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diff --git a/9700-h/9700-h.htm b/9700-h/9700-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..060707f --- /dev/null +++ b/9700-h/9700-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,22406 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Beowulf</title> +<link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> +<style type="text/css"> + + body { margin: 0; padding: 0 15em 0 0; + background: white; color: black; } + hr { width: 20%; } + a:link { color: black; text-decoration: none; } + a:visited { color: black; text-decoration: none; } + a:hover { color: #F93; } + a.lineno { float: left; text-align: right; margin-left: 1em; } + a.lineno:hover { color: black; } + a.nref { float: right; margin-right: 6em; } + a.glentry { font-weight: bold; } + a.glentry:hover { color: black; } + div.line { margin-left: 4em; } + div.lcite { margin-left: 8em; } + div.content { padding: 0 .5em;} + div.toc { position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; width: 15em; height: 100%; + background: #e0e8dd;} + @media screen { + body>div.toc { position: fixed; } + } + div.toc h4 { margin: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center; + color: white; background: #336633; + font: bold 110% Arial, Verdana, sans-seri; } + div.toc ul {margin-left: 0; padding: 0 1em;} + div.toc ul li {list-style-type: none; + font: bold 100% Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; } + div.toc ul ul li { font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal; } + div.toc ul ul li.runin { display: inline; } + div.titlepage { text-align: center; } + + </style> +</head> +<body> + +<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold;'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Beowulf</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online +at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you +are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the +country where you are located before using this eBook. +</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Beowulf</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Unknown</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Editor: James A. Harrison<br /> +Robert Sharp</div> +<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Release Date: October 12, 2003 [eBook #9700]<br /> +[Most recently updated: April 11, 2021]</div> +<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> +<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: by Karl Hagen and PG Distributed Proofreaders</div> +<div style='margin-top:2em;margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEOWULF ***</div> + +<div class="toc"> +<!-- Added for the HTML version; not in original text --> +<h4>Contents</h4> +<ul> + <li>Preface + <ul> + <li><a href="#pgintro">PG Preface</a></li> + <li><a href="#titlepage">Title Page</a></li> + <li><a href="#intro4">Preface to the 4th ed.</a></li> + <li><a href="#intro3">Note to the 3rd ed.</a></li> + <li><a href="#intro2">Note to the 2nd ed.</a></li> + <li><a href="#intron1">Note I.</a></li> + <li><a href="#intron2">Note II.</a></li> + <li><a href="#argument">Argument</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><a href="#poemtop">Beowulf</a> + <ul> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittI">I</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittII">II</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittIII">III</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittIV">IV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittV">V</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittVI">VI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittVII">VII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittVIII">VIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittIX">IX</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittX">X</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXI">XI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXII">XII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXIII">XIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXIV">XIV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXV">XV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXVI">XVI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXVII">XVII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXVIII">XVIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXIX">XIX</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXX">XX</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXI">XXI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXII">XXII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXIII">XXIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXIV">XXIV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXV">XXV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXVI">XXVI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXVII">XXVII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXVIII">XXVIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXIX">XXIX</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXX">XXX</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXI">XXXI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXII">XXXII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXIII">XXXIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXIV">XXXIV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXV">XXXV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXVI">XXXVI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXVII">XXXVII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXVIII">XXXVIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXIX">XXXIX</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXL">XL</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXLI">XLI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXLII">XLII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXLIII">XLIII</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><a href="#finnsburg">The Fight at Finnsburh</a></li> + <li><a href="#names">List of Names</a></li> + <li><a href="#notes">Notes</a></li> + <li><a href="#glossary">Glossary</a> + <ul> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossA">A</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossAl">Â</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossAE">Ä</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossAEl">Æ</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossB">B</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossC">C</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossD">D</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossE">E</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossEl">Ê</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossEA">EA</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossEAl">EÁ</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossEO">EO</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossEOl">EÓ</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossF">F</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossG">G</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossH">H</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossI">I</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossIl">Î</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossIO">IO</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossL">L</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossM">M</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossN">N</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossO">O</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossOl">Ô</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossP">P</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossR">R</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossS">S</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossT">T</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossTH">Þ</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossU">U</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossUl">Û</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossW">W</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossY">Y</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossYl">Ý</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossFin">Finnsburh</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><a href="#corr">Corrections</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="content"> +<div id="front"> +<a name="pgintro"></a><h3>Preface to the Project Gutenberg Edition of Beowulf</h3> + +<p>This text is a corrected version of the fourth edition of Harrison and +Sharp in its entirety. It comes in two basic versions. The base version +(available in 8-bit (Latin-1) text and HTML) presents the original text as +printed. <b>This file contains the original version</b>. It preserves the +source-text's idiosyncratic use of accented vowels with the exception of +y-circumflex (ŷ), which is replaced by y-acute (ý) to fit +within the Latin-1 character set. Manifestly unintentional errors in the +text have been corrected. In general, this has only been done when the text +is internally inconsistent (e.g., a quotation in the glossary does not +match the main text). Forms that represent deliberate editorial choice have +not been altered, even where they appear wrong. (For example, some of the +markings of vowel length do not reflect current scholarly consensus.) Where +an uncorrected problem may confuse the reader, I have inserted a note +explaining the difficulty, signed KTH. A complete list of the changes made +is appended at the end of the file. In order to make the text more useful +to modern readers, I have also produced a revised edition, available in +Unicode (UTF-8) and HTML. Notes from the source text that indicate changes +adopted in later editions have been incorporated directly into the text and +apparatus. Further, long vowels are indicated with macrons, as is the +common practice of most modern editions. Finally, the quantity of some words +has been altered to the values currently accepted as correct. Quantities +have not been changed when the difference is a matter of editorial +interpretation (e.g., gäst vs. gæst in l. 102, etc.) A list of these +altered quantities appears at the end of the list of corrections. Your +browser must support the Unicode character set to use this file. To tell if +your browser supports the necessary characters, check the table of vowel +equivalents below. If you see any empty boxes or question marks in the +"revised" columns, you should use the basic version.</p> + +<h4>Explanation of the Vowel Accenting</h4> + +<p>In general, Harrison and Sharp use circumflex accents over vowels to mark +long vowels. For ash, however, the actual character 'æ' represents the long +vowel. Short ash is rendered with a-umlaut (ä). The long diphthongs (ēo, +ēa, etc.) are indicated with an acute accent over the +<em>second</em> vowel (eó, eá, etc.).</p> + +<p>Vowel Equivalents in Different Versions:</p> +<table> +<tr><td>Orig.</td><td>Revised</td><td>Orig.</td><td>Revised</td></tr> +<tr><td>ä</td><td>æ</td><td>û</td><td>ū</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ä</td><td>Æ</td><td>Û</td><td>Ū</td></tr> +<tr><td>æ</td><td>ǣ</td><td>ý</td><td>ȳ</td></tr> +<tr><td>Æ</td><td>Ǣ</td><td>Ý</td><td>Ȳ</td></tr> +<tr><td>â</td><td>ā</td><td>eá</td><td>ēa</td></tr> +<tr><td>Â</td><td>Ā</td><td>Eá</td><td>Ēa</td></tr> +<tr><td>ê</td><td>ē</td><td>eó</td><td>ēo</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ê</td><td>Ē</td><td>Eó</td><td>Ēo</td></tr> +<tr><td>î</td><td>ī</td><td>iá</td><td>īa</td></tr> +<tr><td>Î</td><td>Ī</td><td>Iá</td><td>Īa</td></tr> +<tr><td>ô</td><td>ō</td><td>ió</td><td>īo</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ô</td><td>Ō</td><td>Ió</td><td>Īo</td></tr> +</table> +<hr /> +<div class="titlepage"> +<h1><a name="titlepage"></a>I. BEÓWULF:</h1> + +<p><i>AN ANGLO-SAXON POEM</i>.</p> + +<h2>II. THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURH:</h2> + +<p><i>A FRAGMENT</i>.</p> + +<p>WITH TEXT AND GLOSSARY ON THE</p> +<p>BASIS OF M. HEYNE.</p> + +<p>EDITED, CORRECTED, AND ENLARGED, BY</p> + +<p>JAMES A. HARRISON, LL.D., LITT. D.,</p> + +<p>PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH AND MODERN LANGUAGES,</p> +<p>WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY,</p> + +<p>AND</p> + +<p>ROBERT SHARP (PH.D. LIPS.),</p> + +<p>PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND ENGLISH,</p> +<p>TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA.</p> + +<p>FOURTH EDITION. REVISED, WITH NOTES.</p> + +<p>GINN & COMPANY</p> + +<p>BOSTON—NEW YORK—CHICAGO—LONDON</p> +<hr /> +<p>Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1883, by</p> +<p>JAMES ALBERT HARRISON AND ROBERT SHARP</p> +<p>in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.</p> +<hr /> +<p>DEDICATED</p> + +<p>TO</p> +<p>PROFESSOR F. A. MARCH,</p> +<p>OF LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, PA.,</p> +<p>AND</p> +<p>FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, ESQ.</p> +<p>FOUNDER OF THE "NEW SHAKSPERE SOCIETY,"</p> +<p>THE "CHAUCER SOCIETY," ETC., ETC.</p> +</div> +<hr /> + +<a name="intro4"></a><h3>PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.</h3> + +<p>The favor with which the successive editions of "Beówulf" have been +received during the past thirteen years emboldens the editors to +continue the work of revision in a fourth issue, the most noticeable +feature of which is a considerable body of explanatory Notes, now for +the first time added. These Notes mainly concern themselves with new +textual readings, with here and there grammatical, geographical, and +archæological points that seemed worthy of explanation. Parallelisms +and parallel passages are constantly compared, with the view of making +the poem illustrate and explain itself. A few emendations and textual +changes are suggested by the editors with all possible diffidence; +numerous corrections have been made in the Glossary and List of Names; +and the valuable parts of former Appendices have been embodied in the +Notes.</p> + +<p>For the Notes, the editors are much indebted to the various German +periodicals mentioned on page 116, to the recent publications of +Professors Earle and J. L. Hall, to Mr. S. A. Brooke, and to the +Heyne-Socin edition of "Beówulf." No change has been made in the +system of accentuation, though a few errors in quantity have been +corrected. The editors are looking forward to an eventual fifth +edition, in which an entirely new text will be presented.</p> + +<p>October, 1893.</p> + + +<a name="intro3"></a><h3>NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION.</h3> + +<p>This third edition of the American issue of Beówulf will, the editors +hope, be found more accurate and useful than either of the preceding +editions. Further corrections in text and glossary have been made, and +some additional new readings and suggestions will be found in two +brief appendices at the back of the book. Students of the metrical +system of Beówulf will find ample material for their studies in +Sievers' exhaustive essay on that subject (Beiträge, X. 209-314).</p> + +<p>Socin's edition of Heyne's Beówulf (called the fifth edition) has been +utilized to some extent in this edition, though it unfortunately came +too late to be freely used. While it repeats many of the omissions and +inaccuracies of Heyne's fourth edition, it contains much that is +valuable to the student, particularly in the notes and commentary. +Students of the poem, which has been subjected to much searching +criticism during the last decade, will also derive especial help from +the contributions of Sievers and Kluge on difficult questions +appertaining to it. Wülker's new edition (in the Grein +<i>Bibliothek</i>) is of the highest value, however one may dissent +from particular textual views laid down in the 'Berichtigter Text.' +Paul and Braune's Beiträge contain a varied miscellany of hints, +corrections, and suggestions principally embodying the views of Kluge, +Cosijn, Sievers, and Bugge, some of the more important of which are +found in the appendices to the present and the preceding edition. +Holder and Zupitza, Sarrazin and Hermann Möller (Kiel, 1883), Heinzel +(Anzeiger f.d. Alterthum, X.), Gering (Zacher's Zeitschrift, XII.), +Brenner (Eng. Studien, IX.), and the contributors to Anglia, have +assisted materially in the textual and metrical interpretation of the +poem.</p> + +<p>The subject of Anglo-Saxon quantity has been discussed in several able +essays by Sievers, Sweet, Ten Brink (Anzeiger, f.d. Alterthum, V.), +Kluge (Beiträge, XI.), and others; but so much is uncertain in this +field that the editors have left undisturbed the marking of vowels +found in the text of their original edition, while indicating in the +appendices the now accepted views of scholars on the quantity of the +personal pronouns (<b>mê, wê, þû, þê, gê, hê</b>); the adverb +<b>nû</b>, etc. Perhaps it would be best to banish absolutely all +attempts at marking quantities except in cases where the Ms. has them +marked.</p> + +<p>An approximately complete Bibliography of Beówulf literature will be +found in Wülker's <i>Grundriss</i> and in Garnett's translation of the +poem.</p> + +<p>JAMES A. HARRISON,</p> + +<p>ROBERT SHARP.</p> + +<p>WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, +LEXINGTON, VA., May, 1888.</p> + +<a name="intro2"></a><h3>NOTE TO THE SECOND REVISED EDITION.</h3> + +<p>The editors feel so encouraged at the kind reception accorded their +edition of Beówulf (1883), that, in spite of its many shortcomings, +they have determined to prepare a second revised edition of the book, +and thus endeavor to extend its sphere of usefulness. About twenty +errors had, notwithstanding a vigilant proof-reading, crept into the +text,—errors in single letters, accents, and punctuation. These have +been corrected, and it is hoped that the text has been rendered +generally accurate and trustworthy. In the List of Names one or two +corrections have been made, and in the Glossary numerous mistakes in +gender, classification, and translation, apparently unavoidable in a +first edition, have been rectified. Wherever these mistakes concern +<i>single</i> letters, or occupy very small space, they have been +corrected in the plates; where they are longer, and the expense of +correcting them in the plates would have been very great, the editors +have thought it best to include them in an Appendix of Corrections and +Additions, which will be found at the back of the book. Students are +accordingly referred to this Appendix for important longer corrections +and additions. It is believed that the value of the book has been much +enhanced by an Appendix of Recent Readings, based on late criticisms +and essays from the pens of Sievers, Kluge, Cosijn, Holder, Wülker, +and Sweet. A perplexed student, in turning to these suggested +readings, will often find great help in unravelling obscure or corrupt +passages.</p> + +<p>The objectionable ä and æ, for the short and the long diphthong, have +been retained in the revised edition, owing to the impossibility of +removing them without entirely recasting the plates.</p> + +<p>In conclusion, the editors would acknowledge their great indebtedness +to the friends and critics whose remarks and criticisms have +materially aided in the correction of the text,—particularly to +Profs. C.P.G. Scott, Baskervill, Price, and J.M. Hart; to Prof. J.W. +Bright; and to the authorities of Cornell University, for the loan of +periodicals necessary to the completeness of the revision. While the +second revised edition still contains much that might be improved, the +editors cannot but hope that it is an advance on its predecessor, and +that it will continue its work of extending the study of Old English +throughout the land.</p> + +<p>JUNE, 1885.</p> + +<a name="intron1"></a><h3>NOTE I.</h3> + +<p>The present work, carefully edited from Heyne's fourth edition, +(Paderborn, 1879), is designed primarily for college classes in +Anglo-Saxon, rather than for independent investigators or for seekers +after a restored or ideal text. The need of an American edition of +"Beówulf" has long been felt, as, hitherto, students have had either +to send to Germany for a text, or secure, with great trouble, one of +the scarce and expensive English editions. Heyne's first edition came +out in 1863, and was followed in 1867 and 1873 by a second and a third +edition, all three having essentially the same text.</p> + +<p>So many important contributions to the "Beówulf" literature were, +however, made between 1873 and 1879 that Heyne found it necessary to +put forth a new edition (1879). In this new, last edition, the text +was subjected to a careful revision, and was fortified by the views, +contributions, and criticisms of other zealous scholars. In it the +collation of the unique "Beówulf" Ms. (Vitellius A. 15: Cottonian Mss. +of the British Museum), as made by E. Kölbing in Herrig's +<i>Archiv</i> (Bd. 56; 1876), was followed wherever the present +condition of the Ms. had to be discussed; and the researches of Bugge, +Bieger, and others, on single passages, were made use of. The +discussion of the metrical structure of the poem, as occurring in the +second and third editions, was omitted in the fourth, owing to the +many controversies in which the subject is still involved. The present +editor has thought it best to do the same, though, happily, the +subject of Old English <i>Metrik</i> is undergoing a steady +illumination through the labors of Schipper and others.</p> + +<p>Some errors and misplaced accents in Heyne's text have been corrected +in the present edition, in which, as in the general revision of the +text, the editor has been most kindly aided by Prof. J.M. Garnett, +late Principal of St. John's College, Maryland.</p> + +<p>In the preparation of the present school edition it has been thought +best to omit Heyne's notes, as they concern themselves principally +with conjectural emendations, substitutions of one reading for +another, and discussions of the condition of the Ms. Until Wülker's +text and the photographic fac-simile of the original Ms. are in the +hands of all scholars, it will be better not to introduce such matters +in the school room, where they would puzzle without instructing.</p> + +<p>For convenience of reference, the editor has added a head-line to each +"fit" of the poem, with a view to facilitate a knowledge of its +episodes.</p> + +<p>WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, +LEXINGTON, VA., June, 1882.</p> + +<a name="intron2"></a><h3>NOTE II.</h3> + +<p>The editors now have the pleasure of presenting to the public a +complete text and a tolerably complete glossary of "Beówulf." The +edition is the first published in America, and the first of its +special kind presented to the English public, and it is the initial +volume of a "Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry," to be edited under the +same auspices and with the coöperation of distinguished scholars in +this country. Among these scholars may be mentioned Professors F.A. +March of Lafayette College, T.K. Price of Columbia College, and W.M. +Baskervill of Vanderbilt University.</p> + +<p>In the preparation of the Glossary the editors found it necessary to +abandon a literal and exact translation of Heyne for several reasons, +and among others from the fact that Heyne seems to be wrong in the +translation of some of his illustrative quotations, and even +translates the same passage in two or three different ways under +different headings. The orthography of his glossary differs +considerably from the orthography of his text. He fails to +discriminate with due nicety the meanings of many of the words in his +vocabulary, while criticism more recent than his latest edition (1879) +has illustrated or overthrown several of his renderings. The +references were found to be incorrect in innumerable instances, and +had to be verified in every individual case so far as this was +possible, a few only, which resisted all efforts at verification, +having to be indicated by an interrogation point (?). The references +are exceedingly numerous, and the labor of verifying them was +naturally great. To many passages in the Glossary, where Heyne's +translation could not be trusted with entire certainty, the editors +have added other translations of phrases and sentences or of special +words; and in this they have been aided by a careful study of the text +and a comparison and utilization of the views of Kemble and Professor +J.M. Garnett (who takes Grein for his foundation). Many new references +have been added; and the various passages in which Heyne fails to +indicate whether a given verb is weak or strong, or fails to point out +the number, etc., of the illustrative form, have been corrected and +made to harmonize with the general plan of the work. Numerous +misprints in the glossary have also been corrected, and a brief +glossary to the Finnsburh-fragment, prepared by Dr. Wm. Hand Browne, +and supplemented and adapted by the editor-in-chief, has been added.</p> + +<p>The editors think that they may without immodesty put forth for +themselves something more than the claim of being re-translators of a +translation: the present edition is, so far as they were able to make +it so, an adaptation, correction, and extension of the work of the +great German scholar to whose loving appreciation of the Anglo-Saxon +epic all students of Old English owe a debt of gratitude. While +following his usually sure and cautious guidance, and in the main +appropriating his results, they have thought it best to deviate from +him in the manner above indicated, whenever it seemed that he was +wrong. The careful reader will notice at once the marks of +interrogation which point out these deviations, or which introduce a +point of view illustrative of, or supplementary to, the one given by +the German editor. No doubt the editors are wrong themselves in many +places,—"Beówulf" is a most difficult poem,—but their view may at +least be defended by a reference to the original text, which they have +faithfully and constantly consulted.</p> + +<p>A good many cognate Modern English words have been introduced here and +there in the Glossary with a view to illustration, and other addenda +will be found between brackets and parenthetical marks.</p> + +<p>It is hoped that the present edition of the most famous of Old English +poems will do something to promote a valuable and interesting study.</p> + +<p> +JAMES A. HARRISON, +<i>Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va</i>.</p> + +<p>ROBERT SHARP, +<i>University of Louisiana, New Orleans</i>.</p> + +<p>April, 1883.</p> + +<p>The responsibility of the editors is as follows: H. is responsible for +the Text, and for the Glossary from <b>hrînan</b> on; S. for the List +of Names, and for the Glossary as far as <b>hrînan.</b></p> +<hr /> +<a name="argument"></a><h3>ARGUMENT.</h3> + +<p>The only national [Anglo-Saxon] epic which has been preserved entire +is Beówulf. Its argument is briefly as follows:—The poem opens with a +few verses in praise of the Danish Kings, especially Scild, the son of +Sceaf. His death is related, and his descendants briefly traced down +to Hroðgar. Hroðgar, elated with his prosperity and success in war, +builds a magnificent hall, which he calls Heorot. In this hall Hroðgar +and his retainers live in joy and festivity, until a malignant fiend, +called Grendel, jealous of their happiness, carries off by night +thirty of Hroðgar's men, and devours them in his moorland retreat. +These ravages go on for twelve years. Beówulf, a thane of Hygelac, +King of the Goths, hearing of Hroðgar's calamities, sails from Sweden +with fourteen warriors—to help him. They reach the Danish coast in +safety; and, after an animated parley with Hroðgar's coastguard, who +at first takes them for pirates, they are allowed to proceed to the +royal hall, where they are well received by Hroðgar. A banquet ensues, +during which Beówulf is taunted by the envious Hunferhð about his +swimming-match with Breca, King of the Brondings. Beówulf gives the +true account of the contest, and silences Hunferhð. At night-fall the +King departs, leaving Beówulf in charge of the hall. Grendel soon +breaks in, seizes and devours one of Beówulf's companions; is attacked +by Beówulf, and, after losing an arm, which is torn off by Beówulf, +escapes to the fens. The joy of Hroðgar and the Danes, and their +festivities, are described, various episodes are introduced, and +Beówulf and his companions receive splendid gifts. The next night +Grendel's mother revenges her son by carrying off Æschere, the friend +and councillor of Hroðgar, during the absence of Beówulf. Hroðgar +appeals to Beówulf for vengeance, and describes the haunts of Grendel +and his mother. They all proceed thither; the scenery of the lake, and +the monsters that dwell in it, are described. Beówulf plunges into the +water, and attacks Grendel's mother in her dwelling at the bottom of +the lake. He at length overcomes her, and cuts off her head, together +with that of Grendel, and brings the heads to Hroðgar. He then takes +leave of Hroðgar, sails back to Sweden, and relates his adventures to +Hygelac. Here the first half of the poem ends. The second begins with +the accession of Beówulf to the throne, after the fall of Hygelac and +his son Heardred. He rules prosperously for fifty years, till a +dragon, brooding over a hidden treasure, begins to ravage the country, +and destroys Beówulf's palace with fire. Beówulf sets out in quest of +its hiding-place, with twelve men. Having a presentiment of his +approaching end, he pauses and recalls to mind his past life and +exploits. He then takes leave of his followers, one by one, and +advances alone to attack the dragon. Unable, from the heat, to enter +the cavern, he shouts aloud, and the dragon comes forth. The dragon's +scaly hide is proof against Beówulf's sword, and he is reduced to +great straits. Then Wiglaf, one of his followers, advances to help +him. Wiglaf's shield is consumed by the dragon's fiery breath, and he +is compelled to seek shelter under Beówulf's shield of iron. Beówulf's +sword snaps asunder, and he is seized by the dragon. Wiglaf stabs the +dragon from underneath, and Beówulf cuts it in two with his dagger. +Feeling that his end is near, he bids Wiglaf bring out the treasures +from the cavern, that he may see them before he dies. Wiglaf enters +the dragon's den, which is described, returns to Beówulf, and receives +his last commands. Beówulf dies, and Wiglaf bitterly reproaches his +companions for their cowardice. The disastrous consequences of +Beówulf's death are then foretold, and the poem ends with his +funeral.—H. Sweet, in Warton's <i>History of English Poetry</i>, Vol. +II. (ed. 1871). Cf. also Ten Brink's <i>History of English +Literature</i>.</p> +</div> +<div class="poem"> +<a name="poemtop"></a><h2>BEÓWULF.</h2> + +<div class="fitt"> +<div><a name="fittI"></a><h2>I. THE PASSING OF SCYLD.</h2></div> + +<a name="li1"></a><a class="nref" href="#note1">†</a><div class="line">Hwät! we Gâr-Dena in geâr-dagum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2"></a>þeód-cyninga þrym gefrunon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3"></a>hû þâ äðelingas ellen fremedon.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note4">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li4"></a>Oft Scyld Scêfing sceaðena þreátum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li5">5</a><div class="line">monegum mægðum meodo-setla ofteáh.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note6">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li6"></a>Egsode eorl, syððan ærest wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li7"></a>feá-sceaft funden: he þäs frôfre gebâd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li8"></a>weôx under wolcnum, weorð-myndum ðâh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li9"></a>ôð þät him æghwylc þâra ymb-sittendra</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li10">10</a><div class="line">ofer hron-râde hýran scolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li11"></a>gomban gyldan: þät wäs gôd cyning!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li12"></a>þäm eafera wäs äfter cenned</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li13"></a>geong in geardum, þone god sende</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li14"></a>folce tô frôfre; fyren-þearfe ongeat,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note15">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li15">15</a><div class="line">þät hie ær drugon aldor-<i>le</i>áse</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li16"></a>lange hwîle. Him þäs lîf-freá,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li17"></a>wuldres wealdend, worold-âre forgeaf;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note18">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li18"></a>Beówulf wäs breme (blæd wîde sprang),</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note19">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li19"></a>Scyldes eafera Scede-landum in.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li20">20</a><div class="line">Swâ sceal <i>geong gu</i>ma, gôde gewyrcean,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note21">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li21"></a>fromum feoh-giftum on fäder <i>wi</i>ne,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note22">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li22"></a>þät hine on ylde eft gewunigen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li23"></a>wil-gesîðas, þonne wîg cume,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li24"></a>leóde gelæsten: lof-dædum sceal</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li25">25</a><div class="line">in mægða gehwære man geþeón.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note26">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li26"></a>Him þâ Scyld gewât tô gescäp-hwîle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li27"></a>fela-hrôr fêran on freán wære;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note28">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li28"></a>hi hyne þâ ätbæron tô brimes faroðe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li29"></a>swæse gesîðas, swâ he selfa bäd,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li30">30</a><div class="line">þenden wordum weóld wine Scyldinga,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note31">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li31"></a>leóf land-fruma lange âhte.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note32">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li32"></a>Þær ät hýðe stôd hringed-stefna,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li33"></a>îsig and ûtfûs, äðelinges fär;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note34">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li34"></a>â-lêdon þâ leófne þeóden,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note35">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li35">35</a><div class="line">beága bryttan on bearm scipes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li36"></a>mærne be mäste. Þær wäs mâdma fela,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li37"></a>of feor-wegum frätwa gelæded:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li38"></a>ne hýrde ic cymlîcor ceól gegyrwan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li39"></a>hilde-wæpnum and heaðo-wædum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li40">40</a><div class="line">billum and byrnum; him on bearme läg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li41"></a>mâdma mänigo, þâ him mid scoldon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li42"></a>on flôdes æht feor gewîtan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li43"></a>Nalas hi hine lässan lâcum teódan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li44"></a>þeód-gestreónum, þonne þâ dydon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li45">45</a><div class="line">þe hine ät frumsceafte forð onsendon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li46"></a>ænne ofer ýðe umbor wesende:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li47"></a>þâ gyt hie him âsetton segen <i>gy</i>ldenne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li48"></a>heáh ofer heáfod, lêton holm beran,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note49">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li49"></a>geâfon on gâr-secg: him wäs geômor sefa,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li50">50</a><div class="line">murnende môd. Men ne cunnon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note51">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li51"></a>secgan tô soðe sele-rædende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li52"></a>häleð under heofenum, hwâ þäm hläste onfêng.</div> +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittII"></a><h2>II. THE HALL HEOROT.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note53">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li53"></a>Þâ wäs on burgum Beówulf Scyldinga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li54"></a>leóf leód-cyning, longe þrage</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li55">55</a><div class="line">folcum gefræge (fäder ellor hwearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li56"></a>aldor of earde), ôð þät him eft onwôc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li57"></a>heáh Healfdene; heóld þenden lifde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note58">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li58"></a>gamol and gûð-reów, gläde Scyldingas.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li59"></a>Þäm feówer bearn forð-gerîmed</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note60">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li60">60</a><div class="line">in worold wôcun, weoroda ræswan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li61"></a>Heorogâr and Hrôðgâr and Hâlga til;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note62">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li62"></a>hýrde ic, þat Elan cwên <i>Ongenþeówes wäs</i></div> +<div class="line"><a name="li63"></a>Heaðoscilfinges heals-gebedde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li64"></a>Þâ wäs Hrôðgâre here-spêd gyfen,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li65">65</a><div class="line">wîges weorð-mynd, þät him his wine-mâgas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li66"></a>georne hýrdon, ôð þät seó geogoð geweôx,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li67"></a>mago-driht micel. Him on môd bearn,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note68">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li68"></a>þät heal-reced hâtan wolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li69"></a>medo-ärn micel men gewyrcean,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note70">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li70">70</a><div class="line">þone yldo bearn æfre gefrunon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li71"></a>and þær on innan eall gedælan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li72"></a>geongum and ealdum, swylc him god sealde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note73">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li73"></a>bûton folc-scare and feorum gumena.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li74"></a>Þâ ic wîde gefrägn weorc gebannan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li75">75</a><div class="line">manigre mægðe geond þisne middan-geard,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li76"></a>folc-stede frätwan. Him on fyrste gelomp</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li77"></a>ädre mid yldum, þät hit wearð eal gearo,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note78">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li78"></a>heal-ärna mæst; scôp him Heort naman,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li79"></a>se þe his wordes geweald wîde häfde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li80">80</a><div class="line">He beót ne âlêh, beágas dælde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li81"></a>sinc ät symle. Sele hlifade</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li82"></a>heáh and horn-geáp: heaðo-wylma bâd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li83"></a>lâðan lîges; ne wäs hit lenge þâ gen</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note84">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li84"></a>þät se ecg-hete âðum-swerian</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li85">85</a><div class="line">äfter wäl-nîðe wäcnan scolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li86"></a>Þâ se ellen-gæst earfoðlîce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li87"></a>þrage geþolode, se þe in þýstrum bâd,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note88">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li88"></a>þät he dôgora gehwâm dreám gehýrde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li89"></a>hlûdne in healle; þær wäs hearpan swêg,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note90">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li90">90</a><div class="line">swutol sang scôpes. Sägde se þe cûðe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li91"></a>frum-sceaft fira feorran reccan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note92">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li92"></a>cwäð þät se älmihtiga eorðan worh<i>te</i>,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li93"></a>wlite-beorhtne wang, swâ wäter bebûgeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li94"></a>gesette sige-hrêðig sunnan and mônan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li95">95</a><div class="line">leóman tô leóhte land-bûendum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li96"></a>and gefrätwade foldan sceátas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li97"></a>leomum and leáfum; lîf eác gesceôp</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li98"></a>cynna gehwylcum, þâra þe cwice hwyrfað.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li99"></a>Swâ þâ driht-guman dreámum lifdon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note100">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li100">100</a><div class="line">eádiglîce, ôð þät ân ongan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note101">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li101"></a>fyrene fremman, feónd on helle:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note102">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li102"></a>wäs se grimma gäst Grendel hâten,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note103">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li103"></a>mære mearc-stapa, se þe môras heóld,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li104"></a>fen and fästen; fîfel-cynnes eard</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li105">105</a><div class="line">won-sælig wer weardode hwîle,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note106">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li106"></a>siððan him scyppend forscrifen häfde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li107"></a>In Caines cynne þone cwealm gewräc,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note108">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li108"></a>êce drihten, þäs þe he Abel slôg;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li109"></a>ne gefeah he þære fæhðe, ac he hine feor forwräc,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li110">110</a><div class="line">metod for þý mâne man-cynne fram.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li111"></a>Þanon untydras ealle onwôcon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li112"></a>eotenas and ylfe and orcnêas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li113"></a>swylce gigantas, þâ wið gode wunnon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li114"></a>lange þrage; he him þäs leán forgeald.</div> +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittIII"></a><h2>III. GRENDEL'S VISITS.</h2> + +<a class="lineno" name="li115">115</a><div class="line">Gewât þâ neósian, syððan niht becom,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li116"></a>heán hûses, hû hit Hring-Dene</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li117"></a>äfter beór-þege gebûn häfdon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li118"></a>Fand þâ þær inne äðelinga gedriht</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note119">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li119"></a>swefan äfter symble; sorge ne cûðon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note120">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li120">120</a><div class="line">won-sceaft wera. Wiht unhælo</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li121"></a>grim and grædig gearo sôna wäs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li122"></a>reóc and rêðe, and on räste genam</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li123"></a>þritig þegna: þanon eft gewât</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li124"></a>hûðe hrêmig tô hâm faran,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li125">125</a><div class="line">mid þære wäl-fylle wîca neósan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li126"></a>Þâ wäs on uhtan mid ær-däge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li127"></a>Grendles gûð-cräft gumum undyrne:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li128"></a>þâ wäs äfter wiste wôp up âhafen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li129"></a>micel morgen-swêg. Mære þeóden,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li130">130</a><div class="line">äðeling ær-gôd, unblîðe sät,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note131">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li131"></a>þolode þrýð-swýð, þegn-sorge dreáh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li132"></a>syððan hie þäs lâðan lâst sceáwedon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li133"></a>wergan gâstes; wäs þät gewin tô strang,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li134"></a>lâð and longsum. Näs hit lengra fyrst,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li135">135</a><div class="line">ac ymb âne niht eft gefremede</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li136"></a>morð-beala mâre and nô mearn fore</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li137"></a>fæhðe and fyrene; wäs tô fäst on þâm.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li138"></a>Þâ wäs eáð-fynde, þe him elles hwær</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li139"></a>gerûmlîcor räste <i>sôhte</i>,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li140">140</a><div class="line">bed äfter bûrum, þâ him gebeácnod wäs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li141"></a>gesägd sôðlîce sweotolan tâcne</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note142">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li142"></a>heal-þegnes hete; heóld hine syððan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li143"></a>fyr and fästor, se þäm feónde ätwand.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note144">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li144"></a>Swâ rîxode and wið rihte wan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li145">145</a><div class="line">âna wið eallum, ôð þät îdel stôd</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note146">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li146"></a>hûsa sêlest. Wäs seó hwîl micel:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li147"></a>twelf wintra tîd torn geþolode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li148"></a>wine Scyldinga, weána gehwelcne,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note149">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li149"></a>sîdra sorga; forþam <i>syððan</i> wearð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li150">150</a><div class="line">ylda bearnum undyrne cûð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li151"></a>gyddum geômore, þätte Grendel wan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li152"></a>hwîle wið Hrôðgâr;— hete-nîðas wäg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li153"></a>fyrene and fæhðe fela missera,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note154">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li154"></a>singale säce, sibbe ne wolde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li155">155</a><div class="line">wið manna hwone mägenes Deniga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li156"></a>feorh-bealo feorran, feó þingian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li157"></a>ne þær nænig witena wênan þorfte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li158"></a>beorhtre bôte tô banan folmum;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note159">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li159"></a><i>atol</i> äglæca êhtende wäs,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li160">160</a><div class="line">deorc deáð-scûa duguðe and geogoðe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li161"></a>seomade and syrede. Sin-nihte heóld</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li162"></a>mistige môras; men ne cunnon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li163"></a>hwyder hel-rûnan hwyrftum scrîðað.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li164"></a>Swâ fela fyrena feónd man-cynnes,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li165">165</a><div class="line">atol ân-gengea, oft gefremede</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li166"></a>heardra hýnða; Heorot eardode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li167"></a>sinc-fâge sel sweartum nihtum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note168">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li168"></a>(nô he þone gif-stôl grêtan môste,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note169">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li169"></a>mâððum for metode, ne his myne wisse);</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li170">170</a><div class="line">þät wäs wræc micel wine Scyldinga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li171"></a>môdes brecða. Monig-oft gesät</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li172"></a>rîce tô rûne; ræd eahtedon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li173"></a>hwät swîð-ferhðum sêlest wære</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note174">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li174"></a>wið fær-gryrum tô gefremmanne.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note175">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li175">175</a><div class="line">Hwîlum hie gehêton ät härg-trafum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li176"></a>wig-weorðunga, wordum bædon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note177">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li177"></a>þät him gâst-bona geóce gefremede</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li178"></a>wið þeód-þreáum. Swylc wäs þeáw hyra,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li179"></a>hæðenra hyht; helle gemundon</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li180">180</a><div class="line">in môd-sefan, metod hie ne cûðon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li181"></a>dæda dêmend, ne wiston hie drihten god,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li182"></a>ne hie hûru heofena helm hêrian ne cûðon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li183"></a>wuldres waldend. Wâ bið þäm þe sceal</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li184"></a>þurh slîðne nîð sâwle bescûfan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li185">185</a><div class="line">in fýres fäðm, frôfre ne wênan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li186"></a>wihte gewendan; wel bið þäm þe môt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li187"></a>äfter deáð-däge drihten sêcean</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li188"></a>and tô fäder fäðmum freoðo wilnian.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittIV"></a><h2>IV. HYGELAC'S THANE.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note189">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li189"></a>Swâ þâ mæl-ceare maga Healfdenes</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note190">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li190">190</a><div class="line">singala seáð; ne mihte snotor häleð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li191"></a>weán onwendan: wäs þät gewin tô swýð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li192"></a>lâð and longsum, þe on þâ leóde becom,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li193"></a>nýd-wracu nîð-grim, niht-bealwa mæst.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note194">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li194"></a>Þät fram hâm gefrägn Higelâces þegn,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li195">195</a><div class="line">gôd mid Geátum, Grendles dæda:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li196"></a>se wäs mon-cynnes mägenes strengest</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note197">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li197"></a>on þäm däge þysses lîfes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li198"></a>äðele and eácen. Hêt him ýð-lidan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li199"></a>gôdne gegyrwan; cwäð he gûð-cyning</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note200">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li200">200</a><div class="line">ofer swan-râde sêcean wolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li201"></a>mærne þeóden, þâ him wäs manna þearf.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li202"></a>Þone sîð-fät him snotere ceorlas</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note203">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li203"></a>lyt-hwôn lôgon, þeáh he him leóf wære;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note204">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li204"></a>hwetton higerôfne, hæl sceáwedon.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li205">205</a><div class="line">Häfde se gôda Geáta leóda</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li206"></a>cempan gecorone, þâra þe he cênoste</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note207">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li207"></a>findan mihte; fîftena sum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li208"></a>sund-wudu sôhte; secg wîsade,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li209"></a>lagu-cräftig mon, land-gemyrcu.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li210">210</a><div class="line">Fyrst forð gewât: flota wäs on ýðum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li211"></a>bât under beorge. Beornas gearwe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li212"></a>on stefn stigon; streámas wundon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li213"></a>sund wið sande; secgas bæron</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li214"></a>on bearm nacan beorhte frätwe,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li215">215</a><div class="line">gûð-searo geatolîc; guman ût scufon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li216"></a>weras on wil-sîð wudu bundenne.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note217">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li217"></a>Gewât þâ ofer wæg-holm winde gefýsed</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note218">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li218"></a>flota fâmig-heals fugle gelîcost,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note219">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li219"></a>ôð þät ymb ân-tîd ôðres dôgores</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li220">220</a><div class="line">wunden-stefna gewaden häfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li221"></a>þät þâ lîðende land gesâwon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li222"></a>brim-clifu blîcan, beorgas steápe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li223"></a>sîde sæ-nässas: þâ wäs sund liden,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note224">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li224"></a>eoletes ät ende. Þanon up hraðe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li225">225</a><div class="line">Wedera leóde on wang stigon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li226"></a>sæ-wudu sældon (syrcan hrysedon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li227"></a>gûð-gewædo); gode þancedon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li228"></a>þäs þe him ýð-lâde eáðe wurdon.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note229">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li229"></a>Þâ of wealle geseah weard Scildinga,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li230">230</a><div class="line">se þe holm-clifu healdan scolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li231"></a>beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li232"></a>fyrd-searu fûslîcu; hine fyrwyt bräc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li233"></a>môd-gehygdum, hwät þâ men wæron.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li234"></a>Gewât him þâ tô waroðe wicge rîdan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li235">235</a><div class="line">þegn Hrôðgâres, þrymmum cwehte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li236"></a>mägen-wudu mundum, meðel-wordum frägn:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li237"></a>"Hwät syndon ge searo-häbbendra</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li238"></a>"byrnum werede, þe þus brontne ceól</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note239">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li239"></a>"ofer lagu-stræte lædan cwômon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note240">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li240">240</a><div class="line">"hider ofer holmas <i>helmas bæron</i>?</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li241"></a>"Ic wäs ende-sæta, æg-wearde heóld,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li242"></a>"þät on land Dena lâðra nænig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li243"></a>"mid scip-herge sceððan ne meahte.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li244"></a>"Nô her cûðlîcor cuman ongunnon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note245">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li245">245</a><div class="line">"lind-häbbende; ne ge leáfnes-word</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li246"></a>"gûð-fremmendra gearwe ne wisson,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li247"></a>"mâga gemêdu. Næfre ic mâran geseah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li248"></a>"eorla ofer eorðan, þonne is eówer sum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note249">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li249"></a>"secg on searwum; nis þät seld-guma</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note250">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li250">250</a><div class="line">"wæpnum geweorðad, näfne him his wlite leóge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li251"></a>"ænlîc an-sýn. Nu ic eówer sceal</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note252">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li252"></a>"frum-cyn witan, ær ge fyr heonan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note253">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li253"></a>"leáse sceáweras on land Dena</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li254"></a>"furður fêran. Nu ge feor-bûend,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li255">255</a><div class="line">"mere-lîðende, mînne gehýrað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note256">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li256"></a>"ân-fealdne geþôht: ôfost is sêlest</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li257"></a>"tô gecýðanne, hwanan eówre cyme syndon."</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittV"></a><h2>V. THE ERRAND.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note258">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li258"></a>Him se yldesta andswarode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li259"></a>werodes wîsa, word-hord onleác:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li260">260</a><div class="line">"We synt gum-cynnes Geáta leóde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li261"></a>"and Higelâces heorð-geneátas.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li262"></a>"Wäs mîn fäder folcum gecýðed,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li263"></a>"äðele ord-fruma Ecgþeów hâten;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li264"></a>"gebâd wintra worn, ær he on weg hwurfe,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li265">265</a><div class="line">"gamol of geardum; hine gearwe geman</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li266"></a>"witena wel-hwylc wîde geond eorðan.—</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li267"></a>"We þurh holdne hige hlâford þinne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li268"></a>"sunu Healfdenes, sêcean cwômon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li269"></a>"leód-gebyrgean: wes þu ûs lârena gôd!</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li270">270</a><div class="line">"Habbað we tô þäm mæran micel ærende</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li271"></a>"Deniga freán; ne sceal þær dyrne sum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li272"></a>"wesan, þäs ic wêne. Þu wâst, gif hit is,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note273">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li273"></a>"swâ we sôðlice secgan hýrdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li274"></a>"þät mid Scyldingum sceaða ic nât hwylc,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note275">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li275">275</a><div class="line">"deógol dæd-hata, deorcum nihtum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li276"></a>"eáweð þurh egsan uncûðne nîð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li277"></a>"hýnðu and hrâ-fyl. Ic þäs Hrôðgâr mäg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li278"></a>"þurh rûmne sefan ræd gelæran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li279"></a>"hû he frôd and gôd feónd oferswýðeð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note280">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li280">280</a><div class="line">"gyf him ed-wendan æfre scolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li281"></a>"bealuwa bisigu, bôt eft cuman</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li282"></a>"and þâ cear-wylmas côlran wurðað;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li283"></a>"oððe â syððan earfoð-þrage,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li284"></a>"þreá-nýd þolað, þenden þær wunað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li285">285</a><div class="line">"on heáh-stede hûsa sêlest."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li286"></a>Weard maðelode, þær on wicge sät</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note287">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li287"></a>ombeht unforht: "Æghwäðres sceal</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li288"></a>"scearp scyld-wîga gescâd witan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li289"></a>"worda and worca, se þe wel þenceð.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li290">290</a><div class="line">"Ic þät gehýre, þät þis is hold weorod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li291"></a>"freán Scyldinga. Gewîtað forð beran</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note292">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li292"></a>"wæpen and gewædu, ic eów wîsige:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li293"></a>"swylce ic magu-þegnas mîne hâte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li294"></a>"wið feónda gehwone flotan eówerne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li295">295</a><div class="line">"niw-tyrwedne nacan on sande</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li296"></a>"ârum healdan, ôð þät eft byreð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li297"></a>"ofer lagu-streámas leófne mannan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li298"></a>"wudu wunden-hals tô Weder-mearce.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li299"></a>"Gûð-fremmendra swylcum gifeðe bið,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li300">300</a><div class="line">"þät þone hilde-ræs hâl gedîgeð."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li301"></a>Gewiton him þâ fêran (flota stille bâd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li302"></a>seomode on sâle sîd-fäðmed scyp,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note303">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li303"></a>on ancre fäst); eofor-lîc scionon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note304">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li304"></a>ofer hleór-beran gehroden golde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note305">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li305">305</a><div class="line">fâh and fýr-heard, ferh wearde heóld.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li306"></a>Gûðmôde grummon, guman onetton,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li307"></a>sigon ätsomne, ôð þät hy säl timbred</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li308"></a>geatolîc and gold-fâh ongytan mihton;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li309"></a>þät wäs fore-mærost fold-bûendum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li310">310</a><div class="line">receda under roderum, on þäm se rîca bâd;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note311">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li311"></a>lixte se leóma ofer landa fela.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li312"></a>Him þâ hilde-deór hof môdigra</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li313"></a>torht getæhte, þät hie him tô mihton</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li314"></a>gegnum gangan; gûð-beorna sum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li315">315</a><div class="line">wicg gewende, word äfter cwäð:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li316"></a>"Mæl is me tô fêran; fäder alwalda</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li317"></a>"mid âr-stafum eówic gehealde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note318">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li318"></a>"sîða gesunde! ic tô sæ wille,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li319"></a>"wið wrâð werod wearde healdan."</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittVI"></a><h2>VI. BEÓWULF'S SPEECH.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note320">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li320">320</a><div class="line">Stræt wäs stân-fâh, stîg wîsode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li321"></a>gumum ätgädere. Gûð-byrne scân</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note322">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li322"></a>heard hond-locen, hring-îren scîr</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li323"></a>song in searwum, þâ hie tô sele furðum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li324"></a>in hyra gryre-geatwum gangan cwômon.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note325">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li325">325</a><div class="line">Setton sæ-mêðe sîde scyldas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li326"></a>rondas regn-hearde wið þäs recedes weal,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li327"></a>bugon þâ tô bence; byrnan hringdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li328"></a>gûð-searo gumena; gâras stôdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li329"></a>sæ-manna searo, samod ätgädere,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li330">330</a><div class="line">äsc-holt ufan græg: wäs se îren-þreát</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li331"></a>wæpnum gewurðad. Þâ þær wlonc häleð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li332"></a>oret-mecgas äfter äðelum frägn:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note333">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li333"></a>"Hwanon ferigeað ge fätte scyldas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li334"></a>"græge syrcan and grîm-helmas,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li335">335</a><div class="line">"here-sceafta heáp?— Ic eom Hrôðgâres</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note336">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li336"></a>"âr and ombiht. Ne seah ic el-þeódige</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li337"></a>"þus manige men môdiglîcran.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note338">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li338"></a>"Wên' ic þät ge for wlenco, nalles for wräc-sîðum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li339"></a>"ac for hige-þrymmum Hrôðgâr sôhton."</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li340">340</a><div class="line">Him þâ ellen-rôf andswarode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li341"></a>wlanc Wedera leód word äfter spräc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li342"></a>heard under helme: "We synt Higelâces</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note343">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li343"></a>"beód-geneátas; Beówulf is mîn nama.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note344">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li344"></a>"Wille ic âsecgan suna Healfdenes,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li345">345</a><div class="line">"mærum þeódne mîn ærende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li346"></a>"aldre þînum, gif he ûs geunnan wile,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li347"></a>"þät we hine swâ gôdne grêtan môton."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li348"></a>Wulfgâr maðelode (þät wäs Wendla leód,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li349"></a>wäs his môd-sefa manegum gecýðed,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li350">350</a><div class="line">wîg and wîs-dôm): "ic þäs wine Deniga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li351"></a>"freán Scildinga frinan wille,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li352"></a>"beága bryttan, swâ þu bêna eart,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note353">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li353"></a>"þeóden mærne ymb þînne sîð ;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li354"></a>"and þe þâ andsware ädre gecýðan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li355">355</a><div class="line">"þe me se gôda âgifan þenceð."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li356"></a>Hwearf þâ hrädlîce, þær Hrôðgâr sät,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note357">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li357"></a>eald and unhâr mid his eorla gedriht;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note358">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li358"></a>eode ellen-rôf, þät he for eaxlum gestôd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li359"></a>Deniga freán, cûðe he duguðe þeáw.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li360">360</a><div class="line">Wulfgâr maðelode tô his wine-drihtne:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li361"></a>"Her syndon geferede feorran cumene</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li362"></a>"ofer geofenes begang Geáta leóde:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li363"></a>"þone yldestan oret-mecgas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li364"></a>"Beówulf nemnað. Hy bênan synt,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li365">365</a><div class="line">"þät hie, þeóden mîn, wið þe môton</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li366"></a>"wordum wrixlan; nô þu him wearne geteóh,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note367">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li367"></a>"þînra gegn-cwida glädnian, Hrôðgâr!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li368"></a>"Hy on wîg-geatwum wyrðe þinceað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note369">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li369"></a>"eorla geæhtlan; hûru se aldor deáh,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li370">370</a><div class="line">"se þæm heaðo-rincum hider wîsade."</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittVII"></a><h2>VII. HROTHGAR'S WELCOME.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li371"></a>Hrôðgâr maðelode, helm Scyldinga:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note372">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li372"></a>"Ic hine cûðe cniht-wesende.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note373">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li373"></a>"Wäs his eald-fäder Ecgþeó hâten,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li374"></a>"þäm tô hâm forgeaf Hrêðel Geáta</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li375">375</a><div class="line">"ângan dôhtor; is his eafora nu</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li376"></a>"heard her cumen, sôhte holdne wine.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li377"></a>"þonne sägdon þät sæ-lîðende,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note378">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li378"></a>"þâ þe gif-sceattas Geáta fyredon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li379"></a>"þyder tô þance, þät he þrittiges</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note380">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li380">380</a><div class="line">"manna mägen-cräft on his mund-grîpe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li381"></a>"heaðo-rôf häbbe. Hine hâlig god</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li382"></a>"for âr-stafum us onsende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li383"></a>"tô West-Denum, þäs ic wên häbbe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li384"></a>"wið Grendles gryre: ic þäm gôdan sceal</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li385">385</a><div class="line">"for his môd-þräce mâdmas beódan.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note386">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li386"></a>"Beó þu on ôfeste, hât <i>hig</i> in gân,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note387">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li387"></a>"seón sibbe-gedriht samod ätgädere;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li388"></a>"gesaga him eác wordum, þät hie sint wil-cuman</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li389"></a>"Deniga leódum." Þâ <i>wið duru healle</i></div> +<a class="lineno" name="li390">390</a><div class="line"><i>Wulfgâr eode</i>, word inne âbeád:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li391"></a>"Eów hêt secgan sige-drihten mîn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li392"></a>"aldor Eást-Dena, þät he eówer äðelu can</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li393"></a>"and ge him syndon ofer sæ-wylmas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li394"></a>"heard-hicgende, hider wil-cuman.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li395">395</a><div class="line">"Nu ge môton gangan in eówrum guð-geatawum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li396"></a>"under here-grîman, Hrôðgâr geseón;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li397"></a>"lætað hilde-bord her onbidian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li398"></a>"wudu wäl-sceaftas, worda geþinges."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li399"></a>Ârâs þâ se rîca, ymb hine rinc manig,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li400">400</a><div class="line">þryðlîc þegna heáp; sume þær bidon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li401"></a>heaðo-reáf heóldon, swâ him se hearda bebeád.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li402"></a>Snyredon ätsomne, þâ secg wîsode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li403"></a>under Heorotes hrôf; <i>hyge-rôf eode</i>,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note404">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li404"></a>heard under helme, þät he on heoðe gestôd.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note405">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li405">405</a><div class="line">Beówulf maðelode (on him byrne scân,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li406"></a>searo-net seówed smiðes or-þancum):</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note407">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li407"></a>"Wes þu Hrôðgâr hâl! ic eom Higelâces</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li408"></a>"mæg and mago-þegn; häbbe ic mærða fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li409"></a>"ongunnen on geogoðe. Me wearð Grendles þing</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li410">410</a><div class="line">"on mînre êðel-tyrf undyrne cûð:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li411"></a>"secgað sæ-lîðend, þät þes sele stande,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li412"></a>"reced sêlesta, rinca gehwylcum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li413"></a>"îdel and unnyt, siððan æfen-leóht</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note414">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li414"></a>"under heofenes hâdor beholen weorðeð.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li415">415</a><div class="line">"Þâ me þät gelærdon leóde mîne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li416"></a>"þâ sêlestan, snotere ceorlas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li417"></a>"þeóden Hrôðgâr, þät ic þe sôhte;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li418"></a>"forþan hie mägenes cräft mînne cûðon:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li419"></a>"selfe ofersâwon, þâ ic of searwum cwom,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note420">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li420">420</a><div class="line">"fâh from feóndum, þær ic fîfe geband,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li421"></a>"ýðde eotena cyn, and on ýðum slôg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li422"></a>"niceras nihtes, nearo-þearfe dreáh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li423"></a>"wräc Wedera nîð (weán âhsodon)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li424"></a>"forgrand gramum; and nu wið Grendel sceal,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note425">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li425">425</a><div class="line">"wið þam aglæcan, âna gehegan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li426"></a>"þing wið þyrse. Ic þe nu þâ,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li427"></a>"brego Beorht-Dena, biddan wille,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li428"></a>"eodor Scyldinga, ânre bêne;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li429"></a>"þät þu me ne forwyrne, wîgendra hleó,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li430">430</a><div class="line">"freó-wine folca, nu ic þus feorran com,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li431"></a>"þät ic môte âna and mînra eorla gedryht,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li432"></a>"þes hearda heáp, Heorot fælsian.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li433"></a>"Häbbe ic eác geâhsod, þät se äglæca</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li434"></a>"for his won-hýdum wæpna ne rêceð;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li435">435</a><div class="line">"ic þät þonne forhicge, swâ me Higelâc sîe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li436"></a>"mîn mon-drihten, môdes blîðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li437"></a>"þät ic sweord bere oððe sîdne scyld</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li438"></a>"geolo-rand tô gûðe; ac ic mid grâpe sceal</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li439"></a>"fôn wið feónde and ymb feorh sacan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li440">440</a><div class="line">"lâð wið lâðum; þær gelýfan sceal</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note441">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li441"></a>"dryhtnes dôme se þe hine deáð nimeð.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li442"></a>"Wên' ic þät he wille, gif he wealdan môt,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note443">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li443"></a>"in þäm gûð-sele Geátena leóde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note444">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li444"></a>"etan unforhte, swâ he oft dyde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li445">445</a><div class="line">"mägen Hrêðmanna. Nâ þu mînne þearft</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note446">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li446"></a>"hafalan hýdan, ac he me habban wile</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note447">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li447"></a>"dreóre fâhne, gif mec deáð nimeð;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li448"></a>"byreð blôdig wäl, byrgean þenceð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li449"></a>"eteð ân-genga unmurnlîce,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li450">450</a><div class="line">"mearcað môr-hopu: nô þu ymb mînes ne þearft</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note451">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li451"></a>"lîces feorme leng sorgian.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note452">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li452"></a>"Onsend Higelâce, gif mec hild nime,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li453"></a>"beadu-scrûda betst, þät mîne breóst wereð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li454"></a>"hrägla sêlest; þät is Hrêðlan lâf,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note455">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li455">455</a><div class="line">"Wêlandes geweorc. Gæð â Wyrd swâ hió scel!"</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittVIII"></a><h2>VIII. HROTHGAR TELLS OF GRENDEL.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li456"></a>Hrôðgâr maðelode, helm Scyldinga:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note457">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li457"></a>"for <i>were</i>-fyhtum þu, wine mîn Beówulf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li458"></a>"and for âr-stafum ûsic sôhtest.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li459"></a>"Geslôh þin fäder fæhðe mæste,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li460">460</a><div class="line">"wearð he Heaðolâfe tô hand-bonan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li461"></a>"mid Wilfingum; þâ hine Wedera cyn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li462"></a>"for here-brôgan habban ne mihte.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li463"></a>"Þanon he gesôhte Sûð-Dena folc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li464"></a>"ofer ýða gewealc, Âr-Scyldinga;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li465">465</a><div class="line">"þâ ic furðum weóld folce Deninga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li466"></a>"and on geogoðe heóld gimme-rîce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li467"></a>"hord-burh häleða: þâ wäs Heregâr deád,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li468"></a>"mîn yldra mæg unlifigende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li469"></a>"bearn Healfdenes. Se wäs betera þonne ic!</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li470">470</a><div class="line">"Siððan þâ fæhðe feó þingode;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li471"></a>"sende ic Wylfingum ofer wäteres hrycg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li472"></a>"ealde mâdmas: he me âðas swôr.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li473"></a>"Sorh is me tô secganne on sefan mînum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li474"></a>"gumena ængum, hwät me Grendel hafað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li475">475</a><div class="line">"hýnðo on Heorote mid his hete-þancum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li476"></a>"fær-nîða gefremed. Is mîn flet-werod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li477"></a>"wîg-heáp gewanod; hie Wyrd forsweóp</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li478"></a>"on Grendles gryre. God eáðe mäg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li479"></a>"þone dol-scaðan dæda getwæfan!</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note480">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li480">480</a><div class="line">"Ful oft gebeótedon beóre druncne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li481"></a>"ofer ealo-wæge oret-mecgas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li482"></a>"þät hie in beór-sele bîdan woldon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li483"></a>"Grendles gûðe mid gryrum ecga.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li484"></a>"Þonne wäs þeós medo-heal on morgen-tîd,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li485">485</a><div class="line">"driht-sele dreór-fâh, þonne däg lixte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li486"></a>"eal benc-þelu blôde bestýmed,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li487"></a>"heall heoru-dreóre: âhte ic holdra þý läs,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note488">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li488"></a>"deórre duguðe, þe þâ deáð fornam.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note489">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li489"></a>"Site nu tô symle and onsæl meoto,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li490">490</a><div class="line">"sige-hrêð secgum, swâ þîn sefa hwette!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li491"></a>Þâ wäs Geát-mäcgum geador ätsomne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li492"></a>on beór-sele benc gerýmed;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li493"></a>þær swîð-ferhðe sittan eodon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note494">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li494"></a>þryðum dealle. Þegn nytte beheóld,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li495">495</a><div class="line">se þe on handa bär hroden ealo-wæge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li496"></a>scencte scîr wered. Scôp hwîlum sang</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li497"></a>hâdor on Heorote; þær wäs häleða dreám,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li498"></a>duguð unlytel Dena and Wedera.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittIX"></a><h2>IX. HUNFERTH OBJECTS TO BEÓWULF.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note499">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li499"></a>Ûnferð maðelode, Ecglâfes bearn,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li500">500</a><div class="line">þe ät fôtum sät freán Scyldinga;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note501">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li501"></a>onband beadu-rûne (wäs him Beówulfes sîð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li502"></a>môdges mere-faran, micel äf-þunca,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li503"></a>forþon þe he ne ûðe, þät ænig ôðer man</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note504">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li504"></a>æfre mærða þon mâ middan-geardes</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li505">505</a><div class="line">gehêdde under heofenum þonne he sylfa):</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note506">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li506"></a>"Eart þu se Beówulf, se þe wið Brecan wunne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li507"></a>"on sîdne sæ ymb sund flite,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li508"></a>"þær git for wlence wada cunnedon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note509">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li509"></a>"and for dol-gilpe on deóp wäter</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li510">510</a><div class="line">"aldrum nêðdon? Ne inc ænig mon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li511"></a>"ne leóf ne lâð, beleán mihte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li512"></a>"sorh-fullne sîð; þâ git on sund reón,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note513">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li513"></a>"þær git eágor-streám earmum þehton,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li514"></a>"mæton mere-stræta, mundum brugdon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li515">515</a><div class="line">"glidon ofer gâr-secg; geofon ýðum weól,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li516"></a>"wintres wylme. Git on wäteres æht</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li517"></a>"seofon niht swuncon; he þe ät sunde oferflât,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li518"></a>"häfde mâre mägen. Þâ hine on morgen-tîd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li519"></a>"on Heaðo-ræmas holm up ätbär,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li520">520</a><div class="line">"þonon he gesôhte swæsne êðel</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li521"></a>"leóf his leódum lond Brondinga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li522"></a>"freoðo-burh fägere, þær he folc âhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li523"></a>"burg and beágas. Beót eal wið þe</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note524">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li524"></a>"sunu Beánstânes sôðe gelæste.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note525">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li525">525</a><div class="line">"Þonne wêne ic tô þe wyrsan geþinges,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li526"></a>"þeáh þu heaðo-ræsa gehwær dohte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li527"></a>"grimre gûðe, gif þu Grendles dearst</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li528"></a>"niht-longne fyrst neán bîdan!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li529"></a>Beówulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþeówes:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li530">530</a><div class="line">"Hwät þu worn fela, wine mîn Ûnferð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li531"></a>"beóre druncen ymb Brecan spræce,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li532"></a>"sägdest from his sîðe! Sôð ic talige,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li533"></a>"þät ic mere-strengo mâran âhte,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note534">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li534"></a>"earfeðo on ýðum, þonne ænig ôðer man.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li535">535</a><div class="line">"Wit þät gecwædon cniht-wesende</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li536"></a>"and gebeótedon (wæron begen þâ git</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li537"></a>"on geogoð-feore) þät wit on gâr-secg ût</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li538"></a>"aldrum nêðdon; and þät geäfndon swâ.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li539"></a>"Häfdon swurd nacod, þâ wit on sund reón,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li540">540</a><div class="line">"heard on handa, wit unc wið hron-fixas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li541"></a>"werian þôhton. Nô he wiht fram me</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li542"></a>"flôd-ýðum feor fleótan meahte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li543"></a>"hraðor on holme, nô ic fram him wolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li544"></a>"Þâ wit ätsomne on sæ wæron</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note545">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li545">545</a><div class="line">"fîf nihta fyrst, ôð þät unc flôd tôdrâf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li546"></a>"wado weallende, wedera cealdost,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li547"></a>"nîpende niht and norðan wind</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li548"></a>"heaðo-grim andhwearf; hreó wæron ýða,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li549"></a>"Wäs mere-fixa môd onhrêred:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li550">550</a><div class="line">"þær me wið lâðum lîc-syrce mîn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li551"></a>"heard hond-locen, helpe gefremede;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li552"></a>"beado-hrägl broden on breóstum läg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li553"></a>"golde gegyrwed. Me tô grunde teáh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li554"></a>"fâh feónd-scaða, fäste häfde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li555">555</a><div class="line">"grim on grâpe: hwäðre me gyfeðe wearð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li556"></a>"þät ic aglæcan orde geræhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li557"></a>"hilde-bille; heaðo-ræs fornam</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li558"></a>"mihtig mere-deór þurh mîne hand.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittX"></a><h2>X. BEÓWULF'S CONTEST WITH BRECA.—THE FEAST.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li559"></a>"Swâ mec gelôme lâð-geteónan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li560">560</a><div class="line">"þreátedon þearle. Ic him þênode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li561"></a>"deóran sweorde, swâ hit gedêfe wäs;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li562"></a>"näs hie þære fylle gefeán häfdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li563"></a>"mân-fordædlan, þät hie me þêgon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li564"></a>"symbel ymb-sæton sæ-grunde neáh,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li565">565</a><div class="line">"ac on mergenne mêcum wunde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li566"></a>"be ýð-lâfe uppe lægon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li567"></a>"sweordum âswefede, þät syððan nâ</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li568"></a>"ymb brontne ford brim-lîðende</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li569"></a>"lâde ne letton. Leóht eástan com,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li570">570</a><div class="line">"beorht beácen godes; brimu swaðredon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li571"></a>"þät ic sæ-nässas geseón mihte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li572"></a>"windige weallas. Wyrd oft nereð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li573"></a>"unfægne eorl, ðonne his ellen deáh!</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note574">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li574"></a>"Hwäðere me gesælde, þät ic mid sweorde ofslôh</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li575">575</a><div class="line">"niceras nigene. Nô ic on niht gefrägn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li576"></a>"under heofones hwealf heardran feohtan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li577"></a>"ne on êg-streámum earmran mannan;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li578"></a>"hwäðere ic fâra feng feore gedîgde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li579"></a>"siðes wêrig. Þâ mec sæ ôðbär,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li580">580</a><div class="line">"flôd äfter faroðe, on Finna land,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li581"></a>"wadu weallendu. Nô ic wiht fram þe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li582"></a>"swylcra searo-nîða secgan hýrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li583"></a>"billa brôgan: Breca næfre git</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li584"></a>"ät heaðo-lâce, ne gehwäðer incer</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li585">585</a><div class="line">"swâ deórlîce dæd gefremede</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note586">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li586"></a>"fâgum sweordum . . . . . . .</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li587"></a>". . . . . . . nô ic þäs gylpe;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li588"></a>"þeáh þu þînum brôðrum tô banan wurde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li589"></a>"heáfod-mægum; þäs þu in helle scealt</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li590">590</a><div class="line">"werhðo dreógan, þeáh þîn wit duge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li591"></a>"Secge ic þe tô sôðe, sunu Ecglâfes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li592"></a>"þät næfre Grendel swâ fela gryra gefremede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li593"></a>"atol äglæca ealdre þînum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li594"></a>"hýnðo on Heorote, gif þîn hige wære,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li595">595</a><div class="line">"sefa swâ searo-grim, swâ þu self talast.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li596"></a>"Ac he hafað onfunden, þät he þâ fæhðe ne þearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li597"></a>"atole ecg-þräce eówer leóde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li598"></a>"swîðe onsittan, Sige-Scyldinga;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note599">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li599"></a>"nymeð nýd-bâde, nænegum ârað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li600">600</a><div class="line">"leóde Deniga, ac he <i>on</i> lust wîgeð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note601">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li601"></a>"swefeð ond sendeð, secce ne wêneð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li602"></a>"tô Gâr-Denum. Ac him Geáta sceal</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li603"></a>"eafoð and ellen ungeâra nu</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li604"></a>"gûðe gebeódan. Gæð eft se þe môt</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li605">605</a><div class="line">"tô medo môdig, siððan morgen-leóht</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li606"></a>"ofer ylda bearn ôðres dôgores,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li607"></a>"sunne swegl-wered sûðan scîneð!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li608"></a>Þâ wäs on sâlum sinces brytta</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li609"></a>gamol-feax and gûð-rôf, geóce gelýfde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li610">610</a><div class="line">brego Beorht-Dena; gehýrde on Beówulfe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li611"></a>folces hyrde fäst-rædne geþôht.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note612">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li612"></a>Þær wäs häleða hleahtor; hlyn swynsode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li613"></a>word wæron wynsume. Eode Wealhþeów forð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li614"></a>cwên Hrôðgâres, cynna gemyndig,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li615">615</a><div class="line">grêtte gold-hroden guman on healle,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li616"></a>and þâ freólîc wîf ful gesealde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li617"></a>ærest Eást-Dena êðel-wearde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li618"></a>bäd hine blîðne ät þære beór-þege,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li619"></a>leódum leófne; he on lust geþeah</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note620">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li620">620</a><div class="line">symbel and sele-ful, sige-rôf kyning.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li621"></a>Ymb-eode þâ ides Helminga</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note622">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li622"></a>duguðe and geogoðe dæl æghwylcne;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note623">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li623"></a>sinc-fato sealde, ôð þät sæl âlamp,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li624"></a>þät hió Beówulfe, beág-hroden cwên,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li625">625</a><div class="line">môde geþungen, medo-ful ätbär;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li626"></a>grêtte Geáta leód, gode þancode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li627"></a>wîs-fäst wordum, þäs þe hire se willa gelamp,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li628"></a>þät heó on ænigne eorl gelýfde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li629"></a>fyrena frôfre. He þät ful geþeah,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li630">630</a><div class="line">wäl-reów wîga ät Wealhþeón,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note631">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li631"></a>and þâ gyddode gûðe gefýsed,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li632"></a>Beówulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþeówes:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li633"></a>"Ic þät hogode, þâ ic on holm gestâh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li634"></a>"sæ-bât gesät mid mînra secga gedriht,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li635">635</a><div class="line">"þät ic ânunga eówra leóda</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li636"></a>"willan geworhte, oððe on wäl crunge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li637"></a>"feónd-grâpum fäst. Ic gefremman sceal</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li638"></a>"eorlîc ellen, oððe ende-däg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li639"></a>"on þisse meodu-healle mînne gebîdan."</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li640">640</a><div class="line">Þam wîfe þâ word wel lîcodon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li641"></a>gilp-cwide Geátes; eode gold-hroden</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li642"></a>freólîcu folc-cwên tô hire freán sittan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li643"></a>Þâ wäs eft swâ ær inne on healle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li644"></a>þryð-word sprecen, þeód on sælum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li645">645</a><div class="line">sige-folca swêg, ôð þät semninga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li646"></a>sunu Healfdenes sêcean wolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li647"></a>æfen-räste; wiste <i>ät</i> þäm ahlæcan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note648">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li648"></a>tô þäm heáh-sele hilde geþinged,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li649"></a>siððan hie sunnan leóht geseón <i>ne</i> meahton,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note650">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li650">650</a><div class="line">oððe nîpende niht ofer ealle,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note651">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li651"></a>scadu-helma gesceapu scrîðan cwôman,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li652"></a>wan under wolcnum. Werod eall ârâs.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li653"></a>Grêtte þâ <i>giddum</i> guma ôðerne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li654"></a>Hrôðgâr Beówulf, and him hæl âbeád,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li655">655</a><div class="line">wîn-ärnes geweald and þät word âcwäð:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li656"></a>"Næfre ic ænegum men ær âlýfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li657"></a>"siððan ic hond and rond hebban mihte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li658"></a>"þryð-ärn Dena bûton þe nu þâ.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note659">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li659"></a>"Hafa nu and geheald hûsa sêlest;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li660">660</a><div class="line">"gemyne mærðo, mägen-ellen cýð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li661"></a>"waca wið wrâðum! Ne bið þe wilna gâd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li662"></a>"gif þu þät ellen-weorc aldre gedîgest."</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXI"></a><h2>XI. THE WATCH FOR GRENDEL.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li663"></a>Þâ him Hrôðgâr gewât mid his häleða gedryht,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li664"></a>eodur Scyldinga ût of healle;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li665">665</a><div class="line">wolde wîg-fruma Wealhþeó sêcan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li666"></a>cwên tô gebeddan Häfde kyninga wuldor</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li667"></a>Grendle tô-geánes, swâ guman gefrungon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li668"></a>sele-weard âseted, sundor-nytte beheóld</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li669"></a>ymb aldor Dena, eoton weard âbeád;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li670">670</a><div class="line">hûru Geáta leód georne trûwode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li671"></a>môdgan mägnes, metodes hyldo.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li672"></a>Þâ he him of dyde îsern-byrnan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li673"></a>helm of hafelan, sealde his hyrsted sweord,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li674"></a>îrena cyst ombiht-þegne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li675">675</a><div class="line">and gehealdan hêt hilde-geatwe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li676"></a>Gespräc þâ se gôda gylp-worda sum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li677"></a>Beówulf Geáta, ær he on bed stige:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li678"></a>"Nô ic me an here-wæsmum hnâgran talige</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li679"></a>"gûð-geweorca, þonne Grendel hine;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li680">680</a><div class="line">"forþan ic hine sweorde swebban nelle,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note681">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li681"></a>"aldre beneótan, þeáh ic eal mæge.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note682">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li682"></a>"Nât he þâra gôda, þät he me on-geán sleá,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li683"></a>"rand geheáwe, þeáh þe he rôf sîe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li684"></a>"nîð-geweorca; ac wit on niht sculon</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li685">685</a><div class="line">"secge ofersittan, gif he gesêcean dear</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li686"></a>"wîg ofer wæpen, and siððan witig god</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li687"></a>"on swâ hwäðere hond hâlig dryhten</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li688"></a>"mærðo dême, swâ him gemet þince."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li689"></a>Hylde hine þâ heaðo-deór, hleór-bolster onfêng</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li690">690</a><div class="line">eorles andwlitan; and hine ymb monig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li691"></a>snellîc sæ-rinc sele-reste gebeáh.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li692"></a>Nænig heora þôhte þät he þanon scolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li693"></a>eft eard-lufan æfre gesêcean,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li694"></a>folc oððe freó-burh, þær he âfêded wäs,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note695">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li695">695</a><div class="line">ac hie häfdon gefrunen, þät hie ær tô fela micles</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li696"></a>in þäm wîn-sele wäl-deáð fornam,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li697"></a>Denigea leóde. Ac him dryhten forgeaf</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note698">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li698"></a>wîg-spêda gewiofu, Wedera leódum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li699"></a>frôfor and fultum, þät hie feónd heora</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li700">700</a><div class="line">þurh ânes cräft ealle ofercômon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li701"></a>selfes mihtum: sôð is gecýðed,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li702"></a>þät mihtig god manna cynnes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li703"></a>weóld wîde-ferhð. Com on wanre niht</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li704"></a>scrîðan sceadu-genga. Sceótend swæfon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li705">705</a><div class="line">þâ þät horn-reced healdan scoldon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li706"></a>ealle bûton ânum. Þät wäs yldum cûð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li707"></a>þät hie ne môste, þâ metod nolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li708"></a>se syn-scaða under sceadu bregdan;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li709"></a>ac he wäccende wrâðum on andan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li710">710</a><div class="line">bâd bolgen-môd beadwa geþinges.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXII"></a><h2>XII. GRENDEL'S RAID.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note711">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li711"></a>Þâ com of môre under mist-hleoðum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li712"></a>Grendel gongan, godes yrre bär.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li713"></a>Mynte se mân-scaða manna cynnes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li714"></a>sumne besyrwan in sele þam heán;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li715">715</a><div class="line">wôd under wolcnum, tô þäs þe he wîn-reced,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li716"></a>gold-sele gumena, gearwost wisse</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note717">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li717"></a>fättum fâhne. Ne wäs þät forma sîð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li718"></a>þät he Hrôðgâres hâm gesôhte:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li719"></a>næfre he on aldor-dagum ær ne siððan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note720">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li720">720</a><div class="line">heardran häle, heal-þegnas fand!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li721"></a>Com þâ tô recede rinc sîðian</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li722"></a>dreámum bedæled. Duru sôna onarn</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note723">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li723"></a>fýr-bendum fäst, syððan he hire folmum hrân;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li724"></a>onbräd þâ bealo-hydig, þâ <i>he</i> âbolgen wäs,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li725">725</a><div class="line">recedes mûðan. Raðe äfter þon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li726"></a>on fâgne flôr feónd treddode,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note727">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li727"></a>eode yrre-môd; him of eágum stôd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li728"></a>lîge gelîcost leóht unfäger.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li729"></a>Geseah he in recede rinca manige,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li730">730</a><div class="line">swefan sibbe-gedriht samod ätgädere,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li731"></a>mago-rinca heáp: þâ his môd âhlôg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li732"></a>mynte þät he gedælde, ær þon däg cwôme,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li733"></a>atol aglæca, ânra gehwylces</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li734"></a>lîf wið lîce, þâ him âlumpen wäs</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li735">735</a><div class="line">wist-fylle wên. Ne wäs þät wyrd þâ gen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li736"></a>þät he mâ môste manna cynnes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li737"></a>þicgean ofer þâ niht. Þrýð-swýð beheóld</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li738"></a>mæg Higelâces, hû se mân-scaða</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li739"></a>under fær-gripum gefaran wolde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li740">740</a><div class="line">Ne þät se aglæca yldan þôhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li741"></a>ac he gefêng hraðe forman siðe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li742"></a>slæpendne rinc, slât unwearnum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li743"></a>bât bân-locan, blôd êdrum dranc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li744"></a>syn-snædum swealh: sôna häfde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li745">745</a><div class="line">unlyfigendes eal gefeormod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li746"></a>fêt and folma. Forð neár ätstôp,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li747"></a>nam þâ mid handa hige-þihtigne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li748"></a>rinc on räste; ræhte ongeán</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li749"></a>feónd mid folme, he onfêng hraðe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li750">750</a><div class="line">inwit-þancum and wið earm gesät.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li751"></a>Sôna þät onfunde fyrena hyrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li752"></a>þät he ne mêtte middan-geardes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li753"></a>eorðan sceáta on elran men</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li754"></a>mund-gripe mâran: he on môde wearð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li755">755</a><div class="line">forht on ferhðe, nô þý ær fram meahte;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li756"></a>hyge wäs him hin-fûs, wolde on heolster fleón,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note757">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li757"></a>sêcan deófla gedräg: ne wäs his drohtoð þær,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li758"></a>swylce he on ealder-dagum ær gemêtte.