healdan, _I bid my thanes take good care of your craft_, 293; imp. sg. +II. hat in gan ... sibbegedriht, 386; pl. II. hataeth heaetho-maere hlaew +gewyrcean, 2803; inf. þaet healreced hatan wolde ... men gewyrcean, _that he +wished to command men to build a hall-edifice_, 68. Pret. sg. heht: heht +... eahta mearas ... on flet teon, _gave command to bring eight horses into +the hall_, 1036; þonne aenne heht golde forgyldan, _commanded to make good +that one with gold_, 1054; heht þa þaet heaetho-weorc to hagan biodan, +_ordered the combat to be announced at the hedge_(?), 2893; swa se snottra +heht, _as the wise_ (Hroethgar) _directed_, 1787; so, 1808, 1809. het: het +him yethlidan godne gegyrwan, _ordered a good vessel to be prepared for him_, +198; so, het, 391, 1115, 3111. As the form of a wish: het hine wel brucan, +1064; so, 2813; pret. part. þa waes haten hraethe Heort innan-weard folmum +gefraetwod, _forthwith was ordered Heorot, adorned by hand on the inside_ +(i.e. that the edifice should be adorned by hand on the inside), 992.--2) +_to name, to call_: pres. subj. III. pl. þaet hit saeliethend ... hatan +Biowulfes biorh, _that mariners may call it Beowulf's grave-mound_, 2807; +pret. part. waes se grimma gaest Grendel haten, 102; so, 263, 373, 2603. + +ge-hatan, _to promise, to give one's word, to vow, to threaten_: pres. sg. +I. ic hit þe gehate, 1393; so, 1672; pret. sg. he me mede gehet, _promised +me reward_, 2135; him faegre gehet leana (gen. pl.), _promised them proper +reward_, 2990; wean oft gehet earmre teohhe, _with woe often threatened the +unhappy band_, 2938; pret. pl. geheton aet haergtrafum wig-weorethunga, _vowed +offerings at the shrines of the gods_, 175; þonne we geheton ussum hlaforde +þaet ..., _when we promised our lord that_..., 2635; pret. part. sio gehaten +[waes] ... gladum suna Frodan, _betrothed to the glad son of Froda_, 2025. + +hator, st. m. n., _heat_: in comp. and-hator. + +haeft, adj., _held, bound, fettered_: nom. sg., 2409; acc. sg. helle haeftan, +_him fettered by hell_ (Grendel), 789. + +haeft-mece, st. m., _sword with fetters_ or _chains_ (cf. fetel-hilt): dat. +sg. þaem haeft-mece, 1458. See Note. + +haeg-steald, st. m., _man, liegeman, youth_: gen. pl. haeg-stealdra, 1890. + +haele, st. m., _man_: nom. sg., 1647, 1817, 3112; acc. sg. haele, 720; dat. +pl. haelum (haenum, MS.), 1984. + +haeleeth, st. m., _hero, fighter, warrior, man_: nom. sg., 190, 331, 1070; +nom. pl. haeleeth, 52, 2248, 2459, 3143; dat. pl. haeleethum 1710, 1962, etc.; +gen. pl. haeleetha, 467, 497, 612, 663, etc. + +haerg. See hearg. + +haeeth, st. f., _heath_: dat. sg. haeethe, 2213. + +haeethen, adj., _heathenish_; acc. sg. haeethene sawle, 853; dat. sg. haeethnum +horde, 2217; gen. sg. haeethenes, _of the heathen_ (Grendel), 987; gen. pl. +haeethenra, 179. + +haeeth-stapa, w. m., _that which goes about on the heath_ (stag): nom. sg., +1369 + +hael, st. f.: 1) _health, welfare, luck_: acc. sg. him hael abead, 654; mid +haele, 1218.--2) _favorable sign, favorable omen_: hael sceawedon, _observed +favorable signs_ (for Beowulf's undertaking), 204. + +haelo, st. f., _health, welfare, luck_: acc. sg. haelo abead heoreth-geneatum, +2419.--Comp. un-haelo. + +haest (O.H.G. haistera hanti, manu violenta; heist, ira; heistigo, +iracunde), adj., _violent, vehement_: acc. sg. þurh haestne had, 1336. + +he, fem. heo, neut. hit, pers. pron., _he, she, it_; in the oblique cases +also reflexive, _himself, herself, itself_: acc. sg. hine, hi, hit; dat. +sg. him, hire, him; gen. sg. his, hire, his; plur. acc. nom. hi, hig, hie; +dat. him; gen. hira, heora, hiera, hiora.--he omitted before the verb, 68, +300, 2309, 2345. + +hebban, st. v., _to raise, to lift_, w. acc.: inf. siethethan ic hond and rond +hebban mihte, 657; pret. part. hafen, 1291; haefen, 3024. + +a-hebban, _raise, to lift from, to take away_: waes ... icge gold ahafen of +horde, _taken up from the hoard_, 1109; þa waes ... wop up ahafen, _a cry of +distress raised_, 128 + +ge-hegan [ge-hegan], w. v., _to enclose, to fence_: þing gehegan, _to mark +off the court, hold court_. Here figurative: inf. sceal ... ana gehegan +þing wieth þyrse (_shall alone decide the matter with Grendel_), 425. + +hel, st. f., _hell_: nom. sg., 853; acc. sg. helle, 179; dat. sg. helle, +101, 589; (as instr.), 789; gen. sg. helle, 1275. + +hel-bend, st. m. f. _bond of hell_: instr. pl. hell-bendum faest, 3073. + +hel-runa, w. m., _sorcerer_: nom. pl. helrunan, 163. + +be-helan, st. v., _to conceal, to hide_: pret. part. be-holen, 414. + +helm, st. m.: 1) _protection in general, defence, covering that protects_: +acc. sg. on helm, 1393; under helm, 1746.--2) _helmet_: nom. sg., 1630; +acc. sg. helm, 673, 1023, 1527, 2988; (helo, MS.), 2724; brun-fagne, +gold-fahne helm, 2616, 2812; dat. sg. under helme, 342, 404; gen. sg. +helmes, 1031; acc. pl. helmas, 240, 2639.--3) _defence, protector_, +designation of the king: nom. sg. helm Scyldinga (Hroethgar), 371, 456, 1322; +acc. sg. heofena helm _(the defender of the heavens_ = God), 182; helm +Scylfinga, 2382.--Comp.: grim-, gueth-, heaetho-, niht-helm. + +ofer-helmian, w. v. w. acc., _to cover over, to overhang_: pres. sg. III. +ofer-helmaeth, 1365. + +helm-berend, pres. part., _helm-wearing_ (warrior): acc. pl. helmberend, +2518, 2643. + +helpan, st. v., _to help_: inf. þaet him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, lind +wieth lige, _that a wooden shield could not help him, a linden shield against +flame_, 2341; þaet him irenna ecge mihton helpan aet hilde, 2685; wutun +gangan to, helpan hildfruman, _let us go thitherto help the battle-chief_, +2650; w. gen. ongan ... maeges helpan, _began to help my kinsman_, 2880; so, +pret. sg. þaer he his maeges (MS. maegenes) healp, 2699. + +help, m. and f., _help, support, maintenance_: acc. sg. helpe, 551, 1553; +dat. sg. to helpe, 1831; acc. sg. helpe, 2449. + +hende, _-handed_: in comp. idel-hende. + +her, adv., _here_, 397, 1062, 1229, 1655, 1821, 2054, 2797, etc.; _hither_, +244, 361, 376. + +here (Goth, harji-s), st. m., _army, troops_: dat. sg. on herge, _in the +army, on a warlike expedition, 1249; in the army, among the fighting men_, +2639; as instr. herge, 2348.--Comp.: flot-, scip-, sin-here. + +here-broga, w. m., _terror of the army, fear of war_: dat. sg. for +here-brogan, 462. + +here-byrne, w. f., _battle-mail, coat of mail_: nom. sg., 1444. + +here-grima, w. m., _battle-mask_, i.e. helmet (with visor): dat. sg. +-griman, 396, 2050, 2606. + +here-net, st. n., _battle-net_, i.e. coat of mail (of interlaced rings): +nom. sg., 1554. + +here-nieth, st. m., _battle-enmity, battle of armies_: nom. sg., 2475. + +here-pad, st. f., _army-dress_, i.e. coat of mail, armor: nom. sg., 2259. + +here-rinc, st. m., _army-hero, hero in battle, warrior_: acc. sg. here-rinc +(MS. here ric), 1177. + +here-sceaft, st. m., _battle-shaft_, i.e. spear: gen. pl. here-sceafta +heap, 335. + +here-sped, st. f., _(war-speed), luck in war_: nom. sg., 64. + +here-strael, st. m., _war-arrow, missile_: nom. sg., 1436. + +here-syrce, w. f., _battle-shirt, shirt of mail_: acc. sg. here-syrcan, +1512. + +here-waed, st. f., _army-dress, coat of mail, armor_: dat. pl. (as instr.) +here-waedum, 1898. + +here-waesma, w. m., _war-might, fierce strength in battle_: dat. pl. an +here-waesmum, 678.--Leo. + +here-wisa, w. m., _leader of the army_, i.e. ruler, king: nom. sg., 3021. + +herg, hearg, st. m., _image of a god, grove where a god was worshipped_, +hence to the Christian a wicked place(?): dat. pl. hergum geheaetherod, +_confined in wicked places_ (parallel with hell-bendum faest), 3073. + +herigean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., _to provide with an army, to support with +an army_: pres. sg. I. ic þe wel herige, 1834.--Leo. + +hete, st. m., _hate, enmity_: nom. sg. 142, 2555.--Comp.: ecg-, morethor-, +wig-hete. + +hete-lic, adj., _hated_: nom. sg., 1268. + +hetend, hettend, (pres. part. of hetan, see hatian), _enemy_, hostis: nom. +pl. hetende, 1829; dat. pl. wieth hettendum, 3005. + +hete-nieth, st. m., _enmity full of hate_: acc. pl. hete-niethas, 152. + +hete-sweng, st. m., _a blow from hate_: acc. pl. hete-swengeas, 2226. + +hete-þanc, st. m., _hate-thought, a hostile design_: dat. pl. mid his +hete-þancum, 475. + +hedan, ge-hedan, w. v. w. gen.: 1) _to protect_: pret. sg. ne hedde he þaes +heafolan, _did not protect his head_, 2698.--2) _to obtain_: subj. pret. +sg. III. gehedde, 505. + +herian, w. v. w. acc., _to praise, to commend_: with reference to God, _to +adore_: inf. heofena helm herian ne cuethon, _could not worship the defence +of the heavens_ (God), 182; ne huru Hildeburh herian þorfte Eotena treowe, +_had no need to praise the fidelity of the Eotens_, 1072; pres. subj. þaet +mon his wine-dryhten wordum herge, 3177. + +ge-heaetherian, w. v., _to force, to press in_: pret. part. ge-heaetherod, +3073. + +heaetho-byrne, w. f., _battle-mail, shirt of mail_: nom. sg., 1553. + +heaetho-deor, adj., _bold in battle, brave_: nom. sg., 689; dat. pl. +heaetho-deorum, 773. + +heaetho-fyr, st. n., _battle-fire, hostile fire_: gen. sg. heaethu-fyres, 2523; +instr. pl. heaetho-fyrum, 2548, of the drake's fire-spewing. + +heaetho-grim, adj., _grim in battle_, 548. + +heaetho-helm, st. m., _battle-helmet, war-helmet_: nom. sg., 3157(?). + +heaetho-lac, st. n., _battle-play, battle_: dat. sg. aet heaetho-lace, 584; gen. +sg. heaetho-laces hal, 1975. + +heaetho-maere, adj., _renowned in battle_: acc. pl. -maere, 2803. + +heaetho-raes, st. m., _storm of battle, attack in battle, entrance by force_: +nom. sg., 557; acc. pl. -raesas, 1048; gen. pl. -raesa, 526. + +heaetho-reaf, st. n., _battle-dress, equipment for battle_: acc. sg. +heaetho-reaf heoldon (_kept the equipments_), 401. + +heaetho-rinc, st. m., _battle-hero, warrior_: acc. sg. þone heaetho-rinc +(Hreethel's son, Haeethcyn), 2467; dat. pl. þaem heaetho-rincum, 370. + +heaetho-rof, adj., _renowned in battle_: nom. sg., 381; nom. pl. heaetho-rofe, +865. + +heaetho-scearp, adj., _sharp in battle, bold_: n. m. pl. (-scearde, MS.), +2830. + +heaetho-seoc, adj., _battle-sick_: dat. sg. -siocum, 2755. + +heaetho-steap, adj., _high in battle, excelling in battle_: nom. sg. in weak +form, heaetho-steapa, 1246; acc. sg. heaetho-steapne, 2154, both times of the +helmet. + +heaetho-swat, st. m., _blood of battle_: dat. sg. heaetho-swate, 1607; as +instr., 1461; gen. pl. hatost heaetho-swata, 1669. + +heaetho-sweng, st. m., _battle-stroke_ (blow of the sword): dat. sg. aefter +heaethu-swenge, 2582. + +heaetho-torht, adj., _loud, clear in battle_: nom. sg. stefn ... heaetho-torht, +_the voice clear in battle_, 2554. + +heaetho-waed, st. f., _battle-dress, coat of mail, armor_: instr. pl. +heaetho-waedum, 39. + +heaetho-weorc, st. n., _battle-work, battle_: acc. sg., 2893. + +heaetho-wylm, st. m., _hostile (flame-) wave_: acc. pl. hate heaetho-wylmas, +2820; gen. pl. heaetho-wylma, 82. + +heaf, st. n., _sea_: acc. pl. ofer heafo, 2478. See Note. + +heafola. See hafela. + +heal, st. f., _hall, main apartment, large building_ (consisting of an +assembly-hall and a banqueting-hall): nom. sg. heal, 1152, 1215; heall, +487; acc. sg. healle, 1088; dat. sg. healle, 89, 615, 643, 664, 926, 1010, +1927, etc.; gen. sg. [healle], 389.--Comp.: gif-, meodo-heal. + +heal-aern, st. n., _hall-building, hall-house_: gen. sg. heal-aerna, 78. + +heal-gamen, st. n., _social enjoyment in the hall, hall-joy_: nom. sg., +1067. + +heal-reced, st. n., _hall-building_: acc. sg., 68. + +heal-sittend, pres. part., _sitting in the hall_ (at the banquet): dat. pl. +heal-sittendum, 2869; gen. pl. heal-sittendra, 2016. + +heal-þegn, st. m., _hall-thane_, i.e. a warrior who holds the hall: gen. +sg. heal-þegnes, of Grendel, 142; acc. pl. heal-þegnas, of Beowulfs band, +720. + +heal-wudu, _hall-wood_, i.e. hall built of wood: nom. sg., 1318. + +healdan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to hold, to hold fast; to support_: pret. pl. +hu þa stanbogan ... ece eorethreced innan heoldon (MS. healde), _how the +arches of rock within held the everlasting earth-house_, 2720. Pret. sg., +with a person as object: heold hine to faeste, _held him too fast_, 789; w. +the dat. he him freondlarum heold, _supported him with friendly advice_, +2378.--2) _to hold, to watch, to preserve, to keep_; reflexive, _to +maintain one's self, to keep one's self_: pres. sg. II. eal þu hit geþyldum +healdest, maegen mid modes snyttrum, _all that preservest thou continuously, +strength and wisdom of mind_, 1706; III. healdeeth hige-meethum heafod-wearde, +_holds for the dead the head-watch_, 2910; imp. sg. II. heald foreth tela +niwe sibbe, _keep well, from now on, the new relationship_, 949; heald +(heold, MS.) þu nu hruse ... eorla aehte, _preserve thou now, Earth, the +noble men's possessions_, 2248; inf. se þe holmclifu healdan scolde, _watch +the sea-cliffs_, 230; so, 705; nacan ... arum healdan, _to keep well your +vessel_, 296; wearde healdan, 319; forleton eorla gestreon eorethan healdan, +3168; pres. part. dream healdende, _holding rejoicing_ (i.e. thou who art +rejoicing), 1228; pret. sg. heold hine syethethan fyr and faestor, _kept himself +afterwards afar and more secure_, 142; aegwearde heold, _I have (hitherto) +kept watch on the sea_, 241; so, 305; hiold heah-lufan wieth haeleetha brego, +_preserved high love_, 1955; ginfaestan gife ... heold, 2184; gold-maethmas +heold, _took care of the treasures of gold_, 2415; heold min tela, +_protected well mine own_, 2738; þonne ... sceft ... nytte heold, _had +employment, was employed_, 3119; heold mec, _protected_, i.e. brought me +up, 2431; pret. pl. heaetho-reaf heoldon, _watched over the armor_, 401; sg. +for pl. heafodbeorge ... walan utan heold, _outwards, bosses kept guard +over the head_, 1032.--Related to the preceding meaning are the two +following: 3) _to rule and protect the fatherland_: inf. gif þu healdan +wylt maga rice, 1853; pret. heold, 57, 2738.--4) _to hold, to have, to +possess, to inhabit_: inf. let þone brego-stol Beowulf healdan, 2390; +gerund. to healdanne hleoburh wera, 1732; pret. sg. heold, 103, 161, 466, +1749, 2752; lyftwynne heold nihtes hwilum, _at night-time had the enjoyment +of the air_, 3044; pret. pl. Geata leode hreawic heoldon, _the Geatas held +the place of corpses_ (lay dead upon it), 1215; pret. sg. þaer heo aer maeste +heold worolde wynne, _in which she formerly possessed the highest earthly +joy_, 1080.--5) _to win, to receive_: pret. pl. I. heoldon heah gesceap, +_we received a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us_, 3085. + +be-healdan, w. acc.: 1) _to take care of, to attend to_: pret. sg. þegn +nytte beheold, _a thane discharged the office_, 494; so, 668.--2) _to +hold_: pret. sg. se þe floda begong ... beheold, 1499.--3) _to look at, to +behold_: þryethswyeth beheold maeg Higelaces hu ..., _great woe saw H.'s +kinsman, how ..._, 737. + +for-healdan, w. acc., _(to hold badly), to fall away from, to rebel_: pret. +part. haefdon hy forhealden helm Scylfinga, _had rebelled against the +defender of the Scylfings_, 2382. + +ge-healdan: 1) _to hold, to receive, to hold fast_: pres. sg. III. se þe +waldendes hyldo gehealdeeth, _who receives the Lord's grace_, 2294; pres. +subj. faeder alwalda ... eowic gehealde sietha gesunde, _keep you sound on +your journey_, 317; inf. ne meahte he ... on þam frum-gare feorh gehealdan, +_could not hold back the life in his lord_, 2857.--2) _to take care, to +preserve, to watch over; to stop_: imp. sg. hafa nu and geheald husa +selest, 659; inf. gehealdan het hilde-geatwe, 675; pret. sg. he fraetwe +geheold fela missera, 2621; þone þe aer geheold wieth hettendum hord and rice, +_him who before preserved treasure and realm_, 3004.--3) _to rule_: inf. +folc gehealdan, 912; pret. sg. geheold tela (brade rice), 2209. + +healf, st. f., _half, side, part_: acc. sg. on þa healfe, _towards this +side_, 1676; dat. sg. haeleethum be healfe, _at the heroes' side_, 2263; acc. +pl. on twa healfa, _upon two sides, mutually_, 1096; on ba healfa (healfe), +_on both sides_ (to Grendel and his mother), 1306; _on two sides, on both +sides_, 2064; gen. pl. on healfa gehwone, _in half, through the middle_, +801. + +healf, adj., _half_: gen. sg. healfre, 1088. + +heals, st. m., _neck_: acc. sg. heals, 2692; dat. sg. wieth halse, 1567; be +healse, 1873.--Comp.: the adjectives famig-, wunden-heals. + +heals-beah, st. m., _neck-ring, collar_: acc. sg. þone heals-beah, 2173; +gen. pl. heals-beaga, 1196. + +heals-gebedde, w. f., _beloved bedfellow, wife_: nom. sg. healsgebedde (MS. +healsgebedda), 63. + +healsian, w. v. w. acc., _to entreat earnestly, to implore_: pret. sg. þa +se þeoden mec ... healsode hreoh-mod þaet..., _entreated me sorrowful, +that_..., 2133. + +heard, adj.: 1) of persons, _able, efficient in war, strong, brave_: nom. +sg. heard, 342, 376, 404, 1575, 2540, etc.; in weak form, se hearda, 401, +1964; se hearda þegn, 2978; þes hearda heap, 432; nom. pl. hearde +hilde-frecan, 2206; gen. pl. heardra, 989. Comparative: acc. sg. heardran +haele, 720. With accompanying gen.: wiges heard, _strong in battle_, 887; +dat. sg. nietha heardum, 2171.--2) of the implements of war, _good, firm, +sharp, hard_: nom. sg. (gueth-byrne, lic-syrce) heard, 322, 551. In weak +form: masc. here-strael hearda, 1436; se hearda helm, 2256; neutr. here-net +hearde, 1554; acc. sg. (swurd, waepen), heard, 540, 2688, 2988; nom. pl. +hearde ... homera lafe, 2830; heard and hring-mael Heaethobeardna gestreon, +2038; acc. pl. heard sweord, 2639. Of other things, _hard, rough, harsh, +hard to bear_: acc. sg. hreether-bealo hearde, 1344; nom. sg. wroht ... +heard, 2915; here-nieth hearda, 2475; acc. sg. heoro-sweng heardne, 1591; +instr. sg. heardan ceape, 2483; instr. pl. heardan, heardum clammum, 964, +1336; gen. pl. heardra hynetha, 166. Compar.: acc. sg. heardran feohtan, +576.--Comp.: fyr-, iren-, nieth-, regn-, scur-heard. + +hearde, adv., _hard, very_, 1439. + +heard-ecg, adj., _sharp-edged, hard, good in battle_: nom. sg., 1289. + +heard-fyrde, adj., _hard to take away, heavy_: acc. sg. hard-fyrdne, +2246.--Leo. + +heard-hycgend, pres. part. _of a warlike disposition, brave_: nom. pl. +-hicgende, 394, 800. + +hearg-traef, st. n., _tent of the gods, temple_: dat. pl. aet haerg-trafum +(MS. hraerg trafum), 175. + +hearm, st. m., _harm, injury, insult_: dat. sg. mid hearme, 1893. + +hearm-sceaetha, w. m., _enemy causing injury_ or _grief_: nom. sg. +hearm-scaetha, 767. + +hearpe, w. f., _harp_: gen. sg. hearpan sweg, 89, 3024; hearpan wynne +(wyn), 2108, 2263. + +heaethu, st. f., _sea, waves_: acc. sg. heaethu, 1863? + +heaethu-liethend, pres. part., _sea-farer, sailor_: nom. pl. -liethende, 1799; +dat. pl. -liethendum (designation of the Geatas), 2956. + +heafod, st. n., _head_: acc. sg., 48, 1640; dat. sg. heafde, 1591, 2291, +2974; dat. pl. heafdum, 1243. + +heafod-beorh, st. f., _head-defence, protection for the head_: acc. sg. +heafod-beorge, 1031. + +heafod-maeg, st. m., _head-kinsman, near blood-relative_: dat. pl. +heafod-maegum (_brothers_), 589; gen. pl. heafod-maga, 2152. + +heafod-segn, st. n., _head-sign, banner_: acc. sg., 2153. + +heafod-weard, st. f., _head-watch_ acc. sg. healdeeth ... heafod-wearde +leofes and laethes, _for the friend and the foe_ (Beowulf and the drake, who +lie dead near each other), 2910. + +heah, hea, adj., _high, noble_ (in composition, also primus): nom. sg. heah +Healfdene, 57; hea (Higelac), 1927; heah (sele), 82; heah hlaew, 2806, 3159; +acc. sg. heah (segn), 48, 2769; heahne (MS. heanne) hrof, 984; dat. sg. in +(to) sele þam hean, 714, 920; gen. sg. hean huses, 116.--_high, heavy_: +acc. heah gesceap (_an unusual, heavy fate_), 3085. + +hea-burh, st. f., _high city, first city of a country_: acc. sg., 1128. + +heah-cyning, st. m., _high king, mightiest of the kings_: gen. sg. +-cyninges (of Hroethgar), 1040. + +heah-gestreon, st. n., _splendid treasure_: gen. pl. -gestreona, 2303. + +heah-lufe, w. f., _high love_: acc. sg. heah-lufan, 1955. + +heah-sele, st. m., _high hall, first hall in the land, hall of the ruler_: +dat. sg. heah-sele, 648. + +heah-setl, st. n., _high seat, throne_: acc. sg., 1088. + +heah-stede, st. m., _high place, ruler's place_: dat. sg. on heah-stede, +285. + +hean, adj., _depressed, low, despised, miserable_: nom. sg., 1275, 2100, +2184, 2409. + +heap, st. m., _heap, crowd, troop_: nom. sg. þegna heap, 400; þes hearda +heap, _this brave band_, 432; acc. sg. here-sceafta heap, _the crowd of +spears_, 335; mago-rinca heap, 731; dat. sg. on heape, _in a compact body_, +as many as there were of them, 2597.--Comp. wig-heap. + +heawan, st. v., _to hew, to cleave_: inf., 801. + +ge-heawan, _cleave_: pres. subj. ge-heawe, 683. + +heoethu, st. f., _the interior of a building_: dat. sg. þaet he on heoethe +gestod, _in the interior_ (of the hall, Heorot), 404. + +heofon, st. m., _heaven_: nom. sg., 3157; dat. sg. hefene, 1572; gen. sg. +heofenes, 414, 576, 1802, etc.; gen. pl. heofena, 182; dat. pl. under +heofenum, 52, 505. + +heolfor, st. n., _gore, fresh_ or _crude blood_: dat. instr. sg. hatan +heolfre, 850, 1424; heolfre, 2139; under heolfre, 1303. + +heolster, st. n., _haunt, hiding-place_: acc. sg. on heolster, 756. + +heonan, adv., _hence, from here_: heonan, 252; heonon, 1362. + +heor, st. m., _door-hinge_: nom. pl. heorras, 1000. + +heorde, adj. See wunden-heorde. + +heoreth-geneat, st. m., _hearth-companion_, i.e. a vassal of the king, in +whose castle he receives his livelihood: nom. pl. heoreth-geneatas, 261, +3181; acc. pl. heoreth-geneatas, 1581, 2181; dat. pl. heoreth-geneatum, 2419. + +heorot, st. m., _stag_: nom. sg., 1370. + +heorte, w. f., _heart_: nom. sg., 2562; dat. sg. aet heortan, 2271; gen. sg. +heortan, 2464, 2508.--Comp.: the adjectives blieth-, grom-, rum-, +stearc-heort. + +heoru, st. m., _sword_: nom. sg. heoru bunden (cf. under bindan), 1286. In +some of the following compounds heoro- seems to be confounded with here- +(see here). + +heoro-blac, adj., _pale through the sword, fatally wounded_: nom. sg. +[heoro-]blac, 2489. + +heoru-dreor, st. m., _sword-blood_: instr. sg. heoru-dreore, 487; +heoro-dreore, 850. + +heoro-dreorig, adj., _bloody through the sword_: nom. sg., 936; acc. sg. +heoro-dreorigne, 1781, 2721. + +heoro-drync, st. m., _sword-drink_, i.e. blood shed by the sword: instr. +pl. hioro-dryncum swealt, _died through sword-drink_, i.e. struck by the +sword, 2359. + +heoro-gifre, adj., _eager for hostile inroads_: nom. sg., 1499. + +heoro-grim, adj., _sword-grim, fierce in battle_: nom. sg. m., 1565; fem. +-grimme, 1848. + +heoro-hocihte, adj., _provided with barbs, sharp like swords _: instr. pl. +mid eofer-spreotum heoro-hocyhtum, 1439. + +heoro-serce, w. f., _shirt of mail_: acc. sg. hioro-sercean, 2540. + +heoro-sweng, st. m., _sword-stroke_: acc. sg. 1591. + +heoro-weallende, pres. part., _rolling around fighting_, of the drake, +2782. See weallian. + +heoro-wearh, st. m. _he who is sword-cursed, who is destined to die by the +sword_: nom. sg., 1268. + +heofan, w. v., _to lament, to moan_: part. nom. pl. hiofende, 3143. + +a-heoran, _to free_ (?): w. acc. pret. sg. bryd aheorde, 2931. + +heore, adj., _pleasant, not haunted, secure_: nom. sg. fem, nis þaet heoru +stow, _that is no secure place_, 1373.--Comp. un-heore (-hyre). + +hider, adv., _hither_, 240, 370, 394, 3093, etc. + +ofer-higian, w. v. (according to the connection, probably), _to exceed_, +2767. (O.H.G. ubar-hugjan, _to be arrogant_.) + +hild, st. f., _battle, combat_: nom. sg., 452, 902, 1482, 2077; hild +heoru-grimme, 1848; acc. sg. hilde, 648; instr. sg. hilde, _through +combat_, 2917; dat. sg. aet hilde, 1461. + +hilde-bil, st. n., _battle-sword_: nom. sg., 1667; instr. dat. sg. +hilde-bille, 557, 1521. + +hilde-bord, st. n., _battle-shield_: acc. pl. hilde-bord, 397; instr. pl. +-bordum, 3140. + +hilde-cyst, st. f., _excellence in battle, bravery in battle_: instr. pl. +-cystum, 2599. + +hilde-deor, adj., _bold in battle, brave in battle_: nom. sg., 312, 835, +1647, 1817; hilde-dior, 3112; nom. pl. hilde-deore, 3171. + +hilde-freca, w. m., _hero in battle_: nom. pl. hilde-frecan, 2206; dat. sg. +hild-frecan, 2367. + +hilde-geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment for battle, adornment for combat_: +acc. hilde-geatwe, 675; gen. -geatwa, 2363. + +hilde-gicel, st. m., _battle-icicle_, i.e. the blood which hangs upon the +sword-blades like icicles: instr. pl. hilde-gicelum, 1607. + +hilde-grap, st. f., _battle-gripe_: nom. sg., 1447, 2508. + +hilde-hlemma, w. m., _one raging in battle, warrior, fighter_: nom. sg., +2352, 2545; dat. pl. eft þaet ge-eode ... hilde-hlaemmum, _it happened to the +warriors_ (the Geatas), 2202. + +hilde-leoma, w. m., _battle-light, gleam of battle_, hence: 1) the +fire-spewing of the drake in the fight: nom. pl. -leoman, 2584.--2) _the +gleaming sword_: acc. sg. -leoman, 1144. + +hilde-mecg, st. m., _man of battle, warrior_: nom. pl. hilde-mecgas, 800. + +hilde-mece, st. m., _battle-sword_: nom. pl. -meceas, 2203. + +hilde-rand, st. m., _battle-shield_: acc. pl. -randas, 1243. + +hllde-raes, st. m., _storm of battle_: acc. sg., 300. + +hilde-rinc, st. m., _man of battle, warrior, hero_: nom. sg., 1308, 3125, +3137; dat. sg. hilde-rince, 1496; gen. sg. hilde-rinces, 987. + +hilde-saed, adj., _satiated with battle, not wishing to fight any more_: +acc. sg. hilde-saedne, 2724. + +hilde-sceorp, st. n., _battle-dress, armor, coat of mail_: acc. sg., 2156. + +hilde-setl, st. n., _battle-seat_ (saddle): nom. sg., 1040. + +hilde-strengo, st. f., _battle-strength, bravery in battle_: acc., 2114. + +hilde-swat, st. m., _battle-sweat_: nom. sg. hat hilde-swat (the hot, damp +breath of the drake as he rushes on), 2559. + +hilde-tux, st. m., _battle-tooth_: instr. pl. hilde-tuxum, 1512. + +hilde-waepen, st. m., _battle-weapon_: instr. pl. -waepnum, 39. + +hilde-wisa, w. m., _leader in battle, general_: dat. sg. fore Healfdenes +hildewisan, _Healfdene's general_ (Hnaef), 1065. + +hild-freca. See hilde-freca + +hild-fruma, st. m., _battle-chief_: dat. sg. -fruma, 1679, 2650; gen. sg. +þaes hild-fruman, 2836. + +hlld-lata, w. m., _he who is late in battle, coward_: nom. pl. þa +hild-latan, 2847. + +hilt, st. n., _sword-hilt_: nom. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. þaet hilt, +1669; hylt, 1668. Also used in the plural; acc. þa hilt, 1615; dat. pl, be +hiltum, 1575.--Comp.: fetel-, wreoethen-hilt. + +hilte-cumbor, st. n., _banner with a staff_: acc. sg., 1023. + +hilted, pret. part., _provided with a hilt_ or _handle_: acc. sg. heard +swyrd hiked, _sword with a_ (rich) _hilt_, 2988. + +hin-fus, adj., _ready to die_: nom. sg. hyge waes him hinfus (i.e. he felt +that he should not survive), 756. + +hindema, adj. superl., _hindmost, last_: instr. sg. hindeman siethe, _the +last time, for the last time_, 2050, 2518. + +hirde, hyrde, st. m., (_herd_) _keeper, guardian, possessor_: nom. sg. +folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2982; rices hyrde, 2028; fyrena hyrde, _the +guardian of mischief, wicked one_, 751, 2220; wuldres hyrde, _the king of +glory, God_, 932; hringa hyrde, _the keeper of the rings_, 2246; cumbles +hyrde, _the possessor of the banner, the bearer of the banner_, 2506; +folces hyrde, 1850; fraetwa hyrde, 3134; rices hyrde, 3081; acc. pl. huses +hyrdas, 1667.--Comp.: grund-hyrde. + +hit (O.N. hita), st. f. (?), _heat_: nom. sg. þenden hyt sy, 2650. + +hladan, st. v.: 1) _to load, to lay_: inf. on bael hladan leofne mannan, +_lay the dear man on the funeral-pile_, 2127; him on bearm hladan bunan and +discas, _laid cups and plates upon his bosom, loaded himself with them_, +2776; pret. part. þaer waes wunden gold on waen hladen, _laid upon the wain_, +3135.--2) _to load, to burden_: pret. part. þa waes ... saegeap naca hladen +herewaedum, _loaded with armor_, 1898.--Comp. gilp-hlaeden. + +ge-hladan, w. acc., _to load, to burden_: pret. sg. saebat gehlod (MS +gehleod), 896. + +hlaford, st. m., _lord, ruler_: nom. sg., 2376; acc. sg., 267; dat. sg. +hlaforde, 2635; gen. sg. hlafordes, 3181.--Comp. eald-hlaford. + +hlaford-leas; adj., _without a lord_: nom. pl. hlaford-lease, 2936. + +hlaw, hlaew, st. m., _grave-hill_: acc. sg. hlaew, 2803, 3159, 3171; dat. sg. +for hlawe, 1121. Also, _grave-chamber_ (the interior of the grave-hill), +_cave_: acc. sg. hlaw [under] hrusan, 2277; hlaew under hrusan, 2412; dat. +sg. on hlaewe, 2774. The drake dwells in the rocky cavern which the former +owner of his treasure had chosen as his burial-place, 2242-2271. + +hlaest, st. n., _burden, load_: dat. sg. hlaeste, 52. + +hlem, st. m., _noise, din of battle, noisy attack_: in the compounds, uht-, +wael-hlem. + +hlemma, w. m., _one raging, one who calls_; see hilde-hlemma. + +a-hlehhan, st. v., _to laugh aloud, to shout, to exult_: pret. sg. his mod +ahlog, _his mood exulted_, 731. + +hleahtor, st. m., _laughter_: nom. sg., 612; acc. sg., 3021. + +hleapan, st. v., _to run, to trot, to spring_: inf. hleapan leton ... +fealwe mearas, 865. + +a-hleapan, _to spring up_: pret. ahleop, 1398. + +hleoethu. See hlieth. + +hleonian, w. v., _to incline, to hang over_: inf. oeth þaet he ... +fyrgen-beamas ofer harne stan hleonian funde, _till he found mountain-trees +hanging over the gray rocks_, 1416. + +hleo, st. m., _shady, protected place; defence, shelter_; figurative +designation of the king, or of powerful nobles: wigendra hleo, of Hroethgar, +429; of Sigemund, 900; of Beowulf, 1973, 2338; eorla hleo, of Hroethgar, +1036, 1867; of Beowulf, 792; of Hygelac, 2191. + +hleo-burh, st. f., _ruler's castle_ or _city_: acc. sg., 913, 1732. + +hleoethor-cwyde, st. m., _speech of solemn sound, ceremonious words_, 1980. + +hleor, st. n., _cheek, jaw_: in comp. faeted-hleor (adj.). + +hleor-bera, w. m., _cheek-bearer_, the part of the helmet that reaches down +over the cheek and protects it: acc. pl. ofer hleor-beran (_visor_?), 304. + +hleor-bolster, st. m., _cheek-bolster, pillow_: nom. sg., 689. + +hleotan, st. v. w. acc., _to obtain by lot, to attain, to get_: pret. sg. +feorh-wunde hleat, 2386. + +hlifian, w. v., _to rise, to be prominent_: inf. hlifian, 2806; pret. +hlifade, 81, 1800, 1899. + +hlieth, st. n., _cliff, precipice of a mountain_: dat. sg. on hliethe, 3159; +gen. sg. hliethes, 1893; pl. hlietho in composition, stan-hlietho; hleoethu in the +compounds fen-, mist-, naes-, wulf-hleoethu. + +hlin-bed (Frisian hlen-bed, Richthofen 206^28, for which another text has +cronk-bed), st. n., [Greek: klinidion], _bed for reclining, sick-bed_: acc. +sg. hlim-bed, 3035. + +to-hlidan, st. v., _to spring apart, to burst_: pret. part. nom. pl. +to-hlidene, 1000. + +hlud, adj., _loud_: acc. sg. dream ... hludne, 89. + +hlyn, st. m., _din, noise, clatter_: nom. sg., 612. + +hlynnan, hlynian, w. v., _to sound, to resound_: inf. hlynnan (of the +voice), 2554; of fire, _to crackle_: pret. sg. hlynode, 1121. + +hlynsian, w. v., _to resound, to crash_: pret. sg. reced hlynsode, 771. + +hlytm, st. m., _lot_: dat. sg. naes þa on hlytme, hwa þaet hord strude, _it +did not depend upon lot who should plunder the hoard_, i.e. its possession +was decided, 3127. + +hnah, adj.: 1) _low, inferior_: comp. acc. sg. hnagran, 678; dat. sg. +hnahran rince, _an inferior hero, one less brave_, 953.--2) _familiarly +intimate_: nom. sg. naes hio hnah swa þeah, _was nevertheless not familiarly +intimate_ (with the Geatas, i.e. preserved her royal dignity towards them), +(_niggardly_?), 1930. + +hnaegan, w. v. w. acc., (for naegan), _to speak to, to greet_: pret. sg. þaet +he þone wisan wordum hnaegde frean Ingwina, 1319. + +ge-hnaegan, w. acc., _to bend, to humiliate, to strike down, to fell_: pret. +sg. ge-hnaegde helle gast, 1275; þaer hyne Hetware hilde gehnaegdon, 2917. + +hnitan, st. v., _to dash against, to encounter_, here of the collision of +hostile bands: pret. pl. þonne hniton (hnitan) feethan, 1328, 2545. + +hoethma, w. m., _place of concealment, cave_, hence, _the grave_: dat. sg. in +hoethman, 2459. + +hof, st. n., _enclosed space, court-yard, estate, manor-house_: acc. sg. +hof (Hroethgar's residence), 312; dat. sg. to hofe sinum (Grendel's home in +the sea), 1508; to hofe (Hygelac's residence), 1975; acc. pl. beorht hofu, +2314; dat. pl. to hofum Geata, 1837. + +hogode. See hycgan. + +hold, adj., _inclined to, attached to, gracious, dear, true_: nom. sg. w. +dat. of the person, hold weorod frean Scyldinga, _a band well disposed to +the lord of the Scyldings_, 290; mandrihtne hold, 1230; Hygelace waes ... +nefa swyethe hold, _to H. was his nephew_ (Beowulf) _very much attached_, +2171; acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, _from a kindly feeling, with honorable +mind_, 267; holdne wine, 376; holdne, 1980; gen. pl. holdra, 487. + +hold. See healdan. + +holm, st. m., _deep sea_: nom. sg., 519, 1132, 2139; acc. sg., 48, 633; +dat. sg. holme, 543, 1436, 1915; acc. pl. holmas, 240.--Comp. waeg-holm. + +holm-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: dat. sg. on þam holm-clife, 1422; from þaem +holmclife, 1636; acc. pl. holm-clifu, 230. + +holm-wylm, st. m., _the waves of the sea_: dat. sg. holm-wylme, 2412. + +holt, st. n., _wood, thicket, forest._ acc. sg. on holt, 2599; holt, +2847.--Comp.: aesc-, fyrgen-, gar-, Hrefnes-holt. + +holt-wudu, st. m., _forest-wood_: 1) of the material: nom. sg., 2341.--2) = +_forest_: acc. sg., 1370. + +hord, st. m. and n., _hoard, treasure_: nom. sg., 2284, 3085; beaga hord, +2285; maethma hord, 3012; acc. sg. hord, 913, 2213, 2320, 2510, 2745, 2774, +2956, 3057; sawle hord, 2423; þaet hord, 3127; dat. sg. of horde, 1109; for +horde, _on account of_ (the robbing of) _the hoard_, 2782; haeethnum horde, +2217; gen. sg. hordes, 888.--Comp.: beah-, breost-, word-, wyrm-hord. + +hord-aern, st. n., _place in which a treasure is kept, treasure-room_: dat. +hord-aerne, 2832; gen. pl. hord-aerna, 2280. + +hord-burh, st. f., _city in which is the treasure_ (of the king's), +_ruler's castle_: acc. sg., 467. + +hord-gestreon, st. n., _hoard-treasure, precious treasure_: dat. pl. +hord-gestreonum, 1900; gen. pl. maegen-byrethenne hord-gestreona, _the great +burden of rich treasures_, 3093. + +hord-maethethum, st. m., _treasure-jewel, precious jewel_: acc. sg. (-madmum, +MS.), 1199. + +hord-wela, w. m., _treasure-riches, abundance of treasures_: acc. sg. +hord-welan, 2345. + +hord-weard, st. m., _warder of the treasure, hoard-warden_: 1) of the king: +nom. sg., 1048; acc. sg., 1853.--2) of the drake: nom. sg., 2294, 2303, +2555, 2594. + +hord-weorethung, st. f., _ornament out of the treasure, rich ornament_: acc. +sg.--weorethunge, 953. + +hord-wyn, st. f., _treasure-joy, joy-giving treasure_: acc. sg. hord-wynne, +2271. + +horn, st. m., _horn_: 1) upon an animal: instr. pl. heorot hornum trum, +1370.--2) wind-instrument: nom. sg., 1424; acc. sg., 2944.--Comp. gueth-horn. + +horn-boga, w. m., _bow made of horn_: dat. sg. of horn-bogan, 2438. + +horn-geap, adj., of great extent between the (stag-)horns adorning the +gables(?): nom. sg. sele ... heah and horn-geap, 82. + +horn-reced, st. n., building whose two gables are crowned by the halves of +a stag's antler(?): acc. sg., 705. Cf. Heyne's Treatise on the Hall, +Heorot, p. 44. + +hors, st. n., _horse_: nom. sg., 1400. + +hociht, adj., _provided with hooks, hooked_: in comp. heoro-hociht. + +be-hofian, w. v. w. gen., _to need, to want_: pres. sg. III. nu is se daeg +cumen þat ure man-dryhten maegenes behofaeth godra guethrinca, _now is the day +come when our lord needs the might of strong warriors_, 2648. + +on-hohsnian, w. v., _to hinder_: pret. sg. þaet onhohsnode Heminges maeg (on +hohsnod, MS.), 1945. + +holinga, adv., _in vain, without reason_, 1077. + +be-hon, st. v., _to hang with_: pret. part. helmum behongen, 3140. + +hop, st. n., _protected place, place of refuge, place of concealment_, in +the compounds fen-, mor-hop. + +hos (Goth, hansa), st. f., _accompanying troop, escort_: instr. sg. maegetha +hose, _with an accompanying train of servingwomen_, 925. + +hraeethe, adv., _hastily, quickly, immediately_, 224, 741, 749, 1391, etc.; +hraethe, 1438; hreethe, 992; compar. hraethor, 543. + +hran-fix, st. m., _whale_: acc. pl. hron-fixas, 540. + +hran-rad, st. f., _whale-road_, i.e. sea: dat. sg. ofer hron-rade, 10. + +hra, st. n., _corpse_: nom. sg., 1589. + +hra-fyl, st. m., _fall of corpses, killing, slaughter_: acc. sg., 277. + +hraedlice, adv., _hastily, immediately_, 356, 964. + +hraefn, hrefn, st. m., _raven_: nom. sg. hrefn blaca, _black raven_, 1802; +se wonna hrefn, _the dark raven_, 3025; dat. sg. hrefne, 2449. + +hraegl, st. n., _dress, garment, armor_: nom. sg., 1196; gen. sg., hraegles, +1218; gen. pl. hraegla, 454--Comp.: beado-, fyrd-, mere-hraegl. + +hreethe. See hraethe. + +hreether, st. m., _breast, bosom_ nom. sg. hreether inne weoll _(it surged in +his breast_), 2114; hreether aeethme weoll, 2594; dat. sg. in hreethre, 1152; of +hreethre, 2820.--_Breast_ as the seat of feeling, _heart_: dat. sg. þaet waes +... hreethre hygemeethe, _that was depressing to the heart_ (of the slayer, +Haeethcyn), 2443; on hreethre, 1879, 2329; gen. pl. þurh hreethra gehygd, +2046.--_Breast_ as seat of life: instr. sg. hreethre, parallel with aldre, +1447. + +hreether-bealo, st. n., _evil that takes hold on the heart, evil severely +felt_: acc. sg., 1344. + +hrefn. See hraefn. + +hreeth, st. f., _glory_; in composition, gueth-hreeth; _renown, assurance of +victory_, in sige-hreeth. + +hreethe, adj., _renowned in battle_: nom. sg. hreeth (on account of the +following aet, final _e_ is elided, as wenic for wene ic, 442; frofor and +fultum for frofre and fultum, 699; firen ondrysne for firene ondr., 1933), +2576. + +hreeth-sigor, st. m., _glorious victory_: dat. sg. hreeth-sigora, 2584. + +hremig, adj., _boasting, exulting_: with instr. and gen. huethe hremig, 124; +since hremig, 1883; fraetwum hremig, 2055; nom. pl. nealles Hetware hremge +þorfton (sc. wesan) feethe-wiges, 2365. + +on-hreran, w. v., _to excite, to stir up_: pret. part. on-hrered, 549, +2555. + +hrea-wic, st. n., _place of corpses_: acc. sg. Geata leode hrea-wic +heoldon, _held the place of corpses_, 1215. + +hread, st. f., _ornament_(?), in comp. earm-hread. See hreoethan. + +hream, st. m., _noise, alarm_:: nom. sg., 1303. + +hreoetha, w. m., _cover_, in the compound bord-hreoetha. + +hreoethan, ge-hreoethan, st. v., _to cover, to clothe_; only in the pret. part. +hroden, gehroden, _dressed, adorned_: hroden, 495, 1023; þa waes heal hroden +feonda feorum, _then was the hall covered with the corpses of the enemy_, +1152; ge-hroden golde, _adorned with gold_, 304.--Comp.: beag-, +gold-hroden. + +hreoh, hreow, hreo, adj., _excited, stormy, wild, angry, raging; sad, +troubled_: nom. sg. (Beowulf) hreoh and heoro-grim, 1565; þaet þam godan waes +hreow on hreethre, (_that came with violence upon him, pained his heart_), +2329; hreo waeron yetha, _the waves were angry, the sea stormy_, 548; naes him +hreoh sefa, _his mind was not cruel_, 2181; dat. sg. on hreon mode, _of sad +heart_, 1308; on hreoum mode, _angry at heart_, 2582. + +hreoh-mod, adj., _of sad heart_, 2133; _angry at heart_, 2297. + +hreosan, st. v., _to fall, to sink, to rush_: pret. hreas, 2489, 2832; +pret. pl. hruron, 1075; hie on weg hruron, _they rushed away_, 1431; hruron +him tearas, _tears burst from him_, 1873. + +be-hreosan, _to fall from, to be divested of_: pret. part. acc. pl. +fyrn-manna fatu ... hyrstum behrorene, _divested of ornaments_ (from which +the ornaments had fallen away), 2760. + +hreow, st. f., _distress, sorrow_: gen. pl. þaet waes Hroethgare hreowa +tornost, _that was to Hroethgar the bitterest of his sorrows_, 2130. + +hring, st. m.: 1) _ring_: acc. sg. þone hring, 1203; hring gyldenne, 2810; +acc. pl. hringas, 1196, 1971, 3035; gen. pl. hringa, 1508, 2246.--2) _shirt +of mail_ (of interlaced rings): nom. sg. hring, 1504; byrnan hring, +2261.--Comp. ban-hring. + +hringan, w. v., _to give forth a sound, to ring, to rattle_: pret. pl. +byrnan hringdon, 327. + +hring-boga, w. m., _one who bends himself into a ring_: gen. sg. +hring-bogan (of the drake, bending himself into a circle), 2562. + +hringed, pret. part., _made of rings_: nom. sg. hringed byrne, 1246; acc. +sg. hringde byrnan, 2616. + +hringed-stefna, w. m., _ship whose stem is provided with iron rings_ +(cramp-irons), especially of sea-going ships (cf. Frieth-þiofs saga, I: +þorsteinn atti skip þat er Ellidi het, ... borethit war spengt iarni): nom. +sg., 32, 1898; acc. sg. hringed-stefnan, 1132. + +hring-iren, st. n., _ring-iron, ring-mail_: nom. sg., 322. + +hring-mael, adj., _marked with rings_, i.e. ornamented with rings, or marked +with characters of ring-form: nom. acc. sg., of the sword, 1522, 1562(?); +nom. pl. heard and hring-mael Heaethobeardna gestreon (_rich armor_), 2038. + +hring-naca, w. m., _ship with iron rings, sea-going ship_: nom. sg., 1863. + +hring-net, st. n., _ring-net_, i.e. a shirt of interlaced rings: acc. sg., +2755; acc. pl. hring-net, 1890. + +hring-sele, st. m., _ring-hall_, i.e. hall in which are rings, or in which +rings are bestowed: acc. sg., 2841; dat. sg., 2011, 3054. + +hring-weorethung, st. f., _ring-ornament_: acc. sg. -weorethunge, 3018. + +hrinan, st. v. w. dat.: 1) _to touch, lay hold of_: inf. þaet him heardra +nan hrinan wolde iren aergod (_that no good sword of valiant men would make +an impression on him_), 989; him for hrof-sele hrinan ne mehte faergripe +flodes (_the sudden grip of the flood might not touch him owing to the +hall-roof_), 1516; þaet þam hring-sele hrinan ne moste gumena aenig _(so that +none might touch the ringed-hall), _3054; pret. sg. siethethan he hire folmum +[hr]an (_as soon as he touched it with his hands_), 723; oeth þaet deaethes wylm +hran aet heortan (_seized his heart_), 2271. Pret. subj. þeah þe him wund +hrine (_although he was wounded_), 2977.--2) (O.N. hrina, _sonare, +clamare), to resound, rustle_: pres. part. nom. pl. hrinde bearwas (for +hrinende) 1364; but see Note. + +hroden. See hreoethan. + +hron-fix. See hran-fix. + +hroethor, st. m., _joy, beneficium_: dat sg. hrefne to hroethre, 2449; gen. pl. +hroethra, 2172. + +hrof, st. m., _roof, ceiling of a house_: nom. sg., 1000; acc. sg. under +Heorotes hrof, 403; under geapne hrof, 838; geseah steapne hrof (here +_inner roof, ceiling_), 927; so, ofer heahne hrof, 984; ymb þaes helmes +hrof, 1031; under beorges hrof, 2756.--Comp. inwit-hrof. + +hrof-sele, st. m., _covered hall_: dat. sg. hrof-sele, 1516. + +hror, adj., _stirring, wide-awake, valorous_: dat. sg. of þaem hroran, +1630.--Comp. fela-hror. + +hruron. See hreosan. + +hruse, w. f., _earth, soil_: nom. sg., 2248, 2559; acc. sg. on hrusan, 773, +2832; dat. sg. under hrusan, 2412. + +hrycg, st. m., _back_: acc. sg. ofer waeteres hrycg (_over the water's back, +surface_), 471. + +hryre, st. m., _fall, destruction, ruin_: acc. sg., 3181; dat. sg., 1681, +3006.--Comp.: leod-, wig-hryre. + +hrysian, w. v., _to shake, be shaken, clatter_: pret. pl. syrcan hrysedon +(_corselets rattled_, of men in motion), 226. + +hund, st. m., _dog_: instr. pl. hundum, 1369. + +hund, num., _hundred_: þreo hund, 2279; w. gen. pl. hund missera, 1499; +hund þusenda landes and locenra beaga, 2995. + +hu, adv., _how, quomodo_, 3, 116, 279, 738, 845, 2319, 2520, 2719, etc. + +hueth, st. f., _booty, plunder_: dat. (instr.) sg. huethe, 124. + +huru, adv., _above all, certainly_, 369; _indeed, truly_, 182, 670, 1072, +1466, 1945, 2837; _yet, nevertheless_, 863; _now_, 3121. + +hus, st. n., _house_: gen. sg. huses, 116; gen. pl. husa selest (Heorot), +146, 285, 659, 936. + +hwan, adv., _whither_: to hwan syethethan weareth hondraes haeleetha (_what issue the +hand-to-hand fight of the heroes had_), 2072. + +hwanan, hwanon, adv., _whence_: hwanan, 257, 2404; hwanon, 333. + +hwa, interrog. and indef. pron., _who_: nom. sg. m. hwa, 52, 2253, 3127; +neut. hwaet, 173; anes hwaet (_a part only_), 3011; hwaet þa men waeron (_who +the men were_), 233, etc.; hwaet syndon ge searo-haebbendra (_what armed men +are ye?_), 237; acc. sg. m. wieth manna hwone (_from (?) any man_), 155; +neut. þurh hwaet, 3069; hwaet wit geo spraecon, 1477; hwaet ... hynetho (gen.), +faer-nietha (_what shame and sudden woes_), 474; so, hwaet þu worn fela (_how +very much thou_), 530; swylces hwaet, 881; hwaet ... arna, 1187; dat. m. +hwam, 1697.--Comp. aeg-hwa. + +hwaet, interj., _what! lo! indeed!_ 1, 943, 2249. + +ge-hwa, w. part, gen., _each, each one_: acc. sg. m. wieth feonda gehwone, +294; nietha gehwane, 2398; meca gehwane, 2686; gum-cynnes gehwone, 2766; fem, +on healfa gehwone, 801; dat. sg. m. dogora gehwam, 88; aet nietha gehwam, 883; +þegna gehwam, 2034; eorla gehwaem, 1421; fem. in maegetha ge-hwaere, 25; nihta +gehwaem, 1366; gen. sing. m. manna gehwaes, 2528; fem. daeda gehwaes, 2839. + +hwar. See hwaer. + +hwaeder. See hwider. + +hwaeether, pron., _which of two_: nom. sg. hwaeether ... uncer twega, 2531; swa +hwaeether, _utercunque_: acc. sg. on swa hwaeethere hond swa him gemet þince, +687.--Comp. aeg-hwaeether. + +ge-hwaeether, _each of two, either-other_: nom. sg. m. waes gehwaeether oethrum +lifigende laeth, 815; waes ... gehwaeether oethrum hroethra gemyndig, 2172; ne +gehwaeether incer (_nor either of you two_), 584; nom. sg. neut. gehwaeether þara +(_either of them_, i.e. ready for war or peace), 1249; dat. sg. hiora +gehwaeethrum, 2995; gen. sg. bega gehwaeethres, 1044. + +hwaeether, hwaeethere, hwaeethre, 1) adv., _yet, nevertheless_: hwaeethre, 555, 891, +1271, 2099, 2299, 2378, etc.; hwaeethre swa þeah, _however, notwithstanding_, +2443; hwaeethere, 574, 578, 971, 1719--2) conj., = _utrum, whether_: hwaeethre, +1315; hwaeether, 1357, 2786. + +hwaet, adj., _sharp, bold, valiant_: nom. sg. se secg hwata, 3029; dat. sg. +hwatum, 2162; nom. pl. hwate, 1602, 2053; acc. pl. hwate, 2643, +3006.--Comp.: fyrd-, gold-hwaet. + +hwaet. See hwa. + +hwaer, adv., _where_: elles hwaer, _elsewhere_, 138; hwaer, _somewhere_, 2030. +In elliptical question: wundur hwar þonne..., _is it a wonder when...?_ +3063.--Comp. o-hwaer. + +ge-hwaer, _everywhere_: þeah þu heaetho-raesa gehwaer dohte (_everywhere good in +battle_), 526. + +hwele. See hwyle. + +hwergen, adv., _anywhere_: elles hwergen, _elsewhere_, 2591. + +hwettan, w. v., _to encourage, urge_: pres. subj. swa þin sefa hwette (_as +thy mind urges, as thou likest_), 490; pret. pl. hwetton higerofne (_they +whetted the brave one_), 204. + +hwene, adv., _a little, paululum_, 2700. + +hwealf, st. f., _vault_: acc. sg. under heofones hwealf, 576, 2016. + +hweorfan, st. v., _to stride deliberately, turn, depart, move, die_: pres. +pl. þara þe cwice hwyrfaeth, 98; inf. hwilum he on lufan laeteeth hworfan monnes +mod-geþonc (_sometimes on love_ (?) _possessions_ (?) _permits the thoughts +of man to turn_), 1729; londrihtes mot ... monna aeghwylc idel hweorfan (_of +rights of land each one of men must be deprived_), 2889; pret. sg. faeder +ellor hwearf ... of earde (_died_), 55; hwearf þa hraedlice þaer Hroethgar saet, +356; hwearf þa bi bence (_turned then to the bench_), 1189; so, hwearf þa +be wealle, 1574; hwearf geond þaet reced, 1982; hlaew oft ymbe hwearf (_went +oft round the cave_), 2297; nalles aefter lyfte lacende hwearf (_not at all +through the air did he go springing_), 2833; subj. pret. sg, aer he on weg +hwurfe ... of geardum (_died_), 264. + +and-hweorfan, _to move against_: pret. sg. oeth þaet ... norethan wind +heaetho-grim and-hwearf (_till the fierce north wind blew in our faces_), +548. + +aet-hweorfan, _to go to_: pret. sg. hwilum he on beorh aet-hwearf (_at times +returned to the mountain_), 2300. + +ge-hweorfan, _to go, come_: pret. sg. gehwearf þa in Francna faeethm feorh +cyninges, 1211; hit on aeht gehwearf ... Denigea frean, 1680; so, 1685, +2209. + +geond-hweorfan, _to go through from end to end_: pres. sg. flet eall +geond-hwearf, 2018. + +hwider, adv., _whither_: hwyder, 163; hwaeder (hwaeether, MS.), 1332. + +hwil, st. f., _time, space of time_: nom. sg. waes seo hwil micel (_it was a +long time_), 146; þa waes hwil daeges (_the space of a day_), 1496; acc. sg. +hwile, _for a time_, 2138; _a while_, 105, 152; lange (longe) hwile, _a +long while_, 16, 2781; ane hwile, _a while_, 1763; lytle hwile, _brief +space_, 2031, 2098; aenige hwile, _any while_, 2549; laessan hwile, _a lesser +while_, 2572; dat. sg. aer daeges hwile, _before daybreak_, 2321; dat. pl. +nihtes hwilum, _sometimes at night_, 3045. Adv., _sometimes, often_: +hwilum, 175, 496, 917, 1729, 1829, 2017, 2112, etc.; hwilum ... hwilum, +2108-9-10.--Comp.: daeg-, gescaep-, orleg-, sige-hwil. + +hwit, adj., _brilliant, flashing_: nom. sg. se hwita helm, 1449. + +hworfan. See hweorfan. + +hwopan, st. v., _to cry, cry out mourn_: pret. sg. hweop, 2269. + +hwyder. See hwider. + +hwylc, pron., _which, what, any_: 1) adj.: nom. sg. m. sceaetha ic nat hwylc, +274; fem, hwylc orleghwil, 2003; nom. pl. hwylce Saegeata siethas waeron, +1987.--2) subst., w. gen. pl. nom. m.: Frisna hwylc, 1105; fem, efne swa +hwylc maegetha swa þone magan cende (_whatever woman brought forth this son_), +944; neut. þonne his bearna hwylc (_than any one of his sons_), 2434; dat. +sg. efne swa hwylcum manna swa him gemet þuhte, 3058.--Comp.: aeg-, nat-, +wel-hwylc. + +ge-hwylc, ge-hwilc, ge-hwelc, w. gen. pl., _each_: nom. sg. m. gehwylc, +986, 1167, 1674; acc. sg. m. gehwylcne, 937, 2251, 2517; gehwelcne, 148; +fem, gehwylce, 1706; neut. gehwylc, 2609; instr. sg. dogra gehwylce, 1091; +so, 2058, 2451; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, 412, 769, 785, etc.; fem, ecga +gehwylcre, 806; neut. cynna gehwylcum, 98; gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwylces, +733, 1397, 2095. + +hwyrft, st. m., _circling movement, turn_: dat. pl. adv. hwyrftum scriethaeth +(_wander to and fro_), 163.--Comp. ed-hwyrft. + +hycgan, w. v., _to think, resolve upon_: pret. sg. ic þaet hogode þaet ... +(_my intention was that ..._), 633.--Comp. w. pres. part.: bealo-, heard-, +swieth-, þanc-, wis-hycgend. + +for-hycgan, _to despise, scorn, reject with contempt_: pres. sg. I. ic þaet +þonne for-hicge þaet ..., _reject with scorn the proposition that ..._, 435. + +ge-hycgan, _to think, determine upon_: pret. sg. þa þu ... feorr gehogodest +saecce secean, 1989. + +ofer-hycgan, _to scorn_: pret. sg. ofer-hogode þa hringa fengel þaet he þone +widflogan weorode gesohte (_scorned to seek the wide-flier with a host_), +2346. + +hydig (for hygdig), adj., _thinking, of a certain mind_: comp. an-, bealo-, +grom-, nieth-, þrist-hydig. + +ge-hygd, st. n., _thought, sentiment_: acc. sg. þurh hreethra gehygd, +2046.--Comp.: breost-, mod-gehygd, won-hyd. + +hyge, hige, st. m., _mind, heart, thought_: nom. sg. hyge, 756; hige, 594; +acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, 267; gen. sg. higes, 2046; dat. pl. higum, 3149. + +hyge-bend, st. m. f., _mind-fetter, heart-band_: instr. pl. hyge-bendum +faest, _fast in his mind's fetters, secretly_, 1879. + +hyge-geomor, adj., _sad in mind_: nom. sg. hyge-giomor, 2409. + +hyge-meethe, adj.: 1) _sorrowful, soul-crushing_: nom. sg., 2443.--2) +_life-weary, dead_: dat. pl. hyge-meethum (-maeethum, MS.), 2910. + +hyge-rof, adj., _brave, valiant, vigorous-minded_: nom. sg. [hygerof], 403; +acc. sg. hige-rofne, 204. + +hyge-sorh, st. f., _heart-sorrow_: gen. pl. -sorga, 2329. + +hyge-þyhtig, adj., _doughty, courageous_: acc. sg. hige-þihtigne (of +Beowulf), 747. See þyhtig. + +hyge-þrym, st. m., _animi majestas, high-mindedness_: dat. pl. for +hige-þrymmum, 339. + +hyht, st. m., _thought, pleasant thought, hope_ (Dietrich): nom. sg., 179. + +ge-hyld (see healdan), st. n., _support, protection_: nom. sg., 3057.--Leo. + +hyldan, w. v., _to incline one's self, lie down to sleep_: pret. sg. hylde +hine, _inclined himself, lay down_, 689. + +hyldo, st. f., _inclination, friendliness, grace_: acc. sg. hyldo, 2068, +2294; gen. sg. hyldo, 671, 2999. + +a-hyrdan, w. v., _harden_: pret. part. a-hyrded, 1461. + +hyrde. See hirde. + +hyrst, st. f., _accoutrements, ornament, armor_: acc. sg. hyrste +(Ongenþeow's _equipments and arms_), 2989; acc. pl. hyrsta, 3166; instr. +pl. hyrstum, 2763. + +hyrstan, w. v., _to deck, adorn_: pret. part. hyrsted sweord, 673; helm +[hyr]sted golde, 2256. + +hyrtan, w. v., _to take heart, be emboldened_: pret. sg. hyrte hyne +hord-weard (_the drake took heart_; see 2566, 2568, 2570), 2594. + +hyse, st. m., _youth, young man_: nom. sg. as voc., 1218. + +hyt. See hit. + +hydan, w. v., _to hide, conceal, protect, preserve_: pres. subj. hyde +[hine, _himself_] se þe wylle, 2767; inf. w. acc. no þu minne þearft +hafalan hydan, 446; aer he in wille hafelan [hydan] (_ere in it he_ [the +stag] _will hide his head_), 1373. + +ge-hydan, w. acc., _to conceal, preserve_: pret. sg. gehydde, 2236, 3060. + +hyeth, st. f., _haven_: dat. sg. aet hyethe, 32. + +hyeth-weard, st. m., _haven-warden_: nom. sg., 1915. + +hynan (see hean), w. v. w. acc., _to crush, afflict, injure_: pret. sg. +hynde, 2320. + +hynethu, st. f., _oppression, affliction, injury_: acc. sg. hynethu, 277; gen. +sg. hwaet ... hynetho, 475; fela ... hynetho, 594; gen. pl. heardra hynetha, 166. + +hyran, w. v.: 1) _to hear, perceive, learn_: a) w. inf. or acc. with inf.: +I. pret. sg. hyrde ic, 38, 582, 1347, 1843, 2024; III. sg. þaet he fram +Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876; I. pl. swa we soethlice secgan hyrdon, 273. b) +w. acc.: naenigne ic ... selran hyrde hordmaethethum (_I heard of no better +hoard-jewel_), 1198. c) w. dependent clause: I. sg. pret. hyrde ic þaet ..., +62, 2164, 2173.--2) w. dat. of person, _to obey_: inf. oeth þaet him aeghwylc +þara ymbsittendra hyran scolde, 10; hyran heaetho-siocum, 2755; Pret. pl. þaet +him winemagas georne hyrdon, 66. + +ge-hyran, _to hear, learn_: a) w. acc.: II. pers. sg. pres. minne gehyraeth +anfealdne geþoht, 255; III. sg. pret. gehyrde on Beowulfe faestraedne geþoht, +610. b) w. acc. and inf.: III. pl. pret. gehyrdon, 786. c) w. depend. +clause: I. pres. sg. ic þaet gehyre þaet ..., 290. + + +I + +ic, pers. pron. _I_: acc. mec, dat. me, gen. min; dual nom. wit, acc. +uncit, unc, dat. unc, gen. uncer; pl. nom. we, acc. usic, us, dat. us, gen. +user. ic omitted before the verb, 470. + +icge, _gold_ (perhaps related to Sanskrit ic, = dominare, imperare, O.H.G. +eht, _wealth_, opes), _treasure?, sword_ (edge)?, 1108.--Koerner. + +ides, st. f., _woman, lady, queen_: nom. sg., 621, 1076, 1118, 1169; dat. +sg. idese, 1650, 1942. Also of Grendel's mother: nom. sg., 1260; gen. sg. +idese, 1352. + +in. See inn. + +in: I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat. (local, indicating rest), _in_: +in geardum, 13, 2460; in þaem guethsele, 443; in beorsele, 2636; so, 89, 482, +589, 696, 729, 2140, 2233, etc.; in maegetha gehwaere, 25; in þystrum, 87; in +Caines cynne, 107; in hyra gryregeatwum (_in their accoutrements of terror, +war-weeds_), 324; so, 395; in campe (_in battle_), 2506; hiora in anum (_in +one of them_), 2600. Prep. postpositive: Scedelandum in, 19. Also, _on, +upon_, like on: in ealo-bence, 1030; in gumstole, 1953; in þam wongstede +(_on the grassy plain, the battle-field_), 2787; in baelstede, 3098. +Temporal: in gear-dagum, 1.--2) w. acc. (local, indicating motion), _in, +into_: in woruld, 60; in fyres faeethm, 185; so, 1211; in Hrefnesholt, 2936. +Temporal, _in, at, about, toward_: in þa tide (in watide, MS.), 2228. + +II. adv., _in_ (here or there), 386, 1038, 1372, 1503, 1645, 2153, 2191, +2228; inn, 3091. + +incge, adj. (perhaps related to icge), instr. sg. incge lafe (_with the +costly sword_ ? or _with mighty sword_?), 2578.--[_Edge_: incge lafe, _edge +of the sword_.--K. Koerner?] + +in-frod, adj., _very aged_: nom. sg., 2450; dat. sg. in-frodum, 1875. + +in-gang, st. m., _entrance, access to_: acc. sg., 1550. + +in-genga, w. m., _in-goer, visitor_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 1777. + +in-gesteald, st. m., _house-property, possessions in the house_: acc. sg., +1156. + +inn, st. n., _apartment, house_: nom. sg. in, 1301. + +innan, adv., _within, inside_, 775, 1018, 2413, 2720; on innan (_in the +interior_), _within_, 1741, 2716; þaer on innan (_in there_), 71; burgum on +innan (_within his city_), 1969. Also, _therein_: þaer on innan, 2090, 2215, +2245. + +innan-weard, adv., _inwards, inside, within_, 992, 1977; inne-weard, 999. + +inne, adv.: 1) _inside, within_, 643, 1282, 1571, 2114, 3060; word inne +abead (_called, sent word, in_, i.e. standing in the hall door), 390; _in +it_ (i.e. the battle), 1142; þaer inne (_therein_), 118, 1618, 2116, 2227, +3088.--2) = _insuper, still further, besides_, 1867. + +inwit, st. n., _evil, mischief, spite, cunning hostility_, as in + +inwit-feng, st. m., _malicious grasp, grasp of a cunning foe_: nom. sg., +1448. + +inwit-gaest, st. m., _evil guest, hostile stranger_: nom. sg., 2671. + +inwit-hrof, st. m., _hostile roof, hiding-place of a cunning foe_: acc. sg. +under inwit-hrof, 3124. + +inwit-net, st. n., _mischief-net, cunning snare_: acc. sg., 2168. + +inwit-nieth, st. n., _cunning hostility, hostile contest_: nom. pl. +inwit-niethas (_hostility through secret attack_), 1859; gen. pl. inwit-nietha, +1948. + +inwit-scear, st. m., _massacre through cunning, murderous attack_: acc. sg. +eatolne inwit-scear, 2479. + +inwit-searo, st. n., _cunning, artful intrigue_: acc. sg. þurh inwit-searo, +1102. See searo. + +inwit-sorh, st. f., _grief, remorse, mourning springing from hostile +cunning_: nom. sg., 1737; acc. sg. inwid-sorge, 832. + +inwit-þanc, adj., _ill-disposed, malicious_: dat. sg. he onfeng hraethe +inwit-þancum (_he quickly grasped the cunning-in-mind_ [Grendel]), 749. + +irnan (for rinnan), st. v., _to run_: so be-irnan, _to run up to_, occur_: +pret. sg him on mod be-arn (_came into his mind_), 67. + +on-irnan, _to open_: pret. sg. duru sona onarn, 722. + +irre-mod, adj. See yrre-mod. + + +I + +idel, adj., _empty, bare; deprived of_: nom. sg., 145, 413; w. gen. +lond-rihtes þaere maegburge idel (_deprived of his land-possessions among the +people_ [of the Geatas]), 2889. + +idel-hende, adj., _empty-handed_, 2082. + +iren, st. n., _iron, sword_: nom. sg. dryhtlic iren (_the doughty, lordly +sword_), 893; iren aer-god, 990; acc. sg. leoflic iren, 1810; gen. pl. irena +cyst (_choicest of swords_), 674; irenna cyst, 803; irenna ecge (_edges of +swords_), 2684. + +iren, adj., _of iron_: nom. sg. ecg waes iren, 1460. + +iren-bend, st. f., _iron band, bond, rivet_: instr. pl. iren-bendum faest +(bold), 775, 999. + +iren-byrne, w. f., _iron corselet_: acc. sg. iren-byrnan, 2987. See +isern-byrne. + +iren-heard, adj., _hard as iron_: nom. sg., 1113. + +irenne, adj., _of iron_: in comp. eall-irenne. + +iren-þreat, st. m., _iron troop, armored band_: nom. sg., 330. + +is, st. n., _ice_: dat. sg. ise, 1609. + +isern-byrne, w. f., _iron corselet_: acc. sg. isern-byrnan, 672. See +iren-byrne. + +isern-scur, st. f., _iron shower, shower of arrows_: gen. sg. þone þe oft +gebad isern-scure, 3117. + +is-gebind, st. n., _fetters of ice_: instr. sg. is-gebinde, 1134. + +isig, adj., _shining, brilliant_ (like brass): nom. sg. isig (said of a +vessel covered with plates(?) of metal), 33.--Leo. + +IO IU + +iu. See geo. + +iu-man. See geo-man. + +io-meowle. See geo-meowle. + + +L + +laethu, st. f., _invitation_.--Comp.: freond-, neod-laethu. + +ge-lafian, w. v. w. acc. pers. and instr. of the thing, _to refresh, lave_: +pret. sg. wine-dryhten his waetere gelafede, 2723. + +lagu, st. m., _lake, sea_: nom. sg., 1631. + +lagu-craeftig, adj., _acquainted with the sea_: nom. sg. lagu-craeftig mon +(_pilot_), 209. + +lagu-straet, st. f., _path over the sea_: acc. sg. ofer lagu-straete, 239. + +lagu-stream, st. m., _sea-current, flood_: acc. pl. ofer lagu-streamas, +297. + +land, st. n., _land_: nom. sg. lond, 2198; acc. sg. land, 221, 2063; lond, +2472, 2493; land Dena, 242, 253; lond Brondinga, 521; Finna land, 580; dat. +sg. on lande (_in the land_), 2311, 2837; _at near, land, shore_, 1914; to +lande (_to the land, ashore_), 1624; gen. sg. landes, 2996; gen. pl. ofer +landa fela (_over much country, space; afar_), 31l.--Comp.: el-, ea-land. + +land-buend, part, pres., terricola, _inhabitant of the land_: nom. pl. +lond-buend, 1346; dat. pl. land-buendum, 95. + +land-fruma, w. m., _ruler, prince of the country_: nom. sg., 31. + +land-gemyrcu, st. n. pl., _frontier, land-mark_: acc. pl., 209. + +land-geweorc, st. n., _land-work, fortified place_: acc. sg. leoda +land-geweorc, 939. See weorc, geweorc. + +land-riht, st. n., _prerogatives based upon land-possessions, right to +possess land_, hence _real estate_ itself: gen. sg. lond-rihtes idel, 2887. + +land-waru, st. f., _inhabitants, population_: acc. pl. land-wara, 2322. + +land-weard, st. m., _guard, guardian of the frontier_: nom. sg., 1891. + +lang, long, adj., _long_: 1) temporal: nom. sg. to lang, 2094; naes þa long +(lang) to þon (_not long after_), 2592, 2846; acc. sg. lange hwile (_for a +long time_), 16, 2160, 2781; longe (lange) þrage, 54, 114, 1258; lange tid, +1916. Compar. nom. sg. lengra fyrst, 134.--2) local, nom. sg. se waes +fiftiges fotgemearces lang, 3044.--Comp.: and-, morgen-, niht-, up-lang. + +lange, longe, adv., _long_: lange, 31, 1995, 2131, 2345, 2424; longe, 1062, +2752, 3109; to lange (_too long, excessively long_), 906, 1337, 1749. +Compar. leng, 451, 1855, 2802, 3065; no þy leng (_none the longer_), 975. +Superl. lengest (_longest_), 2009, 2239. + +ge-lang, adj., _extending, reaching to something_ or _somebody_, hence +_ready, prepared_: nu is raed gelang eft aet þe anum (_now is help [counsel] +at hand in thee alone_), 1377; gen is eall aet þe lissa gelong (_all of +favor is still on thee dependent, is thine_), 2151. See ge-lenge. + +lang-ge-streon, st. n., _long-lasting treasure_: gen. pl. long-gestreona, +2241.--Leo. + +langian, w. v., reflex, w. dat, _to long, yearn_: pres. sg. III. him +...aefter deorum men dyrne langaeth beorn (_the hero longeth secretly after +the dear man_), 1880. + +lang-sum, adj., _long-lasting, continuing_: nom. sg. longsum, 134, 192, +1723; acc. sg. long-sumne, 1537. + +lang-twidig, adj., _long-granted, assured_: nom. sg., 1709. + +lata, w. m., _a lazy, cowardly one_; in comp. hild-lata. + +la, interj., _yes! indeed!_ 1701, 2865. + +lac, st. n.: 1) _measured movement, play_: in comp. beadu-, heaetho-lac.--2) +_gift, offering_: acc. pl. lac, 1864; laethlicu lac (_loathly offering, +prey_), 1585; dat. pl. lacum, 43, 1869.--Comp. sae-lac. + +ge-lac, st. n., _sport, play_: acc. pl. sweorda gelac (_battle_), 1041; +dat. pl. aet ecga gelacum, 1169. + +lacan, st. v., _to move in measured time, dancing, playing, fighting, +flying_, etc.: inf. dareethum lacan (_fight_), 2849; part. pres. aefter lyfte +lacende (_flying through the air_), 2833. + +for-lacan, _to deceive, betray_: part, pret. he weareth on feonda geweald +foreth forlacen (_deceitfully betrayed into the enemy's hands_), 904. + +lad, st. f., _street, way, journey_: dat. sg. on lade, 1988; gen. sg. lade, +569.--Comp.: brim-, sae-lad. + +ge-lad, st. n., _way, path, road_: acc. sg. uncueth gelad, 1411. + +laeth, adj., _loathly, evil, hateful, hostile_: nom. sg. laeth, 816; laeth +lyft-floga, 2316; laeth (_enemy_), 440; ne leof ne laeth, 511; neut. laeth, 134, +192; in weak form, se laetha (of the dragon), 2306; acc. sg. laethne (wyrm), +3041; dat. sg. laethum, 440, 1258; gen. sg. laethes (of the enemy), 842; fela +laethes (_much evil_), 930; so, 1062; laethan liges, 83; laethan cynnes, 2009, +2355; þaes laethan (of the enemy), 132; acc. pl. neut. laeth gewidru (_hateful +storms_), 1376; dat. instr. pl. wieth laethum, 550; laethum scuccum and scinnum, +939; laethum daedum (_with evil deeds_), 2468; laethan fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. +laethra manna, spella, 2673, 3030; laethra (_the enemy_), 242. Compar. nom. sg. +laethra ... beorn, 2433. + +laeth-bite, st. m., _hostile bite_: dat. sg. laeth-bite lices (_the body's +hostile bite_ = the wound), 1123. + +laeth-geteona, w. m., _evil-doer, injurer_: nom. sg., 975; nom. pl. +laeth-geteonan, 559. + +laeth-lic, adj., _loathly, hostile_: acc. pl. laeth-licu, 1585. + +laf, st. f.: 1) _what is left, relic; inheritance, heritage, legacy_: nom. +sg. Hreethlan laf (Beowulf's corselet), 454; nom. pl. fela lafe (_the +leavings of files_ = swords, Grein), 1033; so, homera lafe, 2830; on him +gladiaeth gomelra lafe, heard and hringmael Heaethobeardna gestreon (_on him +gleams the forefather's bequest, hard and ring-decked, the Heaethobeardas' +treasure_, i.e. the equipments taken from the slain king of the +Heaethobeardas), 2037; acc. sg. sweorda lafe (_leavings of the sword_, i.e. +those spared by the sword), 2937.--2) _the sword as a specially precious +heir-loom_: nom. sg., 2629; acc. sg. lafe, 796, 1489, 1689, 2192, 2564; +instr. sg. incge lafe, 2578.--Comp.: ende-, eormen-, wea-, yrfe-, yeth-laf. + +lar, st. f., _lore, instruction, prescription_: dat. sg. be faeder lare, +1951; gen. pl. lara, 1221; larena, 269.--Comp. freond-lar. + +last, st. m., _footstep, track_: acc. sg. last, 132, 972, 2165; on last +(_on the traces of, behind_), 2946; nom. pl. lastas, 1403; acc. pl. lastas, +842.--Comp.: feethe-, feorh-, fot-, wraec-last. + +laeger. See leger. + +lager-bed, st. n., _bed to lie on_ : instr. sg. leger-bedde, 1008. + +laes, adj., _less_, 1947; þy laes (_the less_), 487; conjunct, _that not, +lest_, 1919. + +laessa, adj., _less, fewer_: nom. sg. laessa, 1283; acc. sg. m. laessan, 43; +fem, laessan hwile, 2572; dat. sg. for laessan (_for less, smaller_), 952. +Superl. nom. sg. no þaet laesest waes hond-gemot[a], 2355. + +laet, adj., _negligent, neglectful_; w. gen.: nom. sg. elnes laet, 1530. + +laedan, w. v. w. acc.: _to lead, guide, bring_: inf. laedan, 239; pret. pl. +laeddon, 1160. + +for-1aedan, _to mislead_: pret. pl. for-laeddan, 2440 (?). + +ge-laedan, _lead, bring_: part. pret. ge-laeded, 37. + +laefan, w. v.: 1), _to bequeathe, leave_: imper. sg. þinum magum laef folc +and rice, 1179; pret. sg. eaferum laefde ... lond and leodbyrig, 2471.--2) +_spare, leave behind_: aht cwices laefan (_to spare aught living_), 2316. + +laen-dagas, st. m. pl., _loan-days, transitory days_ (of earthly existence +as contrasted with the heavenly, unending): acc. pl. laen-dagas, 2592; gen. +pl. laen-daga, 2342. + +laene, adj., _inconstant, perishable, evanescent, given over to death or +destruction_: nom. sg., 1755, 3179; acc. sg. of rust-eaten treasures, 3130; +þas laenan gesceaft (_this fleeting life_), 1623; gen. sg. laenan lifes, +2846. + +laeran, w. v., _to teach, instruct_: imper. sg. þu þe laer be þon (_learn +this, take this to heart_), 1723. + +ge-laeran, _to teach, instruct, give instruction_: inf. ic þaes Hroethgar maeg +... raed gelaeran (_I can give H. good advice about this_), 278; so, 3080; +pret. pl. þa me þaet ge-laerdon leode mine (_gave me the advice_), 415. + +laestan, w. v.: 1) _to follow, to sustain, serve_: inf. þaet him se lic-homa +laestan nolde (_that his body would not sustain him_), 813.--2) _perform_: +imper. laest eall tela (_do all well_), 2664. + +ge-laestan: 1) _to follow, serve_: pret. sg. (sweord) þaet mec aer and oft +gelaeste, 2501.--2) _to fulfil, grant_: subj. pres. pl. þaet ... wilgesiethas, +þonne wig cume, leode gelaestan (_render war service_), 24; inf. ic þe sceal +mine gelaestan freode (_shall grant thee my friendship, be grateful_), 1707; +pret. sg. beot ... gelaeste (_fulfilled his boast_), 524; gelaeste swa (_kept +his word_), 2991; pres. part. haefde East-Denum ... gilp gelaested (_had +fulfilled for the East Danes his boast_), 830. + +laetan, st. v., _to let, allow_, w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. III. laeteeth, +1729; imper. pl. II. laetaeth, 397; sg. II. laet, 1489; pret. sg. let, 2390, +2551, 2978, 3151(?); pret. pl. leton, 48, 865, 3133; subj. pret. sg. II. +lete, 1997; sg. III. lete, 3083. + +a-laetan: 1) _to let, allow_: subj. pres. sg. II. þaet þu ne alaete ... dom +ge-dreosan, 2666.--2) _to leave, lay aside_: inf. alaetan laen-dagas (_die_) +2592; so, alaetan lif and leodscipe, 2751. + +for-laetan: 1) _to let, permit_, w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. for-let, 971; +pret. pl. for-leton, 3168. Also with inf. omitted: inf. nolde eorla hleo +... þone cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e. wesan) forlaetan (_would not let the +murderous spirit go alive_), 793.--2) _to leave behind, leave_: pret. sg. +in þam wong-stede ... þaer he hine aer forlet (_where he had previously left +him_), 2788. + +of-laetan, _to leave, lay aside_: pres. sg. II. gyf þu aer þonne he worold +oflaetest (_leavest the world, diest_), 1184; so pret. sg. oflet lif-dagas +and þas laenan gesceaft, 1623. + +on-laetan, _to release, liberate_: pres. sg. III. þonne forstes bend faeder +on-laeteeth (_as soon as the Father looseth the frost's fetters_), 1610. + +a-lecgan, w. v.: 1) _to lay, lay down_: pret. sg. syethethan hilde-deor hond +a-legde ... under geapne hrof, 835; þaet he on Beowulfes bearm a-legde +(_this_ [the sword] _he laid in B.'s bosom, presented to him_), 2195; pret. +pl. a-ledon þa leofne þeoden ... on bearm scipes, 34; a-legdon þa to middes +maerne þeoden _(laid the mighty prince in the midst_ [of the pyre]), +3142.--2) _to lay aside, give up_: siethethan ... in fen-freoetho feorh a-legde +(_laid down his life, died_), 852; nu se here-wisa hleahtor a-legde, gamen +and gleo-dream _(now the war-chief has left laughter_, etc.), 3021. + +leger, st. n., _couch, bed, lair_: dat. sg. on legere, 3044. + +lemian, w. v., _to lame, hinder, oppress_: pret. sg. (for pl.) hine +sorh-wylmas lemede to lange, 906. MS. + +leng. See lang. + +lenge, adj., _extending along_ or _to, near_ (of time): nom. sg. neut. ne +waes hit lenge þa gen (_nor was it yet long_), 83. + +ge-lenge, adj., _extending, reaching to, belonging_: nom. sg. yrfe-weard +... lice gelenge (_an heir belonging to one's body_), 2733. + +let, st. m., _place of rest, sojourn?_ in comp. eo-let (_voyage?_). + +lettan, w. v., _to hinder_: pret. pl. (acc. pers. and gen. thing), þaet +syethethan na ... brim-liethende lade ne letton (_might no longer hinder +seafarers from journeying_), 569. + +a-ledon. See a-lecgan. + +leg, st. m., _flame, fire_: nom. sg. wonna leg (_the lurid flame_), 3116; +swogende leg, 3146; dat. sg. for dracan lege, 2550. See lig. + +leg-draca, w. m., _fire-drake, flaming dragon_: nom. sg., 3041. + +*leahan, lean, st. v. w. acc. _to scold, blame_: pres. sg. III. lyheth, 1049; +pret. sg. log, 1812; pret. pl. logon, 203, 863. + +be-lean, _to dissuade, prevent_: inf. ne inc aenig mon ... belean mihte +sorhfullne sieth (_no one might dissuade you twain from your difficult +journey_), 511. + +leahtre. See or-leahtre. + +leaf, st. n., _leaf, foliage_: instr. pl. leafum, 97. + +leafnes-word, st. n., _permission, leave_: acc. pl., 245. + +lean. See leahan. + +lean, st. n., _reward, compensation_: acc. sg., 114, 952, 1221, 1585, 2392; +dat. sg. leane, 1022. Often in the pl.: acc. þa lean, 2996; dat. þam +leanum, 2146; gen. leana, 2991.--Comp.: and-, ende-lean. + +lean (for laen, O.H.G. lehan), st. n, _loan_, 1810. + +leanian, w. v., _to reward, compensate_: pres. sg. I. ic þe þa faehethe feo +leanige (_repay thee for the contest with old-time treasures_), 1381; pret. +sg. me þone wael-raes wine Scyldinga faettan golde fela leanode (_the friend +of the Scyldings rewarded me richly for the combat with plated gold_), +2103. + +leas, adj., _false_: nom. pl. lease, 253. + +leas, adj., _deprived of, free from_, w. gen.: nom. sg. dreama leas, 851; +dat. sg. winigea leasum, 1665.--Comp.: dom-, dream-, ealdor-, feoh-, +feormend-, hlaford-, sawol-, sige-, sorh-, tir-, þeoden-, wine-, wyn-leas. + +leasig, adj., _concealing one's self_; in comp. sin-leasig(?). + +leoetho-craeft, st. m., _the art of weaving_ or _working in meshes, wire_, +etc.: instr. pl. segn eall-gylden ... gelocen leoetho-craeftum (_a banner all +hand-wrought of interlaced gold_), 2770. + +leoetho-syrce, w. f., _shirt of mail (limb-sark)_: acc. sg. locene +leoetho-syrcan (_locked linked sark_), 1506; acc. pl. locene leoetho-syrcan, +1891. + +leomum. See lim. + +leornian, w. v., _to learn, devise, plan_: pret. him þaes gueth-cyning ... +wraece leornode (_the war-king planned vengeance therefor_), 2337. + +leod, st. m., _prince_: nom. sg., 341, 348, 670, 830, 1433, 1493, 1613, +1654, etc.; acc. leod, 626. + +leod, st. f., _people_: gen. sg. leode, 597, 600, 697. In pl. indicates +_individuals, people, kinsmen_: nom. pl. leode, 362, 415, 1214, 2126, etc.; +gum-cynnes Geata leode (_people of the race of the Geatas_), 260; acc. pl. +leode, 192, 443, 1337, 1346, etc.; dat. pl. leodum, 389, 521, 619, 698, +906, 1160, etc.; gen. pl. leoda, 205, 635, 794, 1674, 2034, etc. + +leod-bealo, st. n., (_mischief, misfortune affecting an entire people_), +_great, unheard-of calamity_: acc. sg., 1723; gen. pl. leod-bealewa, 1947. + +leod-burh, st. f., _princely castle, stronghold of a ruler, chief city_: +acc. pl. -byrig, 2472. + +leod-cyning, st. m., _king of the people_: nom. sg., 54. + +leod-fruma, w. m., _prince of the people, ruler_: acc. sg. leod-fruman, +2131. + +leod-gebyrgea, w. m., _protector of the people, prince_: acc. sg. +-gebyrgean, 269. + +leod-hryre, st. m., _fall, overthrow, of the prince, ruler_: dat. sg. aefter +leod-hryre (_after the fall of the king of the Heaethobeardas_, Froda, cf. +2051), 2031; gen. sg. þaes leod-hryres (of the fall of Heardred, cf. 2389), +2392. + +leod-sceaetha, w. m., _injurer of the people_: dat. sg. þam leod-sceaethan, +2094. + +leod-scipe, st. m., _the whole nation, people_: acc. sg., 2752; dat. sg. on +þam leod-scipe, 2198. + +leoeth, st. n., _song, lay_: nom. sg., 1160.--Comp.: fyrd-, gryre-, gueth-, +sorh-leoeth. + +leof, adj., _lief, dear_: nom. sg., 31, 54, 203, 511, 521, 1877, 2468; weak +form m., leofa, 1217, 1484, 1855, 2664; acc. sg. m. leofne, 34, 297, 619, +1944, 2128, 3109, 3143; gen. sg. leofes (m.), 1995, 2081, 2898; (neut.), +1062, 2911; dat. pl. leofum, 1074; gen. pl. leofra, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. +neut. leofre, 2652. Superl. nom. sg. m. leofost, 1297; acc. sg. þone +leofestan, 2824. + +leoflic, _dear, precious, valued_: nom. sg. m. leoflic lind-wiga, 2604; +acc. sg. neut. leoflic iren, 1810. + +leogan, st. v., _to lie, belie, deceive_. subj. pres. naefne him his wlite +leoge (_unless his looks belie him_), 250; pret. sg. he ne leag fela wyrda +ne worda, 3030. + +a-leogan, _to deceive, leave unfulfilled_: pret. sg. he beot ne a-leh (_he +left not his promise unfulfilled_), 80. + +ge-leogan, _to deceive, betray_: pret. sg. him seo wen geleah (_hope +deceived him_), 2324. + +leoht, st. n., _light, brilliance_: nom. sg., 569, 728, 1751 (?); acc. sg. +sunnan leoht, 649; godes leoht geceas (_chose God's light, died_), 2470; +dat. sg. to leohte, 95.--Comp.: aefen-, fyr-, morgen-leoht. + +leoht, adj., _luminous, bright_: instr. sg. leohtan sweorde, 2493. + +leoma, w. m.: 1) _light, splendor_: nom. sg., 311, 2770; acc. sg. leoman, +1518; sunnan and monan leoman (_light of sun and moon_), 95.--2) (as beadu- +and hilde-leoma), _the glittering sword_: nom. sg. lixte se leoma (_the +blade-gleam flashed_), 1571. + +leosan, st. v., = amitti, in + +be-leosan, _to deprive, be deprived of_: pres. part. (heo) weareth beloren +leofum bearnum and broethrum (_was deprived of her dear children and +brethren_), 1074. + +for-leosan, with dat. instr., _to lose something_: pret. sg. þaer he dome +for-leas, ellen-maerethum (_there lost he the glory, the repute, of his heroic +deeds_), 1471; pret. sg. for pl. þam þe aer his elne for-leas (_to him who, +before, had lost his valor_), 2862; part. pret. nealles ic þam leanum +for-loren haefde (_not at all had I lost the rewards_), 2146. + +libban, w. v., _to live, be, exist_: pres. sing. III. lifaeth, 3169; lyfaeth, +945; leofaeth, 975, 1367, 2009; subj. pres. sg. II. lifige, 1225; pres. part. +lifigende, 816, 1954, 1974, 2063; dat. sg. be þe lifigendum (_in thy +lifetime_), 2666; pret. sg. lifde, 57, 1258; lyfde, 2145; pret. pl. lifdon, +99. See unlifigende. + +licgan, st. v.: 1) _to lie, lie down_ or _low_: pres. sg. nu seo hand ligeeth +(_now the hand lies low_), 1344; nu se wyrm ligeeth, 2746, so 2904; inf. +licgan, 3130; licgean, 967, 3083; pret. sg. laeg, 40, 552, 2078; syethethan +Heardred laeg (_after Heardred had fallen_), 2389; pret. pl. lagon, 3049; +laegon, 566.--2) _to lie prostrate, rest, fail_: pret. sg. naefre on ore laeg +wid-cuethes wig (_never failed the far-famed one's valor at the front_), +1042; syethethan wiether-gyld laeg (_after vengeance failed_, or, _when Withergyld +lay dead_, if _W._ is a proper name), 2052. + +a-licgan, _to succumb, fail, yield_: inf. 2887; pret. sg. þaet his dom a-laeg +(_that its power failed it_), 1529. + +ge-licgan, _to rest, lie still_: pret. sg. wind-blond gelaeg, 3147. + +lida, w. m., _boat, ship_ (as in motion); in comp.: sund-, yeth-lida. + +lid-man, st. m., _seafarer, sailor_: gen. pl. lid-manna, 1624. + +lim, st. n., _limb, branch_: instr. pl. leomum, 97. + +limpan, st. v., _to happen, befall_ (well or ill); impers. w. dat. pret. +sg. hu lomp eow on lade (_how went it with you on the journey?_), 1988. + +a-limpan, _to come about, offer itself_: pret. sg. oeth þaet sael a-lamp (_till +the opportunity presented itself_), 623; pret. part, þa him a-lumpen waes +wistfylle wen (_since a hope of a full meal had befallen him_), 734. + +be-limpan, _to happen to, befall_: pret. sg. him sio sar belamp, 2469. + +ge-limpan, _to happen, occur, turn out_: pres. sg. III. hit eft gelimpeeth +þaet..., 1754; subj. pres. þisse ansyne alwealdan þanc lungre gelimpe +(_thanks to the Almighty forthwith for this sight!_), 930; pret. sg. him on +fyrste gelamp þaet..., 76; swa him ful-oft gelamp (_as often happened to +them_), 1253; þaes þe hire se willa gelamp þaet ... (_because her wish had +been fulfilled_), 627; frofor eft gelamp sarig-modum, 2942; subj. pret. gif +him þyslicu þearf gelumpe, 2638; pret. part. Denum eallum weareth ... willa +gelumpen, 825. + +lind, st. f. (properly _linden_; here, a a wooden shield covered with +linden-bark or pith): nom. sg., 2342; acc. sg. geolwe linde, 2611; acc. pl. +linde, 2366. + +lind-gestealla, w. m., _shield-comrade, war-comrade_: nom. sg., 1974. + +lind-haebbend, pres. part., _provided with a shield_, i.e. warrior: nom. pl. +-haebbende, 245; gen. pl. haebbendra, 1403. + +lind-plega, w. m., _shield-play_, i.e. battle: dat. sg. lind-plegan, 1074, +2040. + +lind-wiga, w. m., _shield-fighter, warrior_: nom. sg., 2604. + +linnan, st. v., _to depart, be deprived of_: inf. aldre linnan (_depart +from life_), 1479; ealdres linnan, 2444. + +lis, st. f., _favor, affection_: gen. pl. eall ... lissa, 2151. + +list, st. m., _art, skill, cleverness, cunning_: dat. pl. adverbial, listum +(_cunningly_), 782. + +lixan, w. v., _to shine, flash_: pret. sg. lixte, 311, 485, 1571. + +lic, st. n.: 1) _body, corpse_: nom. sg., 967; acc. sg. lic, 2081; þaet lic +(_the body, corpse_), 2128; dat. sg. lice, 734, 1504, 2424, 2572, 2733, +2744; gen. sg. lices, 451, 1123.-- 2) _form, figure_: in comp. eofor-, +swin-lic. + +ge-lic, adj., _like, similar_: nom. pl. m. ge-lice, 2165. Superl. +ge-licost, 218, 728, 986, 1609. + +lic-hama, -homa, w. m. _(body-home, garment), body_: nom. sg. lic-homa, +813, 1008, 1755; acc. sg. lic-haman, 2652; dat. sg. lic-haman, 3179. + +lician, w. v., _to please, like_ (impers.): pres. sg. III. me þin mod-sefa +licaeth leng swa wel, 1855; pret. pl. þam wife þa word wel licodon, 640. + +licnes. See on-licnes. + +lic-sar, st. n., _bodily pain_: acc. sg. lic-sar, 816. + +lic-syrce, w. f., _body-sark, shirt of mail covering the body_: nom. sg., +550. + +1iethan, st. v., _to move, go_: pres. part. nom. pl. þa liethende (_navigantes, +sailors_), 221; þa waes sund liden (_the water was then traversed_), +223.--Comp.: heaethu-, mere-, waeg-liethend. + +liethe (O.H.G. lindi), adj., _gentle, mild, friendly_: nom. sg. w. instr. +gen. lara liethe, 1221. Superl. nom. sg. liethost, 3184. + +lieth-waege, st. n., _can in which lieth_ (a wine-like, foaming drink) _is +contained_: acc. sg., 1983. + +lif, st. n., _life_: acc. sg. lif, 97, 734, 1537, 2424, 2744, 2752; dat. +sg. life, 2572; to life (_in one's life, ever_) 2433; gen. sg. lifes, 197, +791, 807, 2824, 2846; worolde lifes (_of the earthly life_), 1388, +2344.--Comp. edwit-lif. + +lif-bysig, adj. _(striving for life or death), weary of life, in torment of +death_: nom. sg., 967. + +lif-dagas, st. m. pl., _lifetime_: acc.-dagas, 794, 1623. + +lif-frea, w. m., _lord of life, God_: nom. sg., 16. + +lif-gedal, st. n., _separation from life_: nom. sg., 842. + +lif-gesceaft, st. f., _fate, destiny_: gen. pl.-gesceafta, 1954, 3065. + +lif-wraethu, st. f., _protection for one's life, safety_: acc. sg. lif-wraethe, +2878; dat. sg. to lif-wraethe, 972. + +lif-wyn, st. f., _pleasure, enjoyment, joy_ (of life): gen. pl. lif-wynna, +2098. + +lig, st. m. n., _flame, fire_: nom. sg., 1123; dat. instr. sg. lige, 728, +2306, 2322, 2342; gen. sg. liges, 83, 782. See leg. + +lig-draca, w. m., _ fire-drake, flaming dragon_; nom. pl., 2334. See +leg-draca. + +lig-egesa, w. m., _horror arising through fire, flaming terror_: acc. sg., +2781. + +lige-torn, st. m., _false, pretended insult_ or _injury, fierce anger_(?): +dat. sg. aefter lige-torne _(on account of a pretended insult?_ or _fierce +anger?_ cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 208), 1944. + +lig-yeth, st. m., _wave of fire_: instr. pl. lig-yethum, 2673. + +leon, st. v., _to lend_: pret. sg. þaet him on þearfe lah þyle Hroethgares +(_which H.'s spokesman lent him in need_), 1457. + +on-leoon, _to lend, grant as a loan_, with gen. of thing and dat. pers.: +pret. sg. þa he þaes waepnes on-lah selran sweord-frecan, 1468. + +loca, w. m., _bolt, lock_: in comp. ban-, burh-loca. + +locen. See lucan. + +lond, long. See land, lang. + +lof, st. m. n., _praise, repute_: acc. sg. lof, 1537. + +lof-daed, st. f., _deed of praise_: instr. pl. lof-daedum, 24. + +lof-georn, adj., _eager for praise, ambitious_: superl. nom. sg. +lof-geornost, 3184. + +loga, w. m., _liar_; in comp. treow-loga. + +losian, w. v., _to escape, flee_: pres. sg. III. losaeth, 1393, 2063; pret. +sg. he on weg losade (_fled away_), 2097. + +locian, w. v., _to see, look at_: pres. sg. II. sae-lac ... þe þu her to +locast (_booty of the sea that thou lookest on_), 1655. + +ge-lome, adv., _often, frequently_, 559. + +lufe, w. f., _love_: in comp. heah-, mod-, wif-lufe. + +lufa (cf. and-leofa, big-leofa, _nourishment_), w. m., _food, subsistence; +property, real estate_: acc. sg. on lufan (_on possessions_), 1729.--Comp. +eard-lufa. + +lufen, st. f. (cf. lufa), _subsistence, food; real estate, (enjoyment?)_: +nom. sg. lufen (parallel with eethel-wyn), 2887. + +luf-tacen, st. n., _love-token_: acc. pl. luf-tacen, 1864. + +lufian, w. v., _to love, serve affectionately_: pret. sg. III. lufode þa +leode (_was on affectionate terms with the people_), 1983. + +lungre, adv.: 1) _hastily, quickly, forthwith_, 930, 1631, 2311, 2744.--2) +_quite, very, fully_: feower mearas lungre gelice (_four horses quite +alike_), 2165. + +lust, st. m., _pleasure, joy_: dat. pl. adv. lustum (_joyfully_), 1654; so, +on lust, 619, cf. 600. + +lucan, st. v., _to twist, wind, lock, interweave_: pret. part. acc. sg. and +pl. locene leoetho-syrcan (_shirt of mail wrought of meshes or rings +interlocked_), 1506, 1891; gen. pl. locenra beaga (_rings wrought of gold +wire_), 2996. + +be-lucan: 1) _to shut, close in or around_: pret. sg. winter yethe be-leac +is-gebinde (_winter locked the waves with icy bond_), 1133.-- 2) _to shut +in, off, preserve, protect_: pret. sg. I. hig wige beleac manegum maegetha (_I +shut them in, protected them, from war arising from many a tribe_), 1771. +Cf. me wige beluc wraethum feondum (_protect me against mine enemies_), Ps. +34, 3. + +ge-lucan, _to unite, link together, make_: pret. part. gelocen, 2770. + +on-lucan, _to unlock, open_: pret. sg. word-hord on-leac (_opened the +word-hoard, treasure of speech_), 259. + +to-lucan, _(to twist, wrench, in two) to destroy_: inf., 782. + +lyft, st. f. (m. n.?), _air_: nom. sg., 1376; dat. sg. aefter lyfte (_along, +through, the air_), 2833. + +lyft-floga, w. m., _air-flier_: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2316. + +lyft-geswenced, pret. part., _urged, hastened on, by the wind_, 1914. + +lyft-wyn, st. f., _enjoyment of the air_: acc. sg. lyft-wynne, 3044. + +lyheth. See leahan. + +lystan, w. v., _to lust after, long for_: pret. sg. Geat ungemetes wel ... +restan lyste(_the Geat_ [Beowulf] _longed sorely to rest_), 1794. + +lyt, adj. neut. (= parum), _little, very little, few_: lyt eft becwom ... +hames niosan (_few escaped homeward_), 2366; lyt aenig (_none at all_), +3130; usually with gen.: wintra lyt, 1928; lyt ... heafod-maga, 2151; +wergendra to lyt (_too few defenders_), 2883; lyt swigode niwra spella (_he +kept to himself little, none at all, of the new tidings_), 2898; dat. sg. +lyt manna (_too few of men_), 2837. + +lytel, adj., _small, little_: nom. sg. neut. to lytel, 1749; acc. sg. f. +lytle hwile (_a little while_), 2031, 2098; lif-wraethe lytle (_little +protection for his life_), 2878.--Comp. un-lytel. + +lyt-hwon, adv., _little = not at all_: lyt-hwon logon, 204. + +lyfe, st. n., _leave, permission, (life?)_: instr. sg. þine lyfe (life, +MS.), 2132.--Leo. Cf. O.N. leyfi, n., _leave, permission_, in Moebius' +Glossary, p. 266. + +lyfan, w. v., (fundamental meaning _to believe, trust_) in + +a-lyfan, _to allow, grant, entrust_: pret. sg. naefre ic aenegum men aer +alyfde ... þryeth-aern Dena (_never before to any man have I entrusted the +palace of the Danes_), 656; pret. part. (þa me waes) sieth ... alyfed inn +under eoreth-weall (_the way in under the wall of earth was allowed me_), +3090. + +ge-lyfan, w. v., _to believe, trust_: 1) w. dat.: inf. þaer gelyfan sceal +dryhtnes dome se þe hine deaeth nimeeth (_whomever death carrieth away, shall +believe it to be the judgment of God_, i.e. in the contest between Beowulf +and Grendel), 440.--2) w. acc.: pret. sg. geoce gelyfde brego Beorht-Dena +(_believed in, expected, help_, etc.), 609; þaet heo on aenigne eorl gelyfde +fyrena frofre (_that she at last should expect from any earl comfort, help, +out of these troubles_), 628; se þe him bealwa to bote gelyfde (_who +trusted in him as a help out of evils_), 910; him to anwaldan are gelyfde +(_relied for himself on the help of God_), 1273. + +a-lysan, w. v., _to loose, liberate_: pret. part. þa waes of þaem hroran helm +and byrne lungre a-lysed (_helm and corselet were straightway loosed from +him_), 1631. + + +M + +maethelian, w. v. (sermocinari), _to speak, talk_: pret. sg. maethelode, 286, +348, 360, 371, 405, 456, 499, etc.; maethelade, 2426. + +maga, w. m., _son, male descendant, young man_: nom. sg. maga Healfdenes +(Hroethgar), 189, 1475, 2144; maga Ecgþeowes (Beowulf), 2588: maga (Grendel), +979; se maga geonga (Wiglaf), 2676; Grendeles maga (_a relative of +Grendel_), 2007; acc. sg. þone magan, 944. + +magan, v. with pret.-pres. form, _to be able_: pres. sg. I. III. maeg, 277, +478, 931, 943, 1485, 1734, etc.; II. meaht þu, 2048; subj. pres. maege, +2531, 2750; þeah ic eal maege (_even though I could_), 681; subj. pl. we +maegen, 2655; pret. sg. meahte, 542, 755, 1131, 1660, 2465, etc.; mihte, +190, 207, 462, 511, 571, 657, 1509, 2092, 2610; mehte, 1083, 1497, 1516, +1878; pl. meahton, 649, 942, 1455, 1912, 2374, 3080; mihton, 308, 313, +2684, 3164; subj. pret. sg. meahte, 243, 763, 2521; pres. sg. maeg, +sometimes = licet, _may, can, will_ (fut.), 1366, 1701, 1838, 2865. + +mago (Goth. magu-s), st. m., _male, son_: nom. sg. mago Ecglafes (Hunfereth), +1466; mago Healfdenes (Hroethgar), 1868, 2012. + +mago-dryht, st. f., _troop of young men, band of men_: nom. sg. mago-driht, +67. + +mago-rinc, st. m., _hero, man_ (preeminently): gen. pl. mago-rinca, heap, +731. + +magu-þegn, mago-þegn, st. m., _vassal, war-thane_: nom. sg. 408, 2758; dat. +sg. magu-þegne, 2080; acc. pl. magu-þegnas, 293; dat. pl. mago-þegnum, +1481; gen. pl. mago-þegna ... þone selestan (_the best of vassals_), 1406. + +man, mon, st. m.: 1) _man, human being_: nom. sg. man, 25, 503, 534, 1049, +1354, 1399, 1535, 1877, etc.; mon, 209, 510, 1561, 1646, 2282, etc.; acc. +sg. w. mannan, 297, 577, 1944, 2128, 2775; wid-cuethne man, 1490; dat. sg. +men, 656, 753, 1880; menn, 2190; gen. sg. mannes, 1195 (?), 2081, 2534, +2542; monnes, 1730; nom. pl. men, 50, 162, 233, 1635, 3167; acc. pl. men, +69, 337, 1583, 1718; dat. pl. mannum, 3183; gen. pl. manna, 155, 201, 380, +702, 713, 736, etc.; monna, 1414, 2888.--2) indef. pron. = _one, they, +people_ (Germ. _man_): man, 1173, 1176; mon, 2356, 3177.--Comp.: fyrn-, +gleo-, gum-, iu-, lid-, sae-, waepned-man. + +man. See munan. + +man-cyn, st. n., _mankind_: dat. sg. man-cynne, 110; gen. sg. man-cynnes, +164, 2182; mon-cynnes, 196, 1956. + +man-dream, st. m., _human joy, mundi voluptas_: acc. sg. man-dream, 1265; +dat. pl. mon-dreamum, 1716. + +man-dryhten, st. m. (_lord of men_), _ruler of the people, prince, king_: +nom. sg. man-dryhten, 1979, 2648; mon-drihten, 436; mon-dryhten, 2866; acc. +sg. mon-dryhten, 2605; dat. sg. man-drihtne, 1230; man-dryhtne, 1250, 2282; +gen. sg. man-dryhtnes, 2850; mon-dryhtnes, 3150. + +ge-mang, st. m., _troop, company_: dat. sg. on gemonge (_in the troop_ [of +the fourteen Geatas that returned from the sea]), 1644. + +manian, w. v., _to warn, admonish_: pres. sg. III. manaeth swa and myndgaeth +... sarum wordum (_so warneth and remindeth he with bitter words_), 2058. + +manig, monig, adj., _many, many a, much_: 1) adjectively: nom. sg. rinc +manig, 399; geong manig (_many a young man_), 855; monig snellic sae-rinc, +690; medu-benc monig, 777; so 839, 909, 919, 1511, 2763, 3023, etc.; acc. +sg. medo-ful manig, 1016; dat. sg. m. þegne monegum, 1342, 1420; dat. sg. +f. manigre maegethe, 75; acc. pl. manige men, 337; dat. pl. manegum maethmum, +2104; monegum maegethum, 5; gen. pl. manigra meda, 1179.