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note759">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li759"></a>Gemunde þâ se gôda mæg Higelâces</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li760">760</a><div class="line">æfen-spræce, up-lang âstôd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li761"></a>and him fäste wiðfêng. Fingras burston;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note762">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li762"></a>eoten wäs ût-weard, eorl furður stôp.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li763"></a>Mynte se mæra, þær he meahte swâ,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li764"></a>wîdre gewindan and on weg þanon</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li765">765</a><div class="line">fleón on fen-hopu; wiste his fingra geweald</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li766"></a>on grames grâpum. Þät wäs geócor sîð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li767"></a>þät se hearm-scaða tô Heorute âteáh:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li768"></a>dryht-sele dynede, Denum eallum wearð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note769">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li769"></a>ceaster-bûendum, cênra gehwylcum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note770">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li770">770</a><div class="line">eorlum ealu-scerwen. Yrre wæron begen,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note771">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li771"></a>rêðe rên-weardas. Reced hlynsode;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li772"></a>þâ wäs wundor micel, þät se wîn-sele</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li773"></a>wiðhäfde heaðo-deórum, þät he on hrusan ne feól,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li774"></a>fäger fold-bold; ac he þäs fäste wäs</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li775">775</a><div class="line">innan and ûtan îren-bendum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li776"></a>searo-þoncum besmiðod. Þær fram sylle âbeág</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li777"></a>medu-benc monig mîne gefræge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li778"></a>golde geregnad, þær þâ graman wunnon;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li779"></a>þäs ne wêndon ær witan Scyldinga,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li780">780</a><div class="line">þät hit â mid gemete manna ænig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li781"></a>betlîc and bân-fâg tôbrecan meahte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li782"></a>listum tôlûcan, nymðe lîges fäðm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li783"></a>swulge on swaðule. Swêg up âstâg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li784"></a>niwe geneahhe; Norð-Denum stôd</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li785">785</a><div class="line">atelîc egesa ânra gehwylcum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li786"></a>þâra þe of wealle wôp gehýrdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li787"></a>gryre-leóð galan godes andsacan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li788"></a>sige-leásne sang, sâr wânigean</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li789"></a>helle häftan. Heóld hine tô fäste</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li790">790</a><div class="line">se þe manna wäs mägene strengest</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li791"></a>on þäm däge þysses lîfes.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXIII"></a><h2>XIII. BEÓWULF TEARS OFF GRENDEL'S ARM.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note792">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li792"></a>Nolde eorla hleó ænige þinga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li793"></a>þone cwealm-cuman cwicne forlætan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li794"></a>ne his lîf-dagas leóda ænigum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li795">795</a><div class="line">nytte tealde. Þær genehost brägd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li796"></a>eorl Beówulfes ealde lâfe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li797"></a>wolde freá-drihtnes feorh ealgian</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li798"></a>mæres þeódnes, þær hie meahton swâ;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li799"></a>hie þät ne wiston, þâ hie gewin drugon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li800">800</a><div class="line">heard-hicgende hilde-mecgas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li801"></a>and on healfa gehwone heáwan þôhton,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li802"></a>sâwle sêcan, <i>þät</i> þone syn-scaðan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li803"></a>ænig ofer eorðan îrenna cyst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li804"></a>gûð-billa nân grêtan nolde;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li805">805</a><div class="line">ac he sige-wæpnum forsworen häfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li806"></a>ecga gehwylcre. Scolde his aldor-gedâl</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li807"></a>on þäm däge þysses lîfes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li808"></a>earmlîc wurðan and se ellor-gâst</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li809"></a>on feónda geweald feor sîðian.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li810">810</a><div class="line">Þâ þät onfunde se þe fela æror</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note811">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li811"></a>môdes myrðe manna cynne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li812"></a>fyrene gefremede (he <i>wäs</i> fâg wið god)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li813"></a>þät him se lîc-homa læstan nolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li814"></a>ac hine se môdega mæg Hygelâces</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li815">815</a><div class="line">häfde be honda; wäs gehwäðer ôðrum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li816"></a>lifigende lâð. Lîc-sâr gebâd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li817"></a>atol äglæca, him on eaxle wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li818"></a>syn-dolh sweotol, seonowe onsprungon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li819"></a>burston bân-locan. Beówulfe wearð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li820">820</a><div class="line">gûð-hrêð gyfeðe; scolde Grendel þonan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li821"></a>feorh-seóc fleón under fen-hleoðu,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li822"></a>sêcean wyn-leás wîc; wiste þê geornor,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li823"></a>þät his aldres wäs ende gegongen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li824"></a>dôgera däg-rîm. Denum eallum wearð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li825">825</a><div class="line">äfter þam wäl-ræse willa gelumpen.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li826"></a>Häfde þâ gefælsod, se þe ær feorran com,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li827"></a>snotor and swýð-ferhð sele Hrôðgâres,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li828"></a>genered wið nîðe. Niht-weorce gefeh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li829"></a>ellen-mærðum; häfde Eást-Denum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li830">830</a><div class="line">Geát-mecga leód gilp gelæsted,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li831"></a>swylce oncýððe ealle gebêtte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li832"></a>inwid-sorge, þe hie ær drugon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li833"></a>and for þreá-nýdum þolian scoldon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li834"></a>torn unlytel. Þät wäs tâcen sweotol,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li835">835</a><div class="line">syððan hilde-deór hond âlegde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li836"></a>earm and eaxle (þær wäs eal geador</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li837"></a>Grendles grâpe) under geápne hr<i>ôf</i>.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXIV"></a><h2>XIV. THE JOY AT HEOROT.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li838"></a>Þâ wäs on morgen mîne gefræge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li839"></a>ymb þâ gif-healle gûð-rinc monig:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li840">840</a><div class="line">fêrdon folc-togan feorran and neán</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li841"></a>geond wîd-wegas wundor sceáwian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li842"></a>lâðes lâstas. Nô his lîf-gedâl</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li843"></a>sârlîc þûhte secga ænegum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li844"></a>þâra þe tîr-leáses trode sceáwode,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li845">845</a><div class="line">hû he wêrig-môd on weg þanon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li846"></a>nîða ofercumen, on nicera mere</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li847"></a>fæge and geflýmed feorh-lâstas bär.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li848"></a>Þær wäs on blôde brim weallende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li849"></a>atol ýða geswing eal gemenged</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note850">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li850">850</a><div class="line">hâtan heolfre, heoro-dreóre weól;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li851"></a>deáð-fæge deóg, siððan dreáma leás</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li852"></a>in fen-freoðo feorh âlegde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li853"></a>hæðene sâwle, þær him hel onfêng.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li854"></a>Þanon eft gewiton eald-gesîðas,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li855">855</a><div class="line">swylce geong manig of gomen-wâðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li856"></a>fram mere môdge, mearum rîdan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note857">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li857"></a>beornas on blancum. Þær wäs Beówulfes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li858"></a>mærðo mæned; monig oft gecwäð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note859">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li859"></a>þätte sûð ne norð be sæm tweonum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li860">860</a><div class="line">ofer eormen-grund ôðer nænig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li861"></a>under swegles begong sêlra nære</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li862"></a>rond-häbbendra, rîces wyrðra.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li863"></a>Ne hie hûru wine-drihten wiht ne lôgon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li864"></a>glädne Hrôðgâr, ac þät wäs gôd cyning.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note865">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li865">865</a><div class="line">Hwîlum heaðo-rôfe hleápan lêton,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li866"></a>on geflît faran fealwe mearas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li867"></a>þær him fold-wegas fägere þûhton,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note868">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li868"></a>cystum cûðe; hwîlum cyninges þegn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li869"></a>guma gilp-hläden gidda gemyndig,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li870">870</a><div class="line">se þe eal-fela eald-gesegena</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note871">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li871"></a>worn gemunde, word ôðer fand</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note872">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li872"></a>sôðe gebunden: secg eft ongan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li873"></a>sîð Beówulfes snyttrum styrian</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li874"></a>and on spêd wrecan spel gerâde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li875">875</a><div class="line">wordum wrixlan, wel-hwylc gecwäð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li876"></a>þät he fram Sigemunde secgan hýrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li877"></a>ellen-dædum, uncûðes fela,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note878">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li878"></a>Wälsinges gewin, wîde sîðas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li879"></a>þâra þe gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li880">880</a><div class="line">fæhðe and fyrene, bûton Fitela mid hine,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li881"></a>þonne he swylces hwät secgan wolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li882"></a>eám his nefan, swâ hie â wæron</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li883"></a>ät nîða gehwâm nýd-gesteallan:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li884"></a>häfdon eal-fela eotena cynnes</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li885">885</a><div class="line">sweordum gesæged. Sigemunde gesprong</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li886"></a>äfter deáð-däge dôm unlýtel,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li887"></a>syððan wîges heard wyrm âcwealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li888"></a>hordes hyrde; he under hârne stân,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li889"></a>äðelinges bearn, âna genêðde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li890">890</a><div class="line">frêcne dæde; ne wäs him Fitela mid.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li891"></a>Hwäðre him gesælde, þät þät swurd þurhwôd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li892"></a>wrätlîcne wyrm, þät hit on wealle ätstôd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li893"></a>dryhtlîc îren; draca morðre swealt.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note894">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li894"></a>Häfde aglæca elne gegongen,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note895">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li895">895</a><div class="line">þät he beáh-hordes brûcan môste</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li896"></a>selfes dôme: sæ-bât gehlôd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li897"></a>bär on bearm scipes beorhte frätwa,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note898">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li898"></a>Wälses eafera; wyrm hât gemealt.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li899"></a>Se wäs wreccena wîde mærost</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li900">900</a><div class="line">ofer wer-þeóde, wîgendra hleó</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note901">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li901"></a>ellen-dædum: he þäs âron þâh.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note902">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li902"></a>Siððan Heremôdes hild sweðrode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li903"></a>eafoð and ellen. He mid eotenum wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li904"></a>on feónda geweald forð forlâcen,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li905">905</a><div class="line">snûde forsended. Hine sorh-wylmas</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note906">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li906"></a>lemede tô lange, he his leódum wearð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li907"></a>eallum äðelingum tô aldor-ceare;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li908"></a>swylce oft bemearn ærran mælum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li909"></a>swîð-ferhðes sîð snotor ceorl monig,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li910">910</a><div class="line">se þe him bealwa tô bôte gelýfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li911"></a>þät þät þeódnes bearn geþeón scolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li912"></a>fäder-äðelum onfôn, folc gehealdan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li913"></a>hord and hleó-burh, häleða rîce,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li914"></a>êðel Scyldinga. He þær eallum wearð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li915">915</a><div class="line">mæg Higelâces manna cynne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li916"></a>freóndum gefägra; hine fyren onwôd.</div> + +<a class="nref" href="#note917">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li917"></a>Hwîlum flîtende fealwe stræte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li918"></a>mearum mæton. Þâ wäs morgen-leóht</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li919"></a>scofen and scynded. Eode scealc monig</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li920">920</a><div class="line">swîð-hicgende tô sele þam heán,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li921"></a>searo-wundor seón, swylce self cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li922"></a>of brýd-bûre beáh-horda weard,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li923"></a>tryddode tîr-fäst getrume micle,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li924"></a>cystum gecýðed, and his cwên mid him</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note925">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li925">925</a><div class="line">medo-stîg gemät mägða hôse.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXV"></a><h2>XV. HROTHGAR'S GRATULATION.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li926"></a>Hrôðgâr maðelode (he tô healle geóng,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note927">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li927"></a>stôd on stapole, geseah steápne hrôf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li928"></a>golde fâhne and Grendles hond):</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li929"></a>"þisse ansýne al-wealdan þanc</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li930">930</a><div class="line">"lungre gelimpe! Fela ic lâðes gebâd,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note931">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li931"></a>"grynna ät Grendle: â mäg god wyrcan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li932"></a>"wunder äfter wundre, wuldres hyrde!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li933"></a>"Þät wäs ungeâra, þät ic ænigra me</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li934"></a>"weána ne wênde tô wîdan feore</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li935">935</a><div class="line">"bôte gebîdan þonne blôde fâh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li936"></a>"hûsa sêlest heoro-dreórig stôd;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note937">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li937"></a>"weá wîd-scofen witena gehwylcne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li938"></a>"þâra þe ne wêndon, þät hie wîde-ferhð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li939"></a>"leóda land-geweorc lâðum beweredon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note940">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li940">940</a><div class="line">"scuccum and scinnum. Nu scealc hafað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li941"></a>"þurh drihtnes miht dæd gefremede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li942"></a>"þe we ealle ær ne meahton</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li943"></a>"snyttrum besyrwan. Hwät! þät secgan mäg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li944"></a>"efne swâ hwylc mägða, swâ þone magan cende</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li945">945</a><div class="line">"äfter gum-cynnum, gyf heó gyt lyfað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li946"></a>"þät hyre eald-metod êste wære</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li947"></a>"bearn-gebyrdo. Nu ic Beówulf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li948"></a>"þec, secg betsta, me for sunu wylle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li949"></a>"freógan on ferhðe; heald forð tela</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li950">950</a><div class="line">"niwe sibbe. Ne bið þe nænigra gâd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li951"></a>"worolde wilna, þe ic geweald häbbe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li952"></a>"Ful-oft ic for lässan leán teohhode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li953"></a>"hord-weorðunge hnâhran rince,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li954"></a>"sæmran ät säcce. Þu þe self hafast</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li955">955</a><div class="line">"dædum gefremed, þät þîn <i>dôm</i> lyfað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li956"></a>"âwâ tô aldre. Alwalda þec</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li957"></a>"gôde forgylde, swâ he nu gyt dyde!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li958"></a>Beówulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþeówes:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note959">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li959"></a>"We þät ellen-weorc êstum miclum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li960">960</a><div class="line">"feohtan fremedon, frêcne genêðdon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li961"></a>"eafoð uncûðes; ûðe ic swîðor,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li962"></a>"þät þu hinc selfne geseón môste,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note963">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li963"></a>"feónd on frätewum fyl-wêrigne!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li964"></a>"Ic hine hrädlîce heardan clammum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li965">965</a><div class="line">"on wäl-bedde wrîðan þôhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li966"></a>"þät he for mund-gripe mînum scolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li967"></a>"licgean lîf-bysig, bûtan his lîc swice;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li968"></a>"ic hine ne mihte, þâ metod nolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li969"></a>"ganges getwæman, nô ic him þäs georne ätfealh,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li970">970</a><div class="line">"feorh-genîðlan; wäs tô fore-mihtig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li971"></a>"feónd on fêðe. Hwäðere he his folme forlêt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li972"></a>"tô lîf-wraðe lâst weardian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li973"></a>"earm and eaxle; nô þær ænige swâ þeáh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li974"></a>"feá-sceaft guma frôfre gebohte:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li975">975</a><div class="line">"nô þý leng leofað lâð-geteóna</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note976">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li976"></a>"synnum geswenced, ac hyne sâr hafað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li977"></a>"in nýd-gripe nearwe befongen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li978"></a>"balwon bendum: þær âbîdan sceal</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li979"></a>"maga mâne fâh miclan dômes,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li980">980</a><div class="line">"hû him scîr metod scrîfan wille."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li981"></a>Þâ wäs swîgra secg, sunu Ecglâfes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li982"></a>on gylp-spræce gûð-geweorca,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li983"></a>siððan äðelingas eorles cräfte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li984"></a>ofer heáhne hrôf hand sceáwedon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li985">985</a><div class="line">feóndes fingras, foran æghwylc;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note986">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li986"></a>wäs stêde nägla gehwylc, stýle gelîcost,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note987">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li987"></a>hæðenes hand-sporu hilde-rinces</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note988">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li988"></a>egle unheóru; æg-hwylc gecwäð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li989"></a>þät him heardra nân hrînan wolde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li990">990</a><div class="line">îren ær-gôd, þät þäs ahlæcan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li991"></a>blôdge beadu-folme onberan wolde.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXVI"></a><h2>XVI. THE BANQUET AND THE GIFTS.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note992">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li992"></a>Þâ wäs hâten hreðe Heort innan-weard</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li993"></a>folmum gefrätwod: fela þæra wäs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li994"></a>wera and wîfa, þe þät wîn-reced,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note995">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li995">995</a><div class="line">gest-sele gyredon. Gold-fâg scinon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li996"></a>web äfter wagum, wundor-sióna fela</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note997">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li997"></a>secga gehwylcum þâra þe on swylc starað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note998">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li998"></a>Wäs þät beorhte bold tôbrocen swîðe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li999"></a>eal inne-weard îren-bendum fäst,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1000">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1000">1000</a><div class="line">heorras tôhlidene; hrôf âna genäs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1001"></a>ealles ansund, þâ se aglæca</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1002"></a>fyren-dædum fâg on fleám gewand,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1003"></a>aldres or-wêna. Nô þät ýðe byð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1004"></a>tô befleónne (fremme se þe wille!)</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1005">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1005">1005</a><div class="line">ac gesacan sceal sâwl-berendra</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1006"></a>nýde genýdde niðða bearna</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1007"></a>grund-bûendra gearwe stôwe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1008"></a>þær his lîc-homa leger-bedde fäst</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1009">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1009"></a>swefeð äfter symle. Þâ wäs sæl and mæl,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1010">1010</a><div class="line">þät tô healle gang Healfdenes sunu;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1011"></a>wolde self cyning symbel þicgan.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1012">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1012"></a>Ne gefrägen ic þâ mægðe mâran weorode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1013"></a>ymb hyra sinc-gyfan sêl gebæran.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1014">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1014"></a>Bugon þâ tô bence blæd-âgende,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1015">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1015">1015</a><div class="line">fylle gefægon. Fägere geþægon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1016"></a>medo-ful manig mâgas † þâra</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1017"></a>swîð-hicgende on sele þam heán,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1018"></a>Hrôðgâr and Hrôðulf. Heorot innan wäs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1019"></a>freóndum âfylled; nalles fâcen-stafas</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1020">1020</a><div class="line">Þeód-Scyldingas þenden fremedon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1021"></a>Forgeaf þâ Beówulfe bearn Healfdenes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1022"></a>segen gyldenne sigores tô leáne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1023"></a>hroden hilte-cumbor, helm and byrnan;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1024">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1024"></a>mære mâððum-sweord manige gesâwon</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1025">1025</a><div class="line">beforan beorn beran. Beówulf geþah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1026"></a>ful on flette; nô he þære feoh-gyfte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1027"></a>for sceótendum scamigan þorfte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1028"></a>ne gefrägn ic freóndlîcor feówer mâdmas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1029"></a>golde gegyrede gum-manna fela</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1030">1030</a><div class="line">in ealo-bence ôðrum gesellan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1031"></a>Ymb þäs helmes hrôf heáfod-beorge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1032"></a>wîrum bewunden walan ûtan heóld,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1033"></a>þät him fêla lâfe frêcne ne meahton</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1034">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1034"></a>scûr-heard sceððan, þonne scyld-freca</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1035">1035</a><div class="line">ongeán gramum gangan scolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1036"></a>Hêht þâ eorla hleó eahta mearas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1037"></a>fäted-hleóre, on flet teón</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1038"></a>in under eoderas; þâra ânum stôd</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1039">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1039"></a>sadol searwum fâh since gewurðad,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1040">1040</a><div class="line">þät wäs hilde-setl heáh-cyninges,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1041"></a>þonne sweorda gelâc sunu Healfdenes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1042"></a>efnan wolde; næfre on ôre läg</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1043">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1043"></a>wîd-cûðes wîg, þonne walu feóllon.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1044">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1044"></a>And þâ Beówulfe bega gehwäðres</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1045">1045</a><div class="line">eodor Ingwina onweald geteáh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1046"></a>wicga and wæpna; hêt hine wel brûcan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1047"></a>Swâ manlîce mære þeóden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1048"></a>hord-weard häleða heaðo-ræsas geald</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1049"></a>mearum and mâdmum, swâ hý næfre man lyhð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1050">1050</a><div class="line">se þe secgan wile sôð äfter rihte.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXVII"></a><h2>XVII. SONG OF HROTHGAR'S POET—THE LAY OF HNAEF AND HENGEST.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1051"></a>Þâ gyt æghwylcum eorla drihten</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1052"></a>þâra þe mid Beówulfe brim-lâde teáh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1053"></a>on þære medu-bence mâððum gesealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1054"></a>yrfe-lâfe, and þone ænne hêht</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1055">1055</a><div class="line">golde forgyldan, þone þe Grendel ær</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1056"></a>mâne âcwealde, swâ he hyra mâ wolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1057"></a>nefne him witig god wyrd forstôde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1058"></a>and þäs mannes môd: metod eallum weóld</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1059"></a>gumena cynnes, swâ he nu git dêð;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1060">1060</a><div class="line">forþan bið andgit æghwær sêlest,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1061"></a>ferhðes fore-þanc! fela sceal gebîdan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1062"></a>leófes and lâðes, se þe longe her</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1063"></a>on þyssum win-dagum worolde brûceð.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1064"></a>Þær wäs sang and swêg samod ätgädere</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1065">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1065">1065</a><div class="line">fore Healfdenes hilde-wîsan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1066"></a>gomen-wudu grêted, gid oft wrecen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1067"></a>þonne heal-gamen Hrôðgâres scôp</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1068"></a>äfter medo-bence mænan scolde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1069">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1069"></a>Finnes eaferum, þâ hie se fær begeat:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1070">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1070">1070</a><div class="line">"Häleð Healfdenes, Hnäf Scyldinga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1071"></a>"in Fr..es wäle feallan scolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1072"></a>"Ne hûru Hildeburh hêrian þorfte</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1073">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1073"></a>"Eotena treówe: unsynnum wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1074"></a>"beloren leófum ät þam lind-plegan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1075">1075</a><div class="line">"bearnum and brôðrum; hie on gebyrd hruron</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1076"></a>"gâre wunde; þät wäs geômuru ides.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1077"></a>"Nalles hôlinga Hôces dôhtor</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1078"></a>"meotod-sceaft bemearn, syððan morgen com,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1079"></a>"þâ heó under swegle geseón meahte</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1080">1080</a><div class="line">"morðor-bealo mâga, þær heó ær mæste heóld</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1081"></a>"worolde wynne: wîg ealle fornam</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1082"></a>"Finnes þegnas, nemne feáum ânum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1083"></a>"þät he ne mehte on þäm meðel-stede</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1084">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1084"></a>"wîg Hengeste wiht gefeohtan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1085">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1085">1085</a><div class="line">"ne þâ weá-lâfe wîge forþringan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1086"></a>"þeódnes þegne; ac hig him geþingo budon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1087"></a>"þät hie him ôðer flet eal gerýmdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1088"></a>"healle and heáh-setl, þät hie healfre geweald</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1089"></a>"wið Eotena bearn âgan môston,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1090">1090</a><div class="line">"and ät feoh-gyftum Folcwaldan sunu</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1091"></a>"dôgra gehwylce Dene weorðode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1092"></a>"Hengestes heáp hringum wenede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1093"></a>"efne swâ swîðe sinc-gestreónum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1094"></a>"fättan goldes, swâ he Fresena cyn</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1095">1095</a><div class="line">"on beór-sele byldan wolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1096"></a>"Þâ hie getrûwedon on twâ healfa</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1097"></a>"fäste frioðu-wære; Fin Hengeste</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1098">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1098"></a>"elne unflitme âðum benemde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1099"></a>"þät he þâ weá-lâfe weotena dôme</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1100">1100</a><div class="line">"ârum heolde, þät þær ænig mon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1101"></a>"wordum ne worcum wære ne bræce,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1102"></a>"ne þurh inwit-searo æfre gemænden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1103"></a>"þeáh hie hira beág-gyfan banan folgedon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1104"></a>"þeóden-leáse, þâ him swâ geþearfod wäs:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1105">1105</a><div class="line">"gyf þonne Frysna hwylc frêcnan spræce</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1106">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1106"></a>"þäs morðor-hetes myndgiend wære,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1107"></a>"þonne hit sweordes ecg syððan scolde.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1108">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1108"></a>"Âð wäs geäfned and icge gold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1109"></a>"âhäfen of horde. Here-Scyldinga</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1110">1110</a><div class="line">"betst beado-rinca wäs on bæl gearu;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1111"></a>"ät þäm âde wäs êð-gesýne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1112"></a>"swât-fâh syrce, swýn eal-gylden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1113"></a>"eofer îren-heard, äðeling manig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1114"></a>"wundum âwyrded; sume on wäle crungon.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1115">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1115">1115</a><div class="line">"Hêt þâ Hildeburh ät Hnäfes âde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1116">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1116"></a>"hire selfre sunu sweoloðe befästan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1117"></a>"bân-fatu bärnan and on bæl dôn.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1118"></a>"Earme on eaxle ides gnornode,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1119">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1119"></a>"geômrode giddum; gûð-rinc âstâh.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1120">1120</a><div class="line">"Wand tô wolcnum wäl-fýra mæst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1121"></a>"hlynode for hlâwe; hafelan multon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1122">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1122"></a>"ben-geato burston, þonne blôd ätspranc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1123"></a>"lâð-bite lîces. Lîg ealle forswealg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1124"></a>"gæsta gîfrost, þâra þe þær gûð fornam</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1125">1125</a><div class="line">"bega folces; wäs hira blæd scacen.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXVIII"></a><h2>XVIII. THE GLEEMAN'S TALE IS ENDED.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1126"></a>"Gewiton him þâ wîgend wîca neósian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1127"></a>"freóndum befeallen Frysland geseón,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1128"></a>"hâmas and heá-burh. Hengest þâ gyt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1129"></a>"wäl-fâgne winter wunode mid Finne</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1130">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1130">1130</a><div class="line">"<i>ealles</i> unhlitme; eard gemunde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1131"></a>"þeáh þe he <i>ne</i> meahte on mere drîfan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1132"></a>"hringed-stefnan; holm storme weól,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1133"></a>"won wið winde; winter ýðe beleác</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1134"></a>"îs-gebinde ôð þät ôðer com</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1135">1135</a><div class="line">"geâr in geardas, swâ nu gyt dêð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1136"></a>"þâ þe syngales sêle bewitiað,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1137">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1137"></a>"wuldor-torhtan weder. Þâ wäs winter scacen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1138"></a>"fäger foldan bearm; fundode wrecca,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1139"></a>"gist of geardum; he tô gyrn-wräce</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1140">1140</a><div class="line">"swîðor þôhte, þonne tô sæ-lâde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1141"></a>"gif he torn-gemôt þurhteón mihte,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1142">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1142"></a>"þät he Eotena bearn inne gemunde.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1143">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1143"></a>"Swâ he ne forwyrnde worold-rædenne,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1144">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1144"></a>"þonne him Hûnlâfing hilde-leóman,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1145">1145</a><div class="line">"billa sêlest, on bearm dyde:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1146"></a>"þäs wæron mid Eotenum ecge cûðe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1147"></a>"Swylce ferhð-frecan Fin eft begeat</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1148"></a>"sweord-bealo slîðen ät his selfes hâm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1149"></a>"siððan grimne gripe Gûðlaf ond Ôslâf</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1150">1150</a><div class="line">"äfter sæ-siðe sorge mændon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1151"></a>"ätwiton weána dæl; ne meahte wäfre môd</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1152">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1152"></a>"forhabban in hreðre. Þâ wäs heal hroden</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1153"></a>"feónda feorum, swilce Fin slägen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1154"></a>"cyning on corðre, and seó cwên numen.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1155">1155</a><div class="line">"Sceótend Scyldinga tô scypum feredon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1156"></a>"eal in-gesteald eorð-cyninges,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1157"></a>"swylce hie ät Finnes hâm findan meahton</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1158"></a>"sigla searo-gimma. Hie on sæ-lâde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1159"></a>"drihtlîce wîf tô Denum feredon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1160">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1160">1160</a><div class="line">"læddon tô leódum." Leóð wäs âsungen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1161"></a>gleó-mannes gyd. Gamen eft âstâh,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1162">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1162"></a>beorhtode benc-swêg, byrelas sealdon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1163">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1163"></a>wîn of wunder-fatum. Þâ cwom Wealhþeó forð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1164"></a>gân under gyldnum beáge, þær þâ gôdan twegen</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1165">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1165">1165</a><div class="line">sæton suhter-gefäderan; þâ gyt wäs hiera sib ätgädere</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1166"></a>æghwylc ôðrum trýwe. Swylce þær Ûnferð þyle</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1167">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1167"></a>ät fôtum sät freán Scyldinga: gehwylc hiora his ferhðe treówde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1168"></a>þät he häfde môd micel, þeáh þe he his mâgum nære</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1169"></a>ârfäst ät ecga gelâcum. Spräc þâ ides Scyldinga:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1170">1170</a><div class="line">"Onfôh þissum fulle, freó-drihten mîn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1171"></a>"sinces brytta; þu on sælum wes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1172"></a>"gold-wine gumena, and tô Geátum sprec</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1173"></a>"mildum wordum! Swâ sceal man dôn.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1174"></a>"Beó wið Geátas gläd, geofena gemyndig;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1175">1175</a><div class="line">"neán and feorran þu nu <i>friðu</i> hafast.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1176"></a>"Me man sägde, þät þu þe for sunu wolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1177"></a>"here-rinc habban. Heorot is gefælsod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1178"></a>"beáh-sele beorhta; brûc þenden þu môte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1179"></a>"manigra mêda and þînum mâgum læf</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1180">1180</a><div class="line">"folc and rîce, þonne þu forð scyle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1181"></a>"metod-sceaft seón. Ic mînne can</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1182"></a>"glädne Hrôðulf, þät he þâ geogoðe wile</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1183"></a>"ârum healdan, gyf þu ær þonne he,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1184"></a>"wine Scildinga, worold oflætest;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1185">1185</a><div class="line">"wêne ic, þät he mid gôde gyldan wille</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1186"></a>"uncran eaferan, gif he þät eal gemon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1187"></a>"hwät wit tô willan and tô worð-myndum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1188"></a>"umbor wesendum ær ârna gefremedon."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1189"></a>Hwearf þâ bî bence, þær hyre byre wæron,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1190">1190</a><div class="line">Hrêðrîc and Hrôðmund, and häleða bearn,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1191">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1191"></a>giogoð ätgädere; þær se gôda sät</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1192">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1192"></a>Beówulf Geáta be þæm gebrôðrum twæm.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXIX"></a><h2>XIX. BEÓWULF'S JEWELLED COLLAR. THE HEROES REST.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1193"></a>Him wäs ful boren and freónd-laðu</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1194">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1194"></a>wordum bewägned and wunden gold</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1195">1195</a><div class="line">êstum geeáwed, earm-hreáde twâ,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1196">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1196"></a>hrägl and hringas, heals-beága mæst</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1197"></a>þâra þe ic on foldan gefrägen häbbe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1198"></a>Nænigne ic under swegle sêlran hýrde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1199">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1199"></a>hord-mâððum häleða, syððan Hâma ätwäg</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1200">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1200">1200</a><div class="line">tô þære byrhtan byrig Brosinga mene,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1201"></a>sigle and sinc-fät, searo-nîðas fealh</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1202">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1202"></a>Eormenrîces, geceás êcne ræd.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1203"></a>Þone hring häfde Higelâc Geáta,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1204"></a>nefa Swertinges, nýhstan sîðe,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1205">1205</a><div class="line">siððan he under segne sinc ealgode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1206"></a>wäl-reáf werede; hyne Wyrd fornam,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1207"></a>syððan he for wlenco weán âhsode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1208"></a>fæhðe tô Frysum; he þâ frätwe wäg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1209"></a>eorclan-stânas ofer ýða ful,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1210">1210</a><div class="line">rîce þeóden, he under rande gecranc;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1211">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1211"></a>gehwearf þâ in Francna fäðm feorh cyninges,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1212"></a>breóst-gewædu and se beáh somod:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1213">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1213"></a>wyrsan wîg-frecan wäl reáfedon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1214"></a>äfter gûð-sceare, Geáta leóde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1215">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1215">1215</a><div class="line">hreâ-wîc heóldon. Heal swêge onfêng.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1216"></a>Wealhþeó maðelode, heó fore þäm werede spräc:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1217"></a>"Brûc þisses beáges, Beówulf, leófa</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1218"></a>"hyse, mid hæle, and þisses hrägles neót</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1219"></a>"þeód-gestreóna, and geþeóh tela,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1220">1220</a><div class="line">"cen þec mid cräfte and þyssum cnyhtum wes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1221"></a>"lâra lîðe! ic þe þäs leán geman.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1222"></a>"Hafast þu gefêred, þät þe feor and neáh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1223"></a>"ealne wîde-ferhð weras ehtigað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1224"></a>"efne swâ sîde swâ sæ bebûgeð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1225">1225</a><div class="line">"windige weallas. Wes, þenden þu lifige,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1226"></a>"äðeling eádig! ic þe an tela</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1227">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1227"></a>"sinc-gestreóna. Beó þu suna mînum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1228"></a>"dædum gedêfe dreám healdende!</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1229">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1229"></a>"Her is æghwylc eorl ôðrum getrýwe,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1230">1230</a><div class="line">"môdes milde, man-drihtne hold,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1231"></a>"þegnas syndon geþwære, þeód eal gearo:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1232">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1232"></a>"druncne dryht-guman, dôð swâ ic bidde!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1233"></a>Eode þâ tô setle. Þær wäs symbla cyst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1234"></a>druncon wîn weras: wyrd ne cûðon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1235">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1235">1235</a><div class="line">geó-sceaft grimme, swâ hit âgangen wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1236"></a>eorla manegum, syððan æfen cwom</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1237"></a>and him Hrôðgâr gewât tô hofe sînum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1238"></a>rîce tô räste. Reced weardode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1239"></a>unrîm eorla, swâ hie oft ær dydon:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1240">1240</a><div class="line">benc-þelu beredon, hit geond-bræded wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1241"></a>beddum and bolstrum. Beór-scealca sum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1242"></a>fûs and fæge flet-räste gebeág.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1243"></a>Setton him tô heáfdum hilde-randas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1244"></a>bord-wudu beorhtan; þær on bence wäs</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1245">1245</a><div class="line">ofer äðelinge ýð-gesêne</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1246">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1246"></a>heaðo-steápa helm, hringed byrne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1247"></a>þrec-wudu þrymlîc. Wäs þeáw hyra,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1248">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1248"></a>þät hie oft wæron an wîg gearwe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1249"></a>ge ät hâm ge on herge, ge gehwäðer þâra</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1250">1250</a><div class="line">efne swylce mæla, swylce hira man-dryhtne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1251"></a>þearf gesælde; wäs seó þeód tilu.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXX"></a><h2>XX. GRENDEL'S MOTHER ATTACKS THE RING-DANES.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note1252">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1252"></a>Sigon þâ tô slæpe. Sum sâre angeald</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1253"></a>æfen-räste, swâ him ful-oft gelamp,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1254">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1254"></a>siððan gold-sele Grendel warode,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1255">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1255">1255</a><div class="line">unriht äfnde, ôð þät ende becwom,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1256"></a>swylt äfter synnum. Þät gesýne wearð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1257"></a>wîd-cûð werum, þätte wrecend þâ gyt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1258"></a>lifde äfter lâðum, lange þrage</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1259">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1259"></a>äfter gûð-ceare; Grendles môdor,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1260">1260</a><div class="line">ides aglæc-wîf yrmðe gemunde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1261">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1261"></a>se þe wäter-egesan wunian scolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1262"></a>cealde streámas, siððan Cain wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1263"></a>tô ecg-banan ângan brêðer,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1264"></a>fäderen-mæge; he þâ fâg gewât,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1265">1265</a><div class="line">morðre gemearcod man-dreám fleón,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1266"></a>wêsten warode. Þanon wôc fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1267"></a>geósceaft-gâsta; wäs þæra Grendel sum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1268"></a>heoro-wearh hetelîc, se ät Heorote fand</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1269"></a>wäccendne wer wîges bîdan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1270">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1270">1270</a><div class="line">þær him aglæca ät-græpe wearð;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1271"></a>hwäðre he gemunde mägenes strenge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1272"></a>gim-fäste gife, þe him god sealde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1273">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1273"></a>and him tô anwaldan âre gelýfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1274"></a>frôfre and fultum: þý he þone feónd ofercwom,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1275">1275</a><div class="line">gehnægde helle gâst: þâ he heán gewât,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1276"></a>dreáme bedæled deáð-wîc seón,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1277"></a>man-cynnes feónd. And his môdor þâ gyt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1278"></a>gîfre and galg-môd gegân wolde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1279">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1279"></a>sorh-fulne sîð, suna deáð wrecan.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1280">1280</a><div class="line">Com þâ tô Heorote, þær Hring-Dene</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1281">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1281"></a>geond þät säld swæfun. Þâ þær sôna wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1282"></a>ed-hwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1283"></a>Grendles môdor; wäs se gryre lässa</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1284"></a>efne swâ micle, swâ bið mägða cräft,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1285">1285</a><div class="line">wîg-gryre wîfes be wæpned-men,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1286">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1286"></a>þonne heoru bunden, hamere geþuren,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1287"></a>sweord swâte fâh swîn ofer helme,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1288"></a>ecgum dyhtig andweard scireð.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1289"></a>Þâ wäs on healle heard-ecg togen,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1290">1290</a><div class="line">sweord ofer setlum, sîd-rand manig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1291"></a>hafen handa fäst; helm ne gemunde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1292">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1292"></a>byrnan sîde, þe hine se brôga angeat.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1293"></a>Heó wäs on ôfste, wolde ût þanon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1294"></a>feore beorgan, þâ heó onfunden wäs;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1295">1295</a><div class="line">hraðe heó äðelinga ânne häfde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1296"></a>fäste befangen, þâ heó tô fenne gang;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1297"></a>se wäs Hrôðgâre häleða leófost</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1298">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1298"></a>on gesîðes hâd be sæm tweonum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1299"></a>rîce rand-wîga, þone þe heó on räste âbreát,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1300">1300</a><div class="line">blæd-fästne beorn. Näs Beówulf þær,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1301">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1301"></a>ac wäs ôðer in ær geteohhod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1302"></a>äfter mâððum-gife mærum Geáte.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1303">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1303"></a>Hreám wearð on Heorote. Heó under heolfre genam</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1304"></a>cûðe folme; cearu wäs geniwod</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1305">1305</a><div class="line">geworden in wîcum: ne wäs þät gewrixle til,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1306"></a>þät hie on bâ healfa bicgan scoldon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1307"></a>freónda feorum. Þâ wäs frôd cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1308"></a>hâr hilde-rinc, on hreón môde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1309"></a>syððan he aldor-þegn unlyfigendne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1310">1310</a><div class="line">þone deórestan deádne wisse.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1311"></a>Hraðe wäs tô bûre Beówulf fetod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1312"></a>sigor-eádig secg. Samod ær-däge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1313"></a>eode eorla sum, äðele cempa</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1314"></a>self mid gesîðum, þær se snottra bâd,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1315">1315</a><div class="line">hwäðre him al-walda æfre wille</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1316"></a>äfter weá-spelle wyrpe gefremman.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1317"></a>Gang þâ äfter flôre fyrd-wyrðe man</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1318"></a>mid his hand-scale (heal-wudu dynede)</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1319">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1319"></a>þät he þone wîsan wordum hnægde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1320">1320</a><div class="line">freán Ingwina; frägn gif him wære</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1321">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1321"></a>äfter neód-laðu niht getæse.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXI"></a><h2>XXI. SORROW AT HEOROT: ÆSCHERE'S DEATH</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1322"></a>Hrôðgâr maðelode, helm Scildinga:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1323"></a>"Ne frin þu äfter sælum! Sorh is geniwod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1324"></a>"Denigea leódum. Deád is Äsc-here,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1325">1325</a><div class="line">"Yrmenlâfes yldra brôðor,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1326"></a>"mîn rûn-wita and mîn ræd-bora,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1327"></a>"eaxl-gestealla, þonne we on orlege</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1328"></a>"hafelan weredon, þonne hniton fêðan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1329"></a>"eoferas cnysedan; swylc scolde eorl wesan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1330">1330</a><div class="line">"<i>äðeling</i> ær-gôd, swylc Äsc-here wäs.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1331"></a>"Wearð him on Heorote tô hand-banan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1332"></a>"wäl-gæst wäfre; ic ne wât hwäder</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1333"></a>"atol æse wlanc eft-sîðas teáh,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1334">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1334"></a>"fylle gefrægnod. Heó þâ fæhðe wräc,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1335">1335</a><div class="line">"þe þu gystran niht Grendel cwealdest</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1336"></a>"þurh hæstne hâd heardum clammum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1337"></a>"forþan he tô lange leóde mîne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1338"></a>"wanode and wyrde. He ät wîge gecrang</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1339"></a>"ealdres scyldig, and nu ôðer cwom</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1340">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1340">1340</a><div class="line">"mihtig mân-scaða, wolde hyre mæg wrecan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1341"></a>"ge feor hafað fæhðe gestæled,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1342"></a>"þäs þe þincean mäg þegne monegum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1343"></a>"se þe äfter sinc-gyfan on sefan greóteð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1344"></a>"hreðer-bealo hearde; nu seó hand ligeð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1345">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1345">1345</a><div class="line">"se þe eów wel-hwylcra wilna dohte.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1346">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1346"></a>"Ic þät lond-bûend leóde mîne</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1347">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1347"></a>"sele-rædende secgan hýrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1348"></a>"þät hie gesâwon swylce twegen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1349"></a>"micle mearc-stapan môras healdan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1350">1350</a><div class="line">"ellor-gæstas: þæra ôðer wäs,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1351">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1351"></a>"þäs þe hie gewislîcost gewitan meahton,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1352">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1352"></a>"idese onlîcnes, ôðer earm-sceapen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1353"></a>"on weres wästmum wräc-lâstas träd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1354"></a>"näfne he wäs mâra þonne ænig man ôðer,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1355">1355</a><div class="line">"þone on geâr-dagum Grendel nemdon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1356"></a>"fold-bûende: nô hie fäder cunnon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1357"></a>"hwäðer him ænig wäs ær âcenned</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1358"></a>"dyrnra gâsta. Hie dýgel lond</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1359"></a>"warigeað, wulf-hleoðu, windige nässas,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1360">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1360">1360</a><div class="line">"frêcne fen-gelâd, þær fyrgen-streám</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1361"></a>"under nässa genipu niðer gewîteð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1362"></a>"flôd under foldan; nis þät feor heonon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1363">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1363"></a>"mîl-gemearces, þät se mere standeð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1364">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1364"></a>"ofer þäm hongiað hrîmge bearwas,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1365">1365</a><div class="line">"wudu wyrtum fäst, wäter oferhelmað.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1366">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1366"></a>"Þær mäg nihta gehwæm nîð-wundor seón,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1367"></a>"fýr on flôde; nô þäs frôd leofað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1368"></a>"gumena bearna, þät þone grund wite;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1369"></a>"þeáh þe hæð-stapa hundum geswenced,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1370">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1370">1370</a><div class="line">"heorot hornum trum holt-wudu sêce,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1371">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1371"></a>"feorran geflýmed, ær he feorh seleð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1372">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1372"></a>"aldor on ôfre, ær he in wille,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1373">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1373"></a>"hafelan <i>hýdan</i>. Nis þät heóru stôw:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1374"></a>"þonon ýð-geblond up âstîgeð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1375">1375</a><div class="line">"won tô wolcnum, þonne wind styreð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1376"></a>"lâð gewidru, ôð þät lyft drysmað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1377"></a>"roderas reótað. Nu is ræd gelang</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1378"></a>"eft ät þe ânum! Eard git ne const,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1379"></a>"frêcne stôwe, þær þu findan miht</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1380">1380</a><div class="line">"sinnigne secg: sêc gif þu dyrre!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1381"></a>"Ic þe þâ fæhðe feó leánige,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1382"></a>"eald-gestreónum, swâ ic ær dyde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1383"></a>"wundnum golde, gyf þu on weg cymest."</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXII"></a><h2>XXII. BEÓWULF SEEKS THE MONSTER IN THE HAUNTS OF THE NIXIES.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1384"></a>Beówulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþeówes:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1385">1385</a><div class="line">"Ne sorga, snotor guma! sêlre bið æghwæm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1386"></a>"þät he his freónd wrece, þonne he fela murne;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1387"></a>"ûre æghwylc sceal ende gebîdan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1388"></a>"worolde lîfes; wyrce se þe môte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1389"></a>"dômes ær deáðe! þät bið driht-guman</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1390">1390</a><div class="line">"unlifgendum äfter sêlest.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1391">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1391"></a>"Ârîs, rîces weard; uton hraðe fêran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1392"></a>"Grendles mâgan gang sceáwigan!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1393"></a>"Ic hit þe gehâte: nô he on helm losað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1394"></a>"ne on foldan fäðm, ne on fyrgen-holt,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1395">1395</a><div class="line">"ne on gyfenes grund, gâ þær he wille.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1396"></a>"Þys dôgor þu geþyld hafa</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1397"></a>"weána gehwylces, swâ ic þe wêne tô!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1398"></a>Âhleóp þâ se gomela, gode þancode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1399"></a>mihtigan drihtne, þäs se man gespräc.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1400">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1400">1400</a><div class="line">Þâ wäs Hrôðgâre hors gebæted,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1401"></a>wicg wunden-feax. Wîsa fengel</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1402">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1402"></a>geatolîc gengde; gum-fêða stôp</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1403"></a>lind-häbbendra. Lâstas wæron</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1404"></a>äfter wald-swaðum wîde gesýne,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1405">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1405">1405</a><div class="line">gang ofer grundas; gegnum fôr <i>þâ</i></div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1406"></a>ofer myrcan môr, mago-þegna bär</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1407"></a>þone sêlestan sâwol-leásne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1408"></a>þâra þe mid Hrôðgâre hâm eahtode.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1409"></a>Ofer-eode þâ äðelinga bearn</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1410">1410</a><div class="line">steáp stân-hliðo, stîge nearwe,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1411">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1411"></a>enge ân-paðas, un-cûð gelâd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1412"></a>neowle nässas, nicor-hûsa fela;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1413"></a>he feára sum beforan gengde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1414"></a>wîsra monna, wong sceáwian,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1415">1415</a><div class="line">ôð þät he færinga fyrgen-beámas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1416"></a>ofer hârne stân hleonian funde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1417"></a>wyn-leásne wudu; wäter under stôd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1418"></a>dreórig and gedrêfed. Denum eallum wäs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1419"></a>winum Scyldinga, weorce on môde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1420">1420</a><div class="line">tô geþolianne þegne monegum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1421">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1421"></a>oncýð eorla gehwæm, syððan Äsc-heres</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1422"></a>on þam holm-clife hafelan mêtton.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1423"></a>Flôd blôde weól (folc tô sægon)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1424"></a>hâtan heolfre. Horn stundum song</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1425">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1425">1425</a><div class="line">fûslîc <i>fyrd</i>-leóð. Fêða eal gesät;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1426"></a>gesâwon þâ äfter wätere wyrm-cynnes fela,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1427"></a>sellîce sæ-dracan sund cunnian,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1428">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1428"></a>swylce on näs-hleoðum nicras licgean,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1429"></a>þâ on undern-mæl oft bewitigað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1430">1430</a><div class="line">sorh-fulne sîð on segl-râde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1431"></a>wyrmas and wil-deór; hie on weg hruron</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1432"></a>bitere and gebolgne, bearhtm ongeâton,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1433"></a>gûð-horn galan. Sumne Geáta leód</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1434"></a>of flân-bogan feores getwæfde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1435">1435</a><div class="line">ýð-gewinnes, þät him on aldre stôd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1436"></a>here-stræl hearda; he on holme wäs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1437"></a>sundes þe sænra, þe hyne swylt fornam.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1438"></a>Hräðe wearð on ýðum mid eofer-spreótum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1439"></a>heoro-hôcyhtum hearde genearwod,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1440">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1440">1440</a><div class="line">nîða genæged and on näs togen</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1441">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1441"></a>wundorlîc wæg-bora; weras sceáwedon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1442"></a>gryrelîcne gist. Gyrede hine Beówulf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1443"></a>eorl-gewædum, nalles for ealdre mearn:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1444"></a>scolde here-byrne hondum gebroden,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1445">1445</a><div class="line">sîd and searo-fâh, sund cunnian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1446"></a>seó þe bân-côfan beorgan cûðe,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1447">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1447"></a>þät him hilde-grâp hreðre ne mihte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1448"></a>eorres inwit-feng, aldre gesceððan;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1449"></a>ac se hwîta helm hafelan werede,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1450">1450</a><div class="line">se þe mere-grundas mengan scolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1451"></a>sêcan sund-gebland since geweorðad,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1452"></a>befongen freá-wrâsnum, swâ hine fyrn-dagum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1453"></a>worhte wæpna smið, wundrum teóde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1454"></a>besette swîn-lîcum, þät hine syððan nô</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1455">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1455">1455</a><div class="line">brond ne beado-mêcas bîtan ne meahton.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1456"></a>Näs þät þonne mætost mägen-fultuma,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1457">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1457"></a>þät him on þearfe lâh þyle Hrôðgâres;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1458">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1458"></a>wäs þäm häft-mêce Hrunting nama,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1459">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1459"></a>þät wäs ân foran eald-gestreóna;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1460">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1460">1460</a><div class="line">ecg wäs îren âter-teárum fâh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1461"></a>âhyrded heaðo-swâte; næfre hit ät hilde ne swâc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1462"></a>manna ængum þâra þe hit mid mundum bewand,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1463"></a>se þe gryre-sîðas gegân dorste,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1464"></a>folc-stede fâra; näs þät forma sîð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1465">1465</a><div class="line">þät hit ellen-weorc äfnan scolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1466"></a>Hûru ne gemunde mago Ecglâfes</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1467">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1467"></a>eafoðes cräftig, þät he ær gespräc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1468"></a>wîne druncen, þâ he þäs wæpnes onlâh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1469"></a>sêlran sweord-frecan: selfa ne dorste</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1470">1470</a><div class="line">under ýða gewin aldre genêðan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1471"></a>driht-scype dreógan; þær he dôme forleás,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1472"></a>ellen-mærðum. Ne wäs þäm ôðrum swâ,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1473"></a>syððan he hine tô gûðe gegyred häfde.</div> +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXIII"></a><h2>XXIII. THE BATTLE WITH THE WATER-DRAKE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1474"></a>Beówulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþeówes:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1475">1475</a><div class="line">"geþenc nu, se mæra maga Healfdenes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1476"></a>"snottra fengel, nu ic eom sîðes fûs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1477"></a>"gold-wine gumena, hwät wit geó spræcon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1478"></a>"gif ic ät þearfe þînre scolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1479"></a>"aldre linnan, þät þu me â wære</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1480">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1480">1480</a><div class="line">"forð-gewitenum on fäder stäle;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1481"></a>"wes þu mund-bora mînum mago-þegnum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1482">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1482"></a>"hond-gesellum, gif mec hild nime:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1483"></a>"swylce þu þâ mâdmas, þe þu me sealdest,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1484"></a>"Hrôðgâr leófa, Higelâce onsend.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1485">1485</a><div class="line">"Mäg þonne on þäm golde ongitan Geáta dryhten,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1486"></a>"geseón sunu Hrêðles, þonne he on þät sinc starað,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1487">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1487"></a>"þät ic gum-cystum gôdne funde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1488"></a>"beága bryttan, breác þonne môste.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1489"></a>"And þu Ûnferð læt ealde lâfe,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1490">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1490">1490</a><div class="line">"wrätlîc wæg-sweord wîd-cûðne man</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1491"></a>"heard-ecg habban; ic me mid Hruntinge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1492"></a>"dôm gewyrce, oððe mec deáð nimeð."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1493"></a>Äfter þæm wordum Weder-Geáta leód</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1494"></a>êfste mid elne, nalas andsware</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1495">1495</a><div class="line">bîdan wolde; brim-wylm onfêng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1496"></a>hilde-rince. Þâ wäs hwîl däges,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1497"></a>ær he þone grund-wong ongytan mehte.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1498"></a>Sôna þät onfunde, se þe flôda begong</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1499"></a>heoro-gîfre beheóld hund missera,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1500">1500</a><div class="line">grim and grædig, þät þær gumena sum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1501"></a>äl-wihta eard ufan cunnode.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1502"></a>Grâp þâ tôgeánes, gûð-rinc gefêng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1503"></a>atolan clommum; nô þý ær in gescôd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1504"></a>hâlan lîce: hring ûtan ymb-bearh,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1505">1505</a><div class="line">þät heó þone fyrd-hom þurh-fôn ne mihte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1506"></a>locene leoðo-syrcan lâðan fingrum.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1507">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1507"></a>Bär þâ seó brim-wylf, þâ heó tô botme com,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1508"></a>hringa þengel tô hofe sînum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1509"></a>swâ he ne mihte nô (he þäs môdig wäs)</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1510">1510</a><div class="line">wæpna gewealdan, ac hine wundra þäs fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1511"></a>swencte on sunde, sæ-deór monig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1512"></a>hilde-tuxum here-syrcan bräc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1513"></a>êhton aglæcan. Þâ se eorl ongeat,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1514">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1514"></a>þät he <i>in</i> nið-sele nât-hwylcum wäs,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1515">1515</a><div class="line">þær him nænig wäter wihte ne sceðede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1516"></a>ne him for hrôf-sele hrînan ne mehte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1517"></a>fær-gripe flôdes: fýr-leóht geseah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1518"></a>blâcne leóman beorhte scînan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1519"></a>Ongeat þâ se gôda grund-wyrgenne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1520">1520</a><div class="line">mere-wîf mihtig; mägen-ræs forgeaf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1521"></a>hilde-bille, hond swenge ne ofteáh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1522"></a>þät hire on hafelan hring-mæl âgôl</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1523"></a>grædig gûð-leóð. Þâ se gist onfand,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1524"></a>þät se beado-leóma bîtan nolde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1525">1525</a><div class="line">aldre sceððan, ac seó ecg geswâc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1526"></a>þeódne ät þearfe: þolode ær fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1527"></a>hond-gemôta, helm oft gescär,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1528"></a>fæges fyrd-hrägl: þät wäs forma sîð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1529"></a>deórum mâðme, þät his dôm âläg.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1530">1530</a><div class="line">Eft wäs ân-ræd, nalas elnes lät,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1531"></a>mærða gemyndig mæg Hygelâces;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1532"></a>wearp þâ wunden-mæl wrättum gebunden</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1533"></a>yrre oretta, þät hit on eorðan läg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1534"></a>stîð and stýl-ecg; strenge getrûwode,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1535">1535</a><div class="line">mund-gripe mägenes. Swâ sceal man dôn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1536"></a>þonne he ät gûðe gegân þenceð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1537"></a>longsumne lof, nâ ymb his lîf cearað.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1538">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1538"></a>Gefêng þâ be eaxle (nalas for fæhðe mearn)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1539"></a>Gûð-Geáta leód Grendles môdor;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1540">1540</a><div class="line">brägd þâ beadwe heard, þâ he gebolgen wäs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1541"></a>feorh-genîðlan, þät heó on flet gebeáh.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1542"></a>Heó him eft hraðe and-leán forgeald</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1543">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1543"></a>grimman grâpum and him tôgeánes fêng;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1544"></a>oferwearp þâ wêrig-môd wîgena strengest,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1545">1545</a><div class="line">fêðe-cempa, þät he on fylle wearð.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1546">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1546"></a>Ofsät þâ þone sele-gyst and hyre seaxe geteáh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1547"></a>brâd <i>and</i> brûn-ecg wolde hire bearn wrecan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1548"></a>ângan eaferan. Him on eaxle läg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1549"></a>breóst-net broden; þät gebearh feore,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1550">1550</a><div class="line">wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstôd.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1551"></a>Häfde þâ forsîðod sunu Ecgþeówes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1552"></a>under gynne grund, Geáta cempa,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1553"></a>nemne him heaðo-byrne helpe gefremede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1554"></a>here-net hearde, and hâlig god</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1555">1555</a><div class="line">geweóld wîg-sigor, witig drihten;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1556"></a>rodera rædend hit on ryht gescêd,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1557">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1557"></a>ýðelîce syððan he eft âstôd.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXIV"></a><h2>XXIV. BEÓWULF SLAYS THE SPRITE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1558"></a>Geseah þâ on searwum sige-eádig bil,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1559"></a>eald sweord eotenisc ecgum þyhtig,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1560">1560</a><div class="line">wîgena weorð-mynd: þät <i>wäs</i> wæpna cyst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1561"></a>bûton hit wäs mâre þonne ænig mon ôðer</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1562"></a>tô beadu-lâce ätberan meahte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1563"></a>gôd and geatolîc giganta geweorc.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1564"></a>He gefêng þâ fetel-hilt, freca Scildinga,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1565">1565</a><div class="line">hreóh and heoro-grim hring-mæl gebrägd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1566"></a>aldres orwêna, yrringa slôh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1567"></a>þät hire wið halse heard grâpode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1568"></a>bân-hringas bräc, bil eal þurh-wôd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1569"></a>fægne flæsc-homan, heó on flet gecrong;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1570">1570</a><div class="line">sweord wäs swâtig, secg weorce gefeh.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1571"></a>Lixte se leóma, leóht inne stôd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1572"></a>efne swâ of hefene hâdre scîneð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1573"></a>rodores candel. He äfter recede wlât,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1574"></a>hwearf þâ be wealle, wæpen hafenade</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1575">1575</a><div class="line">heard be hiltum Higelâces þegn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1576"></a>yrre and ân-ræd. Näs seó ecg fracod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1577"></a>hilde-rince, ac he hraðe wolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1578"></a>Grendle forgyldan gûð-ræsa fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1579"></a>þâra þe he geworhte tô West-Denum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1580">1580</a><div class="line">oftor micle þonne on ænne sîð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1581"></a>þonne he Hrôðgâres heorð-geneátas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1582"></a>slôh on sweofote, slæpende frät</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1583"></a>folces Denigea fýf-tyne men</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1584">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1584"></a>and ôðer swylc ût of-ferede,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1585">1585</a><div class="line">lâðlîcu lâc. He him þäs leán forgeald,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1586"></a>rêðe cempa, tô þäs þe he on räste geseah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1587"></a>gûð-wêrigne Grendel licgan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1588"></a>aldor-leásne, swâ him ær gescôd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1589"></a>hild ät Heorote; hrâ wîde sprong,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1590">1590</a><div class="line">syððan he äfter deáðe drepe þrowade,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1591"></a>heoro-sweng heardne, and hine þâ heáfde becearf,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1592">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1592"></a>Sôna þät gesâwon snottre ceorlas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1593"></a>þâ þe mid Hrôðgâre on holm wliton,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1594"></a>þät wäs ýð-geblond eal gemenged,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1595">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1595">1595</a><div class="line">brim blôde fâh: blonden-feaxe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1596"></a>gomele ymb gôdne ongeador spræcon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1597"></a>þät hig þäs äðelinges eft ne wêndon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1598"></a>þät he sige-hrêðig sêcean côme</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1599">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1599"></a>mærne þeóden; þâ þäs monige gewearð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1600">1600</a><div class="line">þät hine seó brim-wylf âbroten häfde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1601"></a>Þâ com nôn däges. Näs ofgeâfon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1602"></a>hwate Scyldingas; gewât him hâm þonon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1603"></a>gold-wine gumena. Gistas sêtan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1604"></a>môdes seóce, and on mere staredon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1605">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1605">1605</a><div class="line">wiston and ne wêndon, þät hie heora wine-drihten</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1606"></a>selfne gesâwon. Þâ þät sweord ongan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1607">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1607"></a>äfter heaðo-swâte hilde-gicelum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1608"></a>wîg-bil wanian; þät wäs wundra sum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1609"></a>þät hit eal gemealt îse gelîcost,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1610">1610</a><div class="line">þonne forstes bend fäder onlæteð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1611">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1611"></a>onwindeð wäl-râpas, se þe geweald hafað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1612"></a>sæla and mæla; þät is sôð metod.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1613"></a>Ne nom he in þæm wîcum, Weder-Geáta leód,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1614"></a>mâðm-æhta mâ, þêh he þær monige geseah,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1615">1615</a><div class="line">bûton þone hafelan and þâ hilt somod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1616"></a>since fâge; sweord ær gemealt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1617"></a>forbarn broden mæl: wäs þät blôd tô þäs hât,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1618"></a>ættren ellor-gæst, se þær inne swealt.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1619"></a>Sôna wäs on sunde, se þe ær ät säcce gebâd</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1620">1620</a><div class="line">wîg-hryre wrâðra, wäter up þurh-deáf;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1621"></a>wæron ýð-gebland eal gefælsod,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1622">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1622"></a>eácne eardas, þâ se ellor-gâst</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1623"></a>oflêt lîf-dagas and þâs lænan gesceaft.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1624"></a>Com þâ tô lande lid-manna helm</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1625">1625</a><div class="line">swîð-môd swymman, sæ-lâce gefeah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1626"></a>mägen-byrðenne þâra þe he him mid häfde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1627"></a>Eodon him þâ tôgeánes, gode þancodon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1628"></a>þryðlîc þegna heáp, þeódnes gefêgon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1629"></a>þäs þe hi hyne gesundne geseón môston.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1630">1630</a><div class="line">Þâ wäs of þäm hrôran helm and byrne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1631"></a>lungre âlýsed: lagu drusade,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1632"></a>wäter under wolcnum, wäl-dreóre fâg.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1633"></a>Fêrdon forð þonon fêðe-lâstum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1634"></a>ferhðum fägne, fold-weg mæton,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1635">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1635">1635</a><div class="line">cûðe stræte; cyning-balde men</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1636"></a>from þäm holm-clife hafelan bæron</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1637"></a>earfoðlîce heora æghwäðrum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1638"></a>fela-môdigra: feówer scoldon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1639"></a>on ðäm wäl-stenge weorcum geferian</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1640">1640</a><div class="line">tô þäm gold-sele Grendles heáfod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1641"></a>ôð þät semninga tô sele cômon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1642"></a>frome fyrd-hwate feówer-tyne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1643"></a>Geáta gongan; gum-dryhten mid</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1644"></a>môdig on gemonge meodo-wongas träd.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1645">1645</a><div class="line">Þâ com in gân ealdor þegna,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1646"></a>dæd-cêne mon dôme gewurðad,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1647"></a>häle hilde-deór. Hrôðgâr grêtan:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1648"></a>Þâ wäs be feaxe on flet boren</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1649"></a>Grendles heáfod, þær guman druncon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1650">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1650">1650</a><div class="line">egeslîc for eorlum and þære idese mid:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1651">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1651"></a>wlite-seón wrätlîc weras onsâwon.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXV"></a><h2>XXV. HROTHGAR'S GRATITUDE: HE DISCOURSES.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1652"></a>Beówulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþeówes:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1653"></a>"Hwät! we þe þâs sæ-lâc, sunu Healfdenes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1654"></a>"leód Scyldinga, lustum brôhton,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1655">1655</a><div class="line">"tîres tô tâcne, þe þu her tô lôcast.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1656"></a>"Ic þät unsôfte ealdre gedîgde:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1657">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1657"></a>"wîge under wätere weorc genêðde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1658"></a>"earfoðlîce, ät-rihte wäs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1659"></a>"gûð getwæfed, nymðe mec god scylde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1660">1660</a><div class="line">"Ne meahte ic ät hilde mid Hruntinge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1661"></a>"wiht gewyrcan, þeáh þät wæpen duge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1662"></a>"ac me geûðe ylda waldend,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1663"></a>"þät ic on wage geseah wlitig hangian</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1664">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1664"></a>"eald sweord eácen (oftost wîsode</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1665">1665</a><div class="line">"winigea leásum) þät ic þý wæpne gebräd.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1666"></a>"Ofslôh þâ ät þære säcce (þâ me sæl âgeald)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1667"></a>"hûses hyrdas. Þâ þät hilde-bil</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1668"></a>"forbarn, brogden mæl, swâ þät blôd gesprang,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1669"></a>"hâtost heaðo-swâta: ic þät hilt þanan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1670">1670</a><div class="line">"feóndum ätferede; fyren-dæda wräc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1671"></a>"deáð-cwealm Denigea, swâ hit gedêfe wäs.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1672"></a>"Ic hit þe þonne gehâte, þät þu on Heorote môst</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1673"></a>"sorh-leás swefan mid þînra secga gedryht,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1674"></a>"and þegna gehwylc þînra leóda,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1675">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1675">1675</a><div class="line">"duguðe and iogoðe, þät þu him ondrædan ne þearft,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1676"></a>"þeóden Scyldinga, on þâ healfe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1677"></a>"aldor-bealu eorlum, swâ þu ær dydest."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1678"></a>Þâ wäs gylden hilt gamelum rince.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1679"></a>hârum hild-fruman, on hand gyfen,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1680">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1680">1680</a><div class="line">enta ær-geweorc, hit on æht gehwearf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1681"></a>äfter deófla hryre Denigea freán,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1682"></a>wundor-smiða geweorc, and þâ þâs worold ofgeaf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1683"></a>grom-heort guma, godes andsaca,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1684"></a>morðres scyldig, and his môdor eác;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1685">1685</a><div class="line">on geweald gehwearf worold-cyninga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1686"></a>þäm sêlestan be sæm tweónum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1687">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1687"></a>þâra þe on Sceden-igge sceattas dælde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1688"></a>Hrôðgâr maðelode, hylt sceáwode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1689"></a>ealde lâfe, on þäm wäs ôr writen</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1690">1690</a><div class="line">fyrn-gewinnes: syððan flôd ofslôh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1691"></a>gifen geótende, giganta cyn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1692"></a>frêcne gefêrdon: þät wäs fremde þeód</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1693"></a>êcean dryhtne, him þäs ende-leán</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1694"></a>þurh wäteres wylm waldend sealde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1695">1695</a><div class="line">Swâ wäs on þæm scennum scîran goldes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1696"></a>þurh rûn-stafas rihte gemearcod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1697"></a>geseted and gesæd, hwâm þät sweord geworht,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1698"></a>îrena cyst ærest wære,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1699"></a>wreoðen-hilt and wyrm-fâh. þâ se wîsa spräc</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1700">1700</a><div class="line">sunu Healfdenes (swîgedon ealle):</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1701"></a>"Þät lâ mäg secgan, se þe sôð and riht</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1702"></a>"fremeð on folce, (feor eal gemon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1703">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1703"></a>"eald êðel-weard), þät þes eorl wære</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1704"></a>"geboren betera! Blæd is âræred</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1705">1705</a><div class="line">"geond wîd-wegas, wine mîn Beówulf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1706"></a>"þîn ofer þeóda gehwylce. Eal þu hit geþyldum healdest,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1707"></a>"mägen mid môdes snyttrum. Ic þe sceal mîne gelæstan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1708"></a>"freóde, swâ wit furðum spræcon; þu scealt tô frôfre weorðan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1709"></a>"eal lang-twidig leódum þînum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1710">1710</a><div class="line">"häleðum tô helpe. Ne wearð Heremôd swâ</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1711"></a>"eaforum Ecgwelan, Âr-Scyldingum;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1712"></a>"ne geweôx he him tô willan, ac tô wäl-fealle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1713"></a>"and tô deáð-cwalum Deniga leódum;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1714"></a>"breát bolgen-môd beód-geneátas,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1715">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1715">1715</a><div class="line">"eaxl-gesteallan, ôð þät he âna hwearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1716"></a>"mære þeóden. mon-dreámum from:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1717"></a>"þeáh þe hine mihtig god mägenes wynnum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1718"></a>"eafeðum stêpte, ofer ealle men</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1719"></a>"forð gefremede, hwäðere him on ferhðe greów</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1720">1720</a><div class="line">"breóst-hord blôd-reów: nallas beágas geaf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1721"></a>"Denum äfter dôme; dreám-leás gebâd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1722"></a>"þät he þäs gewinnes weorc þrowade,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1723">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1723"></a>"leód-bealo longsum. Þu þe lær be þon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1724"></a>"gum-cyste ongit! ic þis gid be þe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1725">1725</a><div class="line">"âwräc wintrum frôd. Wundor is tô secganne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1726"></a>"hû mihtig god manna cynne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1727"></a>"þurh sîdne sefan snyttru bryttað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1728"></a>"eard and eorl-scipe, he âh ealra geweald.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1729">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1729"></a>"Hwîlum he on lufan læteð hworfan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1730">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1730">1730</a><div class="line">"monnes môd-geþonc mæran cynnes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1731"></a>"seleð him on êðle eorðan wynne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1732"></a>"tô healdanne hleó-burh wera,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1733"></a>"gedêð him swâ gewealdene worolde dælas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1734"></a>"sîde rîce, þät he his selfa ne mäg</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1735">1735</a><div class="line">"for his un-snyttrum ende geþencean;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1736"></a>"wunað he on wiste, nô hine wiht dweleð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1737"></a>"âdl ne yldo, ne him inwit-sorh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1738"></a>"on sefan sweorceð, ne gesacu ôhwær,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1739"></a>"ecg-hete eóweð, ac him eal worold</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1740">1740</a><div class="line">"wendeð on willan; he þät wyrse ne con,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1741">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1741"></a>"ôð þät him on innan ofer-hygda dæl</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1742"></a>"weaxeð and wridað, þonne se weard swefeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1743"></a>"sâwele hyrde: bið se slæp tô fäst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1744"></a>"bisgum gebunden, bona swîðe neáh,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1745">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1745">1745</a><div class="line">"se þe of flân-bogan fyrenum sceóteð.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXVI"></a><h2>XXVI. THE DISCOURSE IS ENDED.—BEÓWULF PREPARES TO LEAVE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1746"></a>"Þonne bið on hreðre under helm drepen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1747"></a>"biteran stræle: him bebeorgan ne con</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1748">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1748"></a>"wom wundor-bebodum wergan gâstes;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1749"></a>"þinceð him tô lytel, þät he tô lange heóld,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1750">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1750">1750</a><div class="line">"gýtsað grom-hydig, nallas on gylp seleð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1751"></a>"fätte beágas and he þâ forð-gesceaft</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1752"></a>"forgyteð and forgýmeð, þäs þe him ær god sealde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1753"></a>"wuldres waldend, weorð-mynda dæl.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1754"></a>"Hit on ende-stäf eft gelimpeð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1755">1755</a><div class="line">"þät se lîc-homa læne gedreóseð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1756"></a>"fæge gefealleð; fêhð ôðer tô,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1757"></a>"se þe unmurnlîce mâdmas dæleð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1758"></a>"eorles ær-gestreón, egesan ne gýmeð.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1759"></a>"Bebeorh þe þone bealo-nîð, Beówulf leófa,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1760">1760</a><div class="line">"secg <i>se</i> betsta, and þe þät sêlre geceós,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1761"></a>"êce rædas; oferhyda ne gým,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1762"></a>"mære cempa! Nu is þînes mägnes blæd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1763"></a>"âne hwîle; eft sôna bið,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1764"></a>"þät þec âdl oððe ecg eafoðes getwæfeð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1765">1765</a><div class="line">"oððe fýres feng oððe flôdes wylm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1766"></a>"oððe gripe mêces oððe gâres fliht,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1767">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1767"></a>"oððe atol yldo, oððe eágena bearhtm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1768"></a>"forsiteð and forsworceð; semninga bið,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1769"></a>"þät þec, dryht-guma, deáð oferswýðeð.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1770">1770</a><div class="line">"Swâ ic Hring-Dena hund missera</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1771"></a>"weóld under wolcnum, and hig wîge beleác</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1772"></a>"manigum mægða geond þysne middan-geard,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1773"></a>"äscum and ecgum, þät ic me ænigne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1774"></a>"under swegles begong gesacan ne tealde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1775">1775</a><div class="line">"Hwät! me þäs on êðle edwenden cwom,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1776"></a>"gyrn äfter gomene, seoððan Grendel wearð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1777"></a>"eald-gewinna, in-genga mîn:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1778"></a>"ic þære sôcne singales wäg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1779"></a>"môd-ceare micle. Þäs sig metode þanc,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1780">1780</a><div class="line">"êcean drihtne, þäs þe ic on aldre gebâd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1781"></a>"þät ic on þone hafelan heoro-dreórigne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1782"></a>"ofer eald gewin eágum starige!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1783"></a>"Gâ nu tô setle, symbel-wynne dreóh</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1784">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1784"></a>"wîgge weorðad: unc sceal worn fela</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1785">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1785">1785</a><div class="line">"mâðma gemænra, siððan morgen bið."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1786"></a>Geát wäs gläd-môd, geóng sôna tô,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1787"></a>setles neósan, swâ se snottra hêht.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1788"></a>Þâ wäs eft swâ ær ellen-rôfum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1789"></a>flet-sittendum fägere gereorded</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1790">1790</a><div class="line">niówan stefne. Niht-helm geswearc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1791"></a>deorc ofer dryht-gumum. Duguð eal ârâs;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1792"></a>wolde blonden-feax beddes neósan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1793"></a>gamela Scylding. Geát ungemetes wel,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1794">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1794"></a>rôfne rand-wîgan restan lyste:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1795">1795</a><div class="line">sôna him sele-þegn sîðes wêrgum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1796"></a>feorran-cundum forð wîsade,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1797"></a>se for andrysnum ealle beweotede</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1798"></a>þegnes þearfe, swylce þý dôgore</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1799"></a>heáðo-lîðende habban scoldon.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1800">1800</a><div class="line">Reste hine þâ rûm-heort; reced hlifade</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1801"></a>geáp and gold-fâh, gäst inne swäf,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1802">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1802"></a>ôð þät hrefn blaca heofones wynne</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1803">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1803"></a>blîð-heort bodode. Þâ com beorht <i>sunne</i></div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1804"></a>scacan <i>ofer grundas</i>; scaðan onetton,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1805">1805</a><div class="line">wæron äðelingas eft tô leódum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1806"></a>fûse tô farenne, wolde feor þanon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1807"></a>cuma collen-ferhð ceóles neósan.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1808">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1808"></a>Hêht þâ se hearda Hrunting beran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1809"></a>sunu Ecglâfes, hêht his sweord niman,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1810">1810</a><div class="line">leóflîc îren; sägde him þäs leánes þanc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1811"></a>cwäð he þone gûð-wine gôdne tealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1812"></a>wîg-cräftigne, nales wordum lôg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1813"></a>mêces ecge: þät wäs môdig secg.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1814"></a>And þâ sîð-frome searwum gearwe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1815">1815</a><div class="line">wîgend wæron, eode weorð Denum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1816"></a>äðeling tô yppan, þær se ôðer wäs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1817"></a>häle hilde-deór, Hrôðgâr grêtte.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXVII"></a><h2>XXVII. THE PARTING WORDS.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1818"></a>Beówulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþeówes:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1819"></a>"Nu we sæ-lîðend secgan wyllað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1820">1820</a><div class="line">"feorran cumene, þät we fundiað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1821"></a>"Higelâc sêcan. Wæron her tela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1822"></a>"willum bewenede; þu ûs wel dohtest.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1823">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1823"></a>"Gif ic þonne on eorðan ôwihte mäg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1824"></a>"þînre môd-lufan mâran tilian,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1825">1825</a><div class="line">"gumena dryhten, þonne ic gyt dyde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1826"></a>"gûð-geweorca ic beó gearo sôna.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1827"></a>"Gif ic þät gefricge ofer flôda begang,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1828"></a>"þät þec ymbe-sittend egesan þýwað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1829"></a>"swâ þec hetende hwîlum dydon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1830">1830</a><div class="line">"ic þe þûsenda þegna bringe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1831"></a>"häleða tô helpe. Ic on Higelâce wât,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1832">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1832"></a>"Geáta dryhten, þeáh þe he geong sý,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1833"></a>"folces hyrde, þät he mec fremman wile</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1834"></a>"wordum and worcum, þät ic þe wel herige,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1835">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1835">1835</a><div class="line">"and þe tô geóce gâr-holt bere</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1836"></a>"mägenes fultum, þær þe bið manna þearf;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1837"></a>"gif him þonne Hrêðrîc tô hofum Geáta</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1838"></a>"geþingeð, þeódnes bearn, he mäg þær fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1839"></a>"freónda findan: feor-cýððe beóð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1840">1840</a><div class="line">"sêlran gesôhte þäm þe him selfa deáh."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1841"></a>Hrôðgâr maðelode him on andsware:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1842"></a>"Þe þâ word-cwydas wittig drihten</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1843"></a>"on sefan sende! ne hýrde ic snotorlîcor</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1844"></a>"on swâ geongum feore guman þingian:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1845">1845</a><div class="line">"þu eart mägenes strang and on môde frôd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1846"></a>"wîs word-cwida. Wên ic talige,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1847"></a>"gif þät gegangeð, þät þe gâr nymeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1848"></a>"hild heoru-grimme Hrêðles eaferan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1849"></a>"âdl oððe îren ealdor þînne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1850">1850</a><div class="line">"folces hyrde, and þu þîn feorh hafast,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1851"></a>"þät þe Sæ-Geátas sêlran näbben</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1852"></a>"tô geceósenne cyning ænigne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1853"></a>"hord-weard häleða, gif þu healdan wylt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1854"></a>"mâga rîce. Me þîn môd-sefa</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1855">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1855">1855</a><div class="line">"lîcað leng swâ wel, leófa Beówulf:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1856"></a>"hafast þu gefêred, þät þâm folcum sceal,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1857"></a>"Geáta leódum and Gâr-Denum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1858">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1858"></a>"sib gemænum and sacu restan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1859"></a>"inwit-nîðas, þe hie ær drugon;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1860">1860</a><div class="line">"wesan, þenden ic wealde wîdan rîces,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1861"></a>"mâðmas gemæne, manig ôðerne</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1862">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1862"></a>"gôdum gegrêtan ofer ganotes bäð;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1863">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1863"></a>"sceal hring-naca ofer heáðu bringan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1864"></a>"lâc and luf-tâcen. Ic þâ leóde wât</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1865">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1865">1865</a><div class="line">"ge wið feónd ge wið freónd fäste geworhte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1866"></a>"æghwäs untæle ealde wîsan."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1867"></a>Þâ git him eorla hleó inne gesealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1868"></a>mago Healfdenes mâðmas twelfe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1869"></a>hêt hine mid þæm lâcum leóde swæse</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1870">1870</a><div class="line">sêcean on gesyntum, snûde eft cuman.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1871"></a>Gecyste þâ cyning äðelum gôd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1872"></a>þeóden Scildinga, þegen betstan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1873"></a>and be healse genam; hruron him teáras,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1874"></a>blonden-feaxum: him wäs bega wên,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1875">1875</a><div class="line">ealdum infrôdum, ôðres swîðor,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1876">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1876"></a>þät hî seoððan geseón môston</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1877"></a>môdige on meðle. Wäs him se man tô þon leóf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1878"></a>þät he þone breóst-wylm forberan ne mehte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1879"></a>ac him on hreðre hyge-bendum fäst</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1880">1880</a><div class="line">äfter deórum men dyrne langað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1881">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1881"></a>beorn wið blôde. Him Beówulf þanan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1882"></a>gûð-rinc gold-wlanc gräs-moldan träd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1883"></a>since hrêmig: sæ-genga bâd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1884"></a>âgend-freán, se þe on ancre râd.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1885">1885</a><div class="line">Þâ wäs on gange gifu Hrôðgâres</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1886"></a>oft geæhted: þät wäs ân cyning</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1887">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1887"></a>æghwäs orleahtre, ôð þät hine yldo benam</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1888"></a>mägenes wynnum, se þe oft manegum scôd.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXVIII"></a><h2>XXVIII. BEÓWULF RETURNS TO GEATLAND.—THE QUEENS HYGD AND THRYTHO.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1889"></a>Cwom þâ tô flôde fela-môdigra</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1890">1890</a><div class="line">häg-stealdra <i>heáp</i>; hring-net bæron,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1891"></a>locene leoðo-syrcan. Land-weard onfand</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1892"></a>eft-sîð eorla, swâ he ær dyde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1893"></a>nô he mid hearme of hliðes nosan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1894"></a>gäs<i>tas</i> grêtte, ac him tôgeánes râd;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1895">1895</a><div class="line">cwäð þät wilcuman Wedera leódum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1896">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1896"></a>scawan scîr-hame tô scipe fôron.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1897">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1897"></a>Þâ wäs on sande sæ-geáp naca</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1898"></a>hladen here-wædum, hringed-stefna</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1899"></a>mearum and mâðmum: mäst hlifade</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1900">1900</a><div class="line">ofer Hrôðgâres hord-gestreónum.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1901"></a>He þäm bât-wearde bunden golde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1902"></a>swurd gesealde, þät he syððan wäs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1903"></a>on meodu-bence mâðme þý weorðra,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1904">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1904"></a>yrfe-lâfe. Gewât him on <i>ýð</i>-nacan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1905">1905</a><div class="line">drêfan deóp wäter, Dena land ofgeaf.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1906"></a>Þâ wäs be mäste mere-hrägla sum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1907"></a>segl sâle fäst. Sund-wudu þunede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1908"></a>nô þær wêg-flotan wind ofer ýðum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1909"></a>sîðes getwæfde; sæ-genga fôr,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1910">1910</a><div class="line">fleát fâmig-heals forð ofer ýðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1911"></a>bunden-stefna ofer brim-streámas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1912"></a>þät hie Geáta clifu ongitan meahton,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1913">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1913"></a>cûðe nässas. Ceól up geþrang,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1914">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1914"></a>lyft-geswenced on lande stôd.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1915">1915</a><div class="line">Hraðe wäs ät holme hýð-weard gearo,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1916">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1916"></a>se þe ær lange tîd, leófra manna</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1917"></a>fûs, ät faroðe feor wlâtode;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1918"></a>sælde tô sande sîd-fäðme scip</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1919"></a>oncer-bendum fäst, þý läs hym ýða þrym</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1920">1920</a><div class="line">wudu wynsuman forwrecan meahte.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1921"></a>Hêt þâ up beran äðelinga gestreón,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1922"></a>frätwe and fät-gold; näs him feor þanon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1923"></a>tô gesêcanne sinces bryttan:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1924">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1924"></a>Higelâc Hrêðling þær ät hâm wunað,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1925">1925</a><div class="line">selfa mid gesîðum sæ-wealle neáh;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1926"></a>bold wäs betlîc, brego-rôf cyning,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1927">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1927"></a>heá <i>on</i> healle, Hygd swîðe geong,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1928"></a>wîs, wel-þungen, þeáh þe wintra lyt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1929"></a>under burh-locan gebiden häbbe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1930">1930</a><div class="line">Häreðes dôhtor: näs hió hnâh swâ þeáh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1931"></a>ne tô gneáð gifa Geáta leódum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1932">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1932"></a>mâðm-gestreóna. Mod Þryðo wäg,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1933">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1933"></a>fremu folces cwên, firen ondrysne:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1934"></a>nænig þät dorste deór genêðan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1935">1935</a><div class="line">swæsra gesîða, nefne sin-freá,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1936">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1936"></a>þät hire an däges eágum starede;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1937"></a>ac him wäl-bende weotode tealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1938"></a>hand-gewriðene: hraðe seoððan wäs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1939"></a>äfter mund-gripe mêce geþinged,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1940">1940</a><div class="line">þät hit sceaðen-mæl scyran môste,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1941"></a>cwealm-bealu cýðan. Ne bið swylc cwênlîc þeáw</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1942"></a>idese tô efnanne, þeáh þe hió ænlîcu sý,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1943">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1943"></a>þätte freoðu-webbe feores onsäce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1944"></a>äfter lîge-torne leófne mannan.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1945">1945</a><div class="line">Hûru þät onhôhsnode Heminges mæg;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1946"></a>ealo drincende ôðer sædan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1947"></a>þät hió leód-bealewa läs gefremede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1948"></a>inwit-nîða, syððan ærest wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1949"></a>gyfen gold-hroden geongum cempan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1950">1950</a><div class="line">äðelum dióre, syððan hió Offan flet</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1951"></a>ofer fealone flôd be fäder lâre</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1952"></a>sîðe gesôhte, þær hió syððan wel</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1953"></a>in gum-stôle, gôde mære,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1954"></a>lîf-gesceafta lifigende breác,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1955">1955</a><div class="line">hióld heáh-lufan wið häleða brego,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1956"></a>ealles mon-cynnes mîne gefræge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1957"></a>þone sêlestan bî sæm tweónum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1958"></a>eormen-cynnes; forþam Offa wäs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1959"></a>geofum and gûðum gâr-cêne man,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1960">1960</a><div class="line">wîde geweorðod; wîsdôme heóld</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1961"></a>êðel sînne, þonon Eómær wôc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1962"></a>häleðum tô helpe, Heminges mæg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1963"></a>nefa Gârmundes, nîða cräftig.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXIX"></a><h2>XXIX. HIS ARRIVAL. HYGELAC'S RECEPTION.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1964"></a>Gewât him þâ se hearda mid his hond-scole</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1965">1965</a><div class="line">sylf äfter sande sæ-wong tredan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1966">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1966"></a>wîde waroðas. Woruld-candel scân,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1967"></a>sigel sûðan fûs: hî sîð drugon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1968"></a>elne geeodon, tô þäs þe eorla hleó,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1969">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1969"></a>bonan Ongenþeówes burgum on innan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1970">1970</a><div class="line">geongne gûð-cyning gôdne gefrunon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1971"></a>hringas dælan. Higelâce wäs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1972"></a>sîð Beówulfes snûde gecýðed,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1973"></a>þät þær on worðig wîgendra hleó,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1974"></a>lind-gestealla lifigende cwom,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1975">1975</a><div class="line">heaðo-lâces hâl tô hofe gongan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1976"></a>Hraðe wäs gerýmed, swâ se rîca bebeád,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1977"></a>fêðe-gestum flet innan-weard.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1978"></a>Gesät þâ wið sylfne, se þâ säcce genäs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1979"></a>mæg wið mæge, syððan man-dryhten</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1980">1980</a><div class="line">þurh hleóðor-cwyde holdne gegrêtte</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1981">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1981"></a>meaglum wordum. Meodu-scencum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1982">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1982"></a>hwearf geond þät reced Häreðes dôhtor:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1983"></a>lufode þâ leóde, lîð-wæge bär</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1984">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1984"></a>hælum tô handa. Higelâc ongan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1985">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1985">1985</a><div class="line">sînne geseldan in sele þam heán</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1986"></a>fägre fricgean, hyne fyrwet bräc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1987"></a>hwylce Sæ-Geáta sîðas wæron:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1988"></a>"Hû lomp eów on lâde, leófa Biówulf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1989"></a>"þâ þu færinga feorr gehogodest,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1990">1990</a><div class="line">"säcce sêcean ofer sealt wäter,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1991"></a>"hilde tô Hiorote? Ac þu Hrôðgâre</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1992"></a>"wîd-cûðne weán wihte gebêttest,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1993"></a>"mærum þeódne? Ic þäs môd-ceare</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1994">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1994"></a>"sorh-wylmum seáð, sîðe ne trûwode</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1995">1995</a><div class="line">"leófes mannes; ic þe lange bäd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1996"></a>"þät þu þone wäl-gæst wihte ne grêtte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1997"></a>"lête Sûð-Dene sylfe geweorðan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1998"></a>"gûðe wið Grendel. Gode ic þanc secge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1999"></a>"þäs þe ic þe gesundne geseón môste."</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2000">2000</a><div class="line">Biówulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþiówes:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2001"></a>"Þät is undyrne, dryhten Higelâc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2002"></a>"<i>mære</i> gemêting monegum fira,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2003"></a>"hwylc <i>orleg</i>-hwîl uncer Grendles</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2004"></a>"wearð on þam wange, þær he worna fela</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2005">2005</a><div class="line">"Sige-Scildingum sorge gefremede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2006"></a>"yrmðe tô aldre; ic þät eal gewräc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2007"></a>"swâ ne gylpan þearf Grendeles mâga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2008"></a>"<i>ænig</i> ofer eorðan uht-hlem þone,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2009"></a>"se þe lengest leofað lâðan cynnes,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2010">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2010">2010</a><div class="line">"fe<i>nne</i> bifongen. Ic þær furðum cwom,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2011"></a>"tô þam hring-sele Hrôðgâr grêtan:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2012"></a>"sôna me se mæra mago Healfdenes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2013"></a>"syððan he môd-sefan mînne cûðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2014"></a>"wið his sylfes sunu setl getæhte.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2015">2015</a><div class="line">"Weorod wäs on wynne; ne seah ic wîdan feorh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2016"></a>"under heofenes hwealf heal-sittendra</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2017"></a>"medu-dreám mâran. Hwîlum mæru cwên,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2018"></a>"friðu-sibb folca flet eall geond-hwearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2019"></a>"bædde byre geonge; oft hió beáh-wriðan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2020">2020</a><div class="line">"secge <i>sealde</i>, ær hió tô setle geóng.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2021"></a>"Hwîlum for duguðe dôhtor Hrôðgâres</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2022">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2022"></a>"eorlum on ende ealu-wæge bär,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2023"></a>"þâ ic Freáware flet-sittende</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2024"></a>"nemnan hýrde, þær hió nägled sinc</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2025">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2025">2025</a><div class="line">"häleðum sealde: sió gehâten <i>wäs</i>,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2026"></a>"geong gold-hroden, gladum suna Frôdan;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2027">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2027"></a>"hafað þäs geworden wine Scyldinga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2028"></a>"rîces hyrde and þät ræd talað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2029"></a>"þät he mid þý wîfe wäl-fæhða dæl,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2030">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2030">2030</a><div class="line">"säcca gesette. Oft <i>nô</i> seldan hwær</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2031"></a>"äfter leód-hryre lytle hwîle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2032"></a>"bon-gâr bûgeð, þeáh seó brýd duge!</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXX"></a><h2>XXX. BEÓWULF'S STORY OF THE SLAYINGS.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2033"></a>"Mäg þäs þonne ofþyncan þeóden Heaðobeardna</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2034"></a>"and þegna gehwâm þâra leóda,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2035">2035</a><div class="line">"þonne he mid fæmnan on flett gæð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2036">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2036"></a>"dryht-bearn Dena duguða biwenede:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2037"></a>"on him gladiað gomelra lâfe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2038"></a>"heard and hring-mæl, Heaðobeardna gestreón,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2039"></a>"þenden hie þâm wæpnum wealdan môston,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2040">2040</a><div class="line">"ôð þät hie forlæddan tô þam lind-plegan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2041"></a>"swæse gesîðas ond hyra sylfra feorh.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2042">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2042"></a>"Þonne cwið ät beóre, se þe beáh gesyhð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2043"></a>"eald äsc-wîga, se þe eall geman</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2044"></a>"gâr-cwealm gumena (him bið grim <i>se</i>fa),</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2045">2045</a><div class="line">"onginneð geômor-môd geong<i>ne</i> cempan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2046"></a>"þurh hreðra gehygd higes cunnian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2047"></a>"wîg-bealu weccean and þät word âcwyð:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2048"></a>"'Meaht þu, mîn wine, mêce gecnâwan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2049"></a>"'þone þin fäder tô gefeohte bär</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2050">2050</a><div class="line">"'under here-grîman hindeman sîðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2051"></a>"'dýre îren, þær hyne Dene slôgon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2052"></a>"'weóldon wäl-stôwe, syððan wiðer-gyld läg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2053"></a>"'äfter häleða hryre, hwate Scyldungas?</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2054"></a>"'Nu her þâra banena byre nât-hwylces,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2055">2055</a><div class="line">"'frätwum hrêmig on flet gæð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2056"></a>"'morðres gylpeð and þone mâððum byreð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2057"></a>"'þone þe þu mid rihte rædan sceoldest!'"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2058"></a>"Manað swâ and myndgað mæla gehwylce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2059"></a>"sârum wordum, ôð þät sæl cymeð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2060">2060</a><div class="line">"þät se fæmnan þegn fore fäder dædum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2061"></a>"äfter billes bite blôd-fâg swefeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2062"></a>"ealdres scyldig; him se ôðer þonan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2063">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2063"></a>"losað <i>li</i>figende, con him land geare.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2064"></a>"Þonne bióð brocene on bâ healfe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2065">2065</a><div class="line">"âð-sweord eorla; <i>syð</i>ðan Ingelde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2066"></a>"weallað wäl-nîðas and him wîf-lufan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2067"></a>"äfter cear-wälmum côlran weorðað.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2068">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2068"></a>"Þý ic Heaðobeardna hyldo ne telge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2069"></a>"dryht-sibbe dæl Denum unfæcne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2070">2070</a><div class="line">"freónd-scipe fästne. Ic sceal forð sprecan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2071"></a>"gen ymbe Grendel, þät þu geare cunne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2072"></a>"sinces brytta, tô hwan syððan wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2073"></a>"hond-ræs häleða. Syððan heofones gim</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2074"></a>"glâd ofer grundas, gäst yrre cwom,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2075">2075</a><div class="line">"eatol æfen-grom, ûser neósan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2076"></a>"þær we gesunde säl weardodon;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2077"></a>"þær wäs Hondsció hild onsæge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2078"></a>"feorh-bealu fægum, he fyrmest läg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2079"></a>"gyrded cempa; him Grendel wearð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2080">2080</a><div class="line">"mærum magu-þegne tô mûð-bonan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2081"></a>"leófes mannes lîc eall forswealg.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2082"></a>"Nô þý ær ût þâ gen îdel-hende</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2083"></a>"bona blôdig-tôð bealewa gemyndig,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2084"></a>"of þam gold-sele gongan wolde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2085">2085</a><div class="line">"ac he mägnes rôf mîn costode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2086"></a>"grâpode gearo-folm. Glôf hangode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2087"></a>"sîd and syllîc searo-bendum fäst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2088"></a>"sió wäs orþoncum eall gegyrwed</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2089"></a>"deófles cräftum and dracan fellum:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2090">2090</a><div class="line">"he mec þær on innan unsynnigne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2091"></a>"diór dæd-fruma, gedôn wolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2092"></a>"manigra sumne: hyt ne mihte swâ,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2093"></a>"syððan ic on yrre upp-riht âstôd.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2094"></a>"Tô lang ys tô reccenne, hû ic þam leód-sceaðan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2095">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2095">2095</a><div class="line">"yfla gehwylces ond-leán forgeald;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2096"></a>"þær ic, þeóden mîn, þîne leóde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2097"></a>"weorðode weorcum. He on weg losade,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2098"></a>"lytle hwîle lîf-wynna breác;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2099"></a>"hwäðre him sió swîðre swaðe weardade</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2100">2100</a><div class="line">"hand on Hiorte and he heán þonan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2101"></a>"môdes geômor mere-grund gefeóll.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2102"></a>"Me þone wäl-ræs wine Scildunga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2103"></a>"fättan golde fela leánode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2104"></a>"manegum mâðmum, syððan mergen com</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2105">2105</a><div class="line">"and we tô symble geseten häfdon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2106"></a>"Þær wäs gidd and gleó; gomela Scilding</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2107"></a>"fela fricgende feorran rehte;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2108"></a>"hwîlum hilde-deór hearpan wynne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2109"></a>"gomen-wudu grêtte; hwîlum gyd âwräc</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2110">2110</a><div class="line">"sôð and sârlîc; hwîlum syllîc spell</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2111"></a>"rehte äfter rihte rûm-heort cyning.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2112"></a>"Hwîlum eft ongan eldo gebunden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2113"></a>"gomel gûð-wîga gioguðe cwîðan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2114"></a>"hilde-strengo; hreðer inne weóll,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2115">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2115">2115</a><div class="line">"þonne he wintrum frôd worn gemunde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2116"></a>"Swâ we þær inne andlangne däg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2117"></a>"nióde nâman, ôð þät niht becwom</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2118"></a>"ôðer tô yldum. Þâ wäs eft hraðe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2119"></a>"gearo gyrn-wräce Grendeles môdor,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2120">2120</a><div class="line">"sîðode sorh-full; sunu deáð fornam,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2121"></a>"wîg-hete Wedra. Wîf unhýre</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2122"></a>"hyre bearn gewräc, beorn âcwealde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2123"></a>"ellenlîce; þær wäs Äsc-here,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2124"></a>"frôdan fyrn-witan, feorh ûðgenge;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2125">2125</a><div class="line">"nôðer hy hine ne môston, syððan mergen cwom,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2126"></a>"deáð-wêrigne Denia leóde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2127"></a>"bronde forbärnan, ne on bæl hladan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2128">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2128"></a>"leófne mannan: hió þät lîc ätbär</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2129">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2129"></a>"feóndes fäð<i>mum</i> <i>un</i>der firgen-streám.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2130">2130</a><div class="line">"Þät wäs Hrôðgâre hreówa tornost</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2131"></a>"þâra þe leód-fruman lange begeâte;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2132">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2132"></a>"þâ se þeóden mec þîne lîfe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2133"></a>"healsode hreóh-môd, þät ic on holma geþring</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2134"></a>"eorl-scipe efnde, ealdre genêðde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2135">2135</a><div class="line">"mærðo fremede: he me mêde gehêt.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2136"></a>"Ic þâ þäs wälmes, þe is wîde cûð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2137"></a>"grimne gryrelîcne grund-hyrde fond.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2138"></a>"Þær unc hwîle wäs hand gemæne;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2139"></a>"holm heolfre weóll and ic heáfde becearf</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2140">2140</a><div class="line">"in þam <i>grund</i>-sele Grendeles môdor</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2141"></a>"eácnum ecgum, unsôfte þonan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2142"></a>"feorh ôðferede; näs ic fæge þâ gyt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2143"></a>"ac me eorla hleó eft gesealde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2144"></a>"mâðma menigeo, maga Healfdenes.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXI"></a><h2>XXXI. HE GIVES PRESENTS TO HYGELAC. HYGELAC REWARDS HIM. HYGELAC'S DEATH. BEÓWULF REIGNS.</h2> + +<a class="lineno" name="li2145">2145</a><div class="line">"Swâ se þeód-kyning þeáwum lyfde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2146"></a>"nealles ic þâm leánum forloren häfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2147"></a>"mägnes mêde, ac he me <i>mâðm</i>as geaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2148"></a>"sunu Healfdenes, on <i>sîn</i>ne sylfes dôm;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2149"></a>"þâ ic þe, beorn-cyning, bringan wylle,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2150">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2150">2150</a><div class="line">"êstum geýwan. Gen is eall ät þe</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2151">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2151"></a>"lissa gelong: ic lyt hafo</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2152"></a>"heáfod-mâga, nefne Hygelâc þec!"</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2153">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2153"></a>Hêt þâ in beran eafor, heáfod-segn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2154"></a>heaðo-steápne helm, hâre byrnan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2155">2155</a><div class="line">gûð-sweord geatolîc, gyd äfter wräc:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2156"></a>"Me þis hilde-sceorp Hrôðgâr sealde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2157">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2157"></a>"snotra fengel, sume worde hêt,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2158">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2158"></a>"þät ic his ærest þe eft gesägde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2159"></a>"cwäð þät hyt häfde Hiorogâr cyning,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2160">2160</a><div class="line">"leód Scyldunga lange hwîle:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2161"></a>"nô þý ær suna sînum syllan wolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2162"></a>"hwatum Heorowearde, þeáh he him hold wære,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2163"></a>"breóst-gewædu. Brûc ealles well!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2164"></a>Hýrde ic þät þâm frätwum feówer mearas</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2165">2165</a><div class="line">lungre gelîce lâst weardode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2166"></a>äppel-fealuwe; he him êst geteáh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2167"></a>meara and mâðma. Swâ sceal mæg dôn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2168"></a>nealles inwit-net ôðrum bregdan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2169"></a>dyrnum cräfte deáð rên<i>ian</i></div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2170">2170</a><div class="line">hond-gesteallan. Hygelâce wäs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2171"></a>nîða heardum, nefa swýðe hold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2172"></a>and gehwäðer ôðrum hrôðra gemyndig.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2173"></a>Hýrde ic þät he þone heals-beáh Hygde gesealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2174"></a>wrätlîcne wundur-mâððum, þone þe him Wealhþeó geaf,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2175">2175</a><div class="line">þeódnes dôhtor, þrió wicg somod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2176"></a>swancor and sadol-beorht; hyre syððan wäs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2177"></a>äfter beáh-þege breóst geweorðod.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2178"></a>Swâ bealdode bearn Ecgþeówes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2179"></a>guma gûðum cûð, gôdum dædum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2180">2180</a><div class="line">dreáh äfter dôme, nealles druncne slôg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2181"></a>heorð-geneátas; näs him hreóh sefa,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2182"></a>ac he man-cynnes mæste cräfte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2183"></a>gin-fästan gife, þe him god sealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2184"></a>heóld hilde-deór. Heán wäs lange,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2185">2185</a><div class="line">swâ hyne Geáta bearn gôdne ne tealdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2186"></a>ne hyne on medo-bence micles wyrðne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2187"></a>drihten wereda gedôn wolde;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2188">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2188"></a>swýðe <i>oft</i> <i>säg</i>don, þät he sleac wære,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2189"></a>äðeling unfrom: edwenden cwom</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2190">2190</a><div class="line">tîr-eádigum menn torna gehwylces.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2191"></a>Hêt þâ eorla hleó in gefetian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2192"></a>heaðo-rôf cyning, Hrêðles lâfe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2193"></a>golde gegyrede; näs mid Geátum þâ</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2194"></a>sinc-mâððum sêlra on sweordes hâd;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2195">2195</a><div class="line">þät he on Biówulfes bearm âlegde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2196">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2196"></a>and him gesealde seofan þûsendo,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2197"></a>bold and brego-stôl. Him wäs bâm samod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2198"></a>on þam leód-scipe lond gecynde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2199"></a>eard êðel-riht, ôðrum swîðor</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2200">2200</a><div class="line">sîde rîce, þam þær sêlra wäs.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2201"></a>Eft þät geiode ufaran dôgrum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2202"></a>hilde-hlämmum, syððan Hygelâc läg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2203"></a>and Heardrêde hilde-mêceas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2204"></a>under bord-hreóðan tô bonan wurdon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2205">2205</a><div class="line">þâ hyne gesôhtan on sige-þeóde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2206"></a>hearde hilde-frecan, Heaðo-Scilfingas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2207"></a>nîða genægdan nefan Hererîces.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2208"></a>Syððan Beówulfe brâde rîce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2209"></a>on hand gehwearf: he geheóld tela</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2210">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2210">2210</a><div class="line">fîftig wintru (wäs þâ frôd cyning,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2211">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2211"></a>eald êðel-weard), ôð þät ân ongan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2212"></a>deorcum nihtum draca rîcsian,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2213">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2213"></a>se þe on heáre hæðe hord beweotode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2214"></a>stân-beorh steápne: stîg under läg,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2215">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2215">2215</a><div class="line">eldum uncûð. Þær on innan gióng</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2216">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2216"></a>niða nât-hwylces neóde gefêng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2217"></a>hæðnum horde hond . d . . geþ . . hwylc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2218"></a>since fâhne, he þät syððan . . . . .</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2219"></a>. . . þ . . . lð . þ . . l . g</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2220">2220</a><div class="line">slæpende be fýre, fyrena hyrde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2221"></a>þeófes cräfte, þät sie . . . . ðioð . . . . .</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2222"></a>. idh . folc-beorn, þät he gebolgen wäs.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXII"></a><h2>XXXII. THE FIRE-DRAKE. THE HOARD.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note2223">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2223"></a>Nealles mid geweoldum wyrm-horda . . . cräft</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2224">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2224"></a><i>sôhte</i> sylfes willum, se þe him <i>sâ</i>re gesceôd,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2225">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2225">2225</a><div class="line">ac for þreá-nêdlan þ<i>eów</i> nât-hwylces</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2226"></a>häleða bearna hete-swengeas fleáh,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2227">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2227"></a><i>for</i> <i>ofer</i>-þear<i>fe</i> and þær inne fealh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2228"></a>secg syn-bysig. Sôna in þâ tîde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2229">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2229"></a>þät . . . . . þam gyste . . . . br . g . stôd,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2230">2230</a><div class="line">hwäðre earm-sceapen . . . . . . .</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2231"></a>. . ð . . . sceapen o . . . . i r . . e se fæs begeat,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2232">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2232"></a>sinc-fät <i>geseah</i>: þær wäs swylcra fela</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2233">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2233"></a>in þam eorð-<i>scrä</i>fe ær-gestreóna,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2234"></a>swâ hy on geâr-dagum gumena nât-hwylc</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2235">2235</a><div class="line">eormen-lâfe äðelan cynnes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2236"></a>þanc-hycgende þær gehýdde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2237"></a>deóre mâðmas. Ealle hie deáð fornam</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2238"></a>ærran mælum, and se ân þâ gen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2239"></a>leóda duguðe, se þær lengest hwearf,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2240">2240</a><div class="line">weard wine-geômor wîscte þäs yldan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2241">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2241"></a>þät he lytel fäc long-gestreóna</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2242"></a>brûcan môste. Beorh eal gearo</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2243"></a>wunode on wonge wäter-ýðum neáh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2244"></a>niwe be nässe nearo-cräftum fäst:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2245">2245</a><div class="line">þær on innan bär eorl-gestreóna</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2246">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2246"></a>hringa hyrde hard-fyrdne dæl</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2247">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2247"></a>fättan goldes, feá worda cwäð:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2248"></a>"Heald þu nu, hruse, nu häleð ne môston,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2249"></a>"eorla æhte. Hwät! hit ær on þe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2250">2250</a><div class="line">"gôde begeâton; gûð-deáð fornam,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2251"></a>"feorh-bealo frêcne fyra gehwylcne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2252"></a>"leóda mînra, þâra þe þis <i>lîf</i> ofgeaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2253"></a>"gesâwon sele-dreám. Nâh hwâ sweord wege</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2254">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2254"></a>"oððe fe<i>tige</i> fäted wæge,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2255">2255</a><div class="line">"drync-fät deóre: dug<i>uð</i> ellor scôc.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2256"></a>"Sceal se hearda helm <i>hyr</i>sted golde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2257"></a>"fätum befeallen: feormiend swefað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2258"></a>"þâ þe beado-grîman býwan sceoldon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2259"></a>"ge swylce seó here-pâd, sió ät hilde gebâd</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2260">2260</a><div class="line">"ofer borda gebräc bite îrena,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2261">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2261"></a>"brosnað äfter beorne. Ne mäg byrnan hring</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2262"></a>"äfter wîg-fruman wîde fêran</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2263">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2263"></a>"häleðum be healfe; näs hearpan wyn,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2264">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2264"></a>"gomen gleó-beámes, ne gôd hafoc</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2265">2265</a><div class="line">"geond säl swingeð, ne se swifta mearh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2266"></a>"burh-stede beáteð. Bealo-cwealm hafað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2267"></a>"fela feorh-cynna feorr onsended!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2268"></a>Swâ giômor-môd giohðo mænde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2269"></a>ân äfter eallum unblîðe hweóp,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2270">2270</a><div class="line">däges and nihtes, ôð þät deáðes wylm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2271"></a>hrân ät heortan. Hord-wynne fond</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2272"></a>eald uht-sceaða opene standan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2273"></a>se þe byrnende biorgas sêceð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2274"></a>nacod nîð-draca, nihtes fleógeð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2275">2275</a><div class="line">fýre befangen; hyne fold-bûend</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2276">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2276"></a><i>wîde</i> <i>gesâw</i>on. He ge<i>wuni</i>an sceall</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2277">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2277"></a>hlâw <i>under</i> hrusan, þær he hæðen gold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2278"></a>warað wintrum frôd; ne byð him wihte þê sêl.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2279"></a>Swâ se þeód-sceaða þreó hund wintra</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2280">2280</a><div class="line">heóld on hrusan hord-ärna sum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2281"></a>eácen-cräftig, ôð þät hyne ân âbealh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2282"></a>mon on môde: man-dryhtne bär</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2283"></a>fäted wæge, frioðo-wære bäd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2284"></a>hlâford sînne. Þâ wäs hord râsod,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2285">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2285">2285</a><div class="line">onboren beága hord, bêne getîðad</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2286"></a>feá-sceaftum men. Freá sceáwode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2287"></a>fira fyrn-geweorc forman sîðe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2288"></a>Þâ se wyrm onwôc, wrôht wäs geniwad;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2289"></a>stonc þâ äfter stâne, stearc-heort onfand</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2290">2290</a><div class="line">feóndes fôt-lâst; he tô forð gestôp,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2291"></a>dyrnan cräfte, dracan heáfde neáh.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2292"></a>Swâ mäg unfæge eáðe gedîgan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2293"></a>weán and wräc-sîð, se þe waldendes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2294"></a>hyldo gehealdeð. Hord-weard sôhte</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2295">2295</a><div class="line">georne äfter grunde, wolde guman findan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2296"></a>þone þe him on sweofote sâre geteóde:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2297"></a>hât and hreóh-môd hlæw oft ymbe hwearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2298"></a>ealne ûtan-weardne; ne þær ænig mon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2299">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2299"></a><i>wäs</i> on þære wêstenne. Hwäðre hilde gefeh,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2300">2300</a><div class="line">bea<i>do</i>-weorces: hwîlum on beorh äthwearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2301"></a>sinc-fät sôhte; he þät sôna onfand,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2302"></a>þät häfde gumena sum goldes gefandod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2303"></a>heáh-gestreóna. Hord-weard onbâd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2304"></a>earfoðlîce, ôð þät æfen cwom;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2305">2305</a><div class="line">wäs þâ gebolgen beorges hyrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2306"></a>wolde se lâða lîge forgyldan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2307"></a>drinc-fät dýre. Þâ wäs däg sceacen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2308"></a>wyrme on willan, nô on wealle leng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2309"></a>bîdan wolde, ac mid bæle fôr,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2310">2310</a><div class="line">fýre gefýsed. Wäs se fruma egeslîc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2311"></a>leódum on lande, swâ hyt lungre wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2312"></a>on hyra sinc-gifan sâre geendod.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXIII"></a><h2>XXXIII. BEOWULF RESOLVES TO KILL THE FIRE-DRAKE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2313"></a>Þâ se gäst ongan glêdum spîwan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2314"></a>beorht hofu bärnan; bryne-leóma stôd</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2315">2315</a><div class="line">eldum on andan; nô þær âht cwices</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2316"></a>lâð lyft-floga læfan wolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2317"></a>Wäs þäs wyrmes wîg wîde gesýne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2318"></a>nearo-fâges nîð neán and feorran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2319"></a>hû se gûð-sceaða Geáta leóde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2320">2320</a><div class="line">hatode and hýnde: hord eft gesceát,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2321"></a>dryht-sele dyrnne ær däges hwîle.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2322"></a>Häfde land-wara lîge befangen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2323"></a>bæle and bronde; beorges getrûwode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2324"></a>wîges and wealles: him seó wên geleáh.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2325">2325</a><div class="line">Þâ wäs Biówulfe brôga gecýðed</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2326">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2326"></a>snûde tô sôðe, þät his sylfes him</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2327"></a>bolda sêlest bryne-wylmum mealt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2328"></a>gif-stôl Geáta. Þät þam gôdan wäs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2329"></a>hreów on hreðre, hyge-sorga mæst:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2330">2330</a><div class="line">wênde se wîsa, þät he wealdende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2331"></a>ofer ealde riht, êcean dryhtne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2332"></a>bitre gebulge: breóst innan weóll</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2333"></a>þeóstrum geþoncum, swâ him geþýwe ne wäs.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2334"></a>Häfde lîg-draca leóda fästen,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2335">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2335">2335</a><div class="line">eá-lond ûtan, eorð-weard þone</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2336"></a>glêdum forgrunden. Him þäs gûð-cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2337"></a>Wedera þióden, wräce leornode.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2338"></a>Hêht him þâ gewyrcean wîgendra hleó</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2339"></a>eall-îrenne, eorla dryhten</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2340">2340</a><div class="line">wîg-bord wrätlîc; wisse he gearwe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2341"></a>þät him holt-wudu he<i>lpan</i> ne meahte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2342"></a>lind wið lîge. Sceolde læn-daga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2343"></a>äðeling ær-gôd ende gebîdan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2344"></a>worulde lîfes and se wyrm somod;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2345">2345</a><div class="line">þeáh þe hord-welan heólde lange.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2346">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2346"></a>Oferhogode þâ hringa fengel,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2347"></a>þät he þone wîd-flogan weorode gesôhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2348"></a>sîdan herge; nô he him þâ säcce ondrêd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2349"></a>ne him þäs wyrmes wîg for wiht dyde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2350">2350</a><div class="line">eafoð and ellen; forþon he ær fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2351"></a>nearo nêðende nîða gedîgde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2352"></a>hilde-hlemma, syððan he Hrôðgâres,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2353"></a>sigor-eádig secg, sele fælsode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2354"></a>and ät gûðe forgrâp Grendeles mægum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2355">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2355">2355</a><div class="line">lâðan cynnes. Nô þät läsest wäs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2356"></a>hond-gemota, þær mon Hygelâc slôh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2357"></a>syððan Geáta cyning gûðe ræsum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2358"></a>freá-wine folces Freslondum on,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2359"></a>Hrêðles eafora hioro-dryncum swealt,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2360">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2360">2360</a><div class="line">bille gebeáten; þonan Biówulf com</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2361"></a>sylfes cräfte, sund-nytte dreáh;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2362">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2362"></a>† häfde him on earme ... XXX</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2363"></a>hilde-geatwa, þâ he tô holme <i>st</i>âg.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2364">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2364"></a>Nealles Hetware hrêmge þorfton</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2365">2365</a><div class="line">fêðe-wîges, þe him foran ongeán</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2366"></a>linde bæron: lyt eft becwom</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2367"></a>fram þam hild-frecan hâmes niósan.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2368">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2368"></a>Oferswam þâ sióleða bigong sunu Ecgþeówes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2369"></a>earm ân-haga eft tô leódum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2370">2370</a><div class="line">þær him Hygd gebeád hord and rîce,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2371"></a>beágas and brego-stôl: bearne ne trûwode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2372"></a>þät he wið äl-fylcum êðel-stôlas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2373"></a>healdan cûðe, þâ wäs Hygelâc deád.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2374"></a>Nô þý ær feá-sceafte findan meahton</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2375">2375</a><div class="line">ät þam äðelinge ænige þinga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2376"></a>þät he Heardrêde hlâford wære,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2377"></a>oððe þone cyne-dôm ciósan wolde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2378"></a>hwäðre he him on folce freónd-lârum heóld,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2379"></a>êstum mid âre, ôð þät he yldra wearð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2380">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2380">2380</a><div class="line">Weder-Geátum weóld. Hyne wräc-mäcgas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2381"></a>ofer sæ sôhtan, suna Ôhteres:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2382"></a>häfdon hy forhealden helm Scylfinga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2383"></a>þone sêlestan sæ-cyninga,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2384">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2384"></a>þâra þe in Swió-rîce sinc brytnade,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2385">2385</a><div class="line">mærne þeóden. Him þät tô mearce wearð;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2386">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2386"></a>he þær orfeorme feorh-wunde hleát</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2387"></a>sweordes swengum, sunu Hygelâces;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2388"></a>and him eft gewât Ongenþiówes bearn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2389"></a>hâmes niósan, syððan Heardrêd läg;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2390">2390</a><div class="line">lêt þone brego-stôl Biówulf healdan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2391">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2391"></a>Geátum wealdan: þät wäs gôd cyning.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXIV"></a><h2>XXXIV. RETROSPECT OF BEÓWULF.—STRIFE BETWEEN SWEONAS AND GEATAS.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2392"></a>Se þäs leód-hryres leán gemunde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2393"></a>uferan dôgrum, Eádgilse wearð</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2394">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2394"></a>feá-sceaftum feónd. Folce gestepte</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2395">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2395">2395</a><div class="line">ofer sæ sîde sunu Ôhteres</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2396"></a>wîgum and wæpnum: he gewräc syððan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2397"></a>cealdum cear-sîðum, cyning ealdre bineát.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2398"></a>Swâ he nîða gehwane genesen häfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2399"></a>slîðra geslyhta, sunu Ecgþiówes,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2400">2400</a><div class="line">ellen-weorca, ôð þone ânne däg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2401"></a>þe he wið þam wyrme gewegan sceolde.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2402">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2402"></a>Gewât þâ twelfa sum torne gebolgen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2403"></a>dryhten Geáta dracan sceáwian;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2404"></a>häfde þâ gefrunen, hwanan sió fæhð ârâs,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2405">2405</a><div class="line">bealo-nîð biorna; him tô bearme cwom</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2406"></a>mâððum-fät mære þurh þäs meldan hond,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2407"></a>Se wäs on þam þreáte þreotteoða secg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2408"></a>se þäs orleges ôr onstealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2409"></a>häft hyge-giômor, sceolde heán þonon</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2410">2410</a><div class="line">wong wîsian: he ofer willan gióng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2411"></a>tô þäs þe he eorð-sele ânne wisse,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2412"></a>hlæw under hrusan holm-wylme nêh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2413"></a>ýð-gewinne, se wäs innan full</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2414"></a>wrätta and wîra: weard unhióre,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2415">2415</a><div class="line">gearo gûð-freca, gold-mâðmas heóld,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2416"></a>eald under eorðan; näs þät ýðe ceáp,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2417"></a>tô gegangenne gumena ænigum.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2418"></a>Gesät þâ on nässe nîð-heard cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2419"></a>þenden hælo âbeád heorð-geneátum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2420">2420</a><div class="line">gold-wine Geáta: him wäs geômor sefa,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2421"></a>wäfre and wäl-fûs, Wyrd ungemete neáh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2422"></a>se þone gomelan grêtan sceolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2423"></a>sêcean sâwle hord, sundur gedælan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2424"></a>lîf wið lîce: nô þon lange wäs</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2425">2425</a><div class="line">feorh äðelinges flæsce bewunden.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2426"></a>Biówulf maðelade, bearn Ecgþeówes:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2427"></a>"Fela ic on giogoðe guð-ræsa genäs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2428"></a>"orleg-hwîla: ic þät eall gemon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2429"></a>"Ic wäs syfan-wintre, þâ mec sinca baldor,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2430">2430</a><div class="line">"freá-wine folca ät mînum fäder genam,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2431"></a>"heóld mec and häfde Hrêðel cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2432"></a>"geaf me sinc and symbel, sibbe gemunde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2433"></a>"näs ic him tô lîfe lâðra ôwihte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2434"></a>"beorn in burgum, þonne his bearna hwylc,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2435">2435</a><div class="line">"Herebeald and Hæðcyn, oððe Hygelâc mîn.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2436"></a>"Wäs þam yldestan ungedêfelîce</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2437">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2437"></a>"mæges dædum morðor-bed strêd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2438"></a>"syððan hyne Hæðcyn of horn-bogan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2439">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2439"></a>"his freá-wine flâne geswencte,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2440">2440</a><div class="line">"miste mercelses and his mæg ofscêt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2441"></a>"brôðor ôðerne, blôdigan gâre:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2442">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2442"></a>"þät wäs feoh-leás gefeoht, fyrenum gesyngad</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2443"></a>"hreðre hyge-mêðe; sceolde hwäðre swâ þeáh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2444"></a>"äðeling unwrecen ealdres linnan.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2445">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2445">2445</a><div class="line">"Swâ bið geômorlîc gomelum ceorle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2446"></a>"tô gebîdanne, þät his byre rîde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2447">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2447"></a>"giong on galgan, þonne he gyd wrece,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2448"></a>"sârigne sang, þonne his sunu hangað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2449">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2449"></a>"hrefne tô hrôðre and he him helpe ne mäg,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2450">2450</a><div class="line">"eald and in-frôd, ænige gefremman.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2451"></a>"Symble bið gemyndgad morna gehwylce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2452"></a>"eaforan ellor-sîð; ôðres ne gýmeð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2453"></a>"tô gebîdanne burgum on innan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2454">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2454"></a>"yrfe-weardes, þonne se ân hafað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2455">2455</a><div class="line">"þurh deáðes nýd dæda gefondad.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2456"></a>"Gesyhð sorh-cearig on his suna bûre</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2457"></a>"wîn-sele wêstne, wind-gereste,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2458">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2458"></a>"reóte berofene; rîdend swefað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2459"></a>"häleð in hoðman; nis þær hearpan swêg,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2460">2460</a><div class="line">"gomen in geardum, swylce þær iú wæron.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXV"></a><h2>XXXV. MEMORIES OF PAST TIME.—THE FEUD WITH THE FIRE-DRAKE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2461"></a>"Gewîteð þonne on sealman, sorh-leóð gäleð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2462"></a>"ân äfter ânum: þûhte him eall tô rûm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2463"></a>"wongas and wîc-stede. Swâ Wedra helm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2464"></a>"äfter Herebealde heortan sorge</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2465">2465</a><div class="line">"weallende wäg, wihte ne meahte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2466"></a>"on þam feorh-bonan fæhðe gebêtan:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2467"></a>"nô þý ær he þone heaðo-rinc hatian ne meahte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2468"></a>"lâðum dædum, þeáh him leóf ne wäs.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2469"></a>"He þâ mid þære sorge, þe him sió sâr belamp,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2470">2470</a><div class="line">"gum-dreám ofgeaf, godes leóht geceás;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2471"></a>"eaferum læfde, swâ dêð eádig mon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2472"></a>"lond and leód-byrig, þâ he of lîfe gewât.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2473"></a>"Þâ wäs synn and sacu Sweona and Geáta,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2474">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2474"></a>"ofer wîd wäter wrôht gemæne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2475">2475</a><div class="line">"here-nîð hearda, syððan Hrêðel swealt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2476"></a>"oððe him Ongenþeówes eaferan wæran</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2477">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2477"></a>"frome fyrd-hwate, freóde ne woldon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2478"></a>"ofer heafo healdan, ac ymb Hreosna-beorh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2479"></a>"eatolne inwit-scear oft gefremedon.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2480">2480</a><div class="line">"Þät mæg-wine mîne gewræcan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2481"></a>"fæhðe and fyrene, swâ hyt gefræge wäs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2482"></a>"þeáh þe ôðer hit ealdre gebohte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2483"></a>"heardan ceápe: Hæðcynne wearð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2484"></a>"Geáta dryhtne, gûð onsæge.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2485">2485</a><div class="line">"Þâ ic on morgne gefrägn mæg ôðerne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2486"></a>"billes ecgum on bonan stælan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2487"></a>"þær Ongenþeów Eofores niósade:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2488"></a>"gûð-helm tôglâd, gomela Scylfing</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2489">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2489"></a>"hreás <i>heoro</i>-blâc; hond gemunde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2490">2490</a><div class="line">"fæhðo genôge, feorh-sweng ne ofteáh.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2491"></a>"Ic him þâ mâðmas, þe he me sealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2492"></a>"geald ät gûðe, swâ me gifeðe wäs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2493"></a>"leóhtan sweorde: he me lond forgeaf,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2494">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2494"></a>"eard êðel-wyn. Näs him ænig þearf,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2495">2495</a><div class="line">"þät he tô Gifðum oððe tô Gâr-Denum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2496"></a>"oððe in Swió-rîce sêcean þurfe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2497"></a>"wyrsan wîg-frecan, weorðe gecýpan;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2498"></a>"symle ic him on fêðan beforan wolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2499"></a>"âna on orde, and swâ tô aldre sceall</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2500">2500</a><div class="line">"säcce fremman, þenden þis sweord þolað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2501"></a>"þät mec ær and sîð oft gelæste,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2502">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2502"></a>"syððan ic for dugeðum Däghrefne wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2503"></a>"tô hand-bonan, Hûga cempan:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2504"></a>"nalles he þâ frätwe Fres-cyninge,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2505">2505</a><div class="line">"breóst-weorðunge bringan môste,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2506"></a>"ac in campe gecrong cumbles hyrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2507"></a>"äðeling on elne. Ne wäs ecg bona,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2508"></a>"ac him hilde-grâp heortan wylmas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2509"></a>"bân-hûs gebräc. Nu sceall billes ecg,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2510">2510</a><div class="line">"hond and heard sweord ymb hord wîgan."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2511"></a>Beówulf maðelode, beót-wordum spräc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2512"></a>niéhstan sîðe: "Ic genêðde fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2513"></a>"gûða on geogoðe; gyt ic wylle,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2514"></a>"frôd folces weard, fæhðe sêcan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2515">2515</a><div class="line">"mærðum fremman, gif mec se mân-sceaða</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2516"></a>"of eorð-sele ût gesêceð!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2517"></a>Gegrêtte þâ gumena gehwylcne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2518"></a>hwate helm-berend hindeman sîðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2519"></a>swæse gesîðas: "Nolde ic sweord beran,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2520">2520</a><div class="line">"wæpen tô wyrme, gif ic wiste hû</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2521"></a>"wið þam aglæcean elles meahte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2522"></a>"gylpe wiðgrîpan, swâ ic gió wið Grendle dyde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2523"></a>"ac ic þær heaðu-fýres hâtes wêne,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2524">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2524"></a>"rêðes and-hâttres: forþon ic me on hafu</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2525">2525</a><div class="line">"bord and byrnan. Nelle ic beorges weard</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2526">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2526"></a>"oferfleón fôtes trem, <i>feónd</i> <i>unhýre</i>,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2527"></a>"ac unc sceal weorðan ät wealle, swâ unc Wyrd geteóð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2528"></a>"metod manna gehwäs. Ic eom on môde from,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2529"></a>"þät ic wið þone gûð-flogan gylp ofersitte.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2530">2530</a><div class="line">"Gebîde ge on beorge byrnum werede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2531"></a>"secgas on searwum, hwäðer sêl mæge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2532"></a>"äfter wäl-ræse wunde gedýgan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2533"></a>"uncer twega. Nis þät eówer sîð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2534"></a>"ne gemet mannes, nefne mîn ânes,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2535">2535</a><div class="line">"þät he wið aglæcean eofoðo dæle,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2536"></a>"eorl-scype efne. Ic mid elne sceall</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2537"></a>"gold gegangan oððe gûð nimeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2538"></a>"feorh-bealu frêcne, freán eówerne!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2539"></a>Ârâs þâ bî ronde rôf oretta,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2540">2540</a><div class="line">heard under helm, hioro-sercean bär</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2541"></a>under stân-cleofu, strengo getrûwode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2542"></a>ânes mannes: ne bið swylc earges sîð.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2543"></a>Geseah þâ be wealle, se þe worna fela,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2544"></a>gum-cystum gôd, gûða gedîgde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2545">2545</a><div class="line">hilde-hlemma, þonne hnitan fêðan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2546">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2546"></a>(stôd on stân-bogan) streám ût þonan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2547"></a>brecan of beorge; wäs þære burnan wälm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2548"></a>heaðo-fýrum hât: ne meahte horde neáh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2549"></a>unbyrnende ænige hwîle</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2550">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2550">2550</a><div class="line">deóp gedýgan for dracan lêge.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2551"></a>Lêt þâ of breóstum, þâ he gebolgen wäs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2552"></a>Weder-Geáta leód word ût faran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2553"></a>stearc-heort styrmde; stefn in becom</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2554"></a>heaðo-torht hlynnan under hârne stân.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2555">2555</a><div class="line">Hete wäs onhrêred, hord-weard oncniów</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2556"></a>mannes reorde; näs þær mâra fyrst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2557"></a>freóde tô friclan. From ærest cwom</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2558"></a>oruð aglæcean ût of stâne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2559"></a>hât hilde-swât; hruse dynede.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2560">2560</a><div class="line">Biorn under beorge bord-rand onswâf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2561"></a>wið þam gryre-gieste, Geáta dryhten:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2562"></a>þâ wäs hring-bogan heorte gefýsed</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2563"></a>säcce tô sêceanne. Sweord ær gebräd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2564"></a>gôd gûð-cyning gomele lâfe,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2565">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2565">2565</a><div class="line">ecgum ungleáw, æghwäðrum wäs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2566"></a>bealo-hycgendra brôga fram ôðrum.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2567"></a>Stîð-môd gestôd wið steápne rond</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2568"></a>winia bealdor, þâ se wyrm gebeáh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2569"></a>snûde tôsomne: he on searwum bâd.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2570">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2570">2570</a><div class="line">Gewât þâ byrnende gebogen scrîðan tô,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2571"></a>gescîfe scyndan. Scyld wel gebearg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2572"></a>lîfe and lîce lässan hwîle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2573"></a>mærum þeódne, þonne his myne sôhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2574"></a>þær he þý fyrste forman dôgore</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2575">2575</a><div class="line">wealdan môste, swâ him Wyrd ne gescrâf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2576"></a>hrêð ät hilde. Hond up âbräd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2577"></a>Geáta dryhten, gryre-fâhne slôh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2578"></a>incge lâfe, þät sió ecg gewâc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2579"></a>brûn on bâne, bât unswîðor,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2580">2580</a><div class="line">þonne his þiód-cyning þearfe häfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2581"></a>bysigum gebæded. Þâ wäs beorges weard</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2582"></a>äfter heaðu-swenge on hreóum môde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2583"></a>wearp wäl-fýre, wîde sprungon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2584"></a>hilde-leóman: hrêð-sigora ne gealp</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2585">2585</a><div class="line">gold-wine Geáta, gûð-bill geswâc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2586"></a>nacod ät nîðe, swâ hyt nô sceolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2587"></a>îren ær-gôd. Ne wäs þät êðe sîð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2588"></a>þät se mæra maga Ecgþeówes</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2589">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2589"></a>grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2590">2590</a><div class="line">sceolde <i>wyrmes</i> willan wîc eardian</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2591"></a>elles hwergen, swâ sceal æghwylc mon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2592"></a>âlætan læn-dagas. Näs þâ long tô þon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2593"></a>þät þâ aglæcean hy eft gemêtton.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2594"></a>Hyrte hyne hord-weard, hreðer æðme weóll,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2595">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2595">2595</a><div class="line">niwan stefne: nearo þrowode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2596"></a>fýre befongen se þe ær folce weóld.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2597"></a>Nealles him on heápe hand-gesteallan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2598"></a>äðelinga bearn ymbe gestôdon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2599"></a>hilde-cystum, ac hy on holt bugon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2600">2600</a><div class="line">ealdre burgan. Hiora in ânum weóll</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2601"></a>sefa wið sorgum: sibb æfre ne mäg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2602"></a>wiht onwendan, þam þe wel þenceð.</div> +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXVI"></a><h2>XXXVI. WIGLAF HELPS BEÓWULF IN THE FEUD</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2603"></a>Wîglâf wäs hâten Weoxstânes sunu,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2604">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2604"></a>leóflîc lind-wiga, leód Scylfinga,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2605">2605</a><div class="line">mæg Älfheres: geseah his mon-dryhten</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2606"></a>under here-grîman hât þrowian.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2607">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2607"></a>Gemunde þâ þâ âre, þe he him ær forgeaf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2608"></a>wîc-stede weligne Wægmundinga,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2609">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2609"></a>folc-rihta gehwylc, swâ his fäder âhte;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2610">2610</a><div class="line">ne mihte þâ forhabban, hond rond gefêng,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2611"></a>geolwe linde, gomel swyrd geteáh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2612"></a>þät wäs mid eldum Eánmundes lâf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2613"></a>suna Ôhteres, þam ät säcce wearð</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2614">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2614"></a>wracu wine-leásum Weohstânes bana</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2615">2615</a><div class="line">mêces ecgum, and his mâgum ätbär</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2616"></a>brûn-fâgne helm, hringde byrnan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2617"></a>eald sweord eotonisc, þät him Onela forgeaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2618"></a>his gädelinges gûð-gewædu,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2619"></a>fyrd-searo fûslîc: nô ymbe þâ fæhðe spräc,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2620">2620</a><div class="line">þeáh þe he his brôðor bearn âbredwade.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2621"></a>He frätwe geheóld fela missera,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2622"></a>bill and byrnan, ôð þät his byre mihte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2623"></a>eorl-scipe efnan, swâ his ær-fäder;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2624"></a>geaf him þâ mid Geátum gûð-gewæda</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2625">2625</a><div class="line">æghwäs unrîm; þâ he of ealdre gewât,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2626"></a>frôd on forð-weg. Þâ wäs forma sîð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2627"></a>geongan cempan, þät he gûðe ræs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2628"></a>mid his freó-dryhtne fremman sceolde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2629"></a>ne gemealt him se môd-sefa, ne his mæges lâf</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2630">2630</a><div class="line">gewâc ät wîge: þät se wyrm onfand,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2631"></a>syððan hie tôgädre gegân häfdon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2632"></a>Wîglâf maðelode word-rihta fela,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2633"></a>sägde gesîðum, him wäs sefa geômor:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2634"></a>"Ic þät mæl geman, þær we medu þêgun,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2635">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2635">2635</a><div class="line">"þonne we gehêton ûssum hlâforde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2636"></a>"in biór-sele, þe ûs þâs beágas geaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2637"></a>"þät we him þâ gûð-geatwa gyldan woldon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2638"></a>"gif him þyslîcu þearf gelumpe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2639"></a>"helmas and heard sweord: þê he ûsic on herge geceás</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2640">2640</a><div class="line">"tô þyssum sîð-fate sylfes willum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2641"></a>"onmunde ûsic mærða and me þâs mâðmas geaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2642"></a>"þê he ûsic gâr-wîgend gôde tealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2643"></a>"hwate helm-berend, þeáh þe hlâford ûs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2644"></a>"þis ellen-weorc âna âþôhte</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2645">2645</a><div class="line">"tô gefremmanne, folces hyrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2646"></a>"forþam he manna mæst mærða gefremede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2647"></a>"dæda dollîcra. Nu is se däg cumen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2648"></a>"þät ûre man-dryhten mägenes behôfað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2649">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2649"></a>"gôdra gûð-rinca: wutun gangan tô,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2650">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2650">2650</a><div class="line">"helpan hild-fruman, þenden hyt sý,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2651"></a>"glêd-egesa grim! God wât on mec,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2652"></a>"þät me is micle leófre, þät mînne lîc-haman</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2653"></a>"mid mînne gold-gyfan glêd fäðmie.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2654"></a>"Ne þynceð me gerysne, þät we rondas beren</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2655">2655</a><div class="line">"eft tô earde, nemne we æror mægen</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2656">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2656"></a>"fâne gefyllan, feorh ealgian</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2657"></a>"Wedra þiódnes. Ic wât geare,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2658"></a>"þät næron eald-gewyrht, þät he âna scyle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2659"></a>"Geáta duguðe gnorn þrowian,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2660">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2660">2660</a><div class="line">"gesîgan ät säcce: sceal ûrum þät sweord and helm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2661"></a>"byrne and byrdu-scrûd bâm gemæne."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2662"></a>Wôd þâ þurh þone wäl-rêc, wîg-heafolan bär</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2663"></a>freán on fultum, feá worda cwäð:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2664"></a>"Leófa Biówulf, læst eall tela,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2665">2665</a><div class="line">"swâ þu on geoguð-feore geâra gecwæde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2666">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2666"></a>"þät þu ne âlæte be þe lifigendum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2667"></a>"dôm gedreósan: scealt nu dædum rôf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2668"></a>"äðeling ân-hydig, ealle mägene</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2669"></a>"feorh ealgian; ic þe fullæstu!"</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2670">2670</a><div class="line">Äfter þâm wordum wyrm yrre cwom,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2671"></a>atol inwit-gäst ôðre sîðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2672"></a>fýr-wylmum fâh fiónda niósan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2673"></a>lâðra manna; lîg-ýðum forborn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2674"></a>bord wið ronde: byrne ne meahte</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2675">2675</a><div class="line">geongum gâr-wigan geóce gefremman:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2676"></a>ac se maga geonga under his mæges scyld</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2677"></a>elne geeode, þâ his âgen w<i>äs</i></div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2678"></a>glêdum forgrunden. Þâ gen gûð-cyning</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2679"></a>m<i>ærða</i> gemunde, mägen-strengo,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2680">2680</a><div class="line">slôh hilde-bille, þät hyt on heafolan stôd</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2681">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2681"></a>nîðe genýded: Nägling forbärst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2682"></a>geswâc ät säcce sweord Biówulfes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2683"></a>gomol and græg-mæl. Him þät gifeðe ne wäs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2684"></a>þät him îrenna ecge mihton</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2685">2685</a><div class="line">helpan ät hilde; wäs sió hond tô strong,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2686"></a>se þe mêca gehwane mîne gefræge</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2687">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2687"></a>swenge ofersôhte, þonne he tô säcce bär</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2688">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2688"></a>wæpen wundrum heard, näs him wihte þê sêl.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2689"></a>Þâ wäs þeód-sceaða þriddan sîðe,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2690">2690</a><div class="line">frêcne fýr-draca fæhða gemyndig,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2691"></a>ræsde on þone rôfan, þâ him rûm âgeald,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2692"></a>hât and heaðo-grim, heals ealne ymbefêng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2693"></a>biteran bânum; he geblôdegod wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2694"></a>sâwul-drióre; swât ýðum weóll.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXVII"></a><h2>XXXVII. BEÓWULF WOUNDED TO DEATH.</h2> + +<a class="lineno" name="li2695">2695</a><div class="line">Þâ ic ät þearfe <i>gefrägn</i> þeód-cyninges</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2696"></a>and-longne eorl ellen cýðan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2697"></a>cräft and cênðu, swâ him gecynde wäs;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2698">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2698"></a>ne hêdde he þäs heafolan, ac sió hand gebarn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2699"></a>môdiges mannes, þær he his mæges healp,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2700">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2700">2700</a><div class="line">þät he þone nîð-gäst nioðor hwêne slôh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2701"></a>secg on searwum, þät þät sweord gedeáf</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2702">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2702"></a>fâh and fäted, þät þät fýr ongon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2703"></a>sweðrian syððan. Þâ gen sylf cyning</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2704">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2704"></a>geweóld his gewitte, wäll-seaxe gebräd,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2705">2705</a><div class="line">biter and beadu-scearp, þät he on byrnan wäg:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2706"></a>forwrât Wedra helm wyrm on middan.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2707">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2707"></a>Feónd gefyldan (ferh ellen wräc),</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2708"></a>and hi hyne þâ begen âbroten häfdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2709"></a>sib-äðelingas: swylc sceolde secg wesan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2710">2710</a><div class="line">þegn ät þearfe. Þät þam þeódne wäs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2711"></a>sîðast sîge-hwîle sylfes dædum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2712"></a>worlde geweorces. Þâ sió wund ongon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2713"></a>þe him se eorð-draca ær geworhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2714"></a>swêlan and swellan. He þät sôna onfand,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2715">2715</a><div class="line">þät him on breóstum bealo-nîð weóll,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2716"></a>âttor on innan. Þâ se äðeling gióng,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2717"></a>þät he bî wealle, wîs-hycgende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2718"></a>gesät on sesse; seah on enta geweorc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2719"></a>hû þâ stân-bogan stapulum fäste</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2720">2720</a><div class="line">êce eorð-reced innan heóldon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2721"></a>Hyne þâ mid handa heoro-dreórigne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2722"></a>þeóden mærne þegn ungemete till,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2723"></a>wine-dryhten his wätere gelafede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2724"></a>hilde-sädne and his helm onspeón.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2725">2725</a><div class="line">Biówulf maðelode, he ofer benne spräc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2726"></a>wunde wäl-bleáte (wisse he gearwe,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2727">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2727"></a>þät he däg-hwîla gedrogen häfde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2728"></a>eorðan wynne; þâ wäs eall sceacen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2729"></a>dôgor-gerîmes, deáð ungemete neáh):</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2730">2730</a><div class="line">"Nu ic suna mînum syllan wolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2731"></a>"gûð-gewædu, þær me gifeðe swâ</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2732"></a>"ænig yrfe-weard äfter wurde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2733"></a>"lîce gelenge. Ic þâs leóde heóld</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2734"></a>"fîftig wintra: näs se folc-cyning</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2735">2735</a><div class="line">"ymbe-sittendra ænig þâra,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2736"></a>"þe mec gûð-winum grêtan dorste,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2737"></a>"egesan þeón. Ic on earde bâd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2738"></a>"mæl-gesceafta, heóld mîn tela,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2739"></a>"ne sôhte searo-nîðas, ne me swôr fela</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2740">2740</a><div class="line">"âða on unriht. Ic þäs ealles mäg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2741"></a>"feorh-bennum seóc, gefeán habban:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2742"></a>"forþam me wîtan ne þearf waldend fira</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2743"></a>"morðor-bealo mâga, þonne mîn sceaceð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2744"></a>"lîf of lîce. Nu þu lungre</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2745">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2745">2745</a><div class="line">"geong, hord sceáwian under hârne stân,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2746"></a>"Wîglâf leófa, nu se wyrm ligeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2747"></a>"swefeð sâre wund, since bereáfod.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2748"></a>"Bió nu on ôfoste, þät ic ær-welan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2749"></a>"gold-æht ongite, gearo sceáwige</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2750">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2750">2750</a><div class="line">"swegle searo-gimmas, þät ic þý sêft mæge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2751"></a>"äfter mâððum-welan mîn âlætan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2752"></a>"lîf and leód-scipe, þone ic longe heóld."</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXVIII"></a><h2>XXXVIII. THE JEWEL-HOARD. THE PASSING OF BEOWULF.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2753"></a>Þâ ic snûde gefrägn sunu Wihstânes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2754"></a>äfter word-cwydum wundum dryhtne</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2755">2755</a><div class="line">hýran heaðo-siócum, hring-net beran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2756"></a>brogdne beadu-sercean under beorges hrôf.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2757"></a>Geseah þâ sige-hrêðig, þâ he bî sesse geóng,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2758"></a>mago-þegn môdig mâððum-sigla fela,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2759"></a>gold glitinian grunde getenge,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2760">2760</a><div class="line">wundur on wealle and þäs wyrmes denn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2761"></a>ealdes uht-flogan, orcas stondan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2762"></a>fyrn-manna fatu feormend-leáse,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2763"></a>hyrstum behrorene: þær wäs helm monig,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2764"></a>eald and ômig, earm-beága fela,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2765">2765</a><div class="line">searwum gesæled. Sinc eáðe mäg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2766"></a>gold on grunde, gum<i>ena</i> cynnes</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2767">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2767"></a>gehwone ofer-higian, hýde se þe wylle!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2768"></a>Swylce he siomian geseah segn eall-gylden</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2769"></a>heáh ofer horde, hond-wundra mæst,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2770">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2770">2770</a><div class="line">gelocen leoðo-cräftum: of þam leóma stôd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2771"></a>þät he þone grund-wong ongitan meahte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2772"></a>wräte giond-wlîtan. Näs þäs wyrmes þær</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2773"></a>onsýn ænig, ac hyne ecg fornam.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2774"></a>Þâ ic on hlæwe gefrägn hord reáfian,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2775">2775</a><div class="line">eald enta geweorc ânne mannan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2776"></a>him on bearm hladan bunan and discas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2777"></a>sylfes dôme, segn eác genom,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2778">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2778"></a>beácna beorhtost; bill ær-gescôd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2779"></a>(ecg wäs îren) eald-hlâfordes</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2780">2780</a><div class="line">þam þâra mâðma mund-bora wäs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2781"></a>longe hwîle, lîg-egesan wäg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2782"></a>hâtne for horde, hioro-weallende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2783"></a>middel-nihtum, ôð þät he morðre swealt.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2784"></a>Âr wäs on ôfoste eft-sîðes georn,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2785">2785</a><div class="line">frätwum gefyrðred: hyne fyrwet bräc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2786"></a>hwäðer collen-ferð cwicne gemêtte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2787"></a>in þam wong-stede Wedra þeóden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2788"></a>ellen-siócne, þær he hine ær forlêt.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2789"></a>He þâ mid þâm mâðmum mærne þióden,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2790">2790</a><div class="line">dryhten sînne driórigne fand</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2791">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2791"></a>ealdres ät ende: he hine eft ongon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2792">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2792"></a>wäteres weorpan, ôð þät wordes ord</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2793"></a>breóst-hord þurhbräc. <i>Beówulf maðelode</i>,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2794"></a>gomel on giohðe (gold sceáwode):</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2795">2795</a><div class="line">"Ic þâra frätwa freán ealles þanc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2796"></a>"wuldur-cyninge wordum secge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2797"></a>"êcum dryhtne, þe ic her on starie,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2798"></a>"þäs þe ic môste mînum leódum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2799"></a>"ær swylt-däge swylc gestrýnan.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2800">2800</a><div class="line">"Nu ic on mâðma hord mîne bebohte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2801"></a>"frôde feorh-lege, fremmað ge nu</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2802"></a>"leóda þearfe; ne mäg ic her leng wesan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2803"></a>"Hâtað heaðo-mære hlæw gewyrcean,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2804"></a>"beorhtne äfter bæle ät brimes nosan;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2805">2805</a><div class="line">"sê scel tô gemyndum mînum leódum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2806">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2806"></a>"heáh hlifian on Hrones nässe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2807"></a>"þät hit sæ-lîðend syððan hâtan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2808"></a>"Biówulfes biorh, þâ þe brentingas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2809"></a>"ofer flôda genipu feorran drîfað."</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2810">2810</a><div class="line">Dyde him of healse hring gyldenne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2811"></a>þióden þrîst-hydig, þegne gesealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2812"></a>geongum gâr-wigan, gold-fâhne helm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2813"></a>beáh and byrnan, hêt hyne brûcan well:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2814"></a>"Þu eart ende-lâf ûsses cynnes,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2815">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2815">2815</a><div class="line">"Wægmundinga; ealle Wyrd forsweóf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2816"></a>"mîne mâgas tô metod-sceafte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2817"></a>"eorlas on elne: ic him äfter sceal."</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2818">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2818"></a>Þät wäs þam gomelan gingeste word</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2819"></a>breóst-gehygdum, ær he bæl cure,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2820">2820</a><div class="line">hâte heaðo-wylmas: him of hreðre gewât</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2821"></a>sâwol sêcean sôð-fästra dôm.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXIX"></a><h2>XXXIX. THE COWARD-THANES.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2822"></a>Þâ wäs gegongen guman unfrôdum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2823"></a>earfoðlîce, þät he on eorðan geseah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2824"></a>þone leófestan lîfes ät ende</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2825">2825</a><div class="line">bleáte gebæran. Bona swylce läg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2826"></a>egeslîc eorð-draca, ealdre bereáfod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2827"></a>bealwe gebæded: beáh-hordum leng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2828"></a>wyrm woh-bogen wealdan ne môste,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2829"></a>ac him îrenna ecga fornâmon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2830">2830</a><div class="line">hearde heaðo-scearpe homera lâfe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2831"></a>þät se wîd-floga wundum stille</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2832"></a>hreás on hrusan hord-ärne neáh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2833"></a>nalles äfter lyfte lâcende hwearf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2834"></a>middel-nihtum, mâðm-æhta wlonc</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2835">2835</a><div class="line">ansýn ýwde: ac he eorðan gefeóll</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2836"></a>for þäs hild-fruman hond-geweorce.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2837">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2837"></a>Hûru þät on lande lyt manna þâh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2838"></a>mägen-âgendra mîne gefræge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2839"></a>þeáh þe he dæda gehwäs dyrstig wære,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2840">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2840">2840</a><div class="line">þät he wið âttor-sceaðan oreðe geræsde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2841"></a>oððe hring-sele hondum styrede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2842"></a>gif he wäccende weard onfunde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2843"></a>bûan on beorge. Biówulfe wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2844"></a>dryht-mâðma dæl deáðe forgolden;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2845">2845</a><div class="line">häfde æghwäðer ende gefêred</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2846"></a>lænan lîfes. Näs þâ lang tô þon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2847"></a>þät þâ hild-latan holt ofgêfan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2848"></a>tydre treów-logan tyne ätsomne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2849"></a>þâ ne dorston ær dareðum lâcan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2850">2850</a><div class="line">on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2851"></a>ac hy scamiende scyldas bæran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2852"></a>gûð-gewædu, þær se gomela läg:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2853"></a>wlitan on Wîglâf. He gewêrgad sät,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2854"></a>fêðe-cempa freán eaxlum neáh,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2855">2855</a><div class="line">wehte hyne wätre; him wiht ne speów;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2856"></a>ne meahte he on eorðan, þeáh he ûðe wel,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2857"></a>on þam frum-gâre feorh gehealdan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2858"></a>ne þäs wealdendes <i>willan</i> wiht oncirran;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2859">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2859"></a>wolde dôm godes dædum rædan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2860">2860</a><div class="line">gumena gehwylcum, swâ he nu gen dêð.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2861">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2861"></a>Þâ wäs ät þam geongan grim andswaru</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2862"></a>êð-begête þâm þe ær his elne forleás.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2863"></a>Wîglâf maðelode, Weohstânes sunu,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2864"></a>secg sârig-ferð seah on unleófe:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2865">2865</a><div class="line">"Þät lâ mäg secgan, se þe wyle sôð sprecan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2866"></a>"þät se mon-dryhten, se eów þâ mâðmas geaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2867"></a>"eóred-geatwe, þe ge þær on standað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2868"></a>"þonne he on ealu-bence oft gesealde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2869"></a>"heal-sittendum helm and byrnan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2870">2870</a><div class="line">"þeóden his þegnum, swylce he þryðlîcost</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2871">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2871"></a>"ôhwær feor oððe neáh findan meahte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2872"></a>"þät he genunga gûð-gewædu</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2873">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2873"></a>"wrâðe forwurpe. Þâ hyne wîg beget,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2874">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2874"></a>"nealles folc-cyning fyrd-gesteallum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2875">2875</a><div class="line">"gylpan þorfte; hwäðre him god ûðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2876"></a>"sigora waldend, þät he hyne sylfne gewräc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2877"></a>"âna mid ecge, þâ him wäs elnes þearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2878"></a>"Ic him lîf-wraðe lytle meahte</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2879">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2879"></a>"ätgifan ät gûðe and ongan swâ þeáh</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2880">2880</a><div class="line">"ofer mîn gemet mæges helpan:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2881"></a>"symle wäs þý sæmra, þonne ic sweorde drep</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2882"></a>"ferhð-genîðlan, fýr unswîðor</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2883"></a>"weóll of gewitte. Wergendra tô lyt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2884"></a>"þrong ymbe þeóden, þâ hyne sió þrag becwom.