--2) substantively: +nom. sg. manig, 1861; monig, 858; dat. sg. manegum, 349, 1888; nom. pl. +manige, 1024; monige, 2983; acc. pl. monige, 1599; gen. pl. manigra, +2092.--3) with depend. gen. pl.: dat. manegum maegetha, 1772; monegum fira, +2002; haeleetha monegum bold-agendra, 3112; acc. pl. rinca manige, 729; +(maethm)-aehta monige, 1614. + +manig-oft, adv., _very often, frequently_, 171 [if manig and oft are to be +connected]. + +man-lice, adv., _man-like, manly_, 1047. + +man-þwaere, adj., _kind, gentle toward men, philanthropic_: nom. sg. superl. +mon-þwaerust, 3183. + +ma, contracted compar., _more_: with partitive gen., 504, 736, 1056. + +maethum, maethethum, st. m., _gift, jewel, object of value_: acc. sg. maethethum, +169, 1053, 2056, 3017; dat. instr. sg. maethme, 1529, 1903; nom. pl. maethmas, +1861; acc. pl. madmas, 385, 472, 1028, 1483, 1757, 1868, etc.; dat. instr. +pl. maethmum, madmum, 1049, 1899, 2104, 2789; gen. pl. maethma, 1785, 2144, +2167, etc.; madma, 36, 41.--Comp.: dryht-, gold-, hord-, ofer-, sinc-, +wundor-maethum. + +maethm-aeht, st. f., _treasure in jewels, costly objects_: gen. pl. maethm-aehta, +1614, 2834. + +maethethum-faet, st. n., _treasure-casket_ or _cup, costly vessel_: nom. sg., +2406. + +maethm-gestreon, st. n., _precious jewel_: gen. pl. maethm-gestreona, 1932. + +maethum-gifu, st. f., _gift of valuable objects, largess of treasure_: dat. +sg. aefter maethethum-gife, 1302. + +maethum-sigl, st. n., _costly, sun-shaped ornament, valuable decoration_: +gen. pl. maethethum-sigla, 2758. + +maethum-sweord, st. n., _costly sword_ (inlaid with gold and jewels): acc. +sg., 1024. + +maethum-wela, w. m., _wealth of jewels, valuables_:: dat. sg. +aefter-maethethum-welan (_after the sight of the wealth of jewels_), 2751. + +magas. See maeg. + +mage, w. f., _female relative_: gen. sg. Grendles magan (_mother_), 1392. + +man, st. n., _crime, misdeed_: instr. sg. mane, 110, 979; adv., +_criminally_, 1056. + +man-for-daedla, w. m., _evil-doer, criminal_: nom. pl. man-for-daedlan, 563. + +man-scaetha, w. m., _mischievous, hurtful foe, hostis nefastus_: nom. sg. +713, 738, 1340; man-sceaetha, 2515. + +mara (comp. of micel), adj., _greater, stronger, mightier_: nom. sg. m. +mara, 1354, 2556; neut. mare, 1561; acc. sg. m. maran, 2017; mund-gripe +maran (_a mightier hand-grip_), 754; with following gen. pl. maran ... +eorla (_a more powerful earl_), 247; fem. maran, 533, 1012; neut. mare, +518; with gen. pl. moreth-beala mare _(more, greater, deeds of murder_), 136; +gen. sg. f. maran, 1824. + +maest (superl. of micel, mara), _greatest, strongest_: nom. sg. neut. (with +partitive gen.), maest, 78, 193; fem. maest, 2329; acc. sg. fem. faehethe maeste, +459; maeste ... worolde wynne (_the highest earthly pleasure_), 1080; neut. +n. (with partitive gen.) maest maeretha, 2646; hond-wundra maest, 2769; bael-fyra +maest, 3144; instr. sg. m. maeste craefte, 2182. + +maecg. See mecg. + +maegeth, st. f., _wife, maid, woman_: nom. sg., 3017; gen. pl. maegetha hose +(_accompanied by her maids of honor_), 925; maegetha, 944, 1284. + +maegen, st. n.: 1) _might, bodily strength, heroic power_: acc. sg. maegen, +518, 1707; instr. sg. maegene, 780(?), 2668; gen. sg. maegenes, 418, 1271, +1535, 1717, etc.; maegnes, 671, 1762; maegenes strang, strengest (_great in +strength_), 1845, 196; maegenes rof (id.), 2085.--2) _prime, flower_ (of a +nation), _forces available in war_: acc. sg. swa he oft (i.e. etan) dyde +maegen Hreethmanna (_the best of the Hreethmen_), 445; gen. sg. wieth manna hwone +maegenes Deniga (_from(?) any of the men of the Danes_), 155.--Comp. +ofer-maegen. + +maegen-agend, pres. part., _having great strength, valiant_: gen. pl. +-agendra, 2838. + +maegen-byrethen, st. f., _huge burthen_: acc. sg. maegen-byrethenne, 3092; dat. +(instr.) sg., 1626. + +maegen-craeft, st. m., _great, hero-like, strength_: acc. sg., 380. + +maegen-ellen, st. n. (the same), acc. sg., 660. + +maegen-fultum, st. m., _material aid_: gen. pl. naes þaet þonne maetost +maegen-fultuma (_that was not the least of strong helps_, i.e. the sword +Hrunting), 1456. + +maegen-raes, st. m., _mighty attack, onslaught_: acc. sg., 1520. + +maegen-strengo, st. f., _main strength, heroic power_: acc. sg., 2679. + +maegen-wudu, st. m., _might-wood_, i.e. the spear, lance: acc. sg., 236. + +maest, st. m., _mast_: nom. sg., 1899; dat. sg. be maeste (_beside the +mast_), 36; _to the mast_, 1906. + +maeethum. See maethum, hyge-maeethum. + +maeg, st. m., _kinsman by blood_: nom. sg. maeg, 408, 738, 759, 814, 915, +1531, 1945, etc; (_brother_), 468, 2605? acc. sg. maeg (_son_), 1340; +(_brother_), 2440, 2485, 2983; dat. sg. maege, 1979; gen. sg. maeges, 2629, +2676, 2699, 2880; nom. pl. magas, 1016; acc. pl. magas, 2816; dat. pl. +magum, 1179, 2615, 3066; (_to brothers_), 1168; maegum, 2354; gen. pl. maga, +247, 1080, 1854, 2007, 2743.--Comp.: faederen-, heafod-, wine-maeg. + +maeg-burh, st. f., _borough of blood-kinsmen, entire population united by +ties of blood_; (in wider sense) _race, people, nation_: gen. sg. +lond-rihtes ... þaere maeg-burge (_of land possessions among the people_, +i.e. of the Geatas), 2888. + +maegeth, st. f., _race, people_: acc. sg. maegethe, 1012; dat. sg. maegethe, 75; +dat. pl. maegethum, 5; gen. pl. maegetha, 25, 1772. + +maeg-wine, st. m., _blood kinsman, friend_, 2480 (nom. pl.). + +mael, st. n.: l) _time, point of time_: nom. sg. 316; þa waes sael and mael +(_there was_ [appropriate] _chance and time_), 1009; acc. sg. mael, 2634; +instr. pl. aerran maelum, 908, 2238, 3036; gen. pl. maela, 1250; saela and +maela, 1612; maela gehwylce (_each time, without intermission_), 2058.--2) +_sword, weapon_: nom. sg. broden (brogden) mael (_the drawn sword_), 1617, +1668 (cf. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p. 156).--3) _mole, spot, +mark_.--Comp.: graeg-, hring-, sceaethen-, wunden-mael. + +mael-cearu, st. f., _long-continued sorrow, grief_: acc. sg. mael-ceare, 189. + +mael-gesceaft, st. f., _fate, appointed time_: acc. pl. ie on earde bad +mael-gesceafta (_awaited the time allotted for me by fate_), 2738. + +maenan, w. v., with acc. in the sense of (1) _to remember, mention, +proclaim_: inf. maenan, 1068; pret. part. þaer waes Beowulfes maeretho maened, +858.--2) _to mention sorrowfully, mourn_: inf. 3173; pret. sg. giohetho maende +(_mourned sorrowfully_), 2268; pret. pl. maendon, 1150, 3150. + +ge-maenan (see man), w. v. with acc., _to injure maliciously, break_: subj. +pret. pl. ge-maenden, 1102. + +ge-maene, adj., _common, in common_: nom. sg. gemaene, 2474; þaer unc hwile +waes hand gemaene (i.e. in battle), 2138; sceal urum þaet sweord and helm bam +gemaene (i.e. wesan), 2661; nom. pl. gemaene, 1861; dat. pl. þaet þam folcum +sceal ... sib gemaenum (attraction for gemaene, i.e. wesan), 1858; gen. pl. +unc sceal (i.e. wesan) fela maethma gemaenra (_we two shall share many +treasures together_), 1785. + +maerethu, st. f.: 1) _glory, a heroes fame_: nom. sg. 858; acc. sg. maeretho, +660, 688; acc. pl. maeretha, 2997; instr. pl. maerethum (_gloriously_), 2515: +gen. pl. maeretha, 504, 1531.--2) _deed of glory, heroism_: acc. sg. maeretho, +2135; gen. pl. maeretha, 408, 2646.--Comp. ellen-maerethu. + +maere, adj., _memorable; celebrated, noble; well known, notorious_: nom. sg. +m. maere, 103, 129, 1716, 1762; se maera, 763, 2012, 2588; also as vocative +m. se maera, 1475; nom. fem. maeru, 2017; maere, 1953; neut. maere, 2406; acc. +sg. m. maerne, 36, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2789, 3099; neut. maere, 1024; +dat. sg. maerum, 345, 1302, 1993, 2080, 2573; to þaem maeran, 270; gen. sg. +maeres, 798; maeran, 1730; nom. pl. maere, 3071; superl. maerost, 899,--Comp.: +fore-, heaetho-maere. + +maest. See mara. + +maete, adj., _moderate, small_: superl. nom. sg. maetost, 1456. + +mecg, maecg, st. m., _son, youth, man_. in comp. hilde-, oret-mecg, +wraec-maecg. + +medla. See on-medla. + +medu, st. m., _mead_: acc. sg. medu, 2634; dat. sg. to medo, 605. + +medo-aern, st. n., _mead-hall_: acc. sg. medo-aern (Heorot), 69. + +medu-benc, st. f., _mead-bench, bench in the mead-hall_: nom. sg. +medu-benc, 777; dat. sg. medu-bence, 1053; medo-bence, 1068, 2186; +meodu-bence, 1903. + +medu-dream, st. m., _mead-joy, joyous carousing during mead-drinking_: acc. +sg. 2017. + +medo-ful, st. n., _mead-cup_: acc. sg. 625, 1016. + +medo-heal, st. f., _mead-hall_: nom. sg., 484; dat. sg. meodu-healle, 639. + +medu-scenc, st. m., _mead-can, vessel_: instr. pl. meodu-scencum, 1981. + +medu-seld, st. n., _mead-seat, mead-house_: acc. sg., 3066. + +medo-setl, st. n., _mead-seat upon which one sits mead-drinking_: gen. pl. +meodo-setla, 5. + +medo-stig, st. f., _mead-road, road to the mead-hall_: acc. sg. medo-stig, +925. + +medo-wang, st. m., _mead-field_ (where the mead-hall stood): acc. pl. +medo-wongas, 1644. + +meethel, st. n., _assembly, council_: dat. sg. on meethle, 1877. + +meethel-stede, st. m., (properly _place of speech, judgment-seat_), here +_meeting-place, battle-field_ (so, also 425, the battle is conceived under +the figure of a parliament or convention): dat. sg. on þaem meethel-stede, +1083. + +meethel-word, st. n., _words called forth at a discussion; address_: instr. +pl. meethel-wordum, 236. + +melda, w. m., _finder, informer, betrayer_: gen. sg. þaes meldan, 2406. + +meltan, st. v. intrans., _to consume by fire, melt or waste away_: inf., +3012; pret. sg. mealt, 2327; pl. multon, 1121. + +ge-meltan, the same: pret. sg. gemealt, 898, 1609, 1616; ne gemealt him se +mod-sefa (_his courage did not desert him_), 2629. + +men. See man. + +mene, st. m., _neck ornament, necklace, collar_: acc. sg., 1200. + +mengan, w. v., _to mingle, unite, with_, w. acc. of thing: inf. se þe +mere-grundas mengan scolde, 1450. + +ge-mengan, _to mix with, commingle_: pret. part. 849, 1594. + +menigu, st. f., _multitude, many_: nom. and acc. sg. maethma menigeo +(_multitude of treasures, presents_), 2144; so, maenigo, 41. + +mercels, st. m., _mark, aim_: gen. sg. mercelses, 2440. + +mere, st. m., _sea, ocean_: nom. sg. se mere, 1363; acc. sg. on mere, 1131, +1604; on nicera mere, 846; dat. sg. fram mere, 856. + +mere-deor, st. n., _sea-beast_: acc. sg., 558. + +mere-fara, w. m., _seafarer_: gen. sg. mere-faran, 502. + +mere-fix, st. m., _sea-fish_: gen. pl. mere-fixa (_the whale_, cf. 540), +549. + +mere-grund, st. m., _sea-bottom_: acc. sg., 2101; acc. pl. mere-grundas, +1450. + +mere-hraegl, st. n., _-sea-garment_, i.e., sail: gen. pl. mere-hraegla sum, +1906. + +mere-liethend, pres. part., _moving on the sea, sailor_: nom. pl. +mere-liethende, 255. + +mere-straet, st. f., _sea-street, way over the sea_: acc. pl. mere-straeta +514. + +mere-strengo, st. f., _sea-power, strength in the sea_: acc. sg., 533. + +mere-wif, st. n., _sea-woman, mer-woman_: acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), +1520. + +mergen. See morgen. + +met, st. n., _thought, intention_ (cf. metian = meditari): acc. pl. onsael +meoto, 489 (meaning doubtful; see Bugge, Journal 8, 292; Dietrich, Haupt's +Zeits. 11, 411; Koerner, Eng. Stud. 2, 251). + +ge-met, st. n., _an apportioned share; might, power, ability _: nom. sg. +nis þaet ... gemet mannes nefne min anes (_nobody, myself excepted, can do +that_), 2534; acc. sg. ofer min gemet (_beyond my power_), 2880; dat. sg. +mid gemete, 780. + +ge-met, adj., _well-measured, meet, good_: nom. sg. swa him gemet þince +(þuhte), (_as seemed meet to him_), 688, 3058. See un-gemete, adv. + +metan, st. v., _to measure, pass over_ or _along_: pret. pl. fealwe straete +mearum maeton (_measured the yellow road with their horses_), 918; so, 514, +1634. + +ge-metan, the same: pret. sg. medu-stig gemaet.(_measured, walked over, the +road to the mead-hall_), 925. + +metod, st. m. (the measuring, arranging) _Creator, God_: nom. sg., 110, +707, 968, 1058, 2528; scir metod, 980; soeth metod, 1612; acc. sg. metod, +180; dat. sg. metode, 169, 1779; gen. sg. metodes, 671.--Comp. eald-metod. + +metod-sceaft, st. f.: 1) _the Creator's determination, divine purpose, +fate_: acc. sg. -sceaft, 1078.--2) _the Creators glory_: acc. sg. +metod-sceaft seon (i.e. die), 1181; dat. sg. to metod-sceafte, 2816. + +mece, st. m., _sword_: nom. sg., 1939; acc. sg. mece, 2048; bradne mece, +2979; gen. sg. meces, 1766, 1813, 2615, 2940; dat. pl. instr. mecum, 565; +gen. pl. meca, 2686.--Comp.: beado-, haeft-, hilde-mece. + +med, st. f., _meed, reward_: acc. sg. mede, 2135; dat. sg. mede, 2147; gen. +pl. meda, 1179. + +ge-mede, st. n., _approval, permission_ (Grein): acc. pl. ge-medu, 247. + +meethe, adj., _tired, exhausted, dejected_: in comp. hyge-, sae-meethe. + +metan, w. v., _to meet, find, fall in with_: with acc., pret. pl. syethethan +Aescheres ... hafelan metton, 1422; subj. pret. sg. þaet he ne mette ... on +elran man mundgripe maran (_that he never met, in any other man, with a +mightier hand-grip_), 752. + +ge-metan, with acc., the same: pret. sg. gemette, 758, 2786; pl. naes þa +long to þon, þaet þa aglaecean hy eft gemetton (_it was not long after that +the warriors again met each other_), 2593. + +ge-meting, st. f., _meeting, hostile coming together_: nom. sg., 2002. + +meagol, adj., _mighty, immense; formal, solemn_: instr. pl. meaglum wordum, +1981. + +mearc, st. f., _frontier, limit, end_: dat. sg. to mearce (_the end of +life_), 2385.--Comp. Weder-mearc, 298. + +ge-mearc, st. n., _measure, distance_: comp. fot-, mil-ge-mearc. + +mearcian, w. v., _to mark, stain_: pres. ind. sg. mearcaeth morhopu (_will +stain, mark, the moor with the blood of the corpse_), 450. + +ge-mearcian, the same: pret. part. (Cain) morethre gemearcod (_murder-marked_ +[cf. 1 Book Mos. IV. 15]), 1265; swa waes on þaem scennum ... gemearcod ... +hwam þaet sweord geworht waere (_engraved for whom the sword had been +wrought_), 1696. + +mearc-stapa, w. m., _march-strider, frontier-haunter_ (applied to Grendel +and his mother): nom. sg., 103; acc. pl. mearc-stapan, 1349. + +mearh, st. m., _horse, steed_: nom. pl. mearas, 2164; acc. pl. mearas, 866, +1036; dat. pl. inst. mearum, 856, 918; mearum and maethmum, 1049, 1899; gen. +pl. meara and maethma, 2167. + +mearn. See murnan. + +meodu. See medu. + +meoto. See met. + +meotud. See metod. + +meowle, w. f., _maiden_: comp. geo-meowle. + +micel, adj., _great, huge, long_ (of time): nom. sg. m., 129, 502; fem., +67, 146, 170; neut., 772; acc. sg. m. micelne, 3099; fem, micle, 1779, +3092; neut. micel, 270, 1168. The comp. mare must be supplied before þone +in: medo-aern micel ... (mare) þone yldo beam aefre ge-frunon, 69; instr. sg. +ge-trume micle, 923; micle (_by much, much_); micle leofre (_far dearer_), +2652; efne swa micle (laessa), (_[less] even by so much_), 1284; oftor micle +(_much oftener_), 1580; dat. sg, weak form miclan, 2850; gen. sg. miclan, +979. The gen. sg. micles is an adv. = _much, very_: micles wyrethne gedon +(_deem worthy of much_, i.e. honor very highly), 2186; to fela micles (_far +too much, many_), 695; acc. pl. micle, 1349. Compar., see mara. + +mid, I. prep. w. dat., instr., and acc., signifying preeminently _union, +community, with_, hence: 1) w. dat.: a) _with, in company, community, +with_; mid Finne, 1129; mid Hroethgare, 1593; mid scip-herge, 243; mid +gesiethum (_with his comrades_), 1314; so, 1318, 1964, 2950, etc.; mid his +freo-drihtne, 2628; mid þaem lacum (_with the gifts_), 1869; so, 2789, 125; +mid haele (_with good luck!_), 1218; mid baele for (_sped off amid fire_), +2309. The prep. postponed: him mid (_with him, in his company_), 41; _with +him_, 1626; ne waes him Fitela mid (_was not with him_), 890. b) _with, +among_: mid Geatum (_among the Geatas_), 195, 2193, 2624; mid Scyldingum, +274; mid Eotenum, 903; mid yldum (eldum), 77, 2612; mid him (_with, among, +one another_), 2949. In temporal sense: mid aer-daege (_at dawn_), 126.--2) +_with, with the help of, through_, w. dat.: mid ar-stafum (_through his +grace_), 317; so, 2379; mid grape (_with the fist_), 438; so, 1462, 2721; +mid his hete-þoncum (_through his hatred_), 475; mid sweorde, 574; so, +1660, 2877; mid gemete (_through, by, his power_), 780; so, 1220, 2536, +2918; mid gode (_with benefits_), 1185; mid hearme (_with harm, insult_), +1893; mid þaere sorge (_with [through?] this sorrow_), 2469; mid rihte (_by +rights_), 2057. With instr.: mid þy wife (_through [marriage with] the +woman_), 2029.--3) w. acc., _with, in community, company, with_: mid his +eorla gedriht, 357; so, 634, 663, 1673; mid hine, 880; mid minne +gold-gyfan, 2653. + +II. adv., mid, _thereamong, in the company_, 1643; _at the same time, +likewise_, 1650. + +middan-geard, st. m., _globe, earth_: acc. sg., 75, 1772; dat. sg. on +middan-gearde, 2997; gen. sg. middan-geardes, 504, 752. + +midde, w. f., _middle = medius_: dat. sg. on middan (_through the middle, +in two_), 2706; gen. sg. (adv.) to-middes (_in the midst_), 3142. + +middel-niht, st. f., _midnight_: dat. pl. middel-nihtum, 2783, 2834. + +miht, st. f., _might, power, authority_: acc. sg. þurh drihtnes miht +(_through the Lord's help, power_), 941; instr. pl. selfes mihtum, 701. + +mihtig, adj.: 1) _physically strong, powerful_: acc. sg. mihtig mere-deor, +558; mere-wif mihtig, 1520.--2) _possessing authority, mighty_: nom. sg. +mihtig god, 702, 1717, 1726; dat. sg. mihtigan drihtne, 1399.--Comp.: ael-, +fore-mihtig. + +milde, adj., _kind, gracious, generous_: nom. sg. modes milde +(_kind-hearted_), 1230; instr. pl. mildum wordum (_graciously_), 1173. +Superl. nom. sg. worold-cyning mannum mildust (_a king most liberal to +men_), 3183. + +milts, st. f., _kindness, benevolence_: nom. sg., 2922. + +missan, w. v. with gen., _to miss, err in_: pret. sg. miste mercelses +(_missed the mark_), 2440. + +missere, st. n., _space of a semester, half a year_: gen. pl. hund missera +(_fifty winters_), 2734, 2210; generally, _a long period of time, season_, +1499, 1770; fela missera, 153, 2621. + +mist-hlieth, st. n., _misty cliff, cloud-capped slope_: dat. pl. under +mist-hleoethum, 711. + +mistig, adj., _misty_: acc. pl. mistige moras, 162. + +mil-gemearc, st. n., _measure by miles_: gen. sg. mil-gemearces, 1363. + +min: 1) poss. pron., _my, mine_, 255, 345, etc.; Hygelac min (_my lord_, or +_king, H._), 2435.--2) gen. sg. of pers. pron. ic, _of me_, 2085, 2534, +etc. + +molde, w. f., _dust; earth, field_: in comp. graes-molde. + +mon. See man. + +ge-mong. See ge-mang. + +moreth-bealu, st. n., _murder, deadly hale_ or _deed of murder_: gen. pl. +moreth-beala, 136. + +morethor, st. n., _deed of violence, murder_: dat. instr. sg. morethre, 893, +1265, 2783; gen. sg. morethres, 2056; morethres scyldig (_guilty of murder_), +1684. + +morethor-bed, st. n., _bed of death, murder-bed_: acc. sg. waes þam yldestan +... morethor-bed stred (_a bed of death was spread for the eldest_, i.e. +through murder his death-bed was prepared), 2437. + +morethor-bealu, st. n., _death-bale, destruction by murder_: acc. sg. +morethor-bealo, 1080, 2743. + +morethor-hete, st. m., _murderous hate_: gen. sg. þaes morethor-hetes, 1106. + +morgen, morn, mergen, st. m., _morning, forenoon_; also _morrow_: nom. sg. +morgen, 1785, 2125; (_morrow_), 2104; acc. sg. on morgen (_in the +morning_), 838; dat. sg. on morgne, 2485; on mergenne, 565, 2940; gen. pl. +morna gehwylce (_every morning_), 2451. + +morgen-ceald, adj., _morning-cold, dawn-cold_: nom. sg. gar morgen-ceald +(_spear chilled by the early air of morn_), 3023. + +morgen-lang, adj., _lasting through the morning_: acc. sg. morgen-longne +daeg (_the whole forenoon_), 2895. + +morgen-leoht, st. n., _morning-light_: nom. sg., 605, 918. + +morgen-sweg, st. m., _morning-cry, cry at morn_: nom. sg., 129. + +morgen-tid, st. f., _morning-tide_: acc. sg. on morgen-tide, 484, 818(?) + +morn. See morgen. + +mod, st. n.: 1) _heart, soul, spirit, mood, mind, manner of thinking_: nom. +sg., 50, 731; waefre mod (_the flicker ing spirit, the fading breath_), +1151; acc. sg. on mod (_into his mind_), 67; dat. instr. sg. mode geþungen +(_of mature, lofty spirit_), 625; on mode (_in heart, mind_), 754, 1845, +2282? 2528; on hreoum mode (_fierce of spirit_), 2582; gen. sg. modes, 171, +811, 1707; modes bliethe (_gracious-minded, kindly disposed_), 436; so, modes +milde, 1230; modes seoce (_depressed in mind_), 1604.--2) _boldness, +courage_: nom. and acc. sg., 1058, 1168. 3) _passion, fierceness_: nom. +sg., 549.--Comp. form adj.: galg-, geomor-, glaed-, gueth-, hreoh-, irre-, +sarig-, stieth-, swieth-, werig-mod. + +mod-cearu, st. f., _grief of heart_: acc. sg. mod-ceare, 1993, 3150. + +mod-gehygd, st. f ., _thought of the heart; mind_: instr. pl. mod-gehygdum, +233 + +mod-ge-þanc, st. n., _mood-thought, meditation_: acc. sg. mod-ge-þonc, +1730. + +mod-giomor, adj., _grieved at heart, dejected_: nom. sg., 2895. + +modig, adj., _courageous_: nom. sg., 605, 1644, 1813, 2758; he þaes (þaem, +MS.) modig waes (_had the courage for it_), 1509; se modega, 814; dat. sg. +mid þam modigan, 3012; gen. sg. modges, 502; modiges, 2699; Geata leod +georne truwode modgan maegnes (_trusted firmly in his bold strength_), 671; +nom. pl. modge, 856; modige, 1877; gen. pl. modigra, 312, 1889.--Comp, +fela-modig. + +modig-lic, adj., _of bold appearance_: compar. acc. pl. modiglicran, 337. + +mod-lufe, w. f., _hearts affection, love_: gen. sg. þinre mod-lufan, 1824. + +mod-sefa, w. m., _thought of the heart; brave, bold temper; courage_: nom. +sg., 349, 1854, 2629; acc. sg. mod-sefan, 2013; dat. sg. mod-sefan, 180. + +mod-þracu, st. f., _boldness, courage, strength of mind_: dat. sg. for his +mod-þraece, 385. + +modor, f., _mother_: nom. sg., 1259, 1277, 1283, 1684, 2119; acc. sg. +modor, 1539, 2140, 2933. + +mona, w. m., _moon_: gen. sg. monan, 94. + +mor, st. m., _moor, morass, swamp_: acc. sg. ofer myrcan mor, 1406; dat. +sg. of more, 711; acc. pl. moras, 103, 162, 1349. + +mor-hop, st. n., _place of refuge in the moor, hiding-place in the swamp_: +acc. pl. mor-hopu, 450. + +ge-mot, st. n., _meeting_: in comp. hand-, torn-ge-mot. + +motan, pret.-pres. v.: 1) _power_ or _permission to have something, to be +permitted; may, can_: pres. sg. I., III. mot, 186, 442, 604; II. most, +1672; pl. moton, 347, 365, 395; pres. subj. ic mote, 431; III. se þe mote, +1388; pret sg. moste, 168, 707, 736, 895, 1488, 1999, 2242, 2505, etc.; pl. +moston, 1629, 1876, 2039, 2125, 2248; pres. subj. sg. II. þaet þu hine +selfne geseon moste (_mightest see_), 962.--2) _shall, must, be obliged_: +pres. sg. mot, 2887; pret. sg. moste, 1940; þaer he þy fyrste forman dogore +wealdan moste, swa him Wyrd ne gescraf, hreeth aet hilde (_if he must for the +first time that day be victorious, as Fate had denied him victory_, cf. +2681, 2683 seqq.), 2575. + +ge-munan, pret.-pres. v., _to have in mind, be mindful; remember, think +of_, w. acc.: pres. sg. hine gearwe geman witena wel-hwylc (_each of the +knowing ones still remembers him well_), 265; ic þe þaes lean geman (_I +shall not forget thy reward for this_), 1221; ic þaet eall gemon (_I +remember all that_), 2428; so, 1702, 2043; gif he þaet eall gemon hwaet ... +(_if he is mindful of all that which_ ...), 1186; ic þaet mael gemon hwaer... +(_I remember the time when_...), 2634; pret. sg. w. gemunde... aefen-spraece +(_recalled his evening speech_), 759; so, 871, 1130, 1260, 1271, 1291, +2115, 2432, 2607, 2679; se þaes leod-hryres lean ge-munde (_was mindful of +reward for the fall of the ruler_), 2392; þaet he Eotena bearn inne gemunde +(_that he in this should remember, take vengeance on, the children of the +Eotens_), 1142; so, hond gemunde faehetho genoge (_his hand remembered strife +enough_), 2490; ne ge-munde mago Ecglafes þaet ... (_remembered not that +which_ ...), 1466; pret. pl. helle gemundon in mod-sefan (_their thoughts_ +[as heathens] _fixed themselves on, remembered, hell_), 179. + +on-munan, w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, _to admonish, exhort_: pret. sg. +onmunde usic maeretha (_exhorted us to deeds of glory_), 2641. + +mund, st. f., _hand_: instr. pl. mundum, mid mundum, 236, 514, 1462, 3023, +3092. + +mund-bora, w. m., _protector, guardian, preserver_: nom. sg., 1481, 2780. + +mund-gripe, st. m., _hand-grip, seizure_: acc. sg. mund-gripe, 754; dat. +sg. mund-gripe, 380, 1535; aefter mund-gripe (_after having seized the +criminal_), 1939. + +murnan, st. v., _to shrink from, be afraid of, avoid_: pret. sg. no mearn +fore faehethe and fyrene, 136; so, 1538; nalles for ealdre mearn (_was not +apprehensive for his life_), 1443.--2) _to mourn, grieve_: pres. part. him +waes ... murnende mod, 50; pres. subj., þonne he fela murne (_than that he +should mourn much_), 1386. + +be-murnan, be-meornan, with acc., _to mourn over_: pret. be-mearn, 908, +1078. + +murn-lice. See un-murn-lice. + +mueth-bana, w. m., _mouth-destroyer_: dat. sg. to mueth-bonan (of Grendel +because he bit his victim to death), 2080. + +muetha, w. m., _mouth, entrance_: acc. sg. recedes muethan (_mouth of the +house, door_), 725. + +ge-mynd, st. f., _memory, memorial, remembrance_: dat. pl. to gemyndum, +2805, 3017. See weoreth-mynd. + +myhdgian, w. v., _to call to mind, remember_: pres. sg. myndgaeth, 2058; +pres. part. w. gen. gif þonne Fresna hwylc ... þaes morethor-hetes myndgiend +waere (_were to call to mind the bloody feud_), 1106. + +ge-myndgian, w. v. w. acc., _to remember_: bieth gemyndgad ... eaforan +ellor-sieth (_is reminded of his son's decease_), 2451. + +ge-myndig, adj., _mindful_: nom. sg. w. gen., 614, 869, 1174, 1531, 2083, +etc. + +myne, st. m.: 1) _mind, wish_: nom. sg., 2573.--2) _love_(?): ne his myne +wisse (_whose_ [God's] _love he knew not_), 169. + +ge-mynian, w. v. w. acc., _to be mindful of_: imper. sg. gemyne maeretho! 660. + +myntan, w. v., _to intend, think of, resolve_: pret. sg. mynte ... manna +cynnes sumne besyrwan (_meant to entrap all_(?) [see sum], _some one of +(?), the men_), 713; mynte þaet he gedaelde ... (_thought to sever_), 732; +mynte se maera, þaer he meahte swa, widre gewindan (_intended to flee_), 763. + +myrce, adj., _murky, dark_: acc. sg. ofer myrcan mor, 1406. + +myreth, st. f., _joy, mirth_: dat. (instr.) sg. modes myrethe, 8n. + + +N + +naca, w. m., _vessel, ship_: acc. sg. nacan, 295; gen. sg. nacan, +214.--Comp.: hring-, yeth-naca. + +nacod, adj., _naked_: nom. and acc. sg. swurd, gueth-bill nacod, 539, 2586; +nacod nieth-draca, 2274. + +nalas, nales, nallas. See nealles. + +nama, w. m., _name_: nom. sg. Beowulf is min nama, 343; waes þaem haeft-mece +Hrunting nama, 1458; acc. sg. scop him Heort naman (_gave it the name +Hart_), 78. + +na (from ne-a), strength, negative, _never, not all_, 445, 567, 1537. + +nah, from ne-ah. See agan. + +nan (from ne-an), indef. pron., _none, no_: with gen. pl. gueth-billa nan, +804; adjectively, nan ... iren aergod, 990. + +nat, from ne-wat: _I know not=nescio_. See witan. + +nat-hwylc (nescio quis, ne-wat-hwylc, _know not who, which_, etc.), indef. +pron., _any, a certain one, some or other_: 1) w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. +gumena nat-hwylc, 2234;. gen. sg. nat-hwylces (þara banena), 2054; nietha +nat-hwylces(?), 2216; nat-hwylces haeleetha bearna, 2225.--2) adjectively: +dat. sg. in nieth-sele nat-hwylcum, 1514. + +naebben, from ne-haebben (subj. pres.). See habban. + +naefne. See nefne. + +naegel, st. m., _nail_: gen. pl. naegla (of the finger-nails), 986. + +naegled, part., _nailed?, nail-like?, buckled?_: acc. sg. neut. naegled (MS. +gled) sinc, 2024. + +naes, st. m., _naze, rock projecting into the sea, cliff, promontory_: acc. +sg. naes, 1440, 1601, 2899; dat. sg. naesse, 2244, 2418; acc. pl. windige +naessas, 1412; gen. pl. naessa, 1361. + +naes, from ne-waes (_was not_). See wesan. + +naes, neg. adv., _not, not at all_, 562, 2263. + +naes-hlieth, st. n., _declivity, slope of a promontory that sinks downward to +the sea_: dat. pl. on naes-hleoethum, 1428. + +naefre, adv., _never_, 247, 583, 592, 656, 719, 1042, 1049, etc.; also +strengthened by ne: naefre ne, 1461. + +ge-naegan, w. v. w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, _to attack, press_; pret. +pl. nietha genaegdan nefan Hererices (_in combats pressed hard upon H.'s +nephew_), 2207; pret. part. weareth ... nietha genaeged, 1440. + +naenig (from ne-aenig), pron., _not any, none, no_: 1) substantively w. gen. +pl.: nom. sg., 157, 242, 692; dat. sg. naenegum, 599; gen. pl. naenigra, +950.--2) adjectively: nom. sg. oether naenig, 860; naenig waeter, 1515; naenig +... deor, 1934; acc. sg. naenigne ... hord-maethethum, 1199. + +naere, from ne-waere (_were not, would not be_). See wesan. + +ne, simple neg., _not_, 38, 50, 80, 83, 109, etc.; before imper. ne sorga! +1385; ne gym! 1761, etc. Doubled =_certainly not, not even that_: ne ge ... +gearwe ne wisson (_ye certainly have not known_, etc.), 245; so, 863; ne ic +... wihte ne wene (_nor do I at all in the least expect_), 2923; so, 182. +Strengthened by other neg.: noether ... ne, 2125; swa he ne mihte no ... (_so +that he absolutely could not_), 1509. + +ne ... ne, _not ... and not, nor; neither ... nor_, 154-157, 511, +1083-1085, etc. Another neg. may supply the place of the first ne: so, no +... ne, 575-577, 1026-1028, 1393-1395, etc.; naefre ... ne, 583-584; nalles +... ne, 3016-3017. The neg. may be omitted the first time: aer ne siethethan +(_neither before nor after, before nor since_), 719; sueth ne noreth (_south +nor north_), 859; adl ne yldo (_neither illness nor old age_), 1737; wordum +ne worcum (_neither by word nor deed_), 1101; wiston and ne wendon (_knew +not and weened not_), 1605. + +nefa, w. m., _nephew, grandson_: nom. sg. nefa (_grandson_), 1204; so, +1963; (_nephew_), 2171; acc. sg. nefan (_nephew_), 2207; dat. sg. nefan +(_nephew_), 882. + +nefne, naefne, nemne (orig. from ne-gif-ne): 1) subj.: a) with depend. +clause = _unless_: nefne him witig god wyrd forstode (_if fate, the wise +God, had not prevented him_), 1057; nefne god sylfa ... sealde (_unless God +himself_, etc.), 3055; naefne him his wlite leoge (MS. naefre) (_unless his +face belie him_), 250; naefne he waes mara (_except that he was huger_), +1354; nemne him heaetho-byrne helpe ge-fremede, 1553; so, 2655.--b) w. +follow. substantive = _except, save, only_: nefne sin-frea (_except the +husband_), 1935; ic lyt hafo heafod-maga nefne Hygelac þec (_have no near +kin but thee_), 2152; nis þaet eower (gen. pl.) sieth ... nefne min anes, +2534.--2) Prep. with dat., _except_: nemne feaum anum, 1082. + +ge-nehost. See ge-neahhe. + +nelle, from ne-wille (_I will not_). See willan. + +nemnan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to name, call_: pres. pl. þone yldestan +oret-mecgas Beowulf nemnaeth (_the warriors call the most distinguished one +Beowulf_), 364; so inf. nemnan, 2024; pret. pl. nemdon, 1355.--2) _to +address_, as in + +be-nemnan, _to pronounce solemnly, put under a spell_: pret. sg. Fin +Hengeste ... aethum be-nemde þaet (_asserted, promised under oath that_ ...), +1098; pret. pl. swa hit oeth domes daeg diope benemdon þeodnas maere (_put +under a curse_), 3070. + +nemne. See nefne. + +nerian, ge-nerian, w. v., _to save, rescue, liberate_: pres. sg. Wyrd oft +nereeth unfaegne eorl, 573; pret. part. haefde ... sele Hroethgares ge-nered wieth +niethe (_saved from hostility_), 828. + +ge-nesan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to remain over, be preserved_: pret. sg. +hrof ana genaes ealles ansund (_the roof alone was quite sound_), 1000.--2) +w. acc., _to endure successfully, survive, escape from_: pret. sg. se þa +saecce ge-naes, 1978; fela ic ... gueth-raesa ge-naes, 2427; pret. part. swa he +nietha gehwane genesen haefde, 2398. + +net, st. n., _net_: in comp. breost-, here-, hring-, inwit-, searo-net. + +nedla, w. m., _dire necessity, distress_: in comp. þrea-nedla. + +neethan (G. nanþjan), w. v., _to venture, undertake boldly_: pres. part. +nearo neethende (_encountering peril_), 2351; pret. pl. þaer git ... on deop +water aldrum neethdon (_where ye two risked your lives in the deep water_), +510; so, 538. + +ge-neethan, the same: inf. ne dorste under yetha gewin aldre ge-neethan, 1470. +With depend. clause: naenig þaet dorste geneethan þaet (_none durst undertake +to_ ...), 1934; pret. sg. he under harne stan ana geneethde frecne daede (_he +risked alone the bold deed, venturing under the grey rock_), 889; (ic) wige +under waetere weorc geneethde earfoeth-lice (_I with difficulty stood the work +under the water in battle_, i.e. could hardly win the victory), 1657; ic +geneethde fela guetha (_ventured on, risked, many contests_), 2512; pres. pl. +(of majesty) we ... frecne geneethdon eafoeth uncuethes (_we have boldly risked, +dared, the monster's power_), 961. + +neh. See neah. + +ge-neahhe, adv., _enough, sufficiently_, 784, 3153; superl. genehost braegd +eorl Beowulfes ealde lafe (_many an earl of B.'s_), 795. + +nealles (from ne-ealles), adv., _omnino non, not at all, by no means_: +nealles, 2146, 2168, 2180, 2223, 2597, etc.; nallas, 1720, 1750; nalles, +338, 1019, 1077, 1443, 2504, etc.; nalas, 43, 1494, 1530, 1538; nales, +1812. + +nearo, st. n., _strait, danger, distress_: acc. sg. nearo, 2351, 2595. + +nearo, adj., _narrow_: acc. pl. f. nearwe, 1410. + +nearwe, adv., _narrowly_, 977. + +nearo-craeft, st. m., _art of rendering difficult of access?, +inaccessibility_ (see 2214 seqq.): instr. pl. nearo-craeftum, 2244. + +nearo-fah, m., _foe that causes distress, war-foe_: gen. sg. nearo-fages, +2318. + +nearo-þearf, st. f., _dire need, distress_: acc. sg. nearo-þearfe, 422. + +ge-nearwian, w. v., _to drive into a corner, press upon_: pret. part. +genearwod, 1439. + +neah, neh: 1) adj., _near, nigh_: nom. sg. neah, 1744, 2729. In superl. +also = _last_: instr. sg. nyhstan siethe (_for the last time_), 1204; +niehstan siethe, 2512. + +2) adv., _near_: feor and (oethethe) neah, 1222, 2871; 3) prep, sae-grunde neah, +564; so, 1925, 2243; holm-wylme neh, 2412. Compar. near, 746. + +nean, adv., _near by, (from) close at hand_, 528; (neon, MS.), 3105; +feorran and nean, 840; nean and feorran, 1175, 2318. + +ge-neat, st. m., _comrade, companion_: in comp. beod-, heoreth-geneat. + +nioethor. See niether. + +neowol, adj., _steep, precipitous_: acc. pl. neowle, 1412. + +neod, st. f., _polite intercourse regulated by etiquette?, hall-joy?_: acc. +sg. niode, 2117; inst. (= _joy_), 2216. + +neod-laethu, st. f., _polite invitation; wish_: dat. sg. aefter neod-laethu +(_according to his wishes_), 1321. + +neosan, neosian, w. v. w. gen., _to seek out, look for; to attack_: inf. +neosan, 125, 1787, 1792, 1807, 2075; niosan, 2389, 2672; neosian, 115, +1126; niosian, 3046; pret. sg. niosade, 2487. + +neotan, st. v., _to take, accept_, w. gen.; _to use, enjoy_: imper. sg. +neot, 1218. + +be-neotan, w. dat., _to rob, deprive of_: inf. hine aldre be-neotan, 681; +pret. sg. cyning ealdre bi-neat (_deprived the king of life_), 2397. + +nicor, st. m., _sea-horse, walrus, sea-monster_ (cf. Bugge in Zacher's +Journal, 4, 197): acc. pl. niceras, 422, 575; nicras, 1428; gen. pl. +nicera, 846. + +nicor-hus, st. n., _house_ or _den of sea-monsters_: gen. pl. nicor-husa, +1412. + +nieth st. m., _man, human being_: gen. pl. niethetha, 1006; nietha? (passage +corrupt), 2216. + +niether, nyether, neoethor, adv., _down, downward_: niether, 1361; nioethor, 2700; +nyether, 3045. + +nieth-sele, st. m., _hall, room, in the deep_ (Grein): dat. sg. [in] nieth-sele +nat-hwylcum, 1514. + +nigen, num., _nine_: acc. nigene, 575. + +niht, st. f. _night_: nom. sg., 115, 547. 650, 1321, 2117; acc. sg. niht, +135, 737, 2939; gystran niht (_yester-night_), 1335; dat. sg. on niht, 575, +684; on wanre niht, 703; gen. sg. nihtes hwilum (_sometimes at night, in +the hours of the night_), 3045; as adv. = _of a night, by night_, G. +nachts, 422, 2274; daeges and nihtes, 2270; acc. pl. seofon niht +(_se'nnight, seven days_, cf. Tac. Germ, 11), 517; dat. pl. sweartum +nihtum, 167; deorcum nihtum, 275, 221; gen. pl. nihta, 545, 1366.--Comp.: +middel-, sin-niht. + +niht-bealu, st. n., _night-bale, destruction by night_: gen. pl. +niht-bealwa, 193. + +niht-helm, st. m., _veil_ or _canopy of night_: nom. sg., 1790. + +niht-long, adj., _lasting through the night_: acc. sg. m. niht-longne fyrst +(_space of a night_), 528. + +niht-weorc, st. n., _night-work, deed done at night_: instr. sg. +niht-weorce, 828. + +niman, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to take, hold, seize, undertake_: pret. sg. nam +þa mid handa hige-þihtigne rinc, 747; pret. pl. we . . . niode naman, +2117.--2) _to take, take away, deprive of_: pres. sg. se þe hine deaeth nimeeth +(_he whom death carrieth off_), 441; so, 447; nymeeth, 1847; nymeeth nyd-bade, +599; subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, 452, 1482; pret. sg. ind. nam on +Ongenþio iren-byrnan, 2987; ne nom he ... maethm-aehta ma (_he took no more of +the rich treasures_), 1613; pret. part. þa waes ... seo cwen numen (_the +queen carried off_), 1154. + +be-niman, _to deprive of_: pret. sg. oeth þaet hine yldo benam maegenes wynnum +(_till age bereft him of joy in his strength_), 1887. + +for-niman, _to carry off_: pres. sg. þe þa deaeth for-nam (_whom death +carried off_), 488; so, 557, 696, 1081, 1124, 1206, 1437, etc. Also, dat. +for acc.: pret. pl. him irenna ecge fornamon, 2829. + +ge-niman: 1) _to take, seize_: pret. sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam (_clasped +him around the neck, embraced him_), 1873.--2) _to take, take away_: pret. +on reste genam þritig þegna, 122; heo under heolfre genam cuethe folme, 1303; +segn eac genom, 2777; þa mec sinca baldor ... aet minum faeder genam (_took +me at my father's hands, adopted me_), 2430; pret. part. genumen, 3167. + +ge-nip, st. n., _darkness, mist, cloud_: acc. pl. under naessa genipu, 1361; +ofer floda genipu, 2809. + +nis, from ne-is (_is not_): see wesan. + +niwe, niowe, adj., _new, novel; unheard-of_: nom. sg. sweg up a-stag niwe +geneahhe (_a monstrous hubbub arose_), 784; beorh ... niwe (_a +newly-raised(?) grave-mound_), 2244; acc. sg. niwe sibbe (_the new +kinship_), 950; instr. sg. niwan stefne (properly, nova voce; here = de +novo, iterum, _again_), 2595; niowan stefne (_again_), 1790; gen. pl. niwra +spella (_new tidings_), 2899. + +ge-niwian, w. v., _to renew_: pret. part. ge-niwod, 1304, 1323; geniwad, +2288. + +niw-tyrwed, pret. part., _newly-tarred_: acc. sg. niw-tyrwedne (-tyrwydne, +MS.) nacan, 295. + +nieth, st. m., properly only _zeal, endeavor_; then _hostile endeavor, +hostility, battle, war_: nom. sg., 2318; acc. sg. nieth, 184, 276; Wedera nieth +(_enmity against the W., the sorrows of the Weders_), 423; dat. sg. wieth +(aet) niethe, 828, 2586; instr. niethe, 2681; gen. pl. nietha, 883, 2351, 2398, +etc.; also instr. = _by, in, battle_, 846, 1440, 1963, 2171, 2207.--Comp.: +bealo-, faer-, here-, hete-, inwit-, searo-, wael-nieth. + +nieth-draca, w. m., _battle-dragon_: nom. sg., 2274. + +nieth-gast, st. m., _hostile alien, fell demon_: acc. sg. þone nieth-gaest (_the +dragon_), 2700. + +nieth-geweorc, st. n., _work of enmity, deed of evil_: gen. pl. -geweorca, +684. + +nieth-grim, adj., _furious in battle, savage_: nom. sg., 193. + +nieth-heard, adj., _valiant in war_: nom. sg., 2418. + +nieth-hydig, adj., _eager for battle, valorous_: nom. pl. nieth-hydige men, +3167. + +ge-niethla, w. m., _foe, persecutor, waylayer_: in comp. ferheth-, +feorh-geniethla. + +nieth-wundor, st. n., _hostile wonder, strange marvel of evil_: acc. sg., +1366. + +nipan, st. v., _to veil, cover over, obscure_; pres. part. nipende niht, +547, 650. + +nolde, from ne-wolde (_would not_); see willan. + +noreth, adv., _northward_, 859. + +norethan, adv., _from the north_, 547. + +nose, w. f., _projection, cliff, cape_: dat. sg. of hliethes nosan, 1893; aet +brimes nosan, 2804. + +no (strengthened neg.), _not, not at all, by no means_, 136, 244, 587, 755, +842, 969, 1736, etc.; strengthened by following ne, 459(?), 1509; no ... no +(_neither ... nor_), 541-543; so, no ... ne, 168. See ne. + +noether (from na-hwaeether), neg., _and not, nor_, 2125. + +ge-noh, adj., _sufficient, enough_: acc. sg. faehetho genoge, 2490; acc. pl. +genoge ... beagas, 3105. + +non, st. f., [Eng. _noon_], ninth hour of the day, three o'clock in the +afternoon of our reckoning_ (the day was reckoned from six o'clock in the +morning; cf. Bouterwek Screadunga, 24 _2_: we hataeth aenne daeg fram sunnan +upgange oeth aefen): nom. sg. non, 1601. + +nu, adv.: l) _now, at present_, 251, 254, 375, 395, 424, 426, 489, etc.: nu +gyt (_up to now, hitherto_), 957; nu gen (_now still, yet_), 2860; (_now +yet, still_), 3169.--2) conj., _since, inasmuch as_: nu þu lungre geong ... +nu se wyrm ligeeth (_go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead_), 2746; so, +2248; þaet þu me ne forwyrne ... nu ic þus feorran com (_that do not thou +refuse me, since I am come so far_), 430; so, 1476; nu ic on maethma hord +mine bebohte frode feorh-lege, fremmaeth ge nu (_as I now..., so do ye_), +2800; so, 3021. + +nymethe, conj. w. subj., _if not, unless_, 782; nymethe mec god scylde (_if God +had not shielded me_), 1659. + +nyt, st. f., _duty, service, office, employment_: acc. sg. þegn nytte +beheold (_did his duty_), 494; so, 3119.--Comp.: sund-, sundor-nyt. + +nyt, adj., _useful_: acc. pl. m. nytte, 795; comp. un-nyt. + +ge-nyttian, w. v., _to make use of, enjoy_: pret. part. haefde eoreth-scrafa +ende ge-nyttod (_had enjoyed, made use of_), 3047. + +nyd, st. f., _force, necessity, need, pain_: acc. sg. þurh deaethes nyd, +2455; instr. sg. nyde, 1006. In comp. (like nyd-maga, consanguineus, in +AEthelred's Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; ned-maga, in Cnut's Laws, I. 7, +ibid., p. 258); also, _tie of blood._--Comp. þrea-nyd. + +ge-nydan, w. v.: 1) _to force, compel_: pret. part. niethe ge-nyded (_forced +by hostile power_), 2681.--2) _to force upon_: pret. part. acc. sg. f. nyde +genydde ... gearwe stowe (_the inevitable place prepared for each_, i.e. +the bed of death), 1006. + +nyd-bad, st. f., _forced pledge, pledge demanded by force_: acc. pl. +nyd-bade, 599. + +nyd-gestealla, w. m., _comrade in need_ or _united by ties of blood_: nom. +pl. nyd-gesteallan, 883. + +nyd-gripe, st. m., _compelling grip_: dat. sg. in nyd-gripe (mid-gripe, +MS.), 977. + +nyd-wracu, st. f., _distressful persecution, great distress_: nom. sg., +193. + +nyhst. See neah. + + +O + +oethethe, conj.: 1) _or; otherwise_, 283, 437, 636, 638, 694, 1492, 1765, +etc.--2) _and_(?), _till_(?), 650, 2476, 3007. + +of, prep. w. dat., _from, off from_: 1) _from some point of view_: ge-seah +of wealle (_from the wall_), 229; so, 786; of hefene scineeth (_shineth from +heaven_), 1572; of hliethes nosan gaestas grette (_from the cliff's +projection_), 1893; of þam leoma stod (_from which light streamed_), 2770; +þaer waes maethma fela of feorwegum ... gelaeded (_from distant lands_), 37; þa +com of more (_from the moor_), 711, 922.--2) _forth from, out of_: hwearf +of earde (_wandered from his home, died_), 56; so, 265, 855, 2472; þa ic of +searwum com (_when I had escaped from the persecutions of the foe_), 419; +þa him Hroethgar gewat ... ut of healle (_out of the hall_), 664; so, 2558, +2516; 1139, 2084, 2744; wudu-rec a-stah sweart of (ofer) swioethole (_black +wood-reek ascended from the smoking fire_), 3145; (icge gold) a-haefen of +horde (_lifted from the hoard_), 1109; let þa of breostum ... word ut faran +(_from his breast_), 2551; dyde ... helm of hafelan (_doffed his helmet_), +673; so, 1130; sealdon win of wunder-fatum (_presented wine from wondrous +vessels_), 1163; siethethan hyne Haeethcyn of horn-bogan ... flane geswencte +(_with an arrow shot from the horned bow_), 2438; so, 1434. Prep. +postponed: þa he him of dyde isern-byrnan (_doffed his iron corselet_), +672. + +ofer, prep. w. dat. and acc., _over, above_: 1) w. dat, _over_ (rest, +locality): Wiglaf siteeth ofer Biowulfe, 2908; ofer aeethelinge, 1245; ofer +eorethan, 248, 803, 2008; ofer wer-þeode (_over the earth, among mankind_), +900; ofer yethum, 1908; ofer hron-rade (_over the sea_), 10; so, 304, 1287, +1290, etc.; ofer ealowaege (_over the beer-cup, drinking_), 481.