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2885">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2885">2885</a><div class="line">"Nu sceal sinc-þego and swyrd-gifu</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2886">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2886"></a>"eall êðel-wyn eówrum cynne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2887"></a>"lufen âlicgean: lond-rihtes môt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2888"></a>"þære mæg-burge monna æghwylc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2889"></a>"îdel hweorfan, syððan äðelingas</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2890">2890</a><div class="line">"feorran gefricgean fleám eówerne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2891"></a>"dôm-leásan dæd. Deáð bið sêlla</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2892">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2892"></a>"eorla gehwylcum þonne edwît-lîf!"</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXL"></a><h2>XL. THE SOLDIER'S DIRGE AND PROPHECY.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2893"></a>Hêht þâ þät heaðo-weorc tô hagan biódan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2894"></a>up ofer êg-clif, þær þät eorl-weorod</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2895">2895</a><div class="line">morgen-longne däg môd-giômor sät,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2896"></a>bord-häbbende, bega on wênum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2897"></a>ende-dôgores and eft-cymes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2898"></a>leófes monnes. Lyt swîgode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2899"></a>niwra spella, se þe näs gerâd,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2900">2900</a><div class="line">ac he sôðlîce sägde ofer ealle;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2901">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2901"></a>"Nu is wil-geofa Wedra leóda,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2902"></a>"dryhten Geáta deáð-bedde fäst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2903"></a>"wunað wäl-reste wyrmes dædum;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2904"></a>"him on efn ligeð ealdor-gewinna,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2905">2905</a><div class="line">"siex-bennum seóc: sweorde ne meahte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2906"></a>"on þam aglæcean ænige þinga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2907"></a>"wunde gewyrcean. Wîglâf siteð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2908"></a>"ofer Biówulfe, byre Wihstânes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2909"></a>"eorl ofer ôðrum unlifigendum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2910">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2910">2910</a><div class="line">"healdeð hige-mêðum heáfod-wearde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2911"></a>"leófes and lâðes. Nu ys leódum wên</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2912"></a>"orleg-hwîle, syððan underne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2913"></a>"Froncum and Frysum fyll cyninges</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2914"></a>"wîde weorðeð. Wäs sió wrôht scepen</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2915">2915</a><div class="line">"heard wið Hûgas, syððan Higelâc cwom</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2916"></a>"faran flot-herge on Fresna land,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2917"></a>"þær hyne Hetware hilde gehnægdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2918"></a>"elne geeodon mid ofer-mägene,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2919"></a>"þät se byrn-wîga bûgan sceolde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2920">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2920">2920</a><div class="line">"feóll on fêðan: nalles frätwe geaf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2921"></a>"ealdor dugoðe; ûs wäs â syððan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2922">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2922"></a>"Merewioinga milts ungyfeðe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2923"></a>"Ne ic tô Sweó-þeóde sibbe oððe treówe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2924"></a>"wihte ne wêne; ac wäs wîde cûð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2925">2925</a><div class="line">"þätte Ongenþió ealdre besnyðede</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2926"></a>"Hæðcyn Hrêðling wið Hrefna-wudu,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2927"></a>"þâ for on-mêdlan ærest gesôhton</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2928"></a>"Geáta leóde Gûð-scilfingas.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2929"></a>"Sôna him se frôda fäder Ôhtheres,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2930">2930</a><div class="line">"eald and eges-full ond-slyht âgeaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2931"></a>"âbreót brim-wîsan, brýd âheórde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2932"></a>"gomela ió-meowlan golde berofene,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2933"></a>"Onelan môdor and Ôhtheres,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2934"></a>"and þâ folgode feorh-genîðlan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2935">2935</a><div class="line">"ôð þät hî ôðeodon earfoðlîce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2936"></a>"in Hrefnes-holt hlâford-leáse.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2937"></a>"Besät þâ sin-herge sweorda lâfe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2938"></a>"wundum wêrge, weán oft gehêt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2939"></a>"earmre teohhe andlonge niht:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2940">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2940">2940</a><div class="line">"cwäð he on mergenne mêces ecgum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2941"></a>"getan wolde, sume on galg-treówum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2942"></a>"<i>fuglum</i> tô gamene. Frôfor eft gelamp</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2943"></a>"sârig-môdum somod ær-däge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2944"></a>"syððan hie Hygelâces horn and býman</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2945">2945</a><div class="line">"gealdor ongeâton. Þâ se gôda com</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2946"></a>"leóda dugoðe on lâst faran.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXLI"></a><h2>XLI. HE TELLS OF THE SWEDES AND THE GEATAS</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2947"></a>"Wäs sió swât-swaðu Sweona and Geáta,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2948"></a>"wäl-ræs wera wîde gesýne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2949"></a>"hû þâ folc mid him fæhðe tôwehton.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2950">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2950">2950</a><div class="line">"Gewât him þâ se gôda mid his gädelingum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2951"></a>"frôd fela geômor fästen sêcean,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2952"></a>"eorl Ongenþió ufor oncirde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2953"></a>"häfde Higelâces hilde gefrunen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2954"></a>"wlonces wîg-cräft, wiðres ne trûwode,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2955">2955</a><div class="line">"þät he sæ-mannum onsacan mihte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2956"></a>"heáðo-lîðendum hord forstandan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2957"></a>"bearn and brýde; beáh eft þonan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2958"></a>"eald under eorð-weall. Þâ wäs æht boden</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2959">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2959"></a>"Sweona leódum, segn Higelâce.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2960">2960</a><div class="line">"Freoðo-wong þone forð ofereodon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2961"></a>"syððan Hrêðlingas tô hagan þrungon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2962"></a>"Þær wearð Ongenþió ecgum sweorda,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2963"></a>"blonden-fexa on bîd wrecen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2964"></a>"þät se þeód-cyning þafian sceolde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2965">2965</a><div class="line">"Eofores ânne dôm: hyne yrringa</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2966"></a>"Wulf Wonrêding wæpne geræhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2967"></a>"þät him for swenge swât ædrum sprong</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2968"></a>"forð under fexe. Näs he forht swâ þêh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2969"></a>"gomela Scilfing, ac forgeald hraðe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2970">2970</a><div class="line">"wyrsan wrixle wäl-hlem þone,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2971"></a>"syððan þeód-cyning þyder oncirde:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2972"></a>"ne meahte se snella sunu Wonrêdes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2973"></a>"ealdum ceorle ond-slyht giofan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2974"></a>"ac he him on heáfde helm ær gescer,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2975">2975</a><div class="line">"þät he blôde fâh bûgan sceolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2976"></a>"feóll on foldan; näs he fæge þâ git,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2977">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2977"></a>"ac he hyne gewyrpte, þeáh þe him wund hrîne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2978"></a>"Lêt se hearda Higelâces þegn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2979"></a>"brâdne mêce, þâ his brôðor läg,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2980">2980</a><div class="line">"eald sweord eotonisc, entiscne helm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2981"></a>"brecan ofer bord-weal: þâ gebeáh cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2982"></a>"folces hyrde, wäs in feorh dropen.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2983"></a>"Þâ wæron monige, þe his mæg wriðon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2984"></a>"ricone ârærdon, þâ him gerýmed wearð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2985">2985</a><div class="line">"þät hie wäl-stôwe wealdan môston.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2986"></a>"Þenden reáfode rinc ôðerne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2987"></a>"nam on Ongenþió îren-byrnan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2988"></a>"heard swyrd hilted and his helm somod;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2989">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2989"></a>"hâres hyrste Higelâce bär.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2990">2990</a><div class="line">"He þ<i>âm</i> frätwum fêng and him fägre gehêt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2991"></a>"leána <i>fore</i> leódum and gelæste swâ:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2992"></a>"geald þone gûð-ræs Geáta dryhten,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2993"></a>"Hrêðles eafora, þâ he tô hâm becom,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2994"></a>"Jofore and Wulfe mid ofer-mâðmum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2995">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2995">2995</a><div class="line">"sealde hiora gehwäðrum hund þûsenda</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2996"></a>"landes and locenra beága; ne þorfte him þâ leán ôðwîtan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2997"></a>"mon on middan-gearde, syððan hie þâ mærða geslôgon;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2998"></a>"and þâ Jofore forgeaf ângan dôhtor,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2999"></a>"hâm-weorðunge, hyldo tô wedde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3000">3000</a><div class="line">"Þät ys sió fæhðo and se feónd-scipe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3001"></a>"wäl-nîð wera, þäs þe ic <i>wên</i> hafo,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3002"></a>"þe ûs sêceað tô Sweona leóde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3003"></a>"syððan hie gefricgeað freán ûserne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3004"></a>"ealdor-leásne, þone þe ær geheóld</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3005">3005</a><div class="line">"wið hettendum hord and rîce,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3006">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3006"></a>"äfter häleða hryre hwate Scylfingas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3007"></a>"folc-ræd fremede oððe furður gen</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3008">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3008"></a>"eorl-scipe efnde. Nu is ôfost betost,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3009"></a>"þät we þeód-cyning þær sceáwian</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3010">3010</a><div class="line">"and þone gebringan, þe ûs beágas geaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3011"></a>"on âd-färe. Ne scel ânes hwät</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3012"></a>"meltan mid þam môdigan, ac þær is mâðma hord.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3013"></a>"gold unrîme grimme geceá<i>po</i>d</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3014"></a>"and nu ät sîðestan sylfes feore</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3015">3015</a><div class="line">"beágas <i>geboh</i>te; þâ sceal brond fretan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3016"></a>"äled þeccean, nalles eorl wegan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3017"></a>"mâððum tô gemyndum, ne mägð scýne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3018"></a>"habban on healse hring-weorðunge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3019"></a>"ac sceall geômor-môd golde bereáfod</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3020">3020</a><div class="line">"oft nalles æne el-land tredan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3021"></a>"nu se here-wîsa hleahtor âlegde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3022">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3022"></a>"gamen and gleó-dreám. Forþon sceall gâr wesan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3023"></a>"monig morgen-ceald mundum bewunden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3024"></a>"häfen on handa, nalles hearpan swêg</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3025">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li3025">3025</a><div class="line">"wîgend weccean, ac se wonna hrefn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3026"></a>"fûs ofer fægum, fela reordian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3027"></a>"earne secgan, hû him ät æte speów,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3028"></a>"þenden he wið wulf wäl reáfode."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3029"></a>Swâ se secg hwata secgende wäs</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3030">3030</a><div class="line">lâðra spella; he ne leág fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3031"></a>wyrda ne worda. Weorod eall ârâs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3032"></a>eodon unblîðe under Earna näs</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3033">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3033"></a>wollen-teáre wundur sceáwian.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3034"></a>Fundon þâ on sande sâwul-leásne</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3035">3035</a><div class="line">hlim-bed healdan, þone þe him hringas geaf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3036"></a>ærran mælum: þâ wäs ende-däg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3037"></a>gôdum gegongen, þät se gûð-cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3038"></a>Wedra þeóden, wundor-deáðe swealt.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3039">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3039"></a>Ær hî gesêgan syllîcran wiht,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3040">3040</a><div class="line">wyrm on wonge wiðer-rähtes þær</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3041"></a>lâðne licgean: wäs se lêg-draca,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3042">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3042"></a>grimlîc gry<i>re-gäst</i>, glêdum beswæled,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3043"></a>se wäs fîftiges fôt-gemearces.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3044">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3044"></a>lang on legere, lyft-wynne heóld</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3045">3045</a><div class="line">nihtes hwîlum, nyðer eft gewât</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3046"></a>dennes niósian; wäs þâ deáðe fäst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3047"></a>häfde eorð-scrafa ende genyttod.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3048"></a>Him big stôdan bunan and orcas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3049"></a>discas lâgon and dýre swyrd,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3050">3050</a><div class="line">ômige þurh-etone, swâ hie wið eorðan fäðm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3051"></a>þûsend wintra þær eardodon:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3052"></a>þonne wäs þät yrfe eácen-cräftig,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3053">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3053"></a>iú-monna gold galdre bewunden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3054"></a>þät þam hring-sele hrînan ne môste</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3055">3055</a><div class="line">gumena ænig, nefne god sylfa,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3056"></a>sigora sôð-cyning, sealde þam þe he wolde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3057">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3057"></a>(he is manna gehyld) hord openian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3058"></a>efne swâ hwylcum manna, swâ him gemet þûhte.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXLII"></a><h2>XLII. WÎGLAF SPEAKS. THE BUILDING OF THE BALE-FIRE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li3059"></a>Þâ wäs gesýne, þät se sîð ne þâh</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3060">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li3060">3060</a><div class="line">þam þe unrihte inne gehýdde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3061"></a>wräte under wealle. Weard ær ofslôh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3062"></a>feára sumne; þâ sió fæhð gewearð</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3063">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3063"></a>gewrecen wrâðlîce. Wundur hwâr, þonne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3064"></a>eorl ellen-rôf ende gefêre</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3065">3065</a><div class="line">lîf-gesceafta, þonne leng ne mäg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3066"></a>mon mid his <i>mâ</i>gum medu-seld bûan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3067"></a>Swâ wäs Biówulfe, þâ he biorges weard</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3068"></a>sôhte, searo-nîðas: seolfa ne cûðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3069"></a>þurh hwät his worulde gedâl weorðan sceolde;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3070">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li3070">3070</a><div class="line">swâ hit ôð dômes däg diópe benemdon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3071"></a>þeódnas mære, þâ þät þær dydon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3072"></a>þät se secg wære synnum scildig,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3073">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3073"></a>hergum geheaðerod, hell-bendum fäst,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3074">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3074"></a>wommum gewitnad, se þone wong strâde.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3075">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li3075">3075</a><div class="line">Näs he gold-hwät: gearwor häfde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3076"></a>âgendes êst ær gesceáwod.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3077"></a>Wîglâf maðelode, Wihstânes sunu:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3078"></a>"Oft sceall eorl monig ânes willan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3079"></a>"wræc âdreógan, swâ ûs geworden is.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3080">3080</a><div class="line">"Ne meahton we gelæran leófne þeóden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3081"></a>"rîces hyrde ræd ænigne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3082"></a>"þät he ne grêtte gold-weard þone,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3083"></a>"lête hyne licgean, þær he longe wäs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3084"></a>"wîcum wunian ôð woruld-ende.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3085">3085</a><div class="line">"Heóldon heáh gesceap: hord ys gesceáwod,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3086">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3086"></a>"grimme gegongen; wäs þät gifeðe tô swîð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3087"></a>"þe þone <i>þeóden</i> þyder ontyhte.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3088"></a>"Ic wäs þær inne and þät eall geond-seh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3089"></a>"recedes geatwa, þâ me gerýmed wäs,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3090">3090</a><div class="line">"nealles swæslîce sîð âlýfed</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3091"></a>"inn under eorð-weall. Ic on ôfoste gefêng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3092"></a>"micle mid mundum mägen-byrðenne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3093"></a>"hord-gestreóna, hider ût ätbär</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3094"></a>"cyninge mînum: cwico wäs þâ gena,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3095">3095</a><div class="line">"wîs and gewittig; worn eall gespräc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3096"></a>"gomol on gehðo and eówic grêtan hêt,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3097">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3097"></a>"bäd þät ge geworhton äfter wines dædum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3098"></a>"in bæl-stede beorh þone heán</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3099"></a>"micelne and mærne, swâ he manna wäs</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3100">3100</a><div class="line">"wîgend weorð-fullost wîde geond eorðan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3101"></a>"þenden he burh-welan brûcan môste.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3102"></a>"Uton nu êfstan ôðre <i>sîðe</i></div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3103"></a>"seón and sêcean searo-geþräc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3104"></a>"wundur under wealle! ic eów wîsige,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3105">3105</a><div class="line">"þät ge genôge neán sceáwiað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3106">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3106"></a>"beágas and brâd gold. Sîe sió bær gearo</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3107"></a>"ädre geäfned, þonne we ût cymen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3108"></a>"and þonne geferian freán ûserne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3109"></a>"leófne mannan, þær he longe sceal</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3110">3110</a><div class="line">"on þäs waldendes wære geþolian."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3111"></a>Hêt þâ gebeódan byre Wihstânes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3112"></a>häle hilde-diór, häleða monegum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3113"></a>bold-âgendra, þät hie bæl-wudu</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3114">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3114"></a>feorran feredon, folc-âgende</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3115">3115</a><div class="line">gôdum tôgênes: "Nu sceal glêd fretan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3116">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3116"></a>"(weaxan wonna lêg) wîgena strengel,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3117"></a>"þone þe oft gebâd îsern-scûre,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3118"></a>"þonne stræla storm, strengum gebæded,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3119"></a>"scôc ofer scild-weall, sceft nytte heóld,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3120">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li3120">3120</a><div class="line">"feðer-gearwum fûs flâne full-eode."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3121"></a>Hûru se snotra sunu Wihstânes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3122"></a>âcîgde of corðre cyninges þegnas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3123"></a>syfone <i>tôsom</i>ne þâ sêlestan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3124">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3124"></a>eode eahta sum under inwit-hrôf;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3125">3125</a><div class="line">hilde-rinc sum on handa bär</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3126"></a>äled-leóman, se þe on orde geóng.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3127"></a>Näs þâ on hlytme, hwâ þät hord strude,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3128"></a>syððan or-wearde ænigne dæl</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3129"></a>secgas gesêgon on sele wunian,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3130">3130</a><div class="line">læne licgan: lyt ænig mearn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3131"></a>þät hi ôfostlice ût geferedon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3132"></a>dýre mâðmas; dracan êc scufun,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3133"></a>wyrm ofer weall-clif, lêton wæg niman,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3134"></a>flôd fäðmian frätwa hyrde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3135">3135</a><div class="line">Þær wäs wunden gold on wæn hladen,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3136">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3136"></a>æghwäs unrîm, äðeling boren,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3137"></a>hâr hilde-<i>rinc</i> tô Hrones nässe.</div> +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXLIII"></a><h2>XLIII. BEÓWULF'S FUNERAL PYRE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li3138"></a>Him þâ gegiredan Geáta leóde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3139"></a>âd on eorðan un-wâclîcne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3140">3140</a><div class="line">helmum behongen, hilde-bordum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3141"></a>beorhtum byrnum, swâ he bêna wäs;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3142"></a>âlegdon þâ tô-middes mærne þeóden</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3143"></a>häleð hiófende, hlâford leófne.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3144"></a>Ongunnon þâ on beorge bæl-fýra mæst</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3145">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li3145">3145</a><div class="line">wîgend weccan: wudu-rêc âstâh</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3146">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3146"></a>sweart ofer swioðole, swôgende lêg,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3147">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3147"></a>wôpe bewunden (wind-blond geläg)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3148"></a>ôð þät he þâ bân-hûs gebrocen häfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3149"></a>hât on hreðre. Higum unrôte</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3150">3150</a><div class="line">môd-ceare mændon mon-dryhtnes cwealm;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3151">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3151"></a>swylce giômor-gyd † lat . <sup>con</sup> meowle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3152"></a>. . . . . wunden heorde . . .</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3153"></a>serg (?) cearig sælde geneahhe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3154"></a>þät hio hyre . . . . gas hearde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3155">3155</a><div class="line">. . . . . ede wälfylla wonn . .</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3156"></a>hildes egesan hyðo</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3157"></a>haf mid heofon rêce swealh (?)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3158"></a>Geworhton þâ Wedra leóde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3159"></a>hlæw on hliðe, se wäs heáh and brâd,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3160">3160</a><div class="line">wæg-lîðendum wîde gesýne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3161"></a>and betimbredon on tyn dagum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3162">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3162"></a>beadu-rôfes bêcn: bronda be<i>tost</i></div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3163"></a>wealle beworhton, swâ hyt weorðlîcost</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3164"></a>fore-snotre men findan mihton.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3165">3165</a><div class="line">Hî on beorg dydon bêg and siglu,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3166"></a>eall swylce hyrsta, swylce on horde ær</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3167"></a>nîð-hydige men genumen häfdon;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3168"></a>forlêton eorla gestreón eorðan healdan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3169"></a>gold on greóte, þær hit nu gen lifað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3170">3170</a><div class="line">eldum swâ unnyt, swâ hit <i>æror</i> wäs.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3171">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3171"></a>Þâ ymbe hlæw riodan hilde-deóre,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3172"></a>äðelinga bearn ealra twelfa,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3173">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3173"></a>woldon <i>ceare</i> cwîðan, kyning mænan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3174"></a>word-gyd wrecan and ymb wer sprecan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3175">3175</a><div class="line">eahtodan eorl-scipe and his ellen-weorc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3176"></a>duguðum dêmdon, swâ hit ge-<i>dêfe</i> bið,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3177"></a>þät mon his wine-dryhten wordum hêrge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3178"></a>ferhðum freóge, þonne he forð scile</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3179"></a>of lîc-haman <i>læne</i> weorðan.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3180">3180</a><div class="line">Swâ begnornodon Geáta leóde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3181"></a>hlâfordes <em>hry</em>re, heorð-geneátas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3182"></a>cwædon þät he wære woruld-cyning</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3183">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3183"></a>mannum mildust and mon-þwærust,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3184">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3184"></a>leódum lîðost and lof-geornost.</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="back"> +<h2>APPENDIX</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#finnotes">†</a><h2><a name="finnsburg"></a>THE ATTACK IN FINNSBURG.<a href="#li1069" title="See v. 1069 seqq.">‡</a></h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#finnote1">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli1"></a>". . . . . . . . . . . näs byrnað næfre."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli2"></a>Hleoðrode þâ heaðo-geong cyning:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli3"></a>"Ne þis ne dagað eástan, ne her draca ne fleógeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli4"></a>"ne her þisse healle hornas ne byrnað,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote5">†</a><a name="finli5" class="lineno">5</a><div class="line">"ac fêr forð berað fugelas singað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli6"></a>"gylleð græg-hama, gûð-wudu hlynneð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli7"></a>"scyld scefte oncwyð. Nu scýneð þes môna</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli8"></a>"waðol under wolcnum; nu ârîsað weá-dæda,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli9"></a>"þe þisne folces nîð fremman willað.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="finli10">10</a><div class="line">"Ac onwacnigeað nu, wîgend mîne,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote11">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli11"></a>"hebbað eówre handa, hicgeað on ellen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli12"></a>"winnað on orde, wesað on môde!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli13"></a>Þâ ârâs monig gold-hladen þegn, gyrde hine his swurde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli14"></a>þâ tô dura eodon drihtlîce cempan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote15">†</a><a class="lineno" name="finli15">15</a><div class="line">Sigeferð and Eaha, hyra sweord getugon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli16"></a>and ät ôðrum durum Ordlâf and Gûðlâf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli17"></a>and Hengest sylf; hwearf him on lâste.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote18">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli18"></a>Þâ git Gârulf Gûðere styrode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli19"></a>þät hie swâ freólîc feorh forman sîðe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="finli20">20</a><div class="line">tô þære healle durum hyrsta ne bæran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli21"></a>nu hyt nîða heard ânyman wolde:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli22"></a>ac he frägn ofer eal undearninga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli23"></a>deór-môd häleð, hwâ þâ duru heólde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli24"></a>"Sigeferð is mîn nama (cwäð he), ic eom Secgena leód,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="finli25">25</a><div class="line">"wrecca wîde cûð. Fela ic weána gebâd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli26"></a>"heardra hilda; þe is gyt her witod,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote27">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli27"></a>"swäðer þu sylf tô me sêcean wylle."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli28"></a>Þâ wäs on wealle wäl-slihta gehlyn,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote29">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli29"></a>sceolde cêlod bord cênum on handa</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote30">†</a><a class="lineno" name="finli30">30</a><div class="line">bân-helm berstan. Buruh-þelu dynede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli31"></a>ôð þät ät þære gûðe Gârulf gecrang,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli32"></a>ealra ærest eorð-bûendra,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli33"></a>Gûðlâfes sunu; ymbe hine gôdra fela.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote34">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli34"></a>Hwearf flacra hræw hräfn, wandrode</div> +<a class="lineno" name="finli35">35</a><div class="line">sweart and sealo-brûn; swurd-leóma stôd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli36"></a>swylce eal Finns-buruh fýrenu wære.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli37"></a>Ne gefrägn ic næfre wurðlîcor ät wera hilde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli38"></a>sixtig sige-beorna sêl gebæran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli39"></a>ne næfre swânas swêtne medo sêl forgyldan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="finli40">40</a><div class="line">þonne Hnäfe guldon his häg-stealdas.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli41"></a>Hig fuhton fîf dagas, swâ hyra nân ne feól</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote43">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli42"></a>driht-gesîða, ac hig þâ duru heóldon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli43"></a>Þâ gewât him wund häleð on wäg gangan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli44"></a>sæde þät his byrne âbrocen wære,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote45">†</a><a class="lineno" name="finli45">45</a><div class="line">here-sceorpum hrôr, and eác wäs his helm þyrl.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli56"></a>Þâ hine sôna frägn folces hyrde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote47">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli47"></a>hû þâ wîgend hyra wunda genæson</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli48"></a>oððe hwäðer þæra hyssa . . . . . . .</div> + +<h2>LIST OF NAMES; NOTES; AND GLOSSARY.</h2> + +<p>ABBREVIATIONS</p> +<table> +<tr><td>m.:</td><td>masculine.</td></tr> +<tr><td>f.:</td><td>feminine.</td></tr> +<tr><td>n.:</td><td>neuter.</td></tr> +<tr><td>nom., gen.:</td><td>nominative, genitive, etc.</td></tr> +<tr><td>w.:</td><td>weak.</td></tr> +<tr><td>w. v.:</td><td>weak verb.</td></tr> +<tr><td>st.:</td><td>strong.</td></tr> +<tr><td>st. v.:</td><td>strong verb.</td></tr> +<tr><td>I., II., III.:</td><td>first, second, third person.</td></tr> +<tr><td>comp.:</td><td>compound.</td></tr> +<tr><td>imper.:</td><td>imperative.</td></tr> +<tr><td>w.:</td><td>with.</td></tr> +<tr><td>instr.:</td><td>instrumental.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. and Goth.:</td><td>Gothic.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O.N.:</td><td>Old Norse.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O.S.:</td><td>Old Saxon.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O.H.G.:</td><td>Old High German.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M.H.G.:</td><td>Middle High German.</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td>The vowel</td><td>ä = <i>a</i> in <i>glad</i></td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td>The diphthong</td><td>æ = <i>a</i> in <i>hair</i></td><td>}</td><td>approximately.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>The names Leo, Bugge, Rieger, etc., refer to authors of emendations.</p> + +<p>Words beginning with <b>ge-</b> will be found under their root-word.</p> + +<p>Obvious abbreviations, like subj., etc., are not included in this list.</p> + +<a name="names"></a><h2>LIST OF NAMES.</h2> + +<p><b>Abel</b>, Cain's brother, <a href="#li108">108</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Älf-here</b> (gen. Älf-heres, <a href="#li2605">2605</a>), a kinsman of Wîglâf's, <a href="#li2605">2605</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Äsc-here</b>, confidential adviser of King Hrôðgâr (<a href="#li1326">1326</a>), older brother +of Yrmenlâf (<a href="#li1325">1325</a>), killed by Grendel's mother, <a href="#li1295">1295</a>, <a href="#li1324">1324</a>, <a href="#li2123">2123</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bân-stân</b>, father of Breca, <a href="#li524">524</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Beó-wulf</b>, son of Scyld, king of the Danes, <a href="#li18">18</a>, <a href="#li19">19</a>. After the death +of his father, he succeeds to the throne of the Scyldings, <a href="#li53">53</a>. His son is +Healfdene, <a href="#li57">57</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Beó-wulf</b> (Biówulf, <a href="#li1988">1988</a>, <a href="#li2390">2390</a>; gen. Beówulfes, <a href="#li857">857</a>, etc., Biówulfes, +<a href="#li2195">2195</a>, <a href="#li2808">2808</a>, etc.; dat. Beówulfe, <a href="#li610">610</a>, etc., Biówulfe, <a href="#li2325">2325</a>, <a href="#li2843">2843</a>), of the +race of the Geátas. His father is the Wægmunding Ecgþeów (<a href="#li263">263</a>, etc.); his +mother a daughter of Hrêðel, king of the Geátas (<a href="#li374">374</a>), at whose court he is +brought up after his seventh year with Hrêðel's sons, Herebeald, Hæðcyn, +and Hygelâc, <a href="#li2429">2429</a> ff. In his youth lazy and unapt (<a href="#li2184">2184</a> f., <a href="#li2188">2188</a> f.); as +man he attains in the gripe of his hand the strength of thirty men, <a href="#li379">379</a>. +Hence his victories in his combats with bare hands (<a href="#li711">711</a> ff., <a href="#li2502">2502</a> ff.), +while fate denies him the victory in the battle with swords, <a href="#li2683">2683</a> f. His +swimming-match with Breca in his youth, <a href="#li506">506</a> ff. Goes with fourteen Geátas +to the assistance of the Danish king, Hrôðgâr, against Grendel, <a href="#li198">198</a> ff. His +combat with Grendel, and his victory, <a href="#li711">711</a> ff., <a href="#li819">819</a> ff. He is, in +consequence, presented with rich gifts by Hrôðgâr, <a href="#li1021">1021</a> ff. His combat with +Grendel's mother, <a href="#li1442">1442</a> ff. Having again received gifts, he leaves Hrôðgâr +(<a href="#li1818">1818-1888</a>), and returns to Hygelâc, <a href="#li1964">1964</a> ff.—After Hygelâc's last battle +and death, he flees alone across the sea, <a href="#li2360">2360</a> f. In this battle he crushes +Däghrefn, one of the Hûgas, to death, <a href="#li2502">2502</a> f. He rejects at the same time +Hygelâc's kingdom and the hand of his widow (<a href="#li2370">2370</a> ff.), but carries on the +government as guardian of the young Heardrêd, son of Hygelâc, <a href="#li2378">2378</a> ff. +After Heardrêd's death, the kingdom falls to Beówulf, <a href="#li2208">2208</a>, +<a href="#li2390">2390</a>.—Afterwards, on an expedition to avenge the murdered Heardrêd, he +kills the Scylfing, Eádgils (<a href="#li2397">2397</a>), and probably conquers his country. +—His fight with the drake, <a href="#li2539">2539</a> ff. His death, <a href="#li2818">2818</a>. His burial, <a href="#li3135">3135</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Breca</b> (acc. Brecan, <a href="#li506">506</a>, <a href="#li531">531</a>), son of Beánstân, <a href="#li524">524</a>. Chief of the +Brondings, <a href="#li521">521</a>. His swimming-match with Beówulf, <a href="#li506">506</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Brondingas</b> (gen. Brondinga, <a href="#li521">521</a>), Breca, their chief, <a href="#li521">521</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Brosinga mene</b>, corrupted from, or according to Müllenhoff, written +by mistake for, Breosinga mene (O.N., Brisinga men, cf. Haupts Zeitschr. +XII. 304), collar, which the Brisingas once possessed.</p> + +<p><b>Cain</b> (gen. Caines, <a href="#li107">107</a>): descended from him are Grendel and his kin, +<a href="#li107">107</a>, <a href="#li1262">1262</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Däg-hrefn</b> (dat. Däghrefne, <a href="#li2502">2502</a>), a warrior of the Hûgas, who, +according to <a href="#li2504">2504-5</a>, compared with <a href="#li1203">1203</a>, and with <a href="#li1208">1208</a>, seems to have been +the slayer of King Hygelâc, in his battle against the allied Franks, +Frisians, and Hûgas. Is crushed to death by Beówulf in a hand-to-hand +combat, <a href="#li2502">2502</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Dene</b> (gen. Dena, <a href="#li242">242</a>, etc., Denia, <a href="#li2126">2126</a>, Deniga, <a href="#li271">271</a>, etc.; dat. +Denum, <a href="#li768">768</a>, etc.), as subjects of Scyld and his descendants, they are also +called Scyldings; and after the first king of the East Danes, Ing +(Runenlied, <a href="#li22">22</a>), Ing-wine, <a href="#li1045">1045</a>, <a href="#li1320">1320</a>. They are also once called Hrêðmen, +<a href="#li445">445</a>. On account of their renowned warlike character, they bore the names +Gâr-Dene, <a href="#li1">1</a>, <a href="#li1857">1857</a>, Hring-Dene (Armor-Danes), <a href="#li116">116</a>, <a href="#li1280">1280</a>, Beorht-Dene, <a href="#li427">427</a>, +<a href="#li610">610</a>. The great extent of this people is indicated by their names from the +four quarters of the heavens: Eást-Dene, <a href="#li392">392</a>, <a href="#li617">617</a>, etc., West-Dene, <a href="#li383">383</a>, +<a href="#li1579">1579</a>, Sûð-Dene, <a href="#li463">463</a>, Norð-Dene, <a href="#li784">784</a>.—Their dwelling-place "in +Scedelandum," <a href="#li19">19</a>, "on Scedenigge," <a href="#li1687">1687</a>, "be sæm tweónum," <a href="#li1686">1686</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ecg-lâf</b> (gen. Ecglâfes, <a href="#li499">499</a>), Hûnferð's father, <a href="#li499">499</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ecg-þeów</b> (nom. Ecgþeów, <a href="#li263">263</a>, Ecgþeó, <a href="#li373">373</a>; gen. Ecgþeówes, <a href="#li529">529</a>, etc., +Ecgþiówes, <a href="#li2000">2000</a>), a far-famed hero of the Geátas, of the house of the +Wægmundings. Beówulf is the son of Ecgþeów, by the only daughter of Hrêðel, +king of the Geátas, <a href="#li262">262</a>, etc. Among the Wylfings, he has slain Heaðolâf +(<a href="#li460">460</a>), and in consequence he goes over the sea to the Danes (<a href="#li463">463</a>), whose +king, Hrôðgâr, by means of gold, finishes the strife for him, <a href="#li470">470</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ecg-wela</b> (gen. Ecg-welan, <a href="#li1711">1711</a>). The Scyldings are called his +descendants, <a href="#li1711">1711</a>. Grein considers him the founder of the older dynasty of +Danish kings, which closes with Heremôd. See <b>Heremôd</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Elan</b>, daughter of Healfdene, king of the Danes, (?) <a href="#li62">62</a>. According to +the restored text, she is the wife of Ongenþeów, the Scylfing, <a href="#li62">62</a>, <a href="#li63">63</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Earna-näs</b>, the Eagle Cape in the land of the Geátas, where occurred +Beówulf's fight with the drake, <a href="#li3032">3032</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Eádgils</b> (dat. Eádgilse, <a href="#li2393">2393</a>), son of Ôhthere, and grandson of +Ongenþeów, the Scylfing, <a href="#li2393">2393</a>. His older brother is</p> + +<p><b>Eánmund</b> (gen. Eánmundes, <a href="#li2612">2612</a>). What is said about both in our poem +(<a href="#li2201">2201-2207</a>, <a href="#li2380">2380-2397</a>, <a href="#li2612">2612-2620</a>) is obscure, but the following may be +conjectured:—</p> + +<p>The sons of Ôhthere, Eánmund and Eádgils, have rebelled against their +father (<a href="#li2382">2382</a>), and must, in consequence, depart with their followers from +Swiórîce, <a href="#li2205">2205-6</a>, <a href="#li2380">2380</a>. They come into the country of the Geátas to +Heardrêd (<a href="#li2380">2380</a>), but whether with friendly or hostile intent is not stated; +but, according to <a href="#li2203">2203</a> f., we are to presume that they came against +Heardrêd with designs of conquest. At a banquet (on feorme; or feorme, MS.) +Heardrêd falls, probably through treachery, by the hand of one of the +brothers, <a href="#li2386">2386</a>, <a href="#li2207">2207</a>. The murderer must have been Eánmund, to whom, +according to <a href="#li2613">2613</a>, "in battle the revenge of Weohstân brings death." +Weohstân takes revenge for his murdered king, and exercises upon Eánmund's +body the booty-right, and robs it of helm, breastplate, and sword +(<a href="#li2616">2616-17</a>), which the slain man had received as gifts from his uncle, Onela, +<a href="#li2617">2617-18</a>. But Weohstân does not speak willingly of this fight, although he +has slain Onela's brother's son, <a href="#li2619">2619-20</a>.—After Heardrêd's and Eánmund's +death, the descendant of Ongenþeów, Eádgils, returns to his home, <a href="#li2388">2388</a>. He +must give way before Beówulf, who has, since Heardrêd's death, ascended the +throne of the Geátas, <a href="#li2390">2390</a>. But Beówulf remembers it against him in after +days, and the old feud breaks out anew, <a href="#li2392">2392-94</a>. Eádgils makes an invasion +into the land of the Geátas (<a href="#li2394">2394-95</a>), during which he falls at the hands +of Beówulf, <a href="#li2397">2397</a>. The latter must have then obtained the sovereignty over +the Sweonas (<a href="#li3005">3005-6</a>, where only the version, Scylfingas, can give a +satisfactory sense).</p> + +<p><b>Eofor</b> (gen. Eofores, <a href="#li2487">2487</a>, <a href="#li2965">2965</a>; dat. Jofore, <a href="#li2994">2994</a>, <a href="#li2998">2998</a>), one of +the Geátas, son of Wonrêd and brother of Wulf (<a href="#li2965">2965</a>, <a href="#li2979">2979</a>), kills the +Swedish king, Ongenþeów (<a href="#li2487">2487</a> ff., <a href="#li2978">2978-82</a>), for which he receives from +King Hygelâc, along with other gifts, his only daughter in marriage, +<a href="#li2994">2994-99</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Eormen-rîc</b> (gen. Eormenrîces, <a href="#li1202">1202</a>), king of the Goths (cf. about +him, W. Grimm, Deutsche Heldensage, p. 2, ff.). Hâma has wrested the +Brosinga mene from him, <a href="#li1202">1202</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Eomær</b>, son of Offa and Þryðo (cf. Þryðo), <a href="#li1961">1961</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Finn</b> (gen. Finnes, <a href="#li1069">1069</a>, etc.; dat. Finne, <a href="#li1129">1129</a>), son of Folcwalda +(<a href="#li1090">1090</a>), king of the North Frisians, i.e. of the Eotenas, husband of +Hildeburg, a daughter of Hôc, <a href="#li1072">1072</a>, <a href="#li1077">1077</a>. He is the hero of the inserted +poem on the Attack in Finnsburg, the obscure incidents of which are, +perhaps, as follows: In Finn's castle, Finnsburg, situated in Jutland +(<a href="#li1126">1126-28</a>), the Hôcing, Hnäf, a relative—perhaps a brother—of Hildeburg is +spending some time as guest. Hnäf, who is a liegeman of the Danish king, +Healfdene, has sixty men with him (Finnsburg, <a href="#li38">38</a>). These are treacherously +attacked one night by Finn's men, <a href="#li1073">1073</a>. For five days they hold the doors +of their lodging-place without losing one of their number (Finnsburg, <a href="#li41">41</a>, +<a href="#li42">42</a>). Then, however, Hnäf is slain (<a href="#li1071">1071</a>), and the Dane, Hengest, who was +among Hnäf's followers, assumes the command of the beleaguered band. But on +the attacking side the fight has brought terrible losses to Finn's men. +Their numbers are diminished (<a href="#li1081">1081</a> f.), and Hildeburg bemoans a son and a +brother among the fallen (<a href="#li1074">1074</a> f., cf. <a href="#li1116">1116</a>, <a href="#li1119">1119</a>). Therefore the Frisians +offer the Danes peace (<a href="#li1086">1086</a>) under the conditions mentioned (<a href="#li1087">1087-1095</a>), +and it is confirmed with oaths (<a href="#li1097">1097</a>), and money is given by Finn in +propitiation (<a href="#li1108">1108</a>). Now all who have survived the battle go together to +Friesland, the homo proper of Finn, and here Hengest remains during the +winter, prevented by ice and storms from returning home (Grein). But in +spring the feud breaks out anew. Gûðlâf and Oslâf avenge Hnäf's fall, +probably after they have brought help from home (<a href="#li1150">1150</a>). In the battle, the +hall is filled with the corpses of the enemy. Finn himself is killed, and +the queen is captured and carried away, along with the booty, to the land +of the Danes, <a href="#li1147">1147-1160</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Finna land.</b> Beówulf reaches it in his swimming-race with Breca, <a href="#li580">580</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fitela</b>, the son and nephew of the Wälsing, Sigemund, and his +companion in arms, <a href="#li876">876-890</a>. (Sigemund had begotten Fitela by his sister, +Signý. Cf. more at length Leo on Beówulf, p. 38 ff., where an extract from +the legend of the Walsungs is given.)</p> + +<p><b>Folc-walda</b> (gen. Folc-waldan, <a href="#li1090">1090</a>), Finn's father, <a href="#li1090">1090</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Francan</b> (gen. Francna, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>; dat. Froncum, <a href="#li2913">2913</a>). King Hygelâc fell +on an expedition against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Hûgas, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>, +<a href="#li2917">2917</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fresan, Frisan, Frysan</b> (gen. Fresena, <a href="#li1094">1094</a>, Frysna, <a href="#li1105">1105</a>, Fresna, +<a href="#li2916">2916</a>: dat. Frysum, <a href="#li1208">1208</a>, <a href="#li2913">2913</a>). To be distinguished, are: 1) North +Frisians, whose king is Finn, <a href="#li1069">1069</a> ff.; 2) West Frisians, in alliance with +the Franks and Hûgas, in the war against whom Hygelâc falls, <a href="#li1208">1208</a>, <a href="#li2916">2916</a>. +The country of the former is called Frysland, <a href="#li1127">1127</a>; that of the latter, +Fresna land, <a href="#li2916">2916</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fr..es wäl</b> (in Fr..es wäle, <a href="#li1071">1071</a>), mutilated proper name.</p> + +<p><b>Freáwaru</b>, daughter of the Danish king, Hrôðgâr; given in marriage to +Ingeld, the son of the Heaðobeard king, Frôda, in order to end a war +between the Danes and the Heaðobeardnas, <a href="#li2023">2023</a> ff., <a href="#li2065">2065</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Frôda</b> (gen. Frôdan), father of Ingeld, the husband of Freáware, +<a href="#li2026">2026</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gârmund</b> (gen. Gârmundes, <a href="#li1963">1963</a>) father of Offa. His grandson is +Eómær, <a href="#li1961">1961-63</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Geátas</b> (gen. Geáta, <a href="#li205">205</a>, etc.; dat. Geátum, <a href="#li195">195</a>, etc.), a tribe in +Southern Scandinavia, to which the hero of this poem belongs; also called +Wedergeátas, <a href="#li1493">1493</a>, <a href="#li2552">2552</a>; or, Wederas, <a href="#li225">225</a>, <a href="#li423">423</a>, etc.; Gûðgeátas, <a href="#li1539">1539</a>; +Sægeátas, <a href="#li1851">1851</a>, <a href="#li1987">1987</a>. Their kings named in this poem are: Hrêðel; Hæðcyn, +second son of Hrêðel; Hygelâc, the brother of Hæðcyn; Heardrêd, son of +Hygelâc; then Beówulf.</p> + +<p><b>Gifðas</b> (dat. Gifðum, <a href="#li2495">2495</a>), Gepidæ, mentioned in connection with +Danes and Swedes, <a href="#li2495">2495</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Grendel</b>, a fen-spirit (<a href="#li102">102-3</a>) of Cain's race, <a href="#li107">107</a>, <a href="#li111">111</a>, <a href="#li1262">1262</a>, <a href="#li1267">1267</a>. +He breaks every night into Hrôðgâr's hall and carries off thirty warriors, +<a href="#li115">115</a> ff., <a href="#li1583">1583</a>ff. He continues this for twelve years, till Beówulf fights +with him (<a href="#li147">147</a>, <a href="#li711">711</a> ff.), and gives him a mortal wound, in that he tears out +one of his arms (<a href="#li817">817</a>), which is hung up as a trophy in the roof of Heorot, +<a href="#li837">837</a>. Grendel's mother wishes to avenge her son, and the following night +breaks into the hall and carries off Äschere, <a href="#li1295">1295</a>. Beówulf seeks for and +finds her home in the fen-lake (<a href="#li1493">1493</a> ff.), fights with her (<a href="#li1498">1498</a> ff.), and +kills her (<a href="#li1567">1567</a>); and cuts off the head of Grendel, who lay there dead +(<a href="#li1589">1589</a>), and brings it to Hrôðgâr, <a href="#li1648">1648</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gûð-lâf</b> and Oslâf, Danish warriors under Hnäf, whose death they +avenge on Finn, <a href="#li1149">1149</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hâlga</b>, with the surname, <i>til</i>, the younger brother of the +Danish king, Hrôðgâr, <a href="#li61">61</a>. His son is Hrôðulf, <a href="#li1018">1018</a>, <a href="#li1165">1165</a>, <a href="#li1182">1182</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hâma</b> wrests the <i>Brosinga mene</i> from Eormenrîc, <a href="#li1199">1199</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Häreð</b> (gen. Häreðes, <a href="#li1982">1982</a>), father of Hygd, the wife of Hygelâc, +<a href="#li1930">1930</a>, <a href="#li1982">1982</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hæðcyn</b> (dat. Hæðcynne, <a href="#li2483">2483</a>), second son of Hrêðel, king of the +Geátas, <a href="#li2435">2435</a>. Kills his oldest brother, Herebeald, accidentally, with an +arrow, <a href="#li2438">2438</a> ff. After Hrêðel's death, he obtains the kingdom, <a href="#li2475">2475</a>, <a href="#li2483">2483</a>. +He falls at Ravenswood, in the battle against the Swedish king, Ongenþeów, +<a href="#li2925">2925</a>. His successor is his younger brother, Hygelâc, <a href="#li2944">2944</a> ff., <a href="#li2992">2992</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Helmingas</b> (gen. Helminga, <a href="#li621">621</a>). From them comes Wealhþeów, Hrôðgâr's +wife, <a href="#li621">621</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heming</b> (gen. Heminges, <a href="#li1945">1945</a>, <a href="#li1962">1962</a>). Offa is called Heminges mæg, +<a href="#li1945">1945</a>; Eómær, <a href="#li1962">1962</a>. According to Bachlechner (Pfeiffer's Germania, I., p. +458), Heming is the son of the sister of Gârmund, Offa's father.</p> + +<p><b>Hengest</b> (gen. Hengestes, <a href="#li1092">1092</a>; dat. Hengeste, <a href="#li1084">1084</a>): about him and +his relations to Hnäf and Finn, see <b>Finn</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Here-beald</b> (dat. Herebealde, <a href="#li2464">2464</a>), the oldest son of Hrêðel, king +of the Geátas (<a href="#li2435">2435</a>), accidentally killed with an arrow by his younger +brother, Hæðcyn, <a href="#li2440">2440</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Here-môd</b> (gen. Heremôdes, <a href="#li902">902</a>), king of the Danes, not belonging to +the Scylding dynasty, but, according to Grein, immediately preceding it; +is, on account of his unprecedented cruelty, driven out, <a href="#li902">902</a> ff., <a href="#li1710">1710</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Here-rîc</b> (gen. Hererîces, <a href="#li2207">2207</a>) Heardrêd is called Hererîces nefa, +<a href="#li2207">2207</a>. Nothing further is known of him.</p> + +<p><b>Het-ware</b> or Franks, in alliance with the Frisians and the Hûgas, +conquer Hygelâc, king of the Geátas, <a href="#li2355">2355</a>, <a href="#li2364">2364</a> ff., <a href="#li2917">2917</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Healf-dene</b> (gen. Healfdenes, <a href="#li189">189</a>, etc.), son of Beówulf, the +Scylding (<a href="#li57">57</a>); rules the Danes long and gloriously (<a href="#li57">57</a> f.); has three sons, +Heorogâr, Hrôðgâr, and Hâlga (<a href="#li61">61</a>), and a daughter, Elan, who, according to +the renewed text of the passage, wäs married to the Scylfing, Ongenþeów, +<a href="#li62">62</a>, <a href="#li63">63</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heard-rêd</b> (dat. Heardrêde, <a href="#li2203">2203</a>, <a href="#li2376">2376</a>), son of Hygelâc, king of the +Geátas, and Hygd. After his father's death, while still under age, he +obtains the throne (<a href="#li2371">2371</a>, <a href="#li2376">2376</a>, <a href="#li2379">2379</a>); wherefore Beówulf, as nephew of +Heardrêd's father, acts as guardian to the youth till he becomes older, +<a href="#li2378">2378</a>. He is slain by Ôhthere's sons, <a href="#li2386">2386</a>. This murder Beówulf avenges on +Eádgils, <a href="#li2396">2396-97</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heaðo-beardnas</b> (gen. -beardna, <a href="#li2033">2033</a>, <a href="#li2038">2038</a>, <a href="#li2068">2068</a>), the tribe of the +Lombards. Their king, Frôda, has fallen in a war with the Danes, <a href="#li2029">2029</a>, +<a href="#li2051">2051</a>. In order to end the feud, King Hrôðgâr has given his daughter, +Freáwaru, as wife to the young Ingeld, the son of Frôda, a marriage that +does not result happily; for Ingeld, though he long defers it on account of +his love for his wife, nevertheless takes revenge for his father, <a href="#li2021">2021-2070</a> +(Wîdsîð, 45-49).</p> + +<p><b>Heaðo-lâf</b> (dat. Heaðo-lâfe, <a href="#li460">460</a>), a Wylfingish warrior. Ecgþeów, +Beówulf's father, kills him, <a href="#li460">460</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heaðo-ræmas</b> reached by B. in the swimming-race with Beówulf, <a href="#li519">519</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heoro-gâr</b> (nom. <a href="#li61">61</a>; Heregâr, <a href="#li467">467</a>; Hiorogâr, <a href="#li2159">2159</a>), son of Healfdene, +and older brother of Hrôðgâr, <a href="#li61">61</a>. His death is mentioned, <a href="#li467">467</a>. He has a +son, Heoroweard, <a href="#li2162">2162</a>. His coat of mail Beówulf has received from Hrôðgâr +(<a href="#li2156">2156</a>), and presents it to Hygelâc, <a href="#li2158">2158</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heoro-weard</b> (dat. Heorowearde, <a href="#li2162">2162</a>), Heorogâr's son, <a href="#li2161">2161-62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heort</b>, <a href="#li78">78</a>. Heorot, <a href="#li166">166</a> (gen. Heorotes, <a href="#li403">403</a>; dat. Heorote, <a href="#li475">475</a>, +Heorute, <a href="#li767">767</a>, Hiorte, <a href="#li2100">2100</a>). Hrôðgâr's throne-room and banqueting hall and +assembly-room for his liegemen, built by him with unusual splendor, <a href="#li69">69</a>, <a href="#li78">78</a>. +In it occurs Beówulf's fight with Grendel, <a href="#li720">720</a> ff. The hall receives its +name from the stag's antlers, of which the one-half crowns the eastern +gable, the other half the western.</p> + +<p><b>Hildeburh</b>, daughter of Hôc, relative of the Danish leader, Hnäf, +consort of the Frisian king, Finn. After the fall of the latter, she +becomes a captive of the Danes, <a href="#li1072">1072</a>, <a href="#li1077">1077</a>, <a href="#li1159">1159</a>. See also under +<b>Finn</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Hnäf</b> (gen. Hnäfes, <a href="#li1115">1115</a>), a <b>Hôcing</b> (Wîdsîð, 29), the Danish +King Healfdene's general, <a href="#li1070">1070</a> ff. For his fight with Finn, his death and +burial, see under <b>Finn</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Hond-sció</b>, warrior of the Geátas: dat. <a href="#li2077">2077</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hôc</b> (gen. Hôces, <a href="#li1077">1077</a>), father of Hildeburh, <a href="#li1077">1077</a>; probably also of +Hnäf (Wîdsîð, 29).</p> + +<p><b>Hrêðel</b> (gen. Hrêðles, <a href="#li1486">1486</a>), son of Swerting, <a href="#li1204">1204</a>. King of the +Geátas, <a href="#li374">374</a>. He has, besides, a daughter, who is married to Ecgþeów, and +has borne him Beówulf, (<a href="#li374">374</a>), three sons, Herebeald, Hæðcyn, and Hygelâc, +<a href="#li2435">2435</a>. The eldest of these is accidentally killed by the second, <a href="#li2440">2440</a>. On +account of this inexpiable deed, Hrêðel becomes melancholy (<a href="#li2443">2443</a>), and +dies, <a href="#li2475">2475</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrêðla</b> (gen. Hrêðlan, MS. Hrædlan, <a href="#li454">454</a>), the same as Hrêðel (cf. +Müllenhoff in Haupts Zeitschrift, 12, 260), the former owner of Beówulf's +coat of mail, <a href="#li454">454</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrêð-men</b> (gen. Hrêð-manna, <a href="#li445">445</a>), the Danes are so called, <a href="#li445">445</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrêð-rîc</b>, son of Hrôðgâr, <a href="#li1190">1190</a>, <a href="#li1837">1837</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrefna-wudu</b>, <a href="#li2926">2926</a>, or Hrefnes-holt, <a href="#li2936">2936</a>, the thicket near which +the Swedish king, Ongenþeów, slew Hæðcyn, king of the Geátas, in battle.</p> + +<p><b>Hreosna-beorh</b>, promontory in the land of the Geátas, near +which Ongenþeów's sons, Ôhthere and Onela, had made repeated robbing +incursions into the country after Hrêðel's death. These were the immediate +cause of the war in which Hrêðel's son, King Hæðcyn, fell, <a href="#li2478">2478</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Hrôð-gâr</b> (gen. Hrôðgâres, <a href="#li235">235</a>, etc.; dat. Hrôðgâre, <a href="#li64">64</a>, etc.), of +the dynasty of the Scyldings; the second of the three sons of King +Healfdene, <a href="#li61">61</a>. After the death of his elder brother, Heorogâr, he assumes +the government of the Danes, <a href="#li465">465</a>, <a href="#li467">467</a> (yet it is not certain whether +Heorogâr was king of the Danes before Hrôðgâr, or whether his death +occurred while his father, Healfdene, was still alive). His consort is +Wealhþeów (<a href="#li613">613</a>), of the stock of the Helmings (<a href="#li621">621</a>), who has borne him two +sons, Hrêðrîc and Hrôðmund (<a href="#li1190">1190</a>), and a daughter, Freáware (<a href="#li2023">2023</a>), who has +been given in marriage to the king of the Heaðobeardnas, Ingeld. His +throne-room (<a href="#li78">78</a> ff.), which has been built at great cost (<a href="#li74">74</a> ff.), is +visited every night by Grendel (<a href="#li102">102</a>, <a href="#li115">115</a>), who, along with his mother, is +slain by Beówulf (<a href="#li711">711</a> ff., <a href="#li1493">1493</a> ff). Hrôðgâr's rich gifts to Beówulf, in +consequence, <a href="#li1021">1021</a>, <a href="#li1818">1818</a>; he is praised as being generous, <a href="#li71">71</a> ff., <a href="#li80">80</a>, <a href="#li1028">1028</a> +ff., <a href="#li1868">1868</a> ff.; as being brave, <a href="#li1041">1041</a> ff., <a href="#li1771">1771</a> ff.; and wise, <a href="#li1699">1699</a>, +<a href="#li1725">1725</a>.—Other information about Hrôðgâr's reign for the most part only +suggested: his expiation of the murder which Ecgþeów, Beówulf's father, +committed upon Heaðolâf, <a href="#li460">460</a>, <a href="#li470">470</a>; his war with the Heaðobeardnas; his +adjustment of it by giving his daughter, Freáware, in marriage to their +king, Ingeld; evil results of this marriage, <a href="#li2021">2021-2070</a>.—Treachery of his +brother's son, Hrôðulf, intimated, <a href="#li1165">1165-1166</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrôð-mund</b>, Hrôðgâr's son, <a href="#li1190">1190</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrôð-ulf</b>, probably a son of Hâlga, the younger brother of King +Hrôðgâr, <a href="#li1018">1018</a>, <a href="#li1182">1182</a>. Wealhþeów expresses the hope (<a href="#li1182">1182</a>) that, in case of +the early death of Hrôðgâr, Hrôð-ulf would prove a good guardian to +Hrôðgâr's young son, who would succeed to the government; a hope which +seems not to have been accomplished, since it appears from <a href="#li1165">1165</a>, <a href="#li1166">1166</a> that +Hrôð-ulf has abused his trust towards Hrôðgâr.</p> + +<p><b>Hrones-näs</b> (dat. -nässe, <a href="#li2806">2806</a>, <a href="#li3137">3137</a>), a promontory on the coast of +the country of the Geátas, visible from afar. Here is Beówulf's +grave-mound, <a href="#li2806">2806</a>, <a href="#li3137">3137</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrunting</b> (dat. Hruntinge, <a href="#li1660">1660</a>), Hûnferð's sword, is so called, +<a href="#li1458">1458</a>, <a href="#li1660">1660</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hûgas</b> (gen. Hûga, <a href="#li2503">2503</a>), Hygelâc wars against them allied with the +Franks and Frisians, and falls, <a href="#li2195">2195</a> ff. One of their heroes is called +Däghrefn, whom Beówulf slays, <a href="#li2503">2503</a>.</p> + +<p><b>[H]ûn-ferð</b>, the son of Ecglâf, þyle of King Hrôðgâr. As such, he has +his place near the throne of the king, <a href="#li499">499</a>, <a href="#li500">500</a>, <a href="#li1167">1167</a>. He lends his sword, +Hrunting, to Beówulf for his battle with Grendel's mother, <a href="#li1456">1456</a> f. +According to <a href="#li588">588</a>, <a href="#li1168">1168</a>, he slew his brothers. Since his name is always +alliterated with vowels, it is probable that the original form was, as +Rieger (Zachers Ztschr., <a href="#li3">3</a>, <a href="#li414">414</a>) conjectures, Unferð.</p> + +<p><b>Hûn-lâfing</b>, name of a costly sword, which Finn presents to Hengest, +<a href="#li1144">1144</a>. See <a href="#note1144">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hygd</b> (dat. Hygde, <a href="#li2173">2173</a>), daughter of Häreð, <a href="#li1930">1930</a>; consort of +Hygelâc, king of the Geátas, <a href="#li1927">1927</a>; her son, Heardrêd, <a href="#li2203">2203</a>, etc.—Her +noble, womanly character is emphasized, <a href="#li1927">1927</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Hyge-lâc</b> (gen. Hige-lâces, <a href="#li194">194</a>, etc., Hygelâces, <a href="#li2387">2387</a>; dat. +Higelâce, <a href="#li452">452</a>, Hygelâce, <a href="#li2170">2170</a>), king of the Geátas, <a href="#li1203">1203</a>, etc. His +grandfather is Swerting, <a href="#li1204">1204</a>; his father, Hrêðel, <a href="#li1486">1486</a>, <a href="#li1848">1848</a>; his older +brothers, Herebeald and Hæðcyn, <a href="#li2435">2435</a>; his sister's son, Beówulf, <a href="#li374">374</a>, <a href="#li375">375</a>. +After his brother, Hæðcyn, is killed by Ongenþeów, he undertakes the +government (<a href="#li2992">2992</a> in connection with the preceding from <a href="#li2937">2937</a> on). To Eofor +he gives, as reward for slaying Ongenþeów, his only daughter in marriage, +<a href="#li2998">2998</a>. But much later, at the time of the return of Beówulf from his +expedition to Hrôðgâr, we see him married to the very young Hygd, the +daughter of Häreð, <a href="#li1930">1930</a>. The latter seems, then, to have been his second +wife. Their son is Heardrêd, <a href="#li2203">2203</a>, <a href="#li2376">2376</a>, <a href="#li2387">2387</a>.—Hygelâc falls during an +expedition against the Franks, Frisians, and Hûgas, <a href="#li1206">1206</a>, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>, <a href="#li2356">2356-59</a>, +<a href="#li2916">2916-17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ingeld</b> (dat. Ingelde, <a href="#li2065">2065</a>), son of Frôda, the Heaðobeard chief, who +fell in a battle with the Danes, <a href="#li2051">2051</a> ff. in order to end the war, Ingeld +is married to Freáwaru, daughter of the Danish king, Hrôðgâr, <a href="#li2025">2025-30</a>. Yet +his love for his young wife can make him forget only for a short while his +desire to avenge his father. He finally carries it out, excited thereto by +the repeated admonitions of an old warrior, <a href="#li2042">2042-70</a> (Wîdsîð, 45-59).</p> + +<p><b>Ing-wine</b> (gen. Ingwina, <a href="#li1045">1045</a>, <a href="#li1320">1320</a>), friends of Ing, the first king +of the East Danes. The Danes are so called, <a href="#li1045">1045</a>, <a href="#li1320">1320</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mere-wioingas</b> (gen. Mere-wioinga, +<a href="#li2922">2922</a>), as name of the Franks, +<a href="#li2922">2922</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nägling</b>, the name of Beówulf's sword, <a href="#li2681">2681</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Offa</b> (gen. Offan, <a href="#li1950">1950</a>), king of the Angles (Wîdsîð, 35), the son of +Gârmund, <a href="#li1963">1963</a>; married (<a href="#li1950">1950</a>) to Þryðo (<a href="#li1932">1932</a>), a beautiful but cruel woman, +of unfeminine spirit (<a href="#li1932">1932</a> ff.), by whom he has a son, Eómær, <a href="#li1961">1961</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ôht-here</b> (gen. Ôhtheres, <a href="#li2929">2929</a>, <a href="#li2933">2933</a>; Ôhteres, <a href="#li2381">2381</a>, <a href="#li2393">2393</a>, <a href="#li2395">2395</a>, +<a href="#li2613">2613</a>), son of Ongenþeów, king of the Swedes, <a href="#li2929">2929</a>. His sons are Eánmund +(<a href="#li2612">2612</a>) and Eádgils, <a href="#li2393">2393</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Onela</b> (gen. Onelan, <a href="#li2933">2933</a>), Ôhthere's brother, <a href="#li2617">2617</a>, <a href="#li2933">2933</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ongen-þeów</b> (nom. -þeów, <a href="#li2487">2487</a>, -þió, <a href="#li2952">2952</a>; gen. -þeówes, <a href="#li2476">2476</a>, +-þiówes, <a href="#li2388">2388</a>; dat. -þió, <a href="#li2987">2987</a>), of the dynasty of the Scylfings; king of +the Swedes, <a href="#li2384">2384</a>. His wife is, perhaps, Elan, daughter of the Danish king, +Healfdene (<a href="#li62">62</a>), and mother of two sons, Onela and Ôhthere, <a href="#li2933">2933</a>. She is +taken prisoner by Hæðcyn, king of the Geátas, on an expedition into Sweden, +which he undertakes on account of her sons' plundering raids into his +country, <a href="#li2480">2480</a> ff. She is set free by Ongenþeów (<a href="#li2931">2931</a>), who kills Hæðcyn, +<a href="#li2925">2925</a>, and encloses the Geátas, now deprived of their leader, in the +Ravenswood (<a href="#li2937">2937</a> ff.), till they are freed by Hygelâc, <a href="#li2944">2944</a>. A battle then +follows, which is unfavorable to Ongenþeów's army. Ongenþeów himself, +attacked by the brothers, Wulf and Eofor, is slain by the latter, <a href="#li2487">2487</a> ff., +<a href="#li2962">2962</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Ôs-lâf</b>, a warrior of Hnäf's, who avenges on Finn his leader's death, +<a href="#li1149">1149</a> f.</p> + +<p><b>Scede-land</b>, <a href="#li19">19</a>. Sceden-îg (dat. Sceden-îgge, <a href="#li1687">1687</a>), O.N., Scân-ey, +the most southern portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, belonging to the +Danish kingdom, and, in the above-mentioned passages of our poem, a +designation of the whole Danish kingdom.</p> + +<p><b>Scêf</b> or <b>Sceáf</b>. See <a href="#note4">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Scyld</b> (gen. Scyldes, <a href="#li19">19</a>), a Scêfing. <a href="#li4">4</a>. His son is Beówulf, <a href="#li18">18</a>, <a href="#li53">53</a>: +his grandson, Healfdene, <a href="#li57">57</a>; his great-grandson, Hrôðgâr, who had two +brothers and a sister, <a href="#li59">59</a> ff.—Scyld dies, <a href="#li26">26</a>; his body, upon a decorated +ship, is given over to the sea (<a href="#li32">32</a> ff.), just as he, when a child, drifted +alone, upon a ship, to the land of the Danes, <a href="#li43">43</a> ff. After him his +descendants bear his name.</p> + +<p><b>Scyldingas</b> (Scyldungas, <a href="#li2053">2053</a>; gen. Scyldinga, <a href="#li53">53</a>, etc., Scyldunga, +<a href="#li2102">2102</a>, <a href="#li2160">2160</a>; dat. Scyldingum, <a href="#li274">274</a>, etc.), a name which is extended also to +the Danes, who are ruled by the Scyldings, <a href="#li53">53</a>, etc. They are also called +Âr-Scyldingas, <a href="#li464">464</a>; Sige-Scyldingas, <a href="#li598">598</a>, <a href="#li2005">2005</a>; Þeód-Scyldingas, <a href="#li1020">1020</a>; +Here-Scyldingas, <a href="#li1109">1109</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Scylfingas</b>, a Swedish royal family, whose relationship seems to +extend to the Geátas, since Wîglâf, the son of Wihstân, who in another +place, as a kinsman of Beówulf, is called a Wægmunding (<a href="#li2815">2815</a>), is also +called leód Scylfinga, <a href="#li2604">2604</a>. The family connections are perhaps as +follows:—</p> + +<pre> + Scylf. + | + ------------------------ + Wægmund. ....... + | | +------------------ ---------- +Ecgþeów. Weohstân. Ongenþeów. + | | | +-------- -------- --------------- +Beówulf. Wîglâf. Onela. Ôhthere. + | + ----------------- + Eáumund. Eádgils. +</pre> + +<p>The Scylfings are also called Heaðo-Scilfingas, <a href="#li63">63</a>, Gûð-Scylfingas, <a href="#li2928">2928</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sige-mund</b> (dat. -munde, <a href="#li876">876</a>, <a href="#li885">885</a>), the son of Wäls, <a href="#li878">878</a>, <a href="#li898">898</a>. His +(son and ) nephew is Fitela, <a href="#li880">880</a>, <a href="#li882">882</a>. His fight with the drake, <a href="#li887">887</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Swerting</b> (gen. Swertinges, <a href="#li1204">1204</a>), Hygelâc's grandfather, and +Hrêðel's father, <a href="#li1204">1204</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sweon</b> (gen. Sweona, <a href="#li2473">2473</a>, <a href="#li2947">2947</a>, <a href="#li3002">3002</a>), also Sweó-þeód, <a href="#li2923">2923</a>. The +dynasty of the Scylfings rules over them, <a href="#li2382">2382</a>, <a href="#li2925">2925</a>. Their realm is called +Swiórice, <a href="#li2384">2384</a>, <a href="#li2496">2496</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Þryðo</b>, consort of the Angle king, Offa, <a href="#li1932">1932</a>, <a href="#li1950">1950</a>. Mother of Eómær, +<a href="#li1961">1961</a>, notorious on account of her cruel, unfeminine character, <a href="#li1932">1932</a> ff. She +is mentioned as the opposite to the mild, dignified Hygd, the queen of the +Geátas.</p> + +<p><b>Wäls</b> (gen. Wälses, <a href="#li898">898</a>), father of Sigemund, <a href="#li878">878</a>, <a href="#li898">898</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wæg-mundingas</b> (gen. Wægmundinga, <a href="#li2608">2608</a>, <a href="#li2815">2815</a>). The Wægmundings are on +one side, Wihstân and his son Wîglâf; on the other side, Ecgþeów and his +son Beówulf (<a href="#li2608">2608</a>, <a href="#li2815">2815</a>). See under <b>Scylfingas</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Wederas</b> (gen. Wedera, <a href="#li225">225</a>, <a href="#li423">423</a>, <a href="#li498">498</a>, etc.), or Weder-geátas. See +<b>Geátas</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Wêland</b> (gen. Wêlandes, <a href="#li455">455</a>), the maker of Beówulf's coat of mail, +<a href="#li455">455</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wendlas</b> (gen. Wendla, <a href="#li348">348</a>): their chief is Wulfgâr. See +<b>Wulfgâr</b>. The Wendlas are, according to Grundtvig and Bugge, the +inhabitants of Vendill, the most northern part of Jutland, between Limfjord +and the sea.</p> + +<p><b>Wealh-þeów</b> (<a href="#li613">613</a>, Wealh-þeó, <a href="#li665">665</a>, <a href="#li1163">1163</a>), the consort of King Hrôðgâr, +of the stock of the Helmings, <a href="#li621">621</a>. Her sons are Hrêðrîc and Hrôðmund, <a href="#li1190">1190</a>; +her daughter, Freáwaru, <a href="#li2023">2023</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Weoh-stân</b> (gen. Weox-stânes, <a href="#li2603">2603</a>, Weoh-stânes, <a href="#li2863">2863</a>, Wih-stânes, +<a href="#li2753">2753</a>, <a href="#li2908">2908</a>, etc.), a Wægmunding (<a href="#li2608">2608</a>), father of Wîglâf, <a href="#li2603">2603</a>. In what +relationship to him Älfhere, mentioned <a href="#li2605">2605</a>, stands, is not +clear.—Weohstân is the slayer of Eánmund (<a href="#li2612">2612</a>), in that, as it seems, he +takes revenge for his murdered king, Heardrêd. See +<b>Eánmund</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Wîg-lâf</b>, Weohstân's son, <a href="#li2603">2603</a>, etc., a Wægmunding, <a href="#li2815">2815</a>, and so also +a Scylfing, <a href="#li2604">2604</a>; a kinsman of Älfhere, <a href="#li2605">2605</a>. For his relationship to +Beówulf, see the genealogical table under <b>Scylfingas</b>.—He supports +Beówulf in his fight with the drake, <a href="#li2605">2605</a> ff., <a href="#li2662">2662</a> ff. The hero gives him, +before his death, his ring, his helm, and his coat of mail, <a href="#li2810">2810</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Won-rêd</b> (gen. Wonrêdes, <a href="#li2972">2972</a>), father of Wulf and Eofor, <a href="#li2966">2966</a>, +<a href="#li2979">2979</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wulf</b> (dat. Wulfe, <a href="#li2994">2994</a>), one of the Geátas, Wonrêd's son. He fights +in the battle between the armies of Hygelâc and Ongenþeów with Ongenþeów +himself, and gives him a wound (<a href="#li2966">2966</a>), whereupon Ongenþeów, by a stroke of +his sword, disables him, <a href="#li2975">2975</a>. Eofor avenges his brother's fall by dealing +Ongenþeów a mortal blow, <a href="#li2978">2978</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Wulf-gâr</b>, chief of the Wendlas, <a href="#li348">348</a>, lives at Hrôðgâr's court, and +is his "âr and ombiht," <a href="#li335">335</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wylfingas</b> (dat. Wylfingum, <a href="#li461">461</a>). Ecgþeów has slain Heoðolâf, a +warrior of this tribe, <a href="#li460">460</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Yrmen-lâf</b>, younger brother of Äschere, <a href="#li1325">1325</a>.</p> + +<p>ADDITIONAL.</p> + +<p><b>Eotenas</b> (gen. pl. Eotena, <a href="#li1073">1073</a>, <a href="#li1089">1089</a>, <a href="#li1142">1142</a>; dat. Eotenum, <a href="#li1146">1146</a>), the +subjects of Finn, the North Frisians: distinguished from <b>eoton</b>, +<i>giant</i>. Vid <b>eoton</b>. Cf. Bugge, Beit., xii. 37; Earle, Beowulf +in Prose, pp. 146, 198.</p> + +<p><b>Hrêðling</b>, son of Hrêðel, Hygelâc: nom. sg. <a href="#li1924">1924</a>; nom. pl., the +subjects of Hygelâc, the Geats, <a href="#li2961">2961</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Scêfing</b>, the son (?) of Scêf, or Sceáf, reputed father of Scyld, <a href="#li4">4</a>. +See <a href="#note4">Note</a>.</p> +<hr /> + +<p>ABBREVIATIONS.</p> +<table> +<tr><td align="right">B.: </td><td>Bugge.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Br.: </td><td>S.A. Brooke, Hist. of Early Eng. Lit.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">C.: </td><td>Cosijn.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">E.: </td><td>Earle, Deeds of Beowulf in Prose.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">G.: </td><td>Garnett, Translation of Beowulf</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Gr.: </td><td>Grein.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">H.: </td><td>Heyne.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Ha.: </td><td>Hall, Translation of Beowulf.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">H.-So.: </td><td>Heyne-Socin, 5th ed.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Ho.: </td><td>Holder.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">K.: </td><td>Kemble.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Kl.: </td><td>Kluge.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Müllenh.: </td><td>Müllenhoff.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">R.: </td><td>Rieger.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">S.: </td><td>Sievers.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Sw.: </td><td>Sweet, Anglo-Saxon Reader, 6th ed.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Ten Br.: </td><td>Ten Brink.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Th.: </td><td>Thorpe.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Z.: </td><td>Zupitza.</td></tr> +</table> +<p>PERIODICALS.</p> +<table> +<tr><td align="right">Ang.: </td><td>Anglia.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Beit.: </td><td>Paul und Branne's Beiträge.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Eng. Stud.: </td><td>Englische Studien.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Germ.: </td><td>Germania.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Haupts Zeitschr.: </td><td>Haupts Zeitschrift, etc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Mod. Lang. Notes: </td><td>Modern Language Notes.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Tidskr.: </td><td>Tidskrift for Philologi.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Zachers Zeitschr.: </td><td>Zachers Zeitschrift, etc.</td></tr> +</table> + +<a name="notes"></a><h2>NOTES.</h2> + +<p><a name="note1"></a>l. 1. <b>hwät</b>: for this interjectional formula opening a poem, cf. +<cite>Andreas, Daniel, Juliana, Exodus, Fata Apost., Dream of the Rood</cite>, +and the "Listenith lordinges!" of mediaeval lays.—E. Cf. Chaucer, +Prologue, ed. Morris, l. 853:</p> +<div class="line">"Sin I shal beginne the game,</div> +<div class="line"><i>What</i>, welcome be the cut, a Goddes name!"</div> + +<p><b>we ... gefrunon</b> is a variant on the usual epic formulæ <b>ic +gefrägn</b> (<a href="#li74">l. 74</a>) and <b>mîne gefræge</b> (<a href="#li777">l. 777</a>). <cite>Exodus, Daniel, +Phoenix</cite>, etc., open with the same formula.</p> + +<p>l. 1. "<b>Gâr</b> was the javelin, armed with two of which the warrior went +into battle, and which he threw over the 'shield-wall.' It was +barbed."—Br. 124. Cf. <cite>Maldon</cite>, l. 296; <cite>Judith</cite>, l. 224; +<cite>Gnom. Verses</cite>, l. 22; etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note4"></a>l. 4. "Scild of the Sheaf, not 'Scyld the son of Scaf'; for it is too +inconsistent, even in myth, to give a patronymic to a foundling. According +to the original form of the story, Sceáf was the foundling; he had come +ashore with a sheaf of corn, and from that was named. This form of the +story is preserved in Ethelwerd and in William of Malmesbury. But here the +foundling is Scyld, and we must suppose he was picked up with the sheaf, +and hence his cognomen."—E., p. 105. Cf. the accounts of Romulus and +Remus, of Moses, of Cyrus, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note6"></a>l. 6. <b>egsian</b> is also used in an active sense (not in the Gloss.), = +<i>to terrify</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note15"></a>l. 15. S. suggests <b>þâ</b> (<i>which</i>) for <b>þät</b>, as object of +<b>dreógan</b>; and for <b>aldor-leáse</b>, Gr. suggested +<b>aldor-ceare</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 136.</p> + +<p>S. translates: "For God had seen the dire need which the rulerless ones +before endured."</p> + +<p><a name="note18"></a>l. 18. "Beowulf (that is, Beaw of the Anglo-Saxon genealogists, not our +Beowulf, who was a Geat, not a Dane), 'the son of Scyld in Scedeland.' This +is our ancestral myth,—the story of the first culture-hero of the North; +'the patriarch,' as Rydberg calls him, 'of the royal families of Sweden, +Denmark, Angeln, Saxland, and England.'"—Br., p. 78. Cf. <cite>A.-S. +Chron.</cite> an. 855.</p> + +<p>H.-So. omits parenthetic marks, and reads (after S., <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 135) +<b>eaferan</b>; cf. <cite>Fata Apost.</cite>: <b>lof wîde sprang þeódnes þegna</b>.</p> + +<p>"The name <i>Bēowulf</i> means literally 'Bee-wolf,' wolf or +ravager of the bees, = bear. Cf. <i>beorn</i>, 'hero,' originally 'bear,' +and <i>bēohata</i>, 'warrior,' in Cædmon, literally 'bee-hater' or +'persecutor,' and hence identical in meaning with <i>bēowulf</i>."—Sw.</p> +<p>Cf.</p> +<div class="line">"Arcite and Palamon,</div> +<div class="line">That foughten <i>breme</i>, as it were bores two."</div> +<div class="lcite">—Chaucer, <cite>Knightes Tale</cite>, l. 841, ed. Morris.</div> + +<p>Cf. M. Müller, <cite>Science of Lang.</cite>, Sec. Series, pp. 217, 218; and +Hunt's <cite>Daniel</cite>, 104.</p> + +<p><a name="note19"></a>l. 19. Cf. <a href="#li1866">l. 1866</a>, where <b>Scedenig</b> is used, = <i>Scania</i>, in +Sweden(?).</p> + +<p><a name="note21"></a>l. 21. <b>wine</b> is pl.; cf. its apposition <b>wil-gesîðas</b> below. +H.-So. compares <cite>Héliand</cite>, 1017, for language almost identical with +<a href="#li20">ll. 20</a>, <a href="#li21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note22"></a>l. 22. <b>on ylde</b>: cf.</p> +<div class="line">"<i>In elde</i> is bothe wisdom and usage."</div> +<div class="lcite">—Chaucer, <cite>Knightes Tale</cite>, l. 1590, ed. Morris.</div> + +<p><a name="note26"></a>l. 26. Reflexive objects often pleonastically accompany verbs of motion; +cf. <a href="#li234">ll. 234</a>, <a href="#li301">301</a>, <a href="#li1964">1964</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note28"></a>l. 28. <b>faroð</b> = <i>shore, strand, edge.</i> Add these to the meanings +in the Gloss.</p> + +<p><a name="note31"></a>l. 31. The object of <b>âhte</b> is probably <b>geweald</b>, to be supplied +from <b>wordum weóld</b> of <a href="#li30">l. 30</a>.—H.-So.</p> + +<p>R., Kl., and B. all hold conflicting views of this passage: <cite>Beit.</cite> +xii. 80, ix. 188; <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 382, etc. Kl. suggests +<b>lændagas</b> for <b>lange</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note32"></a>l. 32. "<b>hringed-stefna</b> is sometimes translated 'with curved prow,' +but it means, I think, that in the prow were fastened rings through which +the cables were passed that tied it to the shore."—Br., p. 26. Cf. <a href="#li1132">ll. +1132</a>, <a href="#li1898">1898</a>. <b>Hring-horni</b> was the mythic ship of the Edda. See +Toller-Bosworth for three different views; and cf. <b>wunden-stefna</b> (<a href="#li220">l. +220</a>), <b>hring-naca</b> (<a href="#li1863">l. 1863</a>).</p> + +<p><a name="note34"></a>ll. 34-52. Cf. the burial of Haki on a funeral-pyre ship, <cite>Inglinga +Saga;</cite> the burial of Balder, Sinfiötli, Arthur, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note35"></a>l. 35. "And this [their joy in the sea] is all the plainer from the number +of names given to the ship-names which speak their pride and affection. It +is the Ætheling's vessel, the Floater, the Wave-swimmer, the Ring-sterned, +the Keel, the Well-bound wood, the Sea-wood, the Sea-ganger, the Sea-broad +ship, the Wide-bosomed, the Prow-curved, the Wood of the curved neck, the +Foam-throated floater that flew like a bird."—Br., p. 168.</p> + +<p><a name="note49"></a>l. 49. "We know from Scandinavian graves ... that the illustrious dead were +buried ... in ships, with their bows to sea-ward; that they were however +not sent to sea, but were either burnt in that position, or mounded over +with earth."—E. See Du Chaillu, <cite>The Viking Age</cite>, xix.</p> + +<p><a name="note51"></a>l. 51. (1) <b>sele-rædende</b> (K., S., C.); (2) <b>sêle-rædenne</b> (H.); +(3) <b>sele-rædende</b> (H.-So.). Cf. <a href="#li1347">l. 1347</a>; and see Ha.</p> + +<p>l. 51. E. compares with this canto Tennyson's "Passing of Arthur" and the +legendary burial-journey of St. James of Campostella, an. 800.</p> + +<p><a name="note53"></a>l. 53. The poem proper begins with this, "There was once upon a time," the +first 52 lines being a prelude. Eleven of the "fitts," or cantos, begin +with the monosyllable <b>þâ</b>, four with the verb <b>gewîtan</b>, nine +with the formula <b>Hrôðgâr</b> (Beówulf, Unferð) <b>maðelode</b>, +twenty-four with monosyllables in general (<b>him, swâ, sê, hwät, þâ, hêht, +wäs, mäg, cwôm, stræt</b>).</p> + +<p><a name="note58"></a>l. 58. <b>gamel.</b> "The ... characteristics of the poetry are the use of +archaic forms and words, such as <b>mec</b> for <b>mé</b>, the possessive +<b>sín, gamol, dógor, swát</b> for <b>eald, dæg, blód</b>, etc., after they +had become obsolete in the prose language, and the use of special compounds +and phrases, such as <b>hildenædre</b> (<i>war-adder</i>) for 'arrow,' +gold-gifa (<i>gold-giver</i>) for 'king,' ... <b>goldwine gumena</b> +(<i>goldfriend of men, distributor of gold to men</i>) for 'king,'" +etc.—Sw. Other poetic words are <b>ides, ielde</b> (<i>men</i>), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note60"></a>l. 60. H.-So. reads <b>ræswa</b> (referring to <b>Heorogâr</b> alone), +and places a point (with the Ms.) after <b>Heorogâr</b> instead of after +<b>ræswa.</b> Cf. l. 469; see B., <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 193.</p> + +<p><a name="note62"></a>l. 62. <b>Elan</b> here (OHG. <i>Elana, Ellena, Elena, Elina, Alyan</i>) is +thought by B. (<cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 43) to be a remnant of the masc. name +<b>Onela</b>, and he reads: <b>[On-]elan ewên, Heaðoscilfingas(=es) +healsgebedda.</b></p> + +<p><a name="note68"></a>l. 68. For <b>hê</b>, omitted here, cf. <a href="#li300">l. 300</a>. Pronouns are occasionally +thus omitted in subord. clauses.—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note70"></a>l. 70. <b>þone</b>, here = <b>þonne</b>, <i>than</i>, and <b>micel = +mâre?</b> The passage, by a slight change, might be made to read, +<b>medo-ärn micle mâ gewyrcean,—þone</b> = <i>by much larger than</i>,—in +which <b>þone (þonne)</b> would come in naturally.</p> + +<p><a name="note73"></a>l. 73. <b>folc-scare.</b> Add <i>folk-share</i> to the meanings in the +Gloss.; and cf. gûð-scearu.</p> + +<p><a name="note74"></a>l. 74. <b>ic wide gefrägn:</b> an epic formula very frequent in poetry, = +<i>men said.</i> Cf. <cite>Judith</cite>, ll. 7, 246; <cite>Phoenix</cite>, l. 1; and +the parallel (noun) formula, <b>mîne gefræge</b>, <a href="#li777">ll. 777</a>, <a href="#li838">838</a>, <a href="#li1956">1956</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note78"></a>ll. 78-83. "The hall was a rectangular, high-roofed, wooden building, its +long sides facing north and south. The two gables, at either end, had +stag-horns on their points, curving forwards, and these, as well as the +ridge of the roof, were probably covered with shining metal, and glittered +bravely in the sun."—Br., p. 32.</p> + +<p><a name="note84"></a>l. 84. <i>Son-in-law and father-in-law;</i> B., a so-called <i>dvanda</i> +compound. Cf. <a href="#li1164">l. 1164</a>, where a similar compound means <i>uncle and +nephew;</i> and <b>Wîdsîð's suhtorfædran</b>, used of the same persons.</p> + +<p><a name="note88"></a>l. 88. "The word <b>dreám</b> conveys the buzz and hum of social happiness, +and more particularly the sound of music and singing."—E. Cf. <a href="#li3021">l. 3021</a>; and +<cite>Judith</cite>, l. 350; <cite>Wanderer</cite>, l. 79, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note90"></a>ll. 90-99. There is a suspicious similarity between this passage and the +lines attributed by Bede to Cædmon:</p> +<div class="line"><b>Nû wê sculan herian heofonrices Weard</b>, etc.</div> +<div class="lcite">—Sw., p. 47.</div> + +<p>ll. 90-98 are probably the interpolation of a Christian scribe.</p> + +<p><a name="note92"></a>ll. 92-97. "The first of these Christian elements [in <cite>Beówulf</cite>] is +the sense of a fairer, softer world than that in which the Northern +warriors lived.... Another Christian passage (<a href="#li107">ll. 107</a>, <a href="#li1262">1262</a>) derives all +the demons, eotens, elves, and dreadful sea-beasts from the race of Cain. +The folly of sacrificing to the heathen gods is spoken of (<a href="#li175">l. 175</a>).... The +other point is the belief in immortality (<a href="#li1202">ll. 1202</a>, <a href="#li1761">1761</a>)."—Br. 71.</p> + +<p><a name="note100"></a>l. 100. Cf. <a href="#li2211">l. 2211</a>, where the third dragon of the poem is introduced in +the same words. Beowulf is the forerunner of that other national +dragon-slayer, St. George.</p> + +<p>l. 100. <b>onginnan</b> in <cite>Beówulf</cite> is treated like verbs of motion +and modal auxiliaries, and takes the object inf. without <b>tô</b>; cf. ll. +<a href="#li872">872</a>, <a href="#li1606">1606</a>, <a href="#li1984">1984</a>, <a href="#li244">244</a>. Cf. <i>gan</i> (= <i>did</i>) in Mid. Eng.: +<i>gan</i> espye (Chaucer, <cite>Knightes Tale</cite>, l. 254, ed. Morris).</p> + +<p><a name="note101"></a>l. 101. B. and H.-So. read, <b>feónd on healle</b>; cf. l. +<a href="#li142">142</a>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii.</p> + +<p>ll. 101-151. "Grimm connects [<b>Grendel</b>] with the Anglo-Saxon +<b>grindel</b> (<i>a bolt</i> or <i>bar</i>).... It carries with it the +notion of the bolts and bars of hell, and hence <i>a fiend.</i> ... +Ettmüller was the first ... to connect the name with <b>grindan</b>, <i>to +grind, to crush to pieces, to utterly destroy.</i> <b>Grendel</b> is then +<i>the tearer, the destroyer</i>."—Br., p. 83.</p> + +<p><a name="note102"></a>l. 102. <b>gäst</b> = <i>stranger</i> (Ha.); cf. <a href="#li1139">ll. 1139</a>, <a href="#li1442">1442</a>, <a href="#li2313">2313</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note103"></a>l. 103. See Ha., p. 4.</p> + +<p><a name="note106"></a>l. 106. "The perfect and pluperfect are often expressed, as in Modern +English, by <b>hæfð</b> and <b>hæfde</b> with the past participle."—Sw. +Cf. <a href="#li433">ll. 433</a>, <a href="#li408">408</a>, <a href="#li940">940</a>, <a href="#li205">205</a> (p. p. inflected in the last two cases), etc.</p> + +<p>l. 106. S. destroys period here, reads <b>in Caines</b>, etc., and puts +<b>þone ... drihten</b> in parenthesis.</p> + +<p><a name="note108"></a>l. 108. <b>þäs þe</b> = <i>because</i>, especially after verbs of thanking +(cf. <a href="#li228">ll. 228</a>, <a href="#li627">627</a>, <a href="#li1780">1780</a>, <a href="#li2798">2798</a>); <i>according as</i> (<a href="#li1351">l. 1351</a>).</p> + +<p>l. 108. The def. article is omitted with <b>Drihten</b> (<i>Lord</i>) and +<b>Deofol</b> (<i>devil</i>; cf. <a href="#li2089">l. 2089</a>), as it is, generally, sparingly +employed in poetry; cf. <b>tô sæ</b> (<a href="#li318">l. 318</a>), <b>ofer sæ</b> (<a href="#li2381">l. 2381</a>), +<b>on lande</b> (<a href="#li2311">l. 2311</a>), <b>tô räste</b> (<a href="#li1238">l. 1238</a>), <b>on wicge</b> (l. +<a href="#li286">286</a>), etc., etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note119"></a>l. 119. <b>weras</b> (S., H.-So.); <b>wera</b> (K., Th.).—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. +137.</p> + +<p><a name="note120"></a>l. 120. <b>unfælo</b> = <i>uncanny</i> (R.).</p> + +<p><a name="note131"></a>l. 131. E. translates, <i>majestic rage;</i> adopting Gr.'s view that +<b>swyð</b> is = Icel. <b>sviði</b>, <i>a burn</i> or <i>burning</i>. Cf. +<a href="#li737">l. 737</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note142"></a>l. 142. B. supposes <b>heal-þegnes</b> to be corrupted from +<b>helþegnes</b>; cf. <a href="#li101">l. 101</a>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 80. See <b>Gûðlâc</b>, l. +1042.</p> + +<p><a name="note144"></a>l. 144. See Ha., p. 6, for S.'s rearrangement.</p> + +<p><a name="note146"></a>l. 146. S. destroys period after <b>sêlest</b>, puts <b>wäs ... micel</b> in +parenthesis, and inserts a colon after <b>tîd</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note149"></a>l. 149. B. reads <b>sârcwidum</b> for <b>syððan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note154"></a>l. 154. B. takes <b>sibbe</b> for accus. obj. of <b>wolde</b>, and places a +comma after <b>Deniga</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 82.</p> + +<p><a name="note159"></a>l. 159. R. suggests <b>ac se</b> for <b>atol</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note168"></a>l. 168. H.-So. plausibly conjectures this parenthesis to be a late +insertion, as, at <a href="#li180">ll. 180-181</a>, the Danes also are said to be heathen. +Another commentator considers the throne under a "spell of enchantment," +and therefore it could not be touched.</p> + +<p><a name="note169"></a>l. 169. <b>ne ... wisse</b>: <i>nor had he desire to do so</i> (W.). See Ha., p. 7, +for other suggestions.</p> + +<p>l. 169. <b>myne wisse</b> occurs in <cite>Wanderer</cite>, <a href="#li27">l. 27</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note174"></a>l. 174. The gerundial inf. with <b>tô</b> expresses purpose, defines a noun +or adjective, or, with the verb <b>be</b>, expresses duty or necessity +passively; cf. <a href="#li257">ll. 257</a>, <a href="#li473">473</a>, <a href="#li1004">1004</a>, <a href="#li1420">1420</a>, <a href="#li1806">1806</a>, etc. Cf. <b>tô</b> + inf. at +<a href="#li316">ll. 316</a>, <a href="#li2557">2557</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note175"></a>ll. 175-188. E. regards this passage as dating the time and place of the +poem relatively to the times of heathenism. Cf. the opening lines, <i>In +days of yore</i>, etc., as if the story, even then, were very old.</p> + +<p><a name="note177"></a>l. 177. <b>gâst-bona</b> is regarded by Ettmüller and G. Stephens +(<cite>Thunor</cite>, p. 54) as an epithet of Thor (= <i>giant-killer</i>), a +kenning for Thunor or Thor, meaning both <i>man</i> and <i>monster</i>.—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note189"></a>l. 189. Cf. <a href="#li1993">l. 1993</a>, where similar language is used. H.-So. takes both +<b>môd-ceare</b> and <b>mæl-ceare</b> as accus., others as instr.</p> + +<p><a name="note190"></a>ll. 190, 1994. <b>seáð</b>: for this use of <b>seóðan</b> cf. Bede, +<cite>Eccles. Hist.</cite>, ed. Miller, p. 128, where p. p. <b>soden</b> is thus +used.</p> + +<p><a name="note194"></a>l. 194. <b>fram hâm</b> = <i>in his home</i> (S., H.-So.); but <b>fram +hâm</b> may be for <b>fram him</b> (<i>from them</i>, i.e. <i>his +people</i>, or <i>from Hrothgar's</i>). Cf. Ha., p. 8.</p> + +<p><a name="note197"></a>l. 197. Cf. <a href="#li791">ll. 791</a>, <a href="#li807">807</a>, for this fixed phrase.</p> + +<p><a name="note200"></a>l. 200. See <cite>Andreas, Elene</cite>, and <cite>Juliana</cite> for <b>swan-râd</b> +(<i>= sea</i>). "The swan is said to breed wild now no further away than +the North of Sweden." —E. Cf. <b>ganotes bäð</b>, <a href="#li1862">l. 1862</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note203"></a>l. 203. Concessive clauses with <b>þeáh, þeáh þe, þeáh ... eal</b>, vary +with subj. and ind., according as fact or contingency is dominant in the +mind; cf. <a href="#li526">ll. 526</a>, <a href="#li1168">1168</a>, <a href="#li2032">2032</a>, etc. (subj.), 1103, 1614 (ind.). Cf. <b>gif, +nefne.</b></p> + +<p><a name="note204"></a>l. 204. <b>hæl</b>, an OE. word found in Wülker's Glossaries in various +forms, = <i>augury, omen, divination</i>, etc. Cf. <b>hælsere</b>, +<i>augur</i>; <b>hæl</b>, <i>omen;</i> <b>hælsung</b>, <i>augurium</i>, +<b>hælsian</b>, etc. Cf. Tac., <cite>Germania</cite>, 10.</p> + +<p><a name="note207"></a>l. 207. C. adds "= <i>impetrare</i>" to the other meanings of findan given +in the Gloss.</p> + +<p><a name="note217"></a>l. 217. Cf. <a href="#li1910">l. 1910</a>; and <cite>Andreas</cite>, <a href="#li993">l. 993</a>.—E. E. compares Byron's</p> +<div class="line">"And fast and falcon-like the vessel flew,"</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Corsair</cite>, i. 17.</div> + +<p>and Scott's</p> +<div class="line">"Merrily, merrily bounds the bark."</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Lord of the Isles</cite>, iv. 7.</div> + +<p><a name="note218"></a>l. 218. Cf.</p> +<div class="line">"The fomy stedes on the golden brydel</div> +<div class="line">Gnawinge."</div> +<div class="lcite">—Chaucer, <cite>Knightes Tale</cite>, <a href="#li1648">l. 1648</a>, ed. Morris.</div> + +<p><a name="note219"></a>l. 219. Does <b>ân-tîd</b> mean <i>hour</i> (Th.), or <i>corresponding +hour</i> = <b>ând-tîd</b> (H.-So.), or <i>in due time</i> (E.), or <i>after +a time</i>, when <b>ôþres</b>, etc., would be adv. gen.? See C., +<cite>Beit.</cite> viii. 568.</p> + +<p><a name="note224"></a>l. 224. <b>eoletes</b> may = (1) <i>voyage</i>; (2) <i>toil, labor</i>; (3) +<i>hurried journey;</i> but <i>sea</i> or <i>fjord</i> appears preferable.</p> + +<p><a name="note229"></a>ll. 229-257. "The scenery ... is laid on the coast of the North Sea and the +Kattegat, the first act of the poem among the Danes in Seeland, the second +among the Geats in South Sweden."—Br., p. 15.</p> + +<p><a name="note239"></a>l. 239. "A shoal of simple terms express in <cite>Beówulf</cite> the earliest +sea-thoughts of the English.... The simplest term is <b>Sæ</b>.... To this +they added <b>Wæter, Flod, Stream, Lagu, Mere, Holm, Grund, Heathu, Sund, +Brim, Garsecg, Eagor, Geofon, Fifel, Hron-rad, Swan-rad, Segl-rad, +Ganotes-bæð</b>."—Br., p. 163-166.</p> + +<p>l. 239. "The infinitive is often used in poetry after a verb of motion +where we should use the present participle."—Sw. Cf. <a href="#li711">ll. 711</a>, <a href="#li721">721</a>, <a href="#li1163">1163</a> +1803, 268, etc. Cf. German <i>spazieren fahren reiten</i>, etc., and +similar constructions in French, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note240"></a>l. 240, W. reads <b>hringed-stefnan</b> for <b>helmas bæron</b>. B. inserts +(?) after <b>holmas</b> and begins a new line at the middle of the verse. +S. omits B.'s "on the wall."</p> + +<p><a name="note245"></a>l. 245. Double and triple negatives strengthen each other and do not +produce an affirmative in A.-S. or M. E. The neg. is often prefixed to +several emphatic words in the sentence, and readily contracts with vowels, +and <b>h</b> or <b>w</b>; cf. <a href="#li863">ll. 863</a>, <a href="#li182">182</a>, <a href="#li2125">2125</a>, <a href="#li1509">1509</a>, <a href="#li575">575</a>, <a href="#li583">583</a>, <a href="#li3016">3016</a>, +etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note249"></a>l. 249. <b>seld-guma</b> = <i>man-at-arms in another's house</i> (Wood); = +<i>low-ranking fellow</i> (Ha.); <b>stubenhocker</b>, <i>stay-at-home</i> +(Gr.), Scott's "carpet knight," <cite>Marmion</cite>, i. 5.</p> + +<p><a name="note250"></a>l. 250. <b>näfne</b> (<b>nefne, nemne</b>) usually takes the subj., = +<i>unless</i>; cf. <a href="#li1057">ll. 1057</a>, <a href="#li3055">3055</a>, <a href="#li1553">1553</a>. For ind., = <i>except</i>, see l. +<a href="#li1354">1354</a>. Cf. <b>bûtan, gif, þeáh</b>.</p> + +<p>l. 250. For a remarkable account of armor and weapons in <cite>Beówulf</cite>, +see S. A. Brooke, <cite>Hist. of Early Eng. Lit.</cite> For general "Old Teutonic +Life in Beówulf," see J. A. Harrison, <cite>Overland Monthly</cite>.</p> + +<p><a name="note252"></a>l. 252. <b>ær</b> as a conj. generally has subj., as here; cf. <a href="#li264">ll. 264</a>, +<a href="#li677">677</a>, <a href="#li2819">2819</a>, <a href="#li732">732</a>. For ind., cf. <a href="#li2020">l. 2020</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note253"></a>l. 253. <b>leás</b> = <i>loose</i>, <i>roving</i>. Ettmüller corrected to +<b>leáse</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note256"></a>l. 256. This proverb (<b>ôfest</b>, etc.) occurs in <cite>Exod.</cite> (Hunt), l. +293.</p> + +<p><a name="note258"></a>l. 258. An "elder" may be a very young man; hence <b>yldesta</b>, = +<i>eminent</i>, may be used of Beowulf. Cf. <cite>Laws of Ælfred</cite>, C. 17: +<b>Nâ þät ælc eald sý, ac þät he eald sý on wîsdôme</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note273"></a>l. 273. Verbs of hearing and seeing are often followed by acc. with inf.; +cf. <a href="#li229">ll. 229</a>, <a href="#li1024">1024</a>, <a href="#li729">729</a>, <a href="#li1517">1517</a>, etc. Cf. German construction with <i>sehen, +horen</i>, etc., French construction with <i>voir, entendre</i>, etc., and +the classical constructions.</p> + +<p><a name="note275"></a>l. 275. <b>dæd-hata</b> = <i>instigator</i>. Kl. reads <b>dæd-hwata</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note280"></a>l. 280. <b>ed-wendan</b>, n. (B.; cf. 1775), = <b>edwenden</b>, limited by +<b>bisigu</b>. So ten Br. = <cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 291.</p> + +<p><a name="note287"></a>l. 287. "Each is denoted ... also by the strengthened forms <b>'æghwæðer +('ægðer), éghwæðer</b>, etc. This prefixed <b>'æ, óe</b> corresponds to +the Goth, <i>aiw</i>, OHG. <i>eo</i>, <i>io</i>, and is umlauted from +<b>á</b>, <b>ó</b> by the <b>i</b> of the <b>gi</b> which originally +followed."—Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 190.</p> + +<p><a name="note292"></a>l. 292. "All through the middle ages suits of armour are called +'weeds.'"—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note303"></a>l. 303. "An English warrior went into battle with a boar-crested helmet, +and a round linden shield, with a byrnie of ringmail ... with two javelins +or a single ashen spear some eight or ten feet long, with a long two-edged +sword naked or held in an ornamental scabbard.... In his belt was a short, +heavy, one-edged sword, or rather a long knife, called the seax ... used for +close quarters."—Br., p. 121.</p> + +<p>l. 303. For other references to the boar-crest, cf. <a href="#li1112">ll. 1112</a>, <a href="#li1287">1287</a>, <a href="#li1454">1454</a>; +Grimm, <cite>Myth.</cite> 195; Tacitus, <cite>Germania</cite>, 45. "It was the symbol +of their [the Baltic Æstii's] goddess, and they had great faith in it as a +preservative from hard knocks."—E. See the print in the illus. ed. of +Green's <cite>Short History</cite>, Harper & Bros.</p> + +<p>l. 303. "See Kemble, <cite>Saxons in England</cite>, chapter on heathendom, and +Grimm's <cite>Teutonic Mythology</cite>, chapter on Freyr, for the connection +these and other writers establish between the Boar-sign and the golden boar +which Freyr rode, and his worship."—Br., p. 128. Cf. <cite>Elene</cite>, l. 50.</p> + +<p><a name="note304"></a>l. 304. Gering proposes <b>hleór-bergan</b> = <i>cheek-protectors</i>; cf. +<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 26. "A bronze disk found at Öland in Sweden +represents two warriors in helmets with boars as their crests, and +cheek-guards under; these are the <b>hleór-bergan</b>."—E. Cf. +<b>hauberk</b>, with its diminutive <b>habergeon</b>, < A.-S. +<b>heals</b>, <i>neck</i> + <b>beorgan</b>, <i>to cover</i> or +<i>protect</i>; and <b>harbor</b>, < A.-S. <b>here</b>, <i>army</i> + +<b>beorgan</b>, id.—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> xii. 123. Cf. +<b>cinberge</b>, Hunt's <cite>Exod.</cite> l. 175.</p> + +<p><a name="note305"></a>l. 305. For <b>ferh wearde</b> and <b>gûðmôde grummon</b>, B. and ten Br. +read <b>ferh-wearde</b> (<a href="#li305">l. 305</a>) and <b>gûðmôdgum men</b> (<a href="#li306">l. 306</a>), = +<i>the boar-images ... guarded the lives of the warlike men</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note311"></a>l. 311. <b>leóma</b>: cf. Chaucer, <cite>Nonne Preestes Tale</cite>, l. 110, ed. +Morris:</p> +<div class="line">"To dremen in here dremes</div> +<div class="line">Of armes, and of fyr with rede <i>lemes</i>."</div> + +<p><a name="note318"></a>l. 318. On the double gender of <b>sæ</b>, cf. Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. +147; and note the omitted article at <a href="#li2381">ll. 2381</a>, <a href="#li318">318</a>, <a href="#li544">544</a>, with the peculiar +tmesis of <i>between</i> at <a href="#li859">ll. 859</a>, <a href="#li1298">1298</a>, <a href="#li1686">1686</a>, <a href="#li1957">1957</a>. So <cite>Cædmon</cite>, l. +163 (Thorpe), <cite>Exod.</cite> l. 562 (Hunt), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note320"></a>l. 320. Cf. <a href="#li924">l. 924</a>; and <cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 987, where almost the same words +occur. "Here we have manifestly before our eye one of those ancient +causeways, which are among the oldest visible institutions of +civilization." —E.</p> + +<p><a name="note322"></a>l. 322. S. inserts comma after <b>scîr</b>, and makes <b>hring-îren</b> (= +<i>ring-mail</i>) parallel with <b>gûð-byrne</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note325"></a>l. 325. Cf. <a href="#li397">l. 397</a>. "The deposit of weapons outside before entering a house +was the rule at all periods.... In provincial Swedish almost everywhere a +church porch is called <b>våkenhus</b>,... i.e. <i>weapon-house</i>, +because the worshippers deposited their arms there before they entered the +house."—E., after G. Stephens.</p> + +<p><a name="note333"></a>l. 333. Cf. Dryden's "mingled metal <i>damask'd</i> o'er with gold."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note336"></a>l. 336. "<b>æl-, el-</b>, kindred with Goth. <i>aljis</i>, other, e.g. in +<b>ælþéodig, elþéodig</b>, foreign."—Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 47.</p> + +<p>l. 336. Cf. <a href="#li673">l. 673</a> for the functions of an <b>ombiht-þegn</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note343"></a>l. 343. Cf. <a href="#li1714">l. 1714</a> for the same <b>beód-geneátas</b>,—"the predecessor +title to that of the Knights of the Table Round."—E. Cf. <cite>Andreas</cite> +(K.), l. 2177.</p> + +<p><a name="note344"></a>l. 344. The future is sometimes expressed by <b>willan</b> + inf., +generally with some idea of volition involved; cf. <a href="#li351">ll. 351</a>, <a href="#li427">427</a>, etc. Cf. +the use of <b>willan</b> as principal vb. (with omitted inf.) at <a href="#li318">ll. 318</a>, +<a href="#li1372">1372</a>, <a href="#li543">543</a>, <a href="#li1056">1056</a>; and <b>sculan</b>, <a href="#li1784">ll. 1784</a>, <a href="#li2817">2817</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note353"></a>l. 353. <b>sîð</b> here, and at <a href="#li501">l. 501</a>, probably means <i>arrival</i>. E. +translates the former by <i>visit</i>, the latter by <i>adventure</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note357"></a>l. 357. <b>unhâr</b> = <i>hairless, bald</i> (Gr., etc.).</p> + +<p><a name="note358"></a>l. 358. <b>eode</b> is only one of four or five preterits of <b>gân +(gongan, gangan, gengan</b>), viz. <b>geóng</b> (<b>gióng</b>: <a href="#li926">ll. 926</a>, +<a href="#li2410">2410</a>, etc.), <b>gang</b> (<a href="#li1296">l. 1296</a>, etc.), <b>gengde</b> (<a href="#li1402">ll. 1402</a>, <a href="#li1413">1413</a>). +Sievers, p. 217, apparently remarks that <b>eode</b> is "probably used only +in prose." (?!). Cf. <b>geng</b>, <cite>Gen.</cite> ll. 626, 834; <cite>Exod.</cite> +(Hunt) l. 102.</p> + +<p><a name="note367"></a>l. 367. The MS. and H.-So. read with Gr. and B. <b>glädman Hrôðgâr</b>, +abandoning Thorkelin's <b>glädnian</b>. There is a glass. <b>hilaris +glädman.</b>—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 84; same as <b>gläd</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note369"></a>l. 369. <b>dugan</b> is a "preterit-present" verb, with new wk. preterit, +like <b>sculan, durran, magan</b>, etc. For various inflections, see ll. +<a href="#li573">573</a>, <a href="#li590">590</a>, <a href="#li1822">1822</a>, <a href="#li526">526</a>. Cf. <i>do</i> in "that will <i>do</i>"; +<i>doughty</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note372"></a>l. 372. Cf. <a href="#li535">l. 535</a> for a similar use; and <a href="#li1220">l. 1220</a>. Bede, <cite>Eccles. +Hist.</cite>, ed. Miller, uses the same expression several times. "Here, and +in all other places where <b>cniht</b> occurs in this poem, it seems to +carry that technical sense which it bore in the military hierarchy [of a +noble youth placed out and learning the elements of the art of war in the +service of a qualified warrior, to whom he is, in a military sense, a +servant], before it bloomed out in the full sense of <i>knight</i>."