--2) w. acc. +of motion: a) _over_ (local): ofer yethe (_over the waves_), 46, 1910; ofer +swan-rade (_over the swan-road, the sea_), 200; ofer waegholm, 217; ofer +geofenes be-gang, 362; so, 239, 240, 297, 393, 464, 471, etc.; ofer bolcan +(_over the gangway_), 231; ofer landa fela (_over many lands_), 311; so, +1405, 1406; ofer heahne hrof (_along upon (under?) the high roof_), 984; +ofer eormen-grund (_over the whole earth_), 860; ofer ealle (_over all, on +all sides_), 2900, 650; so, 1718;--606, 900, 1706; ofer borda gebraec +(_over, above, the crashing of shields_), 2260; ofer bord-(scild) weall, +2981, 3119. Temporal: ofer þa niht (_through the night, by night_), 737. b) +w. verbs of saying, speaking, _about, of, concerning_: he ofer benne spraec, +2725. c) _beyond, over_: ofer min ge-met (_beyond my power_), 2880;--hence, +_against, contrary to_: he ofer willan giong (_went against his will_), +2410; ofer ealde riht (_against the ancient laws_, i.e. the ten +commandments), 2331;--also, _without_: wig ofer waepen (_war sans, +dispensing with, weapons_), 686;--temporal = _after_: ofer eald-gewin +(_after long, ancient, suffering_), 1782. + +ofer-hygd, st. n., _arrogance, pride, conceit_: gen. pl. ofer-hygda, 1741; +ofer-hyda, 1761. + +ofer-maethum, st. m., _very rich treasure_: dat. pl. ofer-maethmum, 2994. + +ofer-maegen, st. n., _over-might, superior numbers_: dat. sg. mid +ofer-maegene, 2918. + +ofer-þearf, st. f., _dire distress, need_: dat. sg. [for ofer] þea[rfe], +2227. + +oft, adv., _often_, 4, 165, 444, 572, 858, 908, 1066, 1239, etc.; oft [no] +seldan, 2030; oft nalles aene, 3020; so, 1248, 1888. Compar. oftor, 1580. +Superl. oftost, 1664. + +om-, on-. See am-, an-. + +ombiht. See ambiht. + +oncer. See ancer. + +ond. See and. + +onsyn. See ansyn. + +on, prep. w. dat. and acc., signifying primarily _touching on, contact +with_: I. local, w. dat.: a) _on, upon, in at_ (of exterior surface): on +heah-stede (_in the high place_), 285; on minre eethel-tyrf (_in my native +place_), 410; on þaem meethel-stede, 1083; so, 2004; on þam holmclife, 1422; +so, 1428; on foldan (_on earth_), 1197; so, 1533, 2997; on þaere medu-bence +(_on the mead-bench_), 1053; beornas on blancum (_the heroes on the +dapple-greys_), 857, etc.; on raeste (_in bed_), 1299; on stapole (_at, +near, the pillar_), 927; on wealle, 892; on wage (_on the wall_), 1663; on +þaem wael-stenge (_on the battle-lance_), 1639; on eaxle (_on his shoulder_), +817, 1548; on bearme, 40; on breostum, 552; on hafelan, 1522; on handa (_in +his hand_), 495, 540; so, 555, 766; on him byrne scan (_on him shone the +corselet_), 405; on ore (_at the front_), 1042; on corethre (_at the head of, +among, his troop_), 1154; scip on ancre (_the ship at anchor_), 303; þaet he +on heoethe ge-stod (_until he stood in the hall_), 404; on faeder staele (_in a +father's place_), 1480; on yethum (_on the waves, in the water_), 210, 421, +534, 1438; on holme, 543; on eg-streamum, 577; on segl-rade, 1438, etc.; on +flode, 1367. The prep. postponed: Freslondum on, 2358.--b) _in, inside of_ +(of inside surface): secg on searwum (_a champion in armor_), 249; so, 963; +on wig-geatwum, 368; (reced) on þaem se rica bad (_in which the mighty one +abode_), 310; on Heorote (_in Heorot_), 475, 497, 594, 1303; on beor-sele, +492, 1095; on healle, 615, 643; so, 639, 1017, 1026, etc.; on burgum (_in +the cities, boroughs_), 53; on helle, 101; on sefan minum (_in my mind_), +473; on mode, 754; so, 755, 949, 1343, 1719, etc.; on aldre (_in his +vitals_), 1435; on middan (in medio), 2706.--c) _among, amid_: on searwum +(_among the arms_), 1558; on gemonge (_among the troop_), 1644; on þam +leod-scipe (_among the people_), 2198; nymethe liges faeethm swulge on swaethule +(_unless the embracing flame should swallow it in smoke_), 783;--_in, with, +touched by, possessing something_: þa waes on salum sinces brytta (_then was +the dispenser of treasure in joy_), 608; so, 644, 2015; waes on hreon mode, +1308; on sweofote (_in sleep_), 1582, 2296; heo waes on ofste (_she was in +haste_), 1293; so, 1736, 1870; þa waes on blode brim weallende (_there was +the flood billowing in, with, blood_), 848; (he) waes on sunde (_was +a-swimming_), 1619; waes to fore-mihtig feond on feethe (_too powerful in +speed_), 971; þaer waes swigra secg ... on gylpspraece (_there was the +champion more silent in his boasting speech_), 982;--_in; full of, +representing, something_: on weres waestmum (_in man's form_), 1353.--d) +_attaching to_, hence _proceeding from; from something_: ge-hyrde on +Beowulfe faest-raedne ge-þoht (_heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve_), 610; +þaet he ne mette ... on elran men mund-gripe maran, 753;--hence, with verbs +of taking: on raeste genam (_took from his bed_), 122; so, 748, 2987; hit aer +on þe gode be-geaton (_took it before from thee_), 2249.--e) _with_: swa +hit lungre weareth on hyra sinc-gifan sare ge-endod (_as it, too, soon +painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure_), 2312.--f) _by_: +maeg þonne on þaem golde ongitan Geata dryhten (_the lord of the Geatas may +perceive by the gold_), 1485.--g) _to_, after weorethan: þaet he on fylle +weareth (_that he came to a fall_), 1545. + +With acc.: a) w. verbs of moving, doing, giving, seeing, etc., _up to, on, +upon, in_: a-ledon þa leofne þeoden ... on bearm scipes, 35; on stefn (on +wang) stigon, 212, 225; þa him mid scoldon on flodes aeht feor ge-witan, 42; +se þe wieth Brecan wunne on sidne sae (_who strovest in a swimming-match with +B. on the broad sea_), 507, cf. 516; þaet ic on holma ge-þring eorlscipe +efnde (_that I should venture on the sea to do valiant deeds_), 2133; on +feonda geweald siethian, 809; þara þe on swylc staraeth, 997; so, 1781; on +lufan laeteeth hworfan (_lets him turn his thoughts to love?, to +possessions?_), 1729; him on mod bearn (_came into his mind, occurred to +him_), 67; raesde on þone rofan (_rushed on the powerful one_), 2691; (cwom) +on worethig (_came into the palace_), 1973; so, 27, 242, 253, 512, 539, 580, +677, 726, etc.; on weg (_away_), 764, 845, 1383, 1431, 2097.--b) _towards, +on_: gode gewyrcean ... on faeder wine (pl.), 21.--c) aim or object, _to, +for the object, for, as, in, on_: on þearfe (_in his need, in his strait_), +1457; so, on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe, 2850; wraethum on andan (_as a +terror to the foe_), 709; Hroethgar maethelode him on andsware (_said to him in +reply_), 1841; betst beado-rinca waes on bael gearu (_on the pyre ready_), +1110; wig-heafolan baer frean on fultum (_for help_), 2663; weareth on bid +wrecen (_forced to wait_), 2963.--d) ground, reason, _according to, in +conformity with_: rodera raedend hit on ryht gesced (_decided it in +accordance with right_), 1556; ne me swor fela aetha on unriht (_swore no +oaths unjustly, falsely_), 2740; on sped (_skilfully_), 874; nallas on gylp +seleeth faette beagas (_giveth no gold-wrought rings as he promised_), 1750; +on sinne selfes dom (_boastingly, at his own will_), 2148; him eal worold +wendeeth on willan (_according to his will_), 1740.--e) w. verbs of buying, +_for, in exchange for_: me ic on maethma hord mine be-bohte frode feorh-lege +(_for the hoard of jewels_), 2800.--f) _of, as to_: ic on Higelace wat, +Geata dryhten (_I know with respect to, as to, of, H._), 1831; so, 2651; +þaet heo on aenigne eorl ge-lyfde fyrena frofre (_that she should rely on any +earl for help out of trouble_), 628; þa hie ge-truwedon on twa healfa (_on +both sides, mutually_), 1096; so, 2064; þaet þu him ondraedan ne þearft ... +on þa healfe (_from, on this side_), 1676.--g) after superlatives or +virtual superlatives = _among_: naes ... sinc-maethethum selra (= þaet waes +sinc-maethma selest) on sweordes had (_there was no better jewel in sword's +shape_, i.e. among all swords there was none better), 2194; se waes Hroethgare +haeleetha leofost on ge-siethes had (_dearest of men as, in the character of, +follower_, etc.), 1298. + +II. Of time: a) w. dat., _in, inside of, during, at_: on fyrste (_in time, +within the time appointed_), 76; on uhtan (_at dawn_), 126; on mergenne +(_at morn, on the morrow_), 565, 2940; on niht, 575; on wanre niht, 703; on +tyn dagum, 3161; so, 197, 719, 791, 1063, etc.; on geogoethe (_in youth_), +409, 466; on geogoeth-feore, 537; so, 1844; on orlege (_in, during, battle_), +1327; hu lomp eow on lade (_on the way_), 1988; on gange (_in going, en +route_), 1885; on sweofote (_in sleep_), 1582.--b) w. acc., _towards, +about_: on undern-mael (_in the morning, about midday_), 1429; on +morgen-tid, 484, 518; on morgen, 838; on ende-staef (_toward the end, at +last_), 1754; oftor micle þonne on aenne sieth (_far oftener than once_), +1580. + +III. With particles: him on efn (_beside, alongside of, him_), 2904; on +innan (_inside, within_), 71, 1741, 1969, 2453, 2716; þaer on innan (_in +there_), 2090, 2215, 2245. With the relative þe often separated from its +case: þe ic her on starie (_that I here look on, at_), 2797; þe ge þaer on +standaeth (_that ye there stand in_), 2867. + +on-cyeth (cf. Dietrich in Haupt's Zeits. XI., 412), st. f., _pain, +suffering_: nom. sg., 1421; acc. sg. or pl. on-cyethethe, 831. + +on-drysne, adj., _frightful, terrible_: acc. sg. firen on-drysne, 1933. + +onettan (for anettan, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, _to breathe, pant_), +w. v., _to hasten_: pret. pl. onetton, 306, 1804. + +on-licnes, st. f., _likeness, form, figure_: nom. sg., 1352. + +on-medla, w. m., _pride, arrogance_: dat. sg. for on-medlan, 2927. Cf. +Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 218 seqq. + +on-saege, adj., _tending to fall, fatal_: nom. sg. þa waes Hondscio (dat.) +hild on-saege, 2077; Haeethcynne weareth ... gueth on-saege, 2484. + +on-weald, st. m., _power, authority_: acc. sg. (him) bega ge-hwaeethres ... +onweald ge-teah (_gave him power over, possession of, both_), 1044. + +open, adj., _open_: acc. sg. hord-wynne fond ... opene standan, 2272. + +openian, w. v., _to open_, w. acc.: inf. openian, 3057. + +orc (O.S. orc, Goth. aurkei-s), st. m., _crock, vessel, can _: nom. pl. +orcas, 3048; acc. pl. orcas, 2761. + +orcne, st. m., _sea-monster_: nom. pl. orcneas, 112. + +ord, st. n. _point_: nom. sg. oeth þaet wordes ord breost-hord þurh-braec +(_till the word-point broke through his breast-hoard, came to utterance_), +2792; acc. sg. ord (_sword-point_), 1550; dat. instr. orde (id.), 556; on +orde (_at the head of, in front_ [of a troop]), 2499, 3126. + +ord-fruma, w. m., _head lord, high prince_: nom. sg., 263. + +oret-mecg, st. m., _champion, warrior, military retainer_: nom. pl. +oret-mecgas, 363, 481; acc. pl. oret-mecgas, 332. + +oretta, w. m., _champion, fighter, hero_: nom. sg., 1533, 2539. + +or-leg, st. n., _war, battle_: dat. sg. on orlege, 1327; gen. sg. or-leges, +2408. + +or-leg-hwil, st. f., _time of battle, war-time_: nom. sg. [or-leg]-hwil, +2003; gen. sg. orleg-hwile, 2912; gen. pl orleg-hwila, 2428. + +or-leahtre, adj., _blameless_: nom. sg 1887. + +or-þanc (cf. Gloss. Aldhelm. mid or-þance = argumento in Haupt XI., 436; +orþancum = machinamentis, _ibid._ 477; or-þanc-scipe = mechanica, 479), st. +m., _mechanical art, skill_: instr. pl. or-þoncum, 2088; smiethes or-þancum, +406. + +or-wena, adj. (weak form), _hopeless, despairing_, w. gen.: aldres or-wena +(_hopeless of life_), 1003, 1566. + +or-wearde, adj., _unguarded, without watch_ or _guard_: adv., 3128. + +orueth, st. n., _breath, snorting_: nom. sg., 2558; dat. oreethe, 2840. + + +O + +oeth (Goth. und, O.H.G. unt, unz): 1) prep. w. acc., _to, till, up to_, only +temporal: oeth þone anne daeg, 2400; oeth domes daeg, 3070; o woruld-ende, +3084.--2) oeth þaet, conj. w. depend, indicative clause, _till, until_, 9, 56, +66, 100, 145. 219, 296, 307, etc. + +oether (Goth. anþar), num.: 1) _one or other of two, a second_, = alter: nom. +sg. subs.: se oether, 2062; oether(_one_ i.e. of my blood-relations, Haeethcyn and +Hygelac), 2482; oether ... oether (_the one ... the other_), 1350-1352. Adj.: +oether ... mihtig man-sceaetha (_the second mighty, fell foe_, referring to +1350), 1339; se oether ... haele, 1816; fem. niht oether, 2118; neut. oether gear +(_the next, second, year_), 1134; acc. sg. m. oetherne, 653, 1861, 2441, +2485; þenden reafode rinc oetherne(_whilst one warrior robbed the other_, +i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþeow), 2986; neut. oether swylc(_another such, an +equal number_), 1584; instr. sg. oethre siethe (_for the second time, again_), +2671, 3102; dat. sg. oethrum, 815, 1030, 1166, 1229, 1472, 2168, 2172, etc.; +gen. sg. m. oethres dogores, 219, 606; neut. oethres, 1875.--2) _another, a +different one_, = alius: nom. sg., subs. oether, 1756; oether naenig (_no +other_), 860. Adj.: aenig oether man, 503, 534; so, 1561; oether in (_a +different house_ or _room_), 1301; acc. sg. oether flet, 1087; gen. sg. oethres +... yrfe-weardes, 2452; acc. pl. ealo drincende oether saedan (_ale drinkers +said other things_), 1946; acc. pl. neut. word oether, 871. + +ofer, st. m., _shore_: dat. sg. on ofre, 1372. + +ofost, st. f., _haste_: nom. sg. ofost is selest to gecyethanne (_haste is +best to make known, best to say at once_), 256; so, 3008; dat. sg. beo þu +on ofeste (ofoste) (_be in haste, hasten_), 386, 2748; on ofste, 1293; on +ofoste, 2784, 3091. + +ofost-lice, adv., _in haste, speedily_, 3131. + +o-hwaer, adv., _anywhere_, 1738, 2871. + +omig, adj., _rusty_: nom. sg., 2764; nom. pl. omige, 3050. + +or, st. n., _beginning, origin; front_: nom. sg., 1689; acc. sg., 2408; +dat. sg. on ore, 1042. + +o-wiht, _anything, aught_: instr. sg. o-wihte (_in any way_), 1823, 2433. + + +P + +pad, st. f., _dress_; in comp. here-pad. + +paeeth, st. m., _path, road, way_; in comp. an-paeeth. + +plega, w. m., _play, emulous contest_; lind-plega, 1074. + + +R + +raethe, adv., _quickly, immediately_, 725, Cf. hraethe. + +rand, rond, st. m., _shield_: acc. sg, rand, 683; rond, 657, 2567, 2610; +dat. ronde (rond, MS.), 2674; under rande, 1210; bi ronde, 2539; acc. pl. +randas, 231; rondas, 326, 2654.--Comp.: bord-, hilde-, sid-rand. + +rand-haebbend, pres. part., _shield-bearer_, i.e. _man at arms, warrior_: +gen. pl. rond-haebbendra, 862. + +rand-wiga, w. m., _shield-warrior, shield-bearing warrior_: nom. sg., 1299; +acc. sg. rand-wigan, 1794. + +rad, st. f., _road, street_; in comp. hran-, segl-, swan-rad. + +ge-rad, adj., _clever, skilful, ready_: acc. pl. neut. ge-rade, 874. + +rap, st. m., _rope, bond, fetter_: in comp. wael-rap. + +rasian, w. v., _to find, discover_: pret. part. þa waes hord rasod, 2284. + +raest. See rest. + +raecan, w. v., _to reach, reach after_: pret. sg. raehte ongean feond mid +folme (_reached out his hand toward the foe_), 748. + +ge-raecan, _to attain, strike, attack_: pret. sg. hyne ... waepne ge-raehte +(_struck him with his sword_), 2966; so, 556. + +raed, st. m.: 1) _advice, counsel, resolution; good counsel, help_: nom. sg. +nu is raed gelong eft aet þe anum (_now is help to be found with thee +alone_), 1377; acc. sg. raed, 172, 278, 3081.--2) _advantage, gain, use_: +acc. sg. þaet raed talaeth (_counts that a gain_), 2028; ecne raed (_the eternal +gain, everlasting life_), 1202; acc. pl. ece raedas, 1761.--Comp.: folc-raed, +and adj., an-, faest-raed. + +raedan, st. v., _to rule; reign; to possess_: pres. part. rodera raedend +(_the ruler of the heavens_), 1556; inf. þone þe þu mid rihte raedan +sceoldest (_that thou shouldst possess by rights_), 2057; wolde dom godes +daedum raedan gumena gehwylcum (_God's doom would rule over, dispose of, +every man in deeds_), 2859. See sele-raedend. + +raed-bora, w. m. _counsellor, adviser_: nom. sg., 1326. + +raeden, st. f., _order, arrangement, law_: see Note on 1143; comp. +worold-raeden(?). + +a-raeran, w. v.: 1) _to raise, lift up_: pret. pl. þa waeron monige þe his +maeg ... ricone a-raerdon (_there were many that lifted up his brother +quickly_), 2984.--2) figuratively, _to spread, disseminate_: pret. part. +blaed is a-raered (_thy renown is far-spread_), 1704. + +raes, st. m., _on-rush, attack, storm_: acc. sg. guethe raes (_the storm of +battle, attack_), 2627; instr. pl. guethe raesum, 2357.--Comp.: gueth-, hand-, +heaetho-, maegen-, wael-raes. + +(ge-)raesan, w. v., _to rush (upon)_: pret. sg. raesde on þone rofan, 2691, +2840. + +raeswa, w. m., _prince, ruler_: dat. sg. weoroda raeswan, 60. + +reccan, w. v., _to explicate, recount, narrate_: inf. frum-sceaft fira +feorran reccan (_recount the origin of man from ancient times_), 91; +gerund, to lang is to reccenne, hu ic ... (_too long to tell how I_...), +2094; pret. sg. syllic spell rehte (_told a wondrous tale_), 2111; so +intrans. feorran rehte (_told of olden times_), 2107. + +reced, st. n., _building, house; hall_ (complete in itself): nom. sg., 412, +771, 1800; acc. sg., 1238; dat. sg. recede, 721, 729, 1573; gen. sg. +recedes, 326, 725, 3089; gen. pl. receda, 310.--Comp.: eoreth-, heal-, horn-, +win-reced. + +regn-heard, adj., _immensely strong, firm_: acc. pl. rondas regn-hearde, +326. + +regnian, renian, w. v., _to prepare, bring on_ or _about_: inf. deaeth +ren[ian] hond-gesteallan (_prepare death for his comrade_), 2169. + +ge-regnian, _to prepare, deck out, adorn_: pret. part. medu-benc monig ... +golde ge-regnad, 778. + +regn-, ren-weard, st. m., _mighty guardian_: nom. pl. ren-weardas (of +Beowulf and Grendel contending for the possession of the hall), 771. + +rest, raest, st. f.: 1) _bed, resting-place_: acc. sg. raeste, 139; dat. sg. +on raeste (genam) (_from his resting-place_), 1299, 1586; to raeste (_to +bed_), 1238. Comp.: flet-raest, sele-rest, wael-rest.--2) _repose, rest_; in +comp. aefen-raest. + +ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., _resting-place_: in comp. wind-gereste. + +restan, w. v.: 1) _to rest_: inf. restan, 1794; pret. sg. reflex. reste +hine þa rum-heort, 1800.--2) _to rest, cease_: inf., 1858. + +rec (O.H.G. rouh), st. m., _reek, smoke_: instr. sg. rece, 3157.--Comp.: +wael-, wudu-rec. + +recan (O.H.G. ruohjan), w. v. w. gen., _to reck, care about something, be +anxious_: pres. sg. III. waepna ne receeth (_recketh not for weapons, weapons +cannot hurt him_), 434. + +reethe, adj., _wroth, furious_: nom. sg., 122, 1586; nom. pl. reethe, 771. +Also, of things, _wild, rough, fierce_: gen. sg. reethes and-hattres +(_fierce, penetrating heat_), 2524. + +reaf, st. n., _booty, plunder in war; clothing, garments_ (as taken by the +victor from the vanquished): in comp. heaetho-, wael-reaf. + +reafian, w. v., _to plunder, rob_, w. acc.: inf. hord reafian, 2774; pret. +sg. þenden reafode rinc oetherne, 2986; wael reafode, 3028; pret. pl. wael +reafedon, 1213. + +be-reafian, w. instr., _to bereave, rob of_: pret. part. since be-reafod, +2747; golde be-reafod, 3019. + +reord, st. f., _speech, language; tone of voice_: acc. sg. on-cniow mannes +reorde (_knew, heard, a human voice_), 2556. + +reordian, w. v., _to speak, talk_: inf. fela reordian _(speak much_), 3026. + +ge-reordian, _to entertain, to prepare for_: pret. part. þa waes eft swa aer +... flet-sittendum faegere ge-reorded (_again, as before, the guests were +hospitably entertained_), 1789 + +reot, st. m.?, f.?, _noise, tumult_? (_grave_?): instr. sg. reote, 2458. +Bugge, in Zachers Zeits. 4, 215, takes reote as dat. from reot (_rest, +repose_). + +reoc, adj., _savage, furious_: nom. sg., 122. + +be-reofan, st. v., _to rob of, bereave_: pret. part. w. instr. acc. sg. +fem. golde berofene, 2932; instr. sg. reote berofene, 2458. + +reon. See rowan. + +reotan, st. v., _to weep_: pres. pl. oeth þaet ... roderas reotaeth, 1377. + +reow, adj., _excited, fierce, wild_: in comp. blod-, gueth-, wael-reow. See +hreow. + +ricone, _hastily, quickly, immediately_, 2984. + +riht, st. n., _right_ or _privilege; the_ (abstract) _right_: acc. sg. on +ryht (_according to right_), 1556; soeth and riht (_truth and right_), 1701; +dat. sg. wieth rihte, 144; aefter rihte (_in accordance with right_), 1050; +syllic spell rehte aefter rihte _(told a wondrous tale truthfully_), 2111; +mid rihte, 2057; acc. pl. ealde riht (_the ten commandments_), 2331; +--Comp. in eethel-, folc-, land-, un-, word-riht. + +riht, adj., _straight, right_: in comp. up-riht. + +rihte, adv., _rightly, correctly_, 1696. See aet-rihte. + +rinc, st. m., _man, warrior, hero_: nom. sg., 399, 2986; also of Grendel, +721; acc. sg. rinc, 742, 748; dat. sg. rince, 953; of Hroethgar, 1678; gen. +pl. rinca, 412, 729.--Comp. in beado-, gueth-, here-, heaetho-, hilde-, mago-, +sae-rinc. + +ge-risne, ge-rysne, adj., _appropriate, proper_: nom. sg. n. ge-rysne, +2654. + +rice, st. n.: 1) _realm, land ruled over_: nom. sg., 2200, 2208; acc. sg. +rice, 913, 1734, 1854, 3005; gen. sg. rices, 862, 1391, 1860, 2028, 3081. +Comp. Swio-rice.--2) _council of chiefs, the king with his chosen +advisers_(?): nom. sg. oft gesaet rice to rune, 172. + +rice, adj., _mighty, powerful_: nom. sg. (of Hroethgar), 1238; (of Hygelac), +1210; (of Aesc-here), 1299; weak form, se rica (Hroethgar), 310; (Beowulf), +399; (Hygelac), 1976.--Comp. gimme-rice. + +ricsian, rixian, w. v. intrans., _to rule, reign_: inf. ricsian, 2212; +pret. sg. rixode, 144. + +ridan, st. v., _to ride_: subj. pres. þaet his byre ride giong on galgan, +2446; pres. part. nom. pl. ridend, 2458; inf. wicge ridan, 234; mearum +ridan, 856; pret. sg. sae-genga ... se þe on ancre rad, 1884; him to-geanes +rad (_rode to meet them_), 1894; pret. pl. ymbe hlaew riodan (_rode round +the grave-mound_), 3171. + +ge-ridan, w. acc., _to ride over_: pret. sg. se þe naes ge-rad (_who rode +over the promontory_), 2899. + +rim, st. n., _series, number_: in comp. daeg-, un-rim. + +ge-rim, st. n., _series, number_: in comp. dogor-ge-rim. + +ge-riman, w. v., _to count together, enumerate in all_: pret. part. in +comp. foreth-gerimed. + +a-risan, st. v., _to arise, rise_: imper. sg. a-ris, 1391; pret. sg. a-ras +þa se rica, 399; so, 652, 1791, 3031; a-ras þa bi ronde (_arose by his +shield_), 2539; hwanan sio faeheth a-ras (_whence the feud arose_), 2404. + +rodor, st. m., _ether, firmament, sky_ (from _radius_?, Bugge): gen. sg. +rodores candel, 1573; nom. pl. roderas, 1377; dat. pl. under roderum, 310; +gen. pl. rodera, 1556. + +rof, adj., _fierce, of fierce, heroic, strength, strong_: nom. sg., 2539; +also with gen. maegenes rof (_strong in might_), 2085; so, þeah þe he rof +sie nieth-geweorca, 683; acc. sg. rofne, 1794; on þone rofan, 2691.--Comp.: +beadu-, brego-, ellen-, heaetho-, hyge-, sige-rof. + +rot, adj., _glad, joyous_: in comp. un-rot. + +rowan, st. v., _to row_ (with the arms), _swim_: pret. pl. reon (for +reowon), 512, 539. + +rum, st. m., _space, room_: nom. sg., 2691. + +rum, adj.: 1) _roomy, spacious_: nom. sg. þuhte him eall to rum, wongas and +wic-stede (_fields and dwelling seemed to him all too broad_, i.e. could +not hide his shame at the unavenged death of his murdered son), 2462.--2) +in moral sense, _great, magnanimous, noble-hearted_: acc. sg. þurh rumne +sefan, 278. + +rum-heort, adj., _big-hearted, noble-spirited_: nom. sg., 1800, 2111. + +ge-rum-lic, adj., _commodious, comfortable_: compar. ge-rum-licor, 139. + +run, st. f., _secrecy, secret discussion, deliberation_ or _council_: dat. +sg. ge-saet rice to rune, 172.--Comp. beado-run. + +run-staef, st. m., _rune-stave, runic letter_: acc. pl. þurh run-stafas, +1696. + +run-wita, w. m., _rune-wit, privy councillor, trusted adviser_: nom. sg., +1326. + +ge-rysne. See ge-risne. + +ge-ryman, w. v.: 1) _to make room for, prepare, provide room_: pret. pl. +þaet hie him oether flet eal ge-rymdon, 1087; pret. part. þa waes Geat-maecgum +... benc gerymed, 492; so, 1976.--2) _to allow, grant, admit_: pret. part. +þa me ge-rymed waes (sieth) (_as access was permitted me_), 3089; þa him +gerymed weareth, þaet hie wael-stowe wealdan moston, 2984. + + +S + +ge-saca, w. m., _opponent, antagonist, foe_: acc. sg. ge-sacan, 1774. + +sacan, st. v., _to strive, contend_: inf. ymb feorh sacan, 439. + +ge-sacan, _to attain, gain by contending_ (Grein): inf. gesacan sceal +sawl-berendra ... gearwe stowe _(gain the place prepared_, i.e. the +death-bed), 1005. + +on-sacan: 1) (originally in a lawsuit), _to withdraw, take away, deprive +of_: pres. subj. þaette freoethuwebbe feores on-saece ... leofne mannan, +1943.--2) _to contest, dispute, withstand_: inf. þaet he saemannum on-sacan +mihte (i.e. hord, bearn, and bryde), 2955. + +sacu, st. f., _strife, hostility, feud_: nom. sg., 1858, 2473; acc. sg. +saece, 154; saecce, 1978, 1990, 2348, 2500, 2563; dat. sg. aet (to) saecce, +954, 1619, 1666, 2613, 2660, 2682, 2687; gen. sg. secce, 601; gen. pl. +saecca, 2030. + +ge-sacu, st. f., _strife, enmity_: nom. sg., 1738. + +sadol, st. m., _saddle_: nom. sg., 1039. + +sadol-beorht, adj., _with bright saddles_ (?): acc. pl. sadol-beorht, 2176. + +ge-saga. See secgan. + +samne, somne, adv., _together, united_; in aet-somne, _together, united_, +307, 402, 491, 544, 2848. + +to-somne (_together_), 3123; þa se wyrm ge-beah snude to-somne (_when the +dragon quickly coiled together_), 2569. + +samod, somod: I. adv., _simultaneously, at the same time_: somod, 1212, +1615, 2175, 2988; samod, 2197; samod aet-gaedere, 387, 730, 1064.--II. prep. +w. dat., _with, at the same time with_: samod aer-daege (_with the break of +day_), 1312; somod aer-daege, 2943. + +sand, st. n., _sand, sandy shore_: dat. sg. on sande, 295, 1897, 3043(?); +aefter sande (_along the shore_), 1965; wieth sande, 213. + +sang, st. m., _song, cry, noise_: nom. sg. sang, 1064; swutol sang scopes, +90; acc. sg. sige-leasne sang (Grendel's cry of woe), 788; sarigne sang +(Hreethel's dirge for Herebeald), 2448. + +sal, st. m., _rope_: dat. sg. sale, 1907; on sale (sole, MS.), 302. + +sal. See sael. + +sar, st. n., _wound, pain_ (physical or spiritual): nom. sg. sar, 976; sio +sar, 2469; acc. sg. sar, 788; sare, 2296; dat. (instr.) sg. sare, 1252, +2312, 2747.--Comp. lic-sar. + +sar, adj., _sore, painful_: instr. pl. sarum wordum, 2059. + +sare, adv., _sorely, heavily, ill_, graviter: se þe him [sa]re gesceod +(_who injured him sorely_), 2224. + +sarig, adj., _painful, woeful_: acc. sg. sarigne sang, 2448. + +sarig-fereth, adj., _sore-hearted, grieved_: nom. sg. sarig-fereth (Wiglaf), +2864. + +sarig-mod, adj., _sorrowful-minded, saddened_: dat. pl. sarig-modum, 2943. + +sar-lic, adj., _painful_: nom. sg., 843; acc. sg. neut., 2110. + +sawol, sawl, st. f., _soul_ (the immortal principle as contrasted with lif, +the physical life): nom. sg. sawol, 2821; acc. sg. sawle, 184, 802; haeethene +sawle, 853; gen. sg. sawele, 1743; sawle, 2423. + +sawl-berend, pres. part., _endowed with a soul, human being_: gen. pl. +sawl-berendra, 1005. + +sawul-dreor, st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), _soul-gore, +heart's blood, life's blood_: instr. sg. sawul-driore, 2694. + +sawul-leas, adj., _soulless, lifeless_: acc. sg. sawol-leasne, 1407; +sawul-leasne, 3034. + +saece, saecce. See sacu. + +saed, adj., _satiated, wearied_: in comp. hilde-saed. + +sael, st. n., _habitable space, house_, _hall_: dat. sg. sel, 167; sael, 307, +2076, 2265. + +saeld, st. n., _hall, king's hall_ or _palace_: acc. sg. geond þaet saeld +(Heorot), 1281. + +sae, st. m. and f., _sea, ocean_: nom. sg., 579, 1224; acc. sg. on sidne sae, +507; ofer sae, 2381; ofer sae side, 2395; dat. sg. to sae, 318; on sae, 544; +dat. pl. be saem tweonum, 859, 1298, 1686, 1957. + +sae-bat, st. m., _sea-boat_: acc. sg., 634, 896. + +sae-cyning, st. m., _sea-king, king ruling the sea_: gen. pl. sae-cyninga, +2383. + +sae-deor, st. n., _sea-beast, sea-monster_: nom. sg., 1511. + +sae-draca, w. m., _sea-dragon_: acc. pl. sae-dracan, 1427. + +ge-saegan, w. v., _to fell, slay_: pret. part. haefdon eal-fela eotena cynnes +sweordum ge-saeged (_felled with the sword_), 885. + +saege. See on-saege. + +sae-genga, w. m., _sea-goer_, i.e. sea-going ship: nom. sg., 1883, 1909. + +sae-geap, adj., _spacious_ (broad enough for the sea): nom. sg. sae-geap +naca, 1897. + +sae-grund, st. m., _sea-bottom, ocean-bottom_: dat. sg. sae-grunde, 564. + +sael, sal, sel, st. f.: 1) _favorable opportunity, good_ or _fit time_: nom. +sg. sael, 623, 1666, 2059; sael and mael, 1009; acc. sg. sele, 1136; gen. pl. +saela and maela, 1612.--2) _Fate_(?): see Note on l. 51.--3) _happiness, +joy_: dat. pl. on salum, 608; saelum, 644, 1171, 1323. See sel, adj. + +ge-saelan, w. v., _to turn out favorably, succeed_: pret. sg. him ge-saelde +þaet ...(_he was fortunate enough to_, etc.), 891; so, 574; efne swylce +maela, swylce hira man-dryhtne þearf ge-saelde (_at such times as need +disposed it for their lord_), 1251. + +saelan (see sal), w. v., _to tie, bind_: pret. sg. saelde ... sieth-faeethme scip, +1918; pl. sae-wudu saeldon, 226. + +ge-saelan, _to bind together, weave, interweave_: pret. part. earm-beaga +fela searwum ge-saeled (_many curiously interwoven armlets_, i.e. made of +metal wire: see Guide to Scandinavian Antiquities, p. 48), 2765. + +on-saelan, with acc., _to unbind, unloose, open_: on-sael meoto, sige-hreeth +secgum (_disclose thy views to the men, thy victor's courage_; or, _thy +presage of victory_?), 489. + +sae-lac, st. n., _sea-gift, sea-booty_: instr. sg. sae-lace, 1625; acc. pl. +þas sae-lac, 1653. + +sae-lad, st. f., _sea-way, sea-journey_: dat. sg. sae-lade, 1140, 1158. + +sae-liethend, pres. part., _seafarer_: nom. pl. sae-liethend, 411, 1819, 2807; +sae-liethende, 377. + +sae-man, m., _sea-man, sea-warrior_: dat. pl. sae-mannum, 2955; gen. pl. +sae-manna, 329 (both times said of the Geatas). + +saemra, weak adj. compar., _the worse, the weaker_: nom. sg. saemra, 2881; +dat. sg. saemran, 954. + +sae-meethe, adj., _sea-weary, exhausted by sea-travel_: nom. pl. sae-meethe, 325. + +sae-naes, st. m., _sea-promontory, cape, naze_: acc. pl. sae-naessas, 223, 571. + +saene, adj., _careless, slow_: compar. sg. nom. he on holme waes sundes þe +saenra, þe hyne swylt fornam (_was the slower in swimming in the sea, whom +death took away_), 1437. + +sae-rinc, st. m., _sea-warrior_ or _hero_: nom. sg., 691. + +sae-sieth, st. m., _sea-way, path, journey_: dat. sg. aefter sae-siethe, 1150. + +sae-wang, st. m., _sea-shore_ or _beach_: acc. sg. sae-wong, 1965. + +sae-weal, st. m., _(sea-wall), seashore_: dat. sg. sae-wealle, 1925. + +sae-wudu, st. m., _(sea-wood), vessel, ship_: acc. sg. sae-wudu, 226. + +sae-wylm, st. m., _sea-surf, billow_: acc. pl. ofer sae-wylmas, 393. + +scacan, sceacan, st. v., properly, _to shake one's self_; hence, _to go, +glide, pass along_ or _away_: pres. sg. þonne min sceaceeth lif of lice, +2743; inf. þa com beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer grundas], (_the bright sun +came gliding over the fields_), 1804; pret. sg. dugueth ellor scoc _(the +chiefs are gone elsewhither_, i.e. have died), 2255; þonne straela storm ... +scoc ofer scild-weall (_when the storm of arrows leapt over the wall of +shields_), 3119; pret. part. waes hira blaed scacen (_their bravest men had +passed away_), 1125; þa waes winter scacen (_the winter was past_), 1137; +so, sceacen, 2307, 2728. + +scadu, sceadu, st. f., _shadow, concealing veil of night_: acc. sg. under +sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), 708. + +scadu-genga, w. m., _shadow-goer, twilight-stalker_ (of Grendel): nom. sg. +sceadu-genga, 704. + +scadu-helm, st. m., _shadow-helm, veil of darkness_: gen. pl. scadu-helma +ge-sceapu (_shapes of the shadow, evil spirits wandering by night_), 651. + +scalu, st. f., _retinue, band_ (part of an armed force); in comp. +hand-scalu: mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964. + +scamian, w. v., _to be ashamed_: pres. part. nom. pl. scamiende, 2851; no +he þaere feoh-gyfte ... scamigan þorfte (_needed not be ashamed of his +treasure-giving_), 1027. + +scawa (see sceawlan), w. m., _observer, visitor_: nom. pl. scawan, 1896. + +ge-scad, st. n., _difference, distinction_: acc. sg. aeg-hwaeethres gescad, +worda and worca (_difference between, of, both words and deeds_), 288. + +ge-scadan, st. v., _to decide, adjudge_: pret. sg. rodera raedend hit on +ryht gesced (_decided it in accordance with right_), 1556. + +scanan? See scinan, pret. pl. scionon, 303; the imaginary scanan having +been abandoned. + +ge-scaep-hwile, st. f., _fated hour, hour of death (appointed rest?)_: dat. +sg. to gescaep-hwile (_at the fated hour_), 26. + +sceethethan, w. v., _to scathe, injure_: inf. w. dat. pers., 1034; aldre +sceethethan (_hurt her life_), 1525; þaet on land Dena laethra naenig mid scipherge +sceethethan ne meahte (_injure through robber incursions_), 243; pret. sg. þaer +him naenig waeter wihte ne sceethede, 1515. + +ge-sceethethan, the same: inf. þaet him ... ne mihte eorres inwit-feng aldre +gesceethethan, 1448. + +scenc, st. m., _vessel, can_: in comp. medu-scenc. + +scencan, w. v., _to hand drink, pour out_: pret. sg. scencte scir wered, +496 (cf. skinker = cup-bearer). + +scenne, w. f.?, _sword-guard?_: dat. pl. on þaem scennum sciran goldes, +1695. + +sceran, st. v., _to shear off, cleave, hew to pieces_: pres. sg. þonne +heoru bunden ... swin ofer helme andweard scireeth (_hews off the boar-head +on the helm_), 1288. + +ge-sceran, _to divide, hew in two_: pret. sg. helm oft ge-scaer (_often +clove the helm in two_), 1527; so, gescer, 2974. + +scerwen, st. f.?, in comp. ealu-scerwen (_ale-scare_ or _panic_?), 770. + +scet. See sceotan. + +sceadu. See scadu. + +sceaetha, w. m.: 1) _scather, foe_: gen. pl. sceaethena, 4.--2) _fighter, +warrior_: nom. pl. scaethan, 1804.--Comp.: attor-, dol-, feond-, gueth-, +hearm-, leod-, man-, sin-, þeod-, uht-sceaetha. + +sceaethan, st. v. w. dat., _to scathe, injure, crush_: pret. sg. se þe oft +manegum scod (_which has oft oppressed many_), 1888. + +ge-sceaethan, w. dat., the same: pret. sg. swa him aer gescod hild aet Heorote, +1588; se þe him sare ge-sceod (_who injured him sorely_), 2224; no þy aer in +gescod halan lice, 1503; bill aer gescod eald-hlafordes þam þara maethma +mund-bora waes (_the weapon of the ancient chieftain had before laid low the +dragon, the guardian of the treasure_), 2778 (or, _sheathed in brass_?, if +aer and gescod form compound). + +sceaethen-mael, st. n., _deadly weapon, hostile sword_: nom. sg., 1940. + +sceaft, st. m., _shaft, spear, missile_: nom. sg. sceft, 3119.--Comp.: +here-, wael-sceaft. + +ge-sceaft, st. f.: 1) _creation, earth, earthly existence_: acc. sg. þas +laenan ge-sceaft, 1623.--2) _fate, destiny_: in comp. foreth-, lif-, +mael-gesceaft. + +scealc, st. m., _servant, military retainer_: nom. sg., 919; (of Beowulf), +940.--Comp beor-scealc. + +ge-sceap, st. n.: 1) _shape, creature_: nom. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu, +651.--2) _fate, providence_: acc. sg. heah ge-sceap (_heavy fate_), 3085. + +sceapan, sceppan, scyppan, st. v., _to shape, create, order, arrange, +establish_: pres. part. scyppend (_the Creator_), 106; pret. sg. scop him +Heort naman (_shaped, gave, it the name Heorot_), 78; pres. part. waes sio +wroht scepen heard wieth Hugas, syethethan Hygelac cwom (_the contest with the +Hugas became sharp after H. had come_), 2915. + +ge-sceapan, _to shape, create_: pret. sg. lif ge-sceop cynna gehwylcum, 97. + +scear, st. m., _massacre_: in comp. gueth-, inwit-scear, 2429, etc. + +scearp, adj., _sharp, able, brave_: nom. sg. scearp scyld-wiga, +288.--Comp.: beadu-, heaetho-scearp. + +scearu, st. f., _division, body, troop_: in comp. folc-scearu; _that is +decided_ or _determined_, in gueth-scearu (_overthrow_?), 1214. + +sceat, st. m., _money_; also _unit of value in appraising_ (cf. Rieger in +Zacher's Zeits. 3, 415): acc. pl. sceattas, 1687. When numbers are given, +sceat appears to be left out, cf. 2196, 2995 (see þusend).--Comp. +gif-sceat. + +sceat, st. m., _region, field_: acc. pl. gefraetwade foldan sceatas leomum +and leafum, 96;--_top, surface, part_: gen. pl. eorethan sceata, 753. + +sceawere, st. m., _observer, spy_: nom. pl. sceaweras, 253. + +sceawian, w. v. w. acc., _to see, look at, observe_: inf. sceawian, 841, +1414, 2403, 2745, 3009, 3033; sceawigan, 1392; pres. sg. II. þaet ge genoge +nean sceawiaeth beagas and brad gold, 3105; subj. pres. þaet ic ... sceawige +swegle searo-gimmas, 2749; pret. sg. sceawode, 1688, 2286, 2794; sg. for +pl., 844; pret. pl. sceawedon, 132, 204, 984, 1441. + +ge-sceawian, _to see, behold, observe_: pret. part. ge-sceawod, 3076, 3085. + +sceorp, st. n., _garment_: in comp. hilde-sceorp. + +sceotan, st. v., _to shoot, hurl missiles_: pres. sg. se þe of flan-bogan +fyrenum sceoteeth, 1745; pres. part. nom. pl. sceotend (_the warriors, +bowmen_), 704, 1155; dat. pl. for sceotendum (MS. scotenum), 1027. + +ge-sceotan, w. acc., _to shoot off, hurry_: pret. sg. hord eft gesceat +(_the dragon darted again back to the treasure_), 2320. + +of-sceotan, _to kill by shooting_: pret. sg. his maeg of-scet ... blodigan +gare _(killed his brother with bloody dart_), 2440. + +scild, scyld, st. m., _shield_: nom. sg. scyld, 2571; acc. sg. scyld, 437, +2076; acc. pl. scyldas, 325, 333, 2851. + +scildan, scyldan, w. v., _to shield, protect_: pret. subj. nymethe mec god +scylde (_if God had not shielded me_), 1659. + +scild-freca, w. m., _shield-warrior_ (warrior armed with a shield): nom. +sg. scyld-freca, 1034. + +scild-weall, st. m., _wall of shields_: acc. sg. scild-weall, 3119. + +scild-wiga, w. m., _shield-warrior_: nom. sg. scyld-wiga, 288. + +scinna, w. m., _apparition, evil spirit_: dat. pl. scynnum, 940. + +scip, st. n., _vessel, ship_: nom. sg., 302; acc. sg., 1918; dat. sg. to +scipe, 1896; gen. sg. scipes, 35, 897; dat pl. to scypum (scypon, MS.), +1155. + +scip-here, st. m., (exercitus navalis) _armada, fleet_: dat. sg. mid +scip-herge, 243. + +ge-scife (for ge-scyfe), adj., _advancing_ (of the dragon's movement), +2571; = G. _schief_? + +scinan, st. v., _to shine, flash_: pres. sg. sunne ... suethan scineeth, 607; +so, 1572; inf. geseah blacne leoman beorhte scinan, 1518; pret. sg. +(gueth-byrne, woruld--candel) scan, 321, 1966; on him byrne scan, 405; pret. +pl. gold-fag scinon web aefter wagum, 995; scionon, 303. + +scir, adj., _sheer, pure, shining_: nom. sg. hring-iren scir, 322; scir +metod, 980; acc. sg. n. scir wered, 496; gen. sg. sciran goldes, 1695. + +scir-ham, adj., _bright-armored, clad in bright mail_: nom. pl. scir-hame, +1896. + +scoten. See sceoten. + +ge-scod, pret. part., _shod_ (calceatus), _covered_: in comp. +aer-ge-scod(?). See ge-sceaethan, and Note. + +scop, st. m., _singer, shaper, poet_: nom. sg., 496, 1067; gen. sg. scopes, +90. + +scraef, st. n., _hole in the earth, cavern_: in comp. eoreth-scraef. + +scriethan, st. v., _to stride, go_: pres. pl. scriethaeth, 163; inf. scriethan, +651, 704; scriethan to, 2570. + +scrifan, st. v., _to prescribe, impose_ (punishment): inf. hu him (Grendel) +scir metod scrifan wille, 980. + +for-scrifan, w. dat. pers., _to proscribe, condemn_: pret. part. siethethan him +scyppend for-scrifen haefde, 106. + +ge-scrifan, _to permit, prescribe_: pret. sg. swa him Wyrd ne ge-scraf (_as +Weird did not permit him_), 2575. + +scrud, st. m., _clothing, covering; ornament_: in comp. beadu-, +byrdu-scrud. + +scucca, w. m., _shadowy sprite, demon_: dat. pl. scuccum, 940. + +sculan, aux. v. w. inf.: 1) _shall, must_ (obligation): pres. sg. I., III. +sceal, 20, 24, 183, 251, 271, 287, 440, 978, 1005, 1173, 1387, 1535, etc.; +scel, 455, 2805, 3011; II. scealt, 589, 2667; subj. pres. scyle, 2658; +scile, 3178; pret. ind. sg. I., III. scolde, 10, 806, 820, 966, 1071, 1444, +1450, etc.; sceolde, 2342, 2409, 2443, 2590, 2964; II. sceoldest, 2057; pl. +scoldon, 41, 833, 1306, 1638; subj. pret. scolde, 1329, 1478; sceolde, +2709.--2) w. inf. following it expresses futurity, = _shall, will_: pres. +sg. I., III. sceal beodan (_shall offer_), 384; so, 424, 438, 602, 637, +1061, 1707, 1856, 1863, 2070; sceall, 2499, 2509, etc.; II. scealt, 1708; +pl. wit sculon, 684; subj. pret. scolde, 280, 692, 911; sceolde, 3069.--3) +sculan sometimes forms a periphrastic phrase or circumlocution for a simple +tense, usually with a slight feeling of obligation or necessity: pres. sg. +he ge-wunian sceall (_he inhabits; is said to inhabit?_), 2276; pret. sg. +se þe waeter-egesan wunian scolde, 1261; waecnan scolde (_was to awake_), 85; +se þone gomelan gretan sceolde (_was to, should, approach_), 2422; þaet se +byrn-wiga bugan sceolde (_the corseleted warrior had to bow, fell_), 2919; +pl. þa þe beado-griman bywan sceoldon (_they that had to polish or deck the +battle-masks_), 2258; so, 230, 705, 1068.--4) w. omitted inf., such as +wesan, gangan: unc sceal worn fela maethma ge-maenra (i.e. wesan). 1784; so, +2660; sceal se hearda helm ... faetum befeallen (i.e. wesan), 2256; ic him +aefter sceal (i.e. gangan), 2817; subj. þonne þu foreth scyle (i.e. gangan), +1180. A verb or inf. expressed in an antecedent clause is not again +expressed with a subsequent sceal: gaeeth a Wyrd swa hio scel (_Weird goeth +ever as it shall_ [go]), 455; gueth-bill ge-swac swa hit no sceolde (i.e. +ge-swican), 2586. + +scua, w. m., _shadowy demon_: in comp. deaeth-scua. + +scufan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to move forward, hasten_: pret. part. þa waes +morgen-leoht scofen and scynded, 919.--2) w. acc., _to shove, push_: pret. +pl. guman ut scufon ... wudu bundenne (_pushed the vessel from the land_), +215; dracan scufun ... ofer weall-clif (_pushed the dragon over the +wall-like cliff_), 3132. See wid-scofen(?) + +be-scufan, w. acc., _to push, thrust down, in_: inf. wa bieth þaem þe sceal +... sawle be-scufan in fyres faeethm (_woe to him that shall thrust his soul +into fire's embrace_), 184. + +scur, st. m., _shower, battle-shower_: in comp. isern-scur. + +scur-heard, adj., _fight-hardened? (file-hardened?_): nom. pl. scur-heard, +1034. + +scyld, scyldan. See scild, scildan. + +scyldig, adj., _under obligations_ or _bound for; guilty of_, w. gen. and +instr.: ealdres (morethres) scyldig, 1339, 1684, 2062; synnum scyldig +(_guilty of evil deeds_), 3072. + +scyndan, w. v., _to hasten_: inf. scyndan, 2571; pret. part, scynded, 919 + +scynna. See scinna. + +scyppend. See sceapan. + +scyran, w. v., _to arrange, decide_: inf. þaet hit sceaethen-mael scyran moste +(_that the sword must decide it_), 1940. O.N. skora, _to score, decide_. + +scyne, adj., _sheen, well-formed, beautiful_: nom. sg. maegeth scyne, 3017. + +se, pron. dem. and article, _the_: m. nom., 79, 84, 86, 87, 90, 92, 102, +etc.; fem, seo, 66, 146, etc.; neut. þaet;--relative: se (_who_), 1611, +2866; se þe (_he who_), 2293; seo þe (_she who_), 1446; se þe (for seo þe), +1345, 1888, 2686; cf. 1261, 1498; (Grendel's mother, as a wild, demonic +creature, is conceived now as man, now as woman: woman, as having borne a +son; man, as the incarnation of savage cunning and power); se for seo, +2422; dat. sg. þam (for þam þe), 2780. + +secce. See sacu. + +secg, st. m., _man, warrior, hero, spokesman_ (secgan?): nom. sg., 208, +872, 2228, 2407, etc.; (Beowulf), 249, 948, 1312, 1570, 1760, etc.; +(Wulfgar), 402; (Hunfereth), 981; (Wiglaf), 2864; acc. sg. sinnigne secg +(Grendel's mother, cf. se), 1380; dat. sg. secge, 2020; nom. pl. secgas, +213, 2531, 3129; dat. pl. secgum, 490; gen. pl. secga, 634, 843, 997, 1673. + +secg, st. f., _sword_ (sedge?): acc. sg. secge, 685. + +secgan, w. v., _to say, speak_: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. gode ic þanc secge, +1998; so, 2796; pres. part. swa se secg hwata secgende waes laethra spella +(partitive gen.), 3029; inf. secgan, 582, 876, 881, 1050; pret. sg. saegde +him þaes leanes þanc, 1810; pret. sg. II. hwaet þu worn fela ... saegdest from +his siethe, 532.--2) without acc inf. swa we soethlice secgan hyrdon, 273; +pret. sg. saegde, 2633, 2900--3) w. depend. clause: pres. sg. ic secge, 591; +pl. III. secgaeth, 411; inf. secgan, 51, 391, 943, 1347, 1701, 1819, 2865, +3027; gerund. to secganne, 473, 1725; pret. sg. saegde, 90, 1176; pl. +saegdon, 377, 2188; saedan, 1946. + +a-secgan (edicere), _to say out, deliver_: inf. wille ic a-secgan suna +Healfdenes ... min aerende, 344. + +ge-secgan, _to say, relate_: imper. sg. II. ge-saga, 388; þaet ic his aerest +þe eft ge-saegde (_that I should, after, tell thee its origin_), 2158; pret. +part. gesaegd, 141; gesaed, 1697. + +sefa, w. m., _heart, mind, soul, spirit_: nom. sg., 49, 490, 595, 2044, +2181, 2420, 2601, 2633; acc. sg. sefan, 278, 1727, 1843; dat. sg. sefan, +473, 1343, 1738.--Comp. mod-sefa. + +ge-segen, st. f., _legend, tale_: in comp. eald-ge-segen. + +segl, st. n., _sail_: nom. sg., 1907. + +segl-rad, st. f., _sail-road_, i.e. sea: dat. sg. on segl-rade, 1430. + +segn, st. n., _banner_, vexillum: nom. sg., 2768, 2959; acc. sg. segen, 47, +1022; segn, 2777; dat. sg. under segne, 1205.--Comp. heafod-segn. + +sel, st. n., _hall, palace_. See sael. + +seld, st. n., _dwelling, house_: in comp. medu-seld. + +ge-selda, w. m., contubernalis, _companion_: acc. sg. geseldan, 1985. + +seldan, adv., _seldom_: oft [no] seldan, 2030. + +seld-guma, w. m., _house-man, home-stayer(?); common man?, house-carl?_: +nom. sg., 249. + +sele, st. m. and n., _building consisting of one apartment; apartment, +room_: nom. sg., 81, 411; acc. sg. sele, 827, 2353; dat. sg. to sele, 323, +1641; in (on, to) sele þam hean, 714, 920, 1017, 1985; on sele (_in the den +of the dragon_), 3129.