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note373"></a>l. 373. E. remarks of the hyphened <b>eald-fäder</b>, "hyphens are risky +toys to play with in fixing texts of pre-hyphenial antiquity"; +<b>eald-fäder</b> could only = <i>grandfather</i>. <b>eald</b> here can +only mean <i>honored</i>, and the hyphen is unnecessary. Cf. "old fellow," +"my old man," etc.; and Ger. <i>alt-vater</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note378"></a>l. 378. Th. and B. propose <b>Geátum</b>, as presents from the Danish to +the Geatish king.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii.</p> + +<p><a name="note380"></a>l. 380. <b>häbbe</b>. The subj. is used in indirect narration and question, +wish and command, purpose, result, and hypothetical comparison with +<b>swelce</b> = <i>as if</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note386"></a>ll. 386, 387. Ten Br. emends to read: "Hurry, bid the kinsman-throng go +into the hall together."</p> + +<p><a name="note387"></a>l. 387. <b>sibbe-gedriht</b>, for Beowulf's friends, occurs also at <a href="#li730">l. 730</a>. +It is subject-acc. to <b>seón</b>. Cf. <a href="#li347">ll. 347</a>, <a href="#li365">365</a>, and Hunt's +<cite>Exod.</cite> l. 214.</p> + +<p><a name="note404"></a>l. 404. "Here, as in the later Icelandic halls, Beowulf saw Hrothgar +enthroned on a high seat at the east end of the hall. The seat is sacred. +It has a supernatural quality. Grendel, the fiend, cannot approach +it."—Br., p. 34. Cf. <a href="#li168">l. 168</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note405"></a>l. 405. "At Benty Grange, in Derbyshire, an Anglo-Saxon barrow, opened in +1848, contained a coat of mail. 'The iron chain work consists of a large +number of links of two kinds attached to each other by small rings half an +inch in diameter; one kind flat and lozenge-shaped ... the others all of +one kind, but of different lengths.'"—Br., p. 126.</p> + +<p><a name="note407"></a>l. 407. <b>Wes</b> ... <b>hâl</b>: this ancient Teutonic greeting +afterwards grew into <b>wassail</b>. Cf. Skeat's <cite>Luke</cite>, i. 28; +<cite>Andreas</cite> (K.), 1827; Layamon, l. 14309, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note414"></a>l. 414. "The distinction between <b>wesan</b> and <b>weorðan</b> [in +passive relations] is not very clearly defined, but <b>wesan</b> appears to +indicate a state, <b>weorðan</b> generally an action."—Sw. Cf. Mod. German +<i>werden</i> and <i>sein</i> in similar relations.</p> + +<p> +l. 414. Gr. translates <b>hâdor</b> by <i>receptaculum</i>; cf. Gering, +<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> xii. 124. Toller-Bosw. ignores Gr.'s suggestion. +</p> + +<p><a name="note420"></a>ll. 420, 421. B. reads: <b>þær ic</b> (<i>on</i>) <b>fîfelgeban</b> (= +<i>ocean</i>) <b>ýðde eotena cyn</b>. Ten Br. reads: <b>þær ic fîfelgeban +ýðde, eotena hâm</b>. Ha. suggests <b>fîfelgeband</b> = +<i>monster-band</i>, without further changes.</p> + +<p>l. 420. R. reads <b>þæra</b> = <i>of them</i>, for <b>þær</b>.—<cite>Zachers +Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 399; <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 367.</p> + +<p>l. 420. "<b>niht</b> has a gen., <b>nihtes</b>, used for the most part only +adverbially, and almost certainly to be regarded as masculine."—Cook's +Sievers' Gram., p. 158.</p> + +<p><a name="note425"></a>l. 425. Cf. also <a href="#li435">ll. 435</a>, <a href="#li635">635</a>, <a href="#li2345">2345</a>, for other examples of Beowulf's +determination to fight single-handed.</p> + +<p><a name="note441"></a>l. 441. <b>þe hine</b> = <i>whom</i>, as at <a href="#li1292">l. 1292</a>, etc. The indeclinable +<b>þe</b> is often thus combined with personal pronouns, = relative, and is +sometimes separated from them by a considerable interval.—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note443"></a>l. 443. The MS. has <b>Geotena</b>. B. and Fahlbeck, says H.-So., do not +consider the <b>Geátas</b>, but the Jutes, as the inhabitants of Swedish +West-Gothland. Alfred translates <b>Juti</b> by <b>Geátas</b>, but +<i>Jutland</i> by <i>Gotland</i>. In the laws they are called +<b>Guti</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 1, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note444"></a>l. 444. B., Gr., and Ha. make <b>unforhte</b> an adv. = <i>fearlessly</i>, +modifying <b>etan</b>. Kl. reads <b>anforhte</b> = <i>timid</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note446"></a>l. 446. Cf. <a href="#li2910">l. 2910</a>. Th. translates: <i>thou wilt not need my head to +hide</i> (i.e. <i>bury</i>). Simrock supposes a dead-watch or lyke-wake to +be meant. Wood, <i>thou wilt not have to bury so much as my head!</i> +H.-So. supposes <b>heáfod-weard</b>, <i>a guard of honor</i>, such as +sovereigns or presumptive rulers had, to be meant by <b>hafalan hýdan</b>; +hence, <i>you need not give me any guard</i>, etc. Cf. Schmid, <cite>Gesetze +der A.</cite>, 370-372.</p> + +<p><a name="note447"></a>l. 447. S. places a colon after <b>nimeð</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note451"></a>l. 451. H.-So., Ha., and B. (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 87) agree essentially in translating +<b>feorme</b>, <i>food</i>. R. translates <i>consumption of my corpse. Maintenance, +support</i>, seems preferable to either.</p> + +<p><a name="note452"></a>l. 452. Rönning (after Grimm) personifies Hild.—<cite>Beovulfs Kvadet</cite>, +l. 59. Hildr is the name of one of the Scandinavian Walkyries, or battle-maidens, who transport the spirits of the slain to Walhalla. Cf. Kent's +<cite>Elene</cite>, l. 18, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note455"></a>l. 455. "The war-smiths, especially as forgers of the sword, were garmented +with legend, and made into divine personages. Of these Weland +is the type, husband of a swan maiden, and afterwards almost a god."— +Br., p. 120. Cf. A. J. C. Hare's account of "Wayland Smith's sword with +which Henry II. was knighted," and which hung in Westminster Abbey +to a late date.—<cite>Walks in London</cite>, ii. 228.</p> + +<p>l. 455. This is the <b>ælces mannes wyrd</b> of Boethius (Sw., p. 44) and +the <b>wyrd bið swîðost</b> of Gnomic Verses, 5. There are about a dozen +references to it in <cite>Beówulf</cite>.</p> + +<p>l. 455. E. compares the fatalism of this concluding hemistich with the +Christian tone of <a href="#li685">l. 685</a> <i>seq.</i></p> + +<p><a name="note457"></a>ll. 457, 458. B. reads <b>wære-ryhtum</b> ( = <i>from the obligations of +clientage</i>).</p> + +<p><a name="note480"></a>l. 480. Cf. <a href="#li1231">l. 1231</a>, where the same sense, "flown with wine," occurs.</p> + +<p><a name="note488"></a>l. 488. "The <b>duguð</b>, the mature and ripe warriors, the aristocracy of +the nation, are the support of the throne."—E. The M. E. form of the word, +<i>douth</i>, occurs often. Associated with <b>geogoð</b>, <a href="#li160">ll. 160</a> and <a href="#li622">622</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note489"></a>l. 489. Kl. omits comma after <b>meoto</b> and reads (with B.) +<b>sige-hrêð-secgum</b>, = <i>disclose thy thought to the +victor-heroes</i>. Others, as Körner, convert <b>meoto</b> into an +imperative and divide <b>on sæl</b> = <i>think upon happiness</i>. But cf. +<b>onband beadu-rûne</b>, <a href="#li501">l. 501</a>. B. supposes <b>onsæl meoto</b> =<i>speak +courteous words</i>. <cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 292; <cite>Haupts Zeitschr.</cite> xi. 411; +<cite>Eng. Stud.</cite> ii. 251.</p> + +<p>l. 489. Cf. the invitation at <a href="#li1783">l. 1783</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note494"></a>l. 494. Cf. Grimm's <cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 1097, for <b>deal</b>, =<i>proud, +elated, exulting</i>; <cite>Phoenix</cite> (Bright), l. 266.</p> + +<p><a name="note499"></a>l. 499. MS. has <b>Hunferð</b>, but the alliteration requires +<b>Ûnferð</b>, as at <a href="#li499">ll. 499</a>, <a href="#li1166">1166</a>, <a href="#li1489">1489</a>; and cf. <a href="#li1542">ll. 1542</a>, <a href="#li2095">2095</a>, <a href="#li2930">2930</a>. See +<i>List of Names</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note501"></a>l. 501. <b>sîð</b> = <i>arrival</i> (?); cf. <a href="#li353">l. 353</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note504"></a>l. 504. <b>þon mâ</b> = <i>the more</i> (?), may be added to the references +under <b>þon</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note506"></a>l. 506. E. compares the taunt of Eliab to David, I Sam. xvii. 28.</p> + +<p><a name="note509"></a>l. 509. <b>dol-gilp</b> = <i>idle boasting</i>. The second definition in +the Gloss. is wrong.</p> + +<p><a name="note513"></a>l. 513. "Eagor-stream might possibly be translated the stream of Eagor, the +awful terror-striking stormy sea in which the terrible [Scandinavian] giant +dwelt, and through which he acted."—Br., p. 164. He remarks, "The English +term <i>eagre</i> still survives in provincial dialect for the tide-wave or +bore on rivers. Dryden uses it in his <cite>Threnod. Angust.</cite> 'But like an +<i>eagre</i> rode in triumph o'er the tide.' Yet we must be cautious," etc. +Cf. Fox's <cite>Boethius</cite>, ll. 20, 236; Thorpe's <cite>Cædmon</cite>, 69, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note524"></a>l. 524. Krüger and B. read <b>Bânstânes</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 573.</p> + +<p><a name="note525"></a>l. 525. R. reads <b>wyrsan</b> (= <b>wyrses:</b> cf. Mod. Gr. <i>guten +Muthes</i>) <b>geþinges</b>; but H.-So. shows that the MS. <b>wyrsan ... +þingea = wyrsena þinga</b>, <i>can stand</i>; cf. gen. pl. <b>banan</b>, +<cite>Christ</cite>, l. 66, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note534"></a>l. 534. Insert, under <b>eard-lufa</b> (in Gloss.), <b>earfoð</b>, st. n., +<i>trouble, difficulty, struggle</i>; acc. pl. earfeðo, <a href="#li534">534</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note545"></a>l. 545 <i>seq.</i> "Five nights Beowulf and Breca kept together, not +swimming, but sailing in open boats (to swim the seas is to sail the seas), +then storm drove them asunder ... Breca is afterwards chief of the +Brondings, a tribe mentioned in <cite>Wîdsíth</cite>. The story seems legendary, +not mythical."—Br., pp. 60, 61.</p> + +<p><a name="note574"></a>ll. 574-578. B. suggests <b>swâ þær for hwäðere</b>, = <i>so there it +befell me</i>. But the word at <a href="#li574">l. 574</a> seems = <i>however</i>, and at <a href="#li578">l. 578</a> += <i>yet</i>; cf. <a href="#li891">l. 891</a>; see S.; <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 138; <cite>Tidskr.</cite> +viii. 48; <cite>Zacher</cite>, iii. 387, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note586"></a>l. 586. Gr. and Grundt. read <b>fâgum sweordum (no ic þäs fela gylpe!</b>), +supplying <b>fela</b> and blending the broken half-lines into one. Ho. and +Kl. supply <b>geflites</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note599"></a>l. 599. E. translates <b>nýd-bâde</b> by <i>blackmail</i>; adding "<b>nêd +bâd</b>, <i>toll</i>; <b>nêd bâdere</b>, <i>tolltaker</i>."—Land Charters, +Gloss, v.</p> + +<p><a name="note601"></a>l. 601. MS. has <b>ond</b> = <i>and</i> in three places only (<a href="#li601">601</a>, <a href="#li1149">1149</a>, +<a href="#li2041">2041</a>); elsewhere it uses the symbol 7 = <i>and</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note612"></a>l. 612. <i>seq.</i> Cf. the drinking ceremony at <a href="#li1025">l. 1025</a>. "The royal lady +offers the cup to Beowulf, not in his turn where he sate among the rest, +but after it has gone the round; her approach to Beowulf is an act +apart."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note620"></a>l. 620. "The [loving] cup which went the round of the company and was +tasted by all," like the Oriel and other college anniversary cups.—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note622"></a>l. 622. Cf. <a href="#li160">ll. 160</a>, <a href="#li1191">1191</a>, for the respective places of young and old.</p> + +<p><a name="note623"></a>l. 623. Cf. the circlet of gold worn by Wealhþeów at <a href="#li1164">l. 1164</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note631"></a>l. 631. <b>gyddode</b>. Cf. Chaucer, <cite>Prol.</cite> l. 237 (ed. Morris):</p> +<div class="line">"Of <i>yeddynges</i> he bar utterly the prys."</div> +<p>Cf. <i>giddy</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note648"></a>l. 648. Kl. suggests a period after <b>geþinged</b>, especially as B. +(<cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 57) has shown that <b>oþþe</b> is sometimes = +<b>ond</b>. Th. supplies <b>ne</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note650"></a>l. 650. <b>oþþe</b> here and at <a href="#li2476">ll. 2476</a>, <a href="#li3007">3007</a>, probably = <i>and</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note651"></a>l. 651. Cf. 704, where <b>sceadu-genga</b> (the <i>night-ganger</i> of +<cite>Leechdoms</cite>, ii. 344) is applied to the demon.—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note659"></a>l. 659. Cf. <a href="#li2431">l. 2431</a> for same formula, "to have and to hold" of the Marriage +Service.—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note681"></a>l. 681. B. considers <b>þeáh ... eal</b> a precursor of Mod. Eng. +<i>although</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note682"></a>l. 682. <b>gôdra</b> = <i>advantages in battle</i> (Gr.), +<i>battle-skill</i> (Ha.), <i>skill in war</i> (H.-So.). Might not +<b>nât</b> be changed to <b>nah = ne + âh</b> (cf. <a href="#li2253">l. 2253</a>), thus +justifying the translation <i>ability</i> (?) —<i>he has not the ability +to</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note695"></a>l. 695. Kl. reads <b>hiera</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 189. B. omits <b>hîe</b> +as occurring in the previous hemistich.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 89.</p> + +<p><a name="note698"></a>l. 698. "Here Destiny is a web of cloth."—E., who compares the Greek +Clotho, "spinster of fate." Women are also called "weavers of peace," as l. +<a href="#li1943">1943</a>. Cf. Kent's <cite>Elene</cite>, l. 88; <cite>Wîdsîð</cite>, l. 6, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note711"></a>l. 711. B. translates <b>þâ</b> by <i>when</i> and connects with the +preceding sentences, thus rejecting the ordinary canto-division at <a href="#li711">l. 711</a>. +He objects to the use of <b>com</b> as principal vb. at <a href="#li703">ll. 703</a>, <a href="#li711">711</a>, and +721. (<cite>Beit</cite>, xii.)</p> + +<p>l. 711. "Perhaps the Gnomic verse which tells of Thyrs, the giant, is +written with Grendel in the writer's mind,—<b>þyrs sceal on fenne gewunian +âna inuan lande</b>, <i>the giant shall dwell in the fen, alone in the +land</i> (Sweet's Read., p. 187)."—Br. p. 36.</p> + +<p><a name="note717"></a>l. 717. Dietrich, in <cite>Haupt.</cite> xi. 419, quotes from Ælfric, <cite>Hom.</cite> +ii. 498: <b>hê beworhte þâ bigelsas mid gyldenum læfrum</b>, <i>he covered +the arches with gold-leaf</i>,—a Roman custom derived from Carthage. Cf. +Mod. Eng. <i>oriel</i> = <i>aureolum</i>, a gilded room.—E. (quoting +Skeat). Cf. <a href="#li2257">ll. 2257</a>, <a href="#li1097">1097</a>, <a href="#li2247">2247</a>, <a href="#li2103">2103</a>, <a href="#li2702">2702</a>, <a href="#li2283">2283</a>, <a href="#li333">333</a>, <a href="#li1751">1751</a>, for various +uses of gold-sheets.</p> + +<p><a name="note720"></a>l. 720. B. and ten Br. suggest <i>hell-thane</i> (Grendel) for +<b>heal-þegnas</b>, and make <b>häle</b> refer to Beowulf. Cf. <a href="#li142">l. 142</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note723"></a>l. 723. Z. reads <b>[ge]hrân</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note727"></a>l. 727. For this use of <b>standan</b>, cf. <a href="#li2314">ll. 2314</a>, <a href="#li2770">2770</a>; and Vergil, +<cite>Ecl.</cite> ii. 26:</p> +<div class="line">"Cum placidum ventis <i>staret</i> mare."</div> + +<p><a name="note757"></a>l. 757. <b>gedräg</b>. <i>Tumult</i> is one of the meanings of this word. +Here, appar. = <i>occupation, lair</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note759"></a>l. 759. R. reads <b>môdega</b> for <b>gôda</b>, "because the attribute +cannot be separated from the word modified unless the two alliterate."</p> + +<p><a name="note762"></a>l. 762. Cf. <cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 1537, for a similar use of <b>ût</b> = +<i>off</i>.—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note769"></a>l. 769. The foreign words in <cite>Beówulf</cite> (as <b>ceaster</b>-here) are +not numerous; others are (aside from proper names like <i>Cain, Abel</i>, +etc.) <b>deófol (diabolus), candel</b> (<a href="#li1573">l. 1573</a>), <b>ancor</b> (<a href="#li303">l. 303</a>), +<b>scrîfan (for- ge-), segn</b> (<a href="#li47">l. 47</a>), <b>gigant</b> (<a href="#li113">l. 113</a>), +<b>mîl-</b> (<a href="#li1363">l. 1363</a>), <b>stræt</b> (<a href="#li320">l. 320</a>), <b>ombeht</b> (<a href="#li287">l. 287</a>), +<b>gim</b> (<a href="#li2073">l. 2073</a>), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note770"></a>l. 770. MS. reads <b>cerwen</b>, a word conceived by B. and others to be +part of a fem. compd.: <b>-scerwen</b> like <b>-wenden</b> in +<b>ed-wenden</b>, <b>-ræden</b>, etc. (cf. <b>meodu-scerpen</b> in +<cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 1528); emended to <b>-scerwen</b>, <i>a great scare +under the figure of a mishap at a drinking-bout</i>; one might compare +<b>bescerwan</b>, <i>to deprive</i>, from <b>bescyrian</b> (Grein, i. 93), +hence <b>ealu-scerwen</b> would = <i>a sudden taking away, deprivation, of +the beer</i>.—H.-So., p. 93. See B., <cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 292.</p> + +<p><a name="note771"></a>l. 771. Ten Br. reads <b>rêðe, rênhearde</b>, = <i>raging, exceeding +bold</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note792"></a>l. 792. Instrumental adverbial phrases like <b>ænige þinga, nænige +þinga</b> (<i>not at all</i>), <b>hûru þinga</b> (<i>especially</i>) are +not infrequent. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 178; March, <cite>A.-S. +Gram.</cite>, p. 182.</p> + +<p><a name="note811"></a>l. 811. <b>myrðe</b>. E. translates <i>in wanton mood</i>. Toller-Bosw. +does not recognize <i>sorrow</i> as one of the meanings of this word.</p> + +<p><a name="note850"></a>ll. 850, 851. S. reads <b>deóp</b> for <b>deóg</b> and erases semicolon after <b>weól</b>, = +<i>the death-stained deep welled with sword-gore</i>; cf. <a href="#li1424">l. 1424</a>. B. reads +<b>deáð-fæges deóp</b>, etc., = <i>the deep welled with the doomed one's +gore</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 89.</p> + +<p><a name="note857"></a>l. 857. The meaning of <b>blaneum</b> is partly explained by <b>fealwe +mearas</b> below, <a href="#li866">l. 866</a>. Cf. Layamon's "and leop on his <i>blancke" = +steed</i>, l. 23900; Kent's <cite>Elene</cite>, l. 1185.</p> + +<p><a name="note859"></a>l. 859. Körner, <cite>Eng. Stud.</cite> i. 482, regards the oft-recurring <b>be +sæm tweónum</b> as a mere formula = <i>on earth</i>; cf. <a href="#li1298">ll. 1298</a>, <a href="#li1686">1686</a>. +<b>tweóne</b> is part of the separable prep. <i>between</i>; see +<b>be-</b>. Cf. Baskerville's <cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 558.</p> + +<p><a name="note865"></a>l. 865. Cf. <cite>Voyage of Ôhthere and Wulfstân</cite> for an account of funeral +horse-racing, Sweet's Read., p. 22.</p> + +<p><a name="note868"></a>l. 868. See Ha., p. 31, for a variant translation.</p> + +<p><a name="note871"></a>l. 871 <i>seq.</i> R. considers this a technical description of improvised +alliterative verse, suggested by and wrought out on the spur of the moment.</p> + +<p><a name="note872"></a>l. 872. R. and B. propose <b>secg[an]</b>, = <i>rehearse</i>, for +<b>secg</b>, which suits the verbs in the next two lines.</p> + +<p><a name="note878"></a>ll. 878-98. "It pleases me to think that it is in English literature we +possess the first sketch of that mighty saga [the Volsunga Saga = +<b>Wälsinges gewin</b>] which has for so many centuries engaged all the +arts, and at last in the hands of Wagner the art of music."—Br., p. 63. +Cf. <cite>Nibelung. Lied</cite>, l. 739.</p> + +<p><a name="note894"></a>l. 894. Intransitive verbs, as <b>gân, weorðan</b>, sometimes take +<b>habban</b>, "to indicate independent action."—Sw. Cf. <b>hafað ... +geworden</b>, <a href="#li2027">l. 2027</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note895"></a>l. 895. "<b>brûcan</b> (<i>enjoy</i>) always has the genitive."—Sw.; cf. +<a href="#li895">l. 895</a>; acc., gen., instr., dat., according to March, <cite>A.-S. Gram.</cite>, +p. 151.</p> + +<p><a name="note898"></a>l. 898. Scherer proposes <b>hâte</b>, = <i>from heat</i>, instr. of +<b>hât</b>, <i>heat</i>; cf. <a href="#li2606">l. 2606</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note901"></a>l. 901. <b>hê þäs âron þâh</b> = <i>he throve in honor</i> (B.). Ten Br. +inserts comma after <b>þâh</b>, making <b>siððan</b> introduce a depend. +clause.—<cite>Beit.</cite> viii. 568. Cf. <b>weorð-myndum þâh</b>, <a href="#li8">l. 8</a>; ll. +<a href="#li1155">1155</a>, <a href="#li1243">1243</a>.—H.-So.</p> + +<p><a name="note902"></a>l. 902. <b>Heremôdes</b> is considered by Heinzel to be a mere epithet = +<i>the valiant</i>; which would refer the whole passage to Sigmund +(Sigfrid), the <b>eotenas</b>, <a href="#li903">l. 903</a>, being the Nibelungen. This, says +H.-So., gets rid of the contradiction between the good "Heremôd" here and +the bad one, <a href="#li1710">l. 1710</a> <i>seq.</i>—B. however holds fast to +Heremôd.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 41. <b>on feónda geweald</b>, <a href="#li904">l. 904</a>,—<i>into +the hands of devils</i>, says B.; cf. <a href="#li809">ll. 809</a>, <a href="#li1721">1721</a>, <a href="#li2267">2267</a>; <cite>Christ</cite>, +l. 1416; <cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 1621; for <b>hine fyren onwôd</b>, cf. +<cite>Gen.</cite> l. 2579; Hunt's <cite>Dan.</cite> 17: <b>hîe wlenco anwôd</b>.</p> + +<p>l. 902 <i>seq.</i> "Heremôd's shame is contrasted with the glory of +Sigemund, and with the prudence, patience, generosity, and gentleness of +Beowulf as a chieftain."—Br., p. 66.</p> + +<p><a name="note906"></a>l. 906. MS. has <b>lemede</b>. Toller-Bosw. corrects to <b>lemedon</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note917"></a>l. 917. Cf. Hunt's <cite>Exod.</cite>, l. 170, for similar language.</p> + +<p><a name="note925"></a>l. 925. <b>hôs</b>, G. <b>hansa</b>, <i>company</i>, "the word from which +the mercantile association of the 'Hanseatic' towns took their +designation."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note927"></a>l. 927. <b>on staþole</b> = <i>on the floor</i> (B., Rask, ten +Br.).—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 90.</p> + +<p>l. 927. May not <b>steápne</b> here = <i>bright</i>, from its being +immediately followed by <b>golde fâhne</b>? Cf. Chaucer's "his eyen +<i>stepe</i>," <cite>Prol.</cite> l. 201 (ed. Morris); Cockayne's <cite>Ste. +Marherete</cite>, pp. 9, 108; <cite>St. Kath.</cite>, l. 1647.</p> + +<p><a name="note931"></a>l. 931. <b>grynna</b> may be for <b>gyrnna</b> (= <i>sorrows</i>), gen. +plu. of <b>gyrn</b>, as suggested by one commentator.</p> + +<p><a name="note937"></a>l. 937. B. (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 90) makes <b>gehwylcne</b> object of +<b>wîd-scofen (häfde)</b>. Gr. makes <b>weá</b> nom. absolute.</p> + +<p><a name="note940"></a>l. 940. <b>scuccum</b>: cf. G. <b>scheuche, scheusal</b>; Prov. Eng. +<i>old-shock</i>; perhaps the pop. interjection <i>O shucks!</i> (!)</p> + +<p><a name="note959"></a>l. 959. H. explains <b>we</b> as a "plur. of majesty," which Beówulf throws +off at <a href="#li964">l. 964</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note963"></a>l. 963. <b>feónd þone frätgan</b> (B. <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 90).</p> + +<p><a name="note976"></a>l. 976. <b>synnum</b>. "Most abstract words in the poetry have a very wide +range of meanings, diverging widely from the prose usage, <b>synn</b>, for +instance, means simply <i>injury, mischief, hatred</i>, and the prose +meaning <i>sin</i> is only a secondary one; <b>hata</b> in poetry is not +only <i>hater</i>, but <i>persecutor, enemy</i>, just as <b>nîð</b> is both +<i>hatred</i> and <i>violence, strength</i>; <b>heard</b> is <i>sharp</i> +as well as <i>hard</i>."—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note986"></a>l. 986. S. places <b>wäs</b> at end of <a href="#li985">l. 985</a> and reads <b>stîðra +nägla</b>, omitting <b>gehwylc</b> and the commas after that and after +<b>sceáwedon</b>. <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 138; <b>stêdra</b> (H.-So.); +<b>hand-sporu</b> (H.-So.) at <a href="#li987">l. 987</a>.</p> + +<p>l. 986. Miller (<cite>Anglia</cite>, xii. 3) corrects to <b>æghwylene</b>, in +apposition to <b>fingras</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note987"></a>l. 987. <b>hand-sporu</b>. See <cite>Anglia</cite>, vii. 176, for a discussion of +the intrusion of <b>u</b> into the nom. of <b>n</b>-stems.</p> + +<p><a name="note988"></a>l. 988. Cf. <a href="#li2121">ll. 2121</a>, <a href="#li2414">2414</a>, for similar use of <b>unheóru = ungeheuer</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note992"></a>l. 992. B. suggests <b>heátimbred</b> for <b>hâten</b>, and +<b>gefrätwon</b> for <b>-od</b>; Kl., <b>hroden</b> (<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 189).</p> + +<p><a name="note995"></a>l. 995, 996. Gold-embroidered tapestries seem to be meant by <b>web</b> = +<i>aurifrisium</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note997"></a>l. 997. After <b>þâra þe</b> = <i>of those that</i>, the depend, vb. often +takes sg. for pl.; cf. <a href="#li844">ll. 844</a>, <a href="#li1462">1462</a>, <a href="#li2384">2384</a>, <a href="#li2736">2736</a>.—Sw.; Dietrich.</p> + +<p><a name="note998"></a>l. 998. "Metathesis of <b>l</b> takes place in <b>seld</b> for <b>setl, +bold</b> for <b>botl</b>," etc.—Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 96. Cf. Eng. +proper names, <i>Bootle, Battle</i>field, etc.—Skeat, <i>Principles</i>, +i. 250.</p> + +<p><a name="note1000"></a>l. 1000. <b>heorras</b>: cf. Chaucer, <cite>Prol.</cite> (ed. Morris) l. 550:</p> +<div class="line">"Ther was no dore that he nolde heve of <i>harre</i>."</div> + +<p><a name="note1005"></a>ll. 1005-1007. See <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 391, and <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. +368, for R.'s and B.'s views of this difficult passage.</p> + +<p><a name="note1009"></a>l. 1009. Cf. <a href="#li1612">l. 1612</a> for <b>sæl and mæl</b>, surviving still in E. Anglia +in "mind your <i>seals and meals</i>," = <i>times and occasions</i>, i.e. +have your wits about you.—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note1012"></a>ll. 1012, 1013. Cf. <a href="#li753">ll. 753</a>, <a href="#li754">754</a> for two similar comparatives used in +conjunction.</p> + +<p><a name="note1014"></a>l. 1014. Cf. <a href="#li327">l. 327</a> for similar language.</p> + +<p><a name="note1015"></a>ll. 1015, 1016. H.-So. puts these two lines in parentheses (<b>fylle ... +þâra</b>). Cf. B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 91.</p> + +<p><a name="note1024"></a>l. 1024. One of the many famous swords spoken of in the poem. See +<b>Hrunting</b>, <a href="#li1458">ll. 1458</a>, <a href="#li1660">1660</a>; <b>Hûnlâfing</b>, <a href="#li1144">l. 1144</a>, etc. Cf. +Excalibur, Roland's sword, the Nibelung Balmung, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1034"></a>l. 1034. <b>scûr-heard</b>. For an ingenious explanation of this disputed +word see Professor Pearce's article in <cite>Mod. Lang. Notes</cite>, Nov. 1, +1892, and ensuing discussion.</p> + +<p><a name="note1039"></a>l. 1039. <b>eoderas</b> is of doubtful meaning. H. and Toller-Bosw. regard +the word here = <i>enclosure, palings of the court</i>. Cf. <cite>Cædmon</cite>, +ll. 2439, 2481. The passage throws interesting light on horses and their +trappings</p> + +<p><a name="note1043"></a>l. 1043. Grundt. emends <b>wîg</b> to <b>wicg</b>, = <i>charger</i>; and E. +quotes Tacitus, <cite>Germania</cite>, 7.</p> + +<p><a name="note1044"></a>l. 1044. "Power over each and both"; cf. "all and some," "one and all."</p> + +<p>For <b>Ingwin</b>, see <i>List of Names</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1065"></a>l. 1065. Gr. contends that <b>fore</b> here = <b>de</b>, <i>concerning, +about</i> (Ebert's <cite>Jahrb.</cite>, 1862, p. 269).</p> + +<p><a name="note1069"></a>l. 1069. H.-So. supplies <b>fram</b> after <b>eaferum</b>, to govern it, = +<i>concerning</i> (?). Cf. <cite>Fight at Finnsburg</cite>, Appendix.</p> + +<p><a name="note1070"></a>l. 1070. For the numerous names of the Danes, "bright-" "spear-" "east-" +"west-" "ring-" Danes, see these words.</p> + +<p><a name="note1073"></a>l. 1073. <b>Eotenas</b> = <i>Finn's people, the Frisians</i>; cf. <a href="#li1089">ll. 1089</a>, +<a href="#li1142">1142</a>, <a href="#li1146">1146</a>, etc., and <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 37. Why they are so called is not +known.</p> + +<p><a name="note1084"></a>l. 1084. R. proposes <b>wiht Hengeste wið gefeohtan</b> (<cite>Zachers +Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 394). Kl., <b>wið H. wiht gefeohtan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1085"></a>ll. 1085 and 1099. <b>weá-lâf</b> occurs in Wulfstan, <cite>Hom.</cite> 133, ed. +Napier.—E. Cf. <b>daroða lâf</b>, <cite>Brunanb.</cite>, l. 54; <b>âdes +lâfe</b>, <cite>Phoenix</cite>, 272 (Bright), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1098"></a>l. 1098. <b>elne unflitme</b> = <i>so dass der eid (der inhalt des eides) +nicht streitig war</i>.—B., <cite>Beit.</cite> iii. 30. But cf. 1130, where +Hengist and Finn are again brought into juxtaposition and the expression +<b>ealles (?) unhlitme</b> occurs.</p> + +<p><a name="note1106"></a>l. 1106. The pres. part. + <b>be</b>, as <b>myndgiend wære</b> here, is +comparatively rare in original A.-S. literature, but occurs abundantly in +translations from the Latin. The periphrasis is generally meaningless. Cf. +<a href="#li3029">l. 3029</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1108"></a>l. 1108. Körner suggests <b>ecge</b>, = <i>sword</i>, in reference to a +supposed old German custom of placing ornaments, etc., on the point of a +sword or spear (<cite>Eng. Stud.</cite> i. 495). Singer, <b>ince-gold</b> = +<i>bright gold</i>; B., <b>andiége</b> = Goth, <i>andaugjo, evidently</i>. +Cf. <b>incge lâfe</b>, <a href="#li2578">l. 2578</a>. Possibly: and <b>inge</b> (= <i>young +men</i>) <b>gold âhôfon of horde</b>. For <b>inge</b>, cf. Hunt's +<cite>Exod.</cite> l. 190.</p> + +<p><a name="note1115"></a>ll. 1115-1120. R. proposes (<b>hêt þâ ...) bânfatu bärnan ond on bæl dôn, +earme on eaxe</b> = <i>to place the arms in the ashes</i>, reading +<b>gûðrêc</b> = <i>battle-reek</i>, for <b>-rinc</b> (<cite>Zachers +Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 395). B., Sarrazin (<cite>Beit.</cite> xi. 530), Lichtenfeld +(<cite>Haupts Zeitschr.</cite> xvi. 330), C., etc., propose various emendations. +See H.-So., p. 97, and <cite>Beit.</cite> viii. 568. For <b>gùðrinc âstâh</b>, +cf. Old Norse, <i>stiga á bál</i>, "ascend the bale-fire."</p> + +<p><a name="note1116"></a>l. 1116. <b>sweoloðe</b>. "On Dartmoor the burning of the furze up the +hillsides to let new grass grow, is called <i>zwayling</i>."—E. Cf. +<i>sultry</i>, G. <i>schwül</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1119"></a>l. 1119. Cf. <b>wudu-rêc âstâh</b>, <a href="#li3145">l. 3145</a>; and <cite>Exod.</cite> (Hunt), l. +450: <b>wælmist âstâh</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1122"></a>l. 1122. <b>ätspranc</b> = <i>burst forth, arose</i> (omitted from the +Gloss.), < <b>ät + springan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1130"></a>l. 1130. R. and Gr. read <b>elne unflitme</b>, = <i>loyally and without +contest</i>, as at <a href="#li1098">l. 1098</a>. Cf. Ha., p. 39; H.-So., p. 97.</p> + +<p><a name="note1137"></a>l. 1137. <b>scacen</b> = <i>gone</i>; cf. <a href="#li1125">ll. 1125</a>, <a href="#li2307">2307</a>, <a href="#li2728">2728</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1142"></a>l. 1142. "The sons of the Eotenas" (B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 31, who +conjectures a gap after 1142).</p> + +<p><a name="note1144"></a>l. 1144. B. separates thus: <b>Hûn Lâfing</b>, = <i>Hûn placed the sword +Lâfing</i>, etc.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 32; cf. R., <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> +iii. 396. Heinzel and Homburg make other conjectures (Herrig's +<cite>Archiv</cite>, 72, 374, etc.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1143"></a>l. 1143. B., H.-So., and Möller read: <b>worod rædenne, þonne him Hûn +Lâfing</b>, = <i>military brotherhood, when Hûn laid upon his breast</i> +(the sword) <i>Lâfing</i>. There is a sword <i>Laufi, Lövi</i> in the Norse +sagas; but swords, armor, etc., are often called the <i>leaving</i> +(<b>lâf</b>) of files, hammers, etc., especially a precious heirloom; cf. +<a href="#li454">ll. 454</a>, <a href="#li1033">1033</a>, <a href="#li2830">2830</a>, <a href="#li2037">2037</a>, <a href="#li2629">2629</a>, <a href="#li796">796</a>, etc., etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1152"></a>l. 1152. <b>roden</b> = <i>reddened</i> (B., <cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 295).</p> + +<p><a name="note1160"></a>l. 1160. For <a href="#li1069">ll. 1069-1160</a>, containing the Finn episode, cf. Möller, +<cite>Alteng. Volksepos</cite>, 69, 86, 94; Heinzel, <cite>Anz. f. dtsch. +Altert.</cite>, 10, 226; B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 29-37. Cf. <cite>Wîdsîð</cite>, l. +33, etc.</p> + +<p>ll. 1160, 1161. <b>leóð</b> (<b>lied</b> = <i>song, lay</i>) and <b>gyd</b> +here appear synonyms.</p> + +<p><a name="note1162"></a>ll. 1162-1165. "Behind the wars and tribal wanderings, behind the +contentions of the great, we watch in this poem the steady, continuous life +of home, the passions and thoughts of men, the way they talked and moved +and sang and drank and lived and loved among one another and for one +another."—Br., p. 18.</p> + +<p><a name="note1163"></a>l. 1163. Cf. <i>wonderwork</i>. So <i>wonder-death, wonder-bidding, +wonder-treasure, -smith, -sight</i>, etc. at <a href="#li1748">ll. 1748</a>, <a href="#li3038">3038</a>, <a href="#li2174">2174</a>, <a href="#li1682">1682</a>, +<a href="#li996">996</a>, etc. Cf. the German use of the same intensive, = <i>wondrous</i>, in +<i>wunder-schön</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1165"></a>l. 1165. <b>þâ gyt</b> points to some future event when "each" was not +"true to other," undeveloped in this poem, <b>suhtor-gefäderan</b> = +Hrôðgâr and Hrôðulf, <a href="#li1018">l. 1018</a>. Cf. <b>âðum-swerian</b>, <a href="#li84">l. 84</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1167"></a>l. 1167 almost repeats <a href="#li500">l. 500</a>, <b>ät fôtum</b>, etc., where Ûnferð is first +introduced.</p> + +<p><a name="note1191"></a>l. 1191. E. sees in this passage separate seats for youth and middle-aged +men, as in English college halls, chapels, convocations, and churches +still.</p> + +<p><a name="note1192"></a>l. 1192. <b>ymbutan</b>, <i>round about</i>, is sometimes thus separated: +<b>ymb hie ûtan</b>; cf. <cite>Voyage of Ôhthere</cite>, etc. (Sw.), p. 18, l. +34, etc.; <cite>Beówulf</cite>, <a href="#li859">ll. 859</a>, <a href="#li1686">1686</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1194"></a>l. 1194. <b>bewägned</b>, a ἃπαξ λεγόμενον, tr. <i>offered</i> by +Th. Probably a p. p. <b>wägen</b>, made into a vb. by <b>-ian</b>, like +<i>own, drown</i>, etc. Cf. <b>hafenian</b> ( < <b>hafen</b>, < +<b>hebban</b>), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1196"></a>l. 1196. E. takes the expression to mean "mantle and its rings or +broaches." "Rail" long survived in Mid. Eng. (<cite>Piers Plow.</cite>, etc.).</p> + +<p>l. 1196. This necklace was afterwards given by Beowulf to Hygd, <a href="#li2173">ll. 2173</a>, +<a href="#li2174">2174</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1199"></a>ll. 1199-1215. From the obscure hints in the passage, a part of the poem +may be approximately dated,—if Hygelâc is the <i>Chochi-laicus</i> of +Gregory of Tours, <cite>Hist. Francorum</cite>, iii. 3,—about A.D. 512-20.</p> + +<p><a name="note1200"></a>l. 1200. The <b>Breosinga men</b> (Icel. <i>Brisinga men</i>) is the +necklace of the goddess Freya; cf. <cite>Elder Edda, Hamarshemt.</cite> Hâma +stole the necklace from the Gothic King Eormenrîc; cf. <cite>Traveller's +Song</cite>, ll. 8, 18, 88, 111. The comparison of the two necklaces leads the +poet to anticipate Hygelâc's history,—a suggestion of the poem's mosaic +construction.</p> + +<p>l. 1200. For <b>Brôsinga mene</b>, cf. B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 72. C. +suggests <b>fleáh</b>, = <i>fled</i>, for <b>fealh</b>, placing semicolon +after <b>byrig</b>, and making <b>hê</b> subject of <b>fleáh</b> and +<b>geceás</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1202"></a>l. 1202. B. conjectures <b>geceás êcne ræd</b> to mean <i>he became a pious +man and at death went to heaven</i>. Heime (Hâma) in the +<cite>Thidrekssaga</cite> goes into a cloister = to choose the better part (?). +Cf. H.-So., p. 98. But cf. Hrôðgâr's language to Beowulf, <a href="#li1760">ll. 1760</a>, <a href="#li1761">1761</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1211"></a>l. 1211. S. proposes <b>feoh</b>, = <i>property</i>, for <b>feorh</b>, +which would be a parallel for <b>breóst-gewædu ... beáh</b> below.</p> + +<p><a name="note1213"></a>l. 1213. E. remarks that in the <cite>Laws of Cnut</cite>, i. 26, the devil is called +<b>se wôdfreca werewulf</b>, <i>the ravening werwolf</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1215"></a>l. 1215. C. proposes <b>heals-bêge onfêng</b>. <cite>Beit.</cite> viii. 570. For +<b>hreâ-</b> Kl. suggests <b>hræ-</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1227"></a>l. 1227. The son referred to is, according to Ettmüller, the one that +reigns after Hrôðgâr.</p> + +<p><a name="note1229"></a>l. 1229. Kl. suggests <b>sî</b>, = <i>be</i>, for <i>is</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1232"></a>l. 1232. S. gives <i>wine-elated</i> as the meaning of +<b>druncne</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 139; Kl. <cite>ibid.</cite> 189, 194. But cf. +<cite>Judith</cite>, ll. 67, 107.</p> + +<p><a name="note1235"></a>l. 1235. Cf. <a href="#li119">l. 119</a> for similarity of language.</p> + +<p>l. 1235. Kl. proposes <b>gea-sceaft</b>; but cf. <a href="#li1267">l. 1267</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1246"></a>l. 1246. Ring armor was common in the Middle Ages. E. points out the +numerous forms of <b>byrne</b> in cognate languages,—Gothic, Icelandic, +OHG., Slavonic, O. Irish, Romance, etc. Du Chaillu, <cite>The Viking Age</cite>, +i. 126. Cf. Murray's <cite>Dict.</cite> s. v.</p> + +<p><a name="note1248"></a>l. 1248. <b>ânwîg-gearwe</b> = <i>ready for single combat</i> (C.); but cf. +Ha. p. 43; <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 210, 282.</p> + +<p><a name="note1252"></a>l. 1252. Some consider this <i>fitt</i> the beginning of Part (or Lay) II. +of the original epic, if not a separate work in itself.</p> + +<p><a name="note1254"></a>l. 1254. K., W., and Ho. read <b>farode</b> = <i>wasted;</i> Kolbing reads +<b>furode</b>; but cf. <b>wêsten warode</b>, <a href="#li1266">l. 1266</a>. MS. has <b>warode</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1255"></a>ll. 1255-1258. This passage is a good illustration of the constant +parallelism of word and phrase characteristic of A.-S. poetry, and is +quoted by Sw. The changes are rung on <b>ende</b> and <b>swylt</b>, on +<b>gesýne</b> and <b>wîdcûð</b>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1259"></a>l. 1259. "That this story of Grendel's mother was originally a separate lay +from the first seems to be suggested by the fact that the monsters are +described over again, and many new details added, such as would be inserted +by a new singer who wished to enhance and adorn the original tale."—Br., +p. 41.</p> + +<p>l. 1259. Cf. <a href="#li107">l. 107</a>, which also points to the ancestry of murderers and +monsters and their descent from "Cain."</p> + +<p><a name="note1261"></a>l. 1261. The MS. has <b>se þe</b>, m.; changed by some to <b>seo þe</b>. At +<a href="#li1393">ll. 1393</a>, <a href="#li1395">1395</a>, <a href="#li1498">1498</a>, Grendel's mother is referred to as m.; at <a href="#li1293">ll. 1293</a>, +<a href="#li1505">1505</a>, <a href="#li1541">1541-1546</a>, etc., as f., the uncertain pronoun designating a creature +female in certain aspects, but masculine in demonic strength and +savageness.—H.-So.; Sw. p. 202. Cf. the masc. epithets at <a href="#li1380">ll. 1380</a>, <a href="#li2137">2137</a>, +etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1270"></a>l. 1270. <b>âglæca</b> = <i>Grendel</i>, though possibly referring to +Beowulf, as at <a href="#li1513">l. 1513</a>.—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note1273"></a>l. 1273. "It is not certain whether <b>anwalda</b> stands for +<b>onwealda</b>, or whether it should be read <b>ânwealda</b>, = <i>only +ruler</i>.—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note1279"></a>l. 1279. The MS. has <b>sunu þeod wrecan</b>, which R. changes to <b>sunu +þeód-wrecan</b>, <b>þeód-</b> = <i>monstrous</i>; but why not regard +<b>þeód</b> as opposition to <b>sunu</b>, = <i>her son, the prince?</i> See +Sweet's Reader, and Körner's discussion, <cite>Eng. Stud.</cite> i. 500.</p> + +<p><a name="note1281"></a>l. 1281. Ten Br. suggests (for <b>sôna</b>) <b>sâra</b> = <i>return of +sorrows.</i></p> + +<p><a name="note1286"></a>l. 1286. "<b>geþuren</b> (twice so written in MSS.) stands for +<b>geþrúen</b>, <i>forged</i>, and is an isolated p. p."—Cook's Sievers' +Gram., 209. But see Toller-Bosw. for examples; Sw., Gloss.; March, p. 100, +etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1292"></a>ll. 1292. <b>þe hine</b> = <i>whom;</i> cf. <a href="#li441">ll. 441</a>, <a href="#li1437">1437</a>, <a href="#li1292">1292</a>; +<cite>Hêliand</cite>, l. 1308.</p> + +<p><a name="note1298"></a>l. 1298. <b>be sæm tweonum</b>; cf. <a href="#li1192">l. 1192</a>; Hunt's <cite>Exod.</cite> l. 442; +and Mod. Eng. "to <i>us</i>-ward, etc.—Earle's <cite>Philol.</cite>, p. 449. Cf. +note, l. 1192.</p> + +<p><a name="note1301"></a>l. 1301. C. proposes <b>ôðer him ärn</b> = <i>another apartment was +assigned him</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1303"></a>l. 1303. B. conjectures <b>under hrôf genam</b>; but Ha., p. 45, shows this +to be unnecessary, <b>under</b> also meaning <i>in</i>, as <i>in</i> (or +<i>under</i>) these circumstances.</p> + +<p><a name="note1319"></a>l. 1319. E. and Sw. suggest <b>nægde</b> or <b>nêgde</b>, <i>accosted</i>, +<b>nêgan</b> = Mid. Ger. <i>nêhwian</i>, pr. p. <i>nêhwiandans, +approach</i>. For <b>hnægan</b>, <i>press down, vanquish</i>, see <a href="#li1275">ll. 1275</a>, +<a href="#li1440">1440</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1321"></a>l. 1321. C. suggests <b>neád-lâðum</b> for <b>neód-laðu</b>, <i>after +crushing hostility</i>; but cf. <b>freónd-laðu</b>, <a href="#li1193">l. 1193</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1334"></a>l. 1334. K. and ten Br. conjecture <b>gefägnod</b> = <i>rejoicing in her +fill</i>, a parallel to <b>æse wlanc</b>, <a href="#li1333">l. 1333</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1340"></a>l. 1340. B. translates: "and she has executed a deed of blood-vengeance of +far-reaching consequence."—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 93.</p> + +<p><a name="note1345"></a>l. 1345. B. reads <b>geó</b> for <b>eów</b> (<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. +205).</p> + +<p><a name="note1346"></a>ll. 1346-1377. "This is a fine piece of folk-lore in the oldest extant +form.... The authorities for the story are the rustics (<a href="#li1346">ll. 1346</a>, <a href="#li1356">1356</a>)." +—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note1347"></a>l. 1347. Cf. <b>sele-rædende</b> at <a href="#li51">l. 51</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1351"></a>l. 1351. "The <b>ge</b> [of <b>gewitan</b>] may be merely a scribal +error,—a repetition (dittography) of the preceding <b>ge</b> of +<b>gewislîcost</b>."—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note1352"></a>l. 1352. <b>ides</b>, like <b>firas</b>, <i>men</i>, etc., is a poetic word +supposed by Grimm to have been applied, like Gr. νύμφη, to +superhuman or semi-divine women.</p> + +<p><a name="note1360"></a>ll. 1360-1495 <i>seq.</i> E. compares this Dantesque tarn and scenery with +the poetical accounts of <cite>Æneid</cite>, vii. 563; <cite>Lucretius</cite>, vi. 739, +etc.</p> + +<p>l. 1360. <b>firgenstreám</b> occurs also in the <cite>Phoenix</cite> (Bright, p. +168) l. 100; <cite>Andreas</cite>, ll. 779, 3144 (K.); <cite>Gnomic Verses</cite>, l. +47, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1363"></a>l. 1363. The genitive is often thus used to denote measure = by or in +miles; cf. <a href="#li3043">l. 3043</a>; and contrast with partitive gen. at <a href="#li207">l. 207</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1364"></a>l. 1364. The MS. reads <b>hrinde</b> = <b>hrînende</b> (?), which Gr. +adopts; K. and Th. read <b>hrinde-bearwas; hringde</b>, <i>encircling</i> +(Sarrazin, <cite>Beit.</cite> xi. 163); <b>hrîmge</b> = <i>frosty</i> (Sw.); +<i>with frost-whiting covered</i> (Ha.). See Morris, <cite>Blickling Hom.</cite>, +Preface, vi., vii.</p> + +<p>l. 1364. Cf. <b>Ruin, hrîmige edoras behrofene</b>, <i>rimy, roofless +halls</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1366"></a>l. 1366. <b>nîðwundor</b> may = <b>nið-</b> (as in <b>nið-sele</b>, +<i>q. v.</i>) <b>wundor</b>, <i>wonder of the deep</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1368"></a>l. 1368. The personal pronoun is sometimes omitted in subordinate and even +independent clauses; cf. <b>wite</b> here; and Hunt's <cite>Exod.</cite>, l. 319.</p> + +<p><a name="note1370"></a>l. 1370. <b>hornum</b>. Such "datives of manner or respect" are not +infrequent with adj.</p> + +<p><a name="note1371"></a>l. 1371. "<b>seleð</b> is not dependent on <b>ær</b>, for in that case it +would be in the subjunctive, but <b>ær</b> is simply an adverb, correlative +with the conjunction <b>ær</b> in the next line: 'he will (sooner) give up +his life, before he will,' etc."—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note1372"></a>l. 1372. Cf. <a href="#li318">ll. 318</a> and <a href="#li543">543</a> for <b>willan</b> with similar omitted inf.</p> + +<p><a name="note1373"></a>l. 1373. <b>heafola</b> is found only in poetry.—Sw. It occurs thirteen or +fourteen times in this poem. Cf. the poetic <b>gamol, swât</b> (<a href="#li2694">l. 2694</a>), +etc., for <b>eald, blôd</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1391"></a>l. 1391. <b>uton</b>: hortatory subj. of <b>wîtan</b>, <i>go</i>, = <i>let +us go;</i> cf. French <i>allons</i>, Lat. <i>eamus</i>, Ital. +<i>andiamo</i>, etc. + inf. Cf. <a href="#li2649">ll. 2649</a>, <a href="#li3102">3102</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1400"></a>l. 1400. H. is dat. of person indirectly affected, = advantage.</p> + +<p><a name="note1402"></a>l. 1402. <b>geatolîc</b> probably = <i>in his equipments</i>, as B. +suggests (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 83), comparing <b>searolîc</b>.</p> + +<p>ll. 1402, 1413 reproduce the wk. form of the pret. of <b>gân</b> (Goth, +<i>gaggida</i>). Cf. <cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 1096, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1405"></a>l. 1405. S. (<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 140) supplies [<b>þær heó</b>] <b>gegnum +fôr</b>; B. (<cite>ibid.</cite> xii. 14) suggests <b>hwær heó</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1411"></a>l. 1411. B., Gr., and E. take <b>ân-paðas</b> = paths wide enough for only +one, like Norwegian <i>einstig</i>; cf. <b>stîge nearwe</b>, just above. +<i>Trail</i> is the meaning. Cf. <b>enge ânpaðas, uncûð gelâd</b>, +<cite>Exod.</cite> (Hunt), l. 58.</p> + +<p><a name="note1421"></a>l. 1421. Cf. <b>oncýð</b>, <a href="#li831">l. 831</a>. The whole passage (<a href="#li1411">ll. 1411-1442</a>) is +replete with suggestions of walrus-hunting, seal-fishing, harpooning of +sea-animals (<a href="#li1438">l. 1438</a>), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1425"></a>l. 1425. E. quotes from the 8th cent. Corpus Gloss., "<i>Falanx</i> foeða."</p> + +<p><a name="note1428"></a>l. 1428. For other mention of <b>nicors</b>, cf. <a href="#li422">ll. 422</a>, <a href="#li575">575</a>, <a href="#li846">846</a>. E. +remarks, "it survives in the phrase 'Old Nick' ... a word of high +authority ... Icel. <i>nykr</i>, water-goblin, Dan. <i>nök, nisse</i>, Swed. +<i>näcken</i>, G. <i>nix, nixe</i>, etc." See Skeat, <cite>Nick.</cite></p> + +<p><a name="note1440"></a>l. 1440. Sw. reads <b>gehnæged</b>, <i>prostrated</i>, and regards +<b>nîða</b> as gen. pl. "used instrumentally," = <i>by force.</i></p> + +<p><a name="note1441"></a>l. 1441. <b>-bora</b> = <i>bearer, stirrer;</i> occurs in other compds., as +<b>mund-, ræd-, wæg-bora</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1447"></a>l. 1447. <b>him</b> = <i>for him</i>, a remoter dative of reference.—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note1455"></a>l. 1455. Gr. reads <b>brondne</b>, = <i>flaming</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1457"></a>l. 1457. <b>león</b> is the inf. of <b>lâh</b>; cf. <b>onlâh</b> (< +<b>onleón</b>) at <a href="#li1468">l. 1468</a>. <b>lîhan</b> was formerly given as the inf.; cf. +<b>læne</b> = <b>læhne</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1458"></a>l. 1458. Cf. the similar dat. of possession as used in Latin.</p> + +<p>l. 1458. H.-So. compares the Icelandic saga account of Grettir's battle +with the giant in the cave. <b>häft-mêce</b> may be = Icel. <i>heptisax</i> +(<cite>Anglia</cite>, iii. 83), "hip-knife."</p> + +<p><a name="note1459"></a>l. 1459. "The sense seems to be 'pre-eminent among the old treasures.' ... +But possibly <b>foran</b> is here a prep. with the gen.: 'one before the +old treasures.'".—Sw. For other examples of <b>foran</b>, cf. <a href="#li985">ll. 985</a>, +<a href="#li2365">2365</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1460"></a>l. 1460. <b>âter-teárum</b> = <i>poison-drops</i> (C., <cite>Beit.</cite> viii. +571; S., <cite>ibid.</cite> xi. 359).</p> + +<p><a name="note1467"></a>l. 1467. <b>þät</b>, comp. relative, = <i>that which</i>; "we testify +<i>that</i> we do know."</p> + +<p><a name="note1480"></a>l. 1480. <b>forð-gewitenum</b> is in appos. <b>to me</b>, = <i>mihi +defuncto</i>.—M. Callaway, <cite>Am. Journ. of Philol.</cite>, October, 1889.</p> + +<p><a name="note1482"></a>l. 1482. <b>nime</b>. Conditional clauses of doubt or future contingency +take <b>gif</b> or <b>bûton</b> with subj.; cf. <a href="#li452">ll. 452</a>, <a href="#li594">594</a>; of fact or +certainty, the ind.; cf. <a href="#li442">ll. 442</a>, <a href="#li447">447</a>, <a href="#li527">527</a>, <a href="#li662">662</a>, etc. For <b>bûton</b>, cf. +<a href="#li967">ll. 967</a>, <a href="#li1561">1561</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1487"></a>l. 1487. "<b>findan</b> sometimes has a preterit <b>funde</b> in W. S. +after the manner of the weak preterits."—Cook's Sievers' Cram., p, 210.</p> + +<p><a name="note1490"></a>l. 1490. Kl. reads <b>wäl-sweord</b>, = <i>battle-sword</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1507"></a>l. 1507. "This cave under the sea seems to be another of those natural +phenomena of which the writer had personal knowledge (<a href="#li2135">ll. 2135</a>, <a href="#li2277">2277</a>), and +which was introduced by him into the mythical tale to give it a local +color. There are many places of this kind. Their entrance is under the +lowest level of the tide."—Br., p. 45.</p> + +<p><a name="note1514"></a>l. 1514. B. (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 362) explains <b>niðsele, hrôfsele</b> as +<i>roof-covered hall in the deep</i>; cf. Grettir Saga (<cite>Anglia</cite>, iii. +83).</p> + +<p><a name="note1538"></a>l. 1538. Sw., R., and ten Br. suggest <b>feaxe</b> for <b>eaxle</b>, = +<i>seized by the hair</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1543"></a>l. 1543. <b>and-leán</b> (R.); cf. <a href="#li2095">l. 2095</a>. The MS. has <b>hand-leán</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1546"></a>l. 1546. Sw. and S. read <b>seax</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 140.</p> + +<p><a name="note1557"></a>l. 1557. H.-So. omits comma and places semicolon after <b>ýðelîce</b>; Sw. +and S. place comma after <b>gescêd</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1584"></a>l. 1584. <b>ôðer swylc</b> = <i>another fifteen</i> (Sw.); = <i>fully as +many</i> (Ha.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1592"></a>ll. 1592-1613 <i>seq.</i> Cf. <cite>Anglia</cite>, iii; 84 (Grettir Saga).</p> + +<p><a name="note1595"></a>l. 1595. <b>blondenfeax</b> = <i>grizzly-haired</i> (Bright, Reader, p. +258); cf. <cite>Brunanb.</cite>, l. 45 (Bright).</p> + +<p><a name="note1599"></a>l. 1599. <b>gewearð</b>, impers. vb., = <i>agree, decide = many agreed upon +this, that</i>, etc. (Ha., p. 55; cf. <a href="#li2025">ll. 2025-2027</a>, 1997; B., <cite>Beit.</cite> +xii. 97).</p> + +<p><a name="note1605"></a>l. 1605. C. supposes <b>wiston</b> = <b>wîscton</b> = +<i>wished</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> viii. 571.</p> + +<p><a name="note1607"></a>l. 1607. <b>broden mæl</b> is now regarded as a comp. noun, = <i>inlaid or +damascened sword</i>.—W., Ho.</p> + +<p><a name="note1611"></a>l. 1611. <b>wäl-râpas</b> = <i>water-ropes = bands of frost</i> (<a href="#li1610">l. 1610</a>) +(?). Possibly the Prov. Eng. <b>weele</b>, <i>whirlpool</i>. Cf. +<b>wæl</b>, <i>gurges</i>, Wright, Voc., <cite>Gnom. Verses</cite>, l. 39.—E.</p> + +<p>l. 1611. wægrâpas (Sw.) = <i>wave-bands</i> (Ha.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1622"></a>l. 1622. B. suggests <b>eatna = eotena, eardas</b>, <i>haunts of the +giants</i> (Northumbr. <b>ea</b> for <b>eo</b>).</p> + +<p><a name="note1635"></a>l. 1635. <b>cyning-holde</b> (B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 369); cf. <a href="#li290">l. 290</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1650"></a>l. 1650. H., Gr., and Ettmüller understand <b>idese</b> to refer to the +queen.</p> + +<p><a name="note1651"></a>l. 1651. Cf. <cite>Anglia</cite>, iii. 74, <cite>Beit.</cite> xi. 167, for coincidences +with the Grettir Saga (13th cent.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1657"></a>l. 1657. Restore MS. reading <b>wigge</b> in place of <b>wîge</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1664"></a>l. 1664. B. proposes <b>eotenise ... èste</b> for <b>eácen ... oftost</b>, +omitting brackets (<cite>Zackers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 206). G. translates +<i>mighty ... often</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1675"></a>l. 1675. <b>ondrædan</b>. "In late texts the final <b>n</b> of the +preposition <b>on</b> is frequently lost when it occurs in a compound word +or stereotyped phrase, and the prefix then appears as <b>a: abútan, amang, +aweg, aright, adr'ædan</b>."—Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 98.</p> + +<p><a name="note1680"></a>ll. 1680-1682. Giants and their work are also referred to at <a href="#li113">ll. 113</a>, <a href="#li455">455</a>, +<a href="#li1563">1563</a>, <a href="#li1691">1691</a>, etc.</p> + +<p>l. 1680. Cf. <b>ceastra ... orðanc enta geweorc</b>, <cite>Gnomic +Verses</cite>, l. 2; Sweet's Reader, p. 186.</p> + +<p><a name="note1687"></a>ll. 1687-1697. "In this description of the writing on the sword, we see the +process of transition from heathen magic to the notions of Christian +times .... The history of the flood and of the giants ... were substitutes +for names of heathen gods, and magic spells for victory."—E. Cf. +Mohammedan usage.</p> + +<p><a name="note1703"></a>ll. 1703, 1704. <b>þät þê eorl nære geboren betera</b> (B., <cite>Tidskr.</cite> +8, 52).</p> + +<p><a name="note1715"></a>l. 1715. <b>âna hwearf</b> = <i>he died solitary and alone</i> (B., +<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 38); = <i>lonely</i> (Ha.); = <i>alone</i> (G.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1723"></a>l. 1723. <b>leód-bealo longsum</b> = <i>eternal hell-torment</i> (B., +<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 38, who compares <cite>Ps. Cott.</cite> 57, <b>lîf +longsum</b>).</p> + +<p><a name="note1729"></a>l. 1729. E. translates <b>on lufan</b>, <i>towards possession</i>; Ha., +<i>to possessions</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1730"></a>l. 1730. <b>môdgeþonc</b>, like <b>lig, sæ, segn, niht</b>, etc., is of +double gender (m., n. in the case of <b>môdgeþ</b>.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1741"></a>l. 1741. The doctrine of nemesis following close on <i>ὓβρις</i>, or +overweening pride, is here very clearly enunciated. The only protector +against the things that "assault and hurt" the soul is the "Bishop and +Shepherd of our souls" (<a href="#li1743">l. 1743</a>).</p> + +<p><a name="note1745"></a>l. 1745 appears dimly to fore-shadow the office of the evil archer Loki, +who in the Scandinavian mythology shoots Balder with a mistletoe twig. The +language closely resembles that of Psalm 64.</p> + +<p><a name="note1748"></a>l. 1748. Kl. regards <b>wom = wô(u)m</b>; cf. <b>wôh-bogen</b>, <a href="#li2828">l. 2828</a>. +See Gloss., p. 295, under <b>wam</b>. Contrast the construction of +<b>bebeorgan</b> a few lines below (<a href="#li1759">l. 1759</a>), where the dat. and acc. are +associated.</p> + +<p>l. 1748. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 167, for declension of <b>wôh</b>, +<i>wrong</i> = gen. <b>wôs</b> or <b>wôges</b>, dat. <b>wô(u)m</b>, etc.; +pl. gen. <b>wôra</b>, dat. <b>wô(u)m</b>, etc.; and cf. declension of +<b>heáh, hreóh, rûh</b>, etc.</p> + +<p>l. 1748. <b>wergan gâstes</b>; cf. <cite>Blickl. Hom.</cite> vii.; +<cite>Andreas</cite>, <a href="#li1171">l. 1171</a>. "<i>Auld Wearie</i> is used in Scotland, or was +used a few years ago, ... to mean the devil."—E. Bede's <cite>Eccles. +Hist.</cite> contains (naturally) many examples of the expression = devil.</p> + +<p><a name="note1750"></a>l. 1750. <b>on gyld</b> = <i>in reward</i> (B. <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 95); Ha. +translates <i>boastfully</i>; G., <i>for boasting</i>; Gr., <i>to incite to +boastfulness</i>. Cf. <cite>Christ</cite>, l. 818.</p> + +<p><a name="note1767"></a>l. 1767. E. thinks this an allusion to the widespread superstition of the +evil eye (<i>mal occhio, mauvais æil</i>). Cf. Vergil, <cite>Ecl.</cite> iii. +103. He remarks that Pius IX., Gambetta, and President Carnot were charged +by their enemies with possessing this weapon.</p> + +<p><a name="note1784"></a>l. 1784. <b>wigge geweorðad</b> (MS. <b>wigge weorðad</b>) is C.'s +conjecture; cf. <cite>Elene</cite>, l. 150. So G., <i>honored in war</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1785"></a>l. 1785. The future generally implied in the present of <b>beón</b> is +plainly seen in this line; cf. <a href="#li1826">ll. 1826</a>, <a href="#li661">661</a>, <a href="#li1830">1830</a>, <a href="#li1763">1763</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1794"></a>l. 1794. Some impers. vbs. take acc. (as here, <b>Geat</b>) of the person +affected; others (as <b>þyncan</b>) take the dat. of the person, as at ll. +<a href="#li688">688</a>, <a href="#li1749">1749</a>, etc. Cf. verbs of dreaming, being ashamed, desiring, +etc.—March, A.-S. Gram., p. 145.</p> + +<p><a name="note1802"></a>l. 1802. E. remarks that the <b>blaca hrefn</b> here is a bird of good +omen, as opposed to <b>se wonna hrefn</b> of <a href="#li3025">l. 3025</a>. The raven, wolf, and +eagle are the regular epic accompaniments of battle and carnage. Cf. ll. +<a href="#li3025">3025-3028</a>; <cite>Maldon</cite>, 106; <cite>Judith</cite>, 205-210, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1803"></a>l. 1803. S. emends to read: "then came the light, going bright after +darkness: the warriors," etc. Cf. Ho., p. 41, l. 23. G. puts period before +"the warriors." For <b>onettan</b>, cf. Sw.'s Gloss, and Bright's Read., +Gloss.</p> + +<p><a name="note1808"></a>ll. 1808-1810. Müllenh. and Grundt. refer <b>se hearda</b> to Beowulf, +correct <b>sunu</b> (MS.) to <b>suna Ecglâfes</b> (i.e. Unferth); +[<i>he</i>] (Beo.) <i>thanked him</i> (Un.) <i>for the loan</i>. Cf. ll. +<a href="#li344">344</a>, <a href="#li581">581</a>, <a href="#li1915">1915</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1823"></a>ll. 1823-1840. "Beowulf departing pledges his services to Hroðgar, to be +what afterwards in the mature language of chivalry was called his 'true +knight'"—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note1832"></a>l. 1832. Kl. corrects to <b>dryhtne</b>, in appos. with <b>Higelâce</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1835"></a>l. 1835 <b>gâr-holt</b> more properly means <i>spear-shaft</i>; cf. +<b>äsc-holt</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1855"></a>l. 1855. <b>sêl</b> = <i>better</i> (Grundt.; B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 96), +instead of MS. <b>wel</b>.</p> + +<p>ll. 1855-1866. "An ideal picture of international amity according to the +experience and doctrine of the eighth century."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note1858"></a>l. 1858. S. and Kl. correct to <b>gemæne</b>, agreeing with +<b>sib</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 140, 190.</p> + +<p><a name="note1862"></a>l. 1862. "The gannet is a great diver, plunging down into the sea from a +considerable height, such as forty feet."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note1863"></a>l. 1863. Kl. suggests <b>heafu</b>, = <i>seas</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1865"></a>l. 1865. B. proposes <b>geþôhte</b>, = <i>with firm thought</i>, for +<b>geworhte</b>; cf. <a href="#li611">l. 611</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1876"></a>l. 1876. <b>geseón</b> = <i>see again</i> (Kl., <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 190). S. +and B. insert <b>nâ</b> to modify <b>geseón</b> and explain Hrôðgâr's +tears. Ha. and G. follow Heyne's text. Cf. <a href="#li567">l. 567</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1881"></a>l. 1881. Is <b>beorn</b> here = <b>bearn</b> (<b>be-arn</b>?) of <a href="#li67">l. 67</a>? or +more likely = <b>born</b>, <b>barn</b>, = <i>burned?</i>—S., Th.</p> + +<p><a name="note1887"></a>l. 1887. <b>orleahtre</b> is a ἃπαξ λεγόμενον. E. compares +Tennyson's "blameless" king. Cf. also <a href="#li2015">ll. 2015</a>, <a href="#li2145">2145</a>; and the <b>gôd +cyning</b> of <a href="#li11">l. 11</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1896"></a>l. 1896. <b>scaðan</b> = <i>warriors</i> (cf. <a href="#li1804">l. 1804</a>) has been proposed by +C.; but cf. <a href="#li253">l. 253</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1897"></a>l. 1897. The boat had been left, at <a href="#li294">ll. 294-302</a>, in the keeping of +Hrôðgâr's men; at <a href="#li1901">l. 1901</a> the <b>bât-weard</b> is specially honored by +Beowulf with a sword and becomes a "sworded squire."—E. This circumstance +appears to weld the poem together. Cf. also the speed of the journey home +with <b>ymb ân-tîd ôþres dôgores</b> of <a href="#li219">l. 219</a>, and the similarity of +language in both passages (<b>fâmig-heals</b>, <b>clifu</b>, <b>nässas</b>, +<b>sælde</b>, <b>brim</b>, etc.).—The nautical terms in Beowulf would form +an interesting study.</p> + +<p><a name="note1904"></a>l. 1904. R. proposes, <b>gewât him on naca</b>, = <i>the vessel set +out</i>, <b>on</b> alliterating as at <a href="#li2524">l. 2524</a> (<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> +iii. 402). B. reads <b>on nacan</b>, but inserts irrelevant matter +(<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 97).</p> + +<p><a name="note1913"></a>l. 1913. Cf. the same use of <b>ceól</b>, = <i>ship</i>, in the <cite>A.-S. +Chron.</cite>, ed. Earle-Plummer; <cite>Gnomic Verses</cite>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1914"></a>l. 1914. S. inserts <b>þät hê</b> before <b>on lande</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1916"></a>l. 1916. B. makes <b>leófra manna</b> depend on <b>wlâtode</b>, = <i>looked +for the dear men ready at the coast</i> (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 97).</p> + +<p><a name="note1924"></a>l. 1924. Gr., W., and Ho. propose <b>wunade</b>, = <i>remained;</i> but cf. +<a href="#li1929">l. 1929</a>. S. conceives <a href="#li1924">ll. 1924</a>, <a href="#li1925">1925</a> as "direct speech" (<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. +141).</p> + +<p><a name="note1927"></a>l. 1927 <i>seq.</i> "The women of Beowulf are of the fine northern type; +trusted and loved by their husbands and by the nobles and people; generous, +gentle, and holding their place with dignity."—Br., p. 67. Thrytho is the +exception, <a href="#li1932">l. 1932</a> <i>seq.</i></p> + +<p><a name="note1933"></a>l. 1933. C. suggests <b>frêcnu</b>, = <i>dangerous, bold</i>, for Thrytho +could not be called "excellent." G. writes "Modthrytho" as her name. The +womanly Hygd seems purposely here contrasted with the terrible Thrytho, +just as, at <a href="#li902">l. 902</a> <i>seq.</i>, Sigemund and Heremôd are contrasted. For +Thrytho, etc., cf. Gr., <cite>Jahrb. für rom. u. eng. Lit.</cite> iv. 279; +Müllenhoff, <cite>Haupts Zeitschr.</cite> xiv. 216; Matthew Paris; Suchier, +<cite>Beit.</cite> iv. 500-521; R. <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 402; B., +<cite>ibid.</cite> iv. 206; Körner, <cite>Eng. Stud.</cite> i. 489-492; H.-So., p. 106.</p> + +<p><a name="note1932"></a>l. 1932-1963. K. first pointed out the connection between the historical +Offa, King of Mercia, and his wife Cwendrida, and the Offa and Þryðo (Gr.'s +<i>Drida</i> of the <i>Vita Offæ Secundi</i>) of the present passage. The +tale is told of her, not of Hygd.</p> + +<p><a name="note1936"></a>l. 1936. Suchier proposes <b>andæges</b>, = <i>eye to eye</i>; Leo proposes +<b>ândæges</b>, = <i>the whole day</i>; G., <i>by day</i>. No change is +necessary if <b>an</b> be taken to govqern <b>hire</b>, = <i>on her</i>, and +<b>däges</b> be explained (like <b>nihtes</b>, etc.) as a genitive of time, += <i>by day</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1943"></a>l. 1943. R. and Suchier propose <b>onsêce</b>, = <i>seek, require</i>; but cf. 2955.</p> + +<p><a name="note1966"></a>l. 1966. Cf. the <i>heofoncandel</i> of <cite>Exod.</cite> l. 115 (Hunt). Shak.'s 'night's +candles.'</p> + +<p><a name="note1969"></a>l. 1969. Cf. <a href="#li2487">l. 2487</a> <i>seq.</i> for the actual slayer of Ongenþeów, i.e. Eofor, +to whom Hygelâc gave his only daughter as a reward, <a href="#li2998">l. 2998</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1981"></a>l. 1981. <b>meodu-scencum</b> = <i>with mead-pourers</i> or <i>mead-cups</i> (G., +Ha.); <i>draught or cup of mead</i> (Toller-Bosw.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1982"></a>l. 1982. K., Th., W., H. supply <b>[heal-]reced</b>; Holler [heá-].</p> + +<p><a name="note1984"></a>l. 1984. B. defends the MS., reading <b>hæ nû</b> (for <b>hæðnû</b>), which he +regards as = Heinir, the inhabitants of the Jutish "heaths" (<b>hæð</b>). Cf. +H.-So., p. 107; <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 9.</p> + +<p><a name="note1985"></a>l. 1985. <b>sînne</b>. "In poetry there is a reflexive possessive of the third +person, <b>sîn</b> (declined like <b>mîn</b>). It is used not only as a true reflexive, +but also as a non-reflexive (= Lat. <i>ejus</i>)"—Sw.; Cook's Sievers' Gram., +p. 185. Cf. <a href="#li1508">ll. 1508</a>, <a href="#li1961">1961</a>, <a href="#li2284">2284</a>, <a href="#li2790">2790</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1994"></a>l. 1994. Cf. <a href="#li190">l. 190</a> for a similar use of <b>seáð</b>; cf. to "glow" with emotion, +"boil" with indignation, "burn" with anger, etc. <b>weallan</b> is often +so used; cf. <a href="#li2332">ll. 2332</a>, <a href="#li2066">2066</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2010"></a>l. 2010. B. proposes <b>fâcne</b>, = <i>in treachery</i>, for <b>fenne</b>. Cf. <cite>Juliana</cite>, +l. 350; <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 97.</p> + +<p><a name="note2022"></a>l. 2022. Food of specific sorts is rarely, if at all, mentioned in the poem. +Drink, on the other hand, occurs in its primitive varieties,—<i>ale</i> (as +here: <b>ealu-wæg</b>), <i>mead, beer, wine, lîð</i> (cider? Goth. <i>leiþus</i>, Prov. Ger. +<i>leit-</i> in <i>leit-haus</i>, ale-house), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2025"></a>l. 2025. Kl. proposes <b>is</b> for <b>wäs</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2027"></a>l. 2027. Cf. <a href="#li1599">l. 1599</a> for a similar use of <b>weorðan</b>, = <i>agree, be pleased +with</i> (Ha.); <i>appear</i> (Sw., Reader, 6th ed.).</p> + +<p><a name="note2030"></a>ll. 2030, 2031. Ten Br. proposes: <b>oft seldan</b> ( = <i>gave</i>) <b>wære äfter +leód-hryre: lytle hwîle bongâr bûgeð, þeáh seó brýd duge</b> = +<i>oft has a treaty been given after the fall of a prince: but little while the +murder-spear resteth, however excellent the bride be.</i> Cf. Kl., <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 190; +B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 369; R., <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> in. 404; Ha., p. 69; G., p. 62.</p> + +<p><a name="note2036"></a>l. 2036. Cf. Kl, <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 191; R., <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 404.</p> + +<p><a name="note2042"></a>l. 2042. For <b>beáh</b> B. reads <b>bâ</b>, = <i>both</i>, i.e. Freaware and the Dane.</p> + +<p><a name="note2063"></a>l. 2063. Thorkelin and Conybeare propose <b>wîgende</b>, = <i>fighting</i>, for +<b>lifigende</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2068"></a>l. 2068. W.'s edition begins section xxx. (not marked in the MS.) with +this line. Section xxxix. (xxxviii. in copies A and B, xxxix. in Thorkelin) +is not so designated in the MS., though <b>þâ</b> (at <a href="#li2822">l. 2822</a>) is written with +capitals and xl. begins at <a href="#li2893">l. 2893</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2095"></a>l. 2095. Cf. <a href="#li1542">l. 1542</a>, and note.</p> + +<p><a name="note2115"></a>l. 2115 <i>seq.</i> B. restores thus:</p> +<div class="line"> Þær on innan gióng</div> +<div class="line">niðða nâthwylc, neóde tô gefêng</div> +<div class="line">hæðnum horde; hond ätgenam</div> +<div class="line">seleful since fâh; nê hê þät syððan âgeaf,</div> +<div class="line">þeáh þe hê slæpende besyrede hyrde</div> +<div class="line">þeófes cräfte: þät se þióden onfand,</div> +<div class="line">bý-folc beorna, þät hê gebolgen wäs.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 99; <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 210.</div> + +<p><a name="note2128"></a>l. 2128. <b>ätbär</b> here = <i>bear away</i>, not given in the Gloss.</p> + +<p><a name="note2129"></a>l. 2129. B. proposes <b>færunga</b>, = <i>suddenly</i>, for Gr.'s reading in the +text.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 98.</p> + +<p><a name="note2132"></a>l. 2132. MS. has <b>þine life</b>, which Leo translates <i>by thy leave</i> (= ON. +<i>leyfi</i>); B., <i>by thy life</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 369.</p> + +<p><a name="note2150"></a>l. 2150. B. renders <b>gen</b>, etc., by "now I serve thee alone again as my +gracious king" (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 99).</p> + +<p><a name="note2151"></a>l. 2151. The forms <b>hafu [hafo], hafast, hafað</b>, are poetic archaisms.—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note2153"></a>l. 2153. Kl. proposes <b>ealdor</b>, = <i>prince</i>, for <b>eafor</b>. W. proposes the +compd. <b>eafor-heáfodsegn</b>, = <i>helm</i>; cf. <a href="#li1245">l. 1245</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2157"></a>l. 2157. The wk. form of the adj. is frequent in the vocative, especially +when postponed: "Beowulf <b>leófa</b>," <a href="#li1759">l. 1759</a>. So, often, in poetry in nom.: +<b>wudu selesta</b>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2158"></a>l. 2158. <b>ærest</b> is possibly the verbal subs. from <b>ârîsan</b>, <i>to arise, = +arising, origin</i>. R. suggested <b>ærist</b>, <i>arising, origin</i>. Cf. Bede, <cite>Eccles. +Hist.</cite>, ed. Miller, where the word is spelt as above, but = (as usual) <i>resurrection</i>. +See Sweet, Reader, p. 211; E.-Plummer's <cite>Chronicle</cite>, p. 302, +etc. The MS. has <b>est</b>. See Ha., p. 73; S., <cite>Beit.</cite> x. 222; and cf. <a href="#li2166">l. 2166</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2188"></a>l. 2188. Gr., W., H. supply <b>[wên]don</b>, = <i>weened</i>, instead of Th.'s +<b>[oft säg]don</b>.</p> + +<p>l. 2188. The "slack" Beowulf, like the sluggish Brutus, ultimately +reveals his true character, and is presented with a historic sword of honor. +It is "laid on his breast" (<a href="#li2195">l. 2195</a>) as Hun laid Lâfing on Hengest's +breast, <a href="#li1145">l. 1145</a>.</p> + +<p>l. 2188. "The boy was at first slothful, and the Geats thought him an +unwarlike prince, and long despised him. Then, like many a lazy third +son in the folk tales, a change came, he suddenly showed wonderful daring +and was passionate for adventure."—Br., p. 22.</p> + +<p><a name="note2196"></a>l. 2196. "Seven of thousands, manor and lordship" (Ha.). Kl., <cite>Beit.</cite> +ix. 191, thinks with Ettm. that <b>þûsendo</b> means a hide of land (see +Schmid, <cite>Ges. der Angl</cite>, 610), Bede's <b>familia</b> = 1/2 sq. meter; <b>seofan</b> +being used (like <b>hund</b>, <a href="#li2995">l. 2995</a>) only for the alliteration.</p> + +<p>l. 2196. "A vast Honour of 7000 hides, a mansion, and a judgment-seat" +[throne].—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note2210"></a>l. 2210. MS. has the more correct <b>wintra</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2211"></a>l. 2211. Cf. similar language about the dragon at <a href="#li100">l. 100</a>. Beowulf's +"jubilee" is fitly solemnized by his third and last dragon-fight.</p> + +<p><a name="note2213"></a>l. 2213. B. proposes <b>sê þe on hearge hæðen hord beweotode</b>; +cf. Ha., p. 75.</p> + +<p><a name="note2215"></a>l. 2215. "The dragon lies round the treasures in a cave, as Fafnir, like +a Python, lay coiled over his hoard. So constant was this habit among +the dragons that gold is called Worms' bed, Fafnir's couch, Worms' bed-fire. +Even in India, the cobras ... are guardians of treasure."—Br., +p. 50.</p> + +<p><a name="note2216"></a>l. 2216. <b>neóde</b>. E. translates <i>deftly</i>; Ha., <i>with ardor</i>. H.-So. reads +<b>neóde</b>, = <i>with desire, greedily</i>, instr. of <b>neód</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2223"></a>l. 2223. E. begins his "Part Third" at this point as he begins "Part +Second" at <a href="#li1252">l. 1252</a>, each dragon-fight forming part of a trilogy.</p> + +<p><a name="note2224"></a>ll. 2224, 2225. B. proposes: <b>nealles mid gewealdum wyrmes +weard gäst sylfes willum.</b>—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 211; <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 100.</p> + +<p><a name="note2225"></a>l. 2225. For <b>þeów</b> read <b>þegn</b>.—K. and Z.</p> + +<p>l. 2225. <b>þeów</b>, st. m., <i>slave, serf</i> (not in H.-So.).</p> + +<p><a name="note2227"></a>l. 2227. For <b>ofer-þearfe</b> read <b>ærnes þearfa</b>.—Z.</p> + +<p><a name="note2229"></a>ll. 2229-2231. B. proposes:</p> +<div class="line">secg synbysig sôna onwlâtode,</div> +<div class="line">þeáh þâm gyste gryrebrôga stôd,</div> +<div class="line">hwäðre earmsceapen innganges þearfa</div> +<div class="line">. . . . . . . . . .</div> +<div class="line">feásceapen, þâ hyne se fær begeat.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 101. Cf. Ha., p. 69.</div> + +<p><a name="note2232"></a>l. 2232. W. suggests <b>seah</b> or <b>seîr</b> for <b>geseah</b>, and Gr. suggests +<b>searolîc</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2233"></a>l. 2233. Z. surmises <b>eorð-hûse</b> (for <b>-scräfe</b>).</p> + +<p><a name="note2241"></a>l. 2241. B. proposes <b>læn-gestreóna</b>, = <i>transitory</i>, etc.; Th., R. propose +<b>leng</b> (= <i>longer</i>) <b>gestreóna</b>; S. accepts the text but translates "the +long accumulating treasure."</p> + +<p><a name="note2246"></a>l. 2246. B. proposed (1) <b>hard-fyndne</b>, = <i>hard to find</i>; (2) <b>hord-wynne +dæl</b>,—<i>a deal of treasure-joy</i> (cf. <a href="#li2271">l. 2271</a>).—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> +iv. 211; <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 102.</p> + +<p><a name="note2247"></a>l. 2247. <b>fecword</b> = <i>banning words</i> (?) MS. has <b>fec</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2254"></a>l. 2254. Others read <b>feor-[mie]</b>, = <i>furbish</i>, for <b>fetige</b>: <i>I own not one +who may</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2261"></a>l. 2261. The Danes themselves were sometimes called the "Ring-Danes," += clad in ringed (or a ring of) armor, or possessing rings. Cf. +<a href="#li116">ll. 116</a>, <a href="#li1280">1280</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2264"></a>l. 2264. Note the early reference to hawking. Minstrelsy (<b>hearpan +wyn</b>), saga-telling, racing, swimming, harpooning of sea-animals, feasting, +and the bestowal of jewels, swords, and rings, are the other amusements +most frequent in <cite>Beówulf</cite>.</p> + +<p>l. 2264. Cf. <cite>Maldon</cite>, ll. 8, 9, for a reference to hawking.</p> + +<p><a name="note2276"></a>l. 2276. Z. suggests <b>swýðe ondrædað</b>; Ho. puts <b>gesêcean</b> for Gr.'s +<b>gewunian</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2277"></a>l. 2277. Z. and K. read: <b>hord on hrûsan</b>. "Three hundred winters," +at <a href="#li2279">l. 2279</a>, is probably conventional for "a long time," like <b>hund +missera, </b> <a href="#li1499">l. 1499</a>; <b>hund þûsenda</b>, <a href="#li2995">l. 2995</a>; <b>þritig</b> (of Beowulf's +strength), <a href="#li379">l. 379</a>; <b>þritig</b> (of the men slain by Grendel), <a href="#li123">l. 123</a>; <b>seofan +þûsendo</b>, <a href="#li2196">l. 2196</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2285"></a>l. 2285. B. objects to <b>hord</b> as repeated in <a href="#li2284">ll. 2284</a>, <a href="#li2285">2285</a>; but cf. Ha., +p. 77. C. prefers <b>sum</b> to <b>hord</b>. <b>onboren</b> = <i>inminutus</i>; cf. B., <cite>Beit.</cite> +xii. 102.</p> + +<p>l. 2285. <b>onberan</b> is found also at line 991, = <i>carry off</i>, with <b>on-</b> = E. +<i>un—(un-bind, -loose, -tie</i>, etc.), G. <i>ent-</i>. The negro still pronounces +<i>on-do</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2299"></a>l. 2299. Cf. H.-So., p. 112, for a defense of the text as it stands. B. +proposes "nor was there any man in that desert who rejoiced in conflict," +etc. So ten Br.</p> + +<p><a name="note2326"></a>l. 2326. B. and ten Br,. propose <b>hâm</b>, = <i>home</i>, for him.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 103.</p> + +<p><a name="note2335"></a>l. 2335. E. translates <b>eálond utan</b> by <i>the sea-board front, the water-washed +land on the (its) outside</i>. See B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 1, 5.</p> + +<p><a name="note2346"></a>l. 2346. Cf. <a href="#li425">l. 425</a>, where Beowulf resolves to fight the dragon single-handed. +E. compares <cite>Guy of Warwick</cite>, ll. 49, 376.</p> + +<p><a name="note2355"></a>l. 2355. Ten Br. proposes <b>laðan cynne</b> as apposition to <b>mægum</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2360"></a>l. 2360. Cf. Beowulf's other swimming-feat with Breca, <a href="#li506">ll. 506</a> <i>seq.</i></p> + +<p><a name="note2362"></a>l. 2362. Gr. inserts <b>âna</b>, = <i>lone-going</i>, before xxx.: approved by B.; +and Krüger, <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 575. Cf. <a href="#li379">l. 379</a>.</p> + +<p>l. 2362. "Beowulf has the strength of thirty men in the original tale. +Here, then, the new inventor makes him carry off thirty coats of mail."—Br., +p. 48.</p> + +<p><a name="note2364"></a>l. 2364. <b>Hetware</b> = Chattuarii, a nation allied against Hygelâc in his +Frisian expedition; cf. <a href="#li1208">ll. 1208</a> <i>seq.</i>, 2917, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2368"></a>l. 2368. B. proposes <i>quiet sea</i> as trans, of <b>sióleða bigong</b>, and compares +Goth. <i>anasilan</i>, to be still; Swed. dial, <i>sil</i>, still water between +waterfalls.—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 214.</p> + +<p><a name="note2380"></a>l. 2380. <b>hyne</b>—Heardrêd; so <b>him</b>, <a href="#li2358">l. 2358</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2384"></a>l. 2384. E. calls attention to <b>Swió-rîce</b> as identical with the modern +<i>Sverige</i> = Sweden; cf. <a href="#li2496">l. 2496</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2386"></a>l. 2386. Gr. reads <b>on feorme</b>, = <i>at the banquet</i>; cf. Möller, <cite>Alteng. +Volksepos</cite>, 111, who reads <b>(f)or feorme</b>. The MS. has <b>or</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2391"></a>l. 2391. Cf. <a href="#li11">l. 11</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2394"></a>l. 2394. B., Gr., and Mûllenh. understand <a href="#li2393">ll. 2393-2397</a> to mean that +Eádgils, Ôhthere's son, driven from Sweden, returns later, supported by +Beowulf, takes the life of his uncle Onela, and probably becomes himself +O.'s successor and king of Sweden. For another view see H.-So., p. 115. +MS. has <b>freond</b> (<a href="#li2394">l. 2394</a>), which Leo, etc., change to <b>feónd</b>. G. translates +<i>friend</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 13; <cite>Anzeiger f. d. Altert.</cite> iii. 177.</p> + +<p><a name="note2395"></a>l. 2395. Eádgils is Ôhthere's son; cf. <a href="#li2381">l. 2381</a>; Onela is Ôhthere's +brother; cf. <a href="#li2933">ll. 2933</a>, <a href="#li2617">2617</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2402"></a>l. 2402. "Twelfsome"; cf. "fifteensome" at <a href="#li207">l. 207</a>, etc. As <cite>Beówulf</cite> +is essentially <i>the</i> Epic of Philanthropy, of the true love of man, as distinguished +from the ordinary love-epic, the number twelve in this passage +may be reminiscent of another Friend of Man and another Twelve. In +each case all but one desert the hero.</p> + +<p><a name="note2437"></a>l. 2437. R. proposes <b>stýred</b>, = <i>ordered, decreed</i>, for <b>strêd</b>.—<cite>Zachers +Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 409.</p> + +<p><a name="note2439"></a>l. 2439. B. corrects to <b>freó-wine</b> = <i>noble friend</i>, asking, "How can +Herebeald be called Hæðcyn's <b>freá-wine</b> [MS.], <i>lord?</i>"</p> + +<p><a name="note2442"></a>l. 2442. <b>feohleás gefeoht</b>, "a homicide which cannot be atoned for +by money—in this case an unintentional fratricide."—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note2445"></a>l. 2445. See Ha., pp. 82, 83, for a discussion of <a href="#li2445">ll. 2445-2463</a>. Cf. G., +p. 75.</p> + +<p><a name="note2447"></a>l. 2447. MS. reads <b>wrece</b>, justified by B. (<cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 56). W. conceives +<b>wrece</b> as optative or hortative, and places a colon before <b>þonne</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2449"></a>l. 2449. For <b>helpan</b> read <b>helpe</b>.—K., Th., S. (<cite>Zeitschr. f. D. Phil.</cite> +xxi. 3, 357).</p> + +<p><a name="note2454"></a>ll. 2454-2455. (1) Müllenh. (<cite>Haupts Zeitschr.</cite> xiv. 232) proposes:</p> +<div class="line"> þonne se ân hafað</div> +<div class="line">þurh dæda nýd deáðes gefandod.</div> +<p>(2) B. proposes:</p> +<div class="line">þurh dæda nîð deáðes gefondad.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 215.</div> + +<p><a name="note2458"></a>l. 2458. Cf. <b>sceótend</b>, pl., <a href="#li704">ll. 704</a>, <a href="#li1155">1155</a>, like <b>rîdend</b>. Cf. <cite>Judith</cite>, l. 305, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2474"></a>l. 2474. Th. considers the "wide water" here as the Mälar lake, the +boundary between Swedes and Goths.</p> + +<p><a name="note2477"></a>l. 2477. On <b>oþþe</b> = <i>and</i>, cf. B., <cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 57. See Ha., p. 83.</p> + +<p><a name="note2489"></a>l. 2489. B. proposes <b>hreá-blâc</b> for Gr.'s <b>heoro-</b>.—<cite>Tikskr.</cite> viii. 297.</p> + +<p><a name="note2494"></a>l. 2494. S. suggests <b>êðel-wynne</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2502"></a>l. 2502. E. translates <b>for dugeðum</b>, <i>of my prowess</i>; so Ettmüller.</p> + +<p><a name="note2520"></a>ll. 2520-2522. Gr. and S. translate, "if I knew how else I might combat +the monster's boastfulness."—Ha., p. 85.</p> + +<p><a name="note2524"></a>l. 2524. <b>and-hâttres</b> is H.'s invention. Gr. reads <b>oreðes and âttres</b>, +<i>blast and venom</i>. Cf. <b>oruð</b>, <a href="#li2558">l. 2558</a>, and <a href="#li2840">l. 2840</a> (where <b>âttor-</b> also +occurs).</p> + +<p><a name="note2526"></a>l. 2526. E. quotes <b>fleón fôtes trym</b> from <cite>Maldon</cite>, l. 247.</p> + +<p><a name="note2546"></a>l. 2546. Gr., H.-So., and Ho. read <b>standan stân-bogan</b> (for <b>stôd on +stân-bogan</b>) depending on <b>geseah</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2550"></a>l. 2550. Grundt. and B. propose <b>deór</b>, <i>brave one</i>, i.e. Beowulf, for <b>deóp</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2565"></a>L. 2565. MS. has <b>ungleaw</b> (K., Th.), <b>unglaw</b> (Grundt.). B. proposes +<b>unslâw</b>, = <i>sharp</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 104. So H.-So., Ha., p. 86.</p> + +<p><a name="note2570"></a>ll. 2570, 2571. (1) May not <b>gescîfe</b> (MS. <b>to gscipe</b>) = German <i>schief</i>, +"crooked," "bent," "aslant," and hence be a parallel to <b>gebogen</b>, <i>bent, +coiled?</i> cf. <a href="#li2568">l. 2568</a>, þâ se wyrm gebeáh snûde tôsomne, and <a href="#li2828">l. 2828</a>. +Coiled serpents spring more powerfully for the coiling. (2) Or perhaps +destroy comma after <b>tô</b> and read <b>gescäpe</b>, = <i>his fate</i>; cf. <a href="#li26">l. 26</a>: <b>him þâ +Scyld gewât tô gescäp-hwîle</b>. G. appar. adopts this reading, p. 78.</p> + +<p><a name="note2589"></a>l. 2589. <b>grund-wong</b> = <i>the field</i>, not <i>the earth</i> (so B.); H.-So., <i>cave</i>, +as at <a href="#li2771">l. 2771</a>. So Ha., p. 87.</p> + +<p><a name="note2595"></a>l. 2595. S. proposes colon after <b>stefne</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 141.</p> + +<p><a name="note2604"></a>l. 2604. Müllenh. explains <b>leód Scylfinga</b> in <cite>Anzeiger f. d. Altert.</cite> +iii. 176-178.</p> + +<p><a name="note2607"></a>l. 2607. <b>âre</b> = <i>possessions, holding</i> (Kl., <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 192; Ha., p. 88).</p> + +<p><a name="note2609"></a>l. 2609. <b>folcrihta</b>. Add "folk-right" to the meanings in the Gloss.; +and cf. <b>êðel-, land-riht, word-riht.</b></p> + +<p><a name="note2614"></a>l. 2614. H.-So. reads with Gr. <b>wræccan wineleásum Weohstân +bana</b>, = <i>whom, a friendless exile, W. had slain</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2635"></a>ll. 2635-61. E. quotes Tacitus, <cite>Germania</cite>, xiv.: "turpe comitatui virtutem +principis non adaequare." Beowulf had been deserted by his +<i>comitatus</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2643"></a>l. 2643. B. proposes <b>ûser</b>.—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 216.</p> + +<p><a name="note2649"></a>l. 2649. <b>wutun</b>; <a href="#li3102">l. 3102</a>, <b>uton</b> = pres. subj. pl. 1st person of <b>wîtan</b>, +<i>to go</i>, used like Mod. Eng. <i>let us</i> + inf., Lat. <i>eamus</i>, Ital. <i>andiamo</i>, Fr. +<i>allons</i>; M. E. (<cite>Layamon</cite>) <i>uten</i>. Cf. Psa. ii. 3, etc. March, <cite>A.-S. Gram.</cite>, +pp. 104, 196.</p> + +<p><a name="note2650"></a>l. 2650. B. suggests <b>hât</b> for <b>hyt</b>,.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 105.</p> + +<p><a name="note2656"></a>l. 2656. <b>fâne</b> = fâh-ne; cf. <b>fâra</b> = <b>fâh-ra</b>, <a href="#li578">l. 578</a>; so <b>heánne</b> (MS.) += <b>heáh-ne</b>, etc., <a href="#li984">l. 984</a>. See Cook's Sievers' Gram.</p> + +<p><a name="note2660"></a>ll. 2660, 2661. Why not read <b>beadu-scrûd</b>, as at <a href="#li453">l. 453</a>, = <i>battle-shirt?</i> +B. and R. suppose two half-verses omitted between <b>byrdu-scrûd</b> and +<b>bâm gemæne</b>. B. reads <b>býwdu</b>, = <i>handsome</i>, etc. Gr. suggests <b>unc +nû</b>, = <i>to us two now</i>, for <b>ûrum</b>; and K. and Grundt. read <b>beón gemæne</b> +for <b>bâm</b>, etc. This makes sense. Cf. Ha., p. 89.</p> + +<p><a name="note2666"></a>l. 2666. Cf. the dat. absolute without preposition.</p> + +<p><a name="note2681"></a>l. 2681. <b>Nägling</b>; cf. <b>Hrunting, Lâfing</b>, and other famous <b>wundor-smiða +geweorc</b> of the poem.</p> + +<p><a name="note2687"></a>l. 2687. B. changes <b>þonne</b> into <b>þone</b> (rel. pro.) = <i>which</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 105.</p> + +<p><a name="note2688"></a>l. 2688. B. supports the MS. reading, <b>wundum</b>.</p> + +<p>l. 2688. Cf. <a href="#li2278">l. 2278</a> for similar language.</p> + +<p><a name="note2698"></a>l. 2698. B. (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 105) renders: "he did not heed the head of the +dragon (which Beowulf with his sword had struck without effect), but he +struck the dragon somewhat further down." Cf. Saxo, vi. p. 272.</p> + +<p>l. 2698. Cf. the language used at <a href="#li446">ll. 446</a> and <a href="#li1373">1373</a>, where <b>hafelan</b> also +occurs; and <b>hýdan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2700"></a>l. 2700. <b>hwêne</b>; cf. Lowl. Sc. <i>wheen</i>, a number; Chaucer's <i>woon</i>, +number.</p> + +<p><a name="note2702"></a>l. 2702. S. proposes <b>þâ</b> (for <b>þät</b>) <b>þät fýr</b>, etc., = <i>when the fire began</i>, +etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2704"></a>l. 2704. "The (<b>hup</b>)<b>-seax</b> has often been found in Saxon graves on +the hip of the skeleton."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note2707"></a>l. 2707. Kl. proposes: <b>feorh ealne wräc</b>, = <i>drove out all the life</i>; cf. +<cite>Gen.</cite> l. 1385.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 192. S. suggests <b>gefylde</b>,—<i>he felled the foe</i>, etc.—<cite>Ibid.</cite> +Parentheses seem unnecessary.</p> + +<p><a name="note2727"></a>l. 2727. <b>däg-hwîl</b> = <i>time allotted, lifetime</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2745"></a>l. 2745, 2745. Ho. removes <b>geong</b> from the beginning of <a href="#li2745">l. 2745</a> and +places it at the end of <a href="#li2744">l. 2744</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2750"></a>l. 2750. R. proposes <b>sigle searogimmas</b>, as at <a href="#li1158">l. 1158</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2767"></a>l. 2767. (1) B. proposes doubtfully <b>oferhîgean</b> or <b>oferhîgan</b>, = +Goth, <i>ufarhauhjan</i>, p. p. <i>ufarhauhids</i> (Gr. τυφωθείς) = <i>exceed in value</i>.—<cite>Tidskr.</cite> +viii. 60. (2) Kl. proposes <b>oferhýdian</b>, = <i>to make arrogant, +infatuate</i>; cf. <b>oferhýd</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 192.</p> + +<p><a name="note2770"></a>l. 2770. <b>gelocen leoðocräftum</b> = (1) <i>spell-bound</i> (Th., Arnold, E.); +(2) <i>wrought with hand-craft</i> (G.); (3) <i>meshed, linked together</i> (H., Ho.); +cf. <cite>Elene</cite>, ll. 1251, 522.</p> + +<p><a name="note2778"></a>l. 2778. B. considers <b>bill ... ealdhlâfordes</b> as Beowulf's short +sword, with which he killed the dragon, <a href="#li2704">l. 2704</a> (<cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 299). R. +proposes <b>ealdhlâforde</b>. Müllenh. understands <b>ealdhlâford</b> to mean +the former possessor of the hoard. W. agrees to this, but conceives +<b>ærgescôd</b> as a compd. = <b>ære calceatus</b>, <i>sheathed in brass</i>. Ha. translates +<b>ærgescôd</b> as vb. and adv.</p> + +<p><a name="note2791"></a>l. 2791. Cf. <a href="#li224">l. 224</a>, <b>eoletes ät ende; landes ät ende</b>, <cite>Exod.</cite> (Hunt).</p> + +<p><a name="note2792"></a>l. 2792. MS. reads <b>wäteres weorpan</b>, which R. would change to +<b>wätere sweorfan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2806"></a>l. 2806. "Men saw from its height the whales tumbling in the waves, +and called it Whale's Ness (<b>Hrones-næs</b>)."—Br. p. 28. Cf. <a href="#li3137">l. 3137</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2815"></a>l. 2815. Wîglâf was the next of kin, the last of the race, and hence the +recipient of Beowulf's kingly insignia. There is a possible play on the +word <b>lâf</b> (Wîg-<i>lâf</i>, ende-<i>lâf</i>).</p> + +<p><a name="note2818"></a>l. 2818. <b>gingeste word</b>; cf. <i>novissima verba</i>, and Ger. <i>jüngst</i>, lately.</p> + +<p><a name="note2837"></a>l. 2837. E. translates <b>on lande</b>, <i>in the world</i>, comparing <i>on lîfe, on +worulde</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2840"></a>l. 2840. <b>geræsde</b> = pret. of <b>geræsan</b> (omitted from the Gloss.), same +as <b>ræsan</b>; cf. <a href="#li2691">l. 2691</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2859"></a>l. 2859. B. proposes <b>deáð ârædan</b>, = <i>determine death</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. +106.</p> + +<p><a name="note2861"></a>l. 2861. Change <b>geongum</b> to <b>geongan</b> as a scribal error (?), but cf. +Lichtenheld, <cite>Haupts Zeitschr.</cite> xvi. 353-355.</p> + +<p><a name="note2871"></a>l. 2871. S. and W. propose <b>ôwêr</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 142.</p> + +<p><a name="note2873"></a>l. 2873. S. punctuates: <b>wrâðe forwurpe, þâ</b>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2874"></a>l. 2874. H.-So. begins a new sentence with <b>nealles</b>, ending the preceding +one with <b>beget</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2879"></a>l. 2879. <b>ätgifan</b> = <i>to render, to afford</i>; omitted in Gloss.</p> + +<p><a name="note2885"></a>ll. 2885-2892. "This passage ... equals the passage in Tacitus which +describes the tie of chief to companion and companion to chief among the +Germans, and which recounts the shame that fell on those who survived +their lord."—Br., p. 56.</p> + +<p><a name="note2886"></a>l. 2886. <b>cyn</b> thus has the meaning of <i>gens</i> or clan, just as in many +Oriental towns all are of one blood. E. compares Tacitus, <cite>Germania</cite>, +7; and cf. "kith and kin."</p> + +<p><a name="note2892"></a>l. 2892. Death is preferable to dishonor. Cf. Kemble, <cite>Saxons</cite>, i. 235.</p> + +<p><a name="note2901"></a>l. 2901. The ἄγγελος begins his ἀγγελία here.</p> + +<p><a name="note2910"></a>l. 2910. S. proposes <b>higemêðe</b>, <i>sad of soul;</i> cf. <a href="#li2853">ll. 2853</a> and <a href="#li2864">2864</a> +(<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 142). B. considers <b>higemêðum</b> a dat. or instr. pl. of an abstract +in <b>-u</b> (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 106). H. makes it a dat. pl. = <i>for the dead</i>. For +<b>heafod-wearde</b>, etc., cf. note on <a href="#li446">l. 446</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2920"></a>l. 2920-2921. B. explains "he could not this time, as usual, give jewels +to his followers."—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 106.</p> + +<p><a name="note2922"></a>l. 2922. The Merovingian or Frankish race.</p> + +<p><a name="note2940"></a>l. 2940 <i>seq.</i> B. conjectures:</p> +<div class="line">cwäð hîe on mergenne mêces ecgum</div> +<div class="line">gêtan wolde, sumon galgtreowu</div> +<div class="line">âheáwan on holte ond hîe âhôan on þâ</div> +<div class="line">fuglum tô gamene.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 107, 372.</div> +<p>Cf. S., <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 143. <b>gêtan</b> = <i>cause blood to be shed.</i></p> + +<p><a name="note2950"></a>l. 2950. B. proposes <b>gomela</b> for <b>gôda</b>; "a surprising epithet for a +Geat to apply to the 'terrible' Ongentheow."—Ha. p. 99. But "good" +does not necessarily mean "morally excellent," as a "good" hater, a +"good" fighter.</p> + +<p><a name="note2959"></a>l. 2959. See H.-So. for an explanatory quotation from Paulus Diaconus, +etc. B., K., and Th. read <b>segn Higelâces</b>, = H.'s banner uplifted +began to pursue the Swede-men.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 108. S. suggests <b>sæce</b>, = +<i>pursuit</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2977"></a>l. 2977. <b>gewyrpton</b>: this vb. is also used reflexively in <cite>Exod.</cite> (Hunt), +l. 130: <b>wyrpton hie wêrige</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2989"></a>l. 2989. <b>bär</b> is Grundt.'s reading, after the MS. "The surviving victor +is the heir of the slaughtered foe."—H.-So. Cf. <cite>Hildebrands Lied</cite>, +ll. 61, 62.</p> + +<p><a name="note2995"></a>l. 2995. "A hundred of thousands in land and rings" (Ha., p. 100). +Cf. <a href="#li2196">ll. 2196</a>, <a href="#li3051">3051</a>. Cf. B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 20, who quotes Saxo's <i>bis senas +gentes</i> and remarks: "Hrolf Kraki, who rewards his follower, for the +slaying of the foreign king, with jewels, rich lands, and his only daughter's +hand, answers to the Jutish king Hygelâc, who rewards his liegeman, for +the slaying of Ongentheów, with jewels, enormous estates, and <i>his</i> only +daughter's hand."</p> + +<p><a name="note3006"></a>l. 3006. H.-So. suggests <b>Scilfingas</b> for <b>Scyldingas</b>, because, at <a href="#li2397">l. 2397</a>, +Beowulf kills the Scylfing Eádgils and probably acquires his lands. Thus +<a href="#li3002">ll. 3002</a>, <a href="#li3005">3005</a>, <a href="#li3006">3006</a>, would indicate that, after Beowulf's death, the Swedes +desired to shake off his hated yoke. Müllenh., however, regards <a href="#li3006">l. 3006</a> +as a thoughtless repetition of <a href="#li2053">l. 2053</a>.—<cite>Haupts Zeitschr.</cite> xiv. 239.</p> + +<p><a name="note3008"></a>l. 3008. Cf. the same proverb at <a href="#li256">l. 256</a>; and <cite>Exod.</cite> (Hunt.) l. 293.</p> + +<p><a name="note3022"></a>l. 3022. E. quotes:</p> +<div class="line">"Thai token an harp <i>gle and game</i></div> +<div class="line">And maked a lai and yaf it name."</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Weber</cite>, l. 358.</div> + +<p>and from Percy, "The word <i>glee</i>, which peculiarly denoted their art (the +minstrels'), continues still in our own language ... it is to this day used +in a musical sense, and applied to a peculiar piece of composition."</p> + +<p><a name="note3025"></a>l. 3025. "This is a finer use than usual of the common poetic attendants +of a battle, the wolf, the eagle, and the raven. The three are here like +three Valkyrie, talking of all that they have done."—Br., p. 57.</p> + +<p><a name="note3033"></a>l. 3033. Cf. Hunt's <cite>Dan.</cite> l. 731, for similar language.</p> + +<p><a name="note3039"></a>l. 3039. B. supplies a supposed gap here:</p> +<div class="line">[banan eác fundon bennum seócne</div> +<div class="line">(nê) ær hî þæm gesêgan syllîcran wiht]</div> +<div class="line">wyrm on wonge...</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 372.</div> + +<p>Cf. Ha., p. 102. W. and Ho. insert [<b>þær</b>] before <b>gesêgan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3042"></a>l. 3042. Cf. <a href="#li2561">l. 2561</a>, where <b>gryre-giest</b> occurs as an epithet of the +dragon. B. proposes <b>gry</b>[<b>re-fâh</b>].</p> + +<p><a name="note3044"></a>l. 3044. <b>lyft-wynne</b>, <i>in the pride of the air</i>, E.; <i>to rejoice in the air</i>, +Ha.</p> + +<p><a name="note3057"></a>l. 3057. (1) He (God) is men's hope; (2) he is the heroes' hope; +(3) <b>gehyld</b> = the secret place of enchanters; cf. <b>hêlsmanna gehyld</b>, +Gr.'s reading, after A.-S. <b>hælsere</b>, haruspex, augur.</p> + +<p><a name="note3060"></a>l. 3060. B. suggests <b>gehýðde</b>, = <i>plundered</i> (i.e. by the thief), for +<b>gehýdde</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3063"></a>ll. 3063-3066. (1) B. suggests <b>wundur [deáðe] hwâr þonne eorl +ellenrof ende gefêre</b> = <i>let a brave man then somewhere meet his end by +wondrous venture</i>, etc.—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 241; cf. <a href="#li3038">l. 3038</a>. (2) S. +supposes an indirect question introduced by <b>hwâr</b> and dependent upon +<b>wundur</b>, = <i>a mystery is it when it happens that the hero is to die, if he +is no longer to linger among his people</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 143. (3) Müllenh. +suggests: <i>is it to be wondered at that a man should die when he can no +longer live?</i>—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> xiv. 241. (4) Possibly thus:</p> +<div class="line"> Wundrað hwät þonne,</div> +<div class="line">eorl ellen-rôf, ende gefêre</div> +<div class="line">lîf-gesceafta, þonne leng ne mäg (etc.),</div> +<p>in which <b>hwät</b> would = <b>þurh hwät</b> at <a href="#li3069">l. 3069</a>, and <b>eorl</b> would be subject +of the conjectural vb. <b>wundrað</b>: "the valiant earl wondereth then +through what he shall attain his life's end, when he no longer may live. + ... So Beówulf knew not (wondered how) through what <i>his</i> end +should come," etc. W. and Ho. join <b>þonne</b> to the next line. Or, for +<b>hwâr</b> read <b>wære</b>: <b>Wundur wære þonne</b> (= <b>gif</b>), etc., = "would it +be any wonder if a brave man," etc., which is virtually Müllenhoff's.</p> + +<p><a name="note3053"></a>l. 3053. <b>galdre bewunden</b>, <i>spell-bound</i>, throws light on <a href="#li2770">l. 2770</a>, <b>gelocen +leoðo-cräftum</b>. The "accursed" gold of legend is often dragon-guarded +and placed under a spell. Even human ashes (as Shakespeare's) +are thus banned. <a href="#li3047">ll. 3047-3058</a> recall the so-called "Treasury of Atreus."</p> + +<p><a name="note3073"></a>l. 3073. <b>herh, hearh</b>, <i>temple</i>, is conjectured by E. to survive in <i>Harrow. +Temple, barrow</i>, etc., have thus been raised to proper names. Cf. <b>Biówulfes +biorh</b> of <a href="#li2808">l. 2808</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3074"></a>l. 3074. H.-So. has <b>strude</b>, = <i>ravage</i>, and compares <a href="#li3127">l. 3127</a>. MS. has +<b>strade</b>. S. suggests <b>stride</b>, = <i>tread</i>.</p> + +<p>l. 3074. H.-So. omits <b>strâdan</b>, = <i>tread, stride over</i>, from the Gloss., +referring <a href="#li3174">ll. 3174</a> and <a href="#li3074">3074</a> to <b>strûdan</b>, q. v.</p> + +<p><a name="note3075"></a>l. 3075. S. proposes: <b>näs hê goldhwätes gearwor häfde</b>, etc., = +<i>Beowulf had not before seen the greedy possessor's favor</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 143. +B. reads, <b>goldhwäte gearwor häfde</b>, etc., making <b>goldhwäte</b> modify +<b>êst</b>, = <i>golden favor</i>; but see <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 373, for B.'s later view.</p> + +<p><a name="note3086"></a>l. 3086-3087. B. translates, "that which (i.e. the treasure) drew the +king thither was granted indeed, but it overwhelmed us."—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 109.</p> + +<p><a name="note3097"></a>l. 3097. B. and S. propose <b>äfter wine deádum</b>, = <i>in memory of the +dead friend</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 144.</p> + +<p><a name="note3106"></a>l. 3106. The <b>brâd gold</b> here possibly includes the <b>iú-monna gold</b> of +<a href="#li3053">l. 3053</a> and the <b>wunden gold</b> of <a href="#li3135">l. 3135</a>. E. translates <b>brâd</b> by <i>bullion</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3114"></a>l. 3114. B. supposes <b>folc-âgende</b> to be dat. sg. to <b>gôdum</b>, referring +to Beowulf.</p> + +<p><a name="note3116"></a>l. 3116. C. considers <b>weaxan</b>, = Lat. <i>vescor</i>, to devour, as a parallel +to <b>fretan</b>, and discards parentheses.—<cite>Beit.</cite> viii. 573.</p> + +<p><a name="note3120"></a>l. 3120. <b>fûs</b> = <i>furnished with</i>; a meaning which must be added to +those in the Gloss.</p> + +<p><a name="note3124"></a>ll. 3124-3125. S. proposes:</p> +<div class="line">eóde eahta sum under inwit-hrôf</div> +<div class="line">hilderinca: sum on handa bär, etc.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 144.</div> + +<p><a name="note3136"></a>l. 3136. H.-So. corrects (after B.) to <b>äðeling<i>c</i></b>, the MS. having <i>e</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3145"></a>l. 3145. "It was their [the Icelanders'] belief that the higher the smoke +rose in the air the more glorious would the burnt man be in heaven."— +<cite>Ynglinga Saga</cite>, 10 (quoted by E.). Cf. the funeral pyre of Herakles.</p> + +<p><a name="note3146"></a>l. 3146-3147. B. conjectures:</p> +<div class="line"> ... swôgende lêc</div> +<div class="line">wôpe bewunden windblonda lêg</div> +<p>(<b>lêc</b> from <b>lâcan</b>, see Gloss.).—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 110. Why not <b>windblonda lâc</b>?</p> + +<p><a name="note3147"></a>l. 3147. Müllenhoff rejected <b>wind-blond geläg</b> because a great fire +raises rather than "lays" the wind; hence B., as above, = "swoughing +sported the flame wound with the howling of wind-currents."</p> + +<p><a name="note3151"></a>l. 3151 <i>seq.</i> B. restores conjecturally:</p> +<div class="line">swylce giômor-gyd sio geó-meowle</div> +<div class="line">[äfter Beówulfe] bunden-heorde</div> +<div class="line">[song] sorg-cearig, sæde geneahhe,</div> +<div class="line">þät hió hyre [hearm-]dagas hearde on [dr]êde,</div> +<div class="line">wälfylla worn, [w]îgendes egesan,</div> +<div class="line">hý[n]ðo ond häftnýd, heóf on rîce wealg.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 100.</div> + +<p>Here <b>geó-meowle</b> = <i>old woman</i> or <i>widow;</i> <b>bunden-heorde</b> = <i>with +bound locks;</i> <b>heóf</b> = <i>lamentation;</i> cf. <a href="#li3143">l. 3143</a>. <b>on rîce wealg</b> is less +preferable than the MS. reading, <b>heofon rêce swealg</b> = <i>heaven swallowed +the smoke</i>.—H.-So. B. thinks Beowulf's widow (<b>geómeowle</b>) +was probably Hygd; cf. <a href="#li2370">ll. 2370</a>, <a href="#li3017">3017-3021</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3162"></a>l. 3162. H.-So. reads (with MS.) <b>bronda be lâfe</b>, for <b>betost</b>, and +omits colon after <b>bêcn</b>. So B., <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 224.</p> + +<p><a name="note3171"></a>l. 3171. E. quotes Gibbon's accounts of the burial of Attila when the +"chosen squadrons of the Hun, wheeling round in measured evolutions, +chanted a funeral song to the memory of a hero."</p> + +<p><a name="note3173"></a>ll. 3173-3174. B. proposes:</p> +<div class="line">woldon gên cwîðan [ond] kyning</div> +<div class="line">wordgyd wrecan ond ymb wel sprecan.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 112.</div> + +<p><a name="note3183"></a>l. 3183. Z., K., Th. read <b>manna</b> for <b>mannum</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3184"></a>l. 3184. "It is the English ideal of a hero as it was conceived by an +Englishman some twelve hundred years ago."—Br., p. 18.</p> + +<h3>NOTES TO THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURG.</h3> + +<p><a name="finnotes"></a>The original MS. of this fragment has vanished, but a copy had been made +and printed by Hickes in his <cite>Thesaurus Linguarum Septentrionalium</cite>, +i. 192. The original was written on a single sheet attached to a codex of +homilies in the Lambeth Library. Möller, <cite>Alteng. Epos</cite>, p. 65, places +the fragment in the Finn episode, between <a href="#li1146">ll. 1146</a> and <a href="#li1147">1147</a>. Bugge +(<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 20) makes it illustrate the conflict in which Hnäf fell, +<i>i.e.</i> as described in <cite>Beówulf</cite> as antecedent to the events +there given. Heinzel (<cite>Anzeiger f. d. Altert.</cite>), however, calls +attention to the fact that Hengest in the fragment is called <b>cyning</b>, +whereas in <cite>Beówulf</cite>, <a href="#li1086">l. 1086</a>, he is called <b>þegn</b>. See H.-So., +p. 125.</p> + +<p>"The <cite>Fight at Finnsburg</cite> and the lays from which our <cite>Beówulf</cite> +was composed were, as it seems to me, sung among the English who dwelt in +the north of Denmark and the south of Sweden, and whose tribal name was the +Jutes or Goths."—Br., p. 101.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote1"></a>l. 1. R. supposes [<b>hor</b>]<b>nas</b>, and conjectures such an +introductory conversation as follows: "Is it dawning in the east, or is a +fiery dragon flying about, or are the turrets of some castle burning?" +questions which the king negatives in the same order. Then comes the +positive declaration, "rather they are warriors marching whose armor gleams +in the moonlight." —<cite>Alt- und Angels. Lesebuch</cite>, 1861. Heinzel and B. +conjecture, [<b>beorhtor hor</b>]<b>nas byrnað næfre</b>. So. +G.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 22; <cite>Anzeiger f. d. Altert.</cite> x. 229.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote5"></a>l. 5. B. conjectures <b>fugelas</b> to mean <i>arrows</i>, and supplies:</p> +<div class="line">ac hêr forð berað [fyrdsearu rincas,</div> +<div class="line">flacre flânbogan], fugelas singað.</div> + +<p>He compares Saxo, p. 95, <i>cristatis galeis hastisque sonantibus +instant</i>, as explanatory of <a href="#finli6">l. 6</a>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 22. But see Brooke, +<cite>Early Eng. Literature</cite>, who supposes <b>fugelas</b> = <i>raven</i> +and <i>eagle</i>, while <b>græg-hama</b> is = <i>wulf</i> (the "grey-coated +one"), the ordinary accompaniers of battle.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote11"></a>l. 11. <b>hicgeað</b>, etc.: cf. <cite>Maldon</cite>, l. 5; <cite>Exod.</cite> l. 218.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote15"></a>l. 15. Cf. B. (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 25), etc., and Saxo, p. 101, for l. 13.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote18"></a>ll. 18-21. H.-So. remarks: "If, according to Möller and Bugge, Gârulf is +one of the attackers, one of Finn's men, this does not harmonize with his +character as Gûðlâf's son (<a href="#finli33">l. 33</a>), who (<a href="#finli16">l. 16</a>, and <cite>Beówulf</cite>, <a href="#li1149">l. 1149</a>) +is a Dane, therefore one of Finn's antagonists." B. (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 25) +conjectures:</p> +<div class="line">þâ gyt Gûðdene Gârulf styrode,</div> +<div class="line">þät hê swâ freólîc feorh forman sîðe</div> +<div class="line">tô þære healle durum hyrsta ne bære,</div> +<div class="line">nû hîe nîða heard ânyman wolde;</div> +<p>in which <b>Gûðdene</b> is the same as Sigeferð, <a href="#finli24">l. 24</a>; <b>hê</b> (<a href="#finli22">l. 22</a>) +refers to <b>Gârulf</b>; and <b>hîe</b> (<a href="#finli21">l. 21</a>) to <b>hyrsta</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote27"></a>l. 27. <b>swäðer</b> = <i>either</i> (bad or good, life or death).—H.-So.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote29"></a>l. 29. <b>cêlod</b>: meaning doubtful; cf. <cite>Maldon</cite>, l. 283. G. +renders "curved board"; Sw. suggests "round"? "hollow"?</p> + +<p><a name="finnote30"></a>l. 30. B. suggests <b>bâr-helm</b>, = <i>boar-helm.</i> Cf. Saxo, p. +96.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 26.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote34"></a>l. 34. B. conjectures: (1) <b>hwearf flacra hræw hräfen, wandrode</b>; (2) +<b>hwearf flacra hræw hräfen fram ôðrum</b> = <i>flew from one corpse to +another</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 27.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote43"></a>l. 43. B. supposes <b>wund häleð</b> to be a Dane, <b>folces hyrde</b> to +be Hnäf, in opposition to Holtzmann (<cite>Germania</cite>, viii. 494), who +supposes the wounded man to be a Frisian, and <b>folces hyrde</b> to be +their king, Finn.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 28.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote45"></a>l. 45. B. adopts Th.'s reading <b>heresceorp unhrôr</b> = <i>equipments +useless</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 28.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote47"></a>l. 47. "Though wounded, they had retained their strength and activity in +battle."—B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 28.</p> + + +<h3>ADDENDA.</h3> + +<p>ll. 105 and 218. MS. and Ho. read <b>won-sæli</b> and <b>fâmi-heals</b>.</p> + +<p>ll. 143, 183, 186, etc. Read <b>þæm</b> for <b>þäm</b>.</p> + +<p>l. 299. MS. reads <b>gôd-fremmendra</b>. So H.-So.</p> + +<p><a name="note338"></a>l. 338. Ho. marks <b>wräc-</b> and its group long.</p> + +<p>l. 530. <b>Hwät</b> should here probably be printed as an interj., <b>hwät!</b> +Cf. ll. 1, 943, 2249.</p> + +<p><a name="note2263"></a>l. 2263. Koeppel suggests <b>nis</b> for <b>näs</b>.</p> + +<p>The editors are much indebted to E. Koeppel (in <cite>Eng. Stud.</cite> xiii. 3) +for numerous corrections in text and glossary.</p> + +<p><a name="note3070"></a>l. 3070. H.-So. begins a new line with <b>swâ</b>.</p> + + +<a name="glossary"></a><h2>GLOSSARY</h2> + +<p><b><a name="glossA">A</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glac">ac</a>, conj. denoting contrariety: hence 1) <i>but</i> (like +N.H.G. sondern), <a href="#li109">109</a>, <a href="#li135">135</a>, <a href="#li339">339</a>, etc.—2) <i>but</i> (N.H.G. aber), +<i>nevertheless</i>, <a href="#li602">602</a>, <a href="#li697">697</a>, etc.—3) in direct questions: nonne, +numquid, <a href="#li1991">1991</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glaglæca">aglæca, ahlæca, äglæca, -cea</a>, w. m. (cf. Goth, aglo, +<i>trouble</i>, O.N. agi, <i>terror</i>, + lâc, <i>gift, sport: = +misery, vexation, = bringer of trouble</i>; hence): 1) <i>evil spirit, +demon, a demon-like being</i>; of Grendel, <a href="#li159">159</a>, <a href="#li433">433</a>, <a href="#li593">593</a>, etc.; of the +drake, <a href="#li2535">2535</a>, <a href="#li2906">2906</a>, etc.—2) <i>great hero, mighty warrior</i>; of +Sigemund, <a href="#li894">894</a>; of Beówulf: gen. sg. aglæcan(?), <a href="#li1513">1513</a>; of Beówulf and +the drake: nom. pl. þâ aglæcean, <a href="#li2593">2593</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glaglæcwîf">aglæc-wîf</a>, st. n., <i>demon, devil, in the form of a woman</i>; +of Grendel's mother, <a href="#li1260">1260</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glaldor">aldor</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glealdor">ealdor</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glalwealda">al-wealda</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glealwealda">eal-w.</a></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glambiht">am-biht</a> (from and-b., Goth, and-baht-s), st. m., <i>servant, +man-servant</i>: nom. sg. ombeht, of the coast-guard, <a href="#li287">287</a>; ombiht, of +Wulfgâr, <a href="#li336">336</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glambihtthegn">ambiht-þegn</a> (from ambiht n. officium and þegn, which see), +<i>servant, man-servant</i>: dat. sg. ombiht-þegne, of Beówulf's +servant, <a href="#li674">674</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glan">an</a>, prep, with the dat., <i>on, in, with respect to</i>, <a href="#li678">678</a>; +<i>with, among, at, upon</i> (position after the governed word), <a href="#li1936">1936</a>; +with the acc., <a href="#li1248">1248</a>. Elsewhere on, which see.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glancor">ancor</a>, st. m., <i>anchor</i>: dat. sg. ancre, <a href="#li303">303</a>, <a href="#li1884">1884</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glancorbend">ancor-bend</a>, m. (?) f. (?), <i>anchor-cable</i>: dat. pl. +oncer-bendum, <a href="#li1919">1919</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gland">and</a>, conj. (<b>ond</b> is usual form; for example, <a href="#li601">601</a>, <a href="#li1149">1149</a>, +<a href="#li2041">2041</a>), and <a href="#li33">33</a>, <a href="#li39">39</a>, <a href="#li40">40</a>, etc. (See Appendix.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glanda">anda</a>, w. m., <i>excitement, vexation, horror</i>: dat. wrâðum +on andan, <a href="#li709">709</a>, <a href="#li2315">2315</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandgit">and-git</a>, st. n., <i>insight, understanding</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1060">1060</a>. +See <a class="glentry" href="#glgitan">gitan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandhâtor">and-hâtor</a>, st. m. n., <i>heat coming against one</i>: gen. sg. +rêðes and-hâttres, <a href="#li2524">2524</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandlang">and-lang, -long</a>, adj., <i>very long.</i> hence 1) <i>at whole +length, raised up high</i>: acc. andlongne eorl, <a href="#li2696">2696</a> (cf. Bugge upon +this point, Zachers Ztschr., 4, 217).—2) <i>continual, entire</i>; +andlangne däg, <a href="#li2116">2116</a>, <i>the whole day</i>; andlonge niht, <a href="#li2939">2939</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandleán">and-leán</a>, st. n., <i>reward, payment in full</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li1542">1542</a>, <a href="#li2095">2095</a> (hand-, hond-lean, MS.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandrisno">and-risno</a>, st. f. (see rîsan, surgere, decere), <i>that which +is to be observed, that which is proper, etiquette</i>: dat. pl. for +andrysnum, <i>according to etiquette</i>, <a href="#li1797">1797</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandsaca">and-saca</a>, w. m., <i>adversary</i>: godes andsaca (Grendel), <a href="#li787">787</a>, <a href="#li1683">1683</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandslyht">and-slyht</a>, st. m., <i>blow in return</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2930">2930</a>, <a href="#li2973">2973</a> +(MS. both times hond-slyht).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandswaru">and-swaru</a>, st. f., <i>act of accosting</i>: 1) to persons +coming up, <i>an address</i>, <a href="#li2861">2861</a>.—2) in reply to something said, +<i>an answer</i>, <a href="#li354">354</a>, <a href="#li1494">1494</a>, <a href="#li1841">1841</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandweard">and-weard</a>, adj., <i>present, existing</i>: acc. sg. n. swîn +ofer helme and-weard (<i>the image of the boar, which stands on his +helm</i>), <a href="#li1288">1288</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandwlita">and-wlita</a>, w. m., <i>countenance</i>: acc. sg. -an, <a href="#li690">690</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glansund">an-sund</a>, adj., <i>entirely unharmed</i>: nom. sg. m., <a href="#li1001">1001</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glansýn">an-sýn</a>, f., <i>the state of being seen</i>: hence 1) <i>the +exterior, the form</i>, <a href="#li251">251</a>: ansýn ýwde, <i>showed his form</i>, i.e. +appeared, <a href="#li2835">2835</a>.—2) <i>aspect, appearance</i>, <a href="#li929">929</a>; on-sýn, <a href="#li2773">2773</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glanwalda">an-walda</a>, w. m., <i>He who rules over all, God</i>, <a href="#li1273">1273</a>. See +Note.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glatol">atol</a>, adj. (also eatol, <a href="#li2075">2075</a>, etc.), <i>hostile, frightful, +cruel</i>: of Grendel, <a href="#li159">159</a>, <a href="#li165">165</a>, <a href="#li593">593</a>, <a href="#li2075">2075</a>, etc.; of Grendel's +mother's hands (dat. pl. atolan), <a href="#li1503">1503</a>; of the undulation of the +waves, <a href="#li849">849</a>; of battle, <a href="#li597">597</a>, <a href="#li2479">2479</a>.—cf. O.N. atall, fortis, strenuus.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glatelîc">atelîc</a>, adj., <i>terrible, dreadful</i>: atelîc egesa, <a href="#li785">785</a>.</p> + +<p><b><a name="glossAl">Â</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâ">â</a>, adv. (Goth, áiv, acc. from aiv-s aevum), <i>ever, +always</i>, <a href="#li455">455</a>, <a href="#li882">882</a>, <a href="#li931">931</a>, <a href="#li1479">1479</a>: â syððan, <i>ever afterwards, ever, +ever after</i>, <a href="#li283">283</a>, <a href="#li2921">2921</a>.—<i>ever</i>, <a href="#li780">780</a>.—Comp. nâ.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâd">âd</a> st. m. <i>funeral pile</i>: acc. sg. âd, <a href="#li3139">3139</a>; dat. sg. âde, +<a href="#li1111">1111</a>, <a href="#li1115">1115</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâdfaru">âd-faru</a>, st. f., <i>way to the funeral pile</i>, dat. sg. on +âd-färe, <a href="#li3011">3011</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâdl">âdl</a>, st. f. <i>sickness</i>, <a href="#li1737">1737</a>, <a href="#li1764">1764</a>, <a href="#li1849">1849</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâth">âð</a>, st. m., <i>oath in general</i>, <a href="#li2740">2740</a>; <i>oath of +allegiance</i>, <a href="#li472">472</a> (?); <i>oath of reconciliation of two warring +peoples</i>, <a href="#li1098">1098</a>, <a href="#li1108">1108</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâthsweord">âð-sweord</a>, st. n., <i>the solemn taking of an oath, the +swearing of an oath</i>: nom. pl., <a href="#li2065">2065</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsweord1">sweord</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâthumswerian">âðum-swerian</a>, m. pl., <i>son-in-law and father-in-law</i>: dat. +pl., <a href="#li84">84</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâgan">âgan</a>, verb, pret. and pres., <i>to have, to possess</i>, w. +acc.: III. prs. sg. âh, <a href="#li1728">1728</a>; inf. âgan, <a href="#li1089">1089</a>; prt. âhte, <a href="#li487">487</a>, <a href="#li522">522</a>, +<a href="#li533">533</a>; with object, geweald, to be supplied, <a href="#li31">31</a>. Form contracted with +the negative: prs. sg. I. nâh hwâ sweord wege (<i>I have no one to +wield the sword</i>), <a href="#li2253">2253</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâgen">âgen</a>, adj., <i>own, peculiar</i>, <a href="#li2677">2677</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâgend">âgend</a> (prs. part. of âgan), <i>possessor, owner, lord</i>: gen. +sg. âgendes, <i>of God</i>, <a href="#li3076">3076</a>.—Compounds: blæd-, bold-, folc-, +mägen-âgend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâgendfreá">âgend-freá</a>, w. m., <i>owner, lord</i>: gen. sg. âgend-freán, +<a href="#li1884">1884</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâhsian">âhsian</a>, ge-<b>âhsian</b>, w. v.: 1) <i>to examine, to find out +by inquiring</i>: pret. part. ge-âhsod, <a href="#li433">433</a>.—2) <i>to experience, to +endure</i>: pret. âhsode, <a href="#li1207">1207</a>; pl. âhsodon, <a href="#li423">423</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâht">âht</a>, st. n. (contracted from â-wiht, which see), <i>something, +anything</i>: âht cwices, <a href="#li2315">2315</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glân">ân</a>, num. The meaning of this word betrays its apparent +demonstrative character: 1) <i>this, that</i>, <a href="#li2411">2411</a>, of the hall in +the earth mentioned before; similarly, <a href="#li100">100</a> (of Grendel; already +mentioned), cf. also <a href="#li2775">2775</a>.—2) <i>one</i>, a particular one among +many, a single one, in numerical sense: ymb âne niht (<i>the next +night</i>), <a href="#li135">135</a>; þurh ânes cräft, <a href="#li700">700</a>; þâra ânum, <a href="#li1038">1038</a>; ân äfter ânum, +<i>one for the other</i> (Hrêðel for Herebeald), <a href="#li2462">2462</a>: similarly, ân +äfter eallum, <a href="#li2269">2269</a>; ânes hwät, <i>some single thing, a part</i>, <a href="#li3011">3011</a>; +se ân leóda duguðe, <i>the one of the heroes of the people</i>, <a href="#li2238">2238</a>; +ânes willan, <i>for the sake of a single one</i>, <a href="#li3078">3078</a>, etc.—Hence, +again, 3) <i>alone, distinguished</i>, <a href="#li1459">1459</a>, <a href="#li1886">1886</a>.—4) <i>a</i>, in +the sense of an indefinite article: ân ... feónd, <a href="#li100">100</a>; gen. sg. ânre +bêne (or to No.2[?]), <a href="#li428">428</a>; ân ... draca, 2211—5) gen. pl. ânra, in +connection with a pronoun, <i>single</i>; ânra gehwylces, <i>every +single one</i>, <a href="#li733">733</a>; ânra gehwylcum, <a href="#li785">785</a>. Similarly, the dat. pl. in +this sense: nemne feáum ânum, <i>except a few single ones</i>, +<a href="#li1082">1082</a>.—6) solus, <i>alone</i>: in the strong form, <a href="#li1378">1378</a>, <a href="#li2965">2965</a>; in the +weak form, <a href="#li145">145</a>, <a href="#li425">425</a>, <a href="#li431">431</a>, <a href="#li889">889</a>, etc.; with the gen., âna Geáta duguðe, +<i>alone of the warriors of the Geátas</i>, <a href="#li2658">2658</a>.—7) solitarius, +<i>alone, lonely</i>, see <a class="glentry" href="#glæn">æn</a>.—Comp. nân.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glânfeald">ân-feald</a>, adj., <i>simple, plain, without reserve</i>: acc. sg. +ânfealdne geþôht, <i>simple opinion</i>, <a href="#li256">256</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glângenga">ân-genga, -gengea</a>, w. m., <i>he who goes alone</i>, of Grendel, +<a href="#li165">165</a>, <a href="#li449">449</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glânhaga">ân-haga</a>, w. m., <i>he who stands alone</i>, solitarius, <a href="#li2369">2369</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glânhydig">ân-hydig</a>, adj. (like the O.N. ein-râd-r, <i>of one +resolve</i>, i.e. of firm resolve), <i>of one opinion</i>, i.e. firm, +brave, decided, <a href="#li2668">2668</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glânga">ânga</a>, adj. (only in the weak form), <i>single, only</i>: acc. +sg. ângan dôhtor, <a href="#li375">375</a>, <a href="#li2998">2998</a>; ângan eaferan, <a href="#li1548">1548</a>; dat. sg. ângan +brêðer, <a href="#li1263">1263</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glânpäth">ân-päð</a>, st. m., <i>lonely way, path</i>: acc. pl. ânpaðas, +<a href="#li1411">1411</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glânræd">ân-ræd</a>, adj. (cf. under ân-hydig), <i>of firm resolution, +resolved</i>, <a href="#li1530">1530</a>, <a href="#li1576">1576</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glântîd">ân-tîd</a>, st. f., <i>one time</i>, i.e. the same time, ymb ân-tîd +ôðres dôgores, <i>about the same time the second day</i> (they sailed +twenty-four hours), <a href="#li219">219</a>.—ân stands as in ân-mod, O.H.G. ein-muoti, +<i>harmonious, of the same disposition</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glânunga">ânunga</a>, adv., <i>throughout, entirely, wholly</i>, <a href="#li635">635</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâr">âr</a>, st. m., <i>ambassador, messenger</i>, <a href="#li336">336</a>, <a href="#li2784">2784</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâr">âr</a>, st. f., 1) <i>honor, dignity</i>: ârum healdan, <i>to hold +in honor</i>, <a href="#li296">296</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1100">1100</a>, <a href="#li1183">1183</a>.—2) <i>favor, grace, +support</i>: acc. sg. âre, <a href="#li1273">1273</a>, <a href="#li2607">2607</a>; dat. sg. âre, <a href="#li2379">2379</a>; gen. pl. +hwät ... ârna, <a href="#li1188">1188</a>.—Comp. worold-âr; also written ær.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glârfäst">âr-fäst</a>, adj., <i>honorable, upright</i>, <a href="#li1169">1169</a>; of Hûnferð +(with reference to <a href="#li588">588</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glfäst">fäst</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glârian">ârian</a>, w. v., (<i>to be gracious</i>), <i>to spare</i>: III. sg. prs. +w. dat. nænegum ârað; of Grendel, <a href="#li599">599</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glârstäf">âr-stäf</a>, st. m.,(elementum honoris), <i>grace, favor</i>: dat. +pl. mid ârstafum, <a href="#li317">317</a>.—<i>Help, support</i>: dat. pl. for âr-stafum, +<i>to the assistance</i>, <a href="#li382">382</a>, <a href="#li458">458</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glstäf">stäf</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâterteár">âter-teár</a>, m., <i>poisonous drop</i>: dat. pl. îren âter-teárum +fâh (steel which is dipped in poison or in poisonous sap of plants), +<a href="#li1460">1460</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâttor">âttor</a>, st. n., <i>poison</i>, here of the poison of the dragon's +bite: nom., <a href="#li2716">2716</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâttorsceatha">âttor-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>poisonous enemy, of the poisonous +dragon</i>: gen. sg. -sceaðan, <a href="#li2840">2840</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâwâ">âwâ</a>, adv. (certainly not the dative, but a reduplicated form of +â, which see), <i>ever</i>: âwâ tô aldre, <i>fôr ever and ever</i>, +<a href="#li956">956</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossAE">Ä</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glädre">ädre</a>, adv., <i>hastily, directly, immediately</i>, <a href="#li77">77</a>, <a href="#li354">354</a>, +<a href="#li3107">3107</a>. [ædre.]</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gläthele">äðele</a>, adj., <i>noble</i>: nom. sg., of Beówulf, <a href="#li198">198</a>, <a href="#li1313">1313</a>; of +Beówulf's father, <a href="#li263">263</a>, where it can be understood as well in a moral +as in a genealogical sense; the latter prevails decidedly in the gen. +sg. äðelan cynnes, <a href="#li2235">2235</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glätheling">äðeling</a>, st. m., <i>nobleman, man of noble descent</i>, +especially the appellation of a man of royal birth; so of the kings of +the Danes, <a href="#li3">3</a>; of Scyld, <a href="#li33">33</a>; of Hrôðgâr, <a href="#li130">130</a>; of Sigemund, <a href="#li889">889</a>; of +Beówulf, <a href="#li1226">1226</a>, <a href="#li1245">1245</a>, <a href="#li1597">1597</a>, <a href="#li1816">1816</a>, <a href="#li2189">2189</a>, <a href="#li2343">2343</a>, <a href="#li2375">2375</a>, <a href="#li2425">2425</a>, <a href="#li2716">2716</a>, <a href="#li3136">3136</a>; +perhaps also of Däghrefn, <a href="#li2507">2507</a>;—then, in a broader sense, also +denoting other noble-born men: Äschere, <a href="#li1295">1295</a>; Hrôðgâr's courtiers, +<a href="#li118">118</a>, <a href="#li983">983</a>; Heremôd's courtiers, <a href="#li907">907</a>; Hengest's warriors, <a href="#li1113">1113</a>; +Beówulf's retinue, <a href="#li1805">1805</a>, <a href="#li1921">1921</a>, <a href="#li3172">3172</a>; noble-born in general, <a href="#li2889">2889</a>. +—Comp. sib-äðeling.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gläthelu">äðelu</a>, st. n., only in the pl., <i>noble descent, nobility</i>, +in the sense of noble lineage: acc. pl. äðelu, <a href="#li392">392</a>; dat. pl. cyning +äðelum gôd, <i>the king, of noble birth</i>, <a href="#li1871">1871</a>; äðelum dióre, +<i>worthy on account of noble lineage</i>, <a href="#li1950">1950</a>; äðelum (hæleþum, +MS.), <a href="#li332">332</a>.—Comp. fäder-äðelu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gläfnan">äfnan</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to perform, to carry out, to +accomplish</i>: inf. ellen-weorc äfnan, <i>to do a heroic deed</i>, <a href="#li1465">1465</a>; +pret. unriht äfnde, <i>perpetrated wrong</i>, <a href="#li1255">1255</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeäfnan">äfnan</a>, 1) <i>to carry out, to do, to accomplish</i>: pret. +pl. þät geäfndon swâ, <i>so carried that out</i>, <a href="#li538">538</a>; pret. part. âð +wäs geäfned, <i>the oath was sworn</i>, <a href="#li1108">1108</a>.—2) <i>get ready, +prepare</i>: pret. part. geäfned, <a href="#li3107">3107</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glefnan">efnan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gläfter">äfter</a> (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it +expresses the idea of <i>forth, away, from, back</i>), a) adv., +<i>thereupon, afterwards</i>, <a href="#li12">12</a>, <a href="#li341">341</a>, <a href="#li1390">1390</a>, <a href="#li2155">2155</a>.—ic him äfter +sceal, <i>I shall go after them</i>, <a href="#li2817">2817</a>; in word äfter cwäð, <a href="#li315">315</a>, +the sense seems to be, <i>spoke back, having turned</i>; b) prep. w. +dat., 1) (temporal) <i>after</i>, <a href="#li119">119</a>, <a href="#li128">128</a>, <a href="#li187">187</a>, <a href="#li825">825</a>, <a href="#li1939">1939</a>, etc.; +äfter beorne, <i>after the</i> (death of) <i>the hero</i>, <a href="#li2261">2261</a>, so +<a href="#li2262">2262</a>; äfter mâððum-welan, <i>after</i> (obtaining) <i>the +treasure</i>, <a href="#li2751">2751</a>.—2) (causal) as proceeding from something, +denoting result and purpose, hence, <i>in consequence of, conformably +to</i>: äfter rihte, <i>in accordance with right</i>, <a href="#li1050">1050</a>, <a href="#li2111">2111</a>; +äfter faroðe, <i>with the current</i>, <a href="#li580">580</a>; so <a href="#li1321">1321</a>, <a href="#li1721">1721</a>, <a href="#li1944">1944</a>, <a href="#li2180">2180</a>, +etc., äfter heaðo-swâte, <i>in consequence of the blood of battle</i>, +<a href="#li1607">1607</a>; äfter wälnîðe, <i>in consequence of mortal enmity</i>, <a href="#li85">85</a>; <i>in +accordance with, on account of, after, about</i>: äfter äðelum +(hæleþum, MS.)frägn, <i>asked about the descent</i>, <a href="#li332">332</a>; ne frin þu +äfter sælum, <i>ask not after my welfare</i>, <a href="#li1323">1323</a>; äfter sincgyfan +greóteð, <i>weeps for the giver of treasure</i>, <a href="#li1343">1343</a>; him äfter +deórum men dyrne langað, <i>longs in secret for the dear man</i>, +<a href="#li1880">1880</a>; ân äfter ânum, <i>one for the other</i>, <a href="#li2462">2462</a>, etc.—3) (local), +<i>along</i>: äfter gumcynnum, <i>throughout the races of men, among +men</i>, <a href="#li945">945</a>; sôhte bed äfter bûrum, <i>sought a bed among the rooms +of the castle</i> (the castle was fortified, the hall was not), <a href="#li140">140</a>; +äfter recede wlât, <i>looked along the hall</i>, <a href="#li1573">1573</a>; stone äfter +stâne, <i>smelt along the rocks</i>, <a href="#li2289">2289</a>; äfter lyfte, <i>along the +air through the air</i>, <a href="#li2833">2833</a>; similarly, <a href="#li996">996</a>, <a href="#li1068">1068</a>, <a href="#li1317">1317</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gläfthunca">äf-þunca</a>, w. m., <i>anger, chagrin, vexatious affair</i>: nom., +<a href="#li502">502</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gläglæcea">äglæcea</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glaglæca">aglæcea</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gläled">äled</a> (Old Sax. eld, O.N. edl-r), st. m., <i>fire</i>, <a href="#li3016">3016</a>. +[æled.]</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gläledleóma">äled-leóma</a>, w. m., <i>(fire-light), torch</i>: acc. sg. leóman, +<a href="#li3126">3126</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glleóma">leóma</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glälfylce">äl-fylce</a> (from äl-, Goth. ali-s, ἄλλος, and fylce, +O.N. fylki, collective form from folc), st. n., <i>other folk, hostile +army</i>: dat. pl. wið älfylcum, <a href="#li2372">2372</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glälmihtig">äl-mihtig</a> (for eal-m.), adj., <i>almighty</i>: nom. sg. m., of +the weak form, se äl-mihtiga, <a href="#li92">92</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glälwiht">äl-wiht</a>, st. m., <i>being of another species, monster</i>: gen. +pl. äl-wihta eard, of the dwelling-place of Grendel's kindred, <a href="#li1501">1501</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gläppelfealu">äppel-fealu</a>, adj., <i>dappled sorrel</i>, or +<i>apple-yellow</i>: nom. pl. äppel-fealuwe mearas, <i>apple-yellow +steeds</i>, <a href="#li2166">2166</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glärn">ärn</a>, st. n., <i>house</i>, in the compounds heal-, hord-, +medo-, þryð-, win-ärn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gläsc">äsc</a>, st. m., <i>ash</i> (does not occur in Beówulf in this +sense), <i>lance, spear</i>, because the shaft consists of ash wood: +dat. pl. (quâ instr.) äscum and ecgum, <i>with spears and swords</i>, +<a href="#li1773">1773</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gläscholt">äsc-holt</a>, st. n., <i>ash wood, ashen shaft</i>: nom. pl. +äsc-holt ufan græg, <i>the ashen shafts gray above</i> (spears with +iron points), <a href="#li330">330</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gläscwîga">äsc-wîga</a>, w. m., <i>spear-fighter, warrior armed with the +spear</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2043">2043</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glät">ät</a>, prep. w. dat., with the fundamental meaning of nearness to +something, hence 1) local, a) <i>with, near, at, on, in</i> (rest): ät +hýðe, in <i>harbor</i>, <a href="#li32">32</a>; ät symle, <i>at the meal</i>, <a href="#li81">81</a>, ät âde, +<i>on the funeral-pile</i>, <a href="#li1111">1111</a>, <a href="#li1115">1115</a>; ät þe ânum, <i>with thee +alone</i>, <a href="#li1378">1378</a>; ät wîge, <i>in the fight</i>, <a href="#li1338">1338</a>; ät hilde, <a href="#li1660">1660</a>, +<a href="#li2682">2682</a>; ät æte, <i>in eating</i>, <a href="#li3027">3027</a>, etc. b) <i>to, towards, at, +on</i> (motion to): deáðes wylm hrân ät heortan, <i>seized upon the +heart</i>, <a href="#li2271">2271</a>; gehêton ät härgtrafum, <i>vowed at</i> (or <i>to</i>) +<i>the temples of the gods</i>, <a href="#li175">175</a>. c) with verbs of taking away, +<i>away from</i> (as starting from near an object): geþeah þät ful ät +Wealhþeón, <i>took the cup from W</i>., <a href="#li630">630</a>; fela ic gebâd grynna ät +Grendle, <i>from Grendel</i>, <a href="#li931">931</a>; ät mînum fäder genam, <i>took me +from my father to himself</i>, <a href="#li2430">2430</a>.—2) temporal, <i>at, in, at the +time of</i>: ät frumsceafte, <i>in the beginning</i>, <a href="#li45">45</a>; ät ende, +<i>at an end</i>, <a href="#li224">224</a>; fand sînne dryhten ealdres ät ende, <i>at the +end of life, dying</i>, <a href="#li2791">2791</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2823">2823</a>; ät feohgyftum, <i>in +giving gifts</i>, <a href="#li1090">1090</a>; ät sîðestan, <i>finally</i>, <a href="#li3014">3014</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glätgræpe">ät-græpe</a>, adj., <i>laying hold of</i>, prehendens, <a href="#li1270">1270</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glätrihte">ät-rihte</a>, adv., <i>almost</i>, <a href="#li1658">1658</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossAEl">Æ</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glædre">ædre, êdre</a>, st. f., <i>aqueduct, canal</i> (not in Beów.), + <i>vein</i> (not in Beów.), <i>stream, violent pouring forth</i>: + dat. pl. swât ædrum sprong, <i>the blood sprang in streams</i>, <a href="#li2967">2967</a>; + blôd êdrum dranc, <i>drank the blood in streams</i>(?), <a href="#li743">743</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæthm">æðm</a>, st. m., <i>breath, gasp, snort</i>: instr. sg. hreðer æðme +weóll, <i>the breast</i> (of the drake) <i>heaved with snorting</i>, +<a href="#li2594">2594</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæfen">æfen</a>, st. m., <i>evening</i>, <a href="#li1236">1236</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæfengram">æfen-gram</a>, adj., <i>hostile at evening, night-enemy</i>: nom. +sg. m. æfen-grom, of Grendel, <a href="#li2075">2075</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæfenleóht">æfen-leóht</a>, st. n., <i>evening-light</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li413">413</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæfenräst">æfen-räst</a>, st. f., <i>evening-rest</i>: acc. sg. -räste, <a href="#li647">647</a>, +<a href="#li1253">1253</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæfenspræc">æfen-spræc</a>, st. f., <i>evening-talk</i>: acc. sg. +gemunde ...æfen-spræce, <i>thought about what he had spoken in the +evening</i>, <a href="#li760">760</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæfre">æfre</a>, adv., <i>ever, at any time</i>, <a href="#li70">70</a>, <a href="#li280">280</a>, <a href="#li504">504</a>, <a href="#li693">693</a>, etc.: +in negative sentences, æfre ne, <i>never</i>, <a href="#li2601">2601</a>.—Comp. næfre.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæghwâ">æg-hwâ</a> (O.H.G. êo-ga-hwër), pron., <i>every, each</i>: dat. sg. +æghwæm, <a href="#li1385">1385</a>. The gen. sg. in adverbial sense, <i>in all, throughout, +thoroughly</i>: æghwäs untæle, <i>thoroughly blameless</i>, <a href="#li1866">1866</a>; +æghwäs unrîm, <i>entirely innumerable quantity</i>, i.e. an enormous +multitude, <a href="#li2625">2625</a>, <a href="#li3136">3136</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæghwäther">æg-hwäðer</a> (O.H.G. êo-ga-hwëdar): 1) <i>each</i> (of two): nom. +sg. häfde æghwäðer ende gefêred, <i>each of the two</i> (Beówulf and +the drake) <i>had reached the end</i>, <a href="#li2845">2845</a>; dat. sg. æghwäðrum wäs +brôga fram ôðrum, <i>to each of the two</i> (Beówulf and the drake) +<i>was fear of the other</i>, <a href="#li2565">2565</a>; gen. sg. æghwäðres ... worda and +worca, <a href="#li287">287</a>.—2) <i>each</i> (of several): dat. sg. heora æghwäðrum, +<a href="#li1637">1637</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæghwær">æg-hwær</a>, adv., <i>everywhere</i>, <a href="#li1060">1060</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæghwilc">æg-hwilc</a> (O.H.G. êo-gi-hwëlih), pron., unusquisque, +<i>every</i> (one): 1) used as an adj.: acc. sg. m. dæl æghwylcne, +<a href="#li622">622</a>.—2) as substantive, a) with the partitive genitive: nom. sg. +æg-hwylc, <a href="#li9">9</a>, <a href="#li2888">2888</a>; dat. sg. æghwylcum, <a href="#li1051">1051</a>. b) without gen.: nom. sg. +æghwylc, <a href="#li985">985</a>, <a href="#li988">988</a>; (wäs) æghwylc ôðrum trýwe, <i>each one</i> (of two) +<i>true to the other</i>, <a href="#li1166">1166</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glægweard">æg-weard</a>, st. f., <i>watch on the sea shore</i>: acc. sg. +æg-wearde, <a href="#li241">241</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæht">æht</a> (abstract form from âgan, denoting the state of +possessing), st. f.: 1) <i>possession, power</i>: acc. sg. on flôdes +æht, <a href="#li42">42</a>; on wäteres æht, <i>into the power of the water</i>, <a href="#li516">516</a>; on +æht gehwearf Denigea freán, <i>passed over into the possession of a +Danish master</i>, <a href="#li1680">1680</a>.—2) <i>property, possessions, goods</i>: acc. +pl. æhte, <a href="#li2249">2249</a>.—Comp. mâðm-, gold-æht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæht">æht</a> (O.H.G. âhta), st. f., <i>pursuit</i>: nom. þâ wäs æht +boden Sweona leódum, segn Higelâce, <i>then was pursuit offered to the +people of the Sweonas, (their) banner to Hygelâc</i> (i.e. the banner +of the Swedes, taken during their flight, fell into the hands of +Hygelâc), <a href="#li2958">2958</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeæhtan">æhtan</a>, w. v., <i>to prize, to speak in praise of</i>: pret. +part. geæhted, <a href="#li1866">1866</a>. [geähtan.]</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeæhtla">æhtla</a>, w. m., or <b>ge-æhtle</b>, w. f., <i>a speaking of +with praise, high esteem</i>: gen. sg. hy ... wyrðe þinceað +eorla geæhtlan, <i>seem worthy of the high esteem of the +noble-born</i>, <a href="#li369">369</a>. [geähtla.]</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæn">æn</a> (oblique form of ân), num., <i>one</i>: acc. sg. m. þone ænne +þone..., <i>the one whom</i>..., <a href="#li1054">1054</a>; oftor micle þonne on ænne sîð, +<i>much oftener than one time</i>, <a href="#li1580">1580</a>; forð onsendon ænne, <i>sent him +forth alone</i>, <a href="#li46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæne">æne</a>, adv., <i>once</i>: oft nalles æne, <a href="#li3020">3020</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glænig">ænig</a>, pron., <i>one, any one</i>, <a href="#li474">474</a>, <a href="#li503">503</a>, <a href="#li510">510</a>, <a href="#li534">534</a>, etc.: +instr. sg. nolde ... 0nige þinga, <i>would in no way, not at all</i>, +<a href="#li792">792</a>; lyt ænig mearn, <i>little did any one sorrow</i> (i.e. no one), +<a href="#li3130">3130</a>.—With the article: näs se folccyning ... ænig, <i>no people's +king</i>, <a href="#li2735">2735</a>.—Comp. nænig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glænlîc">æn-lîc</a>, adj., <i>alone, excellent, distinguished</i>: ænlîc +ansýn, <i>distinguished appearance</i>, <a href="#li251">251</a>; þeáh þe hió ænlîcu sý, +<i>though she be beautiful</i>, <a href="#li1942">1942</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glær">ær</a> (comparative form, from â): 1) adv., <i>sooner, before, +beforehand</i>, <a href="#li15">15</a>, <a href="#li656">656</a>, <a href="#li695">695</a>, <a href="#li758">758</a>, etc., <i>for a long time</i>, <a href="#li2596">2596</a>; +eft swâ ær, <i>again as formerly</i>, <a href="#li643">643</a>; ær ne siððan, <i>neither +sooner nor later</i>, <a href="#li719">719</a>; ær and sîð, <i>sooner and later</i> (all +times), <a href="#li2501">2501</a>; nô þý ær (<i>not so much the sooner</i>), <i>yet +not</i>, <a href="#li755">755</a>, <a href="#li1503">1503</a>, <a href="#li2082">2082</a>, <a href="#li2161">2161</a>, <a href="#li2467">2467</a>.—2) conjunct., <i>before, +ere</i>: a) with the ind.: ær hió tô setle geóng, <a href="#li2020">2020</a>. b) w. +subjunc.: ær ge fyr fêran, <i>before you travel farther</i>, <a href="#li252">252</a>; ær +he on hwurfe <a href="#li164">164</a>, so <a href="#li677">677</a>, <a href="#li2819">2819</a>; ær þon däg cwôme, <i>ere the day +break</i>, <a href="#li732">732</a>; ær correlative to ær adv.: ær he feorh seleð, aldor an +ôfre, ær he wille ..., <i>he will sooner</i> (rather) <i>leave his +life upon the shore, before</i> (than) <i>he will</i> ..., <a href="#li1372">1372</a>.—3) +prepos. with dat., <i>before</i> ær deáðe, <i>before death</i>, <a href="#li1389">1389</a>; +ær däges hwîle, <i>before daybreak</i>, <a href="#li2321">2321</a>; ær swylt-däge, <i>before +the day of death</i>, <a href="#li2799">2799</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæror">æror</a>, comp. adv., <i>sooner, before-hand</i>, <a href="#li810">810</a>; +<i>formerly</i>, <a href="#li2655">2655</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glærra">ærra</a>, comp. adj., <i>earlier</i>; instr. pl., ærran mælum, +<i>in former times</i>, <a href="#li908">908</a>, <a href="#li2238">2238</a>, <a href="#li3036">3036</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glærest">ærest</a>, superl.: 1) adv., <i>first of all, foremost</i>, <a href="#li6">6</a>, <a href="#li617">617</a>, +<a href="#li1698">1698</a>, etc.—2) as subst. n., <i>relation to, the beginning</i>: acc. +þät ic his ærest þe eft gesägde (<i>to tell thee in what relation it +stood at first to the coat of mail that has been presented</i>), <a href="#li2158">2158</a>. +See <a href="#note2158">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glærdäg">ær-däg</a>, st. m. (<i>before-day</i>), <i>morning-twilight, gray +of morning</i>: dat. sg. mid ærdäge, <a href="#li126">126</a>; samod ærdäge, <a href="#li1312">1312</a>, <a href="#li2943">2943</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glærende">ærende</a>, st. n., <i>errand, trust</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li270">270</a>, <a href="#li345">345</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glærfäder">ær-fäder</a>, st. m., <i>late father, deceased father</i>: nom sg. +swâ his ærfäder, <a href="#li2623">2623</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glærgestreón">ær-gestreón</a>, st. n., <i>old treasure, possessions dating from +old times</i>: acc sg., <a href="#li1758">1758</a>; gen. sg. swylcra fela ærgestreóna, +<i>much of such old treasure</i>, <a href="#li2233">2233</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgestreón">gestreón</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glærgeweorc">ær-geweorc</a>, st. n., <i>work dating from old times</i>: nom. sg. +enta ær-geweorc, <i>the old work of the giants</i> (of the golden +sword-hilt from Grendel's water-hall), <a href="#li1680">1680</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweorc">geweorc</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glærgôd">ær-gôd</a>, adj., <i>good since old times, long invested with +dignity</i> or <i>advantages</i>: äðeling ærgôd, <a href="#li130">130</a>; (eorl) ærgôd, +<a href="#li1330">1330</a>; îren ærgôd (<i>excellent sword</i>), <a href="#li990">990</a>, <a href="#li2587">2587</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glærwela">ær-wela</a>, w. m., <i>old possessions, riches dating from old +times</i>: acc. sg. ærwelan, <a href="#li2748">2748</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwela">wela</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæs">æs</a>, st. n., <i>carcass, carrion</i>: dat. (instr.) sg. æse, of +Äschere's corpse, <a href="#li1333">1333</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæt">æt</a>, st. m., <i>food, meat</i>: dat, sg., hû him ät æte speów, +<i>how he fared well at meat</i>, <a href="#li3027">3027</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glættren">ættren</a> (see âttor), adj., <i>poisonous</i>: wäs þät blôd tô þäs +hât, ættren ellorgâst, se ær inne swealt, <i>so hot was the blood, +(and) poisonous the demon</i> (Grendel's mother) <i>who died +therein</i>, 1618</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossB">B</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbana">bana, bona</a>, w. m., <i>murderer</i>, <a href="#li158">158</a>, <a href="#li588">588</a>, <a href="#li1103">1103</a>, etc.: +acc. sg. bonan Ongenþeówes, of Hygelâc, although in reality his men +slew Ongenþeów (<a href="#li2965">2965</a> ff.), <a href="#li1969">1969</a>. Figuratively of inanimate objects: ne +wäs ecg bona, <a href="#li2507">2507</a>; wearð wracu Weohstânes bana, <a href="#li2614">2614</a>.—Comp.: +ecg-, feorh-, gâst-, hand-, mûð-bana.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbongâr">bon-gâr</a>, st. m. <i>murdering spear</i>, <a href="#li2032">2032</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebannan">bannan</a>, st. v. w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the person, +<i>to command, to bid</i>: inf., <a href="#li74">74</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbâd">bâd</a>, st. f., <i>pledge</i>, only in comp.: nýd-bâd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbân">bân</a>, st. n., <i>bone</i>: dat. sg. on bâne (on the bony skin of +the drake), <a href="#li2579">2579</a>; dat. pl. heals ealne ymbefêng biteran bânum (here of +the teeth of the drake), <a href="#li2693">2693</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbâncôfa">bân-côfa</a>, w. m., "cubile ossium" (Grimm) of the body: dat. sg. +-côfan, <a href="#li1446">1446</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbânfâg">bân-fâg</a>, adj., <i>variegated with bones</i>, either with +ornaments made of bone-work, or adorned with bone, perhaps +deer-antlers; of Hrôðgâr's hall, <a href="#li781">781</a>. The last meaning seems the more +probable.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbânfät">bân-fät</a>, st. n., <i>bone-vessel</i>, i.e. the body: acc. pl. +bân-fatu, <a href="#li1117">1117</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbânhring">bân-hring</a>, st. m., <i>the bone-structure, joint, +bone-joint</i>: acc. pl. hire wið halse ... bânhringas bräc (<i>broke +her neck-joint</i>), <a href="#li1568">1568</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbânhûs">bân-hûs</a>, st. n., <i>bone-house</i>, i.e. the body: acc. sg. +bânhûs gebräc, <a href="#li2509">2509</a>; similarly, <a href="#li3148">3148</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbânloca">bân-loca</a>, w. m., <i>the enclosure of the bones</i>, i.e. the +body: acc. sg. bât bânlocan, <i>bit the body</i>, <a href="#li743">743</a>; nom. pl. +burston bânlocan, <i>the body burst</i> (of Grendel, because his arm +was torn out), <a href="#li819">819</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbât">bât</a>, st. m., <i>boat, craft, ship</i>, <a href="#li211">211</a>.—Comp. sæ-bât.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbâtweard">bât-weard</a>, st. m., <i>boat-watcher, he who keeps watch over the +craft.</i> dat. sg. -wearde, <a href="#li1901">1901</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbäth">bäð</a>, st. n., <i>bath</i>: acc. sg. ofer ganotes bäð, <i>over +the diver's bath</i> (i.e. the sea), <a href="#li1862">1862</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbärnan">bärnan</a>, w. v., <i>to cause to burn, to burn</i>: inf. hêt ... +bânfatu bärnan, <i>bade that the bodies be burned</i>, <a href="#li1117">1117</a>; ongan ... +beorht hofu bärnan, <i>began to consume the splendid country-seats</i> +(the dragon), <a href="#li2314">2314</a>.</p> + +<p>for-bärnan, w. v., <i>consume with fire</i>: inf. hy hine ne môston +... brondefor-bärnan, <i>they</i> (the Danes) <i>could not burn +him</i> (the dead Äschere) <i>upon the funeral-pile</i>, <a href="#li2127">2127</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbædan">bædan</a> (Goth, baidjan, O.N. beðia), <i>to incite, to +encourage</i>: pret. bædde byre geonge, <i>encouraged the youths</i> +(at the banquet), <a href="#li2019">2019</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebædan">bædan</a>, w. v., <i>to press hard</i>: pret. part. bysigum +gebæded, <i>distressed by trouble, difficulty, danger</i> (of battle), +<a href="#li2581">2581</a>; <i>to drive, to send forth</i>: stræla storm strengum gebæded, +<i>the storm of arrows sent with strength</i>, <a href="#li3118">3118</a>; <i>overcome</i>: +draca ... bealwe gebæded, <i>the dragon ... overcome by the ills of +battle</i>, <a href="#li2827">2827</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbæl">bæl</a> (O.N. bâl), st. n., <i>fire, flames</i>: (wyrm) mid bæle fôr, +<i>passed (through the air) with fire</i>, <a href="#li2309">2309</a>; häfde landwara lîge +befangan, bæle and bronde, <i>with fire and burning</i>, <a href="#li2323">2323</a>.—Especially, +<i>the fire of the funeral-pile, the funeral-pile</i>, <a href="#li1110">1110</a>, <a href="#li1117">1117</a>, <a href="#li2127">2127</a>; ær +he bæl cure, <i>ere he sought the burning</i> (i.e. died), <a href="#li2819">2819</a>; hâtað ... +hlæw gewyrcean ... äfter bæle, <i>after I am burned, let a burial mound be +thrown up</i> (Beówulf's words), <a href="#li2804">2804</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbælfýr">bæl-fýr</a>, st. n., <i>bale-fire, fire of the funeral-pile</i>: +gen. pl. bælfýra mæst, <a href="#li3144">3144</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbælstede">bæl-stede</a>, st. m., <i>place for the funeral-pile</i>: dat. sg. +in bæl=stede, <a href="#li3098">3098</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbælwudu">bæl-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>wood for the funeral-pile</i>, <a href="#li3113">3113</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbær">bær</a>, st. f., <i>bier</i>, <a href="#li3106">3106</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebæran">bæran</a>, w. v., <i>to conduct one's self, behave</i>: inf. w. +adv., ne gefrägen ic þâ mægðe ... sêl gebæran, <i>I did not hear that a +troop bore itself better, maintained a nobler deportment</i>, <a href="#li1013">1013</a>; he +on eorðan geseah þone leófestan lîfes ät ende bleáte gebæran, <i>saw +the best-beloved upon the earth, at the end of his life, struggling +miserably</i> (i.e. in a helpless situation), <a href="#li2825">2825</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebætan">bætan</a> (denominative from bæte, <i>the bit</i>), w. v., <i>to +place the bit in the mouth of an animal, to bridle</i>: pret. part. þâ +wäs Hrôðgâre hors gebæted, <a href="#li1400">1400</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbe">be</a>, prep. w. dat. (with the fundamental meaning <i>near</i>, +"but not of one direction, as ät, but more general"): 1) local, +<i>near by, near, at, on</i> (rest): be ýdlâfe uppe lægon, <i>lay +above, upon the deposit of the waves</i> (upon the strand, of the +slain nixies), <a href="#li566">566</a>; häfde be honda, <i>held by the hand</i> (Beówulf +held Grendel), <a href="#li815">815</a>; be sæm tweonum, <i>in the circuit of both the +seas</i>, <a href="#li859">859</a>, <a href="#li1686">1686</a>; be mäste, <i>on the mast</i>, <a href="#li1906">1906</a>; by fýre, +<i>by the fire</i>, <a href="#li2220">2220</a>; be nässe, <i>at the promontory</i>, <a href="#li2244">2244</a>; +sät be þæm gebrôðrum twæm, <i>sat by the two brothers</i>, <a href="#li1192">1192</a>; wäs +se gryre lässa efne swâ micle swâ bið mägða cräft be wæpnedmen, <i>the +terror was just so much less, as is the strength of woman to the +warrior</i> (i.e. is valued by), <a href="#li1285">1285</a>, etc.—2) also local, but of +motion from the subject in the direction of the object, <i>on, upon, +by</i>: gefêng be eaxle, <i>seized by the shoulder</i>, <a href="#li1538">1538</a>; âlêdon +leófne þeóden be mäste, <i>laid the dear lord near the mast</i>, <a href="#li36">36</a>; +be healse genam, <i>took him by the neck, fell upon his neck</i>, +<a href="#li1873">1873</a>; wæpen hafenade be hiltum, <i>grasped the weapon by the hilt</i>, +<a href="#li1757">1757</a>, etc.—3) with this is connected the causal force, <i>on account +of, for, according to</i>: ic þis gid be þe âwräc, <i>I spake this +solemn speech for thee, for thy sake</i>, <a href="#li1724">1724</a>; þû þe lær be þon, +<i>learn according to this, from this</i>, <a href="#li1723">1723</a>; be fäder lâre, +<i>according to her father's direction</i>, <a href="#li1951">1951</a>.—4) temporal, +<i>while, during</i>: be þe lifigendum, <i>while thou livest, during +thy life</i>, <a href="#li2666">2666</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glbî">bî</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbed">bed</a>, st. n., <i>bed, couch</i>: acc. sg. bed, <a href="#li140">140</a>, <a href="#li677">677</a>; gen. +sg. beddes, <a href="#li1792">1792</a>; dat. pl. beddum, <a href="#li1241">1241</a>.—Comp: deað-, hlin-, läger-, +morðor-, wäl-bed.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebedde">bedde</a>, w. f., <i>bed-fellow</i>: dat. sg. wolde sêcan ewên +tô gebeddan, <i>wished to seek the queen as bed-fellow, to go to bed +with her</i>, <a href="#li666">666</a>.—Comp. heals-gebedde.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbegen">begen</a>, fem. <b>bâ</b>, <i>both</i>: nom. m., <a href="#li536">536</a>, <a href="#li770">770</a>, <a href="#li2708">2708</a>; +acc. fem. on bâ healfa, <i>on two sides</i> (i.e. Grendel and his +mother), <a href="#li1306">1306</a>; dat. m. bâm, <a href="#li2197">2197</a>; and in connection with the +possessive instead of the personal pronoun, ûrum bâm, <a href="#li2661">2661</a>; gen. n. +bega, <a href="#li1874">1874</a>, <a href="#li2896">2896</a>; bega gehwäðres, <i>each one of the two</i>, <a href="#li1044">1044</a>; +bega folces, of <i>both peoples</i>, <a href="#li1125">1125</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebelgan">belgan</a>, st. v. (properly, <i>to cause to swell, to +swell</i>), <i>to irritate</i>: w. dat. (pret. subj.) þät he êcean +dryhtne bitre gebulge, <i>that he had bitterly angered the eternal +Lord</i>, <a href="#li2332">2332</a>; pret. part. gebolgen, <a href="#li1540">1540</a>; (gebolge, MS.), <a href="#li2222">2222</a>; pl. +gebolgne, <a href="#li1432">1432</a>; more according to the original meaning in torne +gebolgen, <a href="#li2402">2402</a>.</p> + +<p>â-belgan, <i>to anger</i>: pret. sg. w. acc. ôð þät hyne ân âbealh mon +on môde, <i>till a man angered him in his heart</i>, <a href="#li2281">2281</a>; pret. part. +âbolgen, <a href="#li724">724</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glben">ben</a>, st. f., <i>wound</i>: acc. sg. benne, <a href="#li2725">2725</a>.—Comp.: +feorh-, seax-ben.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbenc">benc</a>, st. f., <i>bench</i>: nom. sg. benc, <a href="#li492">492</a>; dat. sg. bence, +<a href="#li327">327</a>, <a href="#li1014">1014</a>, <a href="#li1189">1189</a>, <a href="#li1244">1244</a>.—Comp.: ealu-, medu-benc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbencswêg">benc-swêg</a>, st. m., (<i>bench-rejoicing</i>), <i>rejoicing which +resounds from the benches</i>, <a href="#li1162">1162</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbencthel">benc-þel</a>, st. n., <i>bench-board, the wainscotted space where +the benches stand</i>: nom. pl. benc-þelu, <a href="#li486">486</a>; acc. pl. bencþelu +beredon, <i>cleared the bench-boards</i> (i.e. by taking away the +benches, so as to prepare couches), <a href="#li1240">1240</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbend">bend</a>, st. m. f., <i>bond, fetter</i>: acc. sg. forstes bend, +<i>frost's bond</i>, <a href="#li1610">1610</a>; dat. pl. bendum, <a href="#li978">978</a>.—Comp.: fýr-, hell-, +hyge-, îren-, oncer-, searo-, wäl-bend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbengeat">ben-geat</a>, st. n., (<i>wound-gate</i>), <i>wound-opening</i>: +nom. pl. ben-geato, <a href="#li1122">1122</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbera">bera</a> (O.N. beri), w. m., <i>bearer</i>: in comp. hleor-bera.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glberan">beran</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to carry</i>; III. sg. pres. byreð, <a href="#li296">296</a>, +<a href="#li448">448</a>; þone mâððum byreð, <i>carries the treasure</i> (upon his person), +<a href="#li2056">2056</a>; pres. subj. bere, <a href="#li437">437</a>; pl. beren, <a href="#li2654">2654</a>; inf. beran, <a href="#li48">48</a>, <a href="#li231">231</a>, <a href="#li291">291</a>, +etc.; hêht þâ se hearda Hrunting beran, <i>to bring Hrunting</i>, <a href="#li1808">1808</a>; up +beran, <a href="#li1921">1921</a>; in beran, <a href="#li2153">2153</a>; pret. bär, <a href="#li495">495</a>, <a href="#li712">712</a>, <a href="#li847">847</a>, etc.; mandryhtne bär +fäted wæge, <i>brought the lord the costly vessel</i>, <a href="#li2282">2282</a>; pl. bæron, +<a href="#li213">213</a>, <a href="#li1636">1636</a>, etc.; bæran, <a href="#li2851">2851</a>; pret. part. boren, <a href="#li1193">1193</a>, <a href="#li1648">1648</a>, <a href="#li3136">3136</a>.—The +following expressions are poetic paraphrases of the forms <i>go, come</i>: +þät we rondas beren eft tô earde, <a href="#li2654">2654</a>; gewîtað forð beran wæpen and +gewædu, <a href="#li291">291</a>; ic gefrägn sunu Wihstânes hringnet beran, <a href="#li2755">2755</a>; wîgheafolan +bär, <a href="#li2662">2662</a>; helmas bæron, <a href="#li240">240</a> (conjecture); scyldas bæran, <a href="#li2851">2851</a>: they lay +stress upon the connection of the man with his weapons.</p> + +<p>ät-beran, <i>to carry to</i>: inf. tô beadulâce (<i>battle</i>) ätberan, +<a href="#li1562">1562</a>; pret. þâ hine on morgentîd on Heaðoræmas holm up ätbär, <i>the sea +bore him up to the Heaðoræmas</i>, <a href="#li519">519</a>; hió Beówulfe medoful ätbär +<i>brought Beówulf the mead-cup</i>, <a href="#li625">625</a>; mägenbyrðenne ... hider ût ätbär +cyninge mînum, <i>bore the great burden hither to my king</i>, <a href="#li3093">3093</a>; pl. hî +hyne ätbæron tô brimes faroðe, <a href="#li28">28</a>.</p> + +<p>for-beran, <i>to hold, to suppress</i>: inf. þät he þone breóstwylm +forberan ne mehte, <i>that he could not suppress the emotions of his +breast</i>, <a href="#li1878">1878</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-beran, <i>to bring forth, to bear</i>: pret. part. þät lâ mäg +secgan se þe sôð and riht fremeð on folce ... þät þes eorl wære geboren +betera (<i>that may every just man of the people say, that this +nobleman is better born</i>), <a href="#li1704">1704</a>.</p> + +<p>ôð-beran, <i>to bring hither</i>: pret. þâ mec sæ ôðbär on Finna land, +<a href="#li579">579</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonberan">on-beran</a> (O.H.G. in bëran, intpëran, but in the sense of +carere), auferre, <i>to carry off, to take away</i>: inf. îren ærgôd +þät þäs ahlæcan blôdge beadufolme onberan wolde, <i>excellent sword +which would sweep off the bloody hand of the demon</i>, <a href="#li991">991</a>; pret. +part. (wäs) onboren beága hord, <i>the treasure of the rings had been +carried off</i>, <a href="#li2285">2285</a>.—Compounds with the pres. part.: helm-, +sâwl-berend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glberian">berian</a> (denominative from bär, <i>naked</i>), w. v., <i>to make +bare, to clear</i>: pret. pl. bencþelu beredon, <i>cleared the +bench-place</i> (by removing the benches), <a href="#li1240">1240</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glberstan">berstan</a>, st. v., <i>to break, to burst</i>: pret. pl. burston +bânlocan, <a href="#li819">819</a>; bengeato burston, <a href="#li1122">1122</a>.—<i>to crack, to make the noise +of breaking</i>: fingras burston, <i>the fingers cracked</i> (from +Beówulf's gripe), <a href="#li761">761</a>.</p> + +<p>for-berstan, <i>break, to fly asunder</i>: pret. Nägling forbärst, +<i>Nägling</i> (Beówulf's sword) <i>broke in two</i>, <a href="#li2681">2681</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbetera">betera</a>, adj. (comp.), <i>better</i>: nom. sg. m. betera, <a href="#li469">469</a>, +<a href="#li1704">1704</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbetlîc">bet-lîc</a>, adj., <i>excellent, splendid</i>: nom. sg. n., of +Hrôðgâr's hall, <a href="#li781">781</a>; of Hygelâc's residence, <a href="#li1926">1926</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbetst">betst, betost</a> (superl.), <i>best, the best</i>: nom. sg. m. +betst beadurinca, <a href="#li1110">1110</a>; neut. nu is ôfost betost, þät we ..., <i>now is +haste the best, that we...</i>, <a href="#li3008">3008</a>; voc. m. secg betsta, <a href="#li948">948</a>; neut. +acc. beaduscrûda betst, <a href="#li453">453</a>; acc. sg. m. þegn betstan, <a href="#li1872">1872</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbêcn">bêcn</a>, st. n., <i>(beacon), token, mark, sign</i>: acc. sg. +betimbredon beadu-rôfes bêcn (of Beówulf's grave-mound), <a href="#li3162">3162</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glbeácen">beacen</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbêg">bêg</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glbeág">beág</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbên">bên</a>, st. f., <i>entreaty</i>: gen. sg. bêne, <a href="#li428">428</a>, <a href="#li2285">2285</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbêna">bêna</a>, w. m., <i>suppliant</i>, supplex: nom. sg. swâ þu bêna +eart (<i>as thou entreatest</i>), <a href="#li352">352</a>; swâ he bêna wäs (<i>as he had +asked</i>), <a href="#li3141">3141</a>; nom. pl. hy bênan synt, <a href="#li364">364</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebetan:">betan:</a> 1) <i>to make good, to remove</i>: pret. ac þu +Hrôðgâre wîdcûðne weán wihte gebêttest, <i>hast thou in any way +relieved Hrôðgâr of the evil known afar</i>, <a href="#li1992">1992</a>; pret. part. acc. +sg. swylce oncýððe ealle gebêtte, <i>removed all trouble</i>, <a href="#li831">831</a>. +—2) <i>to avenge</i>: inf. wihte ne meahte on þam feorhbonan fæhðe +gebêtan, <i>could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer</i>, +<a href="#li2466">2466</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadu">beadu</a>, st. f., <i>battle, strife, combat</i>: dat. sg. (as +instr.) beadwe, <i>in combat</i>, <a href="#li1540">1540</a>; gen. pl. bâd beadwa ge-þinges, +<i>waited for the combats</i> (with Grendel) <i>that were in store for +him</i>, <a href="#li710">710</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadufolm">beadu-folm</a>, st. f., <i>battle-hand</i>: acc. sg. -folme, of +Grendel's hand, <a href="#li991">991</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadogrîma">beado-grîma</a>, w. m., <i>(battle-mask), helmet</i>: acc. pl. +-grîman, <a href="#li2258">2258</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadohrägl">beado-hrägl</a>, st. n., <i>(battle-garment), corselet, shirt of +mail</i>, <a href="#li552">552</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadulâc">beadu-lâc</a>, st. n., (<i>exercise in arms, tilting</i>), +<i>combat, battle</i>: dat. sg. tô beadu-lâce, <a href="#li1562">1562</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadoleóma">beado-leóma</a>, w. m., (<i>battle-light</i>), <i>sword</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1524">1524</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadomêce">beado-mêce</a>, st. m., <i>battle-sword</i>: nom. pl. beado-mêcas, +<a href="#li1455">1455</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadorinc">beado-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>battle-hero, warrior</i>: gen. pl. betst +beadorinca, <a href="#li1110">1110</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadurôf">beadu-rôf</a>, adj., <i>strong in battle</i>: gen. sg. -rôfes, of +Beówulf, <a href="#li3162">3162</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadurûn">beadu-rûn</a>, st. f., <i>mystery of battle</i>: acc. sg. onband +beadu-rûne, <i>solved the mystery of the combat</i>, i.e. gave battle, +commenced the fight, <a href="#li501">501</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeaduscearp">beadu-scearp</a>, adj., <i>battle-sharp, sharp for the battle</i>, +<a href="#li2705">2705</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeaduscrûd">beadu-scrûd</a>, st. n., (<i>battle-dress</i>), <i>corselet, shirt +of mail</i>: gen. pl. beaduscrûda betst, <a href="#li453">453</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeaduserce">beadu-serce</a>, w. f., (<i>battle-garment</i>), <i>corselet, shirt +of mail</i>: acc. sg. brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of +interlaced metal rings), <a href="#li2756">2756</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadoweorc">beado-weorc</a>, st. n., (<i>battle-work</i>), <i>battle</i>: gen. +sg. gefeh beado-weorces, <i>rejoiced at the battle</i>, <a href="#li2300">2300</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeald">beald</a>, adj., <i>bold, brave</i>: in comp. cyning-beald.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealdian">bealdian</a>, w. v., <i>to show one's self brave</i>: pret. +bealdode gôdum dædum (<i>through brave deeds</i>), <a href="#li2178">2178</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealdor">bealdor</a>, st. m., <i>lord, prince</i>: nom. sg. sinca baldor, +<a href="#li2429">2429</a>; winia bealdor, <a href="#li2568">2568</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealu">bealu</a>, st. n., <i>evil, ruin, destruction</i>: instr. sg. +bealwe, <a href="#li2827">2827</a>; gen. pl. bealuwa, <a href="#li281">281</a>; bealewa, <a href="#li2083">2083</a>; bealwa, +<a href="#li910">910</a>.—Comp.: cwealm-, ealdor-, hreðer-, leód-, morðor-, niht-, +sweord-, wîg-bealu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealu">bealu</a>, adj., <i>deadly, dangerous, bad</i>: instr. sg. hyne sâr +hafað befongen balwon bendum, <i>pain has entwined him in deadly +bands</i>, <a href="#li978">978</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealocwealm">bealo-cwealm</a>, st. m., <i>violent death, death by the +sword</i>(?), <a href="#li2266">2266</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealohycgende">bealo-hycgende</a>, pres. part., <i>thinking of death, meditating +destruction</i>: gen. pl. æghwäðrum bealo-hycgendra, <a href="#li2566">2566</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealohydig">bealo-hydig</a>, adj., <i>thinking of death, meditating +destruction</i>: of Grendel, <a href="#li724">724</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealonîth">bealo-nîð</a>, st. m., (<i>zeal for destruction</i>), <i>deadly +enmity</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2405">2405</a>; <i>destructive struggle</i>: acc. sg. +bebeorh þe þone bealonîð, <i>beware of destructive striving</i>, <a href="#li1759">1759</a>; +<i>death-bringing rage</i>: nom. sg. him on breóstum bealo-nîð weóll, +<i>in his breast raged deadly fury</i> (of the dragon's poison), <a href="#li2715">2715</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbearhtm">bearhtm</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glbeorht">beorht</a>): 1) st. m., <i>splendor, +brightness, clearness</i>: nom. sg. eágena bearhtm, <a href="#li1767">1767</a>.—2) +<i>sound, tone</i>: acc. sg. bearhtm ongeâton, gûðhorn galan, <i>they +heard the sound, (heard) the battle-horn sound</i>, <a href="#li1432">1432</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbearm">bearm</a>, m., gremium, sinus, <i>lap, bosom</i>: nom. sg. foldan +bearm, <a href="#li1138">1138</a>; acc. sg. on bearm scipes, <a href="#li35">35</a>, <a href="#li897">897</a>; on bearm nacan, <a href="#li214">214</a>; +him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, <a href="#li2776">2776</a>.—2) +figuratively, <i>possession, property</i>, because things bestowed were +placed in the lap of the receiver (<a href="#li1145">1145</a> and <a href="#li2195">2195</a>, on bearm licgan, +âlecgan); dat. sg. him tô bearme cwom mâððumfät mære, <i>came into his +possession</i>, <a href="#li2405">2405</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbearn">bearn</a>, st. n., 1) <i>child, son</i>: nom. sg. bearn +Healfdenes, <a href="#li469">469</a>, etc.; Ecglâfes bearn, <a href="#li499">499</a>, etc.; dat. sg. bearne, +<a href="#li2371">2371</a>; nom. pl. bearn, <a href="#li59">59</a>; dat. pl. bearnum, <a href="#li1075">1075</a>.—2) in a broader +sense, <i>scion, offspring, descendant</i>: nom. sg. Ongenþeów's +bearn, of his grandson, <a href="#li2388">2388</a>; nom. pl. yldo. bearn, <a href="#li70">70</a>; gumena bearn, +<i>children of men</i>, <a href="#li879">879</a>; häleða bearn, <a href="#li1190">1190</a>; äðelinga bearn, <a href="#li3172">3172</a>; acc. +pl. ofer ylda bearn, <a href="#li606">606</a>; dat. pl. ylda bearnum, <a href="#li150">150</a>; gen. pl. niðða +bearna, <a href="#li1006">1006</a>.—Comp.: brôðor-, dryht-bearn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbearngebyrdu">bearn-gebyrdu</a>, f., <i>birth, birth of a son</i>: gen. sg. þät hyre +ealdmetod êste wære bearn-gebyrdo, <i>has been gracious through the birth +of such a son</i> (i.e. as Beówulf), <a href="#li947">947</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbearu">bearu</a>, st. m., (<i>the bearer</i>, hence properly only the +fruit-tree, especially the oak and the beech), <i>tree</i>, collectively +<i>forest</i>: nom. pl. hrîmge bearwas, <i>rime-covered</i> or +<i>ice-clad</i>, <a href="#li1364">1364</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeácen">beácen</a>, st. n., <i>sign, banner</i>, vexillum: nom. sg. beorht +beácen godes, <i>of the sun</i>, <a href="#li570">570</a>; gen. pl. beácna beorhtost, <a href="#li2778">2778</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glbêcn">bêcn</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebeácnian">beácnian</a>, w. v., <i>to mark, to indicate</i>: pret. part. +ge-beácnod, <a href="#li140">140</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeág">beág</a>, st. m., <i>ring, ornament</i>: nom. sg. beáh +(<i>neck-ring</i>), <a href="#li1212">1212</a>; acc. sg. beáh (the collar of the murdered +king of the Heaðobeardnas), <a href="#li2042">2042</a>; bêg (collective for the acc. pl.), +<a href="#li3165">3165</a>; dat. sg. cwom Wealhþeó forð gân under gyldnum beáge, <i>she +walked along under a golden head-ring, wore a golden diadem</i>, <a href="#li1164">1164</a>; +gen. sg. beáges (of a collar), <a href="#li1217">1217</a>; acc. pl. beágas (rings in +general), <a href="#li80">80</a>, <a href="#li523">523</a>, etc.; gen. pl. beága, <a href="#li35">35</a>, <a href="#li352">352</a>, <a href="#li1488">1488</a>, <a href="#li2285">2285</a>, etc.— +Comp.: earm-, heals-beág.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeággyfa">beág-gyfa</a>, w. m., <i>ring-giver</i>, designation of the prince: +gen. sg. -gyfan, <a href="#li1103">1103</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeághroden">beág-hroden</a>, adj., <i>adorned with rings, ornamented with +clasps</i>: nom. sg. beághroden, cwên, of Hrôðgâr's consort, perhaps +with reference to her diadem (cf. <a href="#li1164">1164</a>, <a href="#li624">624</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeáhhord">beáh-hord</a>, st. m. n., <i>ring-hoard, treasure consisting of +rings</i>: gen. sg. beáh-hordes, <a href="#li895">895</a>; dat. pl. beáh-hordum, <a href="#li2827">2827</a>; gen. +pl. beáh-horda weard, of King Hrôðgâr, <a href="#li922">922</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeáhsele">beáh-sele</a>, st. m., <i>ring-hall, hall in which the rings were +distributed</i>: nom. sg., of Heorot, <a href="#li1178">1178</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeáhthegu">beáh-þegu</a>, st. f., <i>the receiving of the ring</i>: dat. sg. +äfter beáh-þege, <a href="#li2177">2177</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeáhwritha">beáh-wriða</a>, w. m. <i>ring-band</i>, ring with prominence given +to its having the form of a band: acc. sg. beáh-wriðan, <a href="#li2019">2019</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeám">beám</a>, st. m., <i>tree</i>, only in the compounds fyrgen-, +gleó-beám.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeátan">beátan</a>, st. v., <i>thrust, strike</i>: pres. sg. mearh +burhstede beáteð, <i>the steed beats the castle-ground</i> (place +where the castle is built), i.e. with his hoofs, <a href="#li2266">2266</a>; pret. part. +swealt bille ge-beáten, <i>died, struck by the battle-axe</i>, <a href="#li2360">2360</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorh">beorh</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>mountain, rock</i>: dat. sg. beorge, <a href="#li211">211</a>; +gen. sg. beorges, <a href="#li2525">2525</a>, <a href="#li2756">2756</a>; acc. pl. beorgas, +<a href="#li222">222</a>.—2) <i>grave-mound, tomb-hill</i>: acc. sg. biorh, <a href="#li2808">2808</a>; beorh, +<a href="#li3098">3098</a>, <a href="#li3165">3165</a>. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat (cf. <a href="#li2277">2277</a>, +<a href="#li2412">2412</a>): nom. sg. beorh, <a href="#li2242">2242</a>; gen. sg. beorges, <a href="#li2323">2323</a>.—Comp. +stân-beorh.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorh">beorh</a>, st. f., <i>veil, covering, cap</i>; only in the comp. +heáfod-beorh.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorgan">beorgan</a>, st. v. (w. dat. of the interested person or thing), +<i>to save, to shield</i>: inf. wolde feore beorgan, <i>place her life +in safety</i>, <a href="#li1294">1294</a>; here-byrne ... seó þe bâncôfan beorgan cûðe, +<i>which could protect his body</i>, <a href="#li1446">1446</a>; pret. pl. ealdre burgan, +<a href="#li2600">2600</a>.</p> + +<p>be-beorgan (w. dat. refl. of pers. and acc. of the thing), <i>to take +care, to defend one's self from</i>: inf. him be-beorgan ne con wom, +<i>cannot keep himself from stain</i> (fault), <a href="#li1747">1747</a>; imp. bebeorh þe +þone bealontð, <a href="#li1759">1759</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-beorgan (w, dat. of person or thing to be saved), <i>to save, to +protect</i>: pret. sg. þät gebearh feore, <i>protected the life</i>, +<a href="#li1549">1549</a>; scyld wel gebearg lîfe and lîce, <a href="#li2571">2571</a>.</p> + +<p>ymb-beorgan, <i>to surround protectingly</i>: pret. sg. bring ûtan +ymb-bearh, <a href="#li1504">1504</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorht">beorht, byrht</a>, adj.: 1) <i>gleaming, shining, radiant, +shimmering</i>: nom. sg. beorht, of the sun, <a href="#li570">570</a>, <a href="#li1803">1803</a>; beorhta, of +Heorot, <a href="#li1178">1178</a>; þät beorhte bold, <a href="#li998">998</a>; acc. sg. beorhtne, of Beówulf's +grave-mound, <a href="#li2804">2804</a>; dat. sg. tô þære byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig, +<a href="#li1200">1200</a>; acc. pl. beorhte frätwe, <a href="#li214">214</a>, <a href="#li897">897</a>; beorhte randas, <a href="#li231">231</a>; bordwudu +beorhtan, <a href="#li1244">1244</a>; n. beorht hofu, <a href="#li2314">2314</a>. Superl.: beácna beorhtost, <a href="#li2778">2778</a>. +—2) <i>excellent, remarkable</i>: gen. sg. beorhtre bôte, <a href="#li158">158</a>. +—Comp.: sadol-, wlite-beorht.</p> + +<p>beorhte, adv., <i>brilliantly, brightly, radiantly</i>, <a href="#li1518">1518</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorhtian">beorhtian</a>, w. v., <i>to sound clearly</i>: pret. sg. beorhtode +benc-swêg, <a href="#li1162">1162</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorn">beorn</a>, st. m., <i>hero, warrior, noble man</i>: nom. sg. +(Hrôðgâr), <a href="#li1881">1881</a>, (Beówulf), <a href="#li2434">2434</a>, etc.; acc. sg. (Beów.), <a href="#li1025">1025</a>, +(Äschere), <a href="#li1300">1300</a>; dat. sg. beorne, <a href="#li2261">2261</a>; nom. pl. beornas (Beówulf and +his companions), <a href="#li211">211</a>, (Hrôðgâr's guests), <a href="#li857">857</a>; gen. pl. biorna +(Beówulf's liege-men), <a href="#li2405">2405</a>.—Comp.: folc-, gûð-beorn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeornan">beornan</a>, st. v., <i>to burn</i>: pres. part. byrnende (of the +drake), <a href="#li2273">2273</a>.—Comp. un-byrnende.</p> + +<p>for-beornan, <i>to be consumed, to burn</i>: pret. sg. for-barn, <a href="#li1617">1617</a>, +<a href="#li1668">1668</a>; for-born, <a href="#li2673">2673</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-beornan, <i>to be burned</i>: pret. gebarn, <a href="#li2698">2698</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorncyning">beorn-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king of warriors, king of heroes</i>: +nom. sg. (as voc.), <a href="#li2149">2149</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeódan">beódan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to announce, to inform, to make +known</i>: inf. biódan, <a href="#li2893">2893</a>.—2) <i>to offer, to proffer</i> (as the +notifying of a transaction in direct reference to the person concerned +in it): pret. pl. him geþingo budon, <i>offered them an agreement</i>, +<a href="#li1086">1086</a>; pret. part. þâ wäs æht boden Sweona leódum, <i>then was pursuit +offered the Swedish people</i>, <a href="#li2958">2958</a>; inf. ic þäm gôdan sceal mâðmas +beódan, <i>I shall offer the excellent man treasures</i>, <a href="#li385">385</a>.</p> + +<p>â-beódan, <i>to present, to announce</i>: pret. word inne âbeád, +<i>made known the words within</i>, <a href="#li390">390</a>; <i>to offer, to tender, to +wish</i>: pret. him hæl âbeád, <i>wished him health</i> (greeted him), +<a href="#li654">654</a>. Similarly, hælo âbeád, <a href="#li2419">2419</a>; eoton weard âbeád, <i>offered the +giant a watcher</i>, <a href="#li669">669</a>.</p> + +<p>be-beódan, <i>to command, to order</i>: pret. swâ him se hearda +bebeád, <i>as the strong man commanded them</i>, <a href="#li401">401</a>. Similarly, swâ +se rîca bebeád, <a href="#li1976">1976</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-beódan: 1) <i>to command, to order</i>: inf. hêt þâ gebeódan byre +Wihstânes häleða monegum, þät hie..., <i>the son of Wihstan caused +orders to be given to many of the men...</i>, <a href="#li3111">3111</a>.—2) <i>to +offer</i>: him Hygd gebeád hord and rîce, <i>offered him the treasure +and the chief power</i>, <a href="#li2370">2370</a>; inf. gûðe gebeódan, <i>to offer +battle</i>, <a href="#li604">604</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeódgeneát">beód-geneát</a>, st. m., <i>table-companion</i>: nom. and acc. pl. +geneátas, <a href="#li343">343</a>, <a href="#li1714">1714</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeón">beón</a>, verb, <i>to be</i>, generally in the future sense, +<i>will be</i>: pres. sg. I. gûðgeweorca ic beó gearo sôna, <i>I shall +immediately be ready for warlike deeds</i>, <a href="#li1826">1826</a>; sg. III. wâ bið þäm +þe sceal..., <i>woe to him who</i>...! <a href="#li183">183</a>; so, <a href="#li186">186</a>; gifeðe bið is +given, <a href="#li299">299</a>; ne bið þe wilna gâd (<i>no wish will be denied thee</i>), +<a href="#li661">661</a>; þær þe bið manna þearf, <i>if thou shalt need the warriors</i>, +<a href="#li1836">1836</a>; ne bið swylc cwênlîc þeáw, <i>is not becoming, honorable to a +woman</i>, <a href="#li1941">1941</a>; eft sôna bið <i>will happen directly</i>, <a href="#li1763">1763</a>; +similarly, <a href="#li1768">1768</a>, etc.; pl. þonne bióð brocene, <i>then are broken</i>, +<a href="#li2064">2064</a>; feor cýððe beóð sêlran gesôhte þam þe..., "terrae longinquae +meliores sunt visitatu ei qui..." (Grein), <a href="#li1839">1839</a>; imp. beó (bió) þu on +ôfeste, <i>hasten!</i> <a href="#li386">386</a>, <a href="#li2748">2748</a>; beó wið Geátas gläd, <i>be gracious +to the Geátas</i>, <a href="#li1174">1174</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeór">beór</a>, st. n., <i>beer</i>: dat. sg. ät beóre, <i>at +beer-drinking</i>, <a href="#li2042">2042</a>; instr. sg. beóre druncen, <a href="#li531">531</a>; beóre druncne, +<a href="#li480">480</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeórscealc">beór-scealc</a>, st. m., <i>keeper of the beer, cup-bearer</i>: +gen. pl. beór-scealca sum (one of Hrôðgâr's followers, because they +served the Geátas at meals), <a href="#li1241">1241</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeórsele">beór-sele</a>, st. m., <i>beer-hall, hall in which beer is +drunk</i>: dat. sg. in (on) beórsele, <a href="#li482">482</a>, <a href="#li492">492</a>, <a href="#li1095">1095</a>; biórsele, <a href="#li2636">2636</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeórthegu">beór-þegu</a>, st. f., <i>beer-drinking, beer-banquet</i>: dat. sg. +äfter beórþege, <a href="#li117">117</a>; ät þære beórþege, <a href="#li618">618</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeót">beót</a>, st. n., <i>promise, binding agreement to something that +is to be undertaken</i>: acc. sg. he beót ne âlêh, <i>did not break +his pledge</i>, <a href="#li80">80</a>; beót eal ... gelæste, <i>performed all that he had +pledged himself to</i>, <a href="#li523">523</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebeótian">beótian</a>, w. v., <i>to pledge one's self to an undertaking, +to bind one's self</i>: pret. gebeótedon, <a href="#li480">480</a>, <a href="#li536">536</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeótword">beót-word</a>, st. n., same as beót: dat. pl. beót-wordum spräc, +<a href="#li2511">2511</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbiddan">biddan</a>, st. v., <i>to beg, to ask, to pray</i>: pres. sg. I. +dôð swâ ic bidde! <a href="#li1232">1232</a>; inf. (w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the +thing asked for) ic þe biddan wille ânre bêne, <i>beg thee for +one</i>, <a href="#li427">427</a>; pret. swâ he selfa bäd, <i>as he himself had +requested</i>, <a href="#li29">29</a>; bäd hine blîðne (supply wesan) ät þære beórþege, +<i>begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet</i>, <a href="#li618">618</a>; ic þe lange +bäd þät þu..., <i>begged you a long time that you</i>, <a href="#li1995">1995</a>; +frioðowære bäd hlâford sînne, <i>begged his lord for protection</i> +(acc. of pers. and gen. of thing), <a href="#li2283">2283</a>; bäd þät ge geworhton, +<i>asked that you</i>..., <a href="#li3097">3097</a>; pl. wordum bædon þät..., <a href="#li176">176</a>.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="glonbidian">bidian</a>, w. v., <i>to await</i>: inf. lætað hilde-bord her +onbidian ... worda geþinges, <i>let the shields await here the result +of the conference</i> (lay the shields aside here), <a href="#li397">397</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbil">bil</a>, st. n. <i>sword</i>: nom. sg. bil, <a href="#li1568">1568</a>; bill, <a href="#li2778">2778</a>; acc. +sg. bil, <a href="#li1558">1558</a>; instr. sg. bille, <a href="#li2360">2360</a>; gen. sg. billes, <a href="#li2061">2061</a>, etc.; +instr. pl. billum, <a href="#li40">40</a>; gen. pl. billa, <a href="#li583">583</a>, <a href="#li1145">1145</a>.—Comp.: gûð-, +hilde-, wîg-bil.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbindan">bindan</a>, st. v., <i>to bind, to tie</i>: pret. part. acc. sg. +wudu bundenne, <i>the bound wood</i>, i.e. the built ship, <a href="#li216">216</a>; bunden +golde swurd, <i>a sword bound with gold</i>, i.e. either having its +hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold chains upon the hilt (swords of +both kinds have been found), <a href="#li1901">1901</a>; nom. sg. heoru bunden, <a href="#li1286">1286</a>, has +probably a similar meaning.</p> + +<p>ge-bindan, <i>to bind</i>: pret. sg. þær ic fîfe geband, <i>where I +had bound five</i>(?), <a href="#li420">420</a>; pret. part. cyninges þegn word ôðer fand +sôðe gebunden, <i>the king's man found</i> (after many had already +praised Beówulf's deed) <i>other words</i> (also referring to Beówulf, +but in connection with Sigemund) <i>rightly bound together</i>, i.e. +in good alliterative verses, as are becoming to a gid, <a href="#li872">872</a>; wundenmæl +wrättum gebunden, <i>sword bound with ornaments</i>, i.e. inlaid, +<a href="#li1532">1532</a>; bisgum gebunden, <i>bound together by sorrow</i>, <a href="#li1744">1744</a>; gomel +gûðwîga eldo gebunden, <i>hoary hero bound by old age</i> (fettered, +oppressed), <a href="#li2112">2112</a>.</p> + +<p>on-bindan, <i>to unbind, to untie, to loose</i>: pret. onband, <a href="#li501">501</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebind">bind</a>, st. n. coll., <i>that which binds, fetters</i>: in +comp. îs-gebind.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbite">bite</a>, st. m., <i>bite</i>, figuratively of the cut of the +sword: acc. sg. bite îrena, <i>the swords' bite</i>, <a href="#li2260">2260</a>; dat. sg. +äfter billes bite, <a href="#li2061">2061</a>.—Comp. lâð-bite.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbiter">biter</a> (primary meaning that of biting), adj.: 1) <i>sharp, +cutting, cutting in</i>: acc. sg. biter (of a short sword), <a href="#li2705">2705</a>; +instr. sg. biteran stræle, <a href="#li1747">1747</a>; instr. pl. biteran bânum, <i>with +sharp teeth</i>, <a href="#li2693">2693</a>.—2) <i>irritated, furious</i>: nom. pl. bitere, +<a href="#li1432">1432</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbitre">bitre</a>, adv., <i>bitterly</i> (in a moral sense), <a href="#li2332">2332</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbî">bî, big</a> (fuller form of the prep. be, which see), prep. w. +dat.: 1) <i>near, at, on, about, by</i> (as under be, No. 1): bî sæm +tweónum, <i>in the circuit of both seas</i>, <a href="#li1957">1957</a>; ârâs bî ronde, +<i>raised himself up by the shield</i>, <a href="#li2539">2539</a>; bî wealle gesät, <i>sat +by the wall</i>, <a href="#li2718">2718</a>. With a freer position: him big stôdan bunan and +orcas, <i>round about him</i>, <a href="#li3048">3048</a>.—2) <i>to, towards</i> (motion): +hwearf þâ bî bence, <i>turned then towards the bench</i>, <a href="#li1189">1189</a>; geóng +bî sesse, <i>went to the seat</i>, <a href="#li2757">2757</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbîd">bîd</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glbîdan">bîdan</a>), st. n., <i>tarrying hesitation</i>: þær +wearð Ongenþió on bîd wrecen, <i>forced to tarry</i>, <a href="#li2963">2963</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbîdan">bîdan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait</i>: +inf. nô on wealle leng bîdan wolde, <i>would not stay longer within +the wall</i> (the drake), <a href="#li2309">2309</a>; pret. in þýstrum bâd, <i>remained in +darkness</i>, <a href="#li87">87</a>; flota stille bâd, <i>the craft lay still</i>, <a href="#li301">301</a>; +receda ... on þäm se rîca bâd, <i>where the mighty one dwelt</i>, <a href="#li310">310</a>; +þær se snottra bâd, <i>where the wise man</i> (Hrôðgâr) <i>waited</i>, +<a href="#li1314">1314</a>; he on searwum bâd, <i>he</i> (Beówulf) <i>stood there armed</i>, +<a href="#li2569">2569</a>; ic on earde bâd mælgesceafta, <i>lived upon the paternal ground +the time appointed me by fate</i>, <a href="#li2737">2737</a>; pret. pl. sume þær bidon, +<i>some remained, waited there</i>, <a href="#li400">400</a>.—2) <i>to await, to wait +for</i>, with the gen. of that which is awaited: inf. bîdan woldon +Grendles gûðe, <i>wished to await the combat with Grendel, to +undertake it</i>, <a href="#li482">482</a>; similarly, <a href="#li528">528</a>; wîges bîdan, <i>await the +combat</i>, <a href="#li1269">1269</a>; nalas andsware bîdan wolde, <i>would await no +answer</i>, <a href="#li1495">1495</a>; pret. bâd beadwa geþinges, <i>awaited the event of +the battle</i>, <a href="#li710">710</a>; sægenga bâd âgend-freán, <i>the sea-goer</i> +(boat) <i>awaited its owner</i>, <a href="#li1883">1883</a>; sele ... heaðowylma bâd, lâðan +lîges (the poet probably means to indicate by these words that the +hall Heorot was destroyed later in a fight by fire; an occurrence, +indeed, about which we know nothing, but which <a href="#li1165">1165</a> and <a href="#li1166">1166</a>, and +again <a href="#li2068">2068</a> ff. seem to indicate), <a href="#li82">82</a>.</p> + +<p>â-bîdan, <i>to await</i>, with the gen.: inf., <a href="#li978">978</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-bîdan: 1) <i>to tarry, to wait</i>: imp. gebîde ge on beorge, +<i>wait ye on the mountain</i>, <a href="#li2530">2530</a>; pret. part. þeáh þe wintra lyt +under burhlocan gebiden häbbe Häreðes dôhtor <i>although H's daughter +had dwelt only a few years in the castle</i>, <a href="#li1929">1929</a>.—2) <i>to live +through, to experience, to expect</i> (w. acc.): inf. sceal endedäg +mînne gebîdan, <i>shall live my last day</i>, <a href="#li639">639</a>; ne wênde ... bôte +gebîdan, <i>did not hope ... to live to see reparation</i>, <a href="#li935">935</a>; fela +sceal gebîdan leófes and lâðes, <i>experience much good and much +affliction</i>, <a href="#li1061">1061</a>; ende gebîdan, <a href="#li1387">1387</a>, <a href="#li2343">2343</a>; pret. he þäs frôfre +gebâd, <i>received consolation</i> (compensation) <i>therefore</i>, <a href="#li7">7</a>; +gebâd wintra worn, <i>lived a great number of years</i>, <a href="#li264">264</a>; in a +similar construction, <a href="#li816">816</a>, <a href="#li930">930</a>, <a href="#li1619">1619</a>, <a href="#li2259">2259</a>, <a href="#li3117">3117</a>. With gen.: inf. tô +gebîdanne ôðres yrfeweardes, <i>to await another heir</i>, <a href="#li2453">2453</a>. With +depend, clause: inf. tô gebîdanne þät his byre rîde on galgan, <i>to +live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows</i>, <a href="#li2446">2446</a>; pret. +dreám-leás gebâd þät he..., <i>joyless he experienced it, that +he</i>..., <a href="#li1721">1721</a>; þäs þe ic on aldre gebâd þät ic..., <i>for this, that +I, in my old age, lived to see that</i>..., <a href="#li1780">1780</a>.</p> + +<p>on-bîdan, <i>to wait, to await</i>: pret. hordweard onbâd earfoðlîce +ôð þät æfen cwom, <i>scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was +evening</i>, <a href="#li2303">2303</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbîtan">bîtan</a>, st. v., <i>to bite</i>, of the cutting of swords: inf. +bîtan, <a href="#li1455">1455</a>, <a href="#li1524">1524</a>; pret. bât bânlocan, <i>bit into his body</i> +(Grendel), <a href="#li743">743</a>; bât unswîðor, <i>cut with less force</i> (Beówulf's +sword), <a href="#li2579">2579</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblanca">blanca</a>, w. m., properly <i>that which shines</i> here of the +horse, not so much of the white horse as the dappled: dat. pl. on +blancum, <a href="#li857">857</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebland">bland</a>, ge-<b>blond</b>, st. n., <i>mixture, heaving mass, a +turning</i>.—Comp.: sund-, ýð-geblond, windblond.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblandenfeax">blanden-feax, blonden-feax</a>, adj., <i>mixed</i>, i.e. having +gray hair, <i>gray-headed</i>, as epithet of an old man: nom. sg. +blondenfeax, <a href="#li1792">1792</a>; blondenfexa, <a href="#li2963">2963</a>; dat. sg. blondenfeaxum, <a href="#li1874">1874</a>; +nom. pl. blondenfeaxe, <a href="#li1595">1595</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbläc">bläc</a>, adj., <i>dark, black</i>: nom. sg, hrefn blaca, <a href="#li1802">1802</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblâc">blâc</a>, adj.: 1) <i>gleaming, shining</i>: acc. sg. blâcne +leóman, <i>a brilliant gleam</i>, <a href="#li1518">1518</a>.—2) of the white death-color, +<i>pale</i>; in comp. heoroblâc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblæd">blæd</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>strength, force, vigor</i>: nom. sg. wäs hira +blæd scacen (of both tribes), <i>strength was gone</i>, i.e. the +bravest of both tribes lay slain, <a href="#li1125">1125</a>; nu is þînes mägnes blæd âne +hwîle, <i>now the fulness of thy strength lasts for a time</i>, +<a href="#li1762">1762</a>.—2) <i>reputation, renown, knowledge</i> (with stress upon the +idea of filling up, spreading out): nom. sg. blæd, <a href="#li18">18</a>; (þîn) blæd is +âræred, <i>thy renown is spread abroad</i>, <a href="#li1704">1704</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblædâgend">blæd-âgend</a>, pt., <i>having renown, renowned</i>: nom. pl. +blæd-âgende, <a href="#li1014">1014</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblædfäst">blæd-fäst</a>, adj., <i>firm in renown, renowned, known afar</i>: +acc. sg. blædfästne beorn (of Äschere, with reference to <a href="#li1329">1329</a>, <a href="#li1300">1300</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbleát">bleát</a>, adj., <i>miserable, helpless</i>; only in comp. +wäl-bleát.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbleáte">bleáte</a>, adv., <i>miserably, helplessly</i>, <a href="#li2825">2825</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblîcan">blîcan</a>, st. v., <i>shine, gleam</i>: inf., 222</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblîthe">blîðe</a>, adj.: 1) <i>blithe, joyous, happy</i> acc. sg. blîðne, +<a href="#li618">618</a>.—2) <i>gracious, pleasing</i>: nom. sg. blîðe, <a href="#li436">436</a>.—Comp. +un-blîðe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblîthheort">blîð-heort</a>, adj., <i>joyous in heart, happy</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1803">1803</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblôd">blôd</a>, st. n., <i>blood</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1122">1122</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li743">743</a>; dat. +sg. blôde, <a href="#li848">848</a>; äfter deórum men him langað beorn wið blôde, <i>the +hero</i> (Hrôðgâr) <i>longs for the beloved man contrary to blood</i>, +i.e. he loves him although he is not related to him by blood, <a href="#li1881">1881</a>; +dat. as instr. blôde, <a href="#li486">486</a>, <a href="#li935">935</a>, <a href="#li1595">1595</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblôdfâg">blôd-fâg</a>, adj., <i>spotted with blood, bloody</i>, <a href="#li2061">2061</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblôdig">blôdig</a>, adj., <i>bloody</i>: acc. sg. f. blôdge, <a href="#li991">991</a>; acc. sg. +n. blôdig, <a href="#li448">448</a>; instr. sg. blôdigan gâre, <a href="#li2441">2441</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeblôdian">blôdian</a>, w. v., <i>to make bloody, to sprinkle with +blood</i>: pret. part. ge-blôdegod, <a href="#li2693">2693</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblôdigtôth">blôdig-tôð</a>, adj., <i>with bloody teeth</i>: nom. sg. bona +blôdig-tôð (of Grendel, because he bites his victims to death), <a href="#li2083">2083</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblôdreów">blôd-reów</a>, adj., <i>bloodthirsty, bloody-minded</i>: nom. sg. +him on ferhðe greów breóst-hord blôd-reów, <i>in his bosom there grew +a bloodthirsty feeling</i>, <a href="#li1720">1720</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbebod">bod</a>, st. n., <i>command, order</i>; in comp. wundor-bebod.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbodian">bodian</a>, w. v., <i>(to be a messenger), to announce, to make +known</i>: pret. hrefn blaca heofones wynne blîð-heort bodode, <i>the +black raven announced joyfully heaven's delight</i> (the rising sun), +<a href="#li1803">1803</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glboga">boga</a>, w. m., <i>bow</i>, of the bended form; here of the +dragon, in comp. hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the +comp. flân-, horn-boga; bow of the arch, in comp. stân-boga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbolca">bolca</a>, w. m., "forus navis" (Grein), <i>gangway</i>; here +probably the planks which at landing are laid from the ship to the +shore: acc. sg. ofer bolcan, <a href="#li231">231</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbold">bold</a>, st. n., <i>building, house, edifice</i>: nom. sg. +(Heorot), <a href="#li998">998</a>; (Hygelâc's residence), <a href="#li1926">1926</a>; (Beówulfs residence), +<a href="#li2197">2197</a>, <a href="#li2327">2327</a>.—Comp. fold-bold.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glboldâgend">bold-âgend</a>, pt., <i>house-owner, property-holder</i>: gen. pl. +monegum boldâgendra, <a href="#li3113">3113</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbolgenmôd">bolgen-môd</a>, adj., <i>angry at heart, angry</i>, <a href="#li710">710</a>, <a href="#li1714">1714</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbolster">bolster</a>, st. m., <i>bolster, cushion, pillow</i>: dat. pl. +(reced) geond-bræded wearð beddum and bolstrum, <i>was covered with +beds and bolsters</i>, <a href="#li1241">1241</a>.—Comp. hleór-bolster.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbon">bon-</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glbana">ban-</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbora">bora</a>, w. m., <i>carrier, bringer, leader</i>: in the comp. +mund-, ræd-, wæg-bora.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbord">bord</a>, st. n., <i>shield</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2674">2674</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li2525">2525</a>; +gen. pl. ofer borda gebräc, <i>over the crashing of the shields</i>, +<a href="#li2260">2260</a>.—Comp.: hilde-, wîg-bord.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbordhäbbend">bord-häbbend</a>, pt., <i>one having a shield, shield-bearer</i>: +nom. pl. häbbende, <a href="#li2896">2896</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbordhreótha">bord-hreóða</a>, w. m., <i>shield-cover, shield</i> with particular +reference to its cover (of hides or linden bark): dat. sg. -hreóðan, +<a href="#li2204">2204</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbordrand">bord-rand</a>, st. m., <i>shield</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2560">2560</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbordweall">bord-weall</a>, st. m., <i>shield-wall, wall of shields</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li2981">2981</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbordwudu">bord-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>shield-wood, shield</i>: acc. pl. +beorhtan beord-wudu, <a href="#li1244">1244</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbotm">botm</a>, st. m., <i>bottom</i>: dat. sg. tô botme (here of the +bottom of the fen-lake), <a href="#li1507">1507</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbôt">bôt</a> , st. f.: 1) <i>relief, remedy</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li281">281</a>; acc. +sg. bôte, <a href="#li935">935</a>; acc. sg. bôte, <a href="#li910">910</a>.—2) <i>a performance in expiation, +a giving satisfaction, tribute</i>: gen. sg. bôte, <a href="#li158">158</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrand">brand, brond</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>burning, fire</i>: nom. sg. þâ sceal +brond fretan (<i>the burning of the body</i>), <a href="#li3015">3015</a>; instr. sg. by +hine ne môston ... bronde forbärnan (<i>could not bestow upon him the +solemn burning</i>), <a href="#li2127">2127</a>; häfde landwara lîge befangen, bæle and +bronde, <i>with glow, fire, and flame</i>, <a href="#li2323">2323</a>.—2) in the passage, +þät hine nô brond ne beadomêcas bîtan ne meahton, <a href="#li1455">1455</a>, brond has been +translated <i>sword, brand</i> (after the O.N. brand-r). The meaning +<i>fire</i> may be justified as well, if we consider that the old +helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts +were mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact +that the helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very +unusual.—3) in the passage, forgeaf þâ Beówulfe brand Healfdenes +segen gyldenne, <a href="#li1021">1021</a>, our text, with other editions, has emendated, +bearn, since brand, if it be intended as a designation of Hrôðgâr +(perhaps <i>son</i>), has not up to this time been found in this sense +in A.-S.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrant">brant, bront</a>, adj., <i>raging, foaming, going-high</i>, of +ships and of waves: acc. sg. brontne, <a href="#li238">238</a>, <a href="#li568">568</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrâd">brâd</a>, adj.: 1) <i>extended, wide</i>: nom. pl. brâde rîce, +<a href="#li2208">2208</a>.—2) <i>broad</i>: nom. sg. heáh and brâd (of Beówulf's +grave-mound), <a href="#li3159">3159</a>; acc. sg. brâdne mêce, <a href="#li2979">2979</a>; (seax) brâd [and] +brûnecg, <i>the broad, short sword with bright edge</i>, <a href="#li1547">1547</a>.—3) +<i>massive, in abundance</i>. acc, sg. brâd gold, <a href="#li3106">3106</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebräc">bräc</a>, st. n., <i>noise, crash</i>: acc. sg. borda gebräc, +<a href="#li2260">2260</a>.</p> + +<p>geond-<a class="glentry" name="glgeondbrædan">brædan</a>, w. v., <i>to spread over, to cover entirely</i>: +pret. part. geond-bræded, <a href="#li1240">1240</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrecan">brecan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to break, to break to pieces</i>: pret. +bânhringas bräc, (the sword) <i>broke the joints</i>, <a href="#li1568">1568</a>. In a moral +sense: pret. subj. þät þær ænig mon wære ne bræce, <i>that no one +should break the agreement</i>, <a href="#li1101">1101</a>; pret. part. þonne bióð brocene +... âð-sweord eorla, <i>then are the oaths of the men broken</i>, +<a href="#li2064">2064</a>.—2) probably also simply <i>to break in upon something, to press +upon</i>, w. acc.: pret. sg. sædeór monig hildetuxum heresyrcan bräc, +<i>many a sea-animal pressed with his battle-teeth upon the shirt of +mail</i> (did not break it, for, according to <a href="#li1549">1549</a> f., <a href="#li1553">1553</a> f., it was +still unharmed). <a href="#li1512">1512</a>.—3) <i>to break out, to spring out</i>: inf. +geseah ... streám ût brecan of beorge, <i>saw a stream break out from +the rocks</i>, <a href="#li2547">2547</a>; lêt se hearda Higelâces þegn brâdne mêce ... +brecan ofer bordweal, <i>caused the broadsword to spring out over the +wall of shields</i>, <a href="#li2981">2981</a>.—4) figuratively, <i>to vex, not to let +rest</i>: pret. hine fyrwyt bräc, <i>curiosity tormented</i> (N.H.G. +brachte die Neugier um), <a href="#li232">232</a>, <a href="#li1986">1986</a>, <a href="#li2785">2785</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebrecan">brecan</a>, <i>to break to pieces</i>: pret. bânhûs gebräc, +<i>broke in pieces his body</i> (Beówulf in combat with Däghrefn), +<a href="#li2509">2509</a>.</p> + +<p>tô-<a class="glentry" name="gltôbrecan">brecan</a>, <i>to break in pieces</i>: inf., <a href="#li781">781</a>; pret. part. +tô-brocen, <a href="#li998">998</a>.</p> + +<p>þurh-<a class="glentry" name="glthurhbrecan">brecan</a>, <i>to break through</i>, pret. wordes ord breósthord +þurh-bräc, <i>the word's point broke through his closed breast</i>, i.e. a +word burst out from his breast, <a href="#li2793">2793</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrecth">brecð</a>, st. f., <i>condition of being broken, breach</i>: nom. +pl. môdes brecða (<i>sorrow of heart</i>), <a href="#li171">171</a>.</p> + +<p>â-<a class="glentry" name="glâbredwian">bredwian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to fell to the ground, to +kill</i> (?): pret. âbredwade, <a href="#li2620">2620</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbregdan">bregdan</a>, st. v., properly <i>to swing round</i>, hence: 1) +<i>to swing</i>: inf. under sceadu bregdan, <i>swing among the shadows, +to send into the realm of shadows</i>, <a href="#li708">708</a>; pret. brägd ealde lâfe, +<i>swung the old weapon</i>, <a href="#li796">796</a>; brägd feorh-genîðlan, <i>swung his +mortal enemy</i> (Grendel's mother), threw her down, <a href="#li1540">1540</a>; pl. git +eágorstreám ... mundum brugdon, <i>stirred the sea with your hands</i> +(of the movement of the hands in swimming), <a href="#li514">514</a>; pret. part. broden +(brogden) mæl, <i>the drawn sword</i>, <a href="#li1617">1617</a>, <a href="#li1668">1668</a>.—2) <i>to knit, to +knot, to plait</i>: inf., figuratively, inwitnet ôðrum bregdan, <i>to +weave a waylaying net for another</i> (as we say in the same way, to +lay a trap for another, to dig a pit for another), <a href="#li2168">2168</a>; pret. part. +beadohrägl broden, <i>a woven shirt of mail</i> (because it consisted +of metal rings joined together), <a href="#li552">552</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1549">1549</a>; brogdne +beadusercean, <a href="#li2756">2756</a>.</p> + +<p>â-bregdan, <i>to swing</i>: pret. hond up â-bräd, <i>swung, raised his +hand</i>, <a href="#li2576">2576</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-bregdan: 1) <i>swing</i>: pret. hring-mæl gebrägd, <i>swung the +ringed sword</i>, <a href="#li1565">1565</a>; eald sweord eácen ... þät ic þý wæpne gebrägd, +<i>an old heavy sword that I swung as my weapon</i>, <a href="#li1665">1665</a>; with +interchanging instr. and acc. wällseaxe gebräd, biter and beadu-scearp, +<a href="#li2704">2704</a>; also, <i>to draw out of the sheath</i>: sweord ær gebräd, <i>had +drawn the sword before</i>, <a href="#li2563">2563</a>.—2) <i>to knit, to knot, to +plait</i>: pret. part. bere-byrne hondum gebroden, <a href="#li1444">1444</a>.</p> + +<p>on-bregdan, <i>to tear open, to throw open</i>: pret. onbräd þâ +recedes mûðan, <i>had then thrown open the entrance of the hall</i> +(onbregdan is used because the opening door swings upon its hinges), +<a href="#li724">724</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrego">brego</a>, st. m., <i>prince, ruler</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li427">427</a>, <a href="#li610">610</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbregorôf">brego-rôf</a>, adj., <i>powerful, like a ruler, of heroic strength +</i>: nom. sg. m., <a href="#li1926">1926</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbregostôl">brego-stôl</a>, st. m., <i>throne</i>, figuratively for +<i>rule</i>: acc. sg. him gesealde seofon þûsendo, bold and +brego-stôl, <i>seven thousand</i> see under sceat), <i>a country-seat, +and the dignity of a prince</i>, <a href="#li2197">2197</a>; þær him Hygd gebeád ... +brego-stôl, <i>where H. offered him the chief power</i>, <a href="#li2371">2371</a>; lêt +þone bregostôl Beówulf healdan, <i>gave over to Beówulf the chief +power</i> (did not prevent Beówulf from entering upon the government), +<a href="#li2390">2390</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbreme">breme</a>, adj., <i>known afar, renowned</i>. nom. sg., <a href="#li18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrenting">brenting</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glbrant">brant</a>), st. m., <i>ship craft</i>: nom. +pl. brentingas, <a href="#li2808">2808</a>.</p> + +<p>â-<a class="glentry" name="glâbreátan">breátan</a>, st. v., <i>to break, to break in pieces, to +kill</i>: pret. âbreót brimwîsan, <i>killed the sea-king</i> (King +Hæðcyn), <a href="#li2931">2931</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glbreótan">breótan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbreóst">breóst</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>breast</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2177">2177</a>; often used in +the pl., so acc. þät mîne breóst wereð, <i>which protects my +breast</i>, <a href="#li453">453</a>; dat. pl. beadohrägl broden on breóstum läg. <a href="#li552">552</a>.—2) +<i>the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart, the bosom</i>: nom. sg. +breóst innan weóll þeóstrum geþoncum, <i>his breast heaved with +troubled thoughts</i>, <a href="#li2332">2332</a>; dat. pl. lêt þâ of breóstum word ût +faran, <i>caused the words to come out from his bosom</i>, <a href="#li2551">2551</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbreóstgehygd">breóst-gehygd</a>, st. n. f., <i>breast-thought, secret +thought</i>: instr. pl. -gehygdum, <a href="#li2819">2819</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbreóstgewædu">breóst-gewædu</a>, st. n. pl., <i>breast-clothing, garment covering +the breast</i>, of the coat of mail: nom., <a href="#li1212">1212</a>; acc., <a href="#li2163">2163</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbreósthord">breóst-hord</a>, st. m., <i>breast-hoard, that which is locked in +the breast, heart, mind, thought, soul</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1720">1720</a>; acc. sg., +<a href="#li2793">2793</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbreóstnet">breóst-net</a>, st. n., <i>breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of +mail</i>: nom. sg. breóst-net broden, <a href="#li1549">1549</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbreóstweorthung">breóst-weorðung</a>, st. f., <i>ornament that is worn upon the +breast</i>: acc. sg. breóst-weorðunge, <a href="#li2505">2505</a>: here the collar is meant +which Beówulf receives from Wealhþeów (<a href="#li1196">1196</a>, <a href="#li2174">2174</a>) as a present, and +which B., according to <a href="#li2173">2173</a>, presents to Hygd, while, according to +<a href="#li1203">1203</a>, it is in the possession of her husband Hygelâc. In front the +collar is trimmed with ornaments (frätwe), which hang down upon the +breast, hence the name breóst-weorðung.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbreóstwylm">breóst-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>heaving of the breast, emotion of the +bosom</i>: acc. sg, <a href="#li1878">1878</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbreótan">breótan</a>, st. v., <i>to break, to break in pieces, to kill</i>: +pret. breát beódgeneátas, <i>killed his table-companions</i> +(courtiers), <a href="#li1714">1714</a>.</p> + +<p>â-breótan, same as above: pret. þone þe heó on räste âbreát, +<i>whom she killed upon his couch</i>, <a href="#li1299">1299</a>; pret. part. þâ þät monige +gewearð, þät hine seó brimwylf âbroten häfde, <i>many believed that +the sea-wolf</i> (Grendel's mother) <i>had killed him</i>, <a href="#li1600">1600</a>; hî +hyne ... âbroten häfdon, <i>had killed him</i> (the dragon), <a href="#li2708">2708</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrim">brim</a>, st. n., <i>flood, the sea</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li848">848</a>, <a href="#li1595">1595</a>; gen. +sg. tô brimes faroðe, <i>to the sea</i>, <a href="#li28">28</a>; ät brimes nosan, <i>at +the sea's promontory</i>, <a href="#li2804">2804</a>; nom. pl. brimu swaðredon, <i>the waves +subsided</i>, <a href="#li570">570</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimclif">brim-clif</a>, st. n., <i>sea-cliff, cliff washed by the sea</i>: +acc. pl. -clifu, <a href="#li222">222</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimlâd">brim-lâd</a>, st. f., <i>flood-way, sea-way</i>: acc. sg. þâra þe +mid Beówulfe brimlâde teáh, <i>who had travelled the sea-way with +B.</i>, <a href="#li1052">1052</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimlîthend">brim-lîðend</a>, pt, <i>sea-farer, sailor</i> acc. p. -lîðende, +<a href="#li568">568</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimstreám">brim-streám</a>, st. m., <i>sea-stream, the flood of the sea</i>: +acc. pl. ofer brim-streámas, <a href="#li1911">1911</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimwîsa">brim-wîsa</a>, w. m., <i>sea-king</i>: acc. sg. brimwîsan, of +Hæðcyn, king of the Geátas, <a href="#li2931">2931</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimwylf">brim-wylf</a>, st. f., <i>sea-wolf</i> (designation of Grendel's +mother): nom. sg. seó brimwylf, <a href="#li1507">1507</a>, <a href="#li1600">1600</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimwylm">brim-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>sea-wave</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1495">1495</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbringan">bringan</a>, anom. v., <i>to bring, to bear</i>: prs. sg. I. ic þe +þûsenda þegna bringe tô helpe, <i>bring to your assistance thousands +of warriors</i>, <a href="#li1830">1830</a>; inf. sceal hringnaca ofer heáðu bringan lâc and +luftâcen, <i>shall bring gifts and love-tokens over the high sea</i>, +<a href="#li1863">1863</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2149">2149</a>, <a href="#li2505">2505</a>; pret. pl. we þâs sælâc ... brôhton, +<i>brought this sea-offering</i> (Grendel's head), <a href="#li1654">1654</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-bringan, <i>to bring</i>: pres. subj. pl. þat we þone gebringan ... +on âdfäre, <i>that we bring him upon the funeral-pile</i>, <a href="#li3010">3010</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrosnian">brosnian</a>, w. v., <i>to crumble, to become rotten, to fall to +pieces</i>: prs. sg. III. herepâd ... brosnað äfter beorne, <i>the coat of +mail falls to pieces after</i> (the death of) <i>the hero</i>, <a href="#li2261">2261</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrôthor">brôðor</a>, st. m., <i>brother</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1325">1325</a>, <a href="#li2441">2441</a>; dat sg. +brêðer, <a href="#li1263">1263</a>; gen. sg. his brôðor bearn, <a href="#li2620">2620</a>; dat. pl. brôðrum, <a href="#li588">588</a>, +<a href="#li1075">1075</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebrôthru">brôðru</a>, pl., <i>brethren, brothers</i>: dat. pl. sät be þæm +gebrôðrum twæm, <i>sat by the two brothers</i>, <a href="#li1192">1192</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrôga">brôga</a>, w. m., <i>terror, horror</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1292">1292</a>, <a href="#li2325">2325</a>, <a href="#li2566">2566</a>; +acc. sg. billa brôgan, <a href="#li583">583</a>.—Comp.: gryre-, here-brôga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrûcan">brûcan</a>, st. v. w. gen., <i>to use, to make use of</i>: prs. sg. +III. se þe longe her worolde brûceð, <i>who here long makes use of the +world</i>, i.e. lives long, <a href="#li1063">1063</a>; imp. brûc manigra mêda, <i>make use +of many rewards, give good rewards</i>, <a href="#li1179">1179</a>; <i>to enjoy</i>: inf. +þät he beáhhordes brûcan môste, <i>could enjoy the ring-hoard</i>, +<a href="#li895">895</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2242">2242</a>, <a href="#li3101">3101</a>; pret. breác lîfgesceafta, <i>enjoyed the +appointed life, lived the appointed time</i>, <a href="#li1954">1954</a>. With the genitive +to be supplied: breác þonne môste, <a href="#li1488">1488</a>; imp. brûc þisses beáges, +<i>enjoy this ring, take this ring</i>, <a href="#li1217">1217</a>. Upon this meaning +depends the form of the wish, wel brûcan (compare the German geniesze +froh!): inf. hêt hine wel brûcan, <a href="#li1046">1046</a>; hêt hine brûcan well, <a href="#li2813">2813</a>; +imp. brûc ealles well, <a href="#li2163">2163</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrûn">brûn</a>, adj., <i>having a brown lustre, shining</i>: nom. sg. sió +ecg brûn, <a href="#li2579">2579</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrûnecg">brûn-ecg</a>, adj., <i>having a gleaming blade</i>: acc. sg. n. +(hyre seaxe) brâd [and] brûnecg, <i>her broad sword with gleaming +blade</i>, <a href="#li1547">1547</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrûnfâg">brûn-fâg</a>, adj., <i>gleaming like metal</i>: acc. sg. brûnfâgne +helm, <a href="#li2616">2616</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbryneleóma">bryne-leóma</a>, w. m., <i>light of a conflagration, gleam of fire +</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2314">2314</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrynewylm">bryne-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>wave of fire</i>: dat. pl. -wylmum, +<a href="#li2327">2327</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrytnian">brytnian</a> (properly <i>to break in small pieces</i>, cf. breótan), w. +v., <i>to bestow, to distribute</i>: pret. sinc brytnade, <i>distributed +presents</i>, i.e. ruled (since the giving of gifts belongs especially to +rulers), <a href="#li2384">2384</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrytta">brytta</a>, w. m., <i>giver, distributer</i>, always designating +the king: nom. sg. sinces brytta, <a href="#li608">608</a>, <a href="#li1171">1171</a>, <a href="#li2072">2072</a>; acc. sg. beága +bryttan, <a href="#li35">35</a>, <a href="#li352">352</a>, <a href="#li1488">1488</a>; sinces bryttan, <a href="#li1923">1923</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbryttian">bryttian</a> (<i>to be a dispenser</i>), w. v., <i>to distribute, +to confer</i>: prs. sg. III. god manna cynne snyttru bryttað, +<i>bestows wisdom upon the human race</i>, <a href="#li1727">1727</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrýd">brýd</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>wife, consort</i>: acc. sg. brýd, <a href="#li2931">2931</a>; brýde, +<a href="#li2957">2957</a>, both times of the consort of Ongenþeów (?).—2) <i>betrothed, +bride</i>: nom. sg., of Hrôðgâr's daughter, Freáware, <a href="#li2032">2032</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrýdbûr">brýd-bûr</a>, st. n., <i>woman's apartment</i>: dat. sg. eode ... +cyning of brýdbûre, <i>the king came out of the apartment of his +wife</i> (into which, according to <a href="#li666">666</a>, he had gone), <a href="#li922">922</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbundenstefna">bunden-stefna</a>, w. m., <i>(that which has a bound prow), the +framed ship</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1911">1911</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbune">bune</a>, w. f., <i>can</i> or <i>cup, drinking-vessel</i>: nom. +pl. bunan, <a href="#li3048">3048</a>; acc. pl. bunan, <a href="#li2776">2776</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glburh">burh, burg</a>, st. f., <i>castle, city, fortified house</i>: +acc. sg. burh, <a href="#li523">523</a>; dat. sg. byrig, <a href="#li1200">1200</a>; dat. pl. burgum, <a href="#li53">53</a>, <a href="#li1969">1969</a>, +<a href="#li2434">2434</a>.—Comp.: freó, freoðo-, heá-, hleó-, hord-, leód-, mæg-burg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glburhloca">burh-loca</a>, w. m., <i>castle-bars</i>: dat. sg. under +burh-locan, <i>under the castle-bars</i>, i.e. in the castle +(Hygelâc's), <a href="#li1929">1929</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glburhstede">burh-stede</a>, st. m., <i>castle-place, place where the castle</i> +or <i>city stands</i>: acc. sg. burhstede, <a href="#li2266">2266</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glburhwela">burh-wela</a>, w. m., <i>riches, treasure of a castle</i> or +<i>city</i>: gen. sg. þenden he burh-welan brûcan môste, <a href="#li3101">3101</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glburne">burne</a>, w. f., <i>spring, fountain</i>: gen. þære burnan wälm, +<i>the bubbling of the spring</i>, <a href="#li2547">2547</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbûan">bûan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to stay, to remain, to dwell</i>: inf. gif +he weard onfunde bûan on beorge, <i>if he had found the watchman +dwelling on the mountain</i>, <a href="#li2843">2843</a>.—2) <i>to inhabit</i>, w. acc.: +meduseld bûan, <i>to inhabit the mead-house</i>, <a href="#li3066">3066</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-bûan, w. acc., <i>to occupy a house, to take possession</i>: pret. +part. heán hûses, hû hit Hring Dene äfter beórþege gebûn häfdon, +<i>how the Danes, after their beer-carouse, had occupied it</i> (had +made their beds in it), <a href="#li117">117</a>.—With the pres. part. bûend are the +compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-, lond-bûend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbûgan">bûgan</a>, st. v., <i>to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to +flee</i>: prs. sg. III. bon-gâr bûgeð, <i>the fatal spear sinks</i>, +i.e. its deadly point is turned down, it rests, <a href="#li2032">2032</a>; inf. þät se +byrnwîga bûgan sceolde, <i>that the armed hero had to sink down</i> +(having received a deadly blow), <a href="#li2919">2919</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2975">2975</a>; pret. sg. beáh +eft under eorðweall, <i>turned, fled again behind the earth-wall</i>, +<a href="#li2957">2957</a>; pret. pl. bugon tô bence, <i>turned to the bench</i>, <a href="#li327">327</a>, <a href="#li1014">1014</a>; +hy on holt bugon, <i>fled to the wood</i>, <a href="#li2599">2599</a>.</p> + +<p>â-bûgan, <i>to bend off, to curve away from</i>: pret. fram sylle +âbeág medubenc monig, <i>from the threshold curved away many a +mead-bench</i>, <a href="#li776">776</a>.</p> + +<p>be-bûgan, w. acc., <i>to surround, to encircle</i>: prs. swâ +(<i>which</i>) wäter bebûgeð, <a href="#li93">93</a>; efne swâ sîde swâ sæ bebûgeð windige +weallas, <i>as far as the sea encircles windy shores</i>, <a href="#li1224">1224</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-bûgan, <i>to bend, to bow, to sink</i>: a) intrans.: heó on flet +gebeáh, <i>sank on the floor</i>, <a href="#li1541">1541</a>; þâ gebeáh cyning, <i>then sank +the king</i>, <a href="#li2981">2981</a>; þâ se wyrm gebeáh snûde tôsomne (<i>when the drake +at once coiled itself up</i>), <a href="#li2568">2568</a>; gewât þâ gebogen scrîðan tô, +<i>advanced with curved body</i> (the drake), <a href="#li2570">2570</a>.—b) w. acc. of the +thing to which one bends or sinks: pret. selereste gebeáh, <i>sank +upon the couch in the hall</i>, <a href="#li691">691</a>; similarly gebeág, <a href="#li1242">1242</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbûr">bûr</a>, st. n., <i>apartment, room</i>: dat. sg. bûre, <a href="#li1311">1311</a>, <a href="#li2456">2456</a>; +dat. pl. bûrum, <a href="#li140">140</a>.—Comp. brýd-bûr.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbûtan">bûtan, bûton</a> (from be and ûtan, hence in its meaning referring +to what is without, excluded): 1) conj. with subjunctive following, +<i>lest</i>: bûtan his lîc swice, <i>lest his body escape</i>, <a href="#li967">967</a>. +With ind. following, <i>but</i>: bûton hit wäs mâre þonne ænig mon +ôðer tô beadulâce ätberan meahte, <i>but it</i> (the sword) <i>was +greater than any other man could have carried to battle</i>, <a href="#li1561">1561</a>. +After a preceding negative verb, <i>except</i>: þâra þe gumena bearn +gearwe ne wiston bûton Fitela mid hine, <i>which the children of men +did not know at all, except Fitela, who was with him</i>, <a href="#li880">880</a>; ne nom +he mâðm-æhta mâ bûton þone hafelan, etc., <i>he took no more of the +rich treasure than the head alone</i>, <a href="#li1615">1615</a>.—2) prep, with +dat., <i>except</i>: bûton folcscare, <a href="#li73">73</a>; bûton þe, <a href="#li658">658</a>; ealle bûton +ânum, <a href="#li706">706</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbycgan">bycgan</a>, w. v., <i>to buy, to pay</i>: inf. ne wäs þät gewrixle +til þät hie on bâ healfa bicgan scoldon freónda feorum, <i>that was no +good transaction, that they, on both sides</i> (as well to Grendel as +to his mother), <i>had to pay with the lives of their friends</i>, +<a href="#li1306">1306</a>.</p> + +<p>be-bycgan, <i>to sell</i>: pret. nu ic on mâðma hord mîne bebohte +frôde feorhlege (<i>now I, for the treasure-hoard, gave up my old +life</i>), <a href="#li2800">2800</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-bycgan, <i>to buy, to acquire; to pay</i>: pret. w. acc. nô þær +ænige ... frôfre gebohte, <i>obtained no sort of help, +consolation</i>, <a href="#li974">974</a>; hit (his, MS.) ealdre gebohte, <i>paid it with +his life</i>, <a href="#li2482">2482</a>; pret. part. sylfes feore beágas [geboh]te, +<i>bought rings with his own life</i>, <a href="#li3015">3015</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyldan">byldan</a>, w. v. (<i>to make</i> beald, which see), <i>to excite, +to encourage, to brave deeds</i>: inf. w. acc. swâ he Fresena cyn on +beórsele byldan wolde (by distributing gifts), <a href="#li1095">1095</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebyrd">byrd</a>, st. n., "fatum destinatum" (Grein) (?): acc. sg. hie +on gebyrd hruron gâre wunde, <a href="#li1075">1075</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebyrdu">byrdu</a>, st. f., <i>birth</i>; in compound, bearn-gebyrdu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrduscrûd">byrdu-scrûd</a>, st. n., <i>shield-ornament, design upon a +shield</i>(?): nom. sg., <a href="#li2661">2661</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyre">byre</a>, st. m., (<i>born</i>) <i>son</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2054">2054</a>, <a href="#li2446">2446</a>, +<a href="#li2622">2622</a>, etc.; nom. pl. byre, <a href="#li1189">1189</a>. In a broader sense, <i>young man, +youth</i>: acc. pl. bædde byre geonge, <i>encouraged the youths</i> +(at the banquet), <a href="#li2019">2019</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrthen">byrðen</a>, st. f., <i>burden</i>; in comp. mägen-byrðen.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrele">byrele</a>, st. m., <i>steward, waiter, cupbearer</i>: nom. pl. +byrelas, <a href="#li1162">1162</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrgan">byrgan</a>, w. v., <i>to feast, to eat</i>: inf., <a href="#li448">448</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebyrgea">byrgea</a>, w. m., <i>protector</i>; in comp. leód-gebyrgea.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrht">byrht</a>. See <i>beorht</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrne">byrne</a>, w. f., <i>shirt of mail, mail</i>: nom. sg. byrne, <a href="#li405">405</a>, +<a href="#li1630">1630</a>, etc.; hringed byrne, <i>ring-shirt</i>, consisting of interlaced +rings, <a href="#li1246">1246</a>; acc. sg. byrnan, <a href="#li1023">1023</a>, etc.; sîde byrnan, <i>large coat +of mail</i>, <a href="#li1292">1292</a>; hringde byrnan, <a href="#li2616">2616</a>; hâre byrnan, <i>gray coat of +mail</i> (of iron), <a href="#li2154">2154</a>; dat. sg. on byrnan, <a href="#li2705">2705</a>; gen. sg. byrnan +hring, <i>the ring of the shirt of mail</i> (i.e. the shirt of mail), +<a href="#li2261">2261</a>; dat. pl. byrnum, <a href="#li40">40</a>, <a href="#li238">238</a>, etc.; beorhtum byrnum, <i>with +gleaming mail</i>, <a href="#li3141">3141</a>.—Comp.: gûð-, here-, heaðo-, îren-, +îsern-byrne.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrnend">byrnend</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glbeornan">beornan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrnwîga">byrn-wîga</a>, w. m., <i>warrior dressed in a coat of mail</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2919">2919</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbysgu">bysgu, bisigu</a>, st. f., <i>trouble, difficulty, opposition</i>: +nom. sg. bisigu, <a href="#li281">281</a>; dat. pl. bisgum, <a href="#li1744">1744</a>, bysigum, <a href="#li2581">2581</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbysig">bysig</a>, adj., <i>opposed, in need</i>, in the compounds +lîf-bysig, syn-bysig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbýme">býme</a>, w. f., <i>a wind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone</i>: +gen. sg. býman gealdor, <i>the sound of the trumpet</i>, <a href="#li2944">2944</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbýwan">býwan</a>, w. v., <i>to ornament, to prepare</i>: inf. þâ þe +beado-grîman býwan sceoldon, <i>who should prepare the helmets</i>, +<a href="#li2258">2258</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossC">C</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcamp">camp</a>, st. m., <i>combat, fight between two</i>: dat. sg. in +campe (Beówulf's with Däghrefn; cempan, MS.), <a href="#li2506">2506</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcandel">candel</a>, st. f., <i>light, candle</i>: nom. sg. rodores candel, +of the sun, <a href="#li1573">1573</a>.