--Comp.: beah-, beor-, dryht-, eoreth-, gest-, gold-, +grund-, gueth-, heah-, hring-, hrof-, nieth-, win-sele. + +sele-dream, st. m., _hall-glee, joy in the hall_: acc. sg. þara þe þis lif +ofgeaf, gesawon sele-dream (referring to the joy of heaven?), 2253. + +sele-ful, st. n., _hall-goblet_: acc. sg., 620. + +sele-gyst, st. m., _hall-guest, stranger in hall_ or _house_: acc. sg. þone +sele-gyst, 1546. + +sele-raedend, pres. part., _hall-ruler, possessor of the hall_: nom. pl., +51; acc. leode mine sele-raedende, 1347. + +sele-rest, st. f., _bed in the hall_: acc. sg. sele-reste, 691. + +sele-þegn, st. m., _retainer, hall-thane, chamberlain_: nom. sg., 1795. + +sele-weard, st. m., _hall-ward, guardian of the hall_: acc. sg., 668. + +self, sylf, pron., _self_: nom. sg. strong form, self, 1314, 1925 (? +selfa); þu self, 595; þu þe self, 954; self cyning (_the king himself, the +king too_), 921, 1011; sylf, 1965; in weak form, selfa, 1469; he selfa, 29, +1734; þaem þe him selfa deah (_that can rely upon, trust to, himself_), +1840; seolfa, 3068; he sylfa, 505; god sylfa, 3055; acc. sg. m. selfne, +1606; hine selfne (_himself_), 962; hyne selfne (_himself_, reflex.), 2876; +wieth sylfne (_beside_), 1978; gen. sg. m. selfes, 701, 896; his selfes, +1148; on sinne sylfes dom (_at his own will_), 2148; sylfes, 2224, 2361, +2640, 2711, 2777, 3014; his sylfes, 2014, 2326; fem. hire selfre, 1116; +nom. pl. selfe, 419; Sueth-Dene sylfe, 1997. + +ge-sella, w. m., _house-companion, comrade_: in comp. hand-gesella. + +sellan, syllan, w. v.: 1) w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., _to give, +deliver; permit, grant, present_: pres. sg. III. seleeth him on eethle eorethan +wynne, 1731; inf. syllan, 2161, 2730; pret. sg. sealde, 72, 673, 1272, +1694, 1752, 2025, 2156, 2183, 2491, 2995; nefne god sylfa sealde þam þe he +wolde hord openian (_unless God himself gave to whom he would to open the +hoard_), 3056; pret. sg. II. sealdest, 1483.--2) _to give, give up_ (only +w. acc. of thing): aer he feorh seleeth (_he prefers to give up his life_), +1371; nallas on gylp seleeth faette beagas (_giveth out gold-wrought rings_, +etc.), 1750; pret. sg. sinc-fato sealde, 623; pl. byrelas sealdon win of +wunder-fatum, 1162. + +ge-sellan, w. acc. and dat. of pers., _to give, deliver; grant, present_: +inf. ge-sellan, 1030; pret. sg. ge-sealde, 616, 1053, 1867, 1902, 2143, +etc. + +sel-lic, syl-lic (from seld-lic), adj., _strange, wondrous_: nom. sg. glof +... syllic, 2087; acc. sg. n. syllic spell, 2110; acc. pl. sellice +sae-dracan, 1427. Compar. acc. sg. syllicran wiht (the dragon), 3039. + +semninga, adv., _straightway, at once_ 645, 1641, 1768. + +sendan, w. v. w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers., _to send_: pret. sg. þone +god sende folce to frofre (_whom God sent as a comfort to the people_), 13; +so, 471, 1843. + +for-sendan, _to send away, drive off_ pret. part. he weareth on feonda +geweald ... snude for-sended, 905. + +on-sendan, _to send forth, away_, w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers.: +imper. sg. on-send, 452, 1484; pret. sg. on-sende, 382; pl. þe hine ... +foreth on-sendon aenne ofer yethe (_who sent him forth alone over the sea_), 45; +pret. part. bealo-cwealm hafaeth fela feorh-cynna feorr on-sended, 2267. + +sendan (cf. Gl. Aldhelm, sanda = ferculorum, epularum, in Haupt IX. 444), +w. v., _to feast, banquet_: pres. sg. III. sendeeth, 601.--Leo. + +serce, syrce, w. f., _sark, shirt of mail_: nom. sg. syrce, 1112; nom. pl. +syrcan, 226; acc. pl. graege syrcan, 334.--Comp.: beadu-, heoro-serce; +here-, leoetho-, lic-syrce. + +sess, st. m., _seat, place for sitting_: dat. sg. sesse, 2718; þa he bi +sesse geong (_by the seat_, i.e. before the dragon's lair), 2757. + +setl, st. n., _seat, settle_: acc. sg., 2014; dat. sg. setle, 1233, 1783, +2020; gen. sg. setles, 1787; dat. pl. setlum, 1290.--Comp.: heah-, hilde-, +meodu-setl. + +settan, w. v., _to set_: pret. sg. setton sae-meethe side scyldas ... wieth þaes +recedes weall (_the sea-wearied ones set their broad shields against the +wall of the hall_), 325; so, 1243. + +a-settan, _to set, place, appoint_: pret. pl. hie him a-setton segen +[gyl]-denne heah ofer heafod, 47; pret. part. haefde kyninga wuldor Grendle +to-geanes ... sele-weard a-seted, 668. + +be-settan, _to set with, surround_: pret. sg. (helm) besette swin-licum +(_set the helm with swine-bodies_), 1454. + +ge-settan: 1) _to set, set down_: pret. part. swa waes ...þurh run-stafas +rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted and ge-saed (_thus was ... in rune-staves rightly +marked, set down and said_), 1697.--2) _to set, ordain, create_: pret. sg. +ge-sette ... sunnan and monan leoman to leohte land-buendum, 94.--3) = +componere, _to lay aside, smooth over, appease_: pret. sg. þaet he mid þy +wife wael-faehetha ... dael ... ge-sette, 2030. + +secan, w. v., _to follow after_, hence: 1) _to seek, strive for_, w. acc.: +pret. sg. sinc-faet sohte _(sought the costly cup_), 2301; ne sohte +searo-niethas, 2739; so, 3068. Without acc.: þonne his myne sohte (_than his +wish demanded_), 2573; hord-weard sohte georne aefter grunde (_the +hoard-warden sought eagerly along the ground_), 2294.--2) _to look for, +come_ or _go some whither, attain something_, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. se þe +... biorgas seceeth, 2273; subj. þeah þe haeeth-stapa holt-wudu sece, 1370; +imper. sec gif þu dyrre (_look for her_, i.e. Grendel's mother, _if thou +dare_), 1380; inf. secean, 200, 268, 646, 1598, 1870, 1990, 2514(?), 3103, +etc.; secan, 665, 1451; drihten secean (_seek, go to, the Lord_), 187; +secean wyn-leas wic (_Grendel was to seek a joyless place_, i.e. Hell), +822; so, secan deofla gedraeg, 757; sawle secan (_seek the life, kill_), +802; so, secean sawle hord, 2423; gerund. saecce to seceanne, 2563; pret. +sg. I., III. sohte, 139, 208, 376, 417, 2224; II. sohtest, 458; pl. sohton, +339.--3) _to seek, attack_: þe us seceaeth to Sweona leode, 3002; pret. pl. +hine wraec-maecgas ofer sae sohtan, 2381. + +ge-secan: 1) _to seek_, w. acc.: inf. gif he gesecean dear wig ofer waepen, +685.--2) _to look for, come_ or _go to attain_, w. acc.: inf. ge-secean, +693; gerund, to ge-secanne, 1923; pret. sg. ge-sohte, 463, 520, 718, 1952; +pret. part. nom. pl. feor-cyethethe beoeth selran ge-sohte þam þe hine selfa +deah, 1840.--3) _to seek with hostile intent, to attack_: pres. sg. +ge-seceeth 2516; pret. sg. ge-sohte, 2347; pl. ge-sohton, 2927; ge-sohtan, +2205. + +ofer-secan, w. acc., _to surpass, outdo_ (in an attack): pres. sg. waes sio +hond to strong, se þe meca gehwane ... swenge ofer-sohte, þonne he to saecce +baer waepen wundrum heard (_too strong was the hand, that surpassed every +sword in stroke, when he_ [Beowulf] _bore the wondrous weapon to battle_, +i.e. the hand was too strong for any sword; its strength made it useless in +battle), 2687. + +sel, st. f. See sael. + +sel, sael, adj., _good, excellent, fit_, only in compar.: nom. sg. m. selra, +861, 2194; þaem þaer selra waes (_to the one that was the better_, i.e. +Hygelac), 2200; deaeth bieth sella þonne edwit-lif, 2891; neut. selre, 1385; +acc. sg. m. selran þe (_a better than thee_), 1851; selran, 1198; neut. þaet +selre, 1760; dat. sg. m. selran sweord-frecan, 1469; nom. pl. fem. selran, +1840. Superl., strong form: nom. sg. neut. selest, 173, 1060; husa selest, +146, 285, 936; ofost is selest, 256; bolda selest, 2327; acc. sg. neut. +hraegla selest, 454; husa selest, 659; billa selest, 1145;--weak form: nom. +sg. m. reced selesta, 412; acc. sg. m. þone selestan, 1407, 2383; (þaes, +MS.), 1957; dat. sg. m. þaem selestan, 1686; nom. pl. selestan, 416; acc. +pl. þa selestan, 3123. + +sel, compar. adv., _better, fitter, more excellent_, 1013, 2531; ne byeth him +wihte þe sel (_he shall be nought the better for it_), 2278; so, 2688. + +sealma (Frisian selma, in bed-selma), w. m., _bed-chamber, sleeping-place_: +acc. sg. on sealman, 2461. + +sealt, adj., _salty_: acc. sg. neut. ofer sealt waeter (_the sea_), 1990. + +searo (G. sarwa, pl.), st. n.: 1) _armor, accoutrements, war-gear_: nom. +pl. sae-manna searo, 329; dat. pl. secg on searwum (_a man, warrior, in +panoply_), 249, 2701; in (on) searwum, 323, 1558; 2531, 2569; instr. pl. +searwum, 1814.--2) _insidiae, ambuscade, waylaying, deception, battle_: þa +ic of searwum cwom, fah from feondum, 419.--3) _cunning, art, skill_: +instr. pl. sadol searwum fah (_saddle cunningly ornamented_), 1039; +earmbeaga fela, searwum ge-saeled (_many cunningly-linked armlets_), +2765.--Comp. fyrd-, gueth-, inwit-searo. + +searo-bend, st. f., _band, bond, of curious workmanship_: instr. pl. +searo-bendum faest, 2087. + +searo-fah, adj., _cunningly inlaid, ornamented, with gold_: nom. sg. +here-byrne hondum ge-broden, sid and searo-fah, 1445. + +searo-ge-þraec, st. n., _heap of treasure-objects_: acc. sg., 3103. + +searo-gim, st. m., _cunningly set gem, rich jewel_: acc. pl. searo-gimmas, +2750; gen. pl. searo-gimma, 1158. + +searo-grim, adj., _cunning and fierce_: nom. sg., 595. + +searo-haebbend, pres. part. as subst., _arms-bearing, warrior with his +trappings_: gen. pl. searo-haebbendra, 237. + +searo-net, st. n., _armor-net, shirt of mail, corselet_: nom. sg., 406. + +searo-nieth, st. m.: 1) _cunning hostility, plot, wiles_: acc. pl. +searo-niethas, 1201, 2739.--2) also, only _hostility, feud, contest_: acc. +pl. searo-niethas, 3068; gen. pl. searo-nietha, 582. + +searo-þanc, st. m., _ingenuity_: instr. pl. searo-þoncum, 776. + +searo-wundor, st. n., _rare wonder_: acc. sg., 921. + +seax, st. n., _shortsword, hip-knife; dagger_: instr. sg. seaxe, +1546.--Comp. wael-seax. + +seax-ben, st. f., _dagger-wound_: instr. pl. siex-bennum, 2905. + +seofon, num., _seven_, 517; seofan, 2196; decl. acc. syfone, 3123. + +seomian, w. v.: 1) intrans., _to be tied; lie at rest_: inf. siomian, 2768; +pret. sg. seomode, 302.--2) w. acc., _to put in bonds, entrap, catch_: +pret. sg. duguethe and geogoethe seomade (cf. 2086-2092), 161. + +seonu, st. f., _sinew_: nom. pl. seonowe, 818. + +seoc, adj., _feeble, weak; fatally ill_: nom. sg. feorh-bennum seoc (of +Beowulf, _sick unto death_), 2741; siex-bennum seoc (of the dead dragon), +2905; nom. pl. modes seoce (_sick of soul_), 1604.--Comp.: ellen-, feorh-, +heaetho-seoc. + +seoethan, st. v. w. acc., _to seethe, boil_; figuratively, _be excited over, +brood_: pret. sg. ic þaes mod-ceare sorh-wylmum seaeth (_I pined in +heart-grief for that_), 1994; so, 190. + +seoloeth, st. m.?, _bight, bay_ (cf. Dietrich in Haupt XI. 416): gen. pl. +sioleetha bi-gong (_the realm of bights_ = the [surface of the] sea?), 2368. + +seon, syn, st. f., _aspect, sight_: in comp. wlite-, wundor-seon, an-syn. + +seon, st. v., _to see_: a) w. acc.: inf. searo-wunder seon, 921; so, 387, +1181, 1276, 3103; þaer maeg nihta ge-hwaem nieth-wundor seon (_there may every +night be seen a repulsive marvel_), 1366; pret. sg. ne seah ic ... +heal-sittendra medudream maran, 2015.--b) w. acc. and predicate adj.: ne +seah ic elþeodige þus manige men modiglicran, 336.--c) w. prep. or adv.: +pret. sg. seah on enta ge-weorc, 2718; seah on un-leofe, 2864; pl. folc to +saegon (_looked on_), 1423. + +ge-seon, _to see, behold_: a) w. acc.: pres. sg. III. se þe beah ge-syheth, +2042; inf. ge-seon, 396, 571, 649, 962, 1079, etc.; pret. sg. geseah, 247, +927, 1558, 1614; pl. ge-sawon, 1606, 2253.--b) w. acc. and predicate adj., +pres. sg. III. ge-syheth ... on his suna bure win-sele westne (_sees in his +son's house the wine-hall empty_; or, _hall of friends_?), 2456.--c) w. +inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah ... beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas (_saw shining +shields borne over the gang-plank_), 229; pret. pl. maere maethethum-sweord +monige ge-sawon beforan beorn beran, 1024.--d) w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. +ge-seah, 729, 1517, 1586, 1663, 2543, 2605, etc.; pl. ge-sawon, 221, 1348, +1426; ge-segan, 3039; ge-segon, 3129.--e) w. depend, clause: inf. maeg þonne +... geseon sunu Hreethles, þaet ic (_may the son of H. see that I..._), 1486; +pret. pl. ge-sawon, 1592. + +geond-seon, _to see, look through, over_, w. acc.: pret. sg. (ic) þaet eall +geond-seh, 3088. + +ofer-seon, _to see clearly, plainly_: pret. pl. ofer-sawon, 419. + +on-seon, _to look on, at_, w. acc.: pret. pl. on-sawon, 1651. + +seowian, w. v., _to sew, put together, link_: pret. part. searo-net seowed +smiethes or-þancum (_the corselet woven by the smith's craft_), 406. + +sib, st. f., _peace, friendship, relationship_: nom. sg., 1165, 1858; sibb, +2601; acc. sibbe, 950, 2432, 2923; instr. sg. sibbe (_in peace_?), +154.--Comp.: dryht-, frietho-sib. + +sib-aeetheling, st. m., _nobilis consanguineus, kindred prince_ or _nobleman_: +nom. pl. -aeethelingas, 2709. + +sibbe-gedryht, st. f., _body of allied_ or _related warriors_: acc. sg. +sibbe-gedriht (the Danes), 387; (the Geatas), 730. + +siethethan, syethethan: 1) adv.: a) _since, after, from now on, further_, 142, 149, +283, 567, 1903, 2052, 2065, 2176, 2703, 2807, 2921; seoethethan, 1876.--b) +_then, thereupon, after_, 470, 686, 1454, 1557, 1690, 2208; seoethethan, 1938; +aer ne siethethan (_neither before nor after_), 719. + +2) Conj.: a) w. ind. pres., _as soon as, when_, 413, 605, 1785, 2889, +2912.--b) w. ind. pret., _when, whilst_, 835, 851, 1205, 1207, 1421, 1590, +2357, 2961, 2971, 3128; seoethethan, 1776;--_since_, 649, 657, 983, 1199, 1254, +1309, 2202;--_after_, either with pluperf.: siethethan him scyppend forscrifen +haefde (_after the Creator had proscribed him_), 106; so, 1473; or with +pret. = pluperf.: syethethan niht becom (_after night had come on_), 115; so, +6, 132, 723, 887, 902, 1078, 1149, 1236, 1262, 1282, 1979, 2013, 2125; or +pret. and pluperf. together, 2104-2105. + +siex. See seax. + +sige-dryhten, st. m., _lord of victory, victorious lord_: nom. sg. +sige-drihten, 391. + +sige-eadig, adj., _blest with victory, victorious_: acc. sg. neut. +sige-eadig bil, 1558. + +sige-folc, st. n., _victorious people, troop_: gen. pl. sige-folca, 645. + +sige-hreeth, st. f., _confidence of victory_(?): acc. sg., 490. See Note. + +sige-hreethig, adj., _victorious_: nom. sg., 94, 1598, 2757. + +sige-hwil, st. f., _hour_ or _day of victory_: gen. sg. sige-hwile, 2711. + +sige-leas, adj., _devoid of victory, defeated_: acc. sg. sige-leasne sang, +788. + +sige-rof, adj., _victorious_: nom. sg., 620. + +sige-þeod, st. f., _victorious warrior troop_: dat. sg. on sige-þeode, +2205. + +sige-waepen, st. n., _victor-weapon, sword_: dat. pl. sige-waepnum, 805. + +sigl, st. n.: 1) _sun_: nom. sg. sigel, 1967.--2) _sun-shaped ornament_: +acc. pl. siglu, 3165; sigle (bracteates of a necklace), 1201; gen. pl. +sigla, 1158.--Comp. maethethum-sigl. + +sigor, st. m., _victory_: gen. sg. sigores, 1022; gen. pl. sigora, 2876, +3056.--Comp.: hreeth-, wig-sigor. + +sigor-eadig, adj., _victorious_: nom. sg. sigor-eadig secg (of Beowulf), +1312, 2353. + +sin. See syn. + +sinc, st. n., _treasure, jewel, property_: nom. sg., 2765; acc. sg. sinc, +81, 1205, 1486, 2384, 2432; instr. sg. since, 1039, 1451, 1616, 1883, 2218, +2747; gen. sg. sinces, 608, 1171, 1923, 2072; gen. pl. sinca, 2429. + +sinc-fah, adj., _treasure-decked_: acc. sg. neut. weak form, sinc-fage sel, +167. + +sinc-faet, st. n., _costly vessel_: acc. sg., 2232, 2301;--_a costly +object_: acc. sg., 1201 (i.e. mene); acc. pl. sinc-fato, 623. + +sinc-ge-streon, st. n., _precious treasure, jewel of value _: instr. pl. +-gestreonum, 1093; gen. pl. -gestreona, 1227. + +sinc-gifa, w. m., _jewel-giver, treasure-giver = prince, ruler_: acc. sg. +sinc-gyfan, 1013; dat. sg. sinc-gifan (of Beowulf), 2312; (of Aeschere), +1343. + +sinc-maethethum, st. m., _treasure_: nom. sg., 2194. + +sinc-þego, f., _acceptance, taking, of jewels_: nom. sg., 2885. + +sin-dolh, st. n., _perpetual_, i.e. incurable, _wound_: nom. sg. syn-dolh, +818. + +sin-frea, w. m., _wedded lord, husband_: nom. sg., 1935. + +sin-gal, adj., _continual, lasting_: acc. sg. fem, sin-gale saece, 154. + +sin-gales, adv. gen. sg., _continually, ever_, 1778; syngales, 1136. + +singala, adv. gen. pl., the same, 190. + +singan, st. v., _to sound, ring, sing_: pret. sg. hring-iren scir song in +searwum (_the ringed iron rang in the armor_), 323; horn stundum song +fus-lic f[yrd]-leoeth (_at times the horn rang forth a ready battle-song_), +1424; scop hwilum sang (_the singer sang at whiles_), 496. + +a-singan, _to sing out, sing to an end_: pret. part. leoeth waes a-sungen, +1160. + +sin-here, st. m., (_army without end_?), _strong army, host_: instr. sg. +sin-herge, 2937. + +sin-niht, st. f., _perpetual night, night after night_: acc. pl. sin-nihte +(_night after night_), 161. + +sin-sceaetha, w. m., _irreconcilable foe_: nom. sg. syn-scaetha, 708; acc. sg. +syn-scaethan, 802. + +sin-snaed, st. f., (_continuous biting_) _bite after bite_: dat. pl. +syn-snaedum swealh (_swallowed bite after bite, in great bites_), 744. + +sittan, st. v.: 1) _to sit_: pres. sg. Wiglaf siteeth ofer Biowulfe, 2907; +imper. sg. site nu to symle, 489; inf. þaer swieth-ferhethe sittan eodon +(_whither the strong-minded went and sat_), 493; eode ... to hire frean +sittan (_went to sit by her lord_), 642; pret. sg. on wicge saet (_sat on +the horse_), 286; aet fotum saet (_sat at the feet_), 500, 1167; þaer Hroethgar +saet (_where H. sat_), 356; so, 1191, 2895; he gewergad saet ... frean eaxlum +neah, 2854; pret. pl. saeton, 1165; gistas setan (MS. secan) ... and on mere +staredon (_the strangers sat and stared on the sea_), 1603.--2) _to be in a +certain state_ or _condition_ (_quasi_ copula): pret. sg. maere þeoden ... +unbliethe saet, 130.--Comp.: flet-, heal-sittend. + +be-sittan, obsidere, _to surround, besiege_, w. acc.: besaet þa sin-herge +sweorda lafe wundum werge (_then besieged he with a host the leavings of +the sword, wound-weary_), 2937. + +for-sittan, obstrui, _to pass away, fail_: pres. sg. eagena bearhtm +for-siteeth (_the light of the eyes passeth away_), 1768. + +ge-sittan: 1) _to sit, sit together_: pret. sg. monig-oft ge-saet rice to +rune (_very often sat the king deliberating with his council_ (see rice), +171; wieth earm ge-saet (_supported himself upon his arm, sat on his arm_?), +750; feetha eal ge-saet (_the whole troop sat down_), 1425; ge-saet þa wieth +sylfne (_sat there beside, near to, him_, i.e. Hygelac), 1978; + +ge-saet þa on naesse, 2418; so, 2718; pret. part. (syethethan) ... we to symble +ge-seten haefdon, 2105.--2) w. acc., _to seat one's self upon_ or _in +something, to board_: pret. sg. þa ic ... sae-bat ge-saet, 634. + +of-sittan, w. acc., _to sit over_ or _upon_: pret. sg. of-saet þa þone +sele-gyst, 1546. + +ofer-sittan, w. acc., _to dispense with, refrain from_ (cf. ofer, 2 [c]): +pres. sg. I. þaet ic wieth þone gueth-flogan gylp ofer-sitte, 2529; inf. secge +ofer-sittan, 685. + +on-sittan (O.H.G. int-sizzan, _to start from one's seat, to be startled_), +w. acc., _to fear_: inf. þa faehethe, atole ecg-þraece eower leode siwethe +onsittan _to dread the hostility, the fierce contest, of your people_, 598. + +ymb-sittan, _to sit around_, w. acc.: pret. pl. (þaet hie) ... symbel +ymb-saeton (_sat round the feast_), 564. See ymb-sittend. + +sid, adj.: 1) _wide, broad, spacious, large_: nom. sg. (here-byrne, glof) +sid, 1445, 2087; acc. sg. m. sidne scyld, 437; on sidne sae, 507; fem. +byrnan side (of a corselet extending over the legs), 1292; ofer sae side, +2395; neut. side rice, 1734, 2200; instr. sg. sidan herge, 2348; acc. pl. +side sae-naessas, 223; side scyldas, 325; gen. pl. sidra sorga (_of great +sorrows_), 149.--2) in moral sense, _great, noble_: acc. sg. þurh sidne +sefan, 1727. + +side, adv., _far and wide, afar_, 1224. + +sid-faeethme, adj., _broad-bosomed_: acc. sg. sid-faeethme scip, 1918. + +sid-faeethmed, _quasi_ pret. part., the same: nom. sg. sid-faeethmed scip, 302. + +sid-rand, st. m., _broad shield_: nom. sg., 1290. + +sieth (G. seþu-s), adj., _late_: superl. nom. sg. siethast sige-hwile (_the +last hour, day, of victory_), 2711; dat. sg. aet siethestan (_in the end, at +last_), 3014. + +sieth, adv. compar., _later_: aer and sieth (_sooner and later, early and +late_), 2501. + +sieth (G. sinþ-s), st. m.: l) _road, way, journey, expedition_; esp., _road +to battle_: nom. sg., 501, 3059, 3090; naes þaet eethe sieth (_that was no easy +road, task_), 2587; so, þaet waes geocor sieth, 766; acc. sg. sieth, 353, 512, +909, 1279, 1430, 1967; instr. dat. siethe, 532, 1952, 1994; gen. sg. siethes, +579, 1476, 1795, 1909. Also, _return_: nom. sg., 1972.--2) _undertaking, +enterprise_; esp., _battle-work_: nom. sg. nis þaet eower sieth, 2533; ne bieth +swylc earges sieth (_such is no coward's enterprise_), 2542; acc. sg. sieth, +873. In pl.= _adventures_: nom. siethas, 1987; acc. siethas, 878; gen. sietha, +318.--3) time (as iterative): nom. sg. naes þaet forma sieth (_that was not the +first time_), 717, 1464; so, 1528, 2626; acc. sg. oftor micle þonne on aenne +sieth, 1580; instr. sg. (forman, oethre, þriddan) siethe, 741, 1204, 2050, 2287, +2512, 2518, 2671, 2689, 3102.--Comp.: cear-, eft-, ellor-, gryre-, sae-, +wil-, wraec-sieth. + +ge-sieth, st. m., _comrade, follower_: gen. sg. ge-siethes, 1298; nom. pl. +ge-siethas, 29; acc. pl. ge-siethas, 2041, 2519; dat. pl. ge-siethum, 1314, 1925, +2633; gen. pl. ge-sietha, 1935.--Comp.: eald-, wil-gesieth. + +sieth-faet, st. m., _way, journey_: acc. sg. þone sieth-faet, 202; dat. sg. +sieth-fate, 2640. + +sieth-fram, -from, adj., _ready for the journey_: nom. pl. sieth-frome, 1814. + +siethian, w. v., _to journey, march_: inf., 721, 809; pret. sg. siethode, 2120. + +for-siethian, _iter fatale inire_ (Grein): pret. sg. haefde þa for-siethod sunu +Ecg-þeowes under gynne grund _(would have found his death_, etc.), 1551. + +sie, sy. See wesan. + +sigan, st. v., _to descend, sink, incline_: pret. pl. sigon aet-somne +(_descended together_), 307; sigon þa to slaepe _(they sank to sleep_), +1252. + +ge-sigan, _to sink, fall_: inf. ge-sigan aet saecce (_fall in battle_), 2660. + +sin, poss. pron., _his_: acc. sg. m. sinne, 1961, 1985, 2284, 2790; dat. +sg. sinum, 1508. + +slaep, st. m., _sleep_: nom. sg., 1743; dat. sg. to slaepe, 1252. + +slaepan, st. v., _to sleep_: pres. part. nom. sg. slaepende, 2220; acc. sg. +he gefeng ... slaependne rinc (_seized a sleeping warrior]_, 742; acc. pl. +slaepende fraet folces Denigea fiftyne men _(devoured, sleeping, fifteen of +the people of the Danes_), 1582. + +sleac, adj., _slack, lazy_: nom. sg., 2188. + +sleahan, slean: 1) _to strike, strike at_: a) intrans.: pres. subj. sg. þaet +he me ongean slea (_that he should strike at me_), 682; pret. sg. yrringa +sloh (_struck angrily_), 1566; so, sloh hilde-bille, 2680. b) trans.: pret. +sg. þaet he þone nieth-gaest nioethor hwene sloh _(that he struck the dragon +somewhat lower_, etc.), 2700.--2) w. acc.: _to slay, kill_: pret. sg. þaes +þe he Abel slog (_because he slew A._), 108; so, slog, 421, 2180; sloh, +1582, 2356; pl. slogon, 2051; pret. part. þa waes Fin slaegen, 1153. + +ge-slean, w. acc.: 1) _to fight a battle_: pret. sg. ge-sloh þin faeder +faehethe maeste, 459.--2) _to gain by fighting_: syethethan hie þa maeretha ge-slogon, +2997. + +of-slean, _to ofslay, kill_, w. acc.: pret. sg. of-sloh, 574, 1666, 3061. + +sliethe (G. sleiþ-s), adj., _savage, fierce, dangerous_: acc. sg. þurh sliethne +nieth, 184; gen. pl. sliethra ge-slyhta, 2399. + +sliethen, adj., _furious, savage, deadly_ nom. sg. sweord-bealo sliethen, 1148. + +slitan, st. v., _to slit, tear to pieces_, w. acc.: pret. sg. slat +(slaependne rinc), 742. + +slyht, st. m., _blow_: in comp. and-slyht. + +ge-slyht, st. n. (collective), _battle, conflict_: gen. pl. sliethra +ge-slyhta, 2399. + +smieth, st. m., _smith, armorer_: nom. sg. waepna smieth, 1453; gen. sg. smiethes, +406.--Comp. wundor-smieth. + +be-smiethian, w. v., _to surround with iron-work, bands_, etc.: pret. part. +he (the hall Heorot) þaes faeste waes innan and utan iren-bendum searo-þoncum +besmiethod (i.e. the beams out of which the hall was built were held together +skilfully, within and without, by iron clamps), 776. + +snell, adj., _fresh, vigorous, lively; of martial temper_: nom. sg. se +snella, 2972. + +snellic, adj., the same: nom. sg., 691. + +snotor, snottor, adj., _clever, wise, intelligent_: nom. sg. snotor, 190, +827, 909, 1385; in weak form, (se) snottra, 1314, 1476, 1787; snotra, 2157, +3121; nom. pl. snotere, 202, 416; snottre, 1592.--Comp. fore-snotor. + +snotor-lice, adv., _intelligently, wisely_: compar. snotor-licor, 1483. + +snude, adv., _hastily, quickly, soon_, 905, 1870, 1972, 2326, 2569, 2753. + +be-snyethian, w. v., _to rob, deprive of_: pret. sg. þaette Ongenþio ealdre +be-snyethede Haeethcyn, 2925. + +snyrian, w. v., _to hasten, hurry_: pret. pl. snyredon aet-somne (_hurried +forward together_), 402. + +snyttru, f., _intelligence, wisdom_: acc. sg. snyttru, 1727; dat. pl. mid +modes snyttrum, 1707; þe we ealle aer ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (_a deed +which all of us together could not accomplish before with all our wisdom_), +943. Adv., _wisely_, 873. + +somne. See samne. + +sorgian, w. v.: 1) _to be grieved, sorrow_: imper. sg. II. ne sorga! +1385.--2) _to care for, trouble one's self about_: inf. no þu ymb mines ne +þearft lices feorme leng sorgian (_thou needst not care longer about my +life's [body's] sustenance_), 451. + +sorh, st. f., _grief, pain, sorrow_: nom. sg., 1323; sorh is me to secganne +(_pains me to say_), 473; acc. sg. sorge, 119, 2464; dat. instr. sg. mid +þaere sorge, 2469; sorge (_in sorrow, grieved_), 1150; gen. sg. worna fela +... sorge, 2005; dat. pl. sorgum, 2601; gen. pl. sorga, 149.--Comp.: hyge-, +inwit-, þegn-sorh. + +sorh-cearig, adj., _curis sollicitus, heart-broken_: nom. sg., 2456. + +sorh-ful, adj., _sorrowful, troublesome, difficult_: nom. sg., 2120; acc. +sg. sorh-fullne (sorh-fulne) sieth, 512, 1279, 1430. + +sorh-leas, adj., _free from sorrow_ or _grief_: nom. sg., 1673. + +sorh-leoeth, st. n., _dirge, song of sorrow_: acc. sg., 2461. + +sorh-wylm, st. m., _wave of sorrow_ nom. pl. sorh-wylmas, 905. + +socn, st. f., _persecution, hostile pursuit_ or _attack_ (see secan): dat, +(instr.) þaere socne (by reason of Grendel's persecution), 1778. + +soeth, st. n., _sooth, truth_:: acc. sg. soeth, 532, 701, 1050, 1701, 2865; +dat. sg. to soethe (_in truth_), 51, 591, 2326. + +soeth, adj., _true, genuine_: nom. sg, þaet is soeth metod, 1612; acc. sg. n. +gyd awraec soeth and sar-lic, 2110. + +soethe, adv., _truly, correctly, accurately_, 524; soethe gebunden (of +alliterative verse: _accurately put together_), 872. + +soeth-cyning, st. m., _true king_: nom. sg. sigora soeth-cyning (_God_), 3056. + +soeth-faest, adj., _soothfast, established in truth, orthodox_ (here used of +the Christian martyrs): gen. pl. soeth-faestra dom (_glory, realm, of the +saints_), 2821. + +soeth-lice, adv., _in truth, truly, truthfully_, 141, 273, 2900. + +softe, adv., _gently, softly_: compar. þy seft (_the more easily_), +2750.--Comp. un-softe. + +sona, adv., _soon, immediately_, 121, 722, 744, 751, 1281, 1498, 1592, +1619, 1763, etc. + +on-spannan, st. v., _to un-span, unloose_: pret. sg. his helm on-speon +(_loosed his helm_), 2724. + +spel, st. n., _narrative, speech_: acc. sg. spell, 2110; acc. pl. spel, +874; gen. pl. spella, 2899, 3030.--Comp. wea-spel. + +sped, st. f.: 1) _luck, success_: in comp. here-, wig-sped.--2) _skill, +facility_: acc. sg. on sped (_skilfully_), 874. + +spiwan, st. v., _to spit, spew_, w. instr.: inf. gledum spiwan (_spit +fire_), 2313 + +spor, st. n., _spur_: in comp. hand-spor. + +spowan, st. v., _to speed well, help, avail_: pret. sg. him wiht ne speow +(_availed him naught_), 2855; hu him aet aete speow (_how he sped in the +eating_), 3027. + +spraec, st. f., _speech, language_: instr. sg. frecnan spraece (_through +bold, challenging, discourse_), 1105.--Comp.: aefen-, gylp-spraec. + +sprecan, st. v., _to speak_: inf. ic sceal foreth sprecan gen ymbe Grendel +_(I shall go on speaking about G._), 2070; w. acc. se þe wyle soeth sprecan +(_he who will speak the truth_), 2865; imper. to Geatum sprec (spraec, MS.), +1172; pret. sg. III. spraec, 1169, 1699, 2511, 2725; word aefter spraec, 341; +no ymbe þa faehethe spraec, 2619; II. hwaet þu worn fela ... ymb Brecan spraece +(_how much thou hast spoken of Breca!_), 531; pl. hwaet wit geo spraecon +(_what we two spoke of before_), 1477; gomele ymb godne on-geador spraecon, +þaet big ... _(the graybeards spoke together about the valiant one, that +they ..._), 1596; swa wit furethum spraecon (_as we two spoke, engaged, +before_), 1708; pret. part. þa waes ... þryeth-word sprecen, 644. + +ge-sprecan, w. acc., _to speak_: pret. sg. ge-spraec, 676, 1399, 1467, 3095. + +spreot, st. m., _pole; spear, pike_: in comp. eofor-spreot. + +springan, st. v., _to jump, leap; flash_: pret. sg. hra wide sprong _(the +body bounded far_), 1589; swat aedrum sprong foreth under fexe (_the blood +burst out in streams from under his hair_), 2967; pl. wide sprungon +hilde-leoman (_flashed afar_), 2583. Also figuratively: blaed wide sprang +(_his repute spread afar_), 18. + +ge-springan, _to spring forth_: pret. sg. swa þaet blod ge-sprang (_as the +blood burst forth_), 1668. Figuratively, _to arise, originate_: pret. sg. +Sigemunde gesprong aefter deaeth-daege dom un-lytel, 885. + +on-springan, _to burst in two, spring asunder_: pret. pl. seonowe +onsprungon, burston banlocan 818. + +standan, st. v.: 1) absolutely or with prep., _to stand_: pres. III. pl. +eored-geatwe þe ge þaer on standaeth (_the warlike accoutrements wherein ye +there stand_), 2867; inf. ge-seah ... orcas stondan (_saw vessels +standing_), 2761; pret. sg. aet hyethe stod hringed-stefna (_in the harbor +stood the curved-prowed?, metal-covered?, ship_), 32; stod on stapole +(_stood near the [middle] column_), 927; so, 1914, 2546; þaet him on aldre +stod here-strael hearda (_that the sharp war-arrow stood in his vitals_), +1435; so, 2680; pl. garas stodon ... samod aet-gaedere (_the spears stood +together_), 328; him big stodan bunan and orcas (_by him stood cans and +pots_), 3048. Also of still water: pres. sg. III. nis þaet feor heonon ... +þaet se mere standeeth, 1363.--2) with predicate adj., _to stand, continue in +a certain state_: subj. pres. þaet þes sele stande ... rinca ge-hwylcum idel +and unnyt (_that this hall stands empty and useless for every warrior_), +411; inf. hord-wynne fand eald uht-sceaetha opene standan, 2272; pret. sg. oeth +þaet idel stod husa selest, 145; so, 936; waeter under stod dreorig and +ge-drefed, 1418--3) _to belong_ or _attach to; issue_: pret. sg. Noreth-Denum +stod atelic egesa (_great terror clung to, overcame, the North Danes_), +784; þara anum stod sadol searwum fah (_on one of the steeds lay an +ingeniously-inlaid saddle_), 1038; byrne-leoma eldum on andan (_burning +light stood forth, a horror to men_), 2314; leoht inne stod (_a light stood +in it_, i.e. the sword), 1571; him of eagum stod ... leoht unfaeger (_an +uncanny light issued from his eyes_), 727; so, þaet [fram] þam gyste +[gryre-] broga stod, 2229. + +a-standan, _to stand up, arise_: pret. sg. a-stod, 760, 1557, 2093. + +aet-standan, _to stand at, near_, or _in_: pret. sg. þaet hit (i.e. þaet +swurd) on wealle aet-stod, 892. + +for-standan, _to stand against_ or _before_, hence: 1) _to hinder, +prevent_: pret. sg. (breost-net) wieth ord and wieth ecge in-gang for-stod +(_the shirt of mail prevented point or edge from entering_), 1550; subj. +nefne him witig god wyrd for-stode (_if the wise God had not warded off +such a fate from them_, i.e. the men threatened by Grendel), 1057.--2) +_defend_, w. dat. of person against whom: inf. þaet he ... mihte +heaetho-liethendum hord for-standan, bearn and bryde (_that he might protect +his treasure, his children, and his spouse from the sea-farers_), 2956. + +ge-standan, intrans., _to stand_: pret. sg. ge-stod, 358, 404, 2567; pl. +nealles him on heape hand-gesteallan ... ymbe gestodon (_not at all did his +boon-companions stand serried around him_), 2597. + +stapa, w. m., _stepper, strider_: in comp. haeeth-, mearc-stapa. + +stapan, st. v., _to step, stride, go forward_: pret. sg. eorl furethur stop, +762; gum-feetha stop lind-haebbendra (_the troop of shield-warriors strode +on_), 1402. + +aet-stapan, _to stride up_ or _to_: pret. sg. foreth near aet-stop (_strode up +nearer_), 746. + +ge-stapan, _to walk, stride_: pret. sg. he to foreth gestop dyrnan craefte, +dracan heafde neah (_he_, i.e. the man that robbed the dragon of the +vessel, _had through hidden craft come too near the dragon's head_), 2290. + +stapol, st. m., (=[Greek: basis]), _trunk of a tree_; hence, _support, +pillar, column_: dat. sg. stod on stapole (_stood by_ or _near the wooden +middle column of Heorot_), 927; instr. pl. þa stan-bogan stapulum faeste +(_the arches of stone upheld by pillars_), 2719. See Note. + +starian, w. v., _to stare, look intently at_: pres. sg. I. þaet ic on þone +hafelan ... eagum starige (_that I see the head with my eyes_), 1782; þara +fraetwa ... þe ic her on starie (_for the treasures ... that I here look +upon_), 2797; III. þonne he on þaet sine staraeth, 1486; sg. for pl. þara þe +on swylc staraeth, 997; pret. sg. þaet (sin-frea) hire an daeges eagum starede, +1936; pl. on mere staredon, 1604. + +stan, st. m., 1) _stone_: in comp. eorclan-stan.--2) _rock_: acc. sg. under +(ofer) harne stan, 888, 1416, 2554, 2745; dat. sg. stane, 2289, 2558. + +stan-beorh, st. m., _rocky elevation, stony mountain_: acc. sg. stan-beorh +steapne, 2214. + +stan-boga, w. m., _stone arch, arch hewn out of the rock_: dat. sg. +stan-bogan, 2546; nom. pl. stan-bogan, 2719. + +stan-clif, st. n., _rocky cliff_: acc. pl. stan-cleofu, 2541. + +stan-fah, adj., _stone-laid, paved with stones of different colors_: nom. +sg. straet waes stan-fah (_the street was of different colored stones_), 320. + +stan-hlieth, st. n., _rocky slope_: acc. pl. stan-hlietho, 1410. + +staef, st. m.: 1) _staff_: in comp. run-staf.--2) _elementum_: in comp. ar-, +ende-, facen-staef. + +stael, st. m., _place, stead_: dat. sg. þaet þu me a waere foreth-gewitenum on +faeder staele (_that thou, if I died, wouldst represent a father's place to +me_), 1480. + +staelan, w. v., _to place; allure_ or _instigate_: inf. þa ic on morgne +ge-fraegn maeg oetherne billes ecgum on bonan staelan _(then I learned that on +the morrow one brother instigated the other to murder with the sword's +edge_; or, _one avenged the other on the murderer_?, cf. 2962 seqq.), 2486. + +ge-staelan, _to place, impose, institute_: pret. part. ge feor hafaeth faehethe +ge-staeled (_Grendel's mother has further begun hostilities against us_), +1341. + +stede, st. m., _place, -stead_: in comp. bael-, burh-, folc-, heah-, meethel-, +wang-, wic-stede. + +stefn, st. f., _voice_: nom. sg., 2553; instr. sg. niwan (niowan) stefne +(properly nova voce) = denuo, _anew, again_, 2595, 1790. + +stefn, st. m., _prow of a ship_: acc. sg., 213; see bunden-, hringed-, +wunden-stefna. + +on-stellan, w. v., _constituere, to cause, bring about_: pret. sg. se þaes +or-leges or on-stealde, 2408. + +steng, st. m., _pole, pike_: in comp wael-steng. + +ge-steppan, w. v., _to stride, go_: pret. sg. folce ge-stepte ofer sae side +sunu Ohtheres (_O.'s son_, i.e. Eadgils, _went with warriors over the broad +sea_), 2394. + +stede (O.H.G. stati, M.H.G. staete), adj., _firm, steady_: nom. sg. waes +stede naegla ge-hwylc style ge-licost (_each nail-place was firm as steel_), +986. + +stepan, w. v. w. acc., _to exalt, honor_: pret. sg. þeah þe hine mihtig god +... eafeethum stepte, 1718. + +ge-steald, st. n., _possessions, property_: in comp. in-gesteald, 1156. + +ge-stealla, w. m., (contubernalis), _companion, comrade_: in comp. eaxl-, +fyrd-, hand-, lind-, nyd-ge-stealla. + +stearc-heort, adj., (fortis animo), _stout-hearted, courageous_: nom. sg. +(of the dragon), 2289; (of Beowulf), 2553. + +steap, adj., _steep, projecting, towering_: acc. sg. steapne hrof, 927; +stan-beorh steapne, 2214; wieth steapne rond, 2567; acc. pl. m. beorgas +steape, 222; neut. steap stan-hlietho, 1410.--Comp. heaetho-steap. + +stille, adj., _still, quiet_: nom. sg. wid-floga wundum stille, 2831. + +stille, adv., _quietly_, 301. + +stincan, st. v., _to smell; snuff_: pret. sg. stonc þa aefter stane +(_snuffed along the stone_), 2289. + +stieth, adj., _hard, stiff_: nom. sg. wunden-mael (swurd) ... stieth and +stylecg, 1534. + +stieth-mod, adj., _stout-hearted, unflinching_: nom. sg., 2567. + +stig, st. m., _way, path_: nom. sg., 320, 2214; acc. pl. stige nearwe, +1410--Comp. medu-stig. + +stigan, st. v., _to go, ascend_: pret. sg. þa he to holme [st]ag (_when he +plunged forward into the sea_), 2363; pl. beornas ... on stefn stigon, 212; +Wedera leode on wang stigon, 225; subj. pret. aer he on bed stige, 677. + +a-stigan, _to ascend_: pres. sg. þonon yeth-geblond up a-stigeeth won to +wolcnum, 1374; gueth-rinc a-stah (_the fierce hero ascended_, i.e. was laid +on the pyre? or, _the fierce smoke_ [rec] _ascended?_), 1119; gamen eft +a-stah (_joy again went up, resounded_), 1161; wudu-rec a-stah sweart of +swioethole, 3145; sweg up a-stag, 783. + +ge-stigan, _to ascend, go up_: pret. sg. þa ic on holm ge-stah, 633. + +storm, st. m., _storm_: nom. sg. straela storm (_storm of missiles_), 3118; +instr. sg. holm storme weol (_the sea billowed stormily_), 1132. + +stol, st. m., _chair, throne, seat_: in comp. brego-, eethel-, gif-, +gum-stol. + +stow, st. f., _place, -stow_: nom. sg. nis þaet heoru stow (_a haunted +spot_), 1373; acc. sg. frecne stowe, 1379; grund-buendra gearwe stowe _(the +place prepared for men_, i.e. death-bed; see gesacan and ge-nydan), 1007: +comp. wael-stow. + +strang, strong, adj., _strong; valiant; mighty_: nom. sg. waes þaet ge-win to +strang (_that sorrow was too great_), 133; þu eart maegenes strang (_strong +of body_), 1845; waes sio hond to strong (_the hand was too powerful_), +2685; superl. wigena strengest (_strongest of warriors_), 1544; maegenes +strengest (_strongest in might_), 196; maegene strengest, 790. + +stradan? (cf. straede = passus, gressus), _to tread_, (be)-_stride, stride +over_ (Grein): subj. pres. se þone wong strade, 3074. See Note. + +strael, st. m., _arrow, missile_: instr. sg. biteran straele, 1747; gen. pl. +straela storm, 3118. + +straet, st. f., _street, highway_: nom. sg., 320; acc. sg. straete, 1635; +fealwe straete, 917.--Comp.: lagu-, mere-straet. + +strengel, st. m., (_endowed with strength_), _ruler, chief_: acc. sg. +wigena strengel, 3116. + +strengo, st. f., _strength, power, violence_: acc. sg. maegenes strenge, +1271; dat. sg. strenge, 1534; strengo, 2541;--dat. pl. strengum = +_violently, powerfully_ [_loosed from the strings_?], 3118: in comp. +hilde-, maegen-, mere-strengo. + +stregan (O.S. strowian), w. v., _to strew, spread_: pret. part, waes þaem +yldestan ... morethorbed stred (_the death-bed was spread for the eldest +one_), 2437. + +stream, st. m., _stream, flood, sea_: acc. sg. stream, 2546; nom. pl. +streamas, 212; acc. pl. streamas, 1262: comp. brim-, eagor-, firgen-, +lagu-stream. + +ge-streon (cf. streon = robur, vis), st. n., _property, possessions_; +hence, _valuables, treasure, jewels_: nom. pl. Heaetho-beardna ge-streon +(_the costly treasure of the Heathobeardas_, i.e. the accoutrements +belonging to the slain H.), 2038; acc. pl. aeethelinga, eorla ge-streon, 1921, +3168.--Comp.: aer-, eald-, eorl-, heah-, hord-, long-, maethm-, sinc-, +þeod-ge-streon. + +strudan, st. v., _to plunder, carry off_: subj. pres. naes þa on hlytme hwa +þaet hord strude, 3127. + +ge-strynan, w. v. w. acc., _to acquire, gain_: inf. þaes þe (_because_) ic +moste minum leodum ... swylc ge-strynan, 2799. + +stund, st. f., _time, space of time, while_: adv. dat. pl. stundum (_at +times_), 1424. + +styrian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to arrange, put in order, tell_: inf. secg eft +on-gan sieth Beowulfes snyttrum styrian (_the poet then began to tell B.'s +feat skilfully_, i.e. put in poetic form), 873.--2) _to rouse, stir up_: +pres. sg. III. þonne wind styreeth laeth ge-widru (_when the wind stirreth up +the loathly weather_), 1375.--3) _to move against, attack, disturb_: subj. +pres. þaet he ... hring-sele hondum styrede (_that he should attack the +ring-hall with his hands_), 2841. + +styrman, w. v., _to rage, cry out_: pret. sg. styrmde, 2553. + +style, st. n., _steel_: dat. sg. style, 986. + +styl-ecg, adj., _steel-edged_: nom. sg., 1534. + +be-styman, w. v., _to inundate, wet, flood_: pret. part. (waeron) eal +benc-þelu blode be-stymed, 486. + +suhtor-ge-faederan (collective), w. m. pl., _uncle and nephew, father's +brother and brother's son_: nom. pl., 1165. + +sum, pron.: 1) indef., _one, a, any, a certain_; neut. _something_: a) +without part. gen.: nom. sg. sum, 1252; hilde-rinc sum, 3125; neut. ne +sceal þaer dyrne sum wesan (_naught there shall be hidden_), 271; acc. sg. +m. sumne, 1433; instr. sg. sume worde (_by a word, expressly_), 2157; nom. +pl. sume, 400, 1114; acc. pl. sume, 2941. b) with part. gen.: nom. sg. +gumena sum (_one of men, a man_), 1500, 2302; mere-hraegla sum, 1906; þaet +waes wundra sum, 1608; acc. sg. gylp-worda sum, 676. c) with gen. of +cardinals or notions of multitude: nom. sg. fiftena sum (_one of fifteen, +with fourteen companions_), 207; so, eahta sum, 3124; feara sum (_one of +few, with a few_), 1413; acc. sg. manigra sumne (_one of many, with many_), +2092; manna cynnes sumne (_one of the men_), i.e. one of the watchmen in +Heorot), 714; feara sumne (_some few, one of few_; or, _one of the foes_?), +3062.--2) with part. gen. sum sometimes = _this, that, the +afore-mentioned_: nom. sg. eower sum (_a certain one, that one, of you_, +i.e. Beowulf), 248; gueth-beorna sum (_the afore-mentioned warrior_, i.e. who +had shown the way to Hroethgar's palace), 314; eorla sum (_the said knight_, +i.e. Beowulf), 1313; acc. sg. hord-aerna sum (_a certain hoard-hall_), 2280. + +sund, st. m.: 1) _swimming_: acc. sg. ymb sund, 507; dat. sg. aet sunde (_in +swimming_), 517; on sunde (_a-swimming_), 1619; gen. sg. sundes, 1437.--2) +_sea, ocean, sound_: nom. sg., 223; acc. sg. sund, 213, 512, 539, 1427, +1445. + +ge-sund, adj., _sound, healthy, unimpaired_: acc. sg. m. ge-sundne, 1629, +1999; nom. pl. ge-sunde, 2076; acc. pl. w. gen. faeder alwalda ... eowic +ge-healde sietha ge-sunde (_the almighty Father keep you safe and sound on +your journey!_), 318.--Comp. an-sund. + +sund-ge-bland, st. n., (_the commingled sea_), _sea-surge, sea-wave_: acc. +sg., 1451. + +sund-nyt, st. f., _swimming-power_ or _employment, swimming_: acc. sg. +sund-nytte dreah (_swam through the sea_), 2361. + +sundur, sundor, adv., _asunder, in twain_: sundur gedaelan (_to separate, +sunder_), 2423. + +sundor-nyt, st. f., _special service_ (service in a special case): acc. sg. +sundor-nytte, 668. + +sund-wudu, st. m., (_sea-wood_), _ship_: nom. acc. sg. sund-wudu, 208, +1907. + +sunne, w. f., _sun_: nom. sg., 607; gen. sg. sunnan, 94, 649. + +sunu, st. m., _son_: nom. sg., 524, 591, 646, 981, 1090, 1486, etc.; acc. +sg. sunu, 268, 948, 1116, 1176, 1809, 2014, 2120; dat. sg. suna, 344, 1227, +2026, 2161, 2730; gen. sg. suna, 2456, 2613, (1279); nom. pl. suna, 2381. + +sueth, adv., _south, southward_, 859. + +suethan, adv., _from the south_, 607; sigel suethan fus (_the sun inclined from +the south_), 1967. + +swaethrian, w. v., _to sink to rest, grow calm_: brimu swaethredon (_the waves +became calm_), 570. See sweethrian. + +swaethu, st. f., _trace, track, pathway_: acc. sg. swaethe, 2099.--Comp.: +swat-, wald-swaethu. + +swaethul, st. m.? n.?, _smoke, mist_ (Dietrich in Haupt V. 215): dat. sg. on +swaethule, 783. See sweoethol. + +swancor, adj., _slender, trim_: acc. pl. þrio wicg swancor, 2176. + +swan-rad, st. f., _swan-road, sea_: acc. sg. ofer swan-rade, 200. + +and-swarian, w. v., _to answer_: pret. sg. him se yldesta and-swarode, 258; +so, 340. + +swa: 1) demons, adv., _so, in such a manner, thus_: swa sceal man don, +1173, 1535; swa þa driht-guman dreamum lifdon, 99; þaet ge-aefndon swa (_that +we thus accomplished_), 538; þaer hie meahton (i.e. feorh ealgian), 798; so, +20, 144, 189, 559, 763, 1104, 1472, 1770, 2058, 2145, 2178, 2991; swa +manlice _(so like a man_), 1047; swa fela (_so many_), 164, 592; swa +deorlice daed (_so valiant a deed_), 585; hine swa godne (_him so good_), +347; on swa geongum feore (_in so youthful age_), 1844; ge-deeth him swa +ge-wealdene worolde daelas þaet ... (_makes parts of the world so subject to +him that_...), 1733. In comparisons = _ever, the_ (adv.): me þin mod-sefa +licaeth leng swa wel (_thy mind pleases me ever so well, the longer the +better_), 1855. As an asseverative = _so_: swa me Higelac sie ... modes +bliethe (_so be Higelac gracious-minded to me!_), 435; swa þeah +(_nevertheless, however_), 973, 1930, 2879; swa þeh, 2968; hwaeethre swa þeah +(_yet however_), 2443.