—Comp. woruld-candel.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcempa">cempa</a>, w. m., <i>fighter, warrior, hero</i>: nom. sg. äðele +cempa, <a href="#li1313">1313</a>; Geáta cempa, <a href="#li1552">1552</a>; rêðe cempa, <a href="#li1586">1586</a>; mære cempa (as +voc.), <a href="#li1762">1762</a>; gyrded cempa, <a href="#li2079">2079</a>; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, +<a href="#li1949">1949</a>, <a href="#li2045">2045</a>, <a href="#li2627">2627</a>; Hûga cempan, <a href="#li2503">2503</a>; acc. pl. cempan, <a href="#li206">206</a>.—Comp. +fêðe-cempa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcennan">cennan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to bear</i>, w. acc.: efne swâ hwylc mägða +swâ þone magan cende, <i>who bore the son</i>, <a href="#li944">944</a>; pret. part. þäm +eafera wäs äfter cenned, <i>to him was a son born</i>, <a href="#li12">12</a>.—2) +reflexive, <i>to show one's self, to reveal one's self</i>: imp. cen +þec mid cräfte, <i>prove yourself by your strength</i>, <a href="#li1220">1220</a>.</p> + +<p>â-cennan, <i>to bear</i>: pret. part. nô hie fäder cunnon, +hwäðer him ænig wäs ær âcenned dyrnra gâsta, <i>they</i> (the people +of the country) <i>do not know his</i> (Grendel's) <i>father, nor +whether any evil spirit has been before born to him</i> (whether he +has begotten a son), <a href="#li1357">1357</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcênthu">cênðu</a>, st. f., <i>boldness</i>: acc. sg. cênðu, <a href="#li2697">2697</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcêne">cêne</a>, adj., <i>keen, warlike, bold</i>: gen. p.. cênra +gehwylcum, <a href="#li769">769</a>. Superl., acc. pl. cênoste, <a href="#li206">206</a>.—Comp.: dæd-, +gâr-cêne.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glceald">ceald</a>, adj., <i>cold</i>: acc. pl. cealde streámas, <a href="#li1262">1262</a>; dat. +pl. cealdum cearsîðum, <i>with cold, sad journeys</i>, <a href="#li2397">2397</a>. Superl. +nom. sg. wedera cealdost, <a href="#li546">546</a>;—Comp. morgen-ceald.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcearian">cearian</a>, w. v., <i>to have care, to take care, to trouble one's +self</i>: prs. sg. III. nâ ymb his lîf cearað, <i>takes no care for +his life</i>, <a href="#li1537">1537</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcearig">cearig</a>, adj., <i>troubled, sad</i>: in comp. sorh-cearig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcearsîth">cear-sîð</a>, st. m., <i>sorrowful way, an undertaking that brings +sorrow</i>, i.e. a warlike expedition: dat. pl. cearsîðum (of +Beówulf's expeditions against Eádgils), <a href="#li2397">2397</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcearu">cearu</a>, st. f., <i>care, sorrow, lamentation</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1304">1304</a>; acc. sg. [ceare], <a href="#li3173">3173</a>.—Comp.: ealdor-, gûð-, mæl-, môd-cearu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcearwälm">cear-wälm</a>, st. m., <i>care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the +breast</i>: dat. pl. äfter cear-wälmum, <a href="#li2067">2067</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcearwylm">cear-wylm</a>, st. m., same as above; nom. pl. þâ cear-wylmas, <a href="#li282">282</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glceasterbûend">ceaster-bûend</a>, pt, <i>inhabitant of a fortified place, +inhabitant of a castle</i>: dat. pl. ceaster-bûendum, of those +established in Hrôðgâr's castle, <a href="#li769">769</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glceáp">ceáp</a>, st. m., <i>purchase, transaction</i>: figuratively, nom. +sg. näs þät ýðe ceáp, <i>no easy transaction</i>, <a href="#li2416">2416</a>; instr. sg. +þeáh þe ôðer hit ealdre gebohte, heardan ceápe, <i>although the one +paid it with his life, a dear purchase</i>, <a href="#li2483">2483</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeceápian">ceápian</a>, w. v., <i>to purchase</i>: pret. part. gold unrîme +grimme geceápod, <i>gold without measure, bitterly purchased</i> (with +Beówulf's life), <a href="#li3013">3013</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbeceorfan">ceorfan</a>, st. v., <i>to separate, to cut off</i> (with acc. +of the pers. and instr. of the thing): pret. hine þâ heáfde becearf, +<i>cut off his head</i>, <a href="#li1591">1591</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2139">2139</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glceorl">ceorl</a>, st. m., <i>man</i>: nom. sg. snotor ceorl monig, <i>many +a wise man</i>, <a href="#li909">909</a>; dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, <i>the old man</i> (of +King Hrêðel), <a href="#li2445">2445</a>; so, ealdum ceorle, of King Ongenþeów, <a href="#li2973">2973</a>; nom. +pl. snotere ceorlas, <i>wise men</i>, <a href="#li202">202</a>, <a href="#li416">416</a>, <a href="#li1592">1592</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glceól">ceól</a>, st. m., <i>keel</i>, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1913">1913</a>; acc. sg. ceól, <a href="#li38">38</a>, <a href="#li238">238</a>; gen. sg. ceóles, <a href="#li1807">1807</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glceósan">ceósan</a>, st. v., <i>to choose</i>, hence, <i>to assume</i>: inf. +þone cynedôm ciósan wolde, <i>would assume the royal dignity</i>, +<a href="#li2377">2377</a>; <i>to seek</i>: pret. subj. ær he bæl cure, <i>before he sought +his funeral-pile</i> (before he died), <a href="#li2819">2819</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-ceósan, <i>to choose, to elect</i>: gerund, tô geceósenne cyning +ænigne (sêlran), <i>to choose a better king</i>, <a href="#li1852">1852</a>; imp. þe þät +sêlre ge-ceós, <i>choose thee the better</i> (of two: bealonîð and êce +rædas), <a href="#li1759">1759</a>; pret. he ûsic on herge geceás tô þyssum siðfate, +<i>selected us among the soldiers for this undertaking</i>, <a href="#li2639">2639</a>; +geceás êcne ræd, <i>chose the everlasting gain</i>, i.e. died, <a href="#li1202">1202</a>; +similarly, godes leóht geceás, <a href="#li2470">2470</a>; pret. part. acc. pl. häfde ... +cempan gecorone, <a href="#li206">206</a>.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="gloncirran">cirran</a>, w. v., <i>to turn, to change</i>: inf. ne meahte ... +þäs wealdendes [willan] wiht on-cirran, <i>could not change the will +of the Almighty</i>, <a href="#li2858">2858</a>; pret. ufor oncirde, <i>turned higher</i>, +<a href="#li2952">2952</a>; þyder oncirde, <i>turned thither</i>, <a href="#li2971">2971</a>.</p> + +<p>â-<a class="glentry" name="glâcîgan">cîgan</a>, w. v., <i>to call hither</i>: pret. âcîgde of corðre +cyninges þegnas syfone, <i>called from the retinue of the king seven +men</i>, <a href="#li3122">3122</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glclam">clam, clom</a>, st. m., f. n.? <i>fetter</i>, figuratively of a +strong gripe: dat. pl. heardan clammum, <a href="#li964">964</a>; heardum clammum, <a href="#li1336">1336</a>; +atolan clommum (horrible claws of the mother of Grendel), <a href="#li1503">1503</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glclif">clif, cleof</a>, st. n., <i>cliff, promontory</i>: acc. pl. Geáta +clifu, <a href="#li1912">1912</a>.—Comp.: brim-, êg-, holm-, stân-clif.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgecnâwan">cnâwan</a>, st. v., <i>to know, to recognize</i>: inf. meaht þu, +mîn wine, mêce gecnâwan, <i>mayst thou, my friend, recognize the +sword</i>, <a href="#li2048">2048</a>.</p> + +<p>on-cnâwan, <i>to recognize, to distinguish</i>: hordweard oncniów +mannes reorde, <i>distinguished the speech of a man</i>, <a href="#li2555">2555</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcniht">cniht</a>, st. m., <i>boy, youth</i>: dat. pl. þyssum cnyhtum, +<i>to these boys</i> (Hrôðgâr's sons), <a href="#li1220">1220</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcnihtwesende">cniht-wesende</a>, prs. part., <i>being a boy</i> or <i>a +youth</i>: acc. sg. ic hine cûðe cniht-wesende, <i>knew him while +still a boy</i>, <a href="#li372">372</a>; nom. pl. wit þät gecwædon cniht-wesende, <i>we +both as young men said that</i>, <a href="#li535">535</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcnyssan">cnyssan</a>, w. v., <i>to strike, to dash against each other</i>: +pret. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, <i>when the bold warriors dashed +against each other, stormed</i> (in battle), <a href="#li1329">1329</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcollenferhth">collen-ferhð, -ferð</a>, adj., (properly, <i>of swollen mind</i>), +<i>of uncommon thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than +others, high-minded</i>: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferhð, of Beówulf, <a href="#li1807">1807</a>; +collen-ferð, of Wîglâf, <a href="#li2786">2786</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcorther">corðer</a>, st. n., <i>troop, division of an army, retinue</i>: +dat. sg. þâ wäs ... Fin slägen, cyning on corðre, <i>then was Fin +slain, the king in the troop</i> (of warriors), <a href="#li1154">1154</a>; of corðre +cyninges, <i>out of the retinue of the king</i>, <a href="#li3122">3122</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcostian">costian</a>, w. v., <i>to try</i>; pret. (w. gen.) he mîn costode, +<i>tried me</i>, <a href="#li2085">2085</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcôfa">côfa</a>, w. m., <i>apartment, sleeping-room, couch</i>: in comp. +bân-côfa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcôl">côl</a>, adj., <i>cool</i>: compar. cearwylmas côlran wurðað, +<i>the waves of sorrow become cooler</i>, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, +<a href="#li282">282</a>; him wîflufan ... côlran weorðað, <i>his love for his wife +cools</i>, <a href="#li2067">2067</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcräft">cräft</a>, st. m., <i>the condition of being able</i>, hence: 1) +<i>physical strength</i>: nom. sg. mägða cräft, <a href="#li1284">1284</a>; acc. sg. mägenes +cräft, <a href="#li418">418</a>; þurh ânes cräft, <a href="#li700">700</a>; cräft and cênðu, <a href="#li2697">2697</a>; dat. (instr.) +sg. cräfte, <a href="#li983">983</a>, <a href="#li1220">1220</a>, <a href="#li2182">2182</a>, <a href="#li2361">2361</a>.—2) <i>art, craft, skill</i>: dat. +sg. as instr. dyrnum cräfte, <i>with secret</i> (magic) <i>art</i>, +<a href="#li2169">2169</a>; dyrnan cräfte, <a href="#li2291">2291</a>; þeófes cräfte, <i>with thief's craft</i>, +<a href="#li2221">2221</a>; dat. pl. deófles cräftum, <i>by devil's art</i> (sorcery), +<a href="#li2089">2089</a>.—3) <i>great quantity</i> (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda cräft, +<a href="#li2223">2223</a>.—Comp.: leoðo-, mägen-, nearo-, wîg-cräft.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcräftig">cräftig</a>, adj.: 1) <i>strong, stout</i>: nom. sg. eafoðes +cräftig, <a href="#li1467">1467</a>; nîða cräftig, <a href="#li1963">1963</a>. Comp. wîg-cräftig.—2) <i>adroit, +skilful</i>: in comp. lagu-cräftig.—3) <i>rich</i> (of treasures); in +comp. eácen-cräftig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcringan">cringan</a>, st. v., <i>to fall in combat, to fall with the +writhing movement of those mortally wounded</i>: pret. subj. on wäl +crunge, <i>would sink into death, would fall</i>, <a href="#li636">636</a>; pret. pl. for +the pluperfect, sume on wäle crungon, <a href="#li1114">1114</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgecringan">cringan</a>, same as above: pret. he under rande gecranc, +<i>fell under his shield</i>, <a href="#li1210">1210</a>; ät wîge gecrang, <i>fell in +battle</i>, <a href="#li1338">1338</a>; heó on flet gecrong, <i>fell to the ground</i>, +<a href="#li1569">1569</a>; in campe gecrong, <i>fell in single combat</i>, <a href="#li2506">2506</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcuma">cuma</a> (<i>he who comes</i>), w. m., <i>newcomer, guest</i>: nom. +sg. <a href="#li1807">1807</a>.—Comp.: cwealm-, wil-cuma.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcuman">cuman</a>, st. v., <i>to come</i>: pres. sg. II. gyf þu on weg +cymest, <i>if thou comest from there</i>, <a href="#li1383">1383</a>; III. cymeð, <a href="#li2059">2059</a>; +pres. subj. sg. III. cume, <a href="#li23">23</a>; pl. þonne we ût cymen, <i>when we come +out</i>, <a href="#li3107">3107</a>; inf. cuman, <a href="#li244">244</a>, <a href="#li281">281</a>, <a href="#li1870">1870</a>; pret. sg. com, <a href="#li430">430</a>, <a href="#li569">569</a>, +<a href="#li826">826</a>, <a href="#li1134">1134</a>, <a href="#li1507">1507</a>, <a href="#li1601">1601</a>, etc.; cwom, <a href="#li419">419</a>, <a href="#li2915">2915</a>; pret. subj. sg. cwôme, +<a href="#li732">732</a>; pret. part. cumen, <a href="#li376">376</a>; pl. cumene, <a href="#li361">361</a>. Often with the inf. of a +verb of motion, as, com gongan, <a href="#li711">711</a>; com sîðian, <a href="#li721">721</a>; com in gân, +<a href="#li1645">1645</a>; cwom gân, <a href="#li1163">1163</a>; com scacan, <a href="#li1803">1803</a>; cwômon lædan, <a href="#li239">239</a>; cwômon +sêcean, <a href="#li268">268</a>; cwôman scrîðan, <a href="#li651">651</a>, etc. [pret. côm, etc.]</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbecuman">be-cuman</a>, <i>to come, to approach, to arrive</i>: pret. syððan +niht becom, <i>after the night had come</i>, <a href="#li115">115</a>; þe on þâ leóde +becom, <i>that had come over the people</i>, <a href="#li192">192</a>; þâ he tô hâm becom, +<a href="#li2993">2993</a>. And with inf. following: stefn in becom ... hlynnan under hârne +stân, <a href="#li2553">2553</a>; lyt eft becwom ... hâmes niósan, <a href="#li2366">2366</a>; ôð þät ende becwom, +<a href="#li1255">1255</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2117">2117</a>. With acc. of pers.: þâ hyne sió þrag becwom, +<i>when this time of battle came over him</i>, <a href="#li2884">2884</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glofercuman">ofer-cuman</a>, <i>to overcome, to compel</i>: pret. þý he þone +feónd ofercwom, <i>thereby he overcame the foe</i>, <a href="#li1274">1274</a>: pl. hie +feónd heora ... ofercômon, <a href="#li700">700</a>; pret. part. (w. gen.) nîða ofercumen, +<i>compelled by combats</i>, <a href="#li846">846</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcumbol">cumbol, cumbor</a>, st. m., <i>banner</i>: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, +<a href="#li2506">2506</a>.—Comp. hilte-cumbor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcund">cund</a>, adj., <i>originating in, descended from</i>: in comp. +feorran-cund.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcunnan">cunnan</a>, verb pret. pres.: 1) <i>to know, to be acquainted +with</i> (w. acc. or depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic mînne can glädne +Hrôðulf þät he ... wile, <i>I know my gracious H., that he +will</i>..., <a href="#li1181">1181</a>; II. eard git ne const, <i>thou knowest not yet the +land</i>, <a href="#li1378">1378</a>; III. he þät wyrse ne con, <i>knows no worse</i>, <a href="#li1740">1740</a>. +And reflexive: con him land geare, <i>knows the land well</i>, <a href="#li2063">2063</a>; +pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helrûnan scrîðað, <i>men do not know +whither</i>..., <a href="#li162">162</a>; pret. sg. ic hine cûðe, <i>knew him</i>, <a href="#li372">372</a>; +cûðe he duguð þeáw, <i>knew the customs of the distinguished +courtiers</i>, <a href="#li359">359</a>; so with the acc., <a href="#li2013">2013</a>; seolfa ne cûðe þurh +hwät..., <i>he himself did not know through what</i>..., <a href="#li3068">3068</a>; pl. +sorge ne cûðon, <a href="#li119">119</a>; so with the acc., <a href="#li180">180</a>, <a href="#li418">418</a>, <a href="#li1234">1234</a>. With both (acc. +and depend. clause): nô hie fäder cunnon (scil. nô hie cunnon) hwäðer +him ænig wäs ær âcenned dyrnra gâsta, <a href="#li1356">1356</a>.—2) with inf. following, +<i>can, to be able</i>: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, <i>cannot +defend himself</i>, <a href="#li1747">1747</a>; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, <i>cannot +say</i>, <a href="#li50">50</a>; pret. sg. cûðe reccan, <a href="#li90">90</a>; beorgan cûðe, <a href="#li1446">1446</a>; pret. pl. +hêrian ne cûðon, <i>could not praise</i>, <a href="#li182">182</a>; pret. subj. healdan +cûðe, <a href="#li2373">2373</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcunnian">cunnian</a>, w. v., <i>to inquire into, to try</i>, w. gen. or +acc.: inf. sund cunnian (figurative for <i>roam over the sea</i>), +<a href="#li1427">1427</a>, <a href="#li1445">1445</a>; geongne cempan higes cunnian, <i>to try the young +warrior's mind</i>, <a href="#li2046">2046</a>; pret. eard cunnode, <i>tried the home</i>, +i.e. came to it, <a href="#li1501">1501</a>; pl. wada cunnedon, <i>tried the flood</i>, i.e. +swam through the sea, <a href="#li508">508</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcûth">cûð</a>, adj.: 1) <i>known, well known; manifest, certain</i>: nom. +sg. undyrne cûð, <a href="#li150">150</a>, <a href="#li410">410</a>; wîde cûð, <a href="#li2924">2924</a>; acc. sg. fern. cûðe folme, +<a href="#li1304">1304</a>; cûðe stræte, <a href="#li1635">1635</a>; nom. pl. ecge cûðe, <a href="#li1146">1146</a>; acc. pl. cûðe +nässas, <a href="#li1913">1913</a>.—2) <i>renowned</i>: nom. sg. gûðum cûð, <a href="#li2179">2179</a>; nom. pl. +cystum cûðe, <a href="#li868">868</a>.—3) also, <i>friendly, dear, good</i> (see +<a class="glentry" href="#gluncûth">un-cûð</a>).—Comp.: un-, wîd-cûð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcûthlîce">cûð-lîce</a>, adv., <i>openly, publicly</i>: comp. nô her cûðlîcor +cuman ongunnon lind-häbbende, <i>no shield-bearing men undertook +more boldly to come hither</i> (the coast-watchman means by this the +secret landing of the Vikings), <a href="#li244">244</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwalu">cwalu</a>, st. f., <i>murder, fall</i>: in comp. deáð-cwalu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcweccan">cweccan</a> (<i>to make alive</i>, see <a class="glentry" href="#glcwic">cwic</a>), w. v., <i>to +move, to swing</i>: pret. cwehte mägen-wudu, <i>swung the wood of +strength</i> (= spear), <a href="#li235">235</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwethan">cweðan</a>, st. v., <i>to say, to speak</i>: a) absolutely: prs. +sg. III. cwið ät beóre, <i>speaks at beer-drinking</i>, <a href="#li2042">2042</a>.—b) w. +acc.: pret. word äfter cwäð, <a href="#li315">315</a>; feá worda cwäð, <a href="#li2247">2247</a>, <a href="#li2663">2663</a>.—c) with +þät following: pret. sg. cwäð, <a href="#li92">92</a>, <a href="#li2159">2159</a>; pl. cwædon, <a href="#li3182">3182</a>.—d) with +þät omitted: pret. cwäð he gûð-cyning sêcean wolde, <i>said he would +seek out the war-king</i>, <a href="#li199">199</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1811">1811</a>, <a href="#li2940">2940</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâcwethan">â-cweðan</a>, <i>to say, to speak</i>, w. acc.: prs. þät word +âcwyð, <i>speaks the word</i>, <a href="#li2047">2047</a>; pret. þät word âcwäð, <a href="#li655">655</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgecwethan">cweðan</a>, <i>to say, to speak</i>: a) absolutely: pret. sg. +II. swâ þu gecwæde, <a href="#li2665">2665</a>.—b)w. acc.: pret. wel-hwylc gecwäð, +<i>spoke everything</i>, <a href="#li875">875</a>; pl. wit þät gecwædon, <a href="#li535">535</a>.—c) w. þät +following: pret. gecwäð, <a href="#li858">858</a>, <a href="#li988">988</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwellan">cwellan</a>, w. v., (<i>to make die</i>), <i>to kill, to +murder</i>: pret. sg. II. þu Grendel cwealdest, <a href="#li1335">1335</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâcwellan">â-cwellan</a>, <i>to kill</i>: pret. sg. (he) wyrm âcwealde, <a href="#li887">887</a>; +þone þe Grendel ær mâne âcwealde, <i>whom Grendel had before wickedly +murdered</i>, <a href="#li1056">1056</a>; beorn âcwealde, <a href="#li2122">2122</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwên">cwên</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>wife, consort</i> (of noble birth): nom. +sg. cwên, <a href="#li62">62</a>; (Hrôðgâr's), <a href="#li614">614</a>, <a href="#li924">924</a>; (Finn's), <a href="#li1154">1154</a>.—2) particularly +denoting the queen: nom. sg. beághroden cwên (Wealhþeów), <a href="#li624">624</a>; mæru +cwên, <a href="#li2017">2017</a>; fremu folces cwên (Þryðo), <a href="#li1933">1933</a>; acc. sg. cwên +(Wealhþeów), <a href="#li666">666</a>.-Comp. folc-cwên.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwênlîc">cwên-lîc</a>, adj., <i>feminine, womanly</i>: nom. sg. ne bið swylc +cwênlîc þeáw (<i>such is not the custom of women, does not become a +woman</i>), <a href="#li1941">1941</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwealm">cwealm</a>, st. m., <i>violent death, murder, destruction</i>: acc. +sg. þone cwealm gewräc, <i>avenged the death</i> (of Abel by Cain), +<a href="#li107">107</a>; mændon mondryhtnes cwealm, <i>lamented the ruler's fall</i>, +<a href="#li3150">3150</a>.—Comp.: bealo-, deáð-, gâr-cwealm.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwealmbealu">cwealm-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>the evil of murder</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li1941">1941</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwealmcuma">cwealm-cuma</a>, w. m., <i>one coming for murder, a new-comer who +contemplates murder</i>: acc. sg. þone cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), <a href="#li793">793</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwic">cwic</a> and <b>cwico</b>, adj., <i>quick, having life, alive</i>: +acc. sg. cwicne, <a href="#li793">793</a>, <a href="#li2786">2786</a>; gen. sg. âht cwices, <i>something +living</i>, <a href="#li2315">2315</a>; nom. pl. cwice, <a href="#li98">98</a>; cwico wäs þâ gena, <i>was still +alive</i>, <a href="#li3094">3094</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwide">cwide</a>, st. m., <i>word, speech, saying</i>: in comp. gegn-, +gilp-, hleó-, ðor- [non-existant form—KTH], word-cwide.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwîthan">cwîðan</a>, st. v., <i>to complain, to lament</i>: inf. w. acc. +ongan ... gioguðe cwîðan hilde-strengo, <i>began to lament the</i> +(departed) <i>battle-strength of his youth</i>, <a href="#li2113">2113</a> [ceare] cwîðan, +<i>lament their cares</i>, <a href="#li3173">3173</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcyme">cyme</a>, st. m., <i>coming, arrival</i>: nom. pl. hwanan eówre +cyme syndon, <i>whence your coming is</i>, i. e. whence ye are, +<a href="#li257">257</a>.—Comp. eft-cyme.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcymlîce">cymlîce</a>, adv., (convenienter), <i>splendidly, grandly</i>: +comp. cymlîcor, <a href="#li38">38</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcyn">cyn</a>, st. n., <i>race</i>, both in the general sense, and +denoting noble lineage: nom. sg. Fresena cyn, <a href="#li1094">1094</a>; Wedera (gara, MS.) +cyn, <a href="#li461">461</a>; acc. sg. eotena cyn, <a href="#li421">421</a>; giganta cyn, <a href="#li1691">1691</a>; dat. sg. Caines +cynne, <a href="#li107">107</a>; manna cynne, <a href="#li811">811</a>, <a href="#li915">915</a>, <a href="#li1726">1726</a>; eówrum (of those who desert +Beówulf in battle) cynne, <a href="#li2886">2886</a>; gen. sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, <a href="#li702">702</a>, +etc.; mæran cynnes, <a href="#li1730">1730</a>; lâðan cynnes, <a href="#li2009">2009</a>, <a href="#li2355">2355</a>; ûsses cynnes +Wægmundinga, <a href="#li2814">2814</a>; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum, <a href="#li98">98</a>.—Comp.: eormen-, +feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcyn">cyn</a>, st. n., <i>that which is suitable or proper</i>: gen. pl. +cynna (of etiquette) gemyndig, <a href="#li614">614</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgecynde">cynde</a>, adj., <i>innate, peculiar, natural</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2198">2198</a>, <a href="#li2697">2697</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcynedôm">cyne-dôm</a>, st. m., <i>kingdom, royal dignity</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2377">2377</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcyning">cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king</i>: nom. acc. sg. cyning, II, <a href="#li864">864</a>, +<a href="#li921">921</a>, etc.; kyning, <a href="#li620">620</a>, <a href="#li3173">3173</a>; dat. sg. cyninge, <a href="#li3094">3094</a>; gen. sg. +cyninges, <a href="#li868">868</a>, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>; gen. pl. kyning[a] wuldor, of God, <a href="#li666">666</a>.—Comp. +beorn-, eorð-, folc-, guð-, heáh-, leód-, sæ-, sôð-, þeód-, worold-, +wuldor-cyning.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcyningbeald">cyning-beald</a>, adj., "<i>nobly bold</i>" (Thorpe), +<i>excellently brave</i> (?): nom. pl. cyning-balde men, <a href="#li1635">1635</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgecyssan">cyssan</a>, w. v., <i>to kiss</i>: pret. gecyste þâ cyning ... +þegen betstan, <i>kissed the best thane</i> (Beówulf), <a href="#li1871">1871</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcyst">cyst</a> (<i>choosing</i>, see <a class="glentry" href="#glceósan">ceósan</a>), st. f., <i>the +select, the best of a thing, good quality, excellence</i>: nom. sg. +îrenna cyst, <i>of the swords</i>, <a href="#li803">803</a>, <a href="#li1698">1698</a>; wæpna cyst, <a href="#li1560">1560</a>; symbla +cyst, <i>choice banquet</i>, <a href="#li1233">1233</a>; acc. sg. îrena cyst, <a href="#li674">674</a>; dat. pl. +foldwegas ... cystum cûðe, <i>known through excellent qualities</i>, +<a href="#li868">868</a>; (cyning) cystum gecýðed, <a href="#li924">924</a>.—Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcýth">cýð</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gloncýth">on-cýð</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcýthan">cýðan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glcûth">cûð</a>), w. v., <i>to make known, to manifest, +to show</i>: imp. sg. mägen-ellen cýð, <i>show thy heroic +strength</i>, <a href="#li660">660</a>; inf. cwealmbealu cýðan, <a href="#li1941">1941</a>; ellen cýðan, <a href="#li2696">2696</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-cýðan (<i>to make known</i>, hence): 1) <i>to give information, to +announce</i>: inf. andsware gecýðan, <i>to give answer</i>, <a href="#li354">354</a>; +gerund, tô gecýðanne hwanan eówre cyme syndon (<i>to show whence ye +come</i>), <a href="#li257">257</a>; pret. part. sôð is gecýðed þät ... (<i>the truth has +become known</i>, it has shown itself to be true), <a href="#li701">701</a>; Higelâce wäs +sîð Beówulfes snûde gecýðed, <i>the arrival of B. was quickly +announced</i>, <a href="#li1972">1972</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2325">2325</a>.—2) <i>to make celebrated</i>, +in pret. part.: wäs mîn fäder folcum gecýðed (<i>my father was known +to warriors</i>), <a href="#li262">262</a>; wäs his môdsefa manegum gecýðed, <a href="#li349">349</a>; cystum +gecýðed, <a href="#li924">924</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcýththu">cýððu</a> (properly, <i>condition of being known</i>, hence +<i>relationship</i>), st. f., <i>home, country, land</i>: in comp. +feor-cýððu.</p> [should be cýð, feor-cýð—KTH] + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgecýpan">cýpan</a>, w. v., <i>to purchase</i>: inf. näs him ænig þearf +þät he ... þurfe wyrsan wîgfrecan weorðe gecýpan, <i>had need to buy +with treasures no inferior warrior</i>, <a href="#li2497">2497</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossD">D</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldaroth">daroð</a>, st. m., <i>spear</i>: dat. pl. dareðum lâcan (<i>to +fight</i>), <a href="#li2849">2849</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedâl">dâl</a>, st. n., <i>parting, separation</i>: nom. sg. his +worulde gedâl, <i>his separation from the world</i> (his death), +<a href="#li3069">3069</a>.—Comp. ealdor-, lîf-gedâl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldäg">däg</a>, st. m., <i>day</i>: nom. sg. däg, <a href="#li485">485</a>, <a href="#li732">732</a>, <a href="#li2647">2647</a>; acc. sg. +däg, <a href="#li2400">2400</a>; andlangne däg, <i>the whole day</i>, <a href="#li2116">2116</a>; morgenlongne däg +(<i>the whole morning</i>), <a href="#li2895">2895</a>; ôð dômes däg, <i>till +judgment-day</i>, <a href="#li3070">3070</a>; dat. sg. on þäm däge þysses lîfes (eo tempore, +tunc), <a href="#li197">197</a>, <a href="#li791">791</a>, <a href="#li807">807</a>; gen. sg. däges, <a href="#li1601">1601</a>, <a href="#li2321">2321</a>; hwîl däges, <i>a +day's time, a whole day</i>, <a href="#li1496">1496</a>; däges and nihtes, <i>day and +night</i>, <a href="#li2270">2270</a>; däges, <i>by day</i>, <a href="#li1936">1936</a>; dat. pl. on tyn dagum, +<i>in ten days</i>, <a href="#li3161">3161</a>.—Comp. ær-, deáð-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, +geâr-, læn-, lîf-, swylt-, win-däg, an-däges.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldäghwîl">däg-hwîl</a>, st. f., <i>day-time</i>: acc. pl. þät he däghwîla +gedrogen häfde eorðan wynne, <i>that he had enjoyed earth's pleasures +during the days</i> (appointed to him), i.e. that his life was +finished, <a href="#li2727">2727</a>.—(After Grein.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldägrîm">däg-rîm</a>, st. n., <i>series of days, fixed number of days</i>: +nom. sg. dôgera dägrîm (<i>number of the days of his life</i>), <a href="#li824">824</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldæd">dæd</a>, st. f., <i>deed, action</i>: acc. sg. deórlîce dæd, <a href="#li585">585</a>; +dômleásan dæd, <a href="#li2891">2891</a>; frêcne dæde, <a href="#li890">890</a>; dæd, <a href="#li941">941</a>; acc. pl. Grendles +dæda, <a href="#li195">195</a>; gen. pl. dæda, <a href="#li181">181</a>, <a href="#li479">479</a>, <a href="#li2455">2455</a>, etc.; dat. pl. dædum, <a href="#li1228">1228</a>, +<a href="#li2437">2437</a>, etc.—Comp. ellen-, fyren-, lof-dæd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldædcêne">dæd-cêne</a>, adj., <i>bold in deed</i>: nom. sg. dæd-cêne mon, +<a href="#li1646">1646</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldædfruma">dæd-fruma</a>, w. m., <i>doer of deeds, doer</i>: nom. sg., of Grendel, <a href="#li2091">2091</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldædbata">dæd-bata</a>, w. m., <i>he who pursues with his deeds</i>: nom. sg., +of Grendel, <a href="#li275">275</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldædla">dædla</a>, w. m., <i>doer</i>: in comp. mân-for-dædla.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldæl">dæl</a>, st. m., <i>part, portion</i>: acc. sg. dæl, <a href="#li622">622</a>, <a href="#li2246">2246</a>, +<a href="#li3128">3128</a>; acc. pl. dælas, <a href="#li1733">1733</a>.—Often dæl designates the portion of a +thing or of a quality which belongs in general to an individual, as, +ôð þät him on innan oferhygda dæl weaxeð, <i>till in his bosom his +portion of arrogance increases</i>: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, +his arrogance, <a href="#li1741">1741</a>. Biówulfe wearð dryhtmâðma dæl deáðe, forgolden, +<i>to Beówulf his part of the splendid treasures was paid with +death</i>, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were allotted to him, +whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the dragon, <a href="#li2844">2844</a>; +similarly, <a href="#li1151">1151</a>, <a href="#li1753">1753</a>, <a href="#li2029">2029</a>, <a href="#li2069">2069</a>, <a href="#li3128">3128</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldælan">dælan</a>, w. v., <i>to divide, to bestow, to share with</i>, w. +acc.: pres. sg. III. mâdmas dæleð, <a href="#li1757">1757</a>; pres. subj. þät he wið +aglæcean eofoðo dæle, <i>that he bestow his strength upon</i> +(strive with) <i>the bringer of misery</i> the drake), <a href="#li2535">2535</a>; inf. +hringas dælan, <a href="#li1971">1971</a>; pret. beágas dælde, <a href="#li80">80</a>; sceattas dælde, <a href="#li1687">1687</a>.</p> + +<p>be-dælan, w. instr., <i>(to divide), to tear away from, to strip +of</i>: pret. part. dreámum (dreáme) bedæled, <i>deprived of the +heavenly joys</i> (of Grendel), <a href="#li722">722</a>, <a href="#li1276">1276</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-dælan: 1) <i>to distribute</i>: inf. (w. acc. <i>of the +thing distributed</i>); bær on innan eall gedælan geongum and ealdum +swylc him god sealde, <i>distribute therein to young and old all that +God had given him</i>, <a href="#li71">71</a>.—2) <i>to divide, to separate</i>, with +acc.: inf. sundur gedælan lîf wið lîce, <i>separate life from the +body</i>, <a href="#li2423">2423</a>; so pret. subj. þät he gedælde ... ânra gehwylces lîf +wið lîce, <a href="#li732">732</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldenn">denn</a> (cf. denu, dene, vallis), st. n., <i>den, cave</i>: acc. +sg. þäs wyrmes denn, <a href="#li2761">2761</a>; gen. sg. (draca) gewât dennes niósian, +<a href="#li3046">3046</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedefe">defe</a>, adj.: 1) (impersonal) <i>proper, appropriate</i>: nom. +sg. swâ hit gedêfe wäs (bið), <i>as was appropriate, proper</i>, <a href="#li561">561</a>, +<a href="#li1671">1671</a>, <a href="#li3176">3176</a>.—2) <i>good, kind, friendly</i>; nom sg. beó þu suna mînum +dædum gedêfe, <i>be friendly to my son by deeds</i> (support my son in +deed, namely, when he shall have attained to the government), +<a href="#li1228">1228</a>.—Comp. un-ge-dêfelîce.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldêman">dêman</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#gldôm">dôm</a>), w. v.: 1) <i>to judge, to award +justly</i>: pres. subj. mærðo dême, <a href="#li688">688</a>.—2) <i>to judge favorably, to +praise, to glorify</i>: pret. pl. his ellenweorc duguðum dêmdon, +<i>praised his heroic deed with all their might</i>, <a href="#li3176">3176</a>.</p> + +<p>dêmend, <i>judge</i>: dæda dêmend (of God), <a href="#li181">181</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeal">deal</a>, adj., "superbus, clarus, fretus" (Grimm): nom. pl. þryðum +dealle, <a href="#li494">494</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeád">deád</a>, adj., <i>dead</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li467">467</a>, <a href="#li1324">1324</a>, <a href="#li2373">2373</a>; acc. sg. +deádne, <a href="#li1310">1310</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeáth">deáð</a>, st. m., <i>death, dying</i>: nom. sg, deáð, <a href="#li441">441</a>, <a href="#li447">447</a>, +etc.; acc. sg. deáð, <a href="#li2169">2169</a>; dat. sg. deáðe, <a href="#li1389">1389</a>, <a href="#li1590">1590</a>, (as instr.) +<a href="#li2844">2844</a>, <a href="#li3046">3046</a>; gen. sg. deáðes wylm, <a href="#li2270">2270</a>; deáðes nýd, <a href="#li2455">2455</a>.—Comp. gûð-, +wäl-, wundor-deáð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeáthbed">deáð-bed</a>, st. n., <i>death-bed</i>: dat. sg. deáð-bedde fäst, +<a href="#li2902">2902</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeáthcwalu">deáð-cwalu</a>, st. f., <i>violent death</i>, <i>ruin and +death</i>: dat. pl. tô deáð-cwalum, <a href="#li1713">1713</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeáthcwealm">deáð-cwealm</a>, st. m., <i>violent death, murder</i>: nom. sg. +<a href="#li1671">1671</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeáthdäg">deáð-däg</a>, st. m., <i>death-day, dying day</i>: dat. sg. äfter +deáð-däge (<i>after his death</i>), <a href="#li187">187</a>, <a href="#li886">886</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeáthfæge">deáð-fæge</a>, adj., <i>given over to death</i>: nom. sg. (Grendel) +deáð-fæge deóg, <i>had hidden himself, being given over to death</i> +(mortally wounded), <a href="#li851">851</a>.</p> + +<p>deáð-scûa, w. m., <i>death-shadow, ghostly being, demon of death</i>: +nom. sg. deorc deáð-scûa (of Grendel), <a href="#li160">160</a>.</p> + +<p>deáð-wêrig, adj., <i>weakened by death</i>, i.e. dead: acc. sg. +deáð-wêrigne, <a href="#li2126">2126</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwêrig">wêrig</a>.</p> + +<p>deáð-wîc, st. n. <i>death's house, home of death</i>: acc. sg. gewât +deáðwîc seón (<i>had died</i>), <a href="#li1276">1276</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeágan">deágan</a> (O.H.G. pret. part. tougan, <i>hidden</i>), <i>to +conceal one's self, to hide</i>: pret. (for pluperf.) deóg, <a href="#li851">851</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeorc">deorc</a>, adj., <i>dark</i>: of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) +deorc, <a href="#li1791">1791</a>; dat. pl. deorcum nihtum, <a href="#li275">275</a>, <a href="#li2212">2212</a>; of the terrible +Grendel, nom. sg. deorc deáð-scûa, <a href="#li160">160</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeófol">deófol</a>, st. m. n., <i>devil</i>: gen. sg. deófles, <a href="#li2089">2089</a>; gen. pl. +deófla, of Grendel and his troop, <a href="#li757">757</a>, <a href="#li1681">1681</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeógol">deógol, dýgol</a>, adj., <i>concealed, hidden, inaccessible, beyond +information, unknown</i>: nom. sg. deógol dædhata (of Grendel), <a href="#li275">275</a>; +acc. sg. dýgel lond, <i>inaccessible land</i>, <a href="#li1358">1358</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeóp">deóp</a>, st. n., <i>deep, abyss</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2550">2550</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeóp">deóp</a>, adv. <i>deeply</i>: acc. sg. deóp wäter, <a href="#li509">509</a>, <a href="#li1905">1905</a>.</p> + +<p>diópe, adj., <i>deep</i>: hit ôð dômes däg diópe benemdon þeódnas +mære, <i>the illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the +judgment-day, had laid a solemn spell upon it</i>, <a href="#li3070">3070</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeór">deór</a>, st. n., <i>animal, wild animal</i>: in comp. mere-, +sæ-deór.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeór1">deór</a>, adj.: 1) <i>wild, terrible</i>: nom. sg. diór dæd-fruma +(of Grendel), <a href="#li2091">2091</a>.—2) <i>bold, brave</i>: nom. nænig ... deór, +<a href="#li1934">1934</a>.—Comp.: heaðu-, hilde-deór.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeóre">deóre, dýre</a>, adj.: 1) <i>dear, costly</i> (high in price): acc. +sg. dýre îren, <a href="#li2051">2051</a>; drincfät dýre (deóre), <a href="#li2307">2307</a>, <a href="#li2255">2255</a>; instr. sg. +deóran sweorde, <a href="#li561">561</a>; dat. sg. deórum mâðme, <a href="#li1529">1529</a>; nom. pl. dýre swyrd, +<a href="#li3049">3049</a>; acc. pl. deóre (dýre) mâðmas, <a href="#li2237">2237</a>, <a href="#li3132">3132</a>.—2) <i>dear, beloved, +worthy</i>: nom. sg. f., äðelum dióre, <i>worthy by reason of +origin</i>, <a href="#li1950">1950</a>; dat. sg. äfter deórum men, <a href="#li1880">1880</a>; gen. sg. deórre +duguðe, <a href="#li488">488</a>; superl. acc. sg. aldorþegn þone deórestan, <a href="#li1310">1310</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeórlîc">deór-lîc</a>, adj., <i>bold, brave</i>: acc. sg. deórlîce dæd, <a href="#li585">585</a>. +See <a class="glentry" href="#gldeór1">deór</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldisc">disc</a>, st. m., <i>disc, plate, flat dish</i>: nom. acc. pl. +discas, <a href="#li2776">2776</a>, <a href="#li3049">3049</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedîgan">dîgan</a>. See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgedýgan">dýgan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldolgilp">dol-gilp</a>, st. m., <i>mad boast, foolish pride, vain-glory, +thoughtless audacity</i>: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, <a href="#li509">509</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldollîc">dol-lîc</a>, adj., <i>audacious</i>: gen. pl. mæst ... dæda +dollîcra, <a href="#li2647">2647</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldolsceatha">dol-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>bold enemy</i>: acc. sg. þone dol-scaðan +(Grendel), <a href="#li479">479</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldôgor">dôgor</a>, st. m. n., <i>day</i>; 1) day as a period of 24 hours: +gen. sg. ymb ântîd ôðres dôgores, <i>at the same time of the next +day</i>, <a href="#li219">219</a>; morgen-leóht ôðres dôgores, <i>the morning-light of the +second day</i>, <a href="#li606">606</a>.—2) day in the usual sense: acc. sg. n. þys +dôgor, <i>during this day</i>, <a href="#li1396">1396</a>; instr. þý dôgore, <a href="#li1798">1798</a>; forman +dôgore, <a href="#li2574">2574</a>; gen. pl. dôgora gehwâm, <a href="#li88">88</a>; dôgra gehwylce, <a href="#li1091">1091</a>; +dôgera dägrim, <i>the number of his days</i> (the days of his life), +<a href="#li824">824</a>.—3) <i>day</i> in the wider sense of time: dat. pl. ufaran +dôgrum, <i>in later days, times</i>, <a href="#li2201">2201</a>, <a href="#li2393">2393</a>.—Comp. ende-dôgor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldôgorgerîm">dôgor-gerîm</a>, st. n., <i>series of days</i>: gen. sg. wäs eall +sceacen dôgor-gerîmes, <i>the whole number of his days</i> (his life) +<i>was past</i>, <a href="#li2729">2729</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldôhtor">dôhtor</a>, st. f., <i>daughter</i>: nom. acc. sg. dôhtor, <a href="#li375">375</a>, +<a href="#li1077">1077</a>, <a href="#li1930">1930</a>, <a href="#li1982">1982</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldôm">dôm</a>, st. m.: I., <i>condition, state in general</i>; in comp. +cyne-, wis-dôm.—II., having reference to justice, hence: 1) +<i>judgment, judicial opinion</i>: instr. sg. weotena dôme, +<i>according to the judgment of the Witan</i>, <a href="#li1099">1099</a>. 2) <i>custom</i>: +äfter dôme, <i>according to custom</i>, <a href="#li1721">1721</a>. 3) <i>court, +tribunal</i>: gen. sg. miclan dômes, <a href="#li979">979</a>; ôð dômes däg, <a href="#li3070">3070</a>, both +times of the last judgment.—III., <i>condition of freedom</i> or +<i>superiority</i>, hence: 4) <i>choice, free will</i>: acc. sg. on +sînne sylfes dôm, <i>according to his own choice</i>, <a href="#li2148">2148</a>; instr. sg. +selfes dôme, <a href="#li896">896</a>, <a href="#li2777">2777</a>. 5) <i>might, power</i>: nom. sg. dôm godes, +<a href="#li2859">2859</a>; acc. sg. Eofores ânne dôm, <a href="#li2965">2965</a>; dat. sg. drihtnes dôme, <a href="#li441">441</a>. 6) +<i>glory, honor, renown</i>: nom. sg. [dôm], <a href="#li955">955</a>; dôm unlytel, <i>not +a little glory</i>, <a href="#li886">886</a>; þät wäs forma sîð deórum mâðme þät his dôm +âläg, <i>it was the first time to the dear treasure</i> (the sword +Hrunting) <i>that its fame was not made good</i>, <a href="#li1529">1529</a>; acc. sg. ic me +dôm gewyrce, <i>make renown for myself</i>, <a href="#li1492">1492</a>; þät þu ne âlæte dôm +gedreósan, <i>that thou let not honor fall</i>, <a href="#li2667">2667</a>; dat. instr. sg. +þær he dôme forleás, <i>here he lost his reputation</i>, <a href="#li1471">1471</a>; dôme +gewurðad, <i>adorned with glory</i>, <a href="#li1646">1646</a>; gen. sg. wyrce se þe môte +dômes, <i>let him make himself reputation, whoever is able</i>, <a href="#li1389">1389</a>. +7) <i>splendor</i> (in heaven): acc. sôð-fästra dôm, <i>the glory of +the saints</i>, <a href="#li2821">2821</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldômleás">dôm-leás</a>, adj., <i>without reputation, inglorious</i>: acc. sg. +f. dômleásan dæd, <a href="#li2891">2891</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldôn">dôn</a>, red. v., <i>to do, to make, to treat</i>: 1) absolutely: +imp. dôð swâ ic bidde, <i>do as I beg</i>, <a href="#li1232">1232</a>.—2) w. acc.: inf. hêt +hire selfre sunu on bæl dôn, <a href="#li1117">1117</a>; pret. þâ he him of dyde +îsernbyrnan, <i>took off the iron corselet</i>, <a href="#li672">672</a>; (þonne) him +Hûnlâfing, ... billa sêlest, on bearm dyde, <i>when he made a present +to him of Hûnlâfing, the best of swords</i>, <a href="#li1145">1145</a>; dyde him of healse +hring gyldenne, <i>took off the gold ring from his neck</i>, <a href="#li2810">2810</a>; ne +him þäs wyrmes wîg for wiht dyde, eafoð and ellen, <i>nor did he +reckon as anything the drake's fighting, power, and strength</i>, +<a href="#li2349">2349</a>; pl. hi on beorg dydon bêg and siglu, <i>placed in the (grave-) +mound rings and ornaments</i>, <a href="#li3165">3165</a>.—3) representing preceding verbs: +inf. tô Geátum sprec mildum wordum! swâ sceal man dôn, <i>as one +should do</i>, <a href="#li1173">1173</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1535">1535</a>, <a href="#li2167">2167</a>; pres. metod eallum weóld, +swâ he nu git dêð, <i>the creator ruled over all, as he still +does</i>, <a href="#li1059">1059</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2471">2471</a>, <a href="#li2860">2860</a>, and (sg. for pl.) <a href="#li1135">1135</a>; pret. +II. swâ þu ær dydest, <a href="#li1677">1677</a>; III. swâ he nu gyt dyde, <a href="#li957">957</a>; similarly, +<a href="#li1382">1382</a>, <a href="#li1892">1892</a>, <a href="#li2522">2522</a>; pl. swâ hie oft ær dydon, <a href="#li1239">1239</a>; similarly, <a href="#li3071">3071</a>. +With the case also which the preceding verb governs: wên' ic þät he +wille ... Geátena leóde etan unforhte, swâ he oft dyde mägen +Hrêðmanna, <i>I believe he will wish to devour the Geát people, the +fearless, as he often did</i> (devoured) <i>the bloom of the +Hrêðmen</i>, <a href="#li444">444</a>; gif ic þät gefricge ... þät þec ymbesittend egesan +þýwað, swâ þec hetende hwîlum dydon, <i>that the neighbors distress +thee as once the enemy did thee</i> (i.e. distressed), <a href="#li1829">1829</a>; gif ic +ôwihte mäg þînre môd-lufan mâran tilian þonne ic gyt dyde, <i>if I can +with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done</i>, <a href="#li1825">1825</a>; +similarly, pl. þonne þâ dydon, <a href="#li44">44</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-dôn, <i>to do, to make</i>, with the acc. and predicate adj.: prs. +(god) gedêð him swâ gewealdene worolde dælas, <i>makes the parts of +the world</i> (i.e. the whole world) <i>so subject that ...</i>, <a href="#li1733">1733</a>; +inf. ne hyne on medo-bence micles wyrðne drihten wereda gedôn wolde, +<i>nor would the leader of the people much honor him at the +mead-banquet</i>, <a href="#li2187">2187</a>. With adv.: he mec þær on innan ... gedôn +wolde, <i>wished to place me in there</i>, <a href="#li2091">2091</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldraca">draca</a>, w. m., <i>drake, dragon</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li893">893</a>, <a href="#li2212">2212</a>; acc. +sg. dracan, <a href="#li2403">2403</a>, <a href="#li3132">3132</a>; gen. sg., <a href="#li2089">2089</a>, <a href="#li2291">2291</a>, <a href="#li2550">2550</a>.—Comp.: eorð-, +fýr-, lêg-, lîg-, nîð-draca.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="glondrædan">drædan</a>, st. v., w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the pers., +<i>to fear, to be afraid of</i>: inf. þät þu him on-drædan ne þearft +... aldorbealu, <i>needest not fear death for them</i>, <a href="#li1675">1675</a>; pret. nô +he him þâ säcce ondrêd, <i>was not afraid of the combat</i>, <a href="#li2348">2348</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedräg">dräg</a> (from dragan, in the sense se gerere), st. n., +<i>demeanor, actions</i>: acc. sg. sêcan deófla gedräg, <a href="#li757">757</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrepan">drepan</a>, st. v., <i>to hit, to strike</i>: pret. sg. sweorde +drep ferhð-genîðlan, <a href="#li2881">2881</a>; pret. part. bið on hreðre ... drepen +biteran stræle, <i>struck in the breast with piercing arrow</i>, <a href="#li1746">1746</a>; +wäs in feorh dropen (<i>fatally hit</i>), <a href="#li2982">2982</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrepe">drepe</a>, st. m., <i>blow, stroke</i>: acc. sg. drepe, <a href="#li1590">1590</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrêfan">drêfan</a>, ge-<b>drêfan</b>, w. v., <i>to move, to agitate, to +stir up</i>: inf. gewât ... drêfan deóp wäter (<i>to navigate</i>), +<a href="#li1905">1905</a>; pret. part. wäter under stôd dreórig and gedrêfed, <a href="#li1418">1418</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldreám">dreám</a>, st. m., <i>rejoicing, joyous actions, joy</i>: nom. sg. +häleða dreám, <a href="#li497">497</a>; acc. sg. dreám hlûdne, <a href="#li88">88</a>; þu ... dreám healdende, +<i>thou who livest in rejoicing</i> (at the drinking-carouse), <i>who +art joyous</i>, <a href="#li1228">1228</a>: dat. instr. sg. dreáme bedæled, <a href="#li1276">1276</a>; gen. pl. +dreáma leás, <a href="#li851">851</a>; dat. pl. dreámum (here adverbial) lifdon, <i>lived +in rejoicing, joyously</i>, <a href="#li99">99</a>; dreámum bedæled, <a href="#li722">722</a>; the last may +refer also to heavenly joys.—Comp. gleó-, gum-, man-, sele-dreám.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldreámleás">dreám-leás</a>, adj., <i>without rejoicing, joyless</i>: nom. sg. +of King Heremôd, <a href="#li1721">1721</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldreógan">dreógan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to lead a life, to be in a certain +condition</i>: pret. dreáh äfter dôme, <i>lived in honor, honorably</i>, +<a href="#li2180">2180</a>; pret. pl. fyren-þearfe ongeat, þät hie ær drugon aldorleáse lange +hwile, <i>(God) had seen the great distress, (had seen) that they had lived +long without a ruler</i> (?), <a href="#li15">15</a>.—2) <i>to experience, to live through, to +do, to make, to enjoy</i>: imp. dreóh symbelwynne, <i>pass through the +pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal</i>, <a href="#li1783">1783</a>; inf. driht-scype dreógan +(<i>do a heroic deed</i>), <a href="#li1471">1471</a>; pret. sundnytte dreáh (<i>had the +occupation of swimming</i>, i.e. swam through the sea), <a href="#li2361">2361</a>; pret. pl. hie +gewin drugon (<i>fought</i>), <a href="#li799">799</a>; hî sîð drugon, <i>made the way, +went</i>, <a href="#li1967">1967</a>.—3) <i>to experience, to bear, to suffer</i>: scealt werhðo +dreógan, <i>shall suffer damnation</i>, <a href="#li590">590</a>; pret. þegn-sorge dreáh, +<i>bore sorrow for his heroes</i>, <a href="#li131">131</a>; nearoþearfe dreáh, <a href="#li422">422</a>; pret. pl. +inwidsorge þe hie ær drugon, <a href="#li832">832</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1859">1859</a>.</p> + +<p>â-dreógan, <i>to suffer, to endure</i>: inf. wræc âdreógan, <a href="#li3079">3079</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-dreógan, <i>to live through, to enjoy</i>, pret. part. þät he ... +gedrogen häfde eorðan wynne, <i>that he had now enjoyed the pleasures +of earth</i> (i.e. that he was at his death), <a href="#li2727">2727</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldreór">dreór</a>, st. m., <i>blood dropping or flowing from wounds</i>: +instr. sg. dreóre, <a href="#li447">447</a>.—Comp. heoru-, sâwul-, wäl-dreór.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldreórfâh">dreór-fâh</a>, adj., <i>colored with blood, spotted with blood</i>: +nom. sg. <a href="#li485">485</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldreórig">dreórig</a>, adj., <i>bloody, bleeding</i>: nom. sg. wäter stôd +dreórig, <a href="#li1418">1418</a>; acc. sg. dryhten sînne driórigne fand, <a href="#li2790">2790</a>.—Comp. +heoru-dreórig.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedreósan">dreósan</a>, st. v., <i>to fall down, to sink</i>: pres. sg. +III. lîc-homa læne gedreóseð, <i>the body, belonging to death, sinks +down</i>, <a href="#li1755">1755</a>; inf. þät þu ne âlæte dôm gedreósan, <i>honor fall, +sink</i>, <a href="#li2667">2667</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrincan">drincan</a>, st. v., <i>to drink</i> (with and without the acc.): +pres. part. nom. pl. ealo drincende, <a href="#li1946">1946</a>; pret. blôd êdrum dranc, +<i>drank the blood in streams</i>(?), <a href="#li743">743</a>; pret. pl. druncon wîn +weras, <i>the men drank wine</i>, <a href="#li1234">1234</a>; þær guman druncon, <i>where +the men drank</i>, <a href="#li1649">1649</a>. The pret. part., when it stands absolutely, +has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, <i>ye warriors who +have drunk, are drinking</i>, <a href="#li1232">1232</a>; acc. pl. nealles druncne slôg +heorð-geneátas, <i>slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with +him</i>, i.e. at the banquet, <a href="#li2180">2180</a>. With the instr. it means +<i>drunken</i>: nom. sg. beóre (wîne) druncen, <a href="#li531">531</a>, <a href="#li1468">1468</a>; nom. pl. +beóre druncne, <a href="#li480">480</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrîfan">drîfan</a>, st. v., <i>to drive</i>: pres. pl. þâ þe brentingas +ofer flôda genipu feorran drîfað, <i>who drive their ships thither from +afar over the darkness of the sea</i>, <a href="#li2809">2809</a>; inf. (w. acc.) þeáh þe he +[ne] meahte on mere drîfan hringedstefnan, <i>although he could not +drive the ship on the sea</i>, <a href="#li1131">1131</a>.</p> + +<p>to-drîfan, <i>to drive apart, to disperse</i>: pret. ôð þät unc flôd +tôdrâf, <a href="#li545">545</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrohtoth">drohtoð</a>, st. m., <i>mode of living</i> or <i>acting, calling, +employment</i>: nom. sg. ne wäs his drohtoð þær swylce he ær gemêtte, +<i>there was no employment for him</i> (Grendel) <i>there such as he +had found formerly</i>, <a href="#li757">757</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrusian">drusian</a>, w. v. (cf. <a class="glentry" href="#glgedreósan">dreósan</a>, properly, <i>to be ready to +fall</i>; here of water), <i>to stagnate, to be putrid</i>. pret. lagu +drusade (through the blood of Grendel and his mother), <a href="#li1631">1631</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryht">dryht, driht</a>, st. f., <i>company, troop, band of warriors; +noble band</i>: in comp. mago-driht.</p> + +<p>ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., <i>troop, band of noble warriors</i>: nom. +sg. mînra eorla gedryht, <a href="#li431">431</a>; acc. sg. äðelinga gedriht, <a href="#li118">118</a>; mid his +eorla (häleða) gedriht (gedryht), <a href="#li357">357</a>, <a href="#li663">663</a>; similarly, <a href="#li634">634</a>, +<a href="#li1673">1673</a>.—Comp. sibbe-gedriht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtbearn">dryht-bearn</a>, st. n., <i>youth from a noble warrior band, noble +young man</i>: nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, <a href="#li2036">2036</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhten">dryhten, drihten</a>, st. m., <i>commander, lord</i>: a) +<i>temporal lord</i>: nom. sg. dryhten, <a href="#li1485">1485</a>, <a href="#li2001">2001</a>, etc.; drihten, +<a href="#li1051">1051</a>; dat. dryhtne, <a href="#li2483">2483</a>, etc.; dryhten, <a href="#li1832">1832</a>.—b) <i>God</i>: nom. +drihten, <a href="#li108">108</a>, etc.; dryhten, <a href="#li687">687</a>, etc.; dat. sg. dryhtne, <a href="#li1693">1693</a>, etc.; +drihtne, <a href="#li1399">1399</a>, etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, <a href="#li441">441</a>; drihtnes, <a href="#li941">941</a>.—Comp.: +freá-, freó-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtguma">dryht-guma</a>, w. m., <i>one of a troop of warriors, noble +warrior</i>: dat. sg. drihtguman, <a href="#li1389">1389</a>; nom. pl. drihtguman, <a href="#li99">99</a>; +dryhtguman, <a href="#li1232">1232</a>; dat. pl. ofer dryhtgumum, <a href="#li1791">1791</a> (of Hrôðgâr's +warriors).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtlîc">dryht-lîc</a>, adj., <i>(that which befits a noble troop of +warriors), noble, excellent</i>: dryhtlîc îren, <i>excellent +sword</i>, <a href="#li893">893</a>; acc. sg. f. (with an acc. sg. n.) drihtlîce wîf (of +Hildeburh), <a href="#li1159">1159</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtmâthum">dryht-mâðum</a>, st. m., <i>excellent jewel, splendid treasure</i>: +gen. pl. dryhtmâðma, <a href="#li2844">2844</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtscipe">dryht-scipe</a>, st. m., <i>(lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; +heroic deed</i>: acc. sg. drihtscype dreógan, <i>to do a heroic +deed</i>, <a href="#li1471">1471</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtsele">dryht-sele</a>, st. m., <i>excellent, splendid hall</i>: nom. sg. +driht-sele, <a href="#li485">485</a>; dryhtsele, <a href="#li768">768</a>; acc. sg. dryhtsele, <a href="#li2321">2321</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtsib">dryht-sib</a>, st. f., <i>peace</i> or <i>friendship between troops +of noble warriors</i>: gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, <a href="#li2069">2069</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrync">drync</a>, st. m., <i>drink</i>: in comp. heoru-drync.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryncfät">drync-fät</a>, st. n., <i>vessel for drink, to receive the +drink</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2255">2255</a>; drinc-fät, <a href="#li2307">2307</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrysmian">drysmian</a>, w. v., <i>to become obscure, gloomy</i> (through the +falling rain): pres. sg. III. lyft drysmað, <a href="#li1376">1376</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrysne">drysne</a>, adj. See <a class="glentry" href="#glondrysne">on-drysne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldugan">dugan</a>, v., <i>to avail, to be capable, to be good</i>: pres. +sg. III. hûru se aldor deáh, <i>especially is the prince capable</i>, +<a href="#li369">369</a>; ðonne his ellen deáh, <i>if his strength avails, is good</i>, +<a href="#li573">573</a>; þe him selfa deáh, <i>who is capable of himself, who can rely on +himself</i>, <a href="#li1840">1840</a>; pres. subj. þeáh þîn wit duge, <i>though, indeed, +your understanding be good, avail</i>, <a href="#li590">590</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1661">1661</a>, <a href="#li2032">2032</a>; +pret. sg. þu ûs wel dohtest, <i>you did us good, conducted yourself +well towards us</i>, <a href="#li1822">1822</a>; similarly, nu seó hand ligeð se þe eów +welhwylcra wilna dohte, <i>which was helpful to each one of your +desires</i>, <a href="#li1345">1345</a>; pret. subj. þeáh þu heaðoræsa gehwær dohte, +<i>though thou wast everywhere strong in battle</i>, <a href="#li526">526</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glduguth">duguð</a> (<i>state of being fit, capable</i>), st. f.: 1) +<i>capability, strength</i>: dat. pl. for dugeðum, <i>in +ability</i>(?), <a href="#li2502">2502</a>; duguðum dêmdon, <i>praised with all their +might</i>(?), <a href="#li3176">3176</a>.—2) <i>men capable of bearing arms, band of +warriors</i>, esp., <i>noble warriors</i>: nom. sg. duguð unlytel, +<a href="#li498">498</a>; duguð, <a href="#li1791">1791</a>, <a href="#li2255">2255</a>; dat. sg. for duguðe, <i>before the heroes</i>, +<a href="#li2021">2021</a>; nalles frätwe geaf ealdor duguðe, <i>gave the band of heroes no +treasure</i> (more), <a href="#li2921">2921</a>; leóda duguðe on lâst, <i>upon the track of +the heroes of the people</i>, i.e. after them, <a href="#li2946">2946</a>; gen. sg. cûðe he +duguðe þeáw, <i>the custom of the noble warriors</i>, <a href="#li359">359</a>; deórre +duguðe, <a href="#li488">488</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2239">2239</a>, <a href="#li2659">2659</a>; acc. pl. duguða, <a href="#li2036">2036</a>.—3) +contrasted with geogoð, duguð designates the noted warriors of noble +birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so +gen. sg. duguðe and geogoðe, <a href="#li160">160</a>; gehwylc ... duguðe and iogoðe, <a href="#li1675">1675</a>; +duguðe and geogoðe dæl æghwylcne, <a href="#li622">622</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldurran">durran</a>, v. pret. and pres. <i>to dare</i>; prs. sg. II. þu +dearst bîdan, <i>darest to await</i>, <a href="#li527">527</a>; III. he gesêcean dear, <a href="#li685">685</a>; +pres. subj. sêc gyf þu dyrre, <i>seek</i> (Grendel's mother), <i>if +thou dare</i>, <a href="#li1380">1380</a>; pret. dorste, <a href="#li1463">1463</a>, <a href="#li1469">1469</a>, etc.; pl. dorston, +<a href="#li2849">2849</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glduru">duru</a>, st. f., <i>door, gate, wicket</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li722">722</a>; acc. +sg. [duru], <a href="#li389">389</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedûfan">dûfan</a>, st. v., <i>to dip in, to sink into</i>: pret. þät +sweord gedeáf (<i>the sword sank into the drake</i>, of a blow), <a href="#li2701">2701</a>.</p> + +<p>þurh-dûfan, <i>to dive through; to swim through, diving</i>: pret. +wäter up þurh-deáf, <i>swam through the water upwards</i> (because he +was before at the bottom), <a href="#li1620">1620</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldwellan">dwellan</a>, w. v., <i>to mislead, to hinder</i>: prs. III. nô hine +wiht dweleð, âdl ne yldo, <i>him nothing misleads, neither sickness +nor age</i>, <a href="#li1736">1736</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldyhtig">dyhtig</a>, adj., <i>useful, good for</i>: nom. sg. n. sweord ... ecgum +dyhtig, <a href="#li1288">1288</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldynnan">dynnan</a>, w. v., <i>to sound, to groan, to roar</i>: pret. +dryhtsele (healwudu, hruse) dynede, <a href="#li768">768</a>, <a href="#li1318">1318</a>, <a href="#li2559">2559</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldyrne">dyrne</a>, adj.: 1) <i>concealed, secret, retired</i>: nom. sg. +dyrne, <a href="#li271">271</a>; acc. sg. dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), +<a href="#li2321">2321</a>.—2) <i>secret, malicious, hidden by sorcery</i>: dat. instr. sg. +dyrnan cräfte, <i>with secret magic art</i>, <a href="#li2291">2291</a>; dyrnum cräfte, +<a href="#li2169">2169</a>; gen. pl. dyrnra gâsta, <i>of malicious spirits</i> (of Grendel's +kin), <a href="#li1358">1358</a>.—Comp. un-dyrne.</p> + +<p>dyrne, adv., <i>in secret, secretly</i>: him ...äfter deórum men dyrne +langað, <i>longs in secret for the dear man</i>, <a href="#li1880">1880</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldyrstig">dyrstig</a>, adj., <i>bold, daring</i>: þeáh þe he dæda gehwäs +dyrstig wære, <i>although he had been courageous for every deed</i>, +<a href="#li2839">2839</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedýgan">dýgan</a>, ge-<b>dîgan</b>, w. v., <i>to endure, to +overcome</i>, with the acc. of the thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif þu +þät ellenweorc aldre gedîgest, <i>if thou survivest the heroic work +with thy life</i>, <a href="#li662">662</a>; III. þät þone hilderæs hâl gedîgeð, <i>that he +survives the battle in safety</i>, <a href="#li300">300</a>; similarly, inf. unfæge gedîgan +weán and wräcsîð, <a href="#li2293">2293</a>; hwäðer sêl mæge wunde gedýgan, <i>which of the +two can stand the wounds better</i> (come off with life), <a href="#li2532">2532</a>; ne +meahte unbyrnende deóp gedýgan, <i>could not endure the deep without +burning</i> (could not hold out in the deep), <a href="#li2550">2550</a>; pret. sg. I. III. +ge-dîgde, <a href="#li578">578</a>, <a href="#li1656">1656</a>, <a href="#li2351">2351</a>, <a href="#li2544">2544</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldýgol">dýgol</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gldeógol">deógol</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldýre">dýre</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gldeóre">deóre</a>.</p> + +<p><b><a name="glossE">E</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glecg">ecg</a>, st. f., <i>edge of the sword, point</i>: nom. sg. sweordes +ecg, <a href="#li1107">1107</a>; ecg, <a href="#li1525">1525</a>, etc.; acc. sg. wið ord and wið ecge ingang +forstôd, <i>defended the entrance against point and edge</i> (i.e. +against spear and sword), <a href="#li1550">1550</a>; mêces ecge, <a href="#li1813">1813</a>; nom. pl. ecge, +<a href="#li1146">1146</a>.—<i>Sword, battle-axe, any cutting weapon</i>: nom. sg. ne wäs +ecg bona (<i>not the sword killed him</i>), <a href="#li2507">2507</a>; sió ecg brûn +(Beówulf's sword Nägling), <a href="#li2578">2578</a>; hyne ecg fornam, <i>the sword +snatched him away</i>, <a href="#li2773">2773</a>, etc.; nom. pl. ecga, <a href="#li2829">2829</a>; dat. pl. äscum +and ecgum, <a href="#li1773">1773</a>; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) eácnum ecgum, +<a href="#li2141">2141</a>; gen. pl. ecga, <a href="#li483">483</a>, <a href="#li806">806</a>, <a href="#li1169">1169</a>;—<i>blade</i>: ecg wäs îren, +<a href="#li1460">1460</a>.—Comp.: brûn-, heard-, stýl-ecg, adj.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glecgbana">ecg-bana</a>, w. m., <i>murderer by the sword</i>: dat. sg. Cain +wearð tô ecg-banan ângan brêðer, <a href="#li1263">1263</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glecghete">ecg-hete</a>, st. m., <i>sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries +out</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li84">84</a>, <a href="#li1739">1739</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glecgthracu">ecg-þracu</a>, st. f., <i>sword-storm</i> (of violent combat): acc. +atole ecg-þräce, <a href="#li597">597</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gledhwyrft">ed-hwyrft</a>, st. m., <i>return</i> (of a former condition): þâ +þær sôna wearð edhwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh Grendles môdor (i.e. +after Grendel's mother had penetrated into the hall, the former +perilous condition, of the time of the visits of Grendel, returned to +the men), <a href="#li1282">1282</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gledwendan">ed-wendan</a>, w. v., <i>to turn back, to yield, to leave off</i>: +inf. gyf him edwendan æfre scolde bealuwa bisigu, <i>if for him the +affliction of evil should ever cease</i>, <a href="#li280">280</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gledwenden">ed-wenden</a>, st. f., <i>turning, change</i>: nom. sg. edwenden, +<a href="#li1775">1775</a>; ed-wenden torna gehwylces (<i>reparation for former +neglect</i>), <a href="#li2189">2189</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gledwîtlîf">edwît-lîf</a>, st. n., <i>life in disgrace</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2892">2892</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glefn">efn</a>, adj., <i>even, like</i>, with preceding on, and with +depend. dat., <i>upon the same level, near</i>: him on efn ligeð +ealdorgewinna, <i>lies near him</i>, <a href="#li2904">2904</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glefnan">efnan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#gläfnan">äfnan</a>) w. v., <i>to carry out, to perform, to +accomplish</i>: pres. subj. eorlscype efne (<i>accomplish knightly +deeds</i>), <a href="#li2536">2536</a>; inf. eorlscipe efnan, <a href="#li2623">2623</a>; sweorda gelâc efnan +(<i>to battle</i>), <a href="#li1042">1042</a>; gerund. tô efnanne, <a href="#li1942">1942</a>; pret. eorlscipe +efnde, <a href="#li2134">2134</a>, <a href="#li3008">3008</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glefne">efne</a>, adv., <i>even, exactly, precisely, just</i>, united with +swâ or swylc: efne swâ swîðe swâ, <i>just so much as</i>, <a href="#li1093">1093</a>; efne +swâ sîde swâ, <a href="#li1224">1224</a>; wäs se gryre lässa efne swâ micle swâ, <i>by so +much the less as ...</i>, <a href="#li1284">1284</a>; leóht inne stôd efne swâ ... scîneð, +<i>a gleam stood therein</i> (in the sword) <i>just as when ... +shines</i>, <a href="#li1572">1572</a>; efne swâ hwylc mägða swâ þone magan cende (<i>a +woman who has borne such a son</i>), <a href="#li944">944</a>; efne swâ hwylcum manna swâ +him gemet þûhte, <i>to just such a man as seemed good to him</i>, +<a href="#li3058">3058</a>; efne swylce mæla swylce ... þearf gesælde, <i>just at the times +at which necessity commanded it</i>, <a href="#li1250">1250</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleft">eft</a>, adv.: l) <i>thereupon, afterwards</i>: <a href="#li56">56</a>, <a href="#li1147">1147</a>, <a href="#li2112">2112</a>, +<a href="#li3047">3047</a>, etc.; eft sôna bið, <i>then it happens immediately</i>, <a href="#li1763">1763</a>; +bôt eft cuman, <i>help come again</i>, <a href="#li281">281</a>.—2) <i>again, on the other +side</i>: þät hine on ylde eft gewunigen wilgesîðas, <i>that in old +age again</i> (also on their side) <i>willing companions should be +attached to him</i>, <a href="#li22">22</a>;—<i>anew, again</i>: <a href="#li135">135</a>, <a href="#li604">604</a>, <a href="#li693">693</a>, <a href="#li1557">1557</a>, +etc.; eft swâ ær, <i>again as formerly</i>, <a href="#li643">643</a>.—3) retro, rursus, +<i>back</i>: <a href="#li123">123</a>, <a href="#li296">296</a>, <a href="#li854">854</a>, etc.; þät hig äðelinges eft ne wêndon +(<i>did not believe that he would come back</i>), <a href="#li1597">1597</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleftcyme">eft-cyme</a>, st. m., <i>return</i>: gen. sg. eftcymes, <a href="#li2897">2897</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleftsîth">eft-sîð</a>, st. m., <i>journey back, return</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li1892">1892</a>; +gen. sg. eft-sîðes georn, <a href="#li2784">2784</a>; acc. pl. eftsîðas teáh, <i>went the +road back</i>, i.e. returned, <a href="#li1333">1333</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glegesa">egesa, egsa</a> (<i>state of terror</i>, active or passive): l) +<i>frightfulness</i>: acc. sg. þurh egsan, <a href="#li276">276</a>; gen. egesan ne gýmeð, +<i>cares for nothing terrible, is not troubled about future terrors</i>(?), +<a href="#li1758">1758</a>.—2) <i>terror, horror, fear</i>: nom. sg. egesa, <a href="#li785">785</a>; instr. sg. +egesan, <a href="#li1828">1828</a>, <a href="#li2737">2737</a>.—Comp.: glêd-, lîg-, wäter-egesa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glegesfull">eges-full</a>, adj., <i>horrible (full of fear, fearful)</i>, <a href="#li2930">2930</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glegeslîc">eges-lîc</a>, adj., <i>terrible, bringing terror</i>: of Grendel's +head, <a href="#li1650">1650</a>; of the beginning of the fight with the drake, <a href="#li2310">2310</a>; of the +drake, <a href="#li2826">2826</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glegle">egle</a>, adj., <i>causing aversion, hideous</i>: nom. pl. neut., +or, more probably, perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), <a href="#li988">988</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glegsian">egsian</a> (denominative from egesa), w. v., <i>to have terror, +distress</i>: pret. (as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), <a href="#li6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glehtian">ehtian</a>, w. v., <i>to esteem, to make prominent with praise</i>: +III. pl. pres. þät þe ... weras ehtigað, <i>that thee men shall +esteem, praise</i>, <a href="#li1223">1223</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glelde">elde</a> (<i>those who generate</i>, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), st. +m. only in the pl., <i>men</i>: dat. pl. eldum, <a href="#li2215">2215</a>; mid eldum, +<i>among men</i>, <a href="#li2612">2612</a>.—See <a class="glentry" href="#glylde">ylde</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleldo">eldo</a>, st. f., <i>age</i>: instr. sg. eldo gebunden, <a href="#li2112">2112</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glelland">el-land</a>, st. n., <i>foreign land, exile</i>: acc. sg. sceall +... elland tredan, (<i>shall be banished</i>), <a href="#li3020">3020</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellen">ellen</a>, st. n., <i>strength, heroic strength, bravery</i>: nom. +sg. ellen, <a href="#li573">573</a>; eafoð and ellen, <a href="#li903">903</a>; Geáta ... eafoð and ellen, <a href="#li603">603</a>; +acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, <a href="#li2350">2350</a>; ellen cýðan, <i>show bravery</i>, +<a href="#li2696">2696</a>; ellen fremedon, <i>exercised heroic strength, did heroic +deeds</i>, <a href="#li3">3</a>; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlîc ellen, <a href="#li638">638</a>; ferh +ellen wräc, <i>life drove out the strength</i>, i.e. with the +departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, <a href="#li2707">2707</a>; dat. sg. +on elne, <a href="#li2507">2507</a>, <a href="#li2817">2817</a>; as instr. þâ wäs ät þam geongum grim andswaru +êðbegête þâm þe ær his elne forleás, <i>then it was easy for</i> +(every one of) <i>those who before had lost his hero-courage, to +obtain rough words from the young man</i> (Wîglâf), <a href="#li2862">2862</a>; mid elne, +<a href="#li1494">1494</a>, <a href="#li2536">2536</a>; elne, alone, in adverbial sense, <i>strongly, +zealously</i>, and with the nearly related meaning, <i>hurriedly, +transiently</i>, <a href="#li894">894</a>, <a href="#li1098">1098</a>, <a href="#li1968">1968</a>, <a href="#li2677">2677</a>, <a href="#li2918">2918</a>; gen. sg. elnes lät, +<a href="#li1530">1530</a>; þâ him wäs elnes þearf, <a href="#li2877">2877</a>.—Comp. mägen-ellen.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellendæd">ellen-dæd</a>, st. f., <i>heroic deed</i>: dat. pl. -dædum, <a href="#li877">877</a>, +<a href="#li901">901</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellengæst">ellen-gæst</a>, st. m., <i>strength-spirit, demon with heroic +strength</i>: nom. sg. of Grendel, <a href="#li86">86</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellenlîce">ellen-lîce</a>, adv., <i>strongly, with heroic strength</i>, <a href="#li2123">2123</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellenmærthu">ellen-mærðu</a>, st. f., <i>renown of heroic strength</i>, dat. pl. +-mærðum, <a href="#li829">829</a>, <a href="#li1472">1472</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellenrôf">ellen-rôf</a>, adj., <i>renowned for strength</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li340">340</a>, +<a href="#li358">358</a>, <a href="#li3064">3064</a>; dat. pl. -rôfum, <a href="#li1788">1788</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellenseóc">ellen-seóc</a>, adj., <i>infirm in strength</i>: acc. sg. þeóden +ellensiócne (<i>the mortally wounded king, Beówulf</i>), <a href="#li2788">2788</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellenweorc">ellen-weorc</a>, st. n., (<i>strength-work</i>), <i>heroic deed, +achievement in battle</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li662">662</a>, <a href="#li959">959</a>, <a href="#li1465">1465</a>, etc.; gen. pl. +ellen-weorca, <a href="#li2400">2400</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glelles">elles</a>, adv., <i>else, otherwise</i>: a (modal), <i>in another +manner</i>, <a href="#li2521">2521</a>.—b (local), elles hwær, <i>somewhere else</i>, <a href="#li138">138</a>; +elles hwergen, <a href="#li2591">2591</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellor">ellor</a>, adv., <i>to some other place</i>, <a href="#li55">55</a>, <a href="#li2255">2255</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellorgâst">ellor-gâst, -gæst</a>, st. m., <i>spirit living elsewhere</i> +(standing outside of the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgâst +(Grendel), <a href="#li808">808</a>; (Grendel's mother), <a href="#li1622">1622</a>; ellorgæst (Grendel's +mother), <a href="#li1618">1618</a>; acc. pl. ellorgæstas, <a href="#li1350">1350</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellorsîth">ellor-sîð</a>, st. m., <i>departure, death</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li2452">2452</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glelra">elra</a>, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth. +aljis, alius), <i>another</i>: dat. sg. on elran men, <a href="#li753">753</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleltheódig">el-þeódig</a>, adj., <i>of another people: foreign</i>: acc. pl. +el-þeódige men, <a href="#li336">336</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glende">ende</a>, st. m., <i>the extreme</i>: hence, 1) <i>end</i>: nom. +sg. aldres (lîfes) ende, <a href="#li823">823</a>, <a href="#li2845">2845</a>; ôð þät ende becwom (scil. +unrihtes), <a href="#li1255">1255</a>; acc. sg. ende lîfgesceafta (lîfes, læn-daga), <a href="#li3064">3064</a>, +<a href="#li1387">1387</a>, <a href="#li2343">2343</a>; häfde eorðscrafa ende genyttod, <i>had used the end of the +earth-caves</i> (had made use of the caves for the last time), <a href="#li3047">3047</a>; +dat. sg. ealdres (lîfes) ät ende, <a href="#li2791">2791</a>, <a href="#li2824">2824</a>; eoletes ät ende, +<a href="#li224">224</a>.—2) <i>boundary</i>: acc. sg. sîde rîce þät he his selfa ne +mäg ... ende geþencean, <i>the wide realm, so that he himself cannot +comprehend its boundaries</i>, <a href="#li1735">1735</a>.—3) <i>summit, head</i>: dat. sg. +eorlum on ende, <i>to the nobles at the end</i> (the highest +courtiers), <a href="#li2022">2022</a>.—Comp. woruld-ende.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glendedäg">ende-däg</a>, st. m., <i>last day, day of death</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li3036">3036</a>; +acc. sg. <a href="#li638">638</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glendedôgor">ende-dôgor</a>, st. m., <i>last day, day of death</i>: gen. sg. +bega on wênum endedôgores and eftcymes leótes monnes (<i>hesitating +between the belief in the death and in the return of the dear +man</i>), <a href="#li2897">2897</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glendelâf">ende-lâf</a>, st. f., <i>last remnant</i>: nom. sg. þu eart +ende-lâf ûsses cynnes, <i>art the last of our race</i>, <a href="#li2814">2814</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glendeleán">ende-leán</a>, st. n., <i>final reparation</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li1693">1693</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glendesæta">ende-sæta</a>, w. m., <i>he who sits on the border, +boundary-guard</i>: nom. sg. (here of the strand-watchman), <a href="#li241">241</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glendestäf">ende-stäf</a>, st. m. (elementum finis), <i>end</i>: acc. sg. hit +on endestäf eft gelimpeð, <i>then it draws near to the end</i>, <a href="#li1754">1754</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeendian">endian</a>, w. v., <i>to end</i>: pret. part. ge-endod, <a href="#li2312">2312</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glenge">enge</a>, adj., <i>narrow</i>: acc. pl. enge ânpaðas, <i>narrow +paths</i>, <a href="#li1411">1411</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glent">ent</a>, st. m., <i>giant</i>: gen. pl. enta ær-geweorc (the +sword-hilt out of the dwelling-place of Grendel), <a href="#li1680">1680</a>; enta geweorc +(the dragon's cave), <a href="#li2718">2718</a>; eald-enta ær-geweorc (the costly things in +the dragon's cave), <a href="#li2775">2775</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glentisc">entisc</a>, adj., <i>coming from giants</i>: acc. sg. entiscne +helm, <a href="#li2980">2980</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gletan">etan</a>, st. v., <i>to eat, to consume</i>: pres. sg. III. blôdig +wäl ... eteð ân-genga, <i>he that goes alone</i> (Grendel) <i>will +devour the bloody corpse</i>, <a href="#li448">448</a>; inf. Geátena leóde ... etan, <a href="#li444">444</a>.</p> + +<p>þurh-etan, <i>to eat through</i>: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd ... +þurhetone, <i>swords eaten through</i> (by rust), <a href="#li3050">3050</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossEl">Ê</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glêc">êc</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gleác">eác</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glêce">êce</a>, adj., <i>everlasting</i>; nom. êce drihten (God), <a href="#li108">108</a>; +acc. sg. êce eorðreced, <i>the everlasting earth-hall</i> (the +dragon's cave), <a href="#li2720">2720</a>; geceás êcne ræd, <i>chose the everlasting +gain</i> (died), <a href="#li1202">1202</a>; dat. sg. êcean dryhtne, <a href="#li1693">1693</a>, <a href="#li1780">1780</a>, <a href="#li2331">2331</a>; acc. +pl. geceós êce rædas, <a href="#li1761">1761</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glêdre">êdre</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glædre">ædre</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glêthbegête">êð-begête</a>, adj., <i>easy to obtain, ready</i>: nom. sg. þâ wäs +ät þam geongum grim andswaru êð-begête, <i>then from the young man</i> +(Wîglâf) <i>it was an easy thing to get a gruff answer</i>, <a href="#li2862">2862</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glêthe">êðe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gleáthe">eáðe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glêthel">êðel</a>, st. m., <i>hereditary possessions, hereditary estate</i>: +acc. sg. swæsne êðel, <a href="#li520">520</a>; dat. sg. on êðle, <a href="#li1731">1731</a>.—In royal families +the hereditary possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. êðel +Scyldinga, <i>of the kingdom of the Scyldings</i>, <a href="#li914">914</a>; (Offa) wîsdôme +heóld êðel sînne, <i>ruled with wisdom his inherited kingdom</i>, +<a href="#li1961">1961</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glêthelriht">êðel-riht</a>, st. n., <i>hereditary privileges</i> (rights that +belong to a hereditary estate): nom. sg. eard êðel-riht, <i>estate and +inherited privileges</i>, <a href="#li2199">2199</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glêthelstôl">êðel-stôl</a>, st. m., <i>hereditary seat, inherited throne</i>: +acc. pl. êðel-stôlas, <a href="#li2372">2372</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glêthelturf">êðel-turf</a>, st. f., <i>inherited ground, hereditary estate</i>: +dat. sg. on mînre êðeltyrf, <a href="#li410">410</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glêthelweard">êðel-weard</a>, st. m., <i>lord of the hereditary estate</i> +(realm): nom. sg. êðelweard (<i>king</i>), <a href="#li1703">1703</a>, <a href="#li2211">2211</a>; dat. sg. +Eást-Dena êðel wearde (King Hrôðgâr), <a href="#li617">617</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glêthelwyn">êðel-wyn</a>, st. f., <i>joy in</i>, or <i>enjoyment of, hereditary +possessions</i>: nom. sg. nu sceal ... eall êðelwyn eówrum cynne, +lufen âlicgean, <i>now shall your race want all home-joy, and +subsistence</i>(?) (your race shall be banished from its hereditary +abode), <a href="#li2886">2886</a>; acc. sg. he me lond forgeaf, eard êðelwyn, <i>presented +me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home</i>, <a href="#li2494">2494</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glêthgesýne">êð-gesýne, ýð-gesêne</a>, adj., <i>easy to see, visible to all</i>: +nom. sg. <a href="#li1111">1111</a>, <a href="#li1245">1245</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glêfstan">êfstan</a>, w. v., <i>to be in haste, to hasten</i>: inf. uton nu +êfstan, <i>let us hurry now</i>, <a href="#li3102">3102</a>; pret. êfste mid elne, +<i>hastened with heroic strength</i>, <a href="#li1494">1494</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glêgclif">êg-clif</a>, st. n., <i>sea-cliff</i>: acc. sg. ofer êg-clif +(ecg-clif, MS.), <a href="#li2894">2894</a>.</p> + +<p>êg-streám, st. m., <i>sea-stream, sea-flood</i>: dat. pl. on +êg-streámum, <i>in the sea-floods</i>, <a href="#li577">577</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gleágorstreám">eágor-streám</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glêhtan">êhtan</a> (M.H.G. æchten; cf. æht and ge-æhtla), w. v. w. gen., +<i>to be a pursuer, to pursue</i>: pres. part. äglæca êhtende wäs +duguðe and geogoðe, <a href="#li159">159</a>; pret. pl. êhton aglæcan, <i>they pursued the +bringer of sorrow</i> (Beówulf)(?), <a href="#li1513">1513</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glêst">êst</a>, st. m. f., <i>favor, grace, kindness</i>: acc. sg. he him +êst geteáh meara and mâðma (<i>honored him with horses and +jewels</i>), <a href="#li2166">2166</a>; gearwor häfde âgendes êst ær gesceáwod, <i>would +rather have seen the grace of the Lord</i> (of God) <i>sooner</i>, +<a href="#li3076">3076</a>.—dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce heóld, êstum mid +âre, <a href="#li2379">2379</a>; êstum geýwan (<i>to present</i>), <a href="#li2150">2150</a>; him wäs ... wunden +gold êstum geeáwed (<i>presented</i>), <a href="#li1195">1195</a>; we þät ellenweorc êstum +miclum fremedon, <a href="#li959">959</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glêste">êste</a>, adj., <i>gracious</i>: w. gen. êste bearn-gebyrdo, +<i>gracious through the birth</i> (of such a son as Beówulf), <a href="#li946">946</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossEA">EA</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleafoth">eafoð</a>, st. n., <i>power, strength</i>: nom, sg. eafoð and +ellen, <a href="#li603">603</a>, <a href="#li903">903</a>; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, <a href="#li2350">2350</a>; we frêcne genêðdon +eafoð uncûðes, <i>we have boldly ventured against the strength of the +enemy</i> (Grendel) <i>have withstood him</i>, <a href="#li961">961</a>; gen. sg. eafoðes +cräftig, <a href="#li1467">1467</a>; þät þec âdl oððe ecg eafoðes getwæfed, <i>shall rob of +strength</i>, <a href="#li1764">1764</a>; acc. pl. eafeðo (MS. earfeðo), <a href="#li534">534</a>; dat. pl. hine +mihtig god ... eafeðum stêpte, <i>made him great through strength</i>, +<a href="#li1718">1718</a>. See <a href="#note534">Note for l. 534</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleafor">eafor</a>, st. m., <i>boar</i>; here the image of the boar as +banner: acc. sg. eafor, <a href="#li2153">2153</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleafora">eafora</a> (<i>offspring</i>), w. m.: 1) <i>son</i>: nom. sg. +eafera, <a href="#li12">12</a>, <a href="#li898">898</a>; eafora, <a href="#li375">375</a>; acc. sg. eaferan, <a href="#li1548">1548</a>, <a href="#li1848">1848</a>; gen. sg. +eafera, <a href="#li19">19</a>; nom. pl. eaferan, <a href="#li2476">2476</a>; dat. pl. eaferum, <a href="#li1069">1069</a>, <a href="#li2471">2471</a>; +uncran eaferan, <a href="#li1186">1186</a>.—2) in broader sense, <i>successor</i>: dat. pl. +eaforum, <a href="#li1711">1711</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleahta">eahta</a>, num., <i>eight</i>: acc. pl. eahta mearas, <a href="#li1036">1036</a>; eode +eahta sum, <i>went as one of eight, with seven others</i>, <a href="#li3124">3124</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleahtian">eahtian</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to consider; to deliberate</i>: pret. pl. w. +acc. ræd eahtedon, <i>consulted about help</i>, <a href="#li172">172</a>; pret. sg. (for +the plural) þone sêlestan þâra þe mid Hrôðgâre hâm eahtode, <i>the +best one of those who with Hrôðgâr deliberated about their home</i> +(ruled), <a href="#li1408">1408</a>.—2) <i>to speak with reflection of</i> (along with the +idea of praise): pret. pl. eahtodan eorlscipe, <i>spoke of his noble +character</i>, <a href="#li3175">3175</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleal">eal, eall</a>, adj., <i>all, whole</i>: nom. sg. werod eall, <a href="#li652">652</a>; +pl. eal bencþelu, <a href="#li486">486</a>; sg. eall êðelwyn, <a href="#li2886">2886</a>; eal worold, <a href="#li1739">1739</a>, etc.; +þät hit wearð eal gearo, healärna mæst, <a href="#li77">77</a>; þät hit (wîgbil) eal +gemealt, <a href="#li1609">1609</a>. And with a following genitive: þær wäs eal geador +Grendles grâpe, <i>there was all together Grendel's hand, the whole +hand of Grendel</i>, <a href="#li836">836</a>; eall ... lissa, <i>all favor</i>, <a href="#li2150">2150</a>; wäs +eall sceacen dôgorgerîmes, <a href="#li2728">2728</a>. With apposition: þûhte him eall tô +rûm, wongas and wîcstede, <a href="#li2462">2462</a>; acc. sg. beót eal, <a href="#li523">523</a>; similarly, +<a href="#li2018">2018</a>, <a href="#li2081">2081</a>; oncýððe ealle, <i>all distress</i>, <a href="#li831">831</a>; heals ealne, +<a href="#li2692">2692</a>; hlæw ... ealne ûtan-weardne, <a href="#li2298">2298</a>; gif he þät eal gemon, <a href="#li1186">1186</a>, +<a href="#li2428">2428</a>; þät eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, <a href="#li3089">3089</a>; ealne wîde-ferhð, +<i>through the whole wide life, through all time</i>, <a href="#li1223">1223</a>; instr. sg. +ealle mägene, <i>with all strength</i>, <a href="#li2668">2668</a>; dat. sg. eallum ... +manna cynne, <a href="#li914">914</a>; gen. sg. ealles moncynnes, <a href="#li1956">1956</a>. Subst. ic þäs +ealles mäg ... gefeán habban, <a href="#li2740">2740</a>; brûc ealles well, <a href="#li2163">2163</a>; freán +ealles þanc secge, <i>give thanks to the Lord of all</i>, <a href="#li2795">2795</a>; nom. +pl. untydras ealle, <a href="#li111">111</a>; sceótend ... ealle, <a href="#li706">706</a>; we ealle, <a href="#li942">942</a>; acc. +pl. feónd ealle, <a href="#li700">700</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1081">1081</a>, <a href="#li1797">1797</a>, <a href="#li2815">2815</a>; subst. ofer ealle, +<a href="#li650">650</a>; ealle hie deáð fornam, <a href="#li2237">2237</a>; lîg ealle forswealg þâra þe þær gûð +fornam, <i>all of those whom the war had snatched away</i>, <a href="#li1123">1123</a>; dat. +pl. eallum ceaster-bûendum, <a href="#li768">768</a>; similarly, <a href="#li824">824</a>, <a href="#li907">907</a>, <a href="#li1418">1418</a>; subst. âna +wið eallum, <i>one against all</i>, <a href="#li145">145</a>; with gen. eallum gumena +cynnes, <a href="#li1058">1058</a>; gen. pl. äðelinga bearn ealra twelfa, <i>the kinsmen of +all twelve nobles</i> (twelve nobles hold the highest positions of the +court), <a href="#li3172">3172</a>; subst. he âh ealra geweald, <i>has power over all</i>, +<a href="#li1728">1728</a>.</p> + +<p>Uninflected: bil eal þurhwôd flæschoman, <i>the battle-axe cleft the body +through and through</i>, <a href="#li1568">1568</a>; häfde ... eal gefeormod fêt and folma, +<i>had devoured entirely feet and hands</i>, <a href="#li745">745</a>; se þe eall geman +gâr-cwealm gumena, <i>who remembers thoroughly the death of the men by the +spear</i>, <a href="#li2043">2043</a>, etc.</p> + +<p>Adverbial: þeáh ic eal mæge, <i>although I am entirely able</i>, <a href="#li681">681</a>; +hî on beorg dydon bêg and siglu eall swylce hyrsta, <i>they placed in +the grave-mound rings, and ornaments, all such adornments</i>, +<a href="#li3165">3165</a>.—The gen. sg. ealles, adverbial in the sense of <i>entirely</i>, +<a href="#li1001">1001</a>, <a href="#li1130">1130</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleald">eald</a>, adj., <i>old</i>: a) of the age of living beings: nom. +sg. eald, <a href="#li357">357</a>, <a href="#li1703">1703</a>, <a href="#li2211">2211</a>, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, <a href="#li2973">2973</a>; gen. sg. +ealdes uhtflogan (<i>dragon</i>), <a href="#li2761">2761</a>; dat. sg. ealdum, <a href="#li1875">1875</a>; geongum +and ealdum, <a href="#li72">72</a>.—b) of things and of institutions: nom. sg. helm monig +eald and ômig, <a href="#li2764">2764</a>; acc. sg. ealde lâfe (<i>sword</i>), <a href="#li796">796</a>, <a href="#li1489">1489</a>; +ealde wîsan, <a href="#li1866">1866</a>; eald sweord, <a href="#li1559">1559</a>, <a href="#li1664">1664</a>, etc.; eald gewin, +<i>old</i> (lasting years), <i>distress</i>, <a href="#li1782">1782</a>; eald enta geweorc +(<i>the precious things in the drake's cave</i>), <a href="#li2775">2775</a>; acc. pl. ealde +mâðmas, <a href="#li472">472</a>; ofer ealde riht, <i>against the old laws</i> (namely, the +Ten Commandments; Beówulf believes that God has sent him the drake as +a punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one +of the commandments), <a href="#li2331">2331</a>.</p> + +<p>yldra, compar. <i>older</i>: mîn yldra mæg, <a href="#li468">468</a>; yldra brôðor, <a href="#li1325">1325</a>; +ôð þät he (Heardrêd) yldra wearð, <a href="#li2379">2379</a>.</p> + +<p>yldesta, superl. <i>oldest</i>, in the usual sense; dat. sg. þam +yldestan, <a href="#li2436">2436</a>; in a moral sense, <i>the most respected</i>: nom. sg. +se yldesta, <a href="#li258">258</a>; acc. sg. þone yldestan, <a href="#li363">363</a>, both times of Beówulf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdfäder">eald-fäder</a>, st. m., <i>old-father, grandfather, ancestor</i>: +nom. sg. <a href="#li373">373</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdgesegen">eald-gesegen</a>, st. f., <i>traditions from old times</i>: gen. +pl. eal-fela eald-gesegena, <i>very many of the old traditions</i>, +<a href="#li870">870</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdgesîth">eald-gesîð</a>, st. m., <i>companion ever since old times, courtier +for many years</i>: nom. pl. eald-gesîðas, <a href="#li854">854</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdgestreón">eald-gestreón</a>, st. n., <i>treasure out of the old times</i>: +dat. pl. eald-gestreónum, <a href="#li1382">1382</a>; gen. pl. -gestreóna, <a href="#li1459">1459</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdgewinna">eald-gewinna</a>, w. m., <i>old-enemy, enemy for many years</i>: +nom. sg. of Grendel, <a href="#li1777">1777</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdgewyrht">eald-gewyrht</a>, st. n., <i>merit on account of services rendered +during many years</i>: nom. pl. þät næron eald-gewyrht, þät he âna +scyle gnorn þrowian, <i>that has not been his desert ever since long +ago, that he should bear the distress alone</i>, <a href="#li2658">2658</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdhlâford">eald-hlâford</a>, st. m., <i>lord through many years</i>: gen. sg. +bill eald-hlâfordes (of the old Beówulf(?)), <a href="#li2779">2779</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdmetod">eald-metod</a>, st. m., <i>God ruling ever since ancient times</i>: +nom. sg. <a href="#li946">946</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdor">ealdor, aldor</a>, st. m., <i>lord, chief</i> (king or powerful +noble): nom. sg. ealdor, <a href="#li1645">1645</a>, <a href="#li1849">1849</a>, <a href="#li2921">2921</a>; aldor, <a href="#li56">56</a>, <a href="#li369">369</a>, <a href="#li392">392</a>; acc. +sg. aldor, <a href="#li669">669</a>; dat. sg. ealdre, <a href="#li593">593</a>; aldre, <a href="#li346">346</a>.</p> + +<p><b>ealdor, aldor</b>, st. n., <i>life</i>: acc. sg. aldor, <a href="#li1372">1372</a>; dat. +sg. aldre, <a href="#li1448">1448</a>, <a href="#li1525">1525</a>; ealdre, <a href="#li2600">2600</a>; him on aldre stôd herestræl +hearda (in vitalibus), <a href="#li1435">1435</a>; nalles for ealdre mearn, <i>was not +troubled about his life</i>, <a href="#li1443">1443</a>; of ealdre gewât, <i>went out of +life, died</i>, <a href="#li2625">2625</a>; as instr. aldre, <a href="#li662">662</a>, <a href="#li681">681</a>, etc.; ealdre, <a href="#li1656">1656</a>, +<a href="#li2134">2134</a>, etc.; gen. sg. aldres, <a href="#li823">823</a>; ealdres, <a href="#li2791">2791</a>, <a href="#li2444">2444</a>; aldres orwêna, +<i>despairing of life</i>, <a href="#li1003">1003</a>, <a href="#li1566">1566</a>; ealdres scyldig, <i>having +forfeited life</i>, <a href="#li1339">1339</a>, <a href="#li2062">2062</a>; dat. pl. aldrum nêðdon, <a href="#li510">510</a>, +<a href="#li538">538</a>.—Phrases: on aldre (<i>in life</i>), <i>ever</i>, <a href="#li1780">1780</a>; tô aldre +(<i>for life</i>), <i>always</i>, <a href="#li2006">2006</a>, <a href="#li2499">2499</a>; âwa tô aldre, <i>for +ever and ever</i>, <a href="#li956">956</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorbealu">ealdor-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>life's evil</i>: acc. sg. þu ... +ondrædan ne þearft ... aldorbealu eorlum, <i>thou needest not fear +death for the courtiers</i>, <a href="#li1677">1677</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorcearu">ealdor-cearu</a>, st. f., <i>trouble that endangers life, great +trouble</i>: dat. sg. he his leódum wearð ... tô aldor-ceare, <a href="#li907">907</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdordagas">ealdor-dagas</a>, st. m. pl., <i>days of one's life</i>: dat. pl. +næfre on aldor-dagum (<i>never in his life</i>), <a href="#li719">719</a>; on ealder-dagum +ær (<i>in former days</i>), <a href="#li758">758</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorgedâl">ealdor-gedâl</a>, st. n., <i>severing of life, death, end</i>: nom. +sg. aldor-gedâl, <a href="#li806">806</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorgewinna">ealdor-gewinna</a>, w. m., <i>life-enemy, one who strives to take his +enemy's life</i> (in N.H.G. the contrary conception, Tod-feind): nom. +sg. ealdorgewinna (<i>the dragon</i>), <a href="#li2904">2904</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorleás">ealdor-leás</a>, adj., <i>without a ruler</i>(?): nom. pl. +aldor-leáse, <a href="#li15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorleás">ealdor-leás</a>, adj., <i>lifeless, dead</i>: acc. sg. +aldor-leásne, <a href="#li1588">1588</a>; ealdor-leásne, <a href="#li3004">3004</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorthegn">ealdor-þegn</a>, st. m., <i>nobleman at the court, distinguished +courtier</i>: acc. sg. aldor-þegn (Hrôðgâr's confidential adviser, +Äschere), <a href="#li1309">1309</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealfela">eal-fela</a>, adj., <i>very much</i>: with following gen., eal-fela +eald-gesegena, <i>very many old traditions</i>, <a href="#li870">870</a>; eal-fela eotena +cynnes, <a href="#li884">884</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealgian">ealgian</a>, w. v., <i>to shield, to defend, to protect</i>: inf. +w. acc. feorh ealgian, <a href="#li797">797</a>, <a href="#li2656">2656</a>, <a href="#li2669">2669</a>; pret. siððan he (Hygelâc) +under segne sinc eal-gode, wälreáf werede, <i>while under his banner +he protected the treasures, defended the spoil of battle</i> (i.e. +while he was upon the Viking expeditions), <a href="#li1205">1205</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealgylden">eal-gylden</a>, adj., <i>all golden, entirely of gold</i>: nom. sg. +swýn ealgylden, <a href="#li1112">1112</a>; acc. sg. segn eallgylden, <a href="#li2768">2768</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealîrenne">eal-îrenne</a>, adj., <i>entirely of iron</i>: acc. sg. eall-îrenne +wîgbord, <i>a wholly iron battle-shield</i>, <a href="#li2339">2339</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealu">ealu</a>, st. n., <i>ale, beer</i>: acc. sg. ealo drincende, <a href="#li1946">1946</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealubenc">ealu-benc</a>, st. f., <i>ale-bench, bench for those drinking +ale</i>: dat. sg. in ealo-bence, <a href="#li1030">1030</a>; on ealu-bence, <a href="#li2868">2868</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealuscerwen">ealu-scerwen</a>, st. f., <i>terror</i>, under the figure of a +mishap at an ale-drinking, probably the sudden taking away of the ale: +nom. sg. Denum eallum wearð ... ealuscerwen, <a href="#li770">770</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealuwæge">ealu-wæge</a>, st. n., <i>ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale +is poured into the cups</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li2022">2022</a>; hroden ealowæge, <a href="#li495">495</a>; dat. +sg. ofer ealowæge (<i>at the ale-carouse</i>), <a href="#li481">481</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealwealda">eal-wealda</a>, w. adj., <i>all ruling</i> (God): nom. sg. fäder +alwalda, <a href="#li316">316</a>; alwalda, <a href="#li956">956</a>, <a href="#li1315">1315</a>; dat. sg. al-wealdan, <a href="#li929">929</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleard">eard</a>, st. m., <i>cultivated ground, estate, hereditary +estate</i>; in a broader sense, <i>ground in general, abode, place of +sojourn</i>: nom. sg. him wäs bâm ... lond gecynde, eard êðel-riht, +<i>the land was bequeathed to them both, the land and the privileges +attached to it.</i> <a href="#li2199">2199</a>; acc. sg. fîfel-cynnes eard, <i>the ground of +the giant race, place of sojourn</i>, <a href="#li104">104</a>; similarly, älwihta eard, +<a href="#li1501">1501</a>; eard gemunde, <i>thought of his native ground, his home</i>, +<a href="#li1130">1130</a>; eard git ne const, <i>thou knowest not yet the place of +sojourn.</i> <a href="#li1378">1378</a>; eard and eorlscipe, <i>prædium et nobilitatem</i>, +<a href="#li1728">1728</a>; eard êðelwyn, <i>land and the enjoyment of home</i>, +<a href="#li2494">2494</a>; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, <i>went elsewhere from his place +of abode</i>, i.e. died, <a href="#li56">56</a>; þät we rondas beren eft tô earde, <i>that +we go again to our homes</i>, <a href="#li2655">2655</a>; on earde, <a href="#li2737">2737</a>; nom. pl. eácne +eardas, <i>the broad expanses</i> (in the fen-sea where Grendel's home +was), <a href="#li1622">1622</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleardian">eardian</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to have a dwelling-place, to live; to +rest</i>: pret. pl. dýre swyrd swâ hie wið eorðan fäðm þær eardodon, +<i>costly swords, as they had rested in the earth's bosom</i>, +<a href="#li3051">3051</a>.—2) also transitively, <i>to inhabit</i>: pret. sg. Heorot +eardode, <a href="#li166">166</a>; inf. wîc eardian elles hwergen, <i>inhabit a place +elsewhere</i> (i.e. die), <a href="#li2590">2590</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleardlufa">eard-lufa</a>, w. m., <i>the living upon one's land, home-life</i>: +acc. sg. eard-lufan, <a href="#li693">693</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearfothlîce">earfoð-lîce</a>, adv., <i>with trouble, with difficulty</i>, <a href="#li1637">1637</a>, +<a href="#li1658">1658</a>; <i>with vexation, angrily</i>, <a href="#li86">86</a>; <i>sorrowfully</i>, <a href="#li2823">2823</a>; +<i>with difficulty, scarcely</i>, <a href="#li2304">2304</a>, <a href="#li2935">2935</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearfothþrag">earfoð-þrag</a>, st. f., <i>time full of troubles, sorrowful +time</i>: acc. sg. -þrage, <a href="#li283">283</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearh">earh</a>, adj., <i>cowardly</i>: gen. sg. ne bið swylc earges sîð +(<i>no coward undertaken that</i>), <a href="#li2542">2542</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearm">earm</a>, st. m., <i>arm</i>: acc. sg. earm, <a href="#li836">836</a>, <a href="#li973">973</a>; wið earm +gesät, <i>supported himself with his arm</i>, <a href="#li750">750</a>; dat. pl. earmum, +<a href="#li513">513</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearm">earm</a>, adj., <i>poor, miserable, unhappy</i>: nom. sg. earm, +<a href="#li2369">2369</a>; earme ides, <i>the unhappy woman</i>, <a href="#li1118">1118</a>; dat. sg. earmre +teohhe, <i>the unhappy band</i>, <a href="#li2939">2939</a>.—Comp. acc. sg. earmran mannan, +<i>a more wretched, more forsaken man</i>, <a href="#li577">577</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearmbeág">earm-beág</a>, st. m., <i>arm-ring, bracelet</i>: gen. pl. +earm-beága fela searwum gesæled, <i>many arm-rings interlaced</i>, +<a href="#li2764">2764</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearmhreád">earm-hreád</a>, st. f., <i>arm-ornament</i>. nom. pl. earm-hreáde +twâ, <a href="#li1195">1195</a> (Grein's conjecture, MS. earm reade).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearmlîc">earm-lîc</a>, adj., <i>wretched, miserable</i>: nom. sg. sceolde +his ealdor-gedâl earmlîc wurðan, <i>his end should be wretched</i>, +<a href="#li808">808</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearmsceapen">earm-sceapen</a>, pret. part. as adj. (<i>properly, wretched by the +decree of fate</i>), <i>wretched</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li1352">1352</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearn">earn</a>, st. m., <i>eagle</i>: dat. sg. earne, <a href="#li3027">3027</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleatol">eatol</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glatol">atol</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleaxl">eaxl</a>, st. f., <i>shoulder</i>: acc. sg. eaxle, <a href="#li836">836</a>, <a href="#li973">973</a>; dat. +sg. on eaxle, <a href="#li817">817</a>, <a href="#li1548">1548</a>; be eaxle, <a href="#li1538">1538</a>; on eaxle ides gnornode, +<i>the woman sobbed on the shoulder</i> (of her son, who has fallen +and is being burnt), <a href="#li1118">1118</a>; dat. pl. sät freán eaxlum neáh, <i>sat near +the shoulders of his lord</i> (Beówulf lies lifeless upon the earth, +and Wîglâf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so as to sprinkle the +face of his dead lord), <a href="#li2854">2854</a>; he for eaxlum gestôd Deniga freán, <i>he +stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes</i> (i.e. not +directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette demanded), +<a href="#li358">358</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleaxlgestealla">eaxl-gestealla</a>, w. m., <i>he who has his position at the +shoulder</i> (sc. of his lord), <i>trusty courtier, counsellor of a +prince</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li1327">1327</a>; acc. pl. -gesteallan, <a href="#li1715">1715</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossEAl">EÁ</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleác">eác</a>, conj., <i>also</i>: <a href="#li97">97</a>, <a href="#li388">388</a>, <a href="#li433">433</a>, etc.; êc, <a href="#li3132">3132</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleácen">eácen</a> (pret. part. of a not existing eacan, augere), adj., +<i>wide-spread</i>, <i>large</i>: nom. pl. eácne eardas, <i>broad +plains</i>, <a href="#li1622">1622</a>.—<i>great, heavy</i>: eald sweord eácen, <a href="#li1664">1664</a>; dat. +pl. eácnum ecgum, <a href="#li2141">2141</a>, both times of the great sword in Grendel's +habitation.—<i>great, mighty, powerful</i>: äðele and eácen, of +Beówulf, <a href="#li198">198</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleácencräftig">eácen-cräftig</a>, adj., <i>immense</i> (of riches), <i>enormously +great</i>: acc. sg. hord-ärna sum eácen-cräftig, <i>that enormous +treasure-house</i>, <a href="#li2281">2281</a>; nom. sg. þät yrfe eácen-cräftig, iúmonna +gold, <a href="#li3052">3052</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleádig">eádig</a>, adj., <i>blessed with possessions, rich, happy by reason +of property</i>: nom. sg. wes, þenden þu lifige, äðeling eádig, <i>be, +as long as thou livest, a prince blessed with riches</i>, <a href="#li1226">1226</a>; eádig +mon, <a href="#li2471">2471</a>.—Comp. sige-, sigor-, tîr-eádig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleádiglîce">eádig-lîce</a>, adv., <i>in abundance, in joyous plenty</i>: +dreámum lifdon eádiglîce, <i>lived in rejoicing and plenty</i>, <a href="#li100">100</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleáthe">eáðe, êðe, ýðe</a>, adj., <i>easy, pleasant</i>: nom. pl. gode +þancedon þäs þe him ýð-lâde eáðe wurdon, <i>thanked God that the +sea-ways</i> (the navigation) <i>had become easy to them</i>, <a href="#li228">228</a>; ne +wäs þät êðe sîð, <i>no pleasant way</i>, <a href="#li2587">2587</a>; näs þät ýðe ceáp, <i>no +easy purchase</i>, <a href="#li2416">2416</a>; nô þät ýðe byð tô befleónne, <i>not easy</i> +(as milder expression for <i>in no way, not at all</i>), <a href="#li1003">1003</a>.</p> + +<p>eáðe, ýðe, adv., <i>easily</i>. eáðe, <a href="#li478">478</a>, <a href="#li2292">2292</a>, <a href="#li2765">2765</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleáthfynde">eáð-fynde</a>, adj., <i>easy to find</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li138">138</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleáge">eáge</a>, w. n., <i>eye</i>: dat. pl. him of eágum stôd leóht +unfäger, <i>out of his eyes came a terrible gleam</i>, <a href="#li727">727</a>; þät ic ... +eágum starige, <i>see with eyes, behold</i>, <a href="#li1782">1782</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1936">1936</a>; +gen. pl. eágena bearhtm, <a href="#li1767">1767</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleágorstreám">eágor-streám</a>, st. m., <i>sea-stream sea</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li513">513</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleáland">eá-land</a>, st. n., <i>land surrounded by water</i> (of the land +of the Geátas): acc. sg. eá-lond, <a href="#li2335">2335</a>; <i>island</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleám">eám</a>, st. m., <i>uncle, mothers brother</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li882">882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleástan">eástan</a>, adv., <i>from the east</i>, <a href="#li569">569</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleáwan">eáwan</a>, w. v., <i>to disclose, to show, to prove</i>: pres. sg. +III. eáweð ... uncûðne nîð, <i>shows evil enmity</i>, <a href="#li276">276</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#gleówan">eówan, ýwan</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-eáwan, <i>to show, to offer</i>: pret. part. him wäs ... wunden +gold êstum ge-eáwed, <i>was graciously presented</i>, <a href="#li1195">1195</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossEO">EO</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleode">eode</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgangan">gangan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleodor">eodor</a>, st. m., <i>fence, hedge, railing</i>. Among the old +Germans, an estate was separated by a fence from the property of +others. Inside of this fence the laws of peace and protection held +good, as well as in the house itself. Hence eodor is sometimes used +instead of <i>house</i>: acc. pl. hêht eahta mearas on flet teón, in +under eoderas, <i>gave orders to lead eight steeds into the hall, into +the house</i>, <a href="#li1038">1038</a>.—2) figuratively, <i>lord, prince</i>, as +protector: nom. sg. eodor, <a href="#li428">428</a>, <a href="#li1045">1045</a>; eodur, <a href="#li664">664</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleofoth">eofoð</a>, st. n., <i>strength</i>: acc. pl. eofoðo, <a href="#li2535">2535</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#gleafoth">eafoð</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleofer">eofer</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>boar</i>, here of the metal boar-image +upon the helmet: nom. sg. eofer îrenheard, <a href="#li1113">1113</a>.—2) figuratively, +<i>bold hero, brave fighter</i> (O.N. iöfur): nom. pl. þonne ... +eoferas cnysedan, <i>when the heroes rushed upon each other</i>, <a href="#li1329">1329</a>, +where eoferas and fêðan stand in the same relation to each other as +cnysedan and hniton.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleoforlîc">eofor-lîc</a>, st. n. <i>boar-image</i> (on the helmet): nom. pl. +eofor-lîc scionon, <a href="#li303">303</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleoforspreót">eofor-spreót</a>, st. m., <i>boar-spear</i>: dat. pl. mid +eofer-spreótum heóro-hôcyhtum, <i>with hunting-spears which were +provided with sharp hooks</i>, <a href="#li1438">1438</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleoguth">eoguð, ioguð</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgeogoth">geogoð</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleolet">eolet</a>, st. m. n., <i>sea</i>(?): gen. sg. eoletes, <a href="#li224">224</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorclanstân">eorclan-stân</a>, st. m., <i>precious stone</i>: acc. pl. -stânas, +<a href="#li1209">1209</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthcyning">eorð-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king of the land</i>: gen. sg. +eorð-cyninges (Finn), <a href="#li1156">1156</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthdraca">eorð-draca</a>, w. m., <i>earth-drake, dragon that lives in the +earth</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li2713">2713</a>, <a href="#li2826">2826</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthe">eorðe</a>, w. f.: 1) <i>earth</i> (in contrast with heaven), +<i>world</i>: acc. sg. älmihtiga eorðan worhte, <a href="#li92">92</a>; wîde geond eorðan, +<i>far over the earth, through the wide world</i>, <a href="#li266">266</a>; dat. sg. ofer +eorðan, <a href="#li248">248</a>, <a href="#li803">803</a>; on eorðan, <a href="#li1823">1823</a>, <a href="#li2856">2856</a>, <a href="#li3139">3139</a>; gen. sg. eorðan, +<a href="#li753">753</a>.—2) <i>earth, ground</i>: acc. sg. he eorðan gefeóll, <i>fell to +the ground</i>, <a href="#li2835">2835</a>; forlêton eorla gestreón eorðan healdan, <i>let +the earth hold the nobles' treasure</i>, <a href="#li3168">3168</a>; dat. sg. þät hit on +eorðan läg, <a href="#li1533">1533</a>; under eorðan, <a href="#li2416">2416</a>; gen. sg. wið eorðan fäðm (<i>in +the bosom of the earth</i>), <a href="#li3050">3050</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthreced">eorð-reced</a>, st. n., <i>hall in the earth, rock-hall</i>: acc. +sg. <a href="#li2720">2720</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthscräf">eorð-scräf</a>, st. n., <i>earth-cavern, cave</i>: dat. sg. eorð-[scräfe], +<a href="#li2233">2233</a>; gen. pl. eorð-scräfe, <a href="#li3047">3047</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthsele">eorð-sele</a>, st. m., <i>hall in the earth, cave</i>: acc. sg. eorð-sele, +<a href="#li2411">2411</a>; dat sg. of eorðsele, <a href="#li2516">2516</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthweall">eorð-weall</a>, st. m., <i>earth-wall</i>: acc. sg. (Ongenþeów) beáh eft +under eorðweall, <i>fled again under the earth-wall</i> (into his +fortified camp), <a href="#li2958">2958</a>; þâ me wäs ... sîð âlýfed inn under eorðweall, +<i>then the way in, under the earth-wall was opened to me</i> (into +the dragon's cave), <a href="#li3091">3091</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthweard">eorð-weard</a>, st. m., <i>land-property, estate</i>: acc. sg. +<a href="#li2335">2335</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorl">eorl</a>, st. m., <i>noble born man, a man of the high +nobility</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li762">762</a>, <a href="#li796">796</a>, <a href="#li1229">1229</a>, etc.; acc. sg. eorl, <a href="#li573">573</a>, <a href="#li628">628</a>, +<a href="#li2696">2696</a>; gen. sg. eorles, <a href="#li690">690</a>, <a href="#li983">983</a>, <a href="#li1758">1758</a>, etc.; acc. pl. eorlas, <a href="#li2817">2817</a>; +dat. pl. eorlum, <a href="#li770">770</a>, <a href="#li1282">1282</a>, <a href="#li1650">1650</a>, etc.; gen. pl. eorla, <a href="#li248">248</a>, <a href="#li357">357</a>, <a href="#li369">369</a>, +etc.—Since the king himself is from the stock of the eorlas, he is +also called eorl, <a href="#li6">6</a>, <a href="#li2952">2952</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorlgestreón">eorl-gestreón</a>, st. n., <i>wealth of the nobles</i>: gen. pl. +eorl-gestreóna ... hardfyrdne dæl, <a href="#li2245">2245</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorlgewæde">eorl-gewæde</a>, st. n., <i>knightly dress, armor</i>: dat. pl. +-gewædum, <a href="#li1443">1443</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorlîc">eorlîc</a> (i.e. eorl-lîc), adj., <i>what it becomes a noble born man to +do, chivalrous</i>: acc. sg. eorlîc ellen, <a href="#li638">638</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorlscipe">eorl-scipe</a>, st. m., <i>condition of being noble born, +chivalrous nature, nobility</i>: acc. sg. eorl-scipe, <a href="#li1728">1728</a>, <a href="#li3175">3175</a>; +eorl-scipe efnan, <i>to do chivalrous deeds</i>, <a href="#li2134">2134</a>, <a href="#li2536">2536</a>, <a href="#li2623">2623</a>, +<a href="#li3008">3008</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorlweorod">eorl-weorod</a>, st. n., <i>followers of nobles</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li2894">2894</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleormencyn">eormen-cyn</a>, st. n., <i>very extensive race, mankind</i>: gen. +sg. eormen-cynnes, <a href="#li1958">1958</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleormengrund">eormen-grund</a>, st. m., <i>immensely wide plains, the whole broad +earth</i>: acc. sg. ofer eormen-grund, <a href="#li860">860</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleormenlâf">eormen-lâf</a>, st. f., <i>enormous legacy</i>: acc. sg. +eormen-lâfe äðelan cynnes (<i>the treasures of the dragon's cave</i>) +<a href="#li2235">2235</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorre">eorre</a>, adj., <i>angry, enraged</i>: gen. sg. eorres, +<a href="#li1448">1448</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleoton">eoton</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>giant</i>: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel), <a href="#li762">762</a>; +dat. sg. uninflected, eoton (Grendel), <a href="#li669">669</a>; nom. pl. eotenas, +<a href="#li112">112</a>.