--2): a) conj., _as, so as_: oeth þaet his byre mihte +eorlscipe efnan swa his aerfaeder (_until his son might do noble deeds, as +his old father did_), 2623; eft swa aer (_again as before_), 643;--with +indic.: swa he selfa baed (_as he himself requested_), 29; swa he oft dyde +(_as he often did_), 444; gaeeth a Wyrd swa hio sceal, 455; swa guman +gefrungon, 667; so, 273, 352, 401, 561, 1049, 1056, 1059, 1135, 1232, 1235, +1239, 1253, 1382, etc.;--with subj.: swa þin sefa hwette _(as pleases thy +mind_, i.e. any way thou pleasest), 490. b) _as, as then, how_, 1143; swa +hie a waeron ... nyd-gesteallan (_as they were ever comrades in need_), 882; +swa hit diope ... be-nemdon þeodnas maere (_as, [how?] the mighty princes +had deeply cursed it_), 3070; swa he manna waes wigend weorethfullost (_as he +of men the worthiest warrior was_), 3099. c) _just as, the moment when_: +swa þaet blod gesprang, 1668. d) _so that_: swa he ne mihte no (_so that he +might not..._), 1509; so, 2185, 2007.--3) = qui, quae, quod, German so: +worhte wlite-beorhtne wang swa waeter bebugeeth (_wrought the beauteous plain +which_ (acc.) _water surrounds_), 93.--4) swa ... swa = _so ... as_, 595, +687-8, 3170; efne swa ... swa (_even so ... as_), 1093-4, 1224, 1284; efne +swa hwylc maegetha swa (_such a woman as, whatsoever woman_), 944; efne swa +hwylcum manna swa (_even so to each man as_), 3058. + +for-swafan, st. v., _to carry away, sweep off_: pret. sg. ealle Wyrd +for-sweof mine magas to metod-sceafte, 2815. + +for-swapan, st. v., _to sweep off, force_: pret. sg. hie Wyrd forsweop on +Grendles gryre, 477. + +swat, st. m., (_sweat_), _wound-blood_: nom. sg., 2694, 2967; instr. sg. +swate, 1287.--Comp. heaetho-, hilde-swat. + +swat-fah, adj., _blood-stained_: nom. sg., 1112. + +swatig, adj., _gory_: nom. sg., 1570. + +swat-swaethu, st. f., _blood-trace_: nom. sg., 2947. + +be-swaelan, w. v., _to scorch_: pret. part. waes se leg-draca ... gledum +beswaeled, 3042. + +swaes, adj., _intimate, special, dear_: acc. sg. swaesne eethel, 520; nom. pl. +swaese ge-siethas, 29; acc. pl. leode swaese, 1869; swaese ge-siethas, 2041; gen. +pl. swaesra ge-sietha, 1935. + +swaes-lice, adv., _pleasantly, in a friendly manner_, 3090. + +swebban, w. v., (_to put to sleep_), _to kill_: inf. ic hine sweorde +swebban nelle, 680; pres. sg. III. (absolutely) swefeeth, 601. + +a-swebban, _to kill, slay_: pret. part. nom. pl. sweordum a-swefede, 567. + +sweethrian, w. v., _to lessen, diminish_: inf. þaet þaet fyr ongan sweethrian, +2703; pret. siethethan Heremodes hild sweethrode, 902. + +swefan, st. v.: 1) _to sleep_: pres. sg. III. swefeeth, 1742; inf. swefan, +119, 730, 1673; pret. sg. swaef, 1801; pl. swaefon, 704; swaefun, 1281.--2) +_to sleep the death-sleep, die_: pres. sg. III. swefeeth, 1009, 2061, 2747; +pl. swefaeth, 2257, 2458. + +swegel, st. n., _ether, clear sky_: dat. sg. under swegle, 1079, 1198; gen. +sg. under swegles begong, 861, 1774. + +swegle, adj., _bright, etherlike, clear_: acc. pl. swegle searo-gimmas, +2750. + +swegel-wered, _quasi_ pret. part., _ether-clad_: nom. sg. sunne +swegl-wered, 607. + +swelgan, st. v., _to swallow_: pret. sg. w. instr. syn-snaedum swealh +(_swallowed in great bites_), 744; object omitted, subj. pres. nymethe liges +faeethm swulge on swaethule, 783. + +for-swelgan, w. acc., _to swallow, consume_: pret. sg. for-swealg, 1123, +2081. + +swellan, st. v., _to swell_: inf. þa sio wund on-gan ... swelan and +swellan, 2714. + +sweltan, st. v., _to die, perish_: pret. sg. swealt, 1618, 2475; draca +morethre swealt (_died a violent death_), 893, 2783; wundor-deaethe swealt, +3038; hioro-dryncum swealt, 2359. + +swencan, w. v., _to swink, oppress, strike_: pret. sg. hine wundra þaes fela +swencte (MS. swecte) on sunde, 1511. + +ge-swencan, _to oppress, strike, injure_: pret. sg. syethethan hine Haeethcyn ... +flane geswencte, 2439; pret. part. synnum ge-swenced, 976; haeethstapa hundum +ge-swenced, 1369.--Comp. lyft-ge-swenced. + +sweng, st. m., _blow, stroke_: dat. sg. swenge, 1521, 2967; swenge _(with +its stroke_), 2687; instr. pl. sweordes swengum, 2387.--Comp.: feorh-, +hete-, heaetho-, heoro-sweng. + +swerian, st. v., _to swear_: pret. w. acc. I. ne me swor fela aetha on unriht +(_swore no false oaths_), 2739; he me aethas swor, 472. + +for-swerian, w. instr., _to forswear, renounce (protect with magic +formulae?)_: pret. part. he sige-waepnum for-sworen haefde, 805. + +sweg, st. m., _sound, noise, uproar_: nom. sg. sweg, 783; hearpan sweg, 89, +2459, 3024; sige-folca sweg, 645; sang and sweg, 1064; dat. sg. swege, +1215.--Comp.: benc-, morgen-sweg. + +swelan, w. v., _to burn_ (here of wounds): inf. swelan, 2714. See swaelan. + +sweart, adj., _swart, black, dark_: nom. sg. wudu-rec sweart, 3146; dat. +pl. sweartum nihtum, 167. + +sweoethol (cf. O.H.G. suedan, suethan = cremare; M.H.G. swadem = vapor; and +Dietrich in Haupt V., 215), st. m.? n.?, _vapor, smoke, smoking flame_: +dat. sg. ofer swioethole (MS. swic ethole), 3146. See swaethul. + +sweofot, st. m., _sleep_: dat. sg. on sweofote, 1582, 2296. + +sweoloeth, st. m., _heat, fire, flame_: dat. sg. sweoloethe, 1116. Cf. O.H.G. +suilizo, suilizunga = ardor, cauma. + +sweorcan, st. v., _to trouble, darken_. pres. sg. III. ne him inwit-sorh on +sefan sweorceeth (_darkens his soul_), 1738. + +for-sweorcan, _to grow dark_ or _dim_: pres. sg. III. eagena bearhtm +for-siteeth and for-sworceeth, 1768. + +ge-sweorcan (intrans.), _to darken_: pret. sg. niht-helm ge-swearc, 1790. + +sweord, swurd, swyrd, st. n., _sword_: nom. sg. sweord, 1287, 1290, 1570, +1606, 1616, 1697; swurd, 891; acc. sg. sweord, 437, 673, 1559, 1664, 1809, +2253, 2500, etc.; swurd, 539, 1902; swyrd, 2611, 2988; instr. sg. sweorde, +561, 574, 680, 2493, 2881; gen. sg. sweordes, 1107, 2194, 2387; acc. pl. +sweord, 2639; nom. pl., 3049; instr. pl. sweordum, 567, 586, 885; gen. pl. +sweorda, 1041, 2937, 2962.--Comp.: gueth-, maethethum-, waeg-sweord. + +sweord, st. f., _oath_: in comp. aeth-sweord _(sword-oath_?), 2065. + +sweord-bealo, st. n., _sword-bale, death by the sword_: nom. sg., 1148. + +sweord-freca, w. m., _sword-warrior_: dat. sg. sweord-frecan, 1469. + +sweord-gifu, st. f., _sword-gift, giving of swords_: nom. sg. swyrd-gifu, +2885. + +sweotol, swutol, adj.: 1) _clear, bright_: nom. sg. swutol sang scopes, +90.--2) _plain, manifest_: nom. sg. syndolh sweotol, 818; tacen sweotol, +834; instr. sg. sweotolan tacne, 141. + +sweof, sweop. See swafan, swapan. + +swieth, st. n.? (O.N. swiethi), _burning pain_: in comp. þryeth-swieth(?). + +swift, adj., _swift_: nom. sg. se swifta mearh, 2265. + +swimman, swymman, st. v., _to swim_: inf. swymman, 1625. + +ofer-swimman, w. acc., _to swim over_ or _through_: pret. sg. ofer-swam +sioleetha bigong (_swam over the sea_), 2368. + +swincan, st. v., _to struggle, labor, contend_: pret. pl. git on waeteres +aeht seofon niht swuncon, 517. + +ge-swing, st. n., _surge, eddy_: nom. sg. atol yetha geswing, 849. + +swingan, st. v., _to swing one's self, fly_: pres. sg. III. ne god hafoc +geond sael swingeeth, 2265. + +swican, st. v.: 1) _to deceive, leave in the lurch, abandon_: pret. sg. +naefre hit (_the sword_) aet hilde ne swac manna aengum, 1461.--2) _to +escape_: subj. pret. butan his lic swice, 967. + +ge-swican, _to deceive, leave in the lurch_: pret. sg. gueth-bill ge-swac +nacod aet niethe, 2585, 2682; w. dat. seo ecg ge-swac þeodne aet þearfe (_the +sword failed the prince in need_), 1525. + +swieth, swyeth (Goth, swinþ-s), adj., _strong, mighty_: nom. sg. waes þaet ge-win +to swyeth, 191.--Comp. nom. sg. sio swiethre hand (_the right hand_), 2099; +_harsh_, 3086. + +swiethe, adv., _strongly, very, much_, 598, 998, 1093, 1744, 1927; swyethe, +2171, 2188. Compar. swiethor, _more, rather, more strongly_, 961, 1140, 1875, +2199--Comp. un-swiethe. + +ofer-swiethian, w. v., _to overcome, vanquish_, w. acc. of person: pres. sg. +III. oferswyetheeth, 279, 1769. + +swieth-ferheth, adj., (_fortis animo_), _strong-minded, bold, brave_: nom. sg. +swyeth-ferheth, 827; gen. sg. swieth-ferhethes, 909; nom. pl. swieth-ferhethe, 493; +dat. pl. swieth-ferhethum, 173. + +swieth-hycgend, pres. part. (_strenue cogitans_), _bold-minded, brave in +spirit_: nom. sg. swieth-hycgende, 920; nom. pl. swieth-hycgende, 1017. + +swieth-mod, adj., _strong-minded_: nom. sg., 1625. + +on-swifan, st. v. w. acc., _to swing, turn, at_ or _against, elevate_: +pret. sg. biorn (Beowulf) bord-rand on-swaf wieth þam gryre-gieste, 2560. + +swigian, w. v., _to be silent, keep silent_: pret. sg. lyt swigode niwra +spella (_kept little of the new tidings silent_), 2898; pl. swigedon ealle, +1700. + +swigor, adj., _silent, taciturn_: nom, sg. weak, þa waes swigra secg ... on +gylp-spraece gueth-ge-weorca, 981. + +swin, swyn, st. n., _swine, boar_ (image on the helm): nom. sg. swyn, 1112; +acc. sg. swin, 1287. + +swin-lic, st. n., _swine-image_ or _body_: instr. pl. swin-licum, 1454. + +swogan, st. v., _to whistle, roar_: pres. part. swogende leg, 3146. + +swutol. See sweotol. + +swylc, swilc (Goth, swa-leik-s), demons, adj. = _talis, such, such a_; +relative = _qualis, as, which_: nom. sg. swylc, 178, 1941, 2542, 2709; +swylc ... swylc=talis ... qualis, 1329; acc. sg. swylc, 2799; eall ... +swylc (_all ... which, as_), 72; oether swylc (_such another_, i.e. hand), +1584; on swylc (_on such things_), 997; dat. sg. gueth-fremmendra swylcum +(_to such a battle-worker_, i.e. Beowulf), 299; gen. sg. swylces hwaet +(_some such_), 881; acc. pl. swylce, 2870; call swylce ... swylce, 3166; +swylce twegen (_two such_), 1348; ealle þearfe swylce (_all needs that_), +1798; swylce hie ... findan meahton sigla searo-gimma (_such as they might +find of jewels and cunning gems_), 1157; efne swylce maela swylce (_at just +such times as_), 1250; gen. pl. swylcra searo-nietha, 582; swylcra fela ... +aer-gestreona, 2232. + +swylce, adv., _as, as also, likewise, similarly_, 113, 293, 758, 831, 855, +908, 921, 1147, 1166, 1428, 1483, 2460, 2825; ge swylce (_and likewise_), +2259; swilce, 1153. + +swylt, st. m., _death_: nom. sg., 1256, 1437. + +swylt-daeg, st. m., _death-day_: dat. sg. aer swylt-daege, 2799. + +swynsian, w. v., _to sound_: pret. sg. hlyn swynsode, 612. + +swyrd. See sweord. + +swyethl. See swieth. + +swyn. See swin. + +syethethan (seethian, Gen. 1525), w. v., _to punish, avenge_, w. acc.: inf. þonne +hit sweordes ecg syethethan scolde (_then the edge of the sword should avenge +it_), 1107. + +syethethan. See siethethan. + +syfan-wintre, adj., _seven-winters-old_: nom. sg., 2429. + +syheth. See seon. + +syl (O.H.G. swella), st. f., _sill, bench-support_: dat. sg. fram sylle, +776. + +sylfa. See selfa. + +syllan. See sellan. + +syllic. See sellic. + +symbol, syml, st. n., _banquet, entertainment_: acc. sg. symbel, 620, 1011; +geaf me sinc and symbel (_gave me treasure and feasting_, i.e. made me his +friend and table-companion), 2432; þaet hie ... symbel ymbsaeton (_that they +might sit round their banquet_), 564; dat. sg. symle, 81, 489, 1009; +symble, 119, 2105; gen. pl. symbla, 1233. + +symble, symle, adv., _continually, ever_: symble, 2451; symle, 2498; symle +waes þy saemra (_he was ever the worse, the weaker_, i.e. the dragon), 2881. + +symbel-wyn, st. f., _banqueting-pleasure, joy at feasting_: acc. sg. +symbel-wynne dreoh, 1783. + +syn, st. f., _sin, crime_: nom. synn and sacu, 2473; dat. instr. pl. +synnum, 976, 1256, 3072. + +syn. See sin. + +syn-bysig, adj., (culpa laborans), _persecuted on account of guilt?_ +(Rieger), _guilt-haunted?_: nom. sg. secg syn-[by]sig, 2228. + +ge-syngian, w. v., _to sin, commit a crime_: pret. part. þaet waes feohleas +ge-feoht, fyrenum ge-syngad, 2442. + +synnig, adj., _sin-laden, sinful_: acc. sg. m. sinnigne secg, 1380.--Comp.: +fela-, un-synnig. + +ge-synto, f., _health_: dat. pl. on gesyntum, 1870. + +syrce. See serce. + +syrwan, w. v. w. acc., _to entrap, catch unawares_: pret. sg. duguethe and +geogoethe seomade and syrede, 161. + +be-syrwan: 1) _to compass_ or _accomplish by finesse; effect_: inf. daed þe +we ealle aer ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (_a deed that all of us could not +accomplish before with all our wisdom_), 943.--2) _to entrap by guile and +destroy_: inf. mynte se manscaetha manna cynnes sumne be-syrwan (_the fell +foe thought to entrap some one (all?_, see sum) _of the men_), 714. + +syn, f., _seeing, sight, scene_: comp, an-syn. + +ge-syne, adj., _visible, to be seen_: nom. sg. 1256, 1404, 2948, 3059, +3160.--Comp.: eeth-ge-syne, yeth-ge-sene. + + +T + +taligean, w. v.: 1) _to count, reckon, number; esteem, think_: pres. sg. I. +no ic me ... hnagran gueth-geweorca þonne Grendel hine (_count myself no +worse than G. in battle-works_), 678; wen ic talige ...þaet (_I count on the +hope ... that_), 1846; telge, 2068; sg. III. þaet raed talaeth þaet (_counts it +gain that_), 2028.--2) _to tell, relate_: soeth ic talige (_I tell facts_), +532; swa þu self talast (_as thou thyself sayst_), 595. + +tacen, st. n., _token, sign, evidence_: nom. sg. tacen sweotol, 834; dat. +instr. sg. sweotolan tacne, 141; tires to tacne, 1655.--Comp. luf-tacen. + +tan, st. m., _twig_: in comp. ater-tan. [emended to ater-tearum in +text--KTH] + +ge-taecan, w. v., _to show, point out_: pret. sg. him þa hilde-deor hof +modigra torht ge-taehte (_the warrior pointed out to them the bright +dwelling of the bold ones_, i.e. Danes), 313. Hence, _to indicate, assign_: +pret. sona me se maera mago Healfdenes ... wieth his sylfes sunu setl getaehte +(_assigned me a seat by his own son_), 2014. + +taele, adj., _blameworthy_: in comp. un-taele. + +ge-taese, adj., _quiet, still_: nom. sg. gif him waere ... niht ge-taese +(_whether he had a pleasant, quiet, night_), 1321. + +tela, adv., _fittingly, well_, 949, 1219, 1226, 1821, 2209, 2738. + +telge. See talian. + +tellan, w. v., _to tell, consider, deem_: pret. sg. ne his lif-dagas leoda +aenigum nytte tealde (_nor did he count his life useful to any man_), 795; +þaet ic me aenigne under swegles begong ge-sacan ne tealde (_I believed not +that I had any foe under heaven_), 1774; cwaeeth he þone gueth-wine godne tealde +(_said he counted the war-friend good_), 1811; he usic gar-wigend gode +tealde (_deemed us good spear-warriors_), 2642; pl. swa (_so that_) hine +Geata beam godne ne tealdon, 2185.--2) _to ascribe, count against, impose_: +pret. sg. (Þryetho) him waelbende weotode tealde hand-gewriethene, 1937. + +ge-tenge, adj., _attached to, lying on_: w. dat. gold ... grunde ge-tenge, +2759. + +tear, st. m., _tear_: nom. pl. tearas, 1873. + +teoh, st. f., _troop, band_: dat. sg. earmre teohhe, 2939. + +(ge?)-teohhian, w. v., _to fix, determine, assign_: pret. sg. ic for laessan +lean teohhode ... hnahran rince, 952; pres. part. waes oether in aer geteohhod +(_assigned_)... maerum Geate, 1301. + +teon, st. v., _to draw, lead_: inf. heht ... eahta mearas ... on flet teon +(_bade eight horses be led into the hall_), 1037; pret. sg. me to grunde +teah fah feond-sceaetha (_the many-hued fiend-foe drew me to the bottom_), +553; eft-siethas teah (_withdrew, returned_), 1333; sg. for pl. aeg-hwylcum +...þara þe mid Beowulfe brim-lade teah (_to each of those that crossed the +sea with B._) 1052; pret. part. þa waes ... heard ecg togen (_then was the +hard edge drawn_), 1289; weareth ... on naes togen (_was drawn to the +promontory_), 1440. + +a-teon, _to wander, go_, intrans.: pret. sg. to Heorute a-teah (_drew to +Heorot_), 767. + +ge-teon: 1) _to draw_: pret. sg. gomel swyrd ge-teah, 2611; w. instr. and +acc. hyre seaxe ge-teah, brad brun-ecg, 1546.--2) _to grant, give, lend_: +imp. no þu him wearne geteoh þinra gegn-cwida glaednian (_refuse not to +gladden them with thy answer_), 366; pret. sg. and þa Beowulfe bega +gehwaeethres eodor Ingwina onweald ge-teah (_and the prince of the Ingwins +gave B. power over both_), 1045; so, he him est geteah (_gave possession +of_), 2166. + +of-teon, _to deprive, withdraw_, w. gen. of thing and dat. pers.: pret. sg. +Scyld Scefing ... monegum maegethum meodo-setla of-teah, 5; w. acc. of thing, +hond ... feorh-sweng ne of-teah, 2490; w. dat. hond (hord, MS.) swenge ne +of-teah, 1521. + +þurh-teon, _to effect_: inf. gif he torn-gemot þurh-teon mihte, 1141. + +teon (cf. teoh, _materia_, O.H.G. ziuc), w. v. w. acc., _to make, work_: +pret. sg. teode, 1453;--_to furnish out, deck_: pret. pl. nalas hi hine +laessan lacum teodan (_provided him with no less gifts_), 43. + +ge-teon, _to provide, do, bring on_: pres. sg. unc sceal weorethan ... swa +unc Wyrd ge-teoeth, 2527; pret. sg. þe him ... sare ge-teode (_who had done +him this harm_), 2296. + +ge-teona, w. m., _injurer, harmer_: in comp. laeth-ge-teona. + +til, adj., _good, apt, fit_: nom. sg. m. Halga til, 61; þegn ungemete till +(of Wiglaf), 2722; fem. waes seo þeod tilu, 1251; neut. ne waes þaet ge-wrixle +til, 1305. + +tilian, w. v. w. gen., _to gain, win_: inf. gif ic ... owihte maeg þinre +mod-lufan maran tilian (_if I ... gain_), 1824. + +timbrian, w. v., _to build_: pret. part. acc. sg. sael timbred (_the +well-built hall_), 307. + +be-timbrian, (construere), _to finish building, complete_: pret. pl. +betimbredon on tyn dagum beadu-rofes becn, 3161. + +tid, st. f., _-tide, time_: acc. sg. twelf wintra tid, 147; lange tid, +1916; in þa tide, 2228.--Comp.: an-, morgen-tid. + +ge-tiethian (from tigethian), w. v., _to grant_: pret. part. impers. waes ... +bene (gen.) ge-tiethad feasceaftum men, 2285. + +tir, st. m., _glory, repute in war_. gen. sg. tires, 1655. + +tir-eadig, adj., _glorious, famous_: dat. sg. tir-eadigum menn (of +Beowulf), 2190. + +tir-faest, adj., _famous, rich in glory_. nom. sg. (of Hroethgar), 923. + +tir-leas, adj., _without glory, infamous_: gen. sg. (of Grendel), 844. + +toga, w. m., _leader_: in comp. folc-toga. + +torht, adj., _bright, brilliant_: acc. sg. neut. hof ... torht, +313.--Comp.: wuldor-torht, heaetho-torht (_loud in battle_). + +torn, st. n.: 1) _wrath, insult, distress_: acc. sg. torn, 147, 834; gen. +pl. torna, 2190.--2) _anger_: instr. sg. torne ge-bolgen, 2402.--Comp. +lige-torn. + +torn, adj., _bitter, cruel_: nom. sg, hreowa tornost, 2130. + +torn-ge-mot, st. n., (_wrathful meeting_), _angry engagement, battle_: acc. +sg., 1141. + +to, I. prep. w. dat. indicating direction or tending to, hence: 1) local = +whither after verbs of motion, _to, up to, at_: com to recede (_to the +hall_), 721; eode to sele, 920; eode to hire frean sittan, 642; gaeeth eft ... +to medo (_goeth again to mead_), 605; wand to wolcnum (_wound to the +welkin_), 1120; sigon to slaepe (_sank to sleep_), 1252; 28, 158, 234, 438, +553, 926, 1010, 1014, 1155, 1159, 1233, etc.; lieth-waege baer haelum to handa +(_bore the ale-cup to the hands of the men? at hand?_), 1984; oeth þaet niht +becom oether to yldum, 2118; him to bearme cwom maethethum-faet maere (_came to his +hands, into his possession_), 2405; saelde to sande sid-faeethme scip +(_fastened the broad-bosomed ship to the shore_), 1918; þat se harm-scaetha +to Heorute a-teah (_went forth to Heorot_), 767. After verb sittan: site nu +to symble (_sit now to the meal_), 489; siethethan ... we to symble geseten +haefdon, 2105; to ham (_home, at home_), 124, 374, 2993. With verbs of +speaking: maethelode to his wine-drihtne (_spake to his friendly lord_), 360; +to Geatum sprec, 1172; so, heht þaet heaetho-weorc to hagan biodan (_bade the +battle-work be told at the hedge_), 2893.--2) with verbs of bringing and +taking (cf. under on, I., d): hraethe waes to bure Beowulf fetod (_B. was +hastily brought from a room_), 1311; siethethan Hama aet-waeg to þaere byrhtan +byrig Brosinga mene (_since H. carried the Brosing-necklace off from the +bright city_), 1200; wean ahsode. faehetho to Frysum (_suffered woe, feud as +to, from, the Frisians_), 1208.--3) =end of motion, hence: a) _to, for, as, +in_: þone god sende folce to frofre (_for, as, a help to the folk_), 14; +gesette ... sunnan and monan leoman to leohte (_as a light_), 95; ge-saet +... to rune (_sat in counsel_), 172; weareth he Heaetho-lafe to hand-bonan, +460; bringe ... to helpe (_bring to, for, help_), 1831; Jofore forgeaf +angan dohtor ... hyldo to wedde (_as a pledge of his favor_), 2999; so, +508(?), 666, 907, 972, 1022, 1187, 1263, 1331, 1708, 1712, 2080, etc.; +secgan to soethe (_to say in sooth_), 51; so, 591, 2326. b) with verbs of +thinking, hoping, etc., _on, for, at, against_: he to gyrn-wraece swiethor +þohte þonne to sae-lade (_thought more on vengeance than on the +sea-voyage_), 1139; saecce ne weneeth to Gar-Denum (_nor weeneth of conflict +with the Spear-Danes_), 602; þonne wene ic to þe wyrsan geþinges (_then I +expect for thee a worse result_), 525; ne ic to Sweoþeode sibbe oethethe treowe +wihte ne wene (_nor expect at all of, from, the Swedes_ ...), 2923; wiste +þaem ahlaecan to þaem heah-sele hilde ge-þinged (_battle prepared for the +monster in the high hall_), 648; wel bieth þaem þe mot to faeder faeethmum freoetho +wilnian (_well for him that can find peace in the Father's arms_), 188; +þara þe he ge-worhte to West-Denum (_of those that he wrought against the +West-Danes_), 1579.--4) with the gerund, inf.: to gefremmanne (_to do_), +174; to ge-cyethanne (_to make known_), 257; to secganne (_to say_), 473; to +befleonne (_to avoid, escape_), 1004; so, 1420, 1725, 1732, 1806, 1852, +1923, 1942, etc. With inf.: to feran, 316; to friclan, 2557.--5) temporal: +gewat him to gescaep-hwile (_went at(?) the hour of fate_; or, _to his fated +rest?_), 26; to widan feore (_ever, in their lives_), 934; awa to aldre +(_for life, forever_), 956; so, to aldre, 2006, 2499; to life (_during +life, ever_), 2433.--6) with particles: wod under wolcnum to þaes þe ... +(_went under the welkin to the point where_ ...), 715; so, elne ge-eodon to +þaes þe, 1968; so, 2411; he him þaes lean for-geald ... to þaes þe he on reste +geseah Grendel licgan (_he paid him for that to the point that he saw G. +lying dead_), 1586; waes þaet blod to þaes hat (_the blood was hot to that +degree_), 1617; naes þa long to þon þaet (_'twas not long till_), 2592, 2846; +waes him se man to þon leof þaet (_the man was dear to him to that degree_), +1877; to hwan siethethan weareth hond-raes haeleetha (_up to what point, how, the +hand-contest turned out_), 2072; to middes (_in the midst_), 3142. + +II. Adverbial modifier, _quasi_ preposition [better explained in many cases +as prep. postponed]: l) _to, towards, up to, at_: geong sona to, 1786; so, +2649; feheth oether to, 1756; sae-lac ... þe þu her to locast (_upon which thou +here lookest_), 1655; folc to saegon (_the folk looked on_), 1423; þaet hi +him to mihton gegnum gangan (_might proceed thereto_), 313; se þe him +bealwa to bote gelyfde (_who believed in help out of evils from him_, i.e. +Beowulf), 910; him to anwaldan are ge-lyfde (_trusted for himself to the +Almighty's help_), 1273; þe us seceaeth to Sweona leode (_that the Swedes +will come against us_), 3002.--2) before adj. and adv., _too_: to strang +(_too mighty_), 133; to faest, 137; to swyeth, 191; so, 789, 970, 1337, 1743, +1749, etc.; to fela micles (_far too much_), 695; he to foreth ge-stop (_he +had gone too far_), 2290. + +toeth (G. tunþu-s), st. m., _tooth_: in comp. blodig-toeth (adj.). + +tredan, st. v. w. acc., _to tread_: inf. sae-wong tredan, 1965; el-land +tredan, 3020; pret. sg. wraec-lastas traed, 1353; medo-wongas traed, 1644; +graes-moldan traed, 1882. + +treddian, tryddian (see trod), w. v., _to stride, tread, go_: pret. sg. +treddode, 726; tryddode getrume micle (_strode about with a strong troop_), +923. + +trem, st. n., _piece, part_: acc. sg. ne ... fotes trem (_not a foot's +breadth_), 2526. + +treow, st. f., _fidelity, good faith_: acc. sg. treowe, 1073; sibbe oethethe +treowe, 2923. + +treow, st. n., _tree_: in comp. galg-treow. + +treowian. See truwian. + +treow-loga, w. m., _troth-breaker, pledge-breaker_: nom. pl. treow-logan, +2848. + +trodu, st. f., _track, step_: acc. sg. or pl. trode, 844. + +ge-trum, st. n., _troop, band_: instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923. + +trum, adj., _strong, endowed with_: nom. sg. heorot hornum trum, 1370. + +ge-truwan, w. v. w. acc., _to confirm, pledge solemnly_: pret. sg. þa hie +getruwedon on twa healfe faeste frioethu-waere, 1096. + +truwian, treowan, w. v., _to trust in, rely on, believe in_: 1) w. dat.: +pret. sg. siethe ne truwode leofes mannes (_I trusted not in the dear man's +enterprise_), 1994; bearne ne truwode þaet he ... (_she trusted not the +child that_ ...), 2371; gehwylc hiora his ferhethe treowde þaet he ... (_each +trusted his heart that_ ...), 1167.--2) w. gen.: pret. sg. Geata leod +georne truwode modgan maegnes, 670; wiethres ne truwode, 2954. + +ge-truwian, _to rely on, trust in_, w. dat.: pret. sg. strenge ge-truwode, +mund-gripe maegenes, 1534;--w. gen. pret. sg. beorges ge-truwode, wiges and +wealles, 2323; strenge ge-truwode anes mannes, 2541. + +tryddian. See treddian. + +trywe, adj., _true, faithful_: nom. sg. þa gyt waes ... aeghwylc oethrum trywe, +1166. + +ge-trywe, adj., _faithful_: nom. sg. her is aeghwylc eorl oethrum ge-trywe, +1229. + +turf, st. f., _sod, soil, seat_: in comp. eethel-turf. + +tux, st. m., _tooth, tusk_: in comp. hilde-tux. + +ge-twaefan, w. v. w. acc. of person and gen. thing, _to separate, divide, +deprive of, hinder_: pres. sg. III. þaet þec adl oethethe ecg eafoethes ge-twaefeeth +(_robs of strength_), 1764; inf. god eaethe maeg þone dol-scaethan daeda +ge-twaefan (_God may easily restrain the fierce foe from his deeds_), 479; +pret. sg. sumne Geata leod ... feores getwaefde (_cut him off from life_), +1434; no þaer waeg-flotan wind ofer yethum siethes ge-twaefde (_the wind hindered +not the wave-floater in her course over the water_), 1909; pret. part. aet +rihte waes gueth ge-twaefed (_almost had the struggle been ended_), 1659. + +ge-twaeman, w. v. acc. pers. and gen. thing, _to hinder, render incapable +of, restrain_: inf. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges getwaeman, 969. + +twegen, m. f. n. twa, num., _twain, two_: nom. m. twegen, 1164; acc. m. +twegen, 1348; dat. twaem, 1192 gen. twega, 2533; acc. f. twa, 1096, 1195. + +twelf, num., _twelve_, gen. twelfa, 3172. + +tweone (Frisian twine), num. = _bini, two_: dat. pl. be saem tweonum, 859, +1298; 1686. + +twidig, adj., in comp. lang-twidig (_long-assured_), 1709. + +tyder, st. m., _race, descendant_: in comp. un-tyder, 111. + +tydre (Frisian teddre), adj., _weak, unwarlike, cowardly_: nom. pl. tydre, +2848. + +tyn, num., _ten_: uninflect. dat. on tyn dagum, 3161; inflect. nom. tyne, +2848. + +tyrwian, w. v., _to tar_: pret. part. tyrwed in comp.: niw-tyrwed. + +on-tyhtan, w. v., _to urge on, incite, entice_: pret. sg. on-tyhte, 3087. + + +Þ + +þafian, w. v. w. acc., _to submit to, endure_: inf. þaet se þeod-cyning +þafian sceolde Eofores anne dom, 2964. + +þanc, st. m.: 1) _thought_: in comp. fore-, hete-, or-, searo-þanc; +inwit-þanc (adj.).--2) _thanks_ (w. gen. of thing): nom. sg., 929, 1779; +acc. sg. þanc, 1998, 2795.--3) _content, favor, pleasure_: dat. sg. þa þe +gif-sceattas Geata fyredon þyder to þance (_those that tribute for the +Geatas carried thither for favor_). 379. + +ge-þanc, st. m., _thought_: instr. pl. þeostrum ge-þoncum, 2333.--Comp. +mod-ge-þanc. + +þanc-hycgende, pres. part., _thoughtful_, 2236. + +þancian, w. v., _to thank_: pret. sg. gode þancode ... þaes þe hire se willa +ge-lamp (_thanked God that her wish was granted_), 626; so, 1398; pl. +þancedon, 627(?). + +þanon, þonon, þonan, adv., _thence_: 1) local: þanon eft gewat (_he went +thence back_), 123; þanon up ... stigon (_went up thence_), 224; so, þanon, +463, 692, 764, 845, 854, 1293; þanan, 1881; þonon, 520, 1374, 2409; þonan, +820, 2360, 2957.--2) personal: þanon untydras ealle on-wocon (_from him_, +i.e. Cain, etc.), 111; so, þanan, 1266; þonon, 1961; unsofte þonon feorh +oeth-ferede (i.e. from Grendel's mother), 2141. + +þa, adv.: l) _there, then_, 3, 26, 28, 34, 47, 53, etc. With þaer: þa þaer, +331. With nu: nu þa (_now then_), 658.--2) conjunction, _when, as, since_, +w. indic., 461, 539, 633, etc.;--_because, whilst, during, since_, 402, +465, 724, 2551, etc. + +þaet, I. demons, pron. acc. neut. of se: demons, nom. þaet (_that_), 735, +766, etc.; instr. sg. þy, 1798, 2029; þaet ic þy waepne ge-braed (_that I +brandished as(?) a weapon; that I brandished the weapon?_), 1665; þy +weorethra (_the more honored_), 1903; þy seft (_the more easily_), 2750; þy +laes hym yethe þrym wudu wynsuman for-wrecan meahte (_lest the force of the +waves the winsome boat might carry away_), 1919; no þy aer (_not sooner_), +755, 1503, 2082, 2374, 2467; no þy leng (_no longer, none the longer_), +975. þy =adv., _therefore, hence_, 1274, 2068; þe ... þe = _on this +account; for this reason ... that, because_, 2639-2642; wiste þe geornor +(_knew but too well_), 822; he ... waes sundes þe saenra þe hine swylt fornam +(_he was the slower in swimming as [whom?] death carried him off_), 1437; +naes him wihte þe sel (_it was none the better for him_), 2688; so, 2278. +Gen. sg. þaes = adv., _for this reason, therefore_, 7, 16, 114, 350, 589, +901, 1993, 2027, 2033, etc. þaes þe, especially after verbs of thanking, = +_because_, 108, 228, 627, 1780, 2798;--also = secundum quod: þaes þe hie +gewislicost ge-witan meahton, 1351;--_therefore, accordingly_, 1342, 3001; +to þaes (_to that point; to that degree_), 715, 1586, 1617, 1968, 2411; þaes +georne (_so firmly_), 969; ac he þaes faeste waes ... besmiethod (_it was too +firmly set_), 774; no þaes frod leofaeth gumena bearna þaet þone grund wite +(_none liveth among men so wise that he should know its bottom_), 1368; he +þaes (þaem, MS.) modig waes (_had the courage for it_), 1509. + +II. conj. (relative), _that, so that_, 15, 62, 84, 221, 347, 358, 392, 571, +etc.; oeth þaet (_up to that, until_); see oeth. + +þaette (from þaet þe, see þe), _that_, 151, 859, 1257, 2925, etc.; þaet þe +(_that_), 1847. + +þaer: 1) demons. adv., _there (where)_, 32, 36, 89, 400, 757, etc.; +morethor-bealo maga, þaer heo aer maeste heold worolde wynne (_the death-bale of +kinsmen where before she had most worldly joy_), 1080. With þa: þa þaer, +331; þaer on innan (_therein_), 71. Almost like Eng. expletive _there_, 271, +550, 978, etc.;--_then, at that time_, 440;--_thither_: þaer swieth-ferhethe +sittan eodon (_thither went the bold ones to sit_, i.e. to the bench), 493, +etc.--2) relative, _where_, 356, 420, 508, 513, 522, 694, 867, etc.; eode +... þaer se snottra bad (_went where the wise one tarried_), 1314; so, +1816;--_if_, 763, 798, 1836, 2731, etc.;--_whither_: ga þaer he wille, 1395. + +þe, I. relative particle, indecl., partly standing alone, partly associated +with se, seo, þaet: Hunfereth maethelode, þe aet fotum saet (_H., who sat at his +feet, spake_), 500; so, 138, etc.; waes þaet gewin to swyeth þe on þa leode +be-com (_the misery that had come on the people was too great_), 192, etc.; +ic wille ... þe þa and-sware aedre ge-cyethan þe me se goda a-gifan þenceeth (_I +will straightway tell thee the answer that the good one shall give_), 355; +oeth þone anne daeg þe he ... (_till that very day that he_ ...), 2401; heo þa +faehethe wraec þe þu ... Grendel cwealdest (_the fight in which thou slewest +G._), 1335; mid þaere sorge þe him sio sar belamp (_with the sorrow +wherewith the pain had visited him_), 2469; pl. þonne þa dydon þe ... +(_than they did that_ ...), 45; so, 378, 1136; þa maethmas þe he me sealde +(_the treasures that he gave me_), 2491; so, ginfaestan gife þe him god +sealde (_the great gifts that God had given him_), 2183. After þara þe (_of +those that_), the depend. verb often takes sg. instead of pl. (Dietrich, +Haupt XI., 444 seqq.): wundor-siona fela secga ge-hwylcum þara þe on swylc +staraeth (_to each of those that look on such_), 997; so, 844, 1462, 2384, +2736. Strengthened by se, seo, þaet: saegde se þe cuethe (_said he that knew_), +90; waes se grimma gaest Grendel haten, se þe moras heold (_the grim stranger +hight Grendel, he that held the moors_), 103; here-byrne ... seo þe +ban-cofan beorgan cuethe (_the corselet that could protect the body_), 1446, +etc.; þaer ge-lyfan sceal dryhtnes dome se þe hine deaeth nimeeth (_he shall +believe in God's judgment whom death carrieth off_), 441; so, 1437, 1292 +(cf. Heliand I., 1308). + +þaes þe. See þaet. + +þeah þe. See þeah. + +for þam þe. See for-þam. + +þy, þe, _the, by that_, instr. of se: ahte ic holdra þy laes ... þe deaeth +for-nam (_I had the less friends whom death snatched away_), 488; so, 1437. + +þeccan, w. v., _to cover_ (thatch), _cover over_: inf. þa sceal brond +fretan, aeled þeccean (_fire shall eat, flame shall cover, the treasures_), +3016; pret. pl. þaer git eagor-stream earmum þehton (_in swimming_), 513. + +þegn, st. m., _thane, liegeman, king's higher vassal; knight_: nom. sg., +235, 494, 868, 2060, 2710; (Beowulf), 194; (Wiglaf), 2722; acc. sg. þegen +(Beowulf, MS. þegn), 1872; dat. sg. þegne, 1342, 1420; (Hengest), 1086; +(Wiglaf), 2811; gen. sg. þegnes, 1798; nom. pl. þegnas, 1231; acc. pl. +þegnas, 1082, 3122; dat. pl. þegnum, 2870; gen. pl. þegna, 123, 400, 1628, +1674, 1830, 2034, etc.--Comp.: ambiht-, ealdor-, heal-, magu-, sele-þegn. + +þegnian, þenian, w. v., _to serve, do liege service_: pret. sg. ic him +þenode deoran sweorde (_I served them with my good sword_, i.e. slew them +with it), 560. + +þegn-sorh, st. f., _thane-sorrow, grief for a liegeman_: acc. sg. +þegn-sorge, 131. + +þegu, st. f., _taking_: in comp.: beah-, beor-, sinc-þegu. + +þel, st. n., _deal-board, board for benches_: in comp. benc-þel, 486, 1240. + +þencan, w. v.: 1) _to think_: absolutely: pres. sg. III. se þe wel þenceeth, +289; so, 2602. With depend. clause: pres. sg. naenig heora þohte þaet he ... +(_none of them thought that he_), 692.--2) w. inf., _to intend_: pres. sg. +III. þa and-sware ... þe me se goda a-gifan þenceeth (_the answer that the +good one intendeth to give me_), 355; (blodig wael) byrgean þenceeth, 448; +þonne he ... gegan þenceeth longsumne lof (_if he will win eternal fame_), +1536; pret. sg. ne þaet aglaeca yldan þohte (_the monster did not mean to +delay that_), 740; pret. pl. wit unc wieth hronfixas werian þohton, 541; +(hine) on healfa ge-hwone heawan þohton, 801. + +a-þencan, _to intend, think out_: pret. sg. (he) þis ellen-weorc ana +a-þohte to ge-fremmanne, 2644. + +ge-þencan, w. acc.: 1) _to think of_: þaet he his selfa ne maeg ... ende +ge-þencean (_so that he himself may not think of, know, its limit_), +1735.--2) _to be mindful_: imper. sg. ge-þenc nu ... hwaet wit geo spraecon, +1475. + +þenden: 1) adv., _at this time, then, whilst_: nalles facen-stafas +Þeod-Scyldingas þenden fremedon (_not at all at this time had the Scyldings +done foul deeds_), 1020 (referring to 1165; cf. Widsieth, 45 seqq.); þenden +reafode rinc oetherne (_whilst one warrior robbed another_, i.e. Eofor robbed +Ongenþeow), 2986.--2) conj., _so long as, whilst_, 30, 57, 284, 1860, 2039, +2500, 3028;--_whilst_, 2419. With subj., _whilst, as long as_: þenden þu +mote, 1178; þenden þu lifige, 1255; þenden hyt sy (_whilst the heat +lasts_), 2650. + +þengel, st. m., _prince, lord, ruler_: acc. sg. hringa þengel (Beowulf), +1508. + +þes (m.), þeos (f.), þis (n.), demons. pron., _this_: nom. sg. 411, 432, +1703; f., 484; nom. acc. neut., 2156, 2252, 2644; þys, 1396; acc. sg. m. +þisne, 75; f. þas, 1682; dat. sg. neut. þissum, 1170; þyssum, 2640; f. +þisse, 639; gen. m. þisses, 1217; f. þisse, 929; neut. þysses, 791, 807; +nom. pl. and acc. þas, 1623, 1653, 2636, 2641; dat. þyssum, 1063, 1220. + +þe. See þaet. + +þeh. See þeah. + +þearf, st. f., _need_: nom. sg. þearf, 1251, 2494, 2638; þa him waes manna +þearf (_as he was in need of men_), 201; acc. sg. þearfe, 1457, 2580, 2850; +fremmaeth ge nu leoda þearfe (_do ye now what is needful for the folk_), +2802; dat. sg. aet þearfe, 1478, 1526, 2695, 2710; acc. pl. se for andrysnum +ealle beweotede þegnes þearfe (_who would supply in courtesy all the +thane's needs_), 1798 (cf. sele-þegn, 1795).--Comp.: firen-, nearo-, +ofer-þearf. + +þearf. See þurfan. + +ge-þearfian, w. v., = _necessitatem imponere_: pret. part. þa him swa +ge-þearfod waes (_since so they found it necessary_), 1104. + +þearle, adv., _very, exceedingly_, 560. + +þeah, þeh, conj., _though, even though_ or _if_: 1) with subj. þeah, 203, +526, 588, 590, 1168, 1661, 2032, 2162. Strengthened by þe: þeah þe, 683, +1369, 1832, 1928, 1942, 2345, 2620; þeah ... eal (_although_), 681.--2) +with indic.: þeah, 1103; þeh, 1614.--3) doubtful: þeah he uethe wel, 2856; +swa þeah (_nevertheless_), 2879; no ... swa þeah (_not then however_), 973; +naes þe forht swa þeh (_he was not, though, afraid_), 2968; hwaeethre swa þeah +(_yet however_), 2443. + +þeaw, st. m., _custom, usage_: nom. sg., 178, 1247; acc. sg. þeaw, 359; +instr. pl. þeawum (_in accordance with custom_), 2145. + +þeod, st. f.: 1) _war-troop, retainers_: nom. sg., 644, 1231, 1251.--2) +_nation, folk_: nom. sg., 1692; gen. pl. þeoda, 1706.--Comp.: sige-, +wer-þeod. + +þeod-cyning, st. m., (=folc-cyning), _warrior-king, king of the people_: +nom. sg. (Hroethgar), 2145; (Ongenþeow), 2964, 2971; þiod-cyning (Beowulf), +2580; acc. sg. þeod-cyning (Beowulf), 3009; gen. sg. þeod-cyninges +(Beowulf), 2695; gen. pl. þeod-cyninga, 2. + +þeoden, st. m., _lord of a troop, war-chief, king; ruler_: nom. sg., 129, +365, 417, 1047, 1210, 1676, etc.; þioden, 2337, 2811; acc. sg. þeoden, 34, +201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2884, 3080; þioden, 2789; dat. sg. þeodne, 345, +1526, 1993, 2573, 2710, etc.; þeoden, 2033; gen. sg. þeodnes 798, 911, +1086, 1628, 1838, 2175; þiodnes, 2657; nom. pl. þeodnas, 3071. + +þeoden-leas, adj., _without chief_ or _king_: nom. pl. þeoden-lease, 1104. + +þeod-gestreon, st. n., _people's-jewel, precious treasure_: instr. pl. +þeod-ge-streonum, 44; gen. pl. þeod-ge-streona, 1219. + +þeodig, adj., _appertaining to a_ þeod: in comp. el-þeodig. + +þeod-scaetha, w. m., _foe of the people, general foe_: nom. sg. þeod-sceaetha +(_the dragon_), 2279, 2689. + +þeod-þrea, st. f. m., _popular misery, general distress_: dat. pl. wieth +þeod-þreaum, 178. + +þeof, st. m., _thief_: gen. sg. þeofes craefte, 2221. + +þeon, st. v.: 1) _to grow, ripen, thrive_: pret. sg. weorethmyndum þah (_grew +in glory_), 8.--2) _to thrive in, succeed_: pret. sg. huru þaet on lande lyt +manna þah (_that throve to few_), 2837. See Note, l. 901. + +ge-þeon, _to grow, thrive; increase in power and influence_: imper. ge-þeoh +tela, 1219; inf. lof-daedum sceal ... man geþeon, 25; þaet þaet þeodnes bearn +ge-þeon scolde, 911. + +on-þeon? _to begin, undertake_, w. gen.: pret. he þaes aer onþah, 901. [In +MS. Emended in text.--KTH] See Note, l. 901. + +þeon (for þeowan), w. v., _to oppress, restrain_: inf. naes se folc-cyning +ymb-sittendra aenig þara þe mec ... dorste egesan þeon (_that durst oppress +me with terror_), 2737. + +þeostor, adj., _dark, gloomy_: instr. pl. þeostrum ge-þoncum, 2333. + +þicgan, st. v. w. acc., _to seize, attain, eat, appropriate_: inf. þaet he +(Grendel) ma moste manna cynnes þicgean ofer þa niht, 737; symbel þicgan +(_take the meal, enjoy the feast_), 1011; pret. pl. þaet hie me þegon, 563; +þaer we medu þegun, 2634. + +ge-þicgan, w. acc., _to grasp, take_: pret. sg. (symbel and sele-ful, ful) +ge-þeah, 619, 629; Beowulf ge-þah ful on flette, 1025; pret. pl. (medo-ful +manig) ge-þaegon, 1015. + +þider, þyder, adv., _thither_: þyder, 3087, 379, 2971. + +þihtig, þyhtig, adj., _doughty, vigorous, firm_: acc. sg. neut. sweord ... +ecgum þyhtig, 1559.--Comp. hyge-þihtig. + +þincan. See þyncan. + +þing, st. n.: 1) _thing_: gen. pl. aenige þinga (_ullo modo_), 792, 2375, +2906.--2) _affair, contest, controversy_: nom. sg. me weareth Grendles þing +... undyrne cueth (_Grendel's doings became known to me_), 409.--3) +_judgment, issue, judicial assembly_(?): acc. sg. sceal ... ana gehegan +þing wieth þyrse (_shall bring the matter alone to an issue against the +giant_: see hegan), 426. + +ge-þing, st. n.: 1) _terms, covenant_: acc. pl. ge-þingo, 1086.--2) _fate, +providence, issue_: gen. sg. ge-þinges, 398, 710; (ge-þingea, MS.), 525. + +ge-þingan, st. v., _to grow, mature, thrive_ (Dietrich, Haupt IX., 430): +pret. part. cwen mode ge-þungen (_mature-minded, high-spirited, queen_), +625. See wel-þungen. + +ge-þingan (see ge-þing), w. v.: 1) _to conclude a treaty_: w. refl. dat, +_enter into a treaty_: pres. sg. III. gif him þonne Hreethric to hofum Geata +ge-þingeeth _(if H. enters into a treaty_ (seeks aid at?) _with the court of +the Geatas_, referring to the old German custom of princes entering the +service or suite of a foreign king), 1838. Leo.--2) _to prepare, appoint_: +pret. part. wiste [aet] þaem ahlaecan ... hilde ge-þinged, 648; hraethe waes ... +mece ge-þinged, 1939. + +þingian, w. v.: 1) _to speak in an assembly, make an address_: inf. ne +hyrde ic snotor-licor on swa geongum feore guman þingian (_I never heard a +man so young speak so wisely_), 1844.--2) _to compound, settle, lay aside_: +inf. ne wolde feorh-bealo ... feo þingian (_would not compound the +life-bale for money_), 156; so, pret. sg. þa faehethe feo þingode, 470. + +þihan. See þeon. + +þin, possess, pron., _thy, thine_, 267, 346, 353, 367, 459, etc. + +ge-þoht, st. m., _thought, plan_: acc. sg. an-fealdne ge-þoht, 256; +faest-raedne ge-þoht, 611. + +þolian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to endure, bear_: inf. (inwid-sorge) þolian, +833; pres. sg. III. þrea-nyd þolaeth, 284; pret. sg. þolode þryethswyeth, +131.--2) _to hold out, stand, survive_: pres. sg. (intrans.) þenden þis +sweord þolaeth (_as long as this sword holds out_), 2500; pret. sg. (seo ecg) +þolode aer fela hand-gemota, 1526. + +ge-þolian: 1) _to suffer, bear, endure_: gerund. to ge-þolianne, 1420; +pret. sg. earfoeth-lice þrage ge-þolode..., þaet he ... dream gehyrde (_bore +ill that he heard the sound of joy_), 87; torn ge-þolode (_bore the +misery_), 147.--2) _to have patience, wait_: inf. þaer he longe sceal on þaes +waldendes waere ge-þolian, 3110. + +þon (Goth, þan) = _tum, then, now_, 504; aefter þon (_after that_), 725; aer +þon daeg cwome (_ere day came_), 732; no þon lange (_it was not long till +then_), 2424; naes þa long to þon (_it was not long till then_), 2592, 2846; +waes him se man to þon leof þaet ... _(the man was to that degree dear to him +that ..._), 1877. + +þonne: 1) adv., _there, then, now_, 377, 435, 525, 1105, 1456, 1485, 1672, +1823, 3052, 3098(?).--2) conj., _if, when, while_: a) w. indic., 573, 881, +935, 1034, 1041, 1043, 1144, 1286, 1327, 1328, 1375, etc.; þaet ic +gum-cystum godne funde beaga bryttan, breac þonne moste (_that I found a +good ring-giver and enjoyed him whilst I could_), 1488. b) w. subj., 23, +1180, 3065; þonne ...þonne (_then ... when_), 484-85, 2447-48; gif þonne +...þonne (_if then ... then_), 1105-1107. c) _than_ after comparatives, 44, +248, 469, 505, 534, 679, 1140, 1183, etc.; a comparative must be supplied, +l. 70, before þone: þaet he ... hatan wolde medo-aern micel men ge-wyrcean +þone yldo bearn aefre ge-frunon (_a great mead-house_ (greater) _than men +had ever known_). + +þracu, st. f., _strength, boldness_: in comp. mod-þracu; = impetus in +ecg-þracu. + +þrag, st. f., _period of time, time_: nom. sg. þa hine sio þrag be-cwom +(_when the_ [battle]-_hour befell him_), 2884; acc. sg. þrage (_for a +time_), 87; longe (lange) þrage, 54, 114.--Comp. earfoeth-þrag. + +ge-þraec, st. n., _multitude, crowd_: in comp. searo-ge-þraec. + +þrec-wudu, st. m., (_might-wood_), _spear_ (cf. maegen-wudu): acc. sg., +1247. + +þrea, st. m. f., _misery, distress_: in comp. þeod-þrea, þrea-nedla, -nyd. + +þrea-nedla, w. m., _crushing distress, misery_: dat. sg. for þrea-nedlan, +2225. + +þrea-nyd, st. f., _oppression, distress_: acc. sg. þrea-nyd, 284; dat. pl. +þrea-nydum, 833. + +þreat, st. m., _troop, band_: dat. sg. on þam þreate, 2407; dat. pl. +sceaethena þreatum, 4.--Comp. iren-þreat. + +þreatian, w. v. w. acc., _to press, oppress_: pret. pl. mec ...þreatedon, +560. + +þreot-teoetha, num. adj. w. m., _thirteenth_: nom. sg. þreot-teoetha secg, +2407. + +þreo, num. (neut.), _three_: acc. þrio wicg, 2175; þreo hund wintra, 2279. + +þridda, num. adj. w. m., _third_: instr. þriddan siethe, 2689. + +ge-þring, st. n., _eddy, whirlpool, crush_: acc. on holma ge-þring, 2133. + +þringan, st. v., _to press_: pret. sg. wergendra to lyt þrong ymbe þeoden +(_too few defenders pressed round the prince_), 2884; pret. pl. syethethan +Hreethlingas to hagan þrungon (_after the Hrethlingas had pressed into the +hedge_), 2961. + +for-þringan, _to press out; rescue, protect_: inf. þaet he ne mehte ...þa +wea-lafe wige for-þringan þeodnes þegne (_that he could not rescue the +wretched remnant from the king's thane by war_), 1085. + +ge-þringan, _to press_: pret. sg. ceol up geþrang (_the ship shot up_), +i.e. on the shore in landing), 1913. + +þritig, num., _thirty_ (neut. subst.): acc. sg. w. partitive gen.: þritig +þegna, 123; gen. þrittiges (XXXtiges MS.) manna, 379. + +þrist-hydig, adj., _bold-minded, valorous_: nom. sg. þioden þrist-hydig +(Beowulf), 2811. + +þrowian, w. v. w. acc., _to suffer, endure_: inf. (hat, gnorn) þrowian, +2606, 2659; pret. sg. þrowade, 1590, 1722; þrowode, 2595. + +þryeth, st. f., _abundance, multitude_, _excellence, power_: instr. pl. +þryethum (_excellently, extremely; excellent in strength?_), 494. + +þryeth-aern, st. n., _excellent house, royal hall_: acc. sg. (of Heorot), 658. + +þryethlic, adj., _excellent, chosen_: nom. sg. þryeth-lic þegna heap, 400, +1628; superl. acc. pl. þryeth-licost, 2870. + +þryeth-swyeth, st. n.?, _great pain_ (?): acc., 131, 737 [? adj., _very +powerful, exceeding strong_]. + +þryeth-word, st. n., _bold speech, choice discourse_: nom. sg., 644. (Great +store was set by good table-talk: cf. Lachmann's Nibelunge, 1612; Rigsmal, +29, 7, in Moebius, p. 79b, 22.) + +þrym, st. m.: 1) _power, might, force_: nom. sg. yetha þrym, 1919; instr. pl. += adv. þrymmum (_powerfully_), 235.--2) _glory, renown_: acc. sg. þrym, +2.--Comp. hyge-þrym. + +þrym-lic, adj., _powerful, mighty_: nom. sg. þrec-wudu þrym-lic (_the +mighty spear_), 1247. + +þu, pron., _thou_, 366, 407, 445, etc.; acc. sg. þec (poetic), 948, 2152, +etc.; þe, 417, 426, 517, etc.; after compar. selran þe (_a better one than +thee_), 1851. See ge. + +þunca, w. m. See aef-þunca. + +ge-þungen. See ge-þingan, st. v. + +þurfan, pret.-pres. v., _to need_: pres. sg. II. no þu ne þearft ... +sorgian (_needest not care_), 450; so, 445, 1675; III. ne þearf ... +onsittan (_need not fear_), 596; so, 2007, 2742; pres. subj. þaet he ... +secean þurfe, 2496; pret. sg. þorfte, 157, 1027, 1072, 2875, 2996; pl. +nealles Hetware hremge þorfton (i.e. wesan) feethe-wiges (_needed not boast +of their foot-fight_), 2365. + +ge-þuren. See þweran. + +þurh, prep. w. acc. signifying motion through, hence: I. local, _through, +throughout_: wod þa þurh þone wael-rec (_went then through the +battle-reek_), 2662.--II. causal: l) _on account of, for the sake of, owing +to_: þurh sliethne nieth (_through fierce hostility, heathenism_), 184; þurh +holdne hige (_from friendliness_), 267; so, þurh rumne sefan, 278; þurh +sidne sefan, 1727; eoweeth þurh egsan uncuethne nieth (_shows unheard-of +hostility by the terror he causes_), 276; so, 1102, 1336, 2046. 2) _by +means of, through_: heaetho-raes for-nam mihtig mere-deor þurh mine hand, 558; +þurh anes craeft, 700; so, 941, 1694, 1696, 1980, 2406, 3069. + +þus, adv., _so, thus_, 238, 337, 430. + +þunian, w. v., _to din, sound forth_: pret. sg. sund-wudu þunede, 1907. + +þusend, num., _thousand_: 1) fem. acc. ic þe þusenda þegna bringe to helpe, +1830.--2) neut. with measure of value (sceat) omitted: acc. seofan þusendo, +2196; gen. hund-þusenda landes and locenra beaga (100,000 _sceattas' worth +of land and rings_), 2995.--3) uninflected: acc. þusend wintra, 3051. + +þwaere, adj., _affable, mild_: in comp. man-þwaere. + +ge-þwaere, adj., _gentle, mild_: nom. pl. ge-þwaere, 1231. + +ge-þweran, st. v., _to forge, strike_: pret. part. heoru ... hamere +ge-þuren (for ge-þworen) (_hammer-forged sword_), 1286. + +þyhtig. See þihtig. + +ge-þyld (see þolian), st. f.: 1) _patience, endurance_: acc. sg. ge-þyld, +1396.--2) _steadfastness_: instr. pl. = adv.: ge-þyldum (_steadfastly, +patiently_), 1706. + +þyle, st. m., _spokesman, leader of the conversation at court_: nom. sg., +1166, 1457. + +þyncan, þincean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., _to seem, appear_: pres. sg. III. +þinceeth him to lytel (_it seems to him too little_), 1749; ne þynceeth me +gerysne, þaet we _(it seemeth to me not fit that we_ ...), 2654; pres. pl. +hy ... wyrethe þinceaeth eorla ge-aehtlan (_they seem worthy contenders with_ +(?) _earls_; or, _worthy warriors_), 368; pres. subj. swa him ge-met þince, +688; inf. þincean, 1342; pret. sg. þuhte, 2462, 3058; no his lif-gedal +sar-lic þuhte secga aenigum (_his death seemed painful to none of men_), +843; pret. pl. þaer him fold-wegas faegere þuhton, 867. + +of-þincan, _to displease, offend_: inf. maeg þaes þonne of-þyncan þeoden +(dat.) Heaetho-beardna and þegna gehwam þara leoda, 2033. + +þyrs, st. m., _giant_: dat. sg. wieth þyrse (Grendel), 426. + +þys-lic, adj., _such, of such a nature_: nom. sg. fem. þys-licu þearf, +2638. + +þy. See þaet. + +þywan (M.H.G. diuhen, O.H.G. duhan), w. v., _to crush, oppress_: inf. gif +þec ymb-sittend egesan þywaeth (_if thy neighbors oppress thee with dread_), +1828. + +þystru, st. f., _darkness_: dat. pl. in þystrum, 87. + +ge-þywe, adj., _customary, usual_: nom. sg. swa him ge-þywe ne waes (_as was +not his custom_), 2333. + + +U + +ufan, _adv., from above_, 1501; _above_, 330. + +ufera (prop. _higher_), adj., _later_: dat. pl. ufaran dogrum, 2201, 2393. + +ufor, adv., _higher_, 2952. + +uhte, w. f., _twilight_ or _dawn_: dat. or acc. on uhtan, 126. + +uht-floga, w. m., _twilight-flier, dawn-flier_ (epithet of the dragon): +gen. sg. uht-flogan, 2761. + +uht-hlem, st. m., _twilight-cry, dawn-cry_: acc. sg., 2008. + +uht-sceaetha, w. m., _twilight-_ or _dawn-foe_: nom. sg., 2272. + +umbor, st. n., _child, infant_: acc. sg., 46; dat. sg., 1188. + +un-bliethe, adv.(?), _unblithely, sorrowfully_, 130, 2269; (adj., nom. pl.?), +3032. + +un-byrnende, pres. part., _unburning, without burning_, 2549. + +unc, dat. and acc. of the dual wit, _us two, to us two_, 1784, 2138, 2527; +gen. hwaeether ... uncer twega (_which of us two_), 2533; uncer Grendles (_of +us two, G. and me_), 2003. + +uncer, poss. pron., _of us two_: nom. sg. [uncer], 2002(?); dat. pl. uncran +eaferan, 1186. + +un-cueth, adj.: 1) _unknown_: nom. sg. stig ... eldum uncueth, 2215; acc. sg. +neut. uncueth ge-lad (_unknown ways_), 1411.--2) _unheard-of, barbarous, +evil_: acc. sg. un-cuethne nieth, 276; gen. sg. un-cuethes (_of the foe_, +Grendel), 961. + +under, I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat., answering question where? = +_under_ (of rest), contrasted with _over_: bat (waes) under beorge, 211; þa +cwom Wealhþeo foreth gan under gyldnum beage (_W. walked forth under a golden +circlet_, i.e. decked with), 1164; siethethan he under segne sine ealgode +(_under his banner_), 1205; he under rande ge-cranc (_sank under his +shield_), 1210; under wolcnum, 8, 1632; under heofenum, 52, 505; under +roderum, 310; under helme, 342, 404; under here-griman, 396, 2050, 2606; +so, 711, 1198, 1303, 1929, 2204, 2416, 3061, 3104.--2) w. acc.: a) +answering question whither? = _under_ (of motion): þa secg wisode under +Heorotes hrof, 403; siethethan aefen-leoht under heofenes hador be-holen +weoretheeth, 414; under sceadu bregdan, 708; fleon under fen-hleoethu, 821; hond +alegde ... under geapne hrof, 837; teon in under eoderas, 1038; so, 1361, +1746, 2129, 2541, 2554, 2676, 2745; so, haefde þa for-siethod sunu Ecg-þeowes +under gynne grund, 1552 (for-siethian requires acc.). b) after verbs of +venturing and fighting, with acc. of object had in view: he under harne +stan ...ana ge-neethde frecne daede, 888; ne dorste under yetha ge-win aldre +ge-neethan, 1470. c) indicating extent, with acc. after expressions of limit, +etc.: under swegles begong (_as far as the sky extends_), 861, 1774; under +heofenes hwealf (_as far as heaven's vault reaches_), 2016. + +II. Adv., _beneath, below_: stig under laeg (_a path lay beneath_, i.e. the +rock), 2214. + +undern-mael, st. n., _midday_: acc. sg., 1429. + +un-dyrne, un-derne, adj., _without concealment, plain, clear_: nom. sg., +127, 2001; un-derne, 2912. + +un-dyrne, adv., _plainly, evidently_; un-dyrne cueth, 150, 410. + +un-faeger, adj., _unlovely, hideous_: nom. sg. leoht un-faeger, 728. + +un-faecne, adj., _without malice, sincere_: nom. sg., 2069. + +un-faege, adj., _not death-doomed_ or "_fey_": nom. sg., 2292; acc. sg. +un-faegne eorl, 573. + +un-flitme, adv., _solemnly, incontestably_: Finn Hengeste elne unflitme +aethum benemde (_F. swore solemnly to H. with oaths_) [if an adj., elne un-f. += _unconquerable in valor_], 1098. + +un-forht, adj., _fearless, bold_: nom. sg., 287; acc. pl. unforhte (adv.?), +444. See Note. + +un-from, adj., _unfit, unwarlike_: nom. sg., 2189. + +un-frod, adj., _not aged, young_: dat sg. guman un-frodum, 2822. + +un-gedefelice, adv., _unjustly, contrary to right and custom_, 2436. + +un-gemete, adv., _immeasurably, exceedingly_, 2421, 2722, 2729. + +un-gemetes, adv. gen. sg., the same, 1793. + +un-geara, adv., (_not old_), _recently, lately_, 933; _soon_, 603. + +un-gifeethe, adj., _not to be granted; refused_: nom. sg., 2922. + +un-gleaw, adj., _regardless, reckless_: acc. sg. sweord ... ecgum ungleaw +(of a sharp-edged sword), 2565. + +un-har, adj., _very gray_: nom. sg., 357; (_bald_?). + +un-haelo, st. f., _mischief, destruction_: gen. sg. wiht un-haelo (_the demon +of destruction_, Grendel), 120. + +un-heore, un-hyre, adj., _monstrous, horrible_: nom. sg. m., weard un-hiore +(the dragon), 2414; neut. wif un-hyre (Grendel's mother), 2121; nom. pl. +neut. hand-sporu ... unheoru (of Grendel's claws), 988. + +un-hlytme, un-hlitme, adv. (cf. A.S. hlytm = _lot_; O.N. hluti = _part +division_), _undivided, unseparated_, _united_, 1130 [unless = un-flitme, +1098]. See Note. + +un-leof, adj., _hated_: acc. pl. seah on un-leofe, 2864. + +un-lifigende, pres. part., _unliving, lifeless_: nom. sg. un-lifigende, +468; acc. sg. un-lyfigendne, 1309; dat. sg. un-lifgendum, 1390; gen. sg. +un-lyfigendes, 745. + +un-lytel, adj., _not little, very large_: nom. sg. dugueth un-lytel (_a great +band of warriors_? or _great joy_?), 498; dom un-lytel (_no little glory_), +886; acc. sg. torn un-lytel (_very great shame, misery_), 834. + +un-murnlice, adv., _unpityingly, without sorrowing_, 449, 1757. + +unnan, pret.-pres. v., _to grant, give; wish, will_: pret.-pres. sg. I. ic +þe an tela sinc-gestreona, 1226; weak pret. sg. I. uethe ic swiethor þaet þu +hine selfne ge-seon moste, 961; III. he ne uethe þaet ...(_he granted not that +..._), 503; him god uethe þaet ... he hyne sylfne ge-wraec (_God granted to him +that he avenged himself_), 2875; þeah he uethe wel (_though he well would_), +2856. + +ge-unnan, _to grant, permit_: inf. gif he us ge-unnan wile þaet we hine ... +gretan moton, 346; me ge-uethe ylda waldend, þaet ic ... ge-seah hangian (_the +Ruler of men permitted me to see hanging ..._), 1662. + +un-nyt, adj., _useless_: nom. sg., 413, 3170. + +un-riht, st. n., _unright, injustice, wrong_: acc. sg. unriht, 1255, 2740; +instr. sg. un-rihte (_unjustly, wrongly_), 3060. + +un-rim, st. n., _immense number_: nom. sg., 1239, 3136; acc. sg., 2625. + +un-rime, adj., _countless, measureless_: nom. sg. gold un-rime, 3013. + +un-rot, adj., _sorrowing_: nom. pl. un-rote, 3149. + +un-snyttru, st. f., _lack of wisdom_: dat. pl. for his un-snyttrum (_for +his unwisdom_), 1735. + +un-softe, adv., _unsoftly, with violence_ (_hardly_?), 2141; _scarcely_, +1656. + +un-swyethe, adv., _not strongly_ or _powerfully_: compar. (ecg) bat unswiethor +þonne his þiod-cyning þearfe haefde (_the sword bit less sharply than the +prince of the people needed_), 2579; fyr unswiethor weoll, 2882. + +un-synnig, adj., _guiltless, sinless_: acc. sg. un-synnigne, 2090. + +un-synnum, adv. instr. pl., _guiltlessly_, 1073. + +un-taele, adj., _blameless_: acc. pl. un-taele, 1866. + +un-tyder, st. m., _evil race, monster_: nom. pl. un-tydras, 111. [Cf. Ger. +un-mensch.] + +un-waclic, adj., _that cannot be shaken; firm, strong_: acc. sg. ad ... +un-waclicne, 3139. + +un-wearnum, adv. instr. pl., _unawares, suddenly_; (_unresistingly_?), 742. + +un-wrecen, pret. part., _unavenged_, 2444. + +up, adv., _up, upward_, 224, 519, 1374, 1620, 1913, 1921, 2894; (of the +voice), þa waes ... wop up ahafen, 128; so, 783. + +up-lang, adj., _upright, erect_: nom. sg., 760. + +uppe (adj., ufe, uffe), adv., _above_, 566. + +up-riht, adj., _upright, erect_: nom. sg., 2093. + +uton. See wuton. + + +U + +ueth-genge, adj., _transitory, evanescent, ready to depart_, (_fled_?): þaer +waes Aesc-here ... feorh ueth-genge, 2124. + +us, pers. pron. dat. and acc. of we (see we), _us, to us_, 1822, 2636, +2643, 2921, 3002, 3079; acc. (poetic), usic, 2639, 2641, 2642;--gen. ure: +ure aeg-hwylc (_each of us_), 1387; user, 2075. + +user, possess, pron.: nom. sg. ure man-drihten, 2648; dat. sg. ussum +hlaforde, 2635; gen. sg. neut. usses cynnes, 2814; dat. pl. urum ... bam +(_to us both, two_) (for unc bam), 2660. + +ut, adv., _out_, 215, 537, 664, 1293, 1584, 2082, 2558, 3131. + +utan, adv., _from without, without_, 775, 1032, 1504, 2335. + +ut-fus, adj., _ready to go_: nom. sg. hringed-stefna isig and ut-fus, 33. + +ut-weard, adj., _outward, outside, free_: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel) waes +ut-weard, 762. + +utan-weard, adj., _without, outward, from without_: acc. sg. hlaew ... ealne +utan-weardne, 2298. + + +W + +*wacan, st. v., _to awake, arise, originate_: pret. sg. þanon (from Cain) +woc fela geo-sceaft-gasta, 1266; so, 1961; pl. þam feower bearn ... in +worold wocun, 60. + +*on-wacan: 1) _to awake_ (intrans.): pret. sg. þa se wyrm on-woc (_when the +drake awoke_), 2288.--2) _to be born_: pret. sg. him on-woc heah Healfdene, +56; pl. on-wocon, 111. + +wacian, w. v., _to watch_: imper. sg. waca wieth wraethum! 661. + +wadan, st. v., (cf. wade, waddle) _to traverse; stride, go_: pret. sg. wod +þurh þone wael-rec, 2662; wod under wolcnum (_stalked beneath the clouds_), +715. + +ge-wadan, _to attain by moving, come to, reach_: pret. part. oeth þaet ... +wunden-stefna ge-waden haefde, þaet þa liethende land ge-sawon (_till the ship +had gone so far that the sailors saw land_), 220. + +on-wadan, w. acc., _to invade, befall_: pret. sg. hine fyren on-wod(?), +916. + +þurh-wadan, _to penetrate, pierce_: pret. sg. þaet swurd þurh-wod wraet-licne +wyrm, 891; so, 1568. + +wag, st. m., _wall_: dat. sg. on wage, 1663; dat. pl. aefter wagum (_along +the walls_), 996. + +wala, w. m., _boss_: nom. pl. walan, 1032 (cf. Bouterwek in Haupt XI., 85 +seqq.). + +walda, w. m., _wielder, ruler_: in comp. an-, eal-walda. + +wald-swaethu, st. f., _forest-path_: dat. pl. aefter wald-swaethum (_along the +wood-paths_), 1404. + +wam, wom, st. m., _spot, blot, sin_: acc. sg. him be-beorgan ne con wom +(_cannot protect himself from evil_ or _from the evil strange orders_, +etc.; wom = wogum? = _crooked_?), 1748; instr. pl. wommum, 3074. + +wan, won, adj., _wan, lurid, dark_: nom. sg, yeth-geblond ... won (_the dark +waves_), 1375; se wonna hrefn (_the black raven_), 3025; wonna leg (_lurid +flame_), 3116; dat. sg. f. on wanre niht, 703; nom. pl. neut. scadu-helma +ge-sceapu ... wan, 652. + +wang, st. m., _mead, field; place_: acc. sg. wang, 93, 225; wong, 1414, +2410, 3074; dat. sg. wange, 2004; wonge, 2243, 3040; acc. pl. wongas, +2463.--Comp.: freoetho-, grund-, medo-, sae-wang. + +wang-stede, st. m., (locus campestris), _spot, place_: dat. sg. wong-stede, +2787. + +wan-hyd (for hygd), st. f., _heedlessness, recklessness_: dat. pl. for his +won-hydum, 434. + +wanian, w. v.: 1) intrans., _to decrease, wane_: inf. þa þaet sweord ongan +... wanian, 1608.--2) w. acc., _to cause to wane_ or _lessen_: pret. sg. he +to lange leode mine wanode, 1338. + +ge-wanian, _to decrease, diminish_: pret. part. is min flet-werod ... +ge-wanod, 477. + +wan-saelig, adj., _unhappy, wretched_: nom. sg. won-saelig wer (Grendel), +105. + +wan-sceaft, st. f., _misery, want_: acc. sg. won-sceaft, 120. + +warian, w. v. w. acc., _to occupy, guard, possess_: pres. sg. III. þaer he +haeethen gold waraeth (_where he guards heathen gold_), 2278; pl. III. hie +(Grendel and his mother) dygel land warigeaeth, 1359; pret. sg. (Grendel) +goldsele warode, 1254; (Cain) westen warode, 1266. + +waroeth, st. m., _shore_: dat. sg. to waroethe, 234; acc. pl. wide waroethas, +1966. + +waru, st. f., _inhabitants_, (collective) _population_: in comp. land-waru. + +wa, interj., _woe!_ wa bieth þaem þe... (_woe to him that..._), 183. + +waethu, st. f., _way, journey_: in comp. gamen-waethu. + +wanian, w. v., _to weep, whine, howl_, w. acc.: inf. gehyrdon ... sar +wanigean helle haeftan (_they heard the hell-fastened one lamenting his +pain_), 788; pret. sg. [wanode], 3152(?). + +wat. See witan. + +waecean, w. v., _to watch_: pret. part waeccende, 709, 2842; acc. sg. m. +waeccendne wer, 1269. See wacian. + +waecnan, w. v., _to be awake, come forth_: inf., 85. + +waed, st. n., (the moving) _sea, ocean_: nom. wado weallende, 546; wadu +weallendu, 581; gen. pl. wada 508. + +waefre, adj., _wavering_ (like flame), _ghostlike, without distinct bodily +form_: nom. sg. wael-gaest waefre (of Grendel's mother), 1332;--_flickering, +expiring_: nom. sg. waefre mod, 1151; him waes geomor sefa, waefre and +wael-fus, 2421. + +be-waegnan, w. v., _to offer_: pret part, him waes ... freond-laethu wordum +be-waegned, 1194. + +wael, st. n., _battle, slaughter, the slain in battle_: acc. sg. wael, 1213, +3028, blodig wael, 448; oethethe on wael crunge (_or in battle, among the slain, +fall_), 636; dat. sg. sume on waele crungon (_some fell in the slaughter_), +1114; dat. sg. in Fr...es waele (proper name in MS. destroyed), 1071; nom. +pl. walu, 1043. + +wael-bed, st. n., _slaughter-bed, deathbed_: dat. sg. on wael-bedde, 965. + +wael-bend, st. f., _death-bond_: acc. sg. or pl. wael-bende ... +hand-gewriethene, 1937. + +wael-bleat, adj., _deadly, mortal, cruel_: acc. sg. wunde wael-bleate, 2726. + +wael-deaeth, st. m., _death in battle_: nom. sg., 696. + +wael-dreor, st. m., _battle-gore_: instr. sg. wael-dreore, 1632. + +wael-fah, adj., _slaughter-stained, blood-stained_: acc. sg. wael-fagne +winter, 1129. + +wael-faeheth, st. f., _deadly feud_: gen. pl. wael-faehetha, 2029. + +wael-feall, st. m., _(fall of the slain), death, destruction_: dat. sg. to +wael-fealle, 1712. + +wael-fus, adj., _ready for death, foreboding death_: nom. sg., 2421. + +wael-fyllo, st. f., _fill of slaughter_: dat. sg. mid þaere wael-fulle (i.e. +the thirty men nightly slaughtered at Heorot by Grendel), 125; wael-fylla? +3155. + +wael-fyr, st. n.: 1) _deadly fire_: instr. sg. wael-fyre (of the fire-spewing +dragon), 2583.--2) _corpse-consuming fire, funeral pyre_: gen. pl. wael-fyra +maest, 1120. + +wael-gaest, st. m., _deadly sprite_ (of Grendel and his mother): nom. sg. +wael-gaest, 1332; acc. sg. þone wael-gaest, 1996. + +wael-hlem, st. m., _death-stroke_: acc. sg. wael-hlem þone, 1996. + +waelm, st. m., _flood, whelming water_: nom. sg. þaere burnan waelm, 2547; +gen. sg. þaes waelmes (_of the surf_), 2136.--Comp. cear-waelm. + +wael-nieth, st. m., _deadly hostility_: nom. sg., 3001; dat. sg. aefter +wael-niethe, 85; nom. pl. wael-niethas, 2066. + +wael-rap, st. m., _flood-fetter, i.e. ice_: acc. pl. wael-rapas, 1611; (cf. +waell, wel, wyll = _well, flood_: leax sceal on waele mid sceote scriethan, +Gnom. Cott. 39). + +wael-raes, st. m., _deadly onslaught_: nom. sg., 2948; dat. sg. wael-raese, +825, 2532. + +wael-rest, st. f., _death-bed_, acc. sg. wael-reste, 2903. + +wael-rec, st. m., _deadly reek_ or _smoke_: acc. sg. wod þa þurh þone +wael-rec, 2662. + +wael-reaf, st, n., _booty of the slain, battle-plunder_: acc. sg., 1206. + +wael-reow, adj., _bold in battle_: nom. sg., 630. + +wael-sceaft, st. m., _deadly shaft, spear_: acc. pl. wael-sceaftas, 398. + +wael-seax, st. n., _deadly knife, war-knife_: instr. sg. waell-seaxe, 2704. + +wael-stenge, st. m., _battle-spear_: dat. sg. on þam wael-stenge, 1639. + +wael-stow, st. f., _battle-field_: dat. sg. wael-stowe, 2052, 2985. + +waestm, st. m., _growth, form, figure_: dat. sg. on weres waestmum (_in man's +form_), 1353. + +waeter, st. n., _water_: nom. sg., 93, 1417, 1515, 1632; acc. sg. waeter, +1365, 1620; deop waeter (_the deep_), 509, 1905; ofer wid waeter (_over the +high sea]_, 2474; dat. sg. aefter waetere _(along the Grendel-sea_), 1426; +under waetere (_at the bottom of the sea_), 1657; instr. waetere, 2723; +waetre, 2855; gen. sg. ofer waeteres hrycg (_over the surface of the sea_), +471; on waeteres aeht, 516; þurh waeteres wylm (_through the sea-wave_), 1694; +gen. = instr. waeteres weorpan (_to sprinkle with water_), 2792. + +waeter-egesa, st. m., _water-terror_, i.e. _the fearful sea_: acc. sg., 1261 + +waeter-yeth, st. f., _water-wave, billow_: dat. pl. waeter-yethum, 2243. + +waed, st. f., _(weeds), garment_: in comp. here-, hilde-waed. + +ge-waede, st. n., _clothing_, especially _battle-equipments_: acc. pl. +gewaedu, 292.--Comp. eorl-gewaede. + +waeg, st. m., _wave_: acc. sg. waeg, 3133. + +waeg-bora, w. m., _wave-bearer, swimmer_ (bearing or propelling the waves +before him): nom. sg. wundorlic waeg-bora (of a sea-monster), 1441. + +waeg-flota, w. m., _sea-sailer, ship_: acc. sg. weg-flotan, 1908. + +waeg-holm, st. m., _the wave-filled sea_: acc. sg. ofer waeg-holm, 217. + +waege, st. n., _cup, can_: acc. sg. faeted waege, 2254, 2283.--Comp.: ealo-, +lieth-waege. + +waeg-liethend, pres. part., _sea-farer_: dat. pl. waeg-liethendum (et liethendum, +MS.), 3160. + +waeg-sweord, st. n., _heavy sword_: acc. sg., 1490. + +waen, st. m., _wain, wagon_: acc. sg. on waen, 3135. + +waepen, st. n., _weapon; sword_: nom. sg., 1661; acc. sg. waepen, 686, 1574, +2520, 2688; instr. waepne, 1665, 2966; gen. waepnes, 1468; acc. pl. waepen, +292; dat. pl. waepnum, 250, 331, 2039, 2396. --Comp.: hilde-, sige-waepen. + +waepned-man, st. m., _warrior, man_: dat. sg. waepned-men, 1285. + +waer, st. f., _covenant, treaty_: acc. sg. waere, 1101;--_protection, care_: +dat. sg. on frean (on þaes waldendes) waere (_into God's protection_), 27, +3110.--Comp.: frioetho-waer. + +waesma, w. m., _fierce strength, war-strength_: in comp. here-waesma, 678. + +we, pers. pron., _we_, 942, 959, 1327, 1653, 1819, 1820, etc. + +web, st. n., _woven work, tapestry_:, nom. pl. web, 996. + +webbe, w. f., _webster, female weaver_: in comp. freoethu-webbe. + +weccan, weccean, w. v. w. acc., _to wake, rouse; recall_: inf. wig-bealu +weccan (_to stir up strife_), 2047; nalles hearpan sweg (sceal) wigend +weccean (_the sound of the harp shall not wake up the warriors_), 3025; +ongunnon þa ... bael-fyra maest wigend weccan (_the warriors then began to +start the mightiest of funeral pyres_), 3145; pret. sg. wehte hine waetre +(_roused him with water_, i.e. Wiglaf recalled Beowulf to consciousness), +2855. + +to-weccan, _to stir up, rouse_: pret, pl. hu þa folc mid him (_with one +another_), faehethe to-wehton, 2949. + +wed, st. n., (cf. wed-ding), _pledge_: dat. sg. hyldo to wedde (_as a +pledge of his favor_), 2999. + +weder, st. n., _weather_: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137; gen. pl. +wedera cealdost, 546. + +ge-wef, st. n., _woof, weaving_: acc. pl. wig-speda ge-wiofu (_the woof of +war-speed_: the battle-woof woven for weal or woe by the Walkyries; cf. +Njals-saga, 158), 698. + +weg, st. m., _way_: acc. sg. on weg (_away, off_), 264, 764, 845, 1431, +2097; gyf þu on weg cymest (_if thou comest off safe_, i.e. from the battle +with Grendel's mother), 1383.--Comp.: feor-, fold-, foreth-, wid-weg. + +wegan, st. v. w. acc., _to bear, wear, bring, possess_: subj. pres. nah hwa +sweord wege (_I have none that may bear the sword_), 2253; inf. nalles +(sceal) eorl wegan maethethum to ge-myndum (_no earl shall wear a memorial +jewel_), 3016; pret. ind. he þa fraetwe waeg ... ofer yetha ful (_bore the +jewels over the goblet of the waves_), 1208; wael-seaxe ... þaet he on byrnan +waeg, 2705; heortan sorge waeg (_bore heart's sorrow_); so, 152, 1778, 1932, +2781. + +aet-wegan = _auferre, to carry off_: syethethan Hama aet-waeg to þaere byrhtan +byrig Brosinga mene (_since H. bore from the bright city the +Brosing-collar_), 1199. + +ge-wegan (O.N. wega), _to fight_: inf. þe he wieth þam wyrme ge-wegan +sceolde, 2401. + +wel, adv.: 1) _well_: wel bieth þaem þe ... (_well for him that ...!_), 186; +se þe wel þenceeth (_he that well thinketh, judgeth_), 289; so, 640, 1046, +1822, 1834, 1952, 2602; well, 2163, 2813.--2) _very, very much_: Geat +ungemetes wel ... restan lyste (_the Geat longed sorely to rest_), +1793.--3) _indeed, to be sure_, 2571, 2856. + +wela, w. m., _wealth, goods, possessions_: in comp. aer-, burg-, hord-, +maethethum-wela. + +wel-hwylc, indef. pron., = quivis, _any you please, any_ (each, all): gen. +pl. wel-hwylcra wilna, 1345; w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. witena wel-hwylc, +266;--substantively: acc. neut. wel-hwylc, 875. + +welig, adj., _wealthy, rich_: acc. sg. wic-stede weligne Waegmundinga, 2608. + +wel-þungen, pres. part., _well-thriven_ (in mind), _mature, high-minded_: +nom. sg. Hygd (waes) swiethe geong, wis, wel-þungen, 1928. + +wenian, w. v., _to accustom, attract, honor_: subj. pret. þaet ... +Folcwaldan sunu ... Hengestes heap hringum wenede (_sh. honor_), 1092. + +be-(bi-)wenian, _entertain, care for, attend_: pret. sg. maeg þaes þonne +of-þyncan þeoden Heaetho-beardna ... þonne he mid faemnan on flet gaeeth, +dryht-bearn Dena duguetha bi-wenede (_may well displease the prince of the +H.... when he with the woman goes into the hall, that a noble scion of the +Danes should entertain, bear wine to, the knights_, cf. 494 seqq.; or, _a +noble scion of the Danes should attend on her?_), 2036; pret. part. nom. +pl. waeron her tela willum be-wenede, 1822. + +wendan, w. v., _to turn_: pres. sg. III. him eal worold wendeeth on willan +(_all the world turns at his will_), 1740. + +ge-wendan, w. acc.: l) _to turn, turn round_: pret. sg. wicg gewende +(_turned his horse_), 315.--2) _to turn_ (intrans.), _change_: inf. wa bieth +þaem þe sceal ... frofre ne wenan, wihte ge-wendan (_woe to him that shall +have no hope, shall not change at all_), 186. + +on-wendan, _to avert, set aside_: 1) w. acc.: inf. ne mihte snotor haeleeth +wean on-wendan, 191.--2) intrans.: sibb aefre ne maeg wiht on-wendan þam þe +wel þenceeth (_in, to, him that is well thinking friendship can not be set +aside_), 2602. + +wer, st. m., _man, hero_: nom. sg. (Grendel), 105; acc. sg. wer (Beowulf), +1269, 3174; gen. sg. on weres waestmum (_in man's form_), 1353; nom. pl. +weras, 216, 1223, 1234, 1441, 1651; dat. pl. werum, 1257; gen. pl. wera, +120, 994, 1732, 3001; (MS. weora), 2948. + +wered, st. n., (as adj. = _sweet_), _a sort of beer_ (probably without hops +or such ingredients): acc. sg. scir wered, 496. + +were-feohte, f., _defensive fight, fight in self-defence_: dat. pl. for +were-fyhtum (fere fyhtum, MS.), 457. + +werhetho, st. f., _curse, outlawry, condemnation_: acc. sg. þu in helle +scealt werhetho dreogan, 590. + +werian, _to defend, protect_: w. vb., pres. sg. III. beaduscruda ... þaet +mine breost wereeth, 453; inf. wit unc wieth hron-fixas werian þohton, 541; +pres. part. w. gen. pl. wergendra to lyt (_too few defenders_), 2883; pret. +ind. wael-reaf werede (_guarded the battle-spoil_), 1206; se hwita helm +hafelan werede (_the shining helm protected his head_), 1449; pl. hafelan +weredon, 1328; pret. part. nom. pl. ge ... byrnum werede (_ye_ ... +_corselet-clad_), 238, 2530. + +be-werian, _to protect, defend_: pret. pl. þaet hie ... leoda land-geweorc +laethum be-weredon scuccum and scinnum (_that they the people's land-work +from foes, from monsters and demons, might defend_), 939 + +werig, adj., _accursed, outlawed_: gen. sg. wergan gastes (Grendel), 133; +(of the devil), 1748. + +werod, weorod, st. n., _band of men, warrior-troop_: nom. sg. werod, 652; +weorod, 290, 2015, 3031; acc. sg. werod, 319; dat. instr. sg. weorode, +1012, 2347; werede, 1216; gen. sg. werodes, 259; gen. pl. wereda, 2187; +weoroda, 60.--Comp.: eorl-, flet-werod. + +wer-þeod, st. f., _people, humanity_: dat. sg. ofer wer-þeode, 900. + +wesan, v., _to be_: pres. sg. I. ic eom, 335, 407; II. þu eart, 352, 506; +III. is, 256, 272, 316, 343, 375, 473, etc.; nu is þines maegenes blaed ane +hwile (_the prime [fame?] of thy powers lasteth now for a while_), 1762; +ys, 2911, 3000, 3085; pl. I. we synt, 260, 342; II. syndon, 237, 393; III. +syndon, 257, 361, 1231; synt, 364; sint, 388; subj. pres. sie, 435, 683, +etc.; sy, 1832, etc.; sig, 1779, etc.; imper. sg. II. wes, 269 (cf. +wassail, wes hael), 407, 1171, 1220, 1225, etc.; inf. wesan, 272, 1329, +1860, 2709, etc. The inf. wesan must sometimes be supplied: nealles Hetware +hremge þorfton (i.e. wesan) feethe-wiges, 2364; so, 2498, 2660, 618, 1858; +pres. part. wesende, 46; dat. sg. wesendum, 1188; pret. sg. I., III. waes, +11, 12, 18, 36, 49, 53, etc.; waes on sunde (_was a-swimming_), 1619; so, +848, 850(?), 970, 981, 1293; progressive, waes secgende (for saede), 3029; +II. waere, 1479, etc.; pl. waeron, 233, 536, 544, etc.; waeran (w. reflex, +him), 2476; pret. subj. waere, 173, 203, 594, 946, etc.; progressive, +myndgiend waere (for myndgie), 1106.--Contracted neg. forms: , nis = ne + +is, 249, 1373, etc.; naes = ne + waes, 134, 1300, 1922, 2193, etc. (cf. +uncontracted: ne waes, 890, 1472); naeron = ne + waeron, 2658; naere = ne + +waere, 861, 1168. See cniht-wesende. + +weg. See waeg. + +wen, st. f., _expectation, hope_: nom. sg., 735, 1874, 2324; nu is leodum +wen orleg-hwile (gen.) (_now the people have weening of a time of strife_), +2911; acc. sg. þaes ic wen haebbe (_as I hope, expect_), 383; so, þaes þe ic +[wen] hafo, 3001; wen ic talige, 1846; dat. pl. bega on wenum _(in +expectation of both_, i.e. the death and the return of Beowulf), 2896. See +or-wena. + +wenan, w. v., _to ween, expect, hope_: 1) absolutely; pres. sg. I. þaes ic +wene (_as I hope_), 272; swa ic þe wene to _(as I hope thou wilt_: Beowulf +hopes Hroethgar will now suffer no more pain), 1397.--2) w. gen. or acc. +pres. sg. I. þonne wene ic to þe wyrsan ge-þinges, 525; ic þaer heaethu-fyres +hates wene, 2523; III. secce ne weneeth to Gar Denum (_weeneth not of contest +with the Gar-Danes_), 601; inf. (beorhtre bote) wenan (_to expect, count +on, a brilliant_ [? _a lighter penalty_] _atonement_), 157; pret. pl. þaes +ne wendon aer witan Scyldinga þaet ... _the wise men of the Scyldings weened +not of this before, that_...), 779; þaet hig þaes aeethelinges eft ne wendon þaet +he ... secean come _(that they looked not for the atheling again that he_ +... _would come to seek_ ...), 1598.--3) w. acc. inf.: pret. sg. wende, +934.--4) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I. wene ic þaet..., 1185; wen' ic +þaet..., 338, 442; pret. sg. wende, 2330; pl. wendon, 938, 1605. + +wepan, st. v., _to weep_: pret. sg. [weop], 3152 (?). + +werig, adj., _weary, exhausted_, w. gen.: nom. sg. siethes werig (_weary from +the journey, way-weary_), 579; dat. sg. siethes wergum, 1795;--w. instr.: +acc. pl. wundum werge _(wound-weary_), 2938.--Comp.: deaeth-, fyl-, +gueth-werig. + +ge-werigean, w. v., _to weary, exhaust_: pret. part. ge-wergad, 2853. + +werig-mod, adj., _weary-minded (animo defessus)_: nom. sg., 845, 1544. + +weste, adj., _waste, uninhabited_: acc. sg. win-sele westne, 2457. + +westen, st. n., _waste, wilderness_: acc. sg. westen, 1266. + +westen, st. f., _waste, wilderness_: dat. sg. on þaere westenne, 2299. + +weal, st. m.: 1 _wall, rampart_: dat. instr. sg. wealle, 786, 892, 3163; +gen. sg. wealles, 2308.--2) _elevated sea-shore_: dat. sg. of wealle, 229; +acc. pl. windige weallas, 572, 1225.--3) _wall of a building_: acc, sg. wieth +þaes recedes weal, 326; dat. sg. be wealle, 1574; hence, the inner and outer +rock-walls of the dragon's lair (cf. Heyne's essay: Halle Heorot, p. 59): +dat. sg., 2308, 2527, 2717, 2760, 3061, 3104; gen. sg. wealles, +2324.--Comp.: bord-, eoreth-, sae-, scyld-weal. + +ge-wealc, st. n., _rolling_: acc. sg. ofer yetha ge-wealc, 464. + +ge-weald, st. n., _power, might_: acc. sg. on feonda ge-weald _(into the +power of his foes_), 809, 904; so, 1685; geweald agan, haebban, a-beodan (w. +gen. of object = _to present) = to have power over_, 79, 655, 765, 951, +1088, 1611, 1728. See on-weald. + +wealdan, st. v., _to wield, govern, rule over, prevail_: 1) absolutely or +with depend, clause: inf. gif he wealdan mot (_if he may prevail_), 442; +þaer he ... wealdan moste swa him Wyrd ne ge-scraf (_if [where?] he was to +prevail, as Weird had not destined for him_), 2575; pres. part. waldend +(_God_), 1694; dat. wealdende, 2330; gen. waldendes, 2293, 2858, 3110.--2) +with instr. or dat.: inf. þam waepnum wealdan (_to wield, prevail with, the +weapons_), 2039; Geatum wealdan (_to rule the Geatas_), 2391; þeah-hordum +wealdan (_to rule over, control, the treasure of rings_), 2828; wael-stowe +wealdan (_to hold the field of battle_), 2985; pret. sg. weold, 465, 1058, +2380, 2596; þenden wordum weold wine Scyldinga (_while the friend of the S. +ruled the G._), 30; pl. weoldon, 2052.--3) with gen.: pres. sg. I. þenden +ic wealde widan rices, 1860; pres. part. wuldres wealdend(waldend), 17, +183, 1753; weard, 2514; the _'dragon_ is called ylda waldend, 1662; waldend +fira, 2742; sigora waldend, 2876 (designations of God); pret. sg. weold, +703, 1771. + +ge-wealdan, _to wield, have power over, arrange_: 1) w. acc.: pret. sg. +halig god ge-weold wig-sigor, 1555.--2) w. dat.: pret. cyning ge-weold his +ge-witte (_the king possessed his senses_), 2704.--3) w. gen.: inf. he ne +mihte no ... waepna ge-wealdan, 1510. + +ge-wealden, pret. part., _subject, subjected_: acc. pl. gedeeth him swa +gewealdene worolde daelas, 1733. + +weallan, st. v.: 1) _to toss, be agitated_ (of the sea): pres. part. nom. +pl. wadu weallende (weallendu), 546, 581; nom. sg. brim weallende, 848; +pret. ind. weol, 515, 850, 1132; weoll, 2139.--2) figuratively (of +emotions), _to be agitated_: pres. pl. III. syethethan Ingelde weallaeth +wael-niethas (_deadly hate thus agitates Ingeld_), 2066; pres. part. +weallende, 2465; pret. sg. hreether inne weoll (_his heart was moved within +him_), 2114; hreether aeethme weoll (_his breast_ [the dragon's] _swelled from +breathing, snorting_), 2594; breost innan weoll þeostrum ge-þoncum, 2332; +so, weoll, 2600, 2715, 2883. + +weall-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: acc. sg. ofer weall-clif, 3133. + +weallian, w. v., _to wander, rove about_: pres. part. in comp. +heoro-weallende, 2782. + +weard, st. m., _warden, guardian; owner_: nom. sg. weard Scyldinga (_the +Scyldings' warden of the march_), 229; weard, 286, 2240; se weard, sawele +hyrde, 1742; the _king_ is called beah-horda weard, 922; rices weard, 1391; +folces weard, 2514; the _dragon_ is called weard, 3061; weard un-hiore, +2414; beorges weard, 2581; acc. sg, weard, 669; (dragon), 2842; beorges +weard (dragon), 2525, 3067.--Comp.: bat-, eethel-, gold-, heafod-, hord-, +hyeth-, land-, ren-, sele-, yrfe-weard. + +weard, st. m., _possession_ (Dietrich in Haupt XI., 415): in comp. +eoreth-weard, 2335. + +weard, st. f., _watch, ward_: acc. sg. wearde healdan, 319; wearde heold, +305.--Comp. aeg-weard. + +weard, adj., _-ward_: in comp. and-, innan-, ut-weard, 1288, etc. + +weardian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to watch, guard, keep_: inf. he his folme +forlet to lif-wraethe, last weardian (_Grendel left his hand behind as a +life-saver, to guard his track_ [Kemble]), 972; pret. sg. him sio swiethre +swaethe weardade hand on Hiorte (_his right hand kept guard for him in H._, +i.e. showed that he had been there), 2099; sg. for pl. hyrde ic þaet þam +fraetwum feower mearas lungre gelice last weardode (_I heard that four +horses, quite alike, followed in the traces of the armor_), 2165.--2) _to +hold, possess, inhabit_: pret. sg. fifel-cynnes eard ... weardode (_dwelt +in the abode of the sea-fiends_), 105; reced weardode un-rim eorla (_an +immense number of earls held the hall_), 1238; pl. þaer we gesunde sael +weardodon, 2076. + +wearh, st. m., _the accursed one; wolf_: in comp. heoro-wearg, 1268. + +wearn, st. f.: 1) _resistance, refusal_, 366.--2) _warning?, resistance?_ +See un-wearnum, 742. + +weaxan, st. v., _to wax, grow_: pres. sg. III. oeth þaet him on innan +ofer-hygda dael weaxeeth (_till within him pride waxeth_), 1742; inf. weaxan, +3116; pret. sg. weox, 8. + +ge-weaxan, _to grow up_: pret. sg. oft þaet seo geogoeth ge-weox, 66. + +ge-weaxan to, _to grow to_ or _for something_: pret. sg. ne ge-weox he him +to willan (_grew not for their benefit_), 1712. + +wea, w. m., _woe, evil, misfortune_: nom. sg., 937; acc. sg. wean, 191, +423, 1207, 1992, 2293, 2938; gen. pl. weana, 148, 934, 1151, 1397. + +wea-laf, st. f., _wretched remnant_: acc. pl. þa wea-lafe (_the wretched +remnant_, i.e. Finn's almost annihilated band), 1085, 1099. + +wea-spel, st. n., _woe-spell, evil tidings_: dat. sg. wea-spelle, 1316. + +ge-weoldum. See ge-wild. + +weorc, st. n.: 1) _work, labor, deed_: acc. sg., 74; (_war-deed_), 1657; +instr. sg. weorce, 1570; dat. pl. weorcum, 2097; wordum ne (and) worcum, +1101, 1834; gen. pl. worda and worca, 289.--2) _work, trouble, suffering_: +acc. sg. þaes gewinnes weorc (_misery on account of this strife_), 1722; +dat. pl. adv. weorcum (_with labor_), 1639.--Comp.: baedo-, ellen-, heaetho-, +niht-weorc. + +ge-weorc, st. n.: 1) _work, deed, labor_: nom. acc. sg., 455, 1563, 1682, +2718, 2775; gen. sg. ge-weorces, 2712. Comp.: aer-, fyrn-, gueth-, hond-, +nieth-ge-weorc.--2) _fortification, rampart_: in comp. land-geweorc, 939. + +weorce, adj., _painful, bitter_: nom. sg., 1419. + +weoreth, st. n., _precious object, valuable_: dat. sg. weorethe, 2497. + +weoreth, adj., _dear, precious_: nom. sg. weoreth Denum aeetheling (_the atheling +dear to the Danes_, Beowulf), 1815; compar. nom. sg. þaet he syethethan waes ... +maethme þy weorethra (_more honored from the jewel_), 1903; cf. wyrethe. + +weorethan, st. v.: 1) _to become_: pres. sg. III. beholen weoretheeth (_is +concealed_), 414; underne weoretheeth (_becomes known_), 2914; so, pl. III. +weorethaeth, 2067; wurethaeth, 282; inf. weorethan, 3179; wurethan, 808; pret. sg. I., +III. weareth, 6, 77, 149, 409, 555, 754, 768, 819, 824, etc.; pl. wurdon, +228; subj. pret. wurde, 2732.--2) inf. to frofre weorethan (_to become a +help_), 1708; pret. sg. weareth he Heaetholafe to hand-bonan, 460; so, weareth, +906, 1262; ne weareth Heremod swa (i.e. to frofre) eaforum Ecgwelan, 1710; +pl. wurdon, 2204; subj. pret. sg. II. wurde, 588.--3) pret. sg. þaet he on +fylle weareth (_that he came to a fall_), 1545.--4) _to happen, befall_: inf. +unc sceal weorethan ... swa unc Wyrd ge-teoeth (_it shall befall us two as Fate +decrees_), 2527; þurh hwaet his worulde gedal weorethan sceolde, 3069; pret. +sg. þa þaer sona weareth ed-hwyrft eorlum (_there was soon a renewal to the +earls_, i.e. of the former perils), 1281. + +ge-weorethan: 1) _to become_: pret. sg. ge-weareth, 3062; pret. part. cearu waes +geniwod ge-worden (_care was renewed_), 1305; swa us ge-worden is, +3079.--2) _to finish; complete?_: inf. þaet þu ... lete Sueth-Dene sylfe +ge-weorethan guethe wieth Grendel (_that thou wouldst let the S. D. put an end to +their war with Grendel_), 1997.--3) impersonally with acc., _to agree, +decide_: pret. sg. þa þaes monige ge-weareth þaet ... (_since many agreed that_ +...), 1599; pret. part. hafaeth þaes ge-worden wine Scyldinga, rices hyrde, +and þaet raed talaeth þaet he ... (_therefore hath it so appeared(?) advisable +to the friend of the S., the guardian of the realm, and he counts it a gain +that_ ...), 2027. + +weoreth-ful, adj., _glorious, full of worth_: nom. sg. weoreth-fullost, 3100. + +weorethian, w. v., _to honor, adorn_: pret. sg. þaer ic ... þine leode +weorethode weorcum (_there honored I thy people by my deeds_), 2097; subj. +pret. (þaet he) aet feoh-gyftum ... Dene weorethode (_that he would honor the +Danes at, by, treasure-giving_), 1091. + +ge-weorethian, ge-wurethian, _to deck, ornament_: pret. part. hire syethethan waes +aefter beah-þege breost ge-weorethod, 2177; waepnum ge-weorethad, 250; since +ge-weorethad, 1451; so, ge-wurethad, 331, 1039, 1646; wide ge-weorethad (_known, +honored, afar_), 1960. + +weoreth-lice, adv., _worthily, nobly_: superl. weoreth-licost, 3163. + +weoreth-mynd, st. f. n., _dignity, honor, glory_: nom. sg., 65; acc. sg. +geseah þa eald sweord ..., wigena weorethmynd (_saw an ancient sword there, +the glory of warriors_), 1560; dat. instr. pl. weoreth-myndum, 8; to +woreth-myndum, 1187; gen. pl. weoreth-mynda dael, 1753. + +weorethung, st. f., _ornament_: in comp. breost-, ham-, heorft-, hring-, +wig-weorethung. + +weorod. See werod. + +weorpan, st. v.: 1) _to throw, cast away_, w. acc.: pret. sg. wearp þa +wunden-mael wraettum gebunden yrre oretta, þaet hit on eorethan laeg (_the +wrathful warrior threw the ornamented sword, that it lay on the earth_), +1532.--2) _to throw around_ or _about_, w. instr.: pret. sg. beorges weard +. .. wearp wael-fyre (_threw death-fire around_), 2583.--3) _to throw upon_: +inf. he hine eft ongan waeteres (instr. gen.) weorpan (_began to cast water +upon him again_), 2792. + +for-weorpan, w. acc., _to cast away, squander_: subj. pret. þaet he genunga +gueth-gewaedu wraethe for-wurpe (_that he squandered uselessly the +battle-weeds_, i.e. gave them to the unworthy), 2873. + +ofer-weorpan, _to stumble_: pret. sg. ofer-wearp þa ... wigena strongest, +1544. + +weotian, w. v., _to provide with, adjust_(?): pret. part. acc. pl. +wael-bende weotode, 1937. + +be-weotian, be-witian, w. v. w. acc., _to regard, observe, care for_: pres. +pl. III. be-witiaeth, 1136; pret. sg. þegn ... se þe ... ealle be-weotede +þegnes þearfe (_who would attend to all the needs of a thane_), 1797; draca +se þe ... hord be-weotode (_the drake that guarded a treasure_), 2213;--_to +carry out, undertake_: pres. pl. III. þa ... oft be-witigaeth sorh-fulne sieth +on segl-rade, 1429. + +wicg, st. n., _steed, riding-horse_: nom. sg., 1401; acc. sg. wicg, 315; +dat. instr. sg. wicge, 234; on wicge, 286; acc. pl. wicg, 2175; gen. pl. +wicga, 1046. + +ge-widor, st. n., _storm, tempest_: acc. pl. laeth ge-widru (_loathly +weather_), 1376. + +wieth prep. w. dat. and acc., with fundamental meanings of division and +opposition: 1) w. dat., _against, with_ (in hostile sense), _from_: þa wieth +gode wunnon, 113; ana (wan) wieth eallum, 145; ymb feorh sacan, laeth wieth +laethum, 440; so, 426, 439, 550, 2372, 2521, 2522, 2561, 2840, 3005; þaet him +holt-wudu ... helpan ne meahte, lind wieth lige, 2342; hwaet ... selest waere +wieth faer-gryrum to ge-fremmanne, 174; þaet him gast-bona geoce gefremede wieth +þeod-þreaum, 178; wieth rihte wan (_strove against right_), 144; haefde ... +sele Hroethgares ge-nered wieth niethe (_had saved H.'s hall from strife_), 828; +(him dyrne langaeth ...) beorn wieth blode (_the hero longeth secretly contrary +to his blood_, i.e. H. feels a secret longing for the non-related Beowulf), +1881; sundur ge-daelan lif wieth lice (_to sunder soul from body_), 2424; +streamas wundon sund wieth sande (_the currents rolled the sea against the +sand_), 213; lig-yethum forborn bord wieth ronde (rond, MS.) (_with waves of +flame burnt the shield against, as far as, the rim_), 2674; holm storme +weol, won wieth winde (_the sea surged, wrestled with the wind_), 1133; so, +hiora in anum weoll sefa wieth sorgum (_in one of them surged the soul with +sorrow_ [_against_?, Heyne]), 2601; þaet hire wieth healse heard grapode +(_that the sharp sword bit against her neck_), 1567.--2) w. acc.: a) +_against, towards_: wan wieth Hroethgar (_fought against H._), 152; wieth feonda +gehwone, 294; wieth wraeth werod, 319; so, 540, 1998, 2535; hine halig god us +on-sende wieth Grendles gryre, 384; þaet ic wieth þone gueth-flogan gylp +ofer-sitte (_that I refrain from boastful speech against the +battle-flier_), 2529; ne wolde wieth manna ge-hwone ... feorh-bealo feorran +(_would not cease his life-plotting against any of the men_; or, _withdraw +life-bale from_, etc.? or, _peace would not have with any man..., mortal +bale withdraw_?, Kemble), 155; ic þa leode wat ge wieth feond ge wieth freond +faeste geworhte (_towards foe and friend_), 1865; heold heah-lufan wieth +haeleetha brego (_cherished high love towards the prince of heroes_), 1955; +wieth ord and wieth ecge ingang forstod (_prevented entrance to spear-point and +sword-edge_), 1550. b) _against, on, upon, in_: setton side scyldas ... wieth +þaes recedes weal (_against the wall of the hall_), 326; wieth eorethan faeethm +(eardodon) (_in the bosom of the earth_), 3050; wieth earm ge-saet (_sat on, +against, his arm_), 750; so, stieth-mod ge-stod wieth steapne rond, 2567; [wieth +duru healle eode] (_went to the door of the hall_), 389; wieth Hrefna-wudu +(_over against, near, H._), 2926; wieth his sylfes sunu setl ge-taehte +(_showed me to a seat with, near, beside, his own son_), 2014. c) _towards, +with_ (of contracting parties): þaet hie healfre ge-weald wieth Eotena bearn +agan moston (_that they power over half the hall with the Eotens' sons were +to possess_), 1089; þenden he wieth wulf wael reafode (_whilst with the wolf +he was robbing the slain_), 3028.--3) Alternately with dat. and acc., +_against_: nu wieth Grendel sceal, wieth þam aglaecan, ana gehegan þing wieth +þyrse, 424-426;--_with, beside_: ge-saet þa wieth sylfne..., maeg wieth maege, +1978-79. + +wiether-gyld, st. n., _compensation_: nom. sg., 2052, [proper name?]. + +wiether-raehtes, adv., _opposite, in front of_, 3040. + +wiethre, st. n., _resistance_: gen. sg. wiethres ne truwode, 2954. + +wig-weorethung, st. f., _idol-worship, idolatry, sacrifice to idols_: acc. +pl. -weorethunga, 176. + +wiht, st. f.: 1) _wight, creature, demon_: nom. sg. wiht unhaelo (_the demon +of destruction_, Grendel), 120; acc. sg. syllicran wiht (the dragon), +3039.--2) _thing, something, aught_: nom. sg. w. negative, ne hine wiht +dweleeth (_nor does aught check him_), 1736; him wiht ne speow (_it helped +him naught_), 2855; acc. sg. ne him þaes wyrmes wig for wiht dyde (_nor did +he count the worm's warring for aught_), 2349; ne meahte ic ... wiht +gewyrcan _(I could not do aught_ ...), 1661;--w. partitive gen.: no ... +wiht swylcra searo-nietha, 581;--the acc. sg. = adv. like Germ. _nicht_: ne +hie huru wine-drihten wiht ne logon (_did not blame their friendly lord +aught_), 863; so, ne wiht = _naught, in no wise_, 1084, 2602, 2858; no +wiht, 541; instr. sg. wihte (_in aught, in any way_), 1992; ne ... wihte +(_by no means_), 186, 2278, 2688; wihte ne, 1515, 1996, 2465, 2924.--Comp.: +a-wiht (aht = _aught_), ael-wiht, o-wiht. + +wil-cuma, w. m., _one welcome_ (qui gratus advenit): nom. pl. wil-cuman +Denigea leodum (_welcome to the people of the Danes_), 388; so, him (the +lord of the Danes) wil-cuman, 394; wil-cuman Wedera leodum (_welcome to the +Geatas_), 1895. + +ge-wild, st. f., _free-will_? dat. pl. nealles mid ge-weoldum (_sponte, +voluntarily_, Bugge), 2223. + +wil-deor (for wild-deor), st. n., _wild beast_: acc. pl. wil-deor, 1431. + +wil-gesieth, st. m., _chosen_ or _willing companion_: nom. pl. -ge-siethas, 23. + +wil-geofa, w. m., _ready giver_ (= voti largitor: princely designation), +_joy-giver_?: nom. sg. wil-geofa Wedra leoda, 2901. + +willa, w. m.: 1) _will, wish, desire, sake_: nom. sg. 627, 825; acc. sg. +willan, 636, 1740, 2308, 2410; instr. sg. anes willan (_for the sake of +one_), 3078; so, 2590; dat. sg. to willan, 1187, 1712; instr. pl. willum +(_according to wish_), 1822; sylfes willum, 2224, 2640; gen. pl. wilna, +1345.--2) _desirable thing, valuable_: gen. pl. wilna, 661, 951. + +willan, aux. v., _will_: in pres. also _shall_ (when the future action is +depend. on one's free will): pres. sg. I. wille ic a-secgan (_I will set +forth, tell out_), 344; so, 351, 427; ic to sae wille (_I will to sea_), +318; wylle, 948, 2149, 2513; sg. II. þu wylt, 1853; sg. III. he wile, 346, +446, 1050, 1182, 1833; wyle, 2865; wille, 442, 1004, 1185, 1395; aer he in +wille (_ere he will in_, i.e. go or flee into the fearful sea), 1372; +wylle, 2767; pl. I. we ... wyllaeth, 1819; pret. sg. I., III. wolde, 68, 154, +200, 646, 665, 739, 756, 797, 881, etc.; no ic fram him wolde (i.e. +fleotan), 543; so, swa he hira ma wolde (i.e. a-cwellan), 1056; pret. pl. +woldon, 482, 2637, 3173; subj. pret., 2730.--Forms contracted w. negative: +pres. sg. I. nelle (= ne + wille, _I will not_, nolo), 680, 2525(?); pret. +sg. III. nolde (= ne + wolde), 792, 804, 813, 1524; w. omitted inf. þa +metod nolde, 707, 968; pret. subj. nolde, 2519. + +wilnian, w. v., _to long for, beseech_: inf. wel bieth þaem þe mot ... to +faeder faeethmum freoetho wilnian (_well for him that may beseech protection in +the Father's arms_), 188. + +wil-sieth, st. m., _chosen journey_: acc. sg. wil-sieth, 216. + +ge-win, st. n.: 1) _strife, struggle, enmity, conflict_: acc. sg., 878; þa +hie ge-win drugon (_endured strife_), 799; under yetha ge-win (_under the +tumult of the waves_), 1470; gen. sg. þaes ge-winnes weorc (_misery for this +strife_), 1722.--2) _suffering, oppression_: nom. sg., 133, 191; acc. sg. +eald ge-win, 1782.--Comp.: fyrn-, yeth-ge-win. + +win-aern, st. n., _hall of hospitality, hall, wine-hall_: gen. sg. +win-aernes, 655. + +wind, st. m., _wind, storm_: nom. sg., 547, 1375, 1908; dat. instr. sg. +winde, 217; wieth winde, 1133. + +windan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to wind, whirl_: pret. sg. wand to wolcnum +wael-fyra maest, 1120.--2) w. acc., _to twist, wind, curl_: pret. pl. +streamas wundon sund wieth sande, 212; pret. part. wunden gold (_twisted, +spirally-twined, gold_), 1194, 3135; instr. pl. wundnum (wundum, MS.) +golde, 1383. + +aet-windan, _to wrest one's self from, escape_: pret. sg. se þaem feonde +aet-wand, 143. + +be-windan, _to wind with_ or _round, clasp, surround, envelop_ (involvere): +pret. sg. þe hit (the sword) mundum be-wand, 1462; pret. part. wirum +be-wunden (_wound with wires_) 1032; feorh ... flaesce be-wunden +(_flesh-enclosed_), 2425; gar ... mundum be-wunden (_a spear grasped with +the hands_), 3023; iu-manna gold galdre be-wunden (_spell-encircled gold_), +3053; (astah ...) leg wope be-wunden (_uprose the flame mingled with a +lament_), 3147. + +ge-windan, _to writhe, get loose, escape_: inf. widre ge-windan (_to flee +further_), 764; pret. sg. on fleam ge-wand, 1002. + +on-windan, _to unwind, loosen_: pres. sg. (þonne faeder) on-windeeth +wael-rapas, 1611. + +win-daeg, st. m., _day of struggle_ or _suffering_: dat. pl. on þyssum +win-dagum (_in these days of sorrow_, i.e. of earthly existence), 1063. + +wind-bland (blond), st. n., _wind-roar_: nom. sg., 3147. + +wind-gereste, f., _resting-place of the winds_: acc. sg., 2457. + +windig, adj., _windy_: acc. pl. windige (weallas, naessas), 572, 1359; +windige weallas (wind geard weallas, MS.), 1225. + +wine, st. m., _friend, protector_, especially the _beloved ruler_: nom. sg. +wine Scyldinga, leof land-fruma (Scyld), 30; wine Scyldinga (Hroethgar), 148, +1184. As vocative: min wine, 2048; wine min, Beowulf (Hunfereth), 457, 530, +1705; acc. sg. holdne wine (Hroethgar), 376; wine Deniga, Scyldinga, 350, +2027; dat. sg. wine Scyldinga, 170; gen. sg. wines (Beowulf), 3097; acc. +pl. wine, 21; dat. pl. Denum eallum, winum Scyldinga, 1419; gen. pl. +winigea leasum, 1665; winia bealdor, 2568.--Comp.: frea-, freo-, gold-, +gueth-, maeg-wine. + +wine-dryhten, st. m., (dominus amicus), _friendly lord, lord and friend_: +acc. sg. wine-drihten, 863, 1605; wine-dryhten, 2723, 3177; dat. sg. +wine-drihtne, 360. + +wine-geomor, adj., _friend-mourning_: nom. sg., 2240. + +wine-leas, adj., _friendless_: dat. sg. wine-leasum, 2614. + +wine-maeg, st. m., _dear kinsman_: nom. pl. wine-magas, 65. + +ge-winna, w. m., _striver, struggler, foe_: comp. eald-, ealdor-gewinna. + +winnan, st. v., _to struggle, fight_: pret. sg. III. wan ana wieth eallum, +144; Grendel wan ... wieth Hroethgar, 151; holm ... won wieth winde (_the sea +fought with the wind_: cf. wan wind endi water, Heliand, 2244), 1133; II. +eart þu se Beowulf, se þe wieth Brecan wunne, 506; pl. wieth gode wunnon, 113; +þaer þa graman wunnon (_where the foes fought_), 778. + +win-reced, st. n., _wine-hall, guest-hall, house for entertaining guests_: +acc. sg., 715, 994. + +win-sele, st. m., the same, _wine-hall_: nom. sg., 772; dat. sg. win-sele, +696 (cf. Heliand Glossary, 369 [364]). + +winter, st. m. n.: 1) _winter_: nom. sg., 1133, 1137; acc. sg. winter, +1129; gen. sg. wintres, 516.--2) _year_ (counted by winters): acc. pl. +fiftig wintru (neut.), 2210; instr. pl. wintrum, 1725, 2115, 2278; gen. pl. +wintra, 147, 264, 1928, 2279, 2734, 3051. + +wintre, adj., _so many winters_ (old): in comp. syfan-wintre. + +ge-wislice, adv., _certainly, undoubtedly_: superl. gewislicost, 1351. + +wist, st. f., fundamental meaning = _existentia_, hence: 1) _good +condition, happiness, abundance_: dat. sg. wunaeth he on wiste, 1736.--2) +_food, subsistence, booty_: dat. sg. þa waes aefter wiste wop up a-hafen (_a +cry was then uplifted after the meal_, i.e. Grendel's meal of thirty men), +128. + +wist-fyllo, st. f., _fulness_ or _fill of food, rich meal_: gen. sg. +wist-fylle, 735. + +wit, st. n., (wit), _understanding_: nom. sg., 590.--Comp.: fyr-, in-wit. + +ge-wit, st. n.: 1) _consciousness_. dat. sg. ge-weold his ge-witte, +2704.--2) _heart, breast_: dat. sg. fyr unswiethor weoll (_the fire surged +less strongly from the dragon's breast_), 2883. + +wit, pers. pron. dual of we, _we two_, 535, 537, 539, 540, 544, 1187, etc. +See unc, uncer. + +wita, weota, w. m., _counsellor, royal adviser_; pl., _the king's council +of nobles_: nom. pl. witan, 779: gen. pl. witena, 157, 266, 937 weotena, +1099.--Comp.: fyrn-, run-wita. + +witan, pret.-pres. v., _to wot, know_. 1) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I., +III. wat, 1332, 2657; ic on Higelace wat þaet he ... (_I know as to H., that +he_ ...), 1831; so, god wat on mec þaet ...(_God knows of me, that_ ...), +2651; sg. II. þu wast, 272; weak pret. sg. I., III. wiste, 822; wisse, +2340, 2726; pl. wiston, 799, 1605; subj. pres. I. gif ic wiste, 2520.--2) +w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. I. ic wat, 1864.--3) w. object, predicative +part, or adj.: pret. sg. III. to þaes he win-reced ... gearwost wisse, +faettum fahne, 716; so, 1310; wiste þaem ahlaecan hilde ge-binged, 647.--4) w. +acc., _to know_: inf. witan, 252, 288; pret. sg. wisse, 169; wiste his +fingra ge-weald on grames grapum, 765; pl. II. wisson, 246; wiston, 181. + +nat = ne + wat, _I know not_: 1) elliptically with hwylc, indef. pronoun = +_some or other_: sceaetha ic nat hwylc.--2) w. gen. and depend. clause: nat +he þara goda, þaet he me on-gean slea, 682. + +ge-witan, _to know, perceive_: inf. þaes þe hie gewis-licost ge-witan +meahton, 1351. + +be-witian. See be-weotian. + +witig, adj., _wise, sagacious_: nom. sg. witig god, 686, 1057; witig +drihten (God), 1555; wittig drihten, 1842. + +ge-wittig, adj., _conscious_: nom. sg. 3095. + +ge-witnian, w. v., _to chastise, punish_: wommum gewitnad (_punished with +plagues_), 3074. + +wic, st. n., _dwelling, house_: acc. sg. wic, 822, 2590;--often in pl. +because houses of nobles were complex: dat. wicum, 1305, 1613, 3084; gen. +wica, 125, 1126. + +ge-wican, st. v., _to soften, give way, yield_ (here chiefly of swords): +pret. sg. ge-wac, 2578, 2630. + +wic-stede, st. m., _dwelling-place_: nom. sg. 2463; acc. sg. wic-stede, +2608. + +wid, adj., _wide, extended_: 1) space: acc. sg. neut. ofer wid waeter, 2474; +gen. sg. widan rices, 1860; acc. pl. wide siethas, waroethas, 878, 1966.--2) +temporal: acc. sg. widan feorh (acc. of time), 2015; dat. sg. to widan +feore, 934. + +wide, adv., _widely, afar_, 18, 74, 79, 266, 1404, 1589, 1960, etc.; wide +cueth (_widely, universally, known_), 2136, 2924; so, underne wide, 2914; +wide geond eorethan (_over the whole earth, widely_), 3100;--modifier of +superl.: wreccena wide maerost (_the most famous of wanderers, exiles_), +899.--Compar. widre, 764. + +wid-cueth, adj., _widely known, very celebrated_: nom. sg. neut., 1257; acc. +sg. m. wid-cuethne man (Beowulf), 1490; wid-cuethne wean, 1992; wid-cuethes +(Hroethgar), 1043. + +wide-ferheth, st. m. n., (_long life_), _great length of time_: acc. sg. as +acc. of time: wide-ferheth (_down to distant times, always_), 703, 938; ealne +wide-ferheth, 1223. + +wid-floga, w. m., _wide-flier_ (of the dragon): nom. sg., 2831; acc. sg. +wid-flogan, 2347. + +wid-scofen, pret. part., _wide-spread_? _causing fear far and wide_? 937. + +wid-weg, st. m., _wide way, long journey_: acc. pl. wid-wegas, 841, 1705. + +wif, st. n., _woman, lady, wife_: nom. sg. freo-lic wif (Queen Wealhþeow), +616; wif un-hyre (Grendel's mother), 2121; acc. sg. drihtlice wif (Finn's +wife), 1159; instr. sg. mid þy wife (Hroethgar's daughter, Freawaru), 2029; +dat. sg. þam wife (Wealhþeow), 640; gen. sg. wifes (as opposed to _man_), +1285; gen. pl. wera and wifa, 994.--Comp.: aglaec-, mere-wif. + +wif-lufe, w. f., _wife-love, love for a wife, woman's love_: nom. pl. +wif-lufan, 2066. + +wig, st. m.: 1) _war, battle_: nom. sg., 23, 1081, 2317, 2873; acc. sg., +686, 1084, 1248; dat. sg. wige, 1338, 2630; as instr., 1085; (wigge, MS.), +1657, 1771; gen. sg. wiges, 65, 887, 1269.--2) _valor, warlike prowess_: +nom. sg. waes his mod-sefa manegum ge-cyethed, wig and wisdom, 350; wig, 1043; +wig ... eafoeth and ellen, 2349; gen. sg. wiges, 2324.--Comp. feethe-wig. + +wiga, w. m., _warrior, fighter_: nom. sg., 630; dat. pl. wigum, 2396; gen. +pl. wigena, 1544, 1560, 3116.--Comp.: aesc-, byrn-, gar-, gueth-, lind-, +rand-, scyld-wiga. + +wigan, st. v., _to fight_: pres. sg. III. wigeeth, 600; inf., 2510. + +wigend, pres. part., _fighter, warrior_: nom. sg., 3100; nom. pl. wigend, +1126, 1815, 3145; acc. pl. wigend, 3025; gen. pl. wigendra, 429, 900, 1973, +2338.--Comp. garwigend. + +wig-bealu, st. n., _war-bale, evil contest_: acc. sg., 2047. + +wig-bil, st. n., _war-bill, battle-sword_: nom. sg., 1608. + +wig-bord, st. n., _war-board_ or _shield_: acc. sg., 2340. + +wig-craeft, st. m., _war-power_: acc. sg., 2954. + +wig-craeftig, adj., _vigorous in fight, strong in war_: acc. sg. +wig-craeftigne (of the sword Hrunting), 1812. + +wig-freca, w. m., _war-wolf, war-hero_: acc. sg. wig-frecan, 2497; nom. pl. +wig-frecan, 1213. + +wig-fruma, w. m., _war-chief_ or _king_: nom. sg., 665; acc. sg. +wig-fruman, 2262. + +wig-geatwe, st. f. pl., _war-ornaments, war-gear_: dat. pl. on wig-geatwum +(-getawum, MS.), 368. + +wig-ge-weorethad, pret. part., _war-honored, distinguished in war_, 1784? See +Note. + +wig-gryre, st. m., _war-horror_ or _terror_: nom. sg., 1285. + +wig-hete, st. m., _war-hate, hostility_: nom. sg., 2121. + +wig-heafola, w. m., _war head-piece, helmet_: acc. sg. wig-heafolan, +2662.--Leo. + +wig-heap, st. m., _war-band_: nom sg., 447. + +wig-hryre, st. m., _war-ruin, slaughter, carnage_: acc. sg., 1620. + +wig-sigor, st. m., _war-victory_: acc. sg., 1555. + +wig-sped, st. f.?, _war-speed, success in war_: gen. pl. wig-speda, 698. + +win, st. n., _wine_: acc. sg., 1163, 1234; instr. wine, 1468. + +wir, st. n., _wire, spiral ornament of wire_: instr. pl. wirum, 1032; gen. +pl. wira, 2414. + +wis, adj., _wise, experienced, discreet_: nom. sg. m. wis (_in his mind, +conscious_), 3095; f. wis, 1928; in w. form, se wisa, 1401, 1699, 2330; +acc. sg. þone wisan, 1319; gen. pl. wisra, 1414; w. gen. nom. sg. wis +wordcwida (_wise of speech_), 1846. + +wisa, w. m., _guide, leader_: nom. sg. werodes wisa, 259.--Comp.: brim-, +here-, hilde-wisa. + +wiscte. See wyscan. + +wis-dom, st. m., _wisdom, experience_: nom. sg., 350; instr. sg. wis-dome, +1960. + +wise, w. f., _fashion, wise, custom_: acc. sg. (instr.) ealde wisan (_after +ancient custom_), 1866. + +wis-faest, adj., _wise, sagacious_ (sapientia firmus): nom. sg. f., 627. + +wis-hycgende, pres. part. _wise-thinking, wise_, 2717. + +wisian, w. v., _to guide_ or _lead to, direct, point out_: 1) w. acc.: inf. +hean wong wisian, 2410; pret. sg. secg wisade land-gemyrcu, 208.--2) w. +dat.: pres. sg. I. ic eow wisige (_I shall guide you_), 292, 3104; pret. +sg. se þaem heaetho-rincum hider wisade, 370; sona him sele-þegn ... foreth +wisade _(the hall-thane led him thither forthwith_, i.e. to his couch), +1796; stig wisode gumum aet-gaedere, 320; so, 1664.--3) w. prep.?: pret. sg. +þa secg wisode under Heorotes hrof (_when the warrior showed them the way +under Heorot's roof_, [but under H.'s hrof depends rather on snyredon +aetsomne]), 402. + +witan, st. v., properly _to look at; to look at with censure, to blame, +reproach, accuse_, w. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing: inf. for-þam me +witan ne þearf waldend fira morethor-bealo maga, 2742. + +aet-witan, _to blame, censure_ (cf. 'twit), w. acc. of thing: pret. pl. +aet-witon weana dael, 1151. + +ge-witan, properly _spectare aliquo; to go_ (most general verb of motion): +1) with inf. after verbs of motion: pret. sg. þanon eft ge-wat ... to ham +faran, 123; so, 2570; pl. þanon eft gewiton ... mearum ridan, 854. +Sometimes with reflex, dat.: pres. sg. him þa Scyld ge-wat ... feran on +frean waere, 26; gewat him ... ridan, 234; so, 1964; pl. ge-witon, 301.--2) +associated with general infinitives of motion and aim: imper. pl. ge-witaeth +foreth beran waepen and gewaedu, 291; pret. sg. ge-wat þa neosian hean huses, +115; he þa fag ge-wat ... man-dream fleon, 1264; nyether eft gewat dennes +niosian, 3045; so, 1275, 2402, 2820. So, with reflex, dat.: him eft gewat +... hames niosan, 2388; so, 2950; pl. ge-witon, 1126.--3) without inf. and +with prep, or adv.: pres. sg. III. þaer firgen-stream under naessa genipu +niether ge-witeeth, 1361; ge-witeeth on sealman, 2461; inf. on flodes aeht feor +ge-witan, 42; pret. sg. ge-wat, 217; him ge-wat, 1237, 1904; of life, +ealdre ge-wat (_died_), 2472, 2625; fyrst foreth ge-wat (_time went on_), +210; him ge-wat ut of healle, 663; ge-wat him ham, 1602; pret. part. dat. +sg. me foreth-ge-witenum (_me defuncto, I dead_), 1480. + +oeth-witan, _to blame, censure, reproach_: inf. ne þorfte him þa lean +oeth-witan mon on middan-gearde, 2997. + +wlanc, wlonc, adj., _proud, exulting_: nom. sg. wlanc, 341; w. instr. aese +wlanc (_proud of, exulting in, her prey, meal_), 1333; wlonc, 331; w. gen. +maethm-aehta wlonc (_proud of the treasures_), 2834; gen. sg. wlonces, +2954.--Comp. gold-wlanc. + +wlatian, w. v., _to look_ or _gaze out, forth_: pret. sg. se þe aer ... feor +wlatode, 1917. + +wlenco, st. f., _pride, heroism_: dat. sg. wlenco, 338, 1207; wlence, 508. + +wlite, st. m. _form, noble form, look, beauty_: nom. sg., 250. + +wlite-beorht, adj., _beauteous, brilliant in aspect_: acc. sg. +wlite-beorhtne wang, 93. + +wlite-seon, st. n. f., _sight, spectacle_: acc. sg., 1651. + +wlitig, adj., _beautiful, glorious, fair in form_: acc. sg. wlitig +(sweord), 1663. + +wlitan, st. v., _to see, look, gaze_: pret. sg. he aefter recede wlat +(_looked along the hall_), 1573; pret. pl. on holm wliton (_looked on the +sea_), 1593; wlitan on Wiglaf, 2853. + +geond-wlitan, w. acc., _to examine, look through, scan_: inf. wraete +giond-wlitan, 2772. + +woh-bogen, pret. part., (_bent crooked), crooked, twisted_: nom. sg. wyrm +woh-bogen, 2828. + +wolcen, st. n. m., _cloud_ (cf. welkin): dat. pl. under wolcnum (_under the +clouds, on earth_), 8, 652, 715, 1771; to wolcnum, 1120, 1375. + +wollen-tear, adj., _tear-flowing, with flowing tears_: nom. pl. +wollen-teare, 3033. + +wom. See wam. + +won. See wan. + +worc. See weorc. + +word, st. n.: 1) _word, speech_: nom. sg., 2818; acc. sg. þaet word, 655, +2047; word, 315, 341, 390, 871, 2552; instr. sg. worde, 2157; gen. sg. +wordes, 2792; nom. pl. þa word, 640; word, 613; acc. pl. word (of an +alliterative song), 871; instr. pl, wordum, 176, 366, 627, 875, 1101, 1173, +1194, 1319, 1812, etc.; ge-saga him wordum (_tell them in words, +expressly_), 388. The instr. wordum accompanies biddan, þancian, be-waegnan, +secgan, hergan, to emphasize the verb, 176, 627, 1194, 2796, 3177; gen. pl. +worda, 289, 398, 2247, 2263(?), 3031.--2) _command, order_: gen. sg. his +wordes geweald habban (_to rule, reign_), 79; so, instr. pl. wordum weold, +30.--Comp.: beot-, gylp-, meethel-, þryeth-word. + +word-cwide, st. m., (_word-utterance_), _speech_: acc. pl. word-cwydas, +1842; dat. pl. word-cwydum, 2754; gen. pl. word-cwida, 1846. + +word-gid, st. m, _speech, saying_: acc. sg. word-gyd, 3174. + +word-hord, st. n., _word-hoard, treasury of speech, mouth_: acc. sg. +word-hord on-leac (_unlocked his word-hoard_, opened his mouth, spoke), +259. + +word-riht, st. n., _right speech, suitable word_: gen. pl. Wiglaf maethelode +word-rihta fela, 2632. + +woreth-mynd. See weoreth-mynd. + +worethig (for weorethig), st. m., _palace, estate, court_: acc. sg. on worethig +(_into the palace_), 1973. + +worn, st. n., _multitude, number_: acc. sg. worn eall (_very many_), 3095; +wintra worn (_many years_), 264; þonne he wintrum frod worn ge-munde (_when +he old in years thought of their number_), 2115. Used with fela to +strengthen the meaning: nom. acc. sg. worn fela, 1784; hwaet þu worn fela +... spraece (_how very much thou hast spoken!_), 530; so, eal-fela +eald-gesegena worn, 871; gen. pl. worna fela, 2004, 2543. + +woruld, worold, st. f., _humanity, world, earth_: nom. sg. eal worold, +1739; acc. sg. in worold (wacan) (_to be born, come into the world_), 60; +worold oflaetan, of-gifan (_die_), 1184, 1682; gen. sg. worolde, 951, 1081, +1388, 1733; worulde, 2344; his worulde ge-dal (_his separation from the +world, death_), 3069; worolde brucan (_to enjoy life, live_), 1063; worlde, +2712. + +worold-ar, st. f., _worldly honor_ or _dignity_: acc. sg. worold-are, 17. + +woruld-candel, st. f., _world-candle, sun_: nom. sg., 1966. + +worold-cyning, st. m., _world king, mighty king_: nom. sg., 3182; gen. pl. +worold-cyninga, 1685. + +woruld-ende, st. m., _world's end_: acc. sg., 3084. + +worold-raeden, st. f., _usual course, fate of the world, customary fate_: +dat. sg. worold-raedenne, 1143? + +wop, st. m., (_whoop_), _cry of grief, lament_: nom. sg., 128; acc. sg. +wop, 786; instr. sg. wope, 3147. + +wracu, st. f., _persecution, vengeance, revenge_: nom. sg. wracu (MS, +uncertain), 2614; acc. sg. wraece, 2337.--Comp.: gyrn-, nyd-wracu. + +wraethu, st. f., _protection, safety_: in comp. lif-wraethu. + +wraeth, adj., _wroth, furious, hostile_: acc. sg. neut. wraeth, 319; dat. sg. +wraethum, 661, 709; gen. pl. wraethra, 1620. + +wraethe, adv., _contemptibly, disgracefully_, 2873. + +wraeth-lice, adv., _wrathfully, hostilely_ (in battle), 3063. + +wrasn, st. f., _circlet of gold for the head, diadem, crown_: in comp. +frea-wrasn. + +wraec-last, st. m., _exile-step, exile, banishment_: acc. sg. wraec-lastas +traed (_trod exile-steps, wandered in exile_), 1353. + +wraec-maecg, st. m., _exile, outcast_: nom. pl. wraec-maecgas, 2380. + +wraec-sieth, st. m., _exile-journey, banishment, exile, persecution_: acc. +sg., 2293; dat. sg. -siethum, 338. + +wraet, st. f., _ornament, jewel_: acc. pl. wraete (wraece, MS.), 2772, 3061; +instr. pl. wraettum, 1532; gen. pl. wraetta, 2414. + +wraet-lic, adj.: 1) _artistic, ornamental; valuable_: acc. sg. wraet-licne +wundur-maethethum, 2174; wraet-lic waeg-sweord, 1490; wig-bord wraet-lic, +2340.--2) _wondrous, strange_: acc. sg. wraet-licne wyrm [from its rings or +spots?], 892; wlite-seon wraet-lic, 1651. + +wraec, st. f., _persecution_; hence, _wretchedness, misery_: nom. sg., 170; +acc. sg. wraec, 3079. + +wrecan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to press, force_: pret. part. þaer waes Ongenþeo +... on bid wrecen, 2963.--2) _to drive out, expel_: pret. sg. ferh ellen +wraec, 2707.--3) _to wreak_ or _utter_: gid, spel wrecan (_to utter words or +songs_); subj. pres. sg. III. he gyd wrece, 2447; inf. wrecan spel ge-rade, +874; word-gyd wrecan, 3174; pret. sg. gyd aefter wraec, 2155; pres. part. þaer +waes ... gid wrecen, 1066.--4) _to avenge, punish_: subj. pres. þaet he his +freond wrece, 1386; inf. wolde hire maeg wrecan, 1340; so, 1279, 1547; pres. +part. wrecend (_an avenger_), 1257; pret. sg. wraec Wedera nieth, 423; so, +1334, 1670. + +a-wrecan, _to tell, recount_: pret. sg. ic þis gid be þe a-wraec (_I have +told this tale for thee_), 1725; so, 2109. + +for-wrecan, w. acc., _to drive away, expel; carry away_: inf. þy laes him +yetha þrym wudu wyn-suman for-wrecan meahte (_lest the force of the waves +might carry away the winsome ship_), 1920; pret. sg. he hine feor for-wraec +... man-cynne fram, 109. + +ge-wrecan, w. acc., _to avenge, wreak vengeance upon, punish_: pret. sg. +ge-wraec, 107, 2006; he ge-wraec (i.e. hit, _this_) cealdum cear-siethum, 2396; +he hine sylfne ge-wraec (_avenged himself_), 2876; pl. ge-wraecan, 2480; +pret. part. ge-wrecen, 3063. + +wrecca, w. m., (_wretch_), _exile, adventurer, wandering soldier, hero_: +nom. sg. wrecca (Hengest), 1138; gen. pl. wreccena wide maerost (Sigemund), +899. + +wreoethen-hilt, adj., _wreathen-hilted, with twisted hilt_: nom. sg., 1699. + +wridian, w. v., _to flourish, spring up_: pret. sg. III. wridaeth, 1742. + +wrietha, w. m., _band_: in comp. beag-wrietha (_bracelet_), 2019. + +wrixl, st. n., _exchange, change_: instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle (_in a worse +way, with a worse exchange_), 2970. + +ge-wrixle, st. n., _exchange, arrangement, bargain_: nom. sg. ne waes þaet +ge-wrixle til (_it was not a good arrangement, trade_), 1305. + +wrixlan, w. v., _to exchange_: inf. wordum wrixlan (_to exchange words, +converse_), 366; 875 (_tell_). + +wriethan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to bind, fasten, wreathe together_: inf. ic +hine (him, MS.) ... on wael-bedde wriethan þohte, 965.--2) _to bind up_ (a +wounded person, a wound): pret. pl. þa waeron monige þe his maeg wriethon, +2983. See hand-gewriethen. + +writan, st. v., _to incise, engrave_: pret. part. on þaem (hilte) waes or +writen fyrn-gewinnes (_on which was engraved the origin of an ancient +struggle_), 1689. + +for-writan, _to cut to pieces_ or _in two_: pret. sg. for-wrat Wedra helm +wyrm on middan, 2706. + +wroht, st. m. f., _blame, accusation, crime_; here _strife, contest, +hostility_: nom. sg., 2288, 2474, 2914. + +wudu, st. m., _wood_: 1) _material, timber_: nom. pl. wudu, 1365; hence, +_the wooden spear_: acc. pl. wudu, 398.--2) _forest, wood_: acc. sg. wudu, +1417.--3) _wooden ship_: nom. sg. 298; acc. sg. wudu, 216, 1920.--Comp.: +bael-, bord-, gamen-, heal-, holt-, maegen-, sae-, sund-, þrec-wudu. + +wudu-rec, st. m., _wood-reek_ or _smoke_: nom. sg., 3145. + +wuldor, st. n., _glory_: nom. sg. kyninga wuldor (_God_), 666; gen. sg. +wuldres wealdend, 17, 183, 1753; wuldres hyrde, 932, (designations of God). + +wuldor-cyning, st. m., _king of glory, God_. dat. sg. wuldur-cyninge, 2796 + +wuldor-torht, adj., _glory-bright, brilliant, clear_: acc. pl. +wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137. + +wulf, st. m., _wolf_: acc. sg., 3028. + +wulf-hlieth, st. n., _wolf-slope, wolf's retreat, slope whereunder wolves +house_: acc. pl. wulf-hleoethu, 1359. + +wund, st. f., _wound_: nom. sg., 2712, 2977; acc. sg. wunde, 2532, 2907; +acc. sg. wunde, 2726; instr. pl. wundum, 1114, 2831, 2938.--Comp. +feorh-wund. + +wund, adj., _wounded, sore_: nom. sg., 2747; dat. sg. wundum, 2754; nom. +pl. wunde, 565, 1076. + +wunden-feax, adj., _curly-haired_ (of a horse's mane): nom. sg., 1401. + +wunden-heals, adj., _with twisted_ or _curved neck_ or _prow_: nom. sg. +wudu wunden-hals (_the ship_), 298. + +wunden-heorde?, _curly-haired_?: nom. sg. f., 3153. + +wunden-mael, adj., _damascened, etched, with wavy ornaments_(?): nom. sg. +neut., 1532 (of a sword). + +wunden-stefna, w. m. _curved prow, ship_: nom. sg., 220. + +wundor, st. n.: 1) _wonder, wonderwork_: nom. sg., 772, 1725; wundur, 3063; +acc. sg. wundor, 841; wunder, 932; wundur, 2760, 3033, 3104; dat. sg. +wundre, 932; instr. pl. wundrum (_wondrously_), 1453, 2688; gen. pl. +wundra, 1608.--2) _portent, monster_: gen. pl. wundra, 1510.--Comp.: hand-, +nieth-, searo-wundor. + +wundor-bebod, st. n., _wondrous command, strange order_: instr. pl. +-bebodum, 1748. + +wundor-deaeth, st. m., _wonder-death, strange death_: instr. sg. wundor +deaethe, 3038. + +wundor-faet, st. n., _wonder-vat, strange vessel_: dat. pl. of wundor-fatum +(_from wondrous vessels_), 1163. + +wundor-lic, adj., _wonder like, remarkable_: nom. sg., 1441. + +wundor-maethethum, st. m., _wonder-jewel, wonderful treasure_: acc. sg., 2174. + +wundor-smieth, st. m., _wonder-smith, skilled smith, worker of marvellous +things_: gen. pl. wundor-smietha geweorc (the ancient giant's sword), 1682. + +wundor-seon, st. f., _wondrous sight_: gen. pl. wunder-siona, 996. + +wunian, w. v.: 1) _to stand, exist, remain_: pres. sg. III. þenden þaer +wunaeth on heah-stede husa selest (_as long as the best of houses stands +there on the high place_), 284; wunaeth he on wiste (_lives in plenty_), +1736; inf. on sele wunian (_to remain in the hall_), 3129; pret. sg. wunode +mid Finne (_remained with F._), 1129.--2) w. acc. or dat., _to dwell in, to +inhabit, to possess_: pres. sg. III. wunaeth wael-reste (_holds his +death-bed_), 2903; inf. waeter-egesan wunian scolde..., streamas, 1261; +wicum wunian, 3084; w. prep.: pres. sg. Higelac þaer aet ham wunaeth, 1924. + +ge-wunian, w. acc.: 1) _to inhabit_: inf. ge-[wunian], 2276.--2) _to remain +with, stand by_: subj. pres. þaet hine on ylde eft ge-wunigen wil-ge-siethas, +22. + +wurethan. See weorethan. + +wuton, v. from witan, used as interj., _let us go! up!_ w. inf.: wutun +gangan to (_let us go to him!_), 2649; uton hraethe feran! 1391; uton nu +efstan, 3102. + +wylf, st. f., _she-wolf_: in comp. brim-wylf. + +wylm, st. m., _surge, surf, billow_: num. sg. flodes wylm, 1765; dat. +wintres wylme (_with winter's flood_), 516; acc. sg. þurh waeteres wylm, +1694; acc. pl. heortan wylmas, 2508.--Comp.: breost-, brim-, byrne-, cear-, +fyr-, heaetho-, holm-, sae-, sorh-wylm. See waelm. + +wyn, st. f., _pleasantness, pleasure, joy, enjoyment_: acc. sg. maeste ... +worolde wynne (_the highest earthly joy_), 1081; eorethan wynne (_earth-joy, +the delightful earth_), 1731; heofenes wynne (_heaven's joy_, the rising +sun), 1802; hearpan wynne (_harp-joy, the pleasant harp_), 2108; þaet he ... +ge-drogen haefde eorethan wynne (_that he had had his earthly joy_), 2728; +dat. sg. weorod waes on wynne, 2015; instr. pl. maegenes wynnum (_in joy of +strength_), 1717; so, 1888.--Comp.: eethel-, hord-, lif-, lyft-, symbel-wyn. + +wyn-leas, adj., _joyless_: acc. sg. wyn-leasne wudu, 1417; wyn-leas wic, +822. + +wyn-sum, adj., _winsome, pleasant_: acc. sg. wudu wyn-suman (_the ship_), +1920; nom. pl. word waeron wyn-sume, 613. + +wyrcan, v. irreg.: 1) _to do, effect_, w. acc.: inf. (wundor) wyrcan, +931.--2) _to make, create_, w. acc.: pret. sg. þaet se ael-mihtiga eorethan +worh[te], 92; swa hine _(the helmet_) worhte waepna smieth, 1453.--3) _to +gain, win, acquire_, w. gen.: subj. pres. wyrce, se þe mote, domes aer +deaethe, 1388. + +be-wyrcan, _to gird, surround_: pret. pl. bronda betost wealle be-worhton, +3163. + +ge-wyrcan: 1) intrans., _to act, behave_: inf. swa sceal geong guma gode +gewyrcean ... on faeder wine þaet ... (_a young man shall so act with +benefits towards his father's friends that_ ...), 20.--2) w. acc., _to do, +make, effect, perform_: inf. ne meahte ic aet hilde mid Hruntinge wiht +ge-wyrcan, 1661; sweorde ne meahte on þam aglaecan ... wunde ge-wyrcean, +2907; pret. sg. ge-worhte, 636, 1579, 2713; pret. part. acc. ic þa leode +wat ... faeste ge-worhte. 1865.--3) _to make, construct_: inf. (medo-aern) +ge-wyrcean, 69; (wig-bord) ge-wyrcean, 2338; (hlaew) ge-wyrcean, 2803; pret. +pl. II. ge-worhton, 3097; III. ge-worhton, 3158; pret. part. ge-worht, +1697.--4) _to win, acquire_: pres. sg. ic me mid Hruntinge dom ge-wyrce, +1492. + +Wyrd, st. f., _Weird_ (one of the Norns, guide of human destiny; mostly +weakened down = _fate, providence_): nom. sg., 455, 477, 572, 735, 1206, +2421, 2527, 2575, 2815; acc. sg. wyrd, 1057, 1234; gen. pl. wyrda, 3031. +(Cf. Weird Sisters of Macbeth.) + +wyrdan, w. v., _to ruin, kill, destroy_: pret. sg. he to lange leode mine +wanode and wyrde, 1338. + +a-wyrdan, w. v., _to destroy, kill_: pret. part.: aeetheling monig wundum +a-wyrded, 1114. + +wyrethe, adj., _noble; worthy, honored, valued_: acc. sg. m. wyrethne (ge-don) +(_to esteem worthy_), 2186; nom. pl. wyrethe, 368; compar. nom. sg. rices +wyrethra (_worthier of rule_), 862.--Comp. fyrd-wyrethe. See weoreth. + +wyrgen, st, f., _throttler_ [cf. sphinx], _she-wolf_; in comp. +grund-wyrgen. + +ge-wyrht, st. n., _work; desert_; in comp. eald-gewyrht, 2658. + +wyrm, st. m., _worm, dragon, drake_: nom. sg., 898, 2288, 2344, 2568, 2630, +2670, 2746, 2828; acc. sg. wyrm, 887, 892, 2706, 3040, 3133; dat. sg. +wyrme, 2308, 2520; gen. wyrmes, 2317, 2349, 2760, 2772, 2903; acc. pl. +wyrmas, 1431. + +wyrm-cyn, st. m., _worm-kin, race of reptiles, dragons_: gen. sg. +wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426. + +wyrm-fah, adj., _dragon-ornamented, snake-adorned_ (ornamented with figures +of dragons, snakes, etc.: cf. Dietrich in Germania X., 278): nom. sg. +sweord ... wreoethen-hilt and wyrm-fah, 1699. + +wyrm-hord, st. n., _dragon-hoard_: gen. pl. wyrm-horda, 2223. + +for-wyrnan, w. v., _to refuse, reject_: subj. pres. II. þaet þu me no +for-wyrne, þaet... (_that thou refuse me not that_...), 429; pret. sg. he ne +for-wyrnde worold-raedenne, 1143. + +ge-wyrpan, w. v. reflex., _to refresh one's self, recover_: pret. sg. he +hyne ge-wyrpte, 2977. + +wyrpe, st. m., _change_: acc. sg. aefter wea-spelle wyrpe ge-fremman (_after +the woe-spell to bring about a change of things_), 1316. + +wyrsa, compar. adj., _worse_: acc. sg. neut. þaet wyrse, 1740; instr. sg. +wyrsan wrixle, 2970; gen. sg. wyrsan geþinges, 525; nom. acc. pl. wyrsan +wig-frecan, 1213, 2497. + +wyrt, st. f., [_-wort_], _root_: instr. pl. wudu wyrtum faest, 1365. + +wyscan, w. v., _to wish, desire_: pret. sg. wiscte (rihde, MS.) þaes yldan +(_wished to delay that_ or _for this reason_, 2440, 1605(?). See Note. + + +Y + +yfel, st n., _evil_: gen. pl. yfla, 2095. + +yldan, w. v., _to delay, put off_: inf. ne þaet se aglaeca yldan þohte, 740; +weard wine-geomor wiscte þaes yldan, þaet he lytel faec long-gestreona brucan +moste, 2240. + +ylde, st. m. pl., _men_: dat. pl. yldum, 77, 706, 2118; gen. pl. ylda, 150, +606, 1662. See elde. + +yldest. See eald. + +yldo, st. f., _age (senectus), old age_: nom. sg., 1737, 1887; atol yldo, +1767; dat. sg. on ylde, 22.--2) _age (aetas), time, era_: gen. sg. yldo +bearn, 70. See eldo. + +yldra. See eald. + +ylf, st. f., _elf (incubus, alp_): nom. pl. ylfe, 112. + +ymb, prep. w. acc.: 1) local, _around, about, at, upon_: ymb hine (_around, +with, him_), 399. With prep, postponed: hine ymb, 690; ymb brontne ford +(_around the seas, on the high sea_), 568; ymb þa gif-healle (_around the +gift-hall, throne-hall_), 839; ymb þaes helmes hrof (_around the helm's +roof, crown_), 1031.--2) temporal, _about, after_: ymb an-tid oethres dogores +(_about the same time the next day_), 219; ymb ane niht (_after a night_), +135.--3) causal, _about, on account of, for, owing to_: (frinan) ymb þinne +sieth (_on account of, concerning?, thy journey_), 353; hwaet þu ... ymb +Brecan spraece (_hast spoken about B._), 531; so, 1596, 3174; na ymb his lif +cearaeth (_careth not for his life_), 1537; so, 450; ymb feorh sacan, 439; +sundor-nytte beheold ymb aldor Dena, 669; ymb sund (_about the swimming, +the prize for swimming_), 507. + +ymbe, I. prep. w. acc. = ymb: 1) local, 2884, 3171; hlaew oft ymbe hwearf +(prep, postponed), 2297. 2) causal, 2071, 2619.--II. adv., _around_: him +... ymbe, 2598. + +ymb-sittend, pres. part., _neighbor_ gen. pl. ymb-sittendra, 9. + +ymbe-sittend, the same: nom. pl. ymbe-sittend, 1828; gen. pl. +ymbe-sittendra, 2735. + +yppe, w. f., _high seat, dais, throne_: dat. sg. eode ... to yppan, 1816. + +yrfe, st. n., _bequest, legacy_: nom. sg., 3052. + +yrfe-laf, st. f., _sword left as a bequest_: acc. sg. yrfe-lafe, 1054; +instr. sg. yrfe-lafe, 1904. + +yrfe-weard, st. m., _heir, son_: nom. sg., 2732; gen. sg. yrfe-weardes, +2454. (-as, MS.) + +yrmetho, st. f., _misery, shame, wretchedness_: acc. sg. yrmethe, 1260, 2006. + +yrre, st. n., _anger, ire, excitement_: acc. sg. godes yrre, 712; dat. sg, +on yrre, 2093. + +yrre, adj., _angry, irate, furious_: nom. sg. yrre oretta (Beowulf), 1533; +þegn yrre (the same), 1576; gaest yrre (Grendel), 2074; nom. pl. yrre, 770. +See eorre. + +yrringa, adv., _angrily, fiercely_, 1566, 2965. + +yrre-mod, adj., _wrathful-minded, wild_: nom. sg., 727. + +ys, _he is_. See wesan. + + +Y + +yeth (O.H.G. unda), st. f., _wave; sea_: nom. pl. yetha, 548; acc. pl. yethe, 46, +1133, 1910; dat. pl. yethum, 210, 421, 534, 1438, 1908; yethum weallan (_to +surge with waves_), 515, 2694; gen. pl. yetha, 464, 849, 1209, 1470, +1919.--Comp: flod-, lig-, waeter-yeth. + +yethan, w. v., _to ravage, devastate, destroy_: pret. sg. yethde eotena cyn, +421 (cf. iethende = _depopulating_, Bosworth, from AElfric's Glossary; pret. +yethde, Wanderer, 85). + +yethe. See eaethe. + +yethe-lice, adv., _easily_: yethe-lice he eft a-stod (_he easily arose +afterwards_), 1557. + +yeth-gebland, st. n., _mingling_ or _surging waters, water-tumult_: nom. sg. +-geblond, 1374, 1594; nom. pl. -gebland, 1621. + +yeth-gewin, st. n., _strife with the sea, wave-struggle, rushing of water_: +dat. sg. yeth-gewinne, 2413; gen. sg. -gewinnes, 1435. + +yeth-lad, st. f., _water-journey, sea-voyage_: nom. pl. yeth-lade, 228. + +yeth-laf, st. f., _water-leaving, what is left by the water (undarum +reliquiae), shore_: dat. sg. be yeth-lafe, 566. + +yeth-lida, w. m., _wave-traverser, ship_: acc. sg. yeth-lidan, 198. + +yeth-naca, w. m., _sea-boat_: acc. sg. [yeth-]nacan, 1904. + +yeth-gesene. See eeth-gesyne. + +ywan, w. v. w. acc., _to show_: pret. sg. an-syn ywde (_showed itself, +appeared_), 2835. See eawan, eowan. + +ge-ywan, w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., _to lay before, offer_: inf., +2150. + + + +GLOSSARY TO FINNSBURH. + +abrecan, st. v., _to shatter_: part. his byrne abrocen waere (_his byrnie +was shattered_). + +anyman, st. v., _to take, take away_. + +ban-helm, st. m., _bone-helmet; skull_, [_shield_, Bosw.]. + +buruh-þelu, st. f., _castle-floor_. + +celod, part, (adj.?), _keeled_, i.e. boat-shaped or hollow. + +dagian, w. v., _to dawn_: ne þis ne dagiaeth eastan (_this is not dawning +from the east_). + +deor-mod, adj., _brave in mood_: deor-mod haeleeth. + +driht-gesieth, st m., _companion, associate_. + +eastan, adv., _from the east_. + +eoreth-buend, st. m., _earth-dweller, man_. + +fer, st. m. _fear, terror_. + +fyren, adj., _flaming, afire_: nom. f. swylce eal Finns-buruh fyrenu waere +(_as if all Finnsburh were afire_). + +gehlyn, st. n., _noise, tumult_. + +gellan, st. v., _to sing_ (i.e. ring or resound): pres. sg. gylleeth +graeg-hama (_the gray garment_ [byrnie] _rings_); (_the gray wolf +yelleth_?). + +genesan, st. v., _to survive, recover from_: pret. pl. þa wigend hyra wunda +genaeson (_the warriors were recovering from their wounds_). + +gold-hladen, adj., _laden with gold_ (wearing heavy gold ornaments). + +graeg-hama, w. m., _gray garment, mail-coat_; (_wolf_?--Brooke). + +gueth-wudu, st. m., _war-wood, spear_. + +haeg-steald, st. m., _one who lives in his lord's house, a house-carl._ + +heaetho-geong, adj., _young in war._ + +here-sceorp, st. n., _war-dress, coat of mail_. + +hleoethrian, w. v., _to speak, exclaim_: pret. sg. hleoethrode ... cyning (_the +prince exclaimed_). + +hraew, st. n., _corpse_. + +hror, adj., _strong_: here-sceorpum hror (_strong_ [though it was] _as +armor_, Bosw.). + +lac (laeth?)? for flacor, _fluttering?_ + +oncweethan, st. v., _to answer_: pres. sg. scyld scefte oncwyeth (_the shield +answers the spear_). + +onwacnian, w. v., _to awake, arouse one's self_: imper. pl. onwacnigeaeth..., +wigend mine (_awake, my warriors!_). + +sceft (sceaft), st. m., _spear, shaft_. + +sealo-brun, adj., _dusky-brown_. + +sige-beorn, st. m., _victorious hero, valiant warrior_. + +swaeether (swa hwaeether), pron., _which of two, which_. + +swan, st. m., _swain, youth; warrior_. + +sweart, adj., _swart, black_. + +swet, adj., _sweet_: acc. m. swetne medo ... forgyldan (_requite the sweet +mead_, i.e. repay, by prowess in battle, the bounty of their chief). + +swurd-leoma, w. m., _sword-flame, flashing of swords_. + +þyrl, adj., _pierced, cloven_. + +undearninga, adv., _without concealment, openly_. + +wandrian, w. v., _to fly about, hover_: pret. sg. hraefn wandrode (_the +raven hovered_). + +waethol, st. m., _the full moon_ [Grein]; [adj., _wandering_, Bosw.]. + +wael-sliht (-sleaht), st. m., _combat, deadly struggle_: gen. pl. wael-slihta +gehlyn (_the din of combats_) + +wea-daed, st. f., _deed of woe_: nom. pl. arisaeth wea-daeda. + +witian (weotian), w. v., _to appoint, determine_: part. þe is ... witod. + +wurethlice (weorethlice), adv., _worthily, gallantly_: compar. wureth-licor. + +waeg, weg, st. m., _way_. + + + +CORRECTIONS MADE TO THE SOURCE TEXT: + +ARGUMENT, recals = recalls +POEM: +ll. 131, 737 þryeth-swyeth = þryeth-swyeth +l. 256 ofest = ofost +l. 303 scionon = scionon +l. 706 buton = buton +l. 1115 at = aet +l. 1133 wieth = wieth +ll. 1304, 1560, 1616 missing caesuras supplied +l. 1436 here-strael = here-strael +l. 1642 feower- = feower +l. 1747 straele = straele +l. 1828 þywaeth = þywaeth +l. 1926 betlic = betlic +l. 2224 gesceod = gesceod +ll. 2288, 3036 was = waes +l. 2453 to = to +l. 2503 Huga = Huga +l. 2586 niethe = niethe +l. 2587 sieth = sieth +l. 2684 irenna = irenna +l. 2915 Hugas = Hugas +l. 2956 heaetho-liethendum = heaetho-liethendum +l. 3000 Þat = Þaet; feond- = feond- +l. 3056 soeth = soeth +l. 3137 Hrones = Hrones +list of names, under: + Dene, Scedenigge = Scedenigge + Eadgils, Ohthere = Ohthere + Freawaru, Freawaru = Freawaru + Hroethgar, Hroeth-gare = Hroethgare + Hygelac, Haereeth = Haereeth +NOTES for +l. 31, of l. 31 = of l. 30 +l. 1441, woeth- = waeg- +l. 1916, leofra = leofra +GLOSSARY, under headword + aeethele, Beowulf's = Beowulf's + an, gehwilces = gehwylces + aeg-hwa, aegh-waes = aeghwaes + aet-beran, beadolace = beadulace + beadu-lac, beado- = beadu- (twice) + beag, beages = beages + beorh, heaford- = heafod + beodan, leodum = leodum + beon, cwenlic = cwenlic + biddan, bliethne = bliethne + bitter, straele = straele + ge-bidan, therefor = therefore + on-bidan, earfoethlice = earfoethlice + brecan, letdse = let se + burne, of of = of + butan, swice = swice + cempa, Huga = Huga + ge-ceosan, usic = usic + on-cirran, wealdendas = wealdendes + corether, þae = þa + cunnan, þeawe = þeaw + cueth, wieth- = wid- + dogor, gehwam = gehwam + don, ymbsittend = ymbesittend; hettend = hetend; þywaeth = þywaeth + drifan, feoran = feorran + dryhten, freah- = frea- + dryht-scipe, drihtscipe = drihtscype + ge-dygan, wraecsieth = wraecsieth + eal, oncyethethe = oncyethethe + ealdor, herestrael = herestrael + eacen-craeftig, iumanna = iumonna + eofor-spreot, hocyhtum = hocyhtum + eorlic, eorlic [ellen] = eorlic + fah, waldreore = waeldreore + oeth-ferian, panon = þonan + fela, maethethum- = maethethum + feran, waere = waere + feond, feonda = feonda + fleon, fenhopu = fenhopu + floga, wieth- = wid- + folc-toga, Hroethgar = Hroethgar + for, wonhydum = wonhydum; handgeweorc = hondgeweorc + fot-gemearc, long = lang + ge-frignan, þeodcyninga = þeodcyninga + ge-fyrethran, fratwum = fraetwum + ge-fysan, to secanne = to seceanne + gan, swa = swa; [or] giong = giong; flore = flore; sittan = sittan + ge-gan, Wiglaf = Wiglaf + gar-wiga, Wiglaf = Wiglaf + gaest, fede- = feethe- + gegn-cwide, þinra = þinra + ge-gyrwan, yethlidan = yethlidan + geoc, gast = gast + geomore-lic, [bieth] geomorlic = geomorlic + for-gildan, therefor = therefore + gold-wlanc, guethrinc = guethrinc + gretan, walgaest = waelgaest + grim, searo-grimm = searo-grim + habban, gecorene = gecorone + wieth-habban, winsele = winsele + hatan, saeliethend = saeliethend + hatian, gueth-sceaetha = gueth-sceaetha + har, heare = heare + here-strael, -strael = strael + heard, -strael = -strael; regen- = regn- + heorte, starc- = stearc + heoro-dreor, heoro-dreore (citation) = heoro-dreore + hlieth, hliethu = hlietho (twice) + hop, hop = hop (twice) + hreow, þat = þaet + hrof, geseah = geseah + hwil, seo = seo + hyran, aeghwilc = aeghwylc + inne, abead = abead + iren, drihtlic = dryhtlic + laeth, gewiethru = gewidru; scynnum = scinnum + be-lean, belean = belean + metan, Aescheres = Aescheres + mearcian, morhopu = morhopu + ge-mearian, hwam = hwam + morethor-bed, stred = stred + mod, stieth- = stieth- + naenig, horeth-maethum = hord-maethethum + on, heaethe = heoethe; willen = willan + raed, faest- = faest + reccan, hu = hu + ridan, gealgan = galgan + sang, -leasne = leasne + sceapan, Hugas = Hugas (twice) + scanan, scionon = scionon + scinan, scinon = scinon + secg, synnigne = sinnigne + ge-secan, -cyethethe = cyethethe + ge-sigan, aetsaecce = aet saecce + ge-slean, ge-slogan = ge-slogon + standan, strael = strael + stapan, furethor = furethur + ge-steppan, Ohtheres = Ohteres + stincan, þae = þa + styrian, ge-wiethru = ge-widru + sweord, maethethum- = maethethum + ge-swican, þeodne = þeodne + teon (w. v.), nalaes = nalas; teodan = teodan + to, haelum = haelum; sitte = site; Eofore = Jofore + ge-truwan, -waere = waere + ge-twaefan, oethethe = oethethe + þaer, snotera = snottra + þe, gimfaestan = ginfaestan + of-þincan, gehwam = gehwam + ge-þolian, þat = þaet + þu, saelran = selran + þusend, seofon = seofan + un-heore, -speru = -sporu + us, aeg-hwilc = aeg-hwylc + wacan, wocon = wocun + werian, beaduscrud = beaduscruda + be-werian, scynnum = scinnum + wen, orleg = orleg; or-wena = or-wena + weorethian, leode = leode + willa, wyllum = willum + wilnian, faeether = faeder + nat, hwilc = hwylc (twice) + ge-witan, waere = waere + + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Beowulf, by Unknown + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEOWULF *** + +***** This file should be named 9700.txt or 9700.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/9/7/0/9700/ + +Produced by Karl Hagen and PG Distributed Proofreaders + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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