—2) Eotens, subjects of Finn, the N. Frisians: <a href="#li1073">1073</a>, <a href="#li1089">1089</a>, <a href="#li1142">1142</a>; +dat. pl. <a href="#li1146">1146</a>. See List of Names, p. 114.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleotonisc">eotonisc</a>, adj., <i>gigantic, coming from giants</i>: acc. sg. +eald sweord eotenisc (eotonisc), <a href="#li1559">1559</a>, <a href="#li2980">2980</a>, (etonisc, MS.) <a href="#li2617">2617</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossEOl">EÓ</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleóredgeatwe">eóred-geatwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>warlike adornments</i>: acc. pl., +<a href="#li2867">2867</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleówan">eówan</a>, w. v., <i>to show, to be seen</i>: pres. sg. III. ne +gesacu ôhwær, ecghete eóweð, <i>nowhere shows itself strife, +sword-hate</i>, <a href="#li1739">1739</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gleáwan">eáwan, ýwan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleówer">eówer</a>: 1) gen. pl. pers. pron., vestrum: eówer sum, <i>that one +of you</i> (namely, Beówulf), <a href="#li248">248</a>; fæhðe eówer leóde, <i>the enmity of +the people of you</i> (of your people), <a href="#li597">597</a>; nis þät eówer sîð ... +nefne mîn ânes, <a href="#li2533">2533</a>.—2) poss. pron., <i>your</i>, <a href="#li251">251</a>, <a href="#li257">257</a>, <a href="#li294">294</a>, +etc.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossF">F</a></b></p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefandian">fandian, -fondian</a>, w. v., <i>to try, to search for, to find +out, to experience</i>: w. gen. pret. part. þät häfde gumena sum +goldes gefandod, <i>that a man had discovered the gold</i>, <a href="#li2302">2302</a>; +þonne se ân hafað þurh deâðes nýd dæda gefondad, <i>now the one</i> +(Herebeald) <i>has with death's pang experienced the deeds</i> (the +unhappy bow-shot of Hæðcyn), <a href="#li2455">2455</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfara">fara</a>, w. m., <i>farer, traveller</i>: in comp. mere-fara.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfaran">faran</a>, st. v., <i>to move from one place to another, to go, to +wander</i>: inf. tô hâm faran, <i>to go home</i>, <a href="#li124">124</a>; lêton on geflît +faran fealwe mearas, <i>let the fallow horses go in emulation</i>, +<a href="#li865">865</a>; cwom faran flotherge on Fresna land, <i>had come to Friesland +with a fleet</i>, <a href="#li2916">2916</a>; com leóda dugoðe on lâst faran, <i>came to go +upon the track of the heroes of his people</i>, i.e. to follow them, +<a href="#li2946">2946</a>; gerund wæron äðelingas eft tô leódum fûse tô farenne, <i>the +nobles were ready to go again to their people</i>, <a href="#li1806">1806</a>; pret. sg. +gegnum fôr [þâ] ofer myrcan môr, <i>there had</i> (Grendel's mother) +<i>gone away over the dark fen</i>, <a href="#li1405">1405</a>; sægenga fôr, <i>the +seafarer</i> (the ship) <i>drove along</i>, <a href="#li1909">1909</a>; (wyrm) mid bæle fôr, +(the dragon) <i>fled away with fire</i>, <a href="#li2309">2309</a>; pret. pl. þät ... scawan +scîrhame tô scipe fôron, <i>that the visitors in glittering attire +betook themselves to the ship</i>, <a href="#li1896">1896</a>.</p> + +<p>gefaran, <i>to proceed, to act</i>: inf. hû se mânsceaða under +færgripum gefaran wolde, <i>how he would act in his sudden +attacks</i>, <a href="#li739">739</a>.</p> + +<p>ût faran, <i>to go out</i>: w. acc. lêt of breóstum ... word ût faran, +<i>let words go out of his breast, uttered words</i>, <a href="#li2552">2552</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfaroth">faroð</a>, st. m., <i>stream, flood of the sea</i>: dat. sg. tô +brimes faroðe, <a href="#li28">28</a>; äfter faroðe, <i>with the stream</i>, <a href="#li580">580</a>; ät +faroðe, <a href="#li1917">1917</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfaru">faru</a>, st. f., <i>way, passage, expedition</i>: in comp. +âd-faru.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfâcenstäf">fâcen-stäf</a> (elementum nequitiae), st. m., <i>wickedness, +treachery, deceit</i>. acc. pl. fâcen-stafas, <a href="#li1019">1019</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfâh">fâh, fâg</a>, adj., <i>many-colored, variegated, of varying color</i> (especially +said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams +of light are refracted): nom. sg. fâh (<i>covered with blood</i>), +<a href="#li420">420</a>; blôde fâh, <a href="#li935">935</a>; âtertânum fâh (sc. îren) [This is the MS reading; emmended to âterteárum in text--KTH], <a href="#li1460">1460</a>; sadol searwum fâh +(<i>saddle artistically ornamented with gold</i>), <a href="#li1039">1039</a>; sweord swâte +fâh, <a href="#li1287">1287</a>; brim blôde fâh, <a href="#li1595">1595</a>; wäldreóre fâg, <a href="#li1632">1632</a>; (draca) +fýrwylmum fâh (<i>because he spewed flame</i>), <a href="#li2672">2672</a>; sweord fâh and +fäted, <a href="#li2702">2702</a>; blôde fâh, <a href="#li2975">2975</a>; acc. sg. dreóre fâhne, <a href="#li447">447</a>; goldsele +fättum fâhne, <a href="#li717">717</a>; on fâgne flôr treddode, <i>trod the shining +floor</i> (of Heorot), <a href="#li726">726</a>; hrôf golde fâhne, <i>the roof shining with +gold</i>, <a href="#li928">928</a>; nom. pl. eoforlîc ... fâh and fýr-beard, <a href="#li305">305</a>; acc. pl. +þâ hilt since fâge, <a href="#li1616">1616</a>; dat. pl. fâgum sweordum, <a href="#li586">586</a>.—Comp. bân-, +blôd-, brûn-, dreór-, gold-, gryre-, searo-, sinc-, stân-, swât-, +wäl-, wyrm-fâh.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfâh1">fâh, fâg, fâ</a>, adj.: 1) <i>hostile</i>: nom. sg. fâh +feónd-scaða, <a href="#li554">554</a>; he wäs fâg wið god (Grendel), <a href="#li812">812</a>; acc. sg. fâne +(<i>the dragon</i>), <a href="#li2656">2656</a>; gen. pl. fâra, <a href="#li578">578</a>, <a href="#li1464">1464</a>.—2) <i>liable to +pursuit, without peace, outlawed</i>: nom. sg. fâg, <a href="#li1264">1264</a>; mâne fâh, +<i>outlawed through crime</i>, <a href="#li979">979</a>; fyren-dædum fâg, <a href="#li1002">1002</a>.—Comp. +nearo-fâh.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfâmigheals">fâmig-heals</a>, adj., <i>with foaming neck</i>: nom. sg. flota +fâmig-heals, <a href="#li218">218</a>; (sægenga) fâmig-heals, <a href="#li1910">1910</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfäc">fäc</a>, st. n., <i>period of time</i>: acc. sg. lytel fäc, +<i>during a short time</i>, <a href="#li2241">2241</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfäder">fäder</a>, st. m., <i>father</i>: nom. sg. fäder, <a href="#li55">55</a>, <a href="#li262">262</a>, <a href="#li459">459</a>, +<a href="#li2609">2609</a>; of God, <a href="#li1610">1610</a>; fäder alwalda, <a href="#li316">316</a>; acc. sg. fäder, <a href="#li1356">1356</a>; dat. sg. +fäder, <a href="#li2430">2430</a>; gen. sg. fäder, <a href="#li21">21</a>, <a href="#li1480">1480</a>; of God, 188—Comp.: ær, +eald-fäder.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfädera">fädera</a>, w. m., <i>father's brother</i> in comp. +suhter-gefäderan.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfäderäthelo">fäder-äðelo</a>, st. n. pl., <i>paternus principatus</i> (?): dat. +pl. fäder-äðelum, <a href="#li912">912</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfäderenmæg">fäderen-mæg</a>, st. m., <i>kinsman descended from the same father, +co-descendant</i>: dat. sg. fäderen-mæge, <a href="#li1264">1264</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfäthm">fäðm</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>the outspread, encircling arms</i>: instr. +pl. feóndes fäð[mum], <a href="#li2129">2129</a>.—2) <i>embrace, encircling</i>: nom. sg. +lîges fäðm, <a href="#li782">782</a>; acc. sg. in fýres fäðm, <a href="#li185">185</a>.—3) <i>bosom, lap</i>: +acc. sg. on foldan fäðm, <a href="#li1394">1394</a>; wið eorðan fäðm, <a href="#li3050">3050</a>; dat. pl. tô +fäder (God's) fäðmum, <a href="#li188">188</a>.—4) <i>power, property</i>: acc. in Francna +fäðm, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>.—Cf. sîd-fäðmed, sîð-fäðme.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfäthmian">fäðmian</a>, w. v., <i>to embrace, to take up into itself</i>: +pres. subj. þät minne lîchaman ... glêd fäðmie, <a href="#li2653">2653</a>; inf. lêton flôd +fäðmian frätwa hyrde, <a href="#li3134">3134</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefäg">fäg</a>, adj., <i>agreeable, desirable</i> (Old Eng., fawe, +<i>willingly</i>): comp. ge-fägra, <a href="#li916">916</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfägen">fägen</a>, adj., <i>glad, joyous</i>: nom. pl. ferhðum fägne, +<i>the glad at heart</i>, <a href="#li1634">1634</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfäger">fäger</a>, adj., <i>beautiful, lovely</i>: nom. sg. fäger +fold-bold, <a href="#li774">774</a>; fäger foldan bearm, <a href="#li1138">1138</a>; acc. sg. freoðoburh fägere, +<a href="#li522">522</a>; nom. pl. þær him fold-wegas fägere þûhton, <a href="#li867">867</a>.—Comp. un-fäger.</p> + +<p>fägere, fägre, adv., <i>beautifully, well, becomingly, according to +etiquette</i>: fägere geþægon medoful manig, <a href="#li1015">1015</a>; þâ wäs +flet-sittendum fägere gereorded, <i>becomingly the repast was +served</i>, <a href="#li1789">1789</a>; Higelâc ongan ... fägre fricgean, <a href="#li1986">1986</a>; similarly, +<a href="#li2990">2990</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfär">fär</a>, st. n., <i>craft, ship</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfäst">fäst</a>, adj., <i>bound, fast</i>: nom. sg. bið se slæp tô fäst, +<a href="#li1743">1743</a>; acc. sg. freóndscipe fästne, <a href="#li2070">2070</a>; fäste frioðuwære, <a href="#li1097">1097</a>.—The +prep. on stands to denote the where or wherein: wäs tô fäst on þâm +(sc. on fæhðe and fyrene), <a href="#li137">137</a>; on ancre fäst, <a href="#li303">303</a>. Or, oftener, the +dative: feónd-grâpum fäst, <i>(held) fast in his antagonist's +clutch</i>, <a href="#li637">637</a>; fýrbendum fäst, <i>fast in the forged hinges</i>, +<a href="#li723">723</a>; handa fäst, <a href="#li1291">1291</a>, etc.; hygebendum fäst (beorn him langað), +<i>fast (shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for</i> (i.e. +in secret), <a href="#li1879">1879</a>.—Comp: âr-, blæd-, gin-, sôð-, tîr-, wîs-fäst.</p> + +<p>fäste, adv., <i>fäst</i> <a href="#li554">554</a>, <a href="#li761">761</a>, <a href="#li774">774</a>, <a href="#li789">789</a>, <a href="#li1296">1296</a>.—Comp. fästor, <a href="#li143">143</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbefästan">fästan</a>, w. v., <i>to give over</i>: inf. hêt Hildeburh hire +selfre sunu sweoloðe befästan, <i>to give over to the flames her own +son</i>, <a href="#li1116">1116</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfästen">fästen</a>, st. n., <i>fortified place, or place difficult of +access</i>: acc. sg. leóda fästen, <i>the fastness of the Geátas</i> +(with ref. to <a href="#li2327">2327</a>, <a href="#li2334">2334</a>; fästen (Ongenþeów's castle or fort), <a href="#li2951">2951</a>; +fästen (Grendel's house in the fen-sea), <a href="#li104">104</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfästræd">fäst-ræd</a>, adj., <i>firmly resolved</i>: acc. sg. fäst-rædne +geþôht, <i>firm determination</i>, <a href="#li611">611</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfät">fät</a>, st. m., <i>way, journey</i>: in comp. sîð-fät.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfät">fät</a>, st. n., <i>vessel; vase, cup</i>: acc. pl. fyrn-manna +fatu, <i>the (drinking-) vessels of men of old times</i>, +<a href="#li2762">2762</a>.—Comp.: bân-, drync-, mâððum-, sinc-, wundor-fät.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfät">fät</a>, st. n. (?), <i>plate, sheet of metal</i>, especially +<i>gold plate</i> (Dietrich Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420): dat. pl. gold sele +... fättum fâhne, <i>shining with gold plates</i> (the walls and the +inner part of the roof were partly covered with gold), <a href="#li717">717</a>; sceal se +hearda helm hyrsted golde fätum befeallen (sc. wesan), <i>the gold +ornaments shall fall away from it</i>, <a href="#li2257">2257</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfäted">fäted, fätt</a>, part., <i>ornamented with gold beaten into +plate-form</i>: gen. sg. fättan goldes, <a href="#li1094">1094</a>, <a href="#li2247">2247</a>; instr. sg. fättan +golde, <a href="#li2103">2103</a>. Elsewhere, <i>covered, ornamented with gold plate</i>: +nom. sg. sweord ... fäted, <a href="#li2702">2702</a>; acc. sg. fäted wæge, <a href="#li2254">2254</a>, <a href="#li2283">2283</a>; acc. +pl. fätte scyldas, <a href="#li333">333</a>; fätte beágas, <a href="#li1751">1751</a>. [fæted, etc.]</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfätedhleór">fäted-hleór</a>, adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.): acc. pl. eahta +mearas fäted-hleóre (<i>eight horses with bridles covered with plates +of gold</i>), <a href="#li1037">1037</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfätgold">fät-gold</a>, st. n., <i>gold in sheets</i> or <i>plates</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li1922">1922</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfæge">fæge</a>, adj.: 1) <i>forfeited to death, allotted to death by +fate</i>: nom. sg. fæge, <a href="#li1756">1756</a>, <a href="#li2142">2142</a>, <a href="#li2976">2976</a>; fæge and ge-flýmed, <a href="#li847">847</a>; +fûs and fæge, <a href="#li1242">1242</a>; acc. sg. fægne flæsc-homan, <a href="#li1569">1569</a>; dat. sg. fægum, +<a href="#li2078">2078</a>; gen. sg. fæges, <a href="#li1528">1528</a>.—2) <i>dead</i>: dat. pl. ofer fægum +(<i>over the warriors fallen in the battle</i>), <a href="#li3026">3026</a>.—Comp.: deáð-, +un-fæge.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfæhth">fæhð</a> (<i>state of hostility</i>, see <a class="glentry" href="#glfâh1">fâh</a>), st. f., +<i>hostile act, feud, battle</i>: nom. sg. fæhð, <a href="#li2404">2404</a>, <a href="#li3062">3062</a>; acc. sg. +fæhðe, <a href="#li153">153</a>, <a href="#li459">459</a>, <a href="#li470">470</a>, <a href="#li596">596</a>, <a href="#li1334">1334</a>, etc.; also of the unhappy bowshot of +the Hrêðling, Hæðcyn, by which he killed his brother, <a href="#li2466">2466</a>; dat. sg. +fore fæhðe and fyrene, <a href="#li137">137</a>; nalas for fæhðe mearn (<i>did not recoil +from the combat</i>), <a href="#li1538">1538</a>; gen. sg, ne gefeah he þære fæhðe, <a href="#li109">109</a>; +gen. pl. fæhða gemyndig, <a href="#li2690">2690</a>.—Comp. wäl-fæhð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfæhtho">fæhðo</a>, st. f., same as above: nom. sg. sió fæhðo, <a href="#li3000">3000</a>; acc. +fæhðo, <a href="#li2490">2490</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfælsian">fælsian</a>, w. v., <i>to bring into a good condition, to +cleanse</i>: inf. þät ic môte ... Heorot fælsian (from the plague of +Grendel), <a href="#li432">432</a>; pret. Hrôðgâres ... sele fælsode, <a href="#li2353">2353</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-fælsian, w. v., same as above: pret. part. häfde gefælsod ... sele +Hrôðgâres, <a href="#li826">826</a>; Heorot is gefælsod, <a href="#li1177">1177</a>; wæron ýð-gebland eal +gefælsod, <a href="#li1621">1621</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfæmne">fæmne</a>, w. f., <i>virgin, recens nupta</i>: dat. sg. fæmnan, +<a href="#li2035">2035</a>; gen. sg. fæmnan, <a href="#li2060">2060</a>, both times of Hrôðgâr's daughter +Freáware.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfær">fær</a>, st. m., <i>sudden, unexpected attack</i>: nom. sg. (attack +upon Hnäf's band by Finn's), <a href="#li1069">1069</a>, <a href="#li2231">2231</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfærgripe">fær-gripe</a>, st. m., <i>sudden, treacherous gripe, attack</i>: +nom. sg. fær-gripe flôdes, <a href="#li1517">1517</a>; dat. pl. under færgripum, <a href="#li739">739</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfærgryre">fær-gryre</a>, st. m., <i>fright caused by a sudden attack</i>: +dat. pl. wið fær-gryrum (against the inroads of Grendel into Heorot), +<a href="#li174">174</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfæringa">færinga</a>, adv., <i>suddenly, unexpectedly</i>, <a href="#li1415">1415</a>, <a href="#li1989">1989</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfærnîth">fær-nîð</a>, st. m., <i>hostility with sudden attacks</i>: gen. pl. +hwät me Grendel hafað ... færnîða gefremed, <a href="#li476">476</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfethergearwe">feðer-gearwe</a>, st. f. pl. <i>(feather-equipment), the feathers +of the shaft of the arrow</i>: dat. (instr.) pl. sceft feðer-gearwum +fûs, <a href="#li3120">3120</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfel">fel</a>, st. n., <i>skin, hide</i>: dat. pl. glôf ... gegyrwed +dracan fellum, <i>made of the skins of dragons</i>, <a href="#li2089">2089</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfela">fela</a>, I., adj. indecl., <i>much, many</i>: as subst.: acc. sg. +fela fricgende, <a href="#li2107">2107</a>. With worn placed before: hwät þu worn fela ... +ymb Brecan spræce, <i>how very much you spoke about Breca</i>, +<a href="#li530">530</a>.—With gen. sg.: acc. sg. fela fyrene, <a href="#li810">810</a>; wyrm-cynnes fela, +<a href="#li1426">1426</a>; worna fela sorge, <a href="#li2004">2004</a>; tô fela micles ... Denigea leóde, <i>too +much of the race of the Danes</i>, <a href="#li695">695</a>; uncûðes fela, <a href="#li877">877</a>; fela lâðes, +<a href="#li930">930</a>; fela leófes and lâðes, <a href="#li1061">1061</a>.—With gen. pl.: nom. sg. fela mâdma, +<a href="#li36">36</a>; fela þæra wera and wîfa, <a href="#li993">993</a>, etc.; acc. sg. fela missera, <a href="#li153">153</a>; +fela fyrena, <a href="#li164">164</a>; ofer landa fela, <a href="#li311">311</a>; mâððum-sigla fela (falo, MS.), +<a href="#li2758">2758</a>; ne me swôr fela âða on unriht, <i>swore no false oaths</i>, +<a href="#li2739">2739</a>, etc.; worn fela mâðma, <a href="#li1784">1784</a>; worna fela gûða, <a href="#li2543">2543</a>.—Comp. +eal-fela.</p> + +<p>II., adverbial, <i>very</i>, <a href="#li1386">1386</a>, <a href="#li2103">2103</a>, <a href="#li2951">2951</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfelahrôr">fela-hrôr</a>, adj., valde agitatus, <i>very active against the +enemy, very warlike</i>, <a href="#li27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfelamôdig">fela-môdig</a>, adj., <i>very courageous</i>: gen. pl. -môdigra, +<a href="#li1638">1638</a>, <a href="#li1889">1889</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfelasynnig">fela-synnig</a>, adj., <i>very criminal, very guilty</i>: acc. sg. +fela-sinnigne secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to +simple sinnigne), <a href="#li1380">1380</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeólan">feólan</a>, st. v., <i>to betake one's self into a place, to +conceal one's self</i>: pret. siððan inne fealh Grendles môdor (in +Heorot), <a href="#li1282">1282</a>; þær inne fealh secg syn-bysig (in the dragon's cave), +<a href="#li2227">2227</a>.—<i>to fall into, undergo, endure</i>: searonîðas fealh, <a href="#li1201">1201</a>.</p> + +<p>ät-feólan, w. dat., insistere, adhærere: pret. nô ic him þäs georne +ätfealh <i>(held him not fast enough</i>, <a href="#li969">969</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfen">fen</a>, st. n., <i>fen, moor</i>: acc. sg. fen, <a href="#li104">104</a>; dat. sg. tô fenne, <a href="#li1296">1296</a>; fenne, <a href="#li2010">2010</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfenfreotho">fen-freoðo</a>, st. f., <i>refuge in the fen</i>: dat. sg. in +fen-freoðo, <a href="#li852">852</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeng">feng</a>, st. m., <i>gripe, embrace</i>: nom. sg. fýres feng, <a href="#li1765">1765</a>; +acc. sg. fâra feng (of the hostile sea-monsters), <a href="#li578">578</a>.—Comp. +inwit-feng.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfengel">fengel</a> (probably <i>he who takes possession</i>, cf. tô fôn, +<a href="#li1756">1756</a>, and fôn tô rîce, <i>to enter upon the government</i>), st. m., +<i>lord, prince, king</i>: nom. sg. wîsa fengel, <a href="#li1401">1401</a>; snottra fengel, +<a href="#li1476">1476</a>, <a href="#li2157">2157</a>; hringa fengel, <a href="#li2346">2346</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfengelâd">fen-ge-lâd</a>, st. n., <i>fen-paths, fen with paths</i>: acc. pl. +frêcne fengelâd (<i>fens difficult of access</i>), <a href="#li1360">1360</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfenhlith">fen-hlið</a>, st. n., <i>marshy precipice</i>: acc. pl. under +fen-hleoðu, <a href="#li821">821</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfenhop">fen-hop</a>, st. n., <i>refuge in the fen</i>: acc. pl. on +fen-hopu, <a href="#li765">765</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glferh">ferh</a>, st. m. n., <i>life</i>; see <a class="glentry" href="#glfeorh">feorh</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glferh">ferh</a>, st. m., <i>hog, boar</i>, here of the boar-image on the +helmet: nom. sg., <a href="#li305">305</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glferhth">ferhð</a>, st. m., <i>heart, soul</i>: dat. sg. on ferhðe, <a href="#li755">755</a>, +<a href="#li949">949</a>, <a href="#li1719">1719</a>; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe treówde, þät ..., <i>each of them +trusted to his</i> (Hûnferð's) <i>heart, that</i> ..., <a href="#li1167">1167</a>; gen. sg. +ferhðes fore-þanc, <a href="#li1061">1061</a>; dat. pl. (adverbial) ferhðum fägne, <i>happy +at heart</i>, <a href="#li1634">1634</a>; þät mon ... ferhðum freóge, <i>that one ... +heartily love</i>, <a href="#li3178">3178</a>.—Comp.: collen-, sarig-, swift-, wide-ferhð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glferhthfrec">ferhð-frec</a>, adj., <i>having good courage, bold, brave</i>: acc. +sg. ferhð-frecan Fin, <a href="#li1147">1147</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glferhthgenîthla">ferhð-genîðla</a>, w. m., <i>mortal enemy</i>: acc. sg. +ferhð-genîðlan, of the drake, <a href="#li2882">2882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glferian">ferian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to bear, to bring, to conduct</i>: +pres. II. pl. hwanon ferigeað fätte scyldas, <a href="#li333">333</a>; pret. pl. tô scypum +feredon eal ingesteald eorðcyninges, <a href="#li1155">1155</a>; similarly, feredon, <a href="#li1159">1159</a>, +<a href="#li3114">3114</a>.</p> + +<p>ät-ferian, <i>to carry away, to bear off</i>: pret. ic þät hilt þanan +feóndum ätferede, <a href="#li1669">1669</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-ferian, <i>bear, to bring, to lead</i>: pres. subj. I. pl. þonne +(we) geferian freán ûserne, <a href="#li3108">3108</a>; inf. geferian ... Grendles heáfod, +<a href="#li1639">1639</a>; pret. þät hi ût geferedon dýre mâðmas, <a href="#li3131">3131</a>; pret. part. her +syndon geferede feorran cumene ... Geáta leóde, <i>men of the Geátas, +come from afar, have been brought hither</i> (by ship), <a href="#li361">361</a>.</p> + +<p>ôð-ferian, <i>to tear away, to take away</i>: pret. sg. I. unsôfte +þonan feorh ôð-ferede, <a href="#li2142">2142</a>.</p> + +<p>of-ferian, <i>to carry off, to take away, to tear away</i>: pret. ôðer +swylc ût offerede, <i>took away another such</i> (sc. fifteen), <a href="#li1584">1584</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfetelhilt">fetel-hilt</a>, st. n., <i>sword-hilt</i>, with the gold chains +fastened to it: acc. (sg. or pl.?), <a href="#li1564">1564</a>. (See "Leitfaden f. nord. +Altertumskunde," pp.<a href="#li45">45</a>, <a href="#li46">46</a>.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfetian">fetian</a>, w. v., <i>to bring near, bring</i>: pres. subj. nâh hwâ +... fe[tige] fäted wæge, <i>bring the gold-chased tankard</i>, <a href="#li2254">2254</a>; +pret. part. hraðe wäs tô bûre Beówulf fetod, <a href="#li1311">1311</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-fetian, <i>to bring</i>: inf. hêt þâ eorla hleó in gefetian Hrêðles +lâfe, <i>caused Hrêðel's sword to be brought</i>, <a href="#li2191">2191</a>.</p> + +<p>â-<a class="glentry" name="glâfêdan">fêdan</a>, w. v., <i>to nourish, to bring up</i>: pret. part. þær +he âfêded wäs, <a href="#li694">694</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfêtha">fêða</a> (O.H.G. fendo), w. m.: 1) <i>foot-soldiers</i>: nom. +pl. fêðan, <a href="#li1328">1328</a>, <a href="#li2545">2545</a>.—2) collective in sing., <i>band of +foot-soldiers, troop of warriors</i>: nom. fêða eal gesät, <a href="#li1425">1425</a>; dat. +on fêðan, <a href="#li2498">2498</a>, <a href="#li2920">2920</a>.—Comp. gum-fêða.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfêthe">fêðe</a>, st. n., <i>gait, going, pace</i>: dat. sg. wäs tô +foremihtig feónd on fêðe, <i>the enemy was too strong in going</i> +(i.e. could flee too fast), <a href="#li971">971</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfêthecempa">fêðe-cempa</a>, w. m., <i>foot-soldier</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1545">1545</a>, <a href="#li2854">2854</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfêthegäst">fêðe-gäst</a>, st. m., <i>guest coming on foot</i>: dat. pl. +fêðe-gestum, <a href="#li1977">1977</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfêthelâst">fêðe-lâst</a>, st. m., <i>signs of going, footprint</i>: dat. pl. +fêrdon forð þonon fêðe-lâstum, <i>went forth from there upon their +trail</i>, i.e. by the same way that they had gone, <a href="#li1633">1633</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfêthewîg">fêðe-wîg</a>, st. m., <i>battle on foot</i>: gen. sg. nealles +Hetware hrêmge þorfton (sc. wesan) fêðe-wîges, <a href="#li2365">2365</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfêl">fêl</a> (= feól), st. f. <i>file</i>: gen. pl. fêla lâfe, <i>what +the files have left behind</i> (that is, the swords), <a href="#li1033">1033</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfêran">fêran</a>, w. v., iter (A.S. fôr) facere, <i>to come, to go, to +travel</i>: pres. subj. II. pl. ær ge ... on land Dena furður fêran, +<i>ere you go farther into the land of the Danes</i>, <a href="#li254">254</a>; inf. fêran +on freán wære (<i>to die</i>), <a href="#li27">27</a>; gewiton him þâ fêran (<i>set out +upon their way</i>), <a href="#li301">301</a>; mæl is me tô fêran, <a href="#li316">316</a>; fêran ... gang +sceáwigan, <i>go, so as to see the footprints</i>, <a href="#li1391">1391</a>; wîde fêran, +<a href="#li2262">2262</a>; pret. fêrdon folctogan ... wundor sceáwian, <i>the princes came +to see the wonder</i>, <a href="#li840">840</a>; fêrdon forð, <a href="#li1633">1633</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-fêran: 1) adire, <i>to arrive at</i>: pres. subj. þonne eorl ende +gefêre lîfgesceafta, <i>reach the end of life</i>, <a href="#li3064">3064</a>; pret. part. +häfde æghwäðer ende gefêred lænan lîfes, <i>frail life's end had both +reached</i>, <a href="#li2845">2845</a>.—2) <i>to reach, to accomplish, to bring about</i>: +pret. hafast þu gefêred þät ..., <a href="#li1222">1222</a>, <a href="#li1856">1856</a>.—3) <i>to behave one's +self, to conduct one's self</i>: pret. frêcne gefêrdon, <i>had shown +themselves daring</i>, <a href="#li1692">1692</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeal">feal</a>, st. m., <i>fall</i>: in comp. wäl-feal.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeallan">feallan</a>, st. v., <i>to fall, to fall headlong</i>: inf. +feallan, <a href="#li1071">1071</a>; pret. sg. þät he on hrusan ne feól, <i>that it</i> (the +hall) <i>did not fall to the ground</i>, <a href="#li773">773</a>; similarly, feóll on +foldan, <a href="#li2976">2976</a>; feóll on fêðan (dat. sg.), <i>fell in the band</i> (of +his warriors), <a href="#li2920">2920</a>; pret. pl. þonne walu feóllon, <a href="#li1043">1043</a>.</p> + +<p>be-feallen, pret. part. w. dat. or instr., <i>deprived of, robbed</i>: +freóndum befeallen, <i>robbed of friends</i>, <a href="#li1127">1127</a>; sceal se hearda +helm ... fätum befeallen (sc. wesan), <i>be robbed of its gold +mountings</i> (the gold mounting will fall away from it moldering), +<a href="#li2257">2257</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-feallan, <i>to fall, to sink down</i>: pres. sg. III. þät se +lîc-homa ... fæge gefealleð, <i>that the body doomed to die sinks +down</i>, <a href="#li1756">1756</a>.—Also, with the acc. of the place whither: pret. +meregrund gefeóll, <a href="#li2101">2101</a>; he eorðan gefeóll, <a href="#li2835">2835</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfealu">fealu</a>, adj., <i>fallow, dun-colored, tawny</i>: acc. sg. ofer +fealone flôd (<i>over the sea</i>), <a href="#li1951">1951</a>; fealwe stræte (with +reference to <a href="#li320">320</a>, <a href="#li917">917</a>; acc. pl. lêton on geflît faran fealwe mearas, +<a href="#li866">866</a>.—Comp. äppel-fealo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeax">feax</a>, st. n., <i>hair, hair of the head</i>: dat. sg. wäs be +feaxe on flet boren Grendles heáfod, <i>was carried by the hair into +the hall</i>, <a href="#li1648">1648</a>; him ... swât ... sprong forð under fexe, <i>the +blood sprang out under the hair of his head</i>, <a href="#li2968">2968</a>.—Comp.: +blonden-, gamol-, wunden-feax.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefeá">feá</a>, w. m., <i>joy</i>: acc. sg. þære fylle gefeán, <i>joy +at the abundant repast</i>, <a href="#li562">562</a>; ic þäs ealles mäg ... gefeán +habban (<i>can rejoice at all this</i>), <a href="#li2741">2741</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeá">feá</a>, adj., <i>few</i> dat. pl. nemne feáum ânum, <i>except some +few</i>, <a href="#li1082">1082</a>; gen. pl. feára sum, <i>as one of a few, with a few</i>, +<a href="#li1413">1413</a>; feára sumne, <i>one of a few (some few)</i>, <a href="#li3062">3062</a>. With gen. +following: acc. pl. feá worda cwäð, <i>spoke few words</i>, <a href="#li2663">2663</a>, +<a href="#li2247">2247</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeásceaft">feá-sceaft</a>, adj., <i>miserable, unhappy, helpless</i>: nom. sg. +syððan ærest wearð feásceaft funden, <a href="#li7">7</a>; feásceaft guma (Grendel), <a href="#li974">974</a>; +dat. sg. feásceaftum men, <a href="#li2286">2286</a>; Eádgilse ... feásceaftum, <a href="#li2394">2394</a>; nom. +pl. feásceafte (the Geátas robbed of their king, Hygelâc), <a href="#li2374">2374</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeoh">feoh, feó</a>, st. n., (<i>properly cattle, herd</i>) here, +<i>possessions, property, treasure</i>: instr. sg. ne wolde ... +feorh-bealo feó þingian, <i>would not allay life's evil for +treasure</i> (tribute), <a href="#li156">156</a>; similarly, þâ fæhðe feó þingode, <a href="#li470">470</a>; ic +þe þâ fæhðe feó leánige, <a href="#li1381">1381</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefeohan">feohan</a>, ge-<b>feón</b>, st. v. w. gen. and instr., <i>to +enjoy one's self, to rejoice at something</i>: a) w. gen.: pret. sg. +ne gefeah he þære fæhðe, <a href="#li109">109</a>; hilde gefeh, beado-weorces, <a href="#li2299">2299</a>; pl. +fylle gefægon, <i>enjoyed themselves at the bounteous repast</i>, +<a href="#li1015">1015</a>; þeódnes gefêgon, <i>rejoiced at</i> (the return of) <i>the +ruler</i>, <a href="#li1628">1628</a>.—b) w. instr.: niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-mærðum, <a href="#li828">828</a>; +secg weorce gefeh, <a href="#li1570">1570</a>; sælâce gefeah, mägen-byrðenne þâra þe he him +mid häfde, <i>rejoiced at the gift of the sea, and at the great burden +of that</i> (Grendel's head and the sword-hilt) <i>which he had with +him</i>, <a href="#li1625">1625</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeohgift">feoh-gift, -gyft</a>, st. f., <i>bestowing of gifts</i> or +<i>treasures</i>: gen. sg. þære feoh-gyfte, <a href="#li1026">1026</a>; dat. pl. ät +feohgyftum, <a href="#li1090">1090</a>; fromum feohgiftum, <i>with rich gifts</i>, <a href="#li21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeohleás">feoh-leás</a>, adj., <i>that cannot be atoned for through +gifts</i>: nom. sg. þät wäs feoh-leás gefeoht, <i>a deed of arms that +cannot be expiated</i> (the killing of his brother by Hæðcyn), <a href="#li2442">2442</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefeoht">feoht</a>, st. n., <i>combat; warlike deed</i>: nom. sg. (the +killing of his brother by Hæðcyn), <a href="#li2442">2442</a>; dat. sg. mêce þone þîn fader +tô gefeohte bär, <i>the sword which thy father bore to the combat</i>, +<a href="#li2049">2049</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefeohtan">feohtan</a>, st. v., <i>to fight</i>: inf. w. acc. ne mehte ... +wîg Hengeste wiht gefeohtan (<i>could by no means offer Hengest +battle</i>), <a href="#li1084">1084</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeohte">feohte</a>, w. f., <i>combat</i>: acc. sg. feohtan, <a href="#li576">576</a>, <a href="#li960">960</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glwerefeohte">were-fyhte</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeor">feor</a>, adj., <i>far, remote</i>: nom. sg. nis þät feor heonon, +<a href="#li1362">1362</a>; näs him feor þanon tô gesêcanne sinces bryttan, <a href="#li1922">1922</a>; acc. sg. +feor eal (<i>all that is far, past</i>), <a href="#li1702">1702</a>.</p> + +<p>feor, adv., <i>far, far away</i>: a) of space, <a href="#li42">42</a>, <a href="#li109">109</a>, <a href="#li809">809</a>, <a href="#li1806">1806</a>, +<a href="#li1917">1917</a>; feor and (oððe) neáh, <i>far and (or) near</i>, <a href="#li1222">1222</a>, <a href="#li2871">2871</a>; +feorr, <a href="#li2267">2267</a>.—b) of time: ge feor hafað fæhðe gestæled (<i>has placed +us under her enmity henceforth</i>), <a href="#li1341">1341</a>.</p> + +<p>Comparative, fyr, feorr, and feor: fyr and fästor, <a href="#li143">143</a>; fyr, <a href="#li252">252</a>; +feorr, <a href="#li1989">1989</a>; feor, <a href="#li542">542</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorbûend">feor-bûend</a>, pt., <i>dwelling far away</i>: nom. pl. ge +feor-bûend, <a href="#li254">254</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorcýth">feor-cýð</a>, st. f., <i>home of those living far away, distant +land</i>: nom, pl. feor-cýððe beóð sêlran gesôhte þäm þe him selfa +deáh, <i>foreign lands are better sought by him who trusts to his own +ability</i>, <a href="#li1839">1839</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorh">feorh, ferh</a> (Goth. fairhvu-s, <i>world</i>), st. m. and n., +<i>life, principle of life, soul</i>: nom. sg. feorh, <a href="#li2124">2124</a>; nô þon +lange wäs feorh äðelinges flæsce bewunden, <i>not for much longer was +the soul of the prince enveloped in the body</i> (he was near death), +<a href="#li2425">2425</a>; ferh ellen wräc, <i>life expelled the strength</i> (i.e. with +the departing life the strength disappeared also), <a href="#li2707">2707</a>; acc. sg. +feorh ealgian, <a href="#li797">797</a>, <a href="#li2656">2656</a>, <a href="#li2669">2669</a>; feorh gehealdan, <i>preserve his +life</i>, <a href="#li2857">2857</a>; feorh âlegde, <i>gave up his life</i>, <a href="#li852">852</a>; similarly, +ær he feorh seleð, <a href="#li1371">1371</a>; feorh oðferede, <i>tore away her life</i>, +<a href="#li2142">2142</a>; ôð þät hie forlæddan tô þam lindplegan swæse gesîðas ond hyra +sylfra feorh, <i>till in an evil hour they carried into battle their +dear companions and their lives</i> (i.e. led them to their death), +<a href="#li2041">2041</a>; gif þu þîn feorh hafast, <a href="#li1850">1850</a>; ymb feorh sacan (<i>to fight for +life</i>), <a href="#li439">439</a>; wäs in feorh dropen, <i>was wounded into his life</i>, +i.e. mortally, <a href="#li2982">2982</a>; wîdan feorh, as temporal acc., <i>through a wide +life</i>, i.e. always, <a href="#li2015">2015</a>; dat. sg. feore, <a href="#li1294">1294</a>, <a href="#li1549">1549</a>; tô wîdan +feore, <i>for a wide life</i>, i.e. at all times, <a href="#li934">934</a>; on swâ geongum +feore (<i>at a so youthful age</i>), <a href="#li1844">1844</a>; as instr., <a href="#li578">578</a>, <a href="#li3014">3014</a>; gen. +sg. feores, <a href="#li1434">1434</a>, <a href="#li1943">1943</a>; dat. pl. bûton ... feorum gumena, <a href="#li73">73</a>; freónda +feorum, <a href="#li1307">1307</a>.—Also, <i>body, corpse</i>: þâ wäs heal hroden feónda +feorum (<i>the hall was covered with the slain of the enemy</i>), +<a href="#li1153">1153</a>; gehwearf þâ in Francna fäðm feorh cyninges, <i>then the body of +the king</i> (Hygelâc) <i>fell into the power of the Franks</i>, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>. +—Comp. geogoð-feorh.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhbana">feorh-bana</a>, w. m., <i>(life-slayer), man-slayer, murderer</i>: +dat. sg. feorh-bonan, <a href="#li2466">2466</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhben">feorh-ben</a>, st. f., <i>wound that takes away life, mortal +wound</i>: dat. (instr.) pl. feorh-bennum seóc, <a href="#li2741">2741</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhbealu">feorh-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>evil destroying life, violent +death</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2078">2078</a>, <a href="#li2251">2251</a>, <a href="#li2538">2538</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li156">156</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhcyn">feorh-cyn</a>, st. n., <i>race of the living, mankind</i>: gen. pl. +fela feorh-cynna, <a href="#li2267">2267</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhgenîthla">feorh-genîðla</a>, w. m., <i>he who seeks life, life's enemy</i> +(N.H.G. Tod-feind), <i>mortal enemy</i>: acc. sg. -genîðlan, <a href="#li1541">1541</a>; dat. +sg. -genîðlan, <a href="#li970">970</a>; acc. sg. brægd feorh-genîðlan, <a href="#li1541">1541</a>; acc. pl. +folgode feorh-genîðlan, (Ongenþeów) <i>pursued his mortal enemies</i>, +<a href="#li2934">2934</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhlagu">feorh-lagu</a>, st. f., <i>the life allotted to anyone, life +determined by fate</i>: acc. sg. on mâðma hord mine (mînne, MS.) +bebohte frôde feorh-lege, <i>for the treasure-hoard I sold my old +life</i>, <a href="#li2801">2801</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhlâst">feorh-lâst</a>, st. m., <i>trace of (vanishing) life, sign of death +</i>: acc. pl. feorh-lâstas bär, <a href="#li847">847</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhseóc">feorh-seóc</a>, adj., <i>mortally wounded</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li821">821</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhsweng">feorh-sweng</a>, st. m., <i>(stroke robbing of life), fatal +blow</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2490">2490</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhwund">feorh-wund</a>, st. f., <i>mortal wound, fatal injury</i>: acc. +sg. feorh-wunde hleát, <a href="#li2386">2386</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorm">feorm</a>, st. f., <i>subsistence, entertainment</i>: acc. sg. nô +þu ymb mînes ne þearft lîces feorme leng sorgian, <i>thou needest no +longer have care for the sustenance of my body</i>, <a href="#li451">451</a>.—2) +<i>banquet</i>: dat. on feorme (or feorme, MS.), <a href="#li2386">2386</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeormendleás">feormend-leás</a>, adj., <i>wanting the. cleanser</i>: acc. pl. +geseah ... fyrn-manna fatu feormend-leáse, <a href="#li2762">2762</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeormian">feormian</a>, w. v., <i>to clean, to cleanse, to polish</i>: pres. part. nom pl. +feormiend swefað (feormynd, MS.), <a href="#li2257">2257</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-feormian, w. v., <i>to feast, to eat</i>; pret. part. sôna +häfde unlyfigendes eal gefeormod fêt and folma, <a href="#li745">745</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorran">feorran</a>, w. v., w. acc., <i>to remove</i>: inf. sibbe ne wolde +wið manna hwone mägenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, feó þingian, +(Grendel) <i>would not from friendship free any one of the men of the +Danes of life's evil, nor allay it for tribute</i>, <a href="#li156">156</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorran">feorran</a>, adv., <i>from afar</i>: a) of space, <a href="#li361">361</a>, <a href="#li430">430</a>, <a href="#li826">826</a>, +<a href="#li1371">1371</a>, <a href="#li1820">1820</a>, etc.; siððan äðelingas feorran gefricgean fleám eówerne, +<i>when noble men afar learn of your flight</i> (when the news of your +flight reaches distant lands), <a href="#li2890">2890</a>; fêrdon folctogan feorran and +neán, <i>from far and from near</i>, <a href="#li840">840</a>; similarly, neán and feorran +þu nu [friðu] hafast, <a href="#li1175">1175</a>; wäs þäs wyrmes wîg wîde gesýne ... neán +and feorran, <i>visible from afar, far and near</i>, <a href="#li2318">2318</a>.—b) +temporal: se þe cûðe frumsceaft fira feorran reccan (<i>since remote +antiquity</i>), <a href="#li91">91</a>; similarly, feorran rehte, <a href="#li2107">2107</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorrancund">feorran-cund</a>, adj., <i>foreign-born</i>: dat. sg. +feorran-cundum, <a href="#li1796">1796</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorweg">feor-weg</a>, st. m., <i>far way</i>: dat. pl. mâdma fela of +feorwegum, <i>many precious things from distant paths</i> (from +foreign lands), <a href="#li37">37</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefeón">feón</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgefeohan">feohan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeónd">feónd</a>, st. m., <i>enemy</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li164">164</a>, <a href="#li726">726</a>, <a href="#li749">749</a>; feónd on +helle (Grendel), <a href="#li101">101</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li279">279</a>, <a href="#li1865">1865</a>, <a href="#li2707">2707</a>; dat. sg. feónde, <a href="#li143">143</a>, +<a href="#li439">439</a>; gen. sg. feóndes, <a href="#li985">985</a>, <a href="#li2129">2129</a>, <a href="#li2290">2290</a>; acc, pl. feónd, <a href="#li699">699</a>; dat. pl. +feóndum, <a href="#li420">420</a>, <a href="#li1670">1670</a>; gen. pl. feonda <a href="#li294">294</a>, <a href="#li809">809</a>, <a href="#li904">904</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeóndgrâp">feónd-grâp</a>, st. f., <i>foe's clutch</i>: dat. (instr.) pl. +feónd-grâpum fäst, <a href="#li637">637</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeóndsceatha">feónd-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>one who is an enemy and a robber</i>: +nom. sg. fâh feónd-scaða (<i>a hostile sea-monster</i>), <a href="#li554">554</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeóndscipe">feónd-scipe</a>, st. m., <i>hostility</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3000">3000</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeówer">feówer</a>, num., <i>four</i>: nom. feówer bearn, <a href="#li59">59</a>; feówer +mearas, <a href="#li2164">2164</a>; feówer, as substantive, <a href="#li1638">1638</a>; acc. feówer mâðmas, <a href="#li1028">1028</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeówertyne">feówer-tyne</a>, num., <i>fourteen</i>: nom. with following gen. +pl. feówertyne Geáta, <a href="#li1642">1642</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfindan">findan</a>, st. v., <i>to find, to invent, to attain</i>: a) with +simple object in acc.: inf. þâra þe he cênoste findan mihte, <a href="#li207">207</a>; +swylce hie at Finnes-hâm findan meahton sigla searo-gimma, <a href="#li1157">1157</a>; +similarly, <a href="#li2871">2871</a>; mäg þær fela freónda findan, <a href="#li1839">1839</a>; wolde guman +findan, <a href="#li2295">2295</a>; swâ hyt weorðlîcost fore-snotre men findan mihton, <i>so +splendidly as only very wise men could devise it</i>, <a href="#li3164">3164</a>; pret. sg. +healþegnas fand, <a href="#li720">720</a>; word ôðer fand, <i>found other words</i>, i.e. +went on to another narrative, <a href="#li871">871</a>; grimne gryrelîcne grund-hyrde +fond, <a href="#li2137">2137</a>; þät ic gôdne funde beága bryttan, <a href="#li1487">1487</a>; pret. part. syððan +ærest wearð feásceaft funden (<i>discovered</i>), <a href="#li7">7</a>.—b) with acc. and +pred. adj.: pret. sg. dryhten sînne driórigne fand, <a href="#li2790">2790</a>.—c) with +acc. and inf.: pret. fand þâ þær inne äðelinga gedriht swefan, <a href="#li118">118</a>; +fand wäccendne wer wîges bîdan, <a href="#li1268">1268</a>; hord-wynne fond opene standan, +<a href="#li2271">2271</a>; ôð þät he fyrgen-beámas ... hleonian funde, <a href="#li1416">1416</a>; pret. pl. +fundon þâ sâwulleásne hlim-bed healdan, <a href="#li3034">3034</a>.—d) with dependent +clause: inf. nô þý ær feásceafte findan meahton ät þam äðelinge þät he +Heardrêde hlâford wære (<i>could by no means obtain it from the +prince</i>), <a href="#li2374">2374</a>.</p> + +<p>on-findan, <i>to be sensible of, to perceive, to notice</i>: a) w. +acc.: pret. sg. landweard onfand eftsîð eorla, <i>the coast-guard +observed the return of the earls</i>, <a href="#li1892">1892</a>; pret. part. þâ heó +onfunden wäs (<i>was discovered</i>), <a href="#li1294">1294</a>.—b) w. depend, clause: +pret. sg. þâ se gist onfand þät se beado-leóma bîtan nolde, <i>the +stranger</i> (Beówulf) <i>perceived that the sword would not cut</i>, +<a href="#li1523">1523</a>; sôna þät onfunde, þät ..., <i>immediately perceived that</i>..., +<a href="#li751">751</a>; similarly, <a href="#li810">810</a>, <a href="#li1498">1498</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfinger">finger</a>, st. m., <i>finger</i>: nom. pl. fingras, <a href="#li761">761</a>; acc. pl. +fingras, <a href="#li985">985</a>; dat. (instr.) pl. fingrum, <a href="#li1506">1506</a>; gen. pl. fingra, <a href="#li765">765</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfiras">firas, fyras</a> (O.H.G. firahî, i.e. <i>the living</i>; cf. +feorh), st. m., only in pl., <i>men</i>: gen. pl. fira, <a href="#li91">91</a>, <a href="#li2742">2742</a>; +monegum fira, <a href="#li2002">2002</a>; fyra gehwylcne leóda mînra, <a href="#li2251">2251</a>; fira +fyrngeweorc, <a href="#li2287">2287</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfiren">firen, fyren</a>, st. f., <i>cunning waylaying, insidious +hostility, malice, outrage</i>: nom. sg. fyren, <a href="#li916">916</a>; acc. sg. fyrene +and fæhðe, <a href="#li153">153</a>; fæhðe and fyrene, <a href="#li880">880</a>, <a href="#li2481">2481</a>; firen' ondrysne, <a href="#li1933">1933</a>; +dat. sg. fore fæhðe and fyrene, <a href="#li137">137</a>; gen. pl. fyrena, <a href="#li164">164</a>, <a href="#li629">629</a>; and +fyrene, <a href="#li812">812</a>; fyrena hyrde (of Grendel), <a href="#li751">751</a>. The dat. pl., fyrenum, is +used adverbially in the sense of <i>maliciously</i>, <a href="#li1745">1745</a>, or +<i>fallaciously</i>, with reference to Hæðcyn's killing Herebeald, +which was done unintentionally, <a href="#li2442">2442</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfirendæd">firen-dæd</a>, st. f., <i>wicked deed</i>: acc. pl. fyren-dæda, +<a href="#li1670">1670</a>; instr. pl. fyren-dædum, <a href="#li1002">1002</a>; both times of Grendel and his +mother, with reference to their nocturnal inroads.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfirenthearf">firen-þearf</a>, st. f., <i>misery through the malignity of +enemies</i>: acc. sg. fyren-þearfe, <a href="#li14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfirgenbeám">firgen-beám</a>, st. m., <i>tree of a mountain-forest</i>: acc. pl. +fyrgen-beámas, <a href="#li1415">1415</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfirgenholt">firgen-holt</a>, st. m., <i>mountain-wood, mountain-forest</i>: +acc. sg. on fyrgen-holt, <a href="#li1394">1394</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfirgenstreám">firgen-streám</a>, st. m., <i>mountain-stream</i>: nom. sg. +fyrgen-streám, <a href="#li1360">1360</a>; acc. sg. under fyrgen-streám (marks the place +where the mountain-stream, according to <a href="#li1360">1360</a>, empties into Grendel's +sea), <a href="#li2129">2129</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfisc">fisc</a>, st. m., <i>fish</i>: in comp. hron-, mere-fisc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfîf">fîf</a>, num., <i>five</i>: uninflect. gen. fîf nihta fyrst, <a href="#li545">545</a>; +acc. fîfe (?), <a href="#li420">420</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfîfelcyn">fîfel-cyn</a> (O.N. fîfl, stultus and gigas), st. n., +<i>giant-race</i>: gen. sg. fîfelcynnes eard, <a href="#li104">104</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfîftene">fîf-tene, fîf-tyne</a>, num., <i>fifteen</i>: acc. fýftyne, <a href="#li1583">1583</a>; +gen. fîftena sum, <a href="#li207">207</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfîftig">fîf-tig</a>, num., <i>fifty</i>: 1) as substantive with gen. +following; acc. fîftig wintra, <a href="#li2734">2734</a>; gen. se wäs fîftiges +fôt-gemearces lang, <a href="#li3043">3043</a>.—2) as adjective: acc. fîftig wintru, <a href="#li2210">2210</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflân">flân</a>, st. m., <i>arrow</i>: dat. sg. flâne, <a href="#li3120">3120</a>; as instr., +<a href="#li2439">2439</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflânboga">flân-boga</a>, w. m., <i>bow which shoots the flân, bow</i>: dat. +sg. of flân-bogan, <a href="#li1434">1434</a>, <a href="#li1745">1745</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflæsc">flæsc</a>, st. n., <i>flesh, body in contrast with soul</i>: instr. +sg. nô þon lange wäs feorh äðelinges flæsce bewunden, <i>not much +longer was the son of the prince contained in his body</i>, +<a href="#li2425">2425</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflæschama">flæsc-hama</a>, w. m., <i>clothing of flesh</i>, i.e. the body: +acc. sg. flæsc-homan, <a href="#li1569">1569</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflet">flet</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>ground, floor of a hall</i>: acc. sg. heó +on flet gebeáh, <i>fell to the ground</i>, <a href="#li1541">1541</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1569">1569</a>.—2) +<i>hall, mansion</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li1977">1977</a>; acc. sg. flet, <a href="#li1037">1037</a>, <a href="#li1648">1648</a>, <a href="#li1950">1950</a>, +<a href="#li2018">2018</a>, etc.; flett, <a href="#li2035">2035</a>; þät hie him ôðer flet eal gerýmdon, <i>that +they should give up entirely to them another hall</i>, <a href="#li1087">1087</a>; dat. sg. +on flette, <a href="#li1026">1026</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfleträst">flet-räst</a>, st. f., <i>resting-place in the hall</i>: acc. sg. +flet-räste gebeág, <i>reclined upon the couch in the hall</i>, <a href="#li1242">1242</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfletsittend">flet-sittend</a>, pres. part., <i>sitting in the hall</i>: acc. pl +-sittende, <a href="#li2023">2023</a>; dat. pl. -sittendum, <a href="#li1789">1789</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfletwerod">flet-werod</a>, st. n., <i>troop from the hall</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li476">476</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfleám">fleám</a>, st. m., <i>flight</i>: acc. sg. on fleám gewand, <i>had +turned to flight</i>, <a href="#li1002">1002</a>; fleám eówerne, <a href="#li2890">2890</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfleógan">fleógan</a>, st. v., <i>to fly</i>: prs. sg. III. fleógeð, <a href="#li2274">2274</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfleón">fleón</a>, st. v., <i>to flee</i>: inf. on heolster fleón, <a href="#li756">756</a>; +fleón on fenhopu, <a href="#li765">765</a>; fleón under fen-hleoðu, <a href="#li821">821</a>; pret. +hete-swengeas fleáh, <a href="#li2226">2226</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbefleón">be-fleón</a>, w. acc., <i>to avoid, to escape</i>: gerund nô þät +ýðe byð tô befleónne, <i>that is not easy</i> (i.e. not at all) <i>to +be avoided</i>, <a href="#li1004">1004</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloferfleón">ofer-fleón</a>, w. acc., <i>to flee from one, to yield</i>: inf. +nelle ic beorges weard oferfleón fôtes trem, <i>will not yield to the +warder of the mountain</i> (the drake) <i>a foot's breadth</i>, <a href="#li2526">2526</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfleótan">fleótan</a>, st. v., <i>to float upon the water, to swim</i>: inf. +nô he wiht fram me flôd-ýðum feor fleótan meahte. hraðor on helme, +<i>no whit, could he swim from me farther on the waves</i> (regarded +as instrumental, so that the waves marked the distance), <i>more +swiftly in the sea</i>, <a href="#li542">542</a>; pret. sægenga fleát fâmigheals forð ofer +ýðe, <i>floated away over the waves</i>, <a href="#li1910">1910</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfliht">fliht</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glflyht">flyht</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflitme">flitme</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glunflitme">un-flitme</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflîtan">flîtan</a>, st. v., <i>to exert one's self, to strive, to +emulate</i>: pres. part. flîtende fealwe stræte mearum mæton (<i>rode +a race</i>), <a href="#li917">917</a>; pret. sg. II. eart þu se Beówulf, se þe wið Brecan +... ymb sund flite, <i>art thou the Beówulf who once contended with +Breca for the prize in swimming?</i> <a href="#li507">507</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloferflîtan">ofer-flîtan</a>, <i>to surpass one in a contest, to conquer, to +overcome</i>: pret. w. acc. he þe ät sunde oferflât (<i>overcome thee +in a swimming-wager</i>), <a href="#li517">517</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeflît">flît</a>, st. n., <i>emulation</i>: acc. sg. lêton on geflît +faran fealwe mearas, <i>let the fallow horses go in emulation</i>, +<a href="#li866">866</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfloga">floga</a>, w. m., <i>flyer</i>; in the compounds: gûð-, lyft-, +uht-, wîd-floga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflota">flota</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glfleótan">fleótan</a>), w. m., <i>float, ship, boat</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li210">210</a>, <a href="#li218">218</a>, <a href="#li301">301</a>; acc. sg. flotan eówerne, <a href="#li294">294</a>.—Comp. +wæg-flota.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflothere">flot-here</a>, st. m., <i>fleet</i>: instr. sg. cwom faran +flotherge on Fresna land, <a href="#li2916">2916</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflôd">flôd</a>, st. m., <i>flood, stream, sea-current</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li545">545</a>, +<a href="#li580">580</a>, <a href="#li1362">1362</a>, etc.; acc. sg. flôd, <a href="#li3134">3134</a>; ofer fealone flôd, <a href="#li1951">1951</a>; dat. +sg. tô flôde, <a href="#li1889">1889</a>; gen. pl. flôda begong, <i>the region of +floods</i>, i.e. the sea, <a href="#li1498">1498</a>, <a href="#li1827">1827</a>; flôda genipu, <a href="#li2809">2809</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflôdýth">flôd-ýð</a>, st. f., <i>flood-wave</i>: instr. pl. flôd-ýðum, <a href="#li542">542</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflôr">flôr</a>, st. m., <i>floor, stone-floor</i>: acc. sg. on fâgne flôr +(the floor was probably a kind of mosaic, made of colored flags), <a href="#li726">726</a>; +dat. sg. gang þâ äfter flôre, <i>along the floor</i> (i.e. along the +hall), <a href="#li1317">1317</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflyht">flyht, fliht</a>, st. m., <i>flight</i>: nom. sg. gâres fliht, +<i>flight of the spear</i>, <a href="#li1766">1766</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeflýman">flýman</a>, w. v., <i>to put to flight</i>: pret. part. +geflýmed, <a href="#li847">847</a>, <a href="#li1371">1371</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolc">folc</a>, st. n., <i>troop, band of warriors; folk</i>, in the +sense of the whole body of the fighting men of a nation: acc. sg. +folc, <a href="#li522">522</a>, <a href="#li694">694</a>, <a href="#li912">912</a>; Sûðdene folc, <a href="#li464">464</a>; folc and rîce, <a href="#li1180">1180</a>; dat. sg. +folce, <a href="#li14">14</a>, <a href="#li2596">2596</a>; folce Deninga, <a href="#li465">465</a>; as instr. folce gestepte ofer sæ +sîde, <i>went with a band of warriors over the wide sea</i>, <a href="#li2394">2394</a>; +gen. sg. folces, <a href="#li1125">1125</a>; folces Denigea, <a href="#li1583">1583</a>.—The king is called +folces hyrde, <a href="#li611">611</a>, <a href="#li1833">1833</a>, <a href="#li2645">2645</a>, <a href="#li2982">2982</a>; freáwine folces, <a href="#li2358">2358</a>; or folces +weard, <a href="#li2514">2514</a>. The queen, folces cwên, <a href="#li1933">1933</a>.—The pl., in the sense of +<i>warriors, fighting men</i>: nom. pl. folc, <a href="#li1423">1423</a>, <a href="#li2949">2949</a>; dat. pl. +folcum, <a href="#li55">55</a>, <a href="#li262">262</a>, <a href="#li1856">1856</a>; gen. pl. freó- (freá-) wine folca, <i>of the +king</i>, <a href="#li430">430</a>, <a href="#li2430">2430</a>; friðu-sibb folca, <i>of the queen</i>, +<a href="#li2018">2018</a>.—Comp. sige-folc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolcâgend">folc-âgend</a>, pres. part., <i>leader of a band of warriors</i>: +nom. pl. folc-âgende, <a href="#li3114">3114</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolcbeorn">folc-beorn</a>, st. m., <i>man of the multitude, a common man</i>: +nom. sg. folc-beorn, <a href="#li2222">2222</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolccwên">folc-cwên</a>, st. f., <i>queen of a warlike host</i>: nom. sg., of +Wealhþeów, <a href="#li642">642</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolccyning">folc-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king of a warlike host</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2734">2734</a>, <a href="#li2874">2874</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolcræd">folc-ræd</a>, st. m, <i>what best serves a warlike host</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li3007">3007</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolcriht">folc-riht</a>, st. n., <i>the rights of the fighting men of a +nation</i>: gen. pl. him ær forgeaf ... folcrihta gehwylc, swâ his +fäder âhte, <a href="#li2609">2609</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolcscearu">folc-scearu</a>, st. f., <i>part of a host of warriors, nation</i>: +dat. sg. folc-scare, <a href="#li73">73</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolcstede">folc-stede</a>, st. m., <i>position of a band of warriors, place +where a band of warriors is quartered</i>: acc. sg. folcstede, of the +hall, Heorot, <a href="#li76">76</a>; folcstede fâra (<i>the battle-field</i>), <a href="#li1464">1464</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolctoga">folc-toga</a>, w. m., <i>leader of a body of warriors, duke</i>: +nom. pl., powerful liege-men of Hrôðgâr are called folc-togan, <a href="#li840">840</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfoldbold">fold-bold</a>, st. n., <i>earth-house</i> (i.e. a house on earth in +contrast with a dwelling in heaven): nom. sg. fäger fold-bold, of the +hall, Heorot, <a href="#li774">774</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfoldbûend">fold-bûend</a>, pres. part. <i>dweller on earth, man</i>: nom. pl. +fold-bûend, <a href="#li2275">2275</a>; fold-bûende, <a href="#li1356">1356</a>; dat. pl. fold-bûendum, <a href="#li309">309</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolde">folde</a>, w. f., <i>earth, ground</i>: acc. sg. under foldan, +<a href="#li1362">1362</a>; feóll on foldan, <a href="#li2976">2976</a>; gen. sg. foldan bearm, <i>the bosom of +the earth</i>, <a href="#li1138">1138</a>; foldan sceátas, <a href="#li96">96</a>; foldan fäðm, <a href="#li1394">1394</a>.—Also, +<i>earth, world</i>: dat. sg. on foldan, <a href="#li1197">1197</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfoldweg">fold-weg</a>, st. m., <i>field-way, road through the country</i>: +acc. sg. fold-weg, <a href="#li1634">1634</a>; acc. pl. fold-wegas, <a href="#li867">867</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolgian">folgian</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to perform vassal-duty, to serve, to +follow</i>: pret. pl. þeáh hie hira beággyfan banan folgedon, +<i>although they followed the murderer of their prince</i>, <a href="#li1103">1103</a>.—2) +<i>to pursue, to follow after</i>: folgode feorh-genîðlan (acc. pl.) +<a href="#li2934">2934</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolm">folm</a>, st. f, <i>hand</i>: acc. sg. folme, <a href="#li971">971</a>, <a href="#li1304">1304</a>; dat. sg. +mid folme, <a href="#li743">743</a>; acc. pl. fêt and folma, <i>feet and hands</i>, <a href="#li746">746</a>; +dat. pl. tô banan folmum, <a href="#li158">158</a>; folmum (instr.), <a href="#li723">723</a>, <a href="#li993">993</a>.—Comp.: +beado-, gearo-folm.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfor">for</a>, prep. w. dat., instr., and acc.: 1) w. dat. local, +<i>before</i>, ante: þät he for eaxlum gestôd Deniga freán, <a href="#li358">358</a>; for +hlâwe, <a href="#li1121">1121</a>.—b) <i>before</i>, coram, in conspectu: no he þære +feohgyfte for sceótendum scamigan þorfte, <i>had no need to be ashamed +of the gift before the warriors</i>, <a href="#li1027">1027</a>; for þäm werede, <a href="#li1216">1216</a>; for +eorlum, <a href="#li1650">1650</a>; for duguðe, <i>before the noble band of warriors</i>, +<a href="#li2021">2021</a>.—Causal, a) to denote a subjective motive, <i>on account of, +through, from</i>: for wlenco, <i>from bravery, through warlike +courage</i>, <a href="#li338">338</a>, <a href="#li1207">1207</a>; for wlence, <a href="#li508">508</a>; for his wonhýdum, <a href="#li434">434</a>; for +onmêdlan, <a href="#li2927">2927</a>, etc.—b) objective, partly denoting a cause, +<i>through, from, by reason of</i>: for metode, <i>for the creator, on +account of the creator</i>, <a href="#li169">169</a>; for þreánýdum, <a href="#li833">833</a>; for þreánêdlan, +<a href="#li2225">2225</a>; for dolgilpe, <i>on account of, in accordance with the promise +of bold deeds</i> (because you claimed bold deeds for yourself), <a href="#li509">509</a>; +him for hrôfsele hrînan ne mehte fær-gripe flôdes, <i>on account of +the roofed hall the malicious grasp of the flood could not reach +him</i>, <a href="#li1516">1516</a>; lîg-egesan wäg for horde, <i>on account of</i> (the +robbing of) <i>the treasure</i>, <a href="#li2782">2782</a>; for mundgripe mînum, <i>on +account of, through the gripe of my hand</i>, <a href="#li966">966</a>; for þäs hildfruman +hondgeweorce, <a href="#li2836">2836</a>; for swenge, <i>through the stroke</i>, <a href="#li2967">2967</a>; ne +meahte ... deóp gedýgan for dracan lêge, <i>could not hold out in the +deep on account of the heat of the drake</i>, <a href="#li2550">2550</a>. Here may be added +such passages as ic þäm gôdan sceal for his môdþräce mâðmas beódan, +<i>will offer him treasures on account of his boldness of character, +for his high courage</i>, <a href="#li385">385</a>; ful-oft for lässan leán teohhode, +<i>gave often reward for what was inferior</i>, <a href="#li952">952</a>; nalles for ealdre +mearn, <i>was not uneasy about his life</i>, <a href="#li1443">1443</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1538">1538</a>. +Also denoting purpose: for ârstafum, <i>to the assistance</i>, <a href="#li382">382</a>, +<a href="#li458">458</a>.—2) w. instr. causal, <i>because of, for</i>: he hine feor +forwräc for þý mane, <a href="#li110">110</a>.—3) w. acc., <i>for, as, instead of</i>: for +sunu freógan, <i>love as a son</i>, <a href="#li948">948</a>; for sunu habban, <a href="#li1176">1176</a>; ne him +þäs wyrmes wîg for wiht dyde, <i>held the drake's fighting as +nothing</i>, <a href="#li2349">2349</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforan">foran</a>, adv., <i>before, among the first, forward</i>: siððan +... sceáwedon feóndes fingras, foran æghwylc (<i>each before +himself</i>), <a href="#li985">985</a>; þät wäs ân foran ealdgestreóna, <i>that was one +among the first of the old treasures</i>, i.e. a splendid old +treasure, <a href="#li1459">1459</a>; þe him foran ongeán linde bæron, <i>bore their shields +forward against him</i> (went out to fight against him), <a href="#li2365">2365</a>.</p> + +<p>be-foran: 1) adv., local, <i>before</i>: he ... beforan gengde, +<i>went before</i>, <a href="#li1413">1413</a>; temporal, <i>before, earlier</i>, <a href="#li2498">2498</a>.—2) +prep. w. acc. <i>before</i>, in conspectu: mære mâððum-sweord manige +gesâwon beforan beorn beran, <a href="#li1025">1025</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glford">ford</a>, st. m., <i>ford, water-way</i>: acc. sg. ymb brontne +ford, <a href="#li568">568</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforth">forð</a>: 1) local, <i>forth, hither, near</i>: forð near ätstôp, +<i>approached nearer</i>, <a href="#li746">746</a>; þâ cwom Wealhþeó forð gân, <a href="#li1163">1163</a>; +similarly, <a href="#li613">613</a>; him seleþegn forð wîsade, <i>led him</i> (Beówulf) +<i>forth</i> (to the couch that had been prepared for him in Heorot), +<a href="#li1796">1796</a>; þät him swât sprong forð under fexe, <i>forth under the hair of +his head</i>, <a href="#li2968">2968</a>. <i>Forward, further</i>: gewîtað forð beran wæpen +and gewædu, <a href="#li291">291</a>; he tô forð gestôp, <a href="#li2290">2290</a>; freoðo-wong þone forð +ofereodon, <a href="#li2960">2960</a>. <i>Away, forth</i>, <a href="#li45">45</a>, <a href="#li904">904</a>; fyrst forð gewât, <i>the +time</i> (of the way to the ship) <i>was out</i>, i.e. they had +arrived at the ship, <a href="#li210">210</a>; me ... forð-gewitenum, <i>to me the +departed</i>, <a href="#li1480">1480</a>; fêrdon forð, <i>went forth</i> (from Grendel's +sea), <a href="#li1633">1633</a>; þonne he forð scile, <i>when he must (go) forth</i>, i.e. +die, <a href="#li3178">3178</a>; hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede, +<i>carried him forth, over all men</i>, <a href="#li1719">1719</a>.—2) temporal, <i>forth, +from now on</i>: heald forð tela niwe sibbe, <a href="#li949">949</a>; ic sceal forð +sprecan gen ymbe Grendel, <i>shall from now on speak again of +Grendel</i>, <a href="#li2070">2070</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glfurthum">furðum</a> and <b>furðor</b>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforthgerîmed">forð-gerîmed</a>, pres. part., <i>in unbroken succession</i>, <a href="#li59">59</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforthgesceaft">forð-gesceaft</a>, st. f., <i>that which is determined for farther +on, future destiny</i>: acc. sg. he þâ forð-gesceaft forgyteð and +forgýmeð, <a href="#li1751">1751</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforthweg">forð-weg</a>, st. m., <i>road that leads away, journey</i>: he of +ealdre gewât frôd on forð-weg (<i>upon the way to the next world</i>), +<a href="#li2626">2626</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfore">fore</a>, prep. w. dat., local, <i>before</i>, coram, in conspectu: +heó fore þäm werede spräc, <a href="#li1216">1216</a>. Causal, <i>through, for, because +of</i>: nô mearn fore fæhðe and fyrene, <a href="#li136">136</a>; fore fäder dædum, +<i>because of the father's deeds</i>, <a href="#li2060">2060</a>,—Allied to this is the +meaning, <i>about</i>, de, super: þær wäs sang and swêg samod ätgädere +fore Healfdenes hildewîsan, <i>song and music about Healfdene's +general</i> (the song of Hnäf), <a href="#li1065">1065</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforemære">fore-mære</a>, adj., <i>renowned beyond (others)</i>, præclarus: +superl. þät wäs fore-mærost foldbûendum receda under roderum, <a href="#li309">309</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforemihtig">fore-mihtig</a>, adj., <i>able beyond (others)</i>, præpotens: nom. +sg. wäs tô foremihtig feónd on fêðe, <i>the enemy was too strong in +going</i> (could flee too rapidly), <a href="#li970">970</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforesnotor">fore-snotor</a>, adj., <i>wise beyond (others)</i>, sapientissimus: +nom. pl. foresnotre men, <a href="#li3164">3164</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforethanc">fore-þanc</a>, st. m., <i>forethought, consideration, +deliberation</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1061">1061</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforht">forht</a>, adj., <i>fearful, cowardly</i>: nom. sg. forht, <a href="#li2968">2968</a>; he +on môde wearð forht on ferhðe, <a href="#li755">755</a>.—Comp. unforht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforma">forma</a>, adj., <i>foremost, first</i>: nom. sg. forma sîð (<i>the +first time</i>), <a href="#li717">717</a>, <a href="#li1464">1464</a>, <a href="#li1528">1528</a>, <a href="#li2626">2626</a>; instr. sg. forman sîðe, <a href="#li741">741</a>, +<a href="#li2287">2287</a>; forman dôgore, <a href="#li2574">2574</a>.</p> + +<p>fyrmest, adv. superl., <i>first of all, in the first place</i>: he +fyrmest läg, <a href="#li2078">2078</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforst">forst</a>, st. m., <i>frost, cold</i>: gen. sg. forstes bend, <a href="#li1610">1610</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfortham">for-þam, for-þan, for-þon</a>, adv. and conj., <i>therefore, on +that account, then</i>: forþam, <a href="#li149">149</a>; forþan, <a href="#li418">418</a>, <a href="#li680">680</a>, <a href="#li1060">1060</a>; forþon +þe, <i>because</i>, <a href="#li503">503</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfôn">fôn</a>, st. v., <i>to catch, to grasp, to take hold, to take</i>: +prs. sg. III. fêhð ôðer tô, <i>another lays hold</i> (takes +possession), <a href="#li1756">1756</a>; inf. ic mid grâpe sceal fôn wið feónde, <a href="#li439">439</a>; pret. +sg. him tôgeánes fêng, <i>caught at him, grasped at him</i>, <a href="#li1543">1543</a>; w. +dat. he þâm frätwum fêng, <i>received the rich adornments</i> +(Ongenþeów's equipment), <a href="#li2990">2990</a>.</p> + +<p>be-fôn, <i>to surround, to ensnare, to encompass, to embrace</i>: +pret. part. hyne sâr hafað ... nearwe befongen balwon bendum, <a href="#li977">977</a>; heó +äðelinga ânne häfde fäste befangen (<i>had seized him firmly</i>), +<a href="#li1296">1296</a>; helm ... befongen freáwrâsnum (<i>encircled by an ornament like +a diadem</i>), <a href="#li1452">1452</a>; fenne bifongen, <i>surrounded by the fen</i>, +<a href="#li2010">2010</a>; (draca) fýre befongen, <i>encircled by fire</i>, <a href="#li2275">2275</a>, <a href="#li2596">2596</a>; +häfde landwara lîge befangen, <i>encompassed by fire</i>, <a href="#li2322">2322</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-fôn, w. acc., <i>to seize, to grasp</i>: pret. he gefêng slæpendne +rinc, <a href="#li741">741</a>; gûðrinc gefêng atolan clommum, <a href="#li1502">1502</a>; gefêng þâ be eaxle ... +Gûðgeáta leód Grendles môdor, <a href="#li1538">1538</a>; gefêng þâ fetelhilt, <a href="#li1564">1564</a>; hond +rond gefêng, geolwe linde, <a href="#li2610">2610</a>; ic on ôfoste gefêng micle mid mundum +mägen-byrðenne, <i>hastily I seized with my hands the enormous +burden</i>, <a href="#li3091">3091</a>.</p> + +<p>on-fôn, w. dat., <i>to receive, to accept, to take</i>: pres. imp. sg. +onfôh þissum fulle, <i>accept this cup</i>, <a href="#li1170">1170</a>; inf. þät þät þeódnes +bearn ... scolde fäder-äðelum onfôn, <i>receive the paternal rank</i>, +<a href="#li912">912</a>; pret. sg. hwâ þäm hläste onfêng, <i>who received the ship's +lading</i>, <a href="#li52">52</a>; hleór-bolster onfêng eorles andwlitan, <i>the pillow +received the nobleman's face</i>, <a href="#li689">689</a>; similarly, <a href="#li853">853</a>, <a href="#li1495">1495</a>; heal +swêge onfêng, <i>the hall received the loud noise</i>, <a href="#li1215">1215</a>; he onfêng +hraðe inwit-þancum, <i>he</i> (Beówulf) <i>at once clutched him</i> +(Grendel) <i>devising malice</i>, <a href="#li749">749</a>.</p> + +<p>þurh-fôn, w. acc., <i>to break through with grasping, to destroy by +grasping</i>: inf. þät heó þone fyrd-hom þurh-fôn ne mihte, <a href="#li1505">1505</a>.</p> + +<p>wið-fôn, w. dat., <i>(to grasp at), to seize, to lay hold of</i>: +pret. sg. him fäste wið-fêng, <a href="#li761">761</a>.</p> + +<p>ymbe-fôn, w. acc., <i>to encircle</i>: pret. heals ealne ymbefêng +biteran bânum, <i>encircled his</i> (Beówulf's) <i>whole neck with +sharp bones</i> (teeth), <a href="#li2692">2692</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfôt">fôt</a>, st. m., <i>foot</i>: gen. sg. fôtes trem (<i>the measure +of a foot, a foot broad</i>), <a href="#li2526">2526</a>; acc. pl. fêt, <a href="#li746">746</a>; dat. pl. ät +fôtum, <i>at the feet</i>, <a href="#li500">500</a>, <a href="#li1167">1167</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfôtgemearc">fôt-gemearc</a>, st. n., <i>measure, determining by feet, number of +feet</i>: gen. sg. se wäs fîftiges fôtgemearces lang (<i>fifty feet +long</i>), <a href="#li3043">3043</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfôtlâst">fôt-lâst</a>, st. m., <i>foot-print</i>: acc. sg. (draca) onfand +feóndes fôt-lâst, <a href="#li2290">2290</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfracod">fracod</a>, adj., <i>objectionable, useless</i>. nom. sg. näs seó +ecg fracod hilde-rince, <a href="#li1576">1576</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfram">fram, from</a>, I. prep. w. dat. loc. <i>away from something</i>: +þær fram sylle âbeág medubenc monig, <a href="#li776">776</a>, <a href="#li1716">1716</a>; þanon eft gewiton +ealdgesîðas ... fram mere, <a href="#li856">856</a>; cyning-balde men from þäm holmclife +hafelan bæron, <a href="#li1636">1636</a>; similarly, <a href="#li541">541</a>, <a href="#li543">543</a>, <a href="#li2367">2367</a>. Standing after the +dat.: he hine feor forwräc ... mancynne fram, <a href="#li110">110</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1716">1716</a>. +Also, <i>hither from something</i>: þâ ic cwom ... from feóndum, <a href="#li420">420</a>; +æghwäðrum wäs ... brôga fram ôðrum, <a href="#li2566">2566</a>.—Causal with verbs of saying +and hearing, <i>of, about, concerning</i>: sägdest from his sîðe, <a href="#li532">532</a>; +nô ic wiht fram þe swylcra searo-nîða secgan hýrde, <a href="#li581">581</a>; þät he fram +Sigemunde secgan hyrde, <a href="#li876">876</a>. II adv., <i>away, thence</i>: nô þý ær +fram meahte, <a href="#li755">755</a>; <i>forth, out</i>: from ærest cwom oruð aglæcean ût +of stâne, <i>the breath of the dragon came forth first from the +rock</i> <a href="#li2557">2557</a>.</p> + +<p>fram, from, adj.: 1) <i>directed forwards, striving forwards</i>; in +comp. sîð-fram.—2) <i>excellent, splendid</i>, of a man with +reference to his warlike qualities: nom. sg. ic eom on môde from, +<a href="#li2528">2528</a>; nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, <a href="#li1642">1642</a>, <a href="#li2477">2477</a>. Of things: instr. pl. +fromum feoh-giftum, <a href="#li21">21</a>.—Comp. un-from; see <a class="glentry" href="#glfreme">freme, forma</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefrägen">frägen</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glfrignan">frignan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrätwe">frätwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>ornament, anything costly</i>, +originally <i>carved objects</i> (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr. X. 216 +ff.), afterwards of any costly and artistic work: acc. pl. frätwe, +<a href="#li2920">2920</a>; beorhte frätwe, <a href="#li214">214</a>; beorhte frätwa, <a href="#li897">897</a>; frätwe.. +eorclan-stânas, <a href="#li1208">1208</a>; frätwe,... breóst-weorðunge, <a href="#li2504">2504</a>, both times of +Hygelâc's collar; frätwe and fät-gold, <a href="#li1922">1922</a>; frätwe (Eanmund's sword +and armor), <a href="#li2621">2621</a>; dat. instr. pl. þâm frätwum, <a href="#li2164">2164</a>; on frätewum, <a href="#li963">963</a>; +frätwum (Heaðobeard sword) hrêmig, <a href="#li2055">2055</a>; frätwum, of the drake's +treasures, <a href="#li2785">2785</a>; frätwum (Ongenþeów's armor), <a href="#li2990">2990</a>; gen. pl. fela ... +frätwa, <a href="#li37">37</a>; þâra frätwa (drake's treasure), <a href="#li2795">2795</a>; frätwa hyrde +(drake), <a href="#li3134">3134</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrätwan">frätwan</a>, w. v., <i>to supply with ornaments, to adorn</i>: inf. +folc-stede frätwan, <a href="#li76">76</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-frätwian, w. v., <i>to adorn</i>: pret. sg. gefrätwade foldan +sceátas leomum and leáfum, <a href="#li96">96</a>; pret. part. þâ wäs hâten Heort +innanweard folmum gefrätwod, <a href="#li993">993</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefræge">fræge</a>, adj., <i>known by reputation, renowned</i>: nom. sg. +leód-cyning ... folcum gefræge, <a href="#li55">55</a>; swâ hyt gefræge wäs, <a href="#li2481">2481</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefræge">fræge</a>, st. n., <i>information through hearsay</i>: instr. +sg. mine gefræge (<i>as I learned through the narrative of +others</i>), <a href="#li777">777</a>, <a href="#li838">838</a>, <a href="#li1956">1956</a>, etc.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefrægnian">frægnian</a>, w. v., <i>to become known through hearsay</i>: +pret. part. fylle gefrægnod (of Grendel's mother, who had become known +through the carrying off of Äschere), 1334?</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreca">freca</a>, w. m., properly <i>a wolf</i>, as one that breaks in, +robs; here a designation of heroes: nom. sg. freca Scildinga, of +Beówulf, <a href="#li1564">1564</a>.—Comp.: gûð-, hilde-, scyld-, sweord-, wîg-freca; +ferð-frec (adj.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfremde">fremde</a>, adj., properly <i>distant, foreign</i>; then +<i>estranged, hostile</i>: nom sg. þät wäs fremde þeód êcean dryhtne, +of the giants, <a href="#li1692">1692</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreme">freme</a>, adj., <i>excellent, splendid</i>: nom. sg. fem. fremu +folces cwên, of Þryðo, 1933(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfremman">fremman</a>, w. v., <i>to press forward, to further</i>, hence: 1) +in general, <i>to perform, to accomplish, to do, to make</i>: pres. +subj. without an object, fremme se þe wille, <i>let him do (it) +whoever will</i>, <a href="#li1004">1004</a>. With acc.: imp. pl. fremmað ge nu leóda +þearfe, <a href="#li2801">2801</a>; inf. fyrene fremman, <a href="#li101">101</a>; säcce fremman, <a href="#li2500">2500</a>; fæhðe ... +mærðum fremman, <a href="#li2515">2515</a>, etc.; pret. sg. folcræd fremede (<i>did what was +best for his men</i>, i.e. ruled wisely), <a href="#li3007">3007</a>; pl. hû þâ äðelingas +ellen fremedon, <a href="#li3">3</a>; feohtan fremedon, <a href="#li960">960</a>; nalles fâcenstafas ... +þenden fremedon, <a href="#li1020">1020</a>; pret. subj. þät ic ... mærðo fremede, <a href="#li2135">2135</a>. +—2) <i>to help on, to support</i>: inf. þät he mec fremman wile +wordum and worcum (to an expedition), <a href="#li1833">1833</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-fremman, w. acc., <i>to do, to make, to render</i>: inf. gefremman +eorlîc ellen, <a href="#li637">637</a>; helpan gefremman, <i>to give help</i>, <a href="#li2450">2450</a>; äfter +weáspelle wyrpe gefremman, <i>to work a change after sorrow</i> (to +give joy after sorrow), <a href="#li1316">1316</a>; gerund, tô gefremmanne, <a href="#li174">174</a>, <a href="#li2645">2645</a>; pret. +sg. gefremede, <a href="#li135">135</a>, <a href="#li165">165</a>, <a href="#li551">551</a>, <a href="#li585">585</a>, etc.; þeáh þe hine mihtig god ... +ofer ealle men forð gefremede, <i>placed him away, above all men</i>, +i.e. raised him, <a href="#li1719">1719</a>; pret. pl. gefremedon, <a href="#li1188">1188</a>, <a href="#li2479">2479</a>; pret. subj. +gefremede, <a href="#li177">177</a>; pret. part. gefremed, <a href="#li476">476</a>; fem, nu scealc hafað ... +dæd gefremede, <a href="#li941">941</a>; absolutely, þu þe self hafast dædum gefremed, þät +..., <i>hast brought it about by thy deeds that</i>, <a href="#li955">955</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfretan">fretan</a>, st. v., <i>to devour, to consume</i>: inf. þâ (the +precious things) sceal brond fretan, <a href="#li3015">3015</a>; nu sceal glêd fretan wîgena +strengel, <a href="#li3115">3115</a>; pret. sg. (Grendel) slæpende frät folces Denigea +fýftyne men, <a href="#li1582">1582</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrêcne">frêcne</a>, adj., <i>dangerous, bold</i>: nom. sg. frêcne +fýr-draca, <a href="#li2690">2690</a>; feorh-bealo frêcne, <a href="#li2251">2251</a>, <a href="#li2538">2538</a>; acc. sg. frêcne dæde, +<a href="#li890">890</a>; frêcne fengelâd, <a href="#li1360">1360</a>; frêcne stôwe, <a href="#li1379">1379</a>; instr. sg. frêcnan +spræce (<i>through provoking words</i>), <a href="#li1105">1105</a>.</p> + +<p>frêcne, adv., <i>boldly, audaciously</i>, <a href="#li960">960</a>, <a href="#li1033">1033</a>, <a href="#li1692">1692</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreá">freá</a>, w. m., <i>ruler, lord</i>, of a temporal ruler: nom. sg. +freá, <a href="#li2286">2286</a>; acc. sg. freán, <a href="#li351">351</a>, <a href="#li1320">1320</a>, <a href="#li2538">2538</a>, <a href="#li3003">3003</a>, <a href="#li3108">3108</a>; gen. sg. +freán, <a href="#li359">359</a>, <a href="#li500">500</a>, <a href="#li1167">1167</a>, <a href="#li1681">1681</a>; dat. sg. freán, <a href="#li271">271</a>, <a href="#li291">291</a>, <a href="#li2663">2663</a>. Of a +husband: dat. sg. eode ... tô hire freán sittan, <a href="#li642">642</a>. Of God: dat. sg. +freán ealles, <i>the Lord of all</i>, <a href="#li2795">2795</a>; gen. sg. freán, <a href="#li27">27</a>.— +Comp.: âgend-, lîf-, sin-freá.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreádryhten">freá-dryhten</a>, st. m., <i>lord, ruling lord</i>: gen. sg. +freá-drihtnes, <a href="#li797">797</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreáwine">freá-wine</a>, st. m., <i>lord and friend, friendly ruler</i>: nom. +sg. freá-wine folces (folca), <a href="#li2358">2358</a>, <a href="#li2430">2430</a>; acc. sg. his freá-wine, +<a href="#li2439">2439</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreáwrâsn">freá-wrâsn</a>, st. f., <i>encircling ornament like a diadem</i>: +instr. pl. helm ... befongen freáwrâsnum, <a href="#li1452">1452</a>; see <a class="glentry" href="#glwrâsn">wrâsn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreothu">freoðu, friðu</a>, f., <i>protection, asylum, peace</i>: acc. sg. +wel bið þäm þe môt ... tô fäder fäðmum freoðo wilnian, <i>who may +obtain an asylum in God's arms</i>, <a href="#li188">188</a>; neán and feorran þu nu +[friðu] hafast, <a href="#li1175">1175</a>.—Comp. fen-freoðo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreothoburh">freoðo-burh</a>, st. f., <i>castle, city affording protection</i>: +acc. sg. freoðoburh fägere, <a href="#li522">522</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreothowong">freoðo-wong</a>, st. m., <i>field of peace, field of +protection</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2960">2960</a>; seems to have been the proper name of +a field.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreothowær">freoðo-wær</a>, st. f., <i>peace-alliance, security of peace</i>: +acc. sg. þâ hie getrûwedon on twâ healfa fäste frioðu-wære, <a href="#li1097">1097</a>; gen. +sg. frioðowære bäd hlâford sînne, <i>entreated his lord for the +protection of peace</i> (i.e. full pardon for his delinquency), <a href="#li2283">2283</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreothowebbe">freoðo-webbe</a>, w. f., <i>peace-weaver</i>, designation of the +royal consort (often one given in marriage as a confirmation of a +peace between two nations): nom. sg., <a href="#li1943">1943</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreóburh">freó-burh</a>, st. f., = freá-burg (?), <i>ruler's castle</i> (?) +(according to Grein, arx ingenua): acc. sg. freóburh, <a href="#li694">694</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreód">freód</a>, st. f., <i>friendship</i>: acc. sg. freóde ne woldon +ofer heafo healdan, <a href="#li2477">2477</a>; gen. sg. näs þær mâra fyrst freóde tô +friclan, <i>was no longer time to seek for friendship</i>, <a href="#li2557">2557</a>; +—<i>favor, acknowledgement</i>: acc. sg. ic þe sceal mîne gelæstan +freóde (<i>will show myself grateful</i>, with reference to <a href="#li1381">1381</a> ff.), +<a href="#li1708">1708</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreódryhten">freó-dryhten</a> (= freá-dryhten), st. m., <i>lord, ruler</i>; +according to Grein, dominus ingenuus vel nobilis: nom. sg. as voc. +freó-drihten min! <a href="#li1170">1170</a>; dat. sg. mid his freó-dryhtne, <a href="#li2628">2628</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreógan">freógan</a>, w. v., <i>to love; to think of lovingly</i>: pres. +subj. þät mon his wine-dryhten ... ferhðum freóge, <a href="#li3178">3178</a>; inf. nu ic +þec ... me for sunu wylle freógan on ferhðe, <a href="#li949">949</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreólîc">freó-lîc</a>, adj., <i>free, free-born</i> (here of the lawful wife +in contrast with the bond concubine): nom. sg. freólîc wîf, <a href="#li616">616</a>; +freólîcu folc-cwên, <a href="#li642">642</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreónd">freónd</a>, st. m., <i>friend</i>: acc. sg. freónd, <a href="#li1386">1386</a>, <a href="#li1865">1865</a>; +dat. pl. freóndum, <a href="#li916">916</a>, <a href="#li1019">1019</a>, <a href="#li1127">1127</a>; gen. pl. freónda, <a href="#li1307">1307</a>, <a href="#li1839">1839</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreóndlathu">freónd-laðu</a>, st. f., <i>friendly invitation</i>: nom. sg. him +wäs ful boren and freónd-laðu (<i>friendly invitation to drink</i>) +wordum bewägned, <a href="#li1193">1193</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreóndlâr">freónd-lâr</a>, st. f., <i>friendly counsel</i>: dat. (instr.) pl. +freónd-lârum, <a href="#li2378">2378</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreóndlîce">freónd-lîce</a>, adv., <i>in a friendly manner, kindly</i>: compar. +freónd-lîcor, <a href="#li1028">1028</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreóndscipe">freónd-scipe</a>, st. m., <i>friendship</i>: acc. sg. freónd-scipe +fästne, <a href="#li2070">2070</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreówine">freó-wine</a>, st. m. (see <a class="glentry" href="#glfreáwine">freáwine</a>), <i>lord and friend, +friendly ruler</i>; according to Grein, amicus nobilis, princeps +amicus: nom. sg. as voc. freó-wine folca! <a href="#li430">430</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfricgean">fricgean</a>, w. v., <i>to ask, to inquire into</i>: inf. ongan +sînne geseldan fägre fricgean hwylce Sæ-Geáta sîðas wæron, <a href="#li1986">1986</a>; pres. +part, gomela Scilding fela fricgende feorran rehte, <i>the old +Scilding, asking many questions</i> (having many things related to +him), <i>told of old times</i> (the conversation was alternate), <a href="#li2107">2107</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-fricgean, <i>to learn, to learn by inquiry</i>: pres. pl. syððan hie +ge-fricgeað freán ûserne ealdorleásne, <i>when they learn that our lord is +dead</i>, <a href="#li3003">3003</a>; pres. subj. gif ic þät gefricge, þät..., <a href="#li1827">1827</a>; pl. syððan +äðelingas feorran gefricgean fleám eówerne, <a href="#li2890">2890</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfriclan">friclan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glfreca">freca</a>), w. v. w. gen., <i>to seek, to desire, to +strive for</i>: inf. näs þær mâra fyrst freóde tô friclan, <a href="#li2557">2557</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrithosib">friðo-sib</a>, st. f., <i>kin for the confirming of peace</i>, +designation of the queen (see <a class="glentry" href="#glfreothowebbe">freoðo-webbe</a>), <i>peace-bringer</i>: +nom. sg. friðu-sibb folca, <a href="#li2018">2018</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrignan">frignan, fringan, frinan</a>, st. v., <i>to ask, to inquire</i>: imp. ne +frin þu äfter sælum, <i>ask not after the well-being!</i> <a href="#li1323">1323</a>; inf. ic þäs +wine Deniga frinan wille ... ymb þînne sîð, <a href="#li351">351</a>; pret. sg. frägn, <a href="#li236">236</a>, <a href="#li332">332</a>; +frägn gif ..., <i>asked whether</i> ..., <a href="#li1320">1320</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge-frinan, <i>to find out by inquiry, to learn by +narration.</i> pret. sg. (w. acc.) þät fram hâm gefrägn Higelâces þegn +Grendles dæda, <a href="#li194">194</a>; nô ic gefrägn heardran feohtan, <a href="#li575">575</a>; (w. acc. and inf.) +þâ ic wîde gefrägn weorc gebannan, <a href="#li74">74</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2485">2485</a>, <a href="#li2753">2753</a>, <a href="#li2774">2774</a>; ne +gefrägen ic þâ mægðe mâran weorode ymb hyra sincgyfan sêl gebæran, <i>I +never heard that any people, richer in warriors, conducted itself better +about its chief</i>, <a href="#li1012">1012</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1028">1028</a>; pret. pl. (w. acc.) we +þeódcyninga þrym gefrunon, <a href="#li2">2</a>; (w. acc. and inf.) geongne gûðcyning gôdne +gefrunon hringas dælan, <a href="#li1970">1970</a>; (parenthetical) swâ guman gefrungon, <a href="#li667">667</a>, +(after þonne) medo-ärn micel (<i>greater</i>) ... þone yldo bearn æfre +gefrunon, <a href="#li70">70</a>; pret. part. häfde Higelâces hilde gefrunen, <a href="#li2953">2953</a>; häfdon +gefrunen þät..., <i>had learned that</i> ..., <a href="#li695">695</a>; häfde gefrunen hwanan +sió fæhð ârâs, <a href="#li2404">2404</a>; healsbeága mæst þâra þe ic on foldan gefrägen häbbe, +<a href="#li1197">1197</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrom">from</a>, See <a class="glentry" href="#glfram">fram</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrôd">frôd</a>, adj.: 1) ætate provectus, <i>old, gray</i>: nom. sg. frôd, +<a href="#li2626">2626</a>, <a href="#li2951">2951</a>; frôd cyning, <a href="#li1307">1307</a>, <a href="#li2210">2210</a>; frôd folces weard, <a href="#li2514">2514</a>; wintrum frôd, +<a href="#li1725">1725</a>, <a href="#li2115">2115</a>, <a href="#li2278">2278</a>; se frôda, <a href="#li2929">2929</a>; ac. sg. frôde feorhlege (<i>the laying +down of my old life</i>), <a href="#li2801">2801</a>; dat. sg. frôdan fyrnwitan (may also, from +its meaning, belong under No. 2), <a href="#li2124">2124</a>.—2) mente excellentior, +<i>intelligent, experienced, wise</i>: nom. sg. frôd, <a href="#li1367">1367</a>; frôd and gôd, +<a href="#li279">279</a>; on môde frôd, <a href="#li1845">1845</a>.—Comp.: in-, un-frôd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrôfor">frôfor</a>, st. f., <i>consolation, compensation, help</i>: nom. sg. +frôfor, <a href="#li2942">2942</a>; acc. sg. frôfre, <a href="#li7">7</a>, <a href="#li974">974</a>; fyrena frôfre, <a href="#li629">629</a>; frôfre and +fultum, <a href="#li1274">1274</a>; frôfor and fultum, <a href="#li699">699</a>; dat. sg. tô frôfre, <a href="#li14">14</a>, <a href="#li1708">1708</a>; gen. +sg. frôfre, <a href="#li185">185</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfruma">fruma</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glforma">forma</a>), w. m., <i>the foremost</i>, hence: l) +<i>beginning</i>: nom. sg. wäs se fruma egeslîc leódum on lande, swâ +hyt lungre wearð on hyra sincgifan sâre geendod (<i>the beginning of +the dragon-combat was terrible, its end distressing through the death +of Beówulf</i>), <a href="#li2310">2310</a>.—2) <i>he who stands first, prince</i>; in +comp. dæd-, hild-, land-, leód-, ord-, wîg-fruma.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrumcyn">frum-cyn</a>, st. n., (genus primitivum), <i>descent, origin</i>: +acc. sg. nu ic eówer sceal frumcyn witan, <a href="#li252">252</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrumgâr">frum-gâr</a>, st. m., primipilus, <i>duke, prince</i>: dat. sg. +frumgâre (of Beówulf), <a href="#li2857">2857</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrumsceaft">frum-sceaft</a>, st. f., prima creatio, <i>beginning</i>: acc. sg. +se þe cûðe frumsceaft fira feorran reccan, <i>who could tell of the +beginning of mankind in old times</i>, <a href="#li91">91</a>; dat. sg. frum-sceafte, +<i>in the beginning</i>, i.e at his birth, <a href="#li45">45</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfugol">fugol</a>, st. m., <i>bird</i>: dat. sg. fugle gelîcost, <a href="#li218">218</a>; dat. +pl. [fuglum] tô gamene, <a href="#li2942">2942</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glful">ful</a>, adj., <i>full, filled</i>: nom. sg. w. gen. pl. se wäs +innan full wrätta and wîra, <a href="#li2413">2413</a>.—Comp.: eges-, sorh-, weorð-ful.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glful1">ful</a>, adv., plene, <i>very</i>: ful oft, <a href="#li480">480</a>; ful-oft, <a href="#li952">952</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glful2">ful</a>, st. n., <i>cup, beaker</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1193">1193</a>; acc. sg. ful, +<a href="#li616">616</a>, <a href="#li629">629</a>, <a href="#li1026">1026</a>; ofer ýða ful, <i>over the cup of the waves</i> (the +basin of the sea filled with waves), <a href="#li1209">1209</a>; dat. sg. onfôh þissum +fulle, <a href="#li1170">1170</a>.—Comp.: medo-, sele-full.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfullæstian">fullæstian</a>, w. v. w. dat, <i>to give help</i>: pres. sg. ic þe +fullæstu, <a href="#li2669">2669</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfultum">fultum</a>, st. m., <i>help, support, protection</i>: acc. sg. frôfor +(frôfre) and fultum, <a href="#li699">699</a>, <a href="#li1274">1274</a>; mägenes fultum, <a href="#li1836">1836</a>; on fultum, +<a href="#li2663">2663</a>.—Comp. mägen-fultum.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfundian">fundian</a>, w. v., <i>to strive, to have in view</i>: pres. pl. we +fundiað Higelâc sêcan, <a href="#li1820">1820</a>; pret. sg. fundode of geardum, <a href="#li1138">1138</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfurthum">furðum</a>, adv., primo, <i>just, exactly; then first</i>: þâ ic furðum +weóld folce Deninga, <i>then first governed the people of the Danes</i> +(had just assumed the government), <a href="#li465">465</a>; þâ hie tô sele furðum ... gangan +cwômon, <a href="#li323">323</a>; ic þær furðum cwom tô þam hringsele, <a href="#li2010">2010</a>;—<i>before, +previously</i>: ic þe sceal mîne gelæstan freóde, swâ wit furðum spræcon, +<a href="#li1708">1708</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfurthur">furður</a>, adv., <i>further, forward, more distant</i>, <a href="#li254">254</a>, <a href="#li762">762</a>, <a href="#li3007">3007</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfûs">fûs</a>, adj., <i>inclined to, favorable, ready</i>: nom. sg. nu ic eom +sîðes fûs, <a href="#li1476">1476</a>; leófra manna fûs, <i>prepared for the dear men</i>, i.e. +expecting them, <a href="#li1917">1917</a>; sigel sûðan fûs, <i>the sun inclined from the +south</i> (midday sun), <a href="#li1967">1967</a>; se wonna hrefn fûs ofer fægum, <i>eager over +the slain</i>, <a href="#li3026">3026</a>; sceft ... feðer-gearwum fûs, <a href="#li3120">3120</a>; nom. pl. wæron ... +eft to leódum fûse tô farenne, <a href="#li1806">1806</a>.—Sometimes fûs means <i>ready for +death</i>, moribundus: fûs and fæge, <a href="#li1242">1242</a>.—Comp.: hin-, ût-fûs.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfûslîc">fûs-lîc</a>, adj., <i>prepared, ready</i>: acc. sg. fûs-lîc f[yrd]-leóð, +<a href="#li1425">1425</a>; fyrd-searo fûs-lîc, <a href="#li2619">2619</a>; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fûs-lîcu, <a href="#li232">232</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyl">fyl</a>, st. m., <i>fall</i>: nom. sg. fyll cyninges, <i>the fall of +the king</i> (in the dragon-fight), <a href="#li2913">2913</a>; dat. sg. þät he on fylle +wearð, <i>that he came to a fall, fell</i>, <a href="#li1545">1545</a>.—Comp. hrâ-fyl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfylce">fylce</a> (collective form from <a class="glentry" href="#glfolc">folc</a>), st. n., <i>troop, band +of warriors</i>: in comp. äl-fylce.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefyllan">fyllan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glfeal">feal</a>), w. v., <i>to fell, to slay in +battle</i>: inf. fâne gefyllan, <i>to slay the enemy</i>, <a href="#li2656">2656</a>; pret. +pl. feónd gefyldan, <i>they had slain the enemy</i>, <a href="#li2707">2707</a>.</p> + +<p>â-<a class="glentry" name="glâfyllan">fyllan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glful">ful</a>), w. v., <i>to fill</i>: pret. part. +Heorot innan wäs freóndum âfylled (<i>was filled with trusted +men</i>), <a href="#li1019">1019</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyllo">fyllo</a>, st. f. (<i>plenty, abundant meal</i>: dat. (instr.) sg. +fylle gefrægnod, <a href="#li1334">1334</a>; gen. sg. näs hie þære fylle gefeán häfdon, <a href="#li562">562</a>; +fylle gefægon, <a href="#li1015">1015</a>.—Comp.: wäl-, wist-fyllo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfylwêrig">fyl-wêrig</a>, adj., <i>weary enough to fall, faint to death</i>, +moribundus: acc. sg. fyl-wêrigne, <a href="#li963">963</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyr">fyr</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glfeor">feor</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrian">fyrian</a>, w. v. w. acc. (= <a class="glentry" href="#glferian">ferian</a>) <i>to bear, to bring, +carry</i>: pret. pl. þâ þe gif-sceattas Geáta fyredon þyder tô þance, +<a href="#li378">378</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyras">fyras</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glfiras">firas</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyren">fyren</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glfiren">firen</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrde">fyrde</a>, adj., <i>movable, that can be moved</i>.—Comp. +hard-fyrde.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdgestealla">fyrd-gestealla</a>, w. m., <i>comrade on an expedition, companion in +battle</i>: dat. pl. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdham">fyrd-ham</a>, st. m., <i>war-dress, coat of mail</i>: acc. sg. þone +fyrd-hom, <a href="#li1505">1505</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdhrägl">fyrd-hrägl</a>, st. n., <i>coat of mail, war-dress</i>: acc. sg. +fyrd-hrägl, <a href="#li1528">1528</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdhwät">fyrd-hwät</a>, adj., <i>sharp, good in war, warlike</i>: nom. pl. +frome fyrd-hwate, <a href="#li1642">1642</a>, <a href="#li2477">2477</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdleóth">fyrd-leóð</a>, st. n., <i>war-song, warlike music</i>: acc. sg. horn +stundum song fûslîc f[yrd]leoð, <a href="#li1425">1425</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdsearu">fyrd-searu</a>, st. n., <i>equipment for an expedition</i>: acc. sg. +fyrd-searu fûslîc, <a href="#li2619">2619</a>; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fûslîcu, <a href="#li232">232</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdwyrthe">fyrd-wyrðe</a>, adj., <i>of worth in war, excellent in battle</i>: +nom. sg. fyrd-wyrðe man (Beówulf), <a href="#li1317">1317</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefyrthran">fyrðran</a> (see forð), w. v., <i>to bring forward, to +further</i>: pret. part. âr wäs on ôfoste, eftsîðes georn, frätwum +gefyrðred, <i>he was hurried forward by the treasure</i> (i.e. after +he had gathered up the treasure, he hasted to return, so as to be able +to show it to the mortally-wounded Beówulf), <a href="#li2785">2785</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrmest">fyrmest</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glforma">forma</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrndagas">fyrn-dagas</a>, st. m. pl., <i>by-gone days</i>: dat. pl. fyrndagum +(<i>in old times</i>), <a href="#li1452">1452</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrngeweorc">fyrn-geweorc</a>, st. n., <i>work, something done in old times</i>: +acc. sg. fira fyrn-geweorc (the drinking-cup mentioned in <a href="#li2283">2283</a>, <a href="#li2287">2287</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrngewin">fyrn-gewin</a>, st. n., <i>combat in ancient times</i>: gen. sg. ôr +fyrn-gewinnes (<i>the origin of the battles of the giants</i>), <a href="#li1690">1690</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrnman">fyrn-man</a>, st. m., <i>man of ancient times</i>: gen. pl. +fyrn-manna fatu, <a href="#li2762">2762</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrnwita">fyrn-wita</a>, w. m., <i>counsellor ever since ancient times, +adviser for many years</i>: dat. sg. frôdan fyrnwitan, of Äschere, +<a href="#li2124">2124</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrst">fyrst</a>, st. m., <i>portion of time, definite time, time</i>: +nom. sg. näs hit lengra fyrst, ac ymb âne niht ..., <a href="#li134">134</a>; fyrst forð +gewât, <i>the time</i> (of going to the harbor) <i>was past</i>, <a href="#li210">210</a>; +näs þær mâra fyrst freóde tô friclan, <a href="#li2556">2556</a>; acc. sg. niht-longne +fyrst, <a href="#li528">528</a>; fîf nihta fyrst, <a href="#li545">545</a>; instr. sg. þý fyrste, <a href="#li2574">2574</a>; dat. sg. +him on fyrste gelomp ..., <i>within the fixed time</i>, <a href="#li76">76</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrwit">fyr-wit, -wet, -wyt</a>, st. n., <i>prying spirit, curiosity</i>: +nom. sg. fyrwyt, <a href="#li232">232</a>; fyrwet, <a href="#li1986">1986</a>, <a href="#li2785">2785</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefýsan">fýsan</a> (<b>fûs</b>), w. v., <i>to make ready, to prepare</i>: +part. winde gefýsed flota, <i>the ship provided with wind</i> (for the +voyage), <a href="#li217">217</a>; (wyrm) fýre gefýsed, <i>provided with fire</i>, <a href="#li2310">2310</a>; þâ +wäs hringbogan (of the drake) heorte gefýsed säcce tô sêceanne, <a href="#li2562">2562</a>; +with gen., in answer to the question, for what? gûðe gefýsed, <i>ready +for battle, determined to fight</i>, <a href="#li631">631</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfýr">fýr</a>, st. n., <i>fire</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1367">1367</a>, <a href="#li2702">2702</a>, <a href="#li2882">2882</a>; dat. sg. fýre, <a href="#li2220">2220</a>; +as instr. fýre, <a href="#li2275">2275</a>, <a href="#li2596">2596</a>; gen. sg. fýres fäðm, <a href="#li185">185</a>; fýres feng, <a href="#li1765">1765</a>.— +Comp.: âd-, bæl-, heaðu-, wäl-fýr.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfýrbend">fýr-bend</a>, st. m., <i>band forged in fire</i>: dat. pl. duru ... +fýr-bendum fäst, <a href="#li723">723</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfýrdraca">fýr-draca</a>, w. m., <i>fire-drake, fire-spewing dragon</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2690">2690</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfýrheard">fýr-heard</a>, adj., <i>hard through fire, hardened in fire</i>: nom. +pl. (eoforlîc) fâh and fýr-heard, <a href="#li305">305</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfýrleóht">fýr-leóht</a>, st. n., <i>fire-light</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1517">1517</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfýrwylm">fýr-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>wave of fire, flame-wave</i>: dat. pl. wyrm ... +fýrwylmum fâh, <a href="#li2672">2672</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossG">G</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgalan">galan</a>, st. v., <i>to sing, to sound</i>: pres. sg. sorh-leóð gäleð, +<a href="#li2461">2461</a>; inf. gryre-leóð galan, <a href="#li787">787</a>; bearhtm ongeâton, gûðhorn galan, <i>heard +the clang, the battle-trumpet sound</i>, <a href="#li1433">1433</a>.</p> + +<p>â-galan, <i>to sing, to sound</i>: pret. sg. þät hire on hafelan hringmæl +âgôl grædig gûðleóð, <i>that the sword caused a greedy battle-song to sound +upon her head</i>, <a href="#li1522">1522</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgamban">gamban</a>, or, according to Bout., <b>gambe</b>, w. f., <i>tribute, +interest</i>: acc. sg. gomban gyldan, <a href="#li11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgamen">gamen</a>, st. n., <i>social pleasure, rejoicing, joyous doings</i>: +nom. sg. gamen, <a href="#li1161">1161</a>; gomen, <a href="#li2460">2460</a>; gomen gleóbeámes, <i>the pleasure of the +harp</i>, <a href="#li2264">2264</a>; acc. sg. gamen and gleódreám, <a href="#li3022">3022</a>; dat. sg. gamene, <a href="#li2942">2942</a>; +gomene, <a href="#li1776">1776</a>.—Comp. heal-gamen.</p> + +<p>gamen-wâð, st. f., <i>way offering social enjoyment, journey in joyous +society</i>: dat. sg. of gomen-wâðe, <a href="#li855">855</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgamenwudu">gamen-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>wood of social enjoyment</i>, i.e. harp: +nom. sg. þær wäs ... gomenwudu grêted, <a href="#li1066">1066</a>; acc. sg. gomenwudu grêtte, +<a href="#li2109">2109</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgamol">gamol, gomol, gomel</a>, adj., <i>old</i>; of persons, <i>having +lived many years, gray</i>: gamol, <a href="#li58">58</a>, <a href="#li265">265</a>; gomol, <a href="#li3096">3096</a>; gomel, <a href="#li2113">2113</a>, +<a href="#li2794">2794</a>; se gomela, <a href="#li1398">1398</a>; gamela (gomela) Scylding, <a href="#li1793">1793</a>, <a href="#li2106">2106</a>; gomela, +<a href="#li2932">2932</a>; acc. sg. þone gomelan, <a href="#li2422">2422</a>; dat. sg. gamelum rince, <a href="#li1678">1678</a>; +gomelum ceorle, <a href="#li2445">2445</a>; þam gomelan, <a href="#li2818">2818</a>; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe gomele, +<a href="#li1596">1596</a>.—Also, <i>late, belonging to former time</i>: gen. pl. gomelra +lâfe (<i>legacy</i>), <a href="#li2037">2037</a>.—Of things, <i>old, from old times</i>: +nom. sg. sweord ... gomol, <a href="#li2683">2683</a>; acc. sg. gomele lâfe, <a href="#li2564">2564</a>; gomel +swyrd, <a href="#li2611">2611</a>; gamol is a more respectful word than eald.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgamolfeax">gamol-feax</a>, adj., <i>with gray hair</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li609">609</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgang">gang</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>gait, way</i>: dat. sg. on gange, <a href="#li1885">1885</a>; +gen. sg. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges ge-twæman, <i>could not keep him +from going</i>, <a href="#li969">969</a>.—2) <i>step, foot-step</i>: nom. sg. gang (the +foot-print of the mother of Grendel), <a href="#li1405">1405</a>; acc. sg. uton hraðe fêran +Grendles mâgan gang sceáwigan, <a href="#li1392">1392</a>.—Comp. in-gang.</p> + +<p>be-gang, bi-gang, st. m., (<i>so far as something goes</i>), <i>extent</i>: +acc. sg. ofer geofenes begang, <i>over the extent of the sea</i>, <a href="#li362">362</a>; ofer +flôda begang, <a href="#li1827">1827</a>; under swegles begong, <a href="#li861">861</a>, <a href="#li1774">1774</a>; flôda begong, <a href="#li1498">1498</a>; +sioleða bigong, <a href="#li2368">2368</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgangan">gangan</a>. See under <a class="glentry" href="#glgân">gân</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glganot">ganot</a>, st. m., <i>diver</i>, fulica marina: gen. sg. ofer ganotes +bäð (i.e. the sea), <a href="#li1862">1862</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgâd">gâd</a>, st. n., <i>lack</i>: nom. sg. ne bið þe wilna gâd (<i>thou +shalt have no lack of desirable</i> [valuable] <i>things</i>), <a href="#li661">661</a>; +similarly, <a href="#li950">950</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgân">gân</a>, <i>expanded</i> = <b>gangan</b>, st. v., <i>to go</i>: pres. +sg. III. gæð â Wyrd swâ hió scel, <a href="#li455">455</a>; gæð eft ... tô medo, <a href="#li605">605</a>; þonne he ... +on flett gæð, <a href="#li2035">2035</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2055">2055</a>; pres. subj. III. sg. gâ þær he wille, +<i>let him go whither he will</i>, <a href="#li1395">1395</a>; imp. sg. II. gâ nu tô setle, <a href="#li1783">1783</a>; +nu þu lungre geong, hord sceáwian, under hârne stân, <a href="#li2744">2744</a>; inf. in gân, +<i>to go in</i>, <a href="#li386">386</a>, <a href="#li1645">1645</a> 'forð gân, <i>to go forth, to go thither</i>, +<a href="#li1164">1164</a>; þat hie him tô mihton gegnum gangan, <i>to go towards, to go to</i>, +<a href="#li314">314</a>; tô sele ... gangan cwômon, <a href="#li324">324</a>; in a similar construction, gongan, +<a href="#li1643">1643</a>; nu ge môton gangan ... Hrôðgâr geseón, <a href="#li395">395</a>; þâ com of môre ... Grendel +gongan, <i>there came Grendel (going) from the fen</i>, <a href="#li712">712</a>; ongeán gramum +gangan, <i>to go to meet the enemy, to go to the war</i>, <a href="#li1035">1035</a>; cwom ... tô +hofe gongan, <a href="#li1975">1975</a>; wutun gangan tô, <i>let us go thither</i>, <a href="#li2649">2649</a>.—As +preterite, serve, 1) geóng or gióng: he tô healle geóng, <a href="#li926">926</a>; similarly, +<a href="#li2019">2019</a>; se þe on orde geóng, <i>who went at the head, went in front, +</i><a href="#li3126">3126</a>; on innan gióng, <i>went in</i>, <a href="#li2215">2215</a>; he ... gióng tô þäs þe he +eorðsele ânne wisse, <i>went thither, where he knew of that earth-hall, +</i><a href="#li2410">2410</a>; þâ se äðeling, gióng, þät he bî wealle gesät, <i>then went the +prince</i> (Beówulf) <i>that he might sit down by the wall</i>, <a href="#li2716">2716</a>.—2) +gang: tô healle gang Healfdenes sunu, <a href="#li1010">1010</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1296">1296</a>; gang þâ äfter +flôre, <i>went along the floor, along the hall</i>, <a href="#li1317">1317</a>.—3) gengde (Goth. +gaggida): he ... beforan gengde ..., wong sceáwian, <i>went in front to +inspect the fields</i>, <a href="#li1413">1413</a>; gengde, also of riding, <a href="#li1402">1402</a>.—4) from +another stem, eode (Goth. iddja): eode ellenrôf, þät he for eaxlum gestôd +Deniga freán, <a href="#li358">358</a>; similarly, <a href="#li403">403</a>; [wið duru healle Wulfgâr eode], <i>went +towards the door of the hall</i>, <a href="#li390">390</a>; eode Wealhþeów forð, <i>went +forth</i>, <a href="#li613">613</a>; eode tô hire freán sittan, <a href="#li641">641</a>; eode yrremôd, <i>went with +angry feeling</i>, <a href="#li727">727</a>; eode ... tô sele, <a href="#li919">919</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1233">1233</a>; eode ... +þær se snottra bâd, <a href="#li1313">1313</a>; eode weorð Denum äðeling tô yppan, <i>the +prince</i> (Beówulf), <i>honored by the Danes, went to the high seat</i>, +<a href="#li1815">1815</a>; eode ... under inwit-hrôf, <a href="#li3124">3124</a>; pl. þær swîðferhðe sittan eodon, +<a href="#li493">493</a>; eodon him þâ tôgeánes, <i>went to meet him</i>, <a href="#li1627">1627</a>; eodon under +Earna näs, <a href="#li3032">3032</a>.</p> + +<p>â-gangan, <i>to go out, to go forth, to befall</i>: pret. part. swâ +bit âgangen wearð eorla manegum (<i>as it befell many a one of the +earls</i>), <a href="#li1235">1235</a>.</p> + +<p>full-gangan, <i>to emulate, to follow after</i>: pret. sg. þonne ... +sceft nytte heóld, feðer-gearwum fûs flâne full-eode, <i>when the +shaft had employment, furnished with feathers it followed the arrow, +did as the arrow</i>, <a href="#li3120">3120</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-gân, ge-gangan: 1) <i>to go, to approach</i>: inf. (w. acc.) his +môdor ... gegân wolde sorhfulne sîð, <a href="#li1278">1278</a>; se þe gryre-sîðas gegân +dorste, <i>who dared to go the ways of terror</i> (to go into the +combat), <a href="#li1463">1463</a>; pret. sg. se maga geonga under his mæges scyld elne +geeode, <i>went quickly under his kinsman's shield</i>, <a href="#li2677">2677</a>; pl. elne +geeodon tô þäs þe ..., <i>went quickly thither where</i> ..., <a href="#li1968">1968</a>; +pret. part. syððan hie tô-gädre gegân häfdon, <i>when they</i> (Wîglâf +and the drake) <i>had come together</i>, <a href="#li2631">2631</a>; þät his aldres wäs ende +gegongen, <i>that the end of his life had come</i>, <a href="#li823">823</a>; þâ wäs +endedäg gôdum gegongen, þät se gûðcyning ... swealt, <a href="#li3037">3037</a>.—2) <i>to +obtain, to reach</i>: inf. (w. acc.) þonne he ät gûðe gegân þenceð +longsumne lof, <a href="#li1536">1536</a>; ic mid elne sceall gold gegangan, <a href="#li2537">2537</a>; gerund, +näs þät ýðe ceáp tô gegangenne gumena ænigum, <a href="#li2417">2417</a>; pret. pl. elne +geeodon ... þät se byrnwîga bûgan sceolde, <a href="#li2918">2918</a>; pret. part. häfde ... +gegongen þät, <i>had attained it, that</i> ..., <a href="#li894">894</a>; hord ys +gesceáwod, grimme gegongen, <a href="#li3086">3086</a>.—3) <i>to occur, to happen</i>: +pres. sg. III. gif þät gegangeð þät ..., <i>if that happen, that</i> +..., <a href="#li1847">1847</a>; pret. sg. þät geiode ufaran dôgrum hilde-hlämmum, <i>it +happened in later times to the warriors</i> (the Geátas), <a href="#li2201">2201</a>; pret. +part. þâ wäs gegongen guman unfrôdum earfoðlîce þät, <i>then it had +happened to the young man in sorrowful wise that</i> ..., <a href="#li2822">2822</a>.</p> + +<p>ôð-gangan, <i>to-go thither</i>: pret. pl. oð þät hi ôðeodon ... in +Hrefnesholt, <a href="#li2935">2935</a>.</p> + +<p>ofer-gangan, w. acc., <i>to go over</i>: pret. sg. ofereode þâ +äðelinga bearn steáp stân-hliðo, <i>went over steep, rocky +precipices</i>, <a href="#li1409">1409</a>; pl. freoðo-wong þone forð ofereodon, <a href="#li2960">2960</a>.</p> + +<p>ymb-gangan, w. acc., <i>to go around</i>: pret. ymb-eode þâ ides +Helminga duguðe and geogoðe dæl æghwylcne, <i>went around in every +part, among the superior and the inferior warriors</i>, <a href="#li621">621</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgâr">gâr</a>, st. m., <i>spear, javelin, missile</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1847">1847</a>, <a href="#li3022">3022</a>; +instr. sg. gâre, <a href="#li1076">1076</a>; blôdigan gâre, <a href="#li2441">2441</a>; gen. sg. gâres fliht, <a href="#li1766">1766</a>; +nom. pl. gâras, <a href="#li328">328</a>; gen. pl., 161(?).—Comp.: bon-, frum-gâr.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgârcêne">gâr-cêne</a>, adj., <i>spear-bold</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1959">1959</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgârcwealm">gâr-cwealm</a>, st. m., <i>murder, death by the spear</i>: acc. sg. +gâr-cwealm gumena, <a href="#li2044">2044</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgârholt">gâr-holt</a>, st. n., <i>forest of spears</i>, i.e. crowd of +spears: acc. sg., <a href="#li1835">1835</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgârsecg">gâr-secg</a>, st. m. (cf. Grimm, in Haupt l. 578), <i>sea, +ocean</i>: acc. sg. on gâr-secg, <a href="#li49">49</a>, <a href="#li537">537</a>; ofer gâr-secg, <a href="#li515">515</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgârwîga">gâr-wîga</a>, w. m., <i>one who fights with the spear</i>: dat. sg. +geongum gâr-wîgan, of Wîglâf, <a href="#li2675">2675</a>, <a href="#li2812">2812</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgârwîgend">gâr-wîgend</a>, pres. part., <i>fighting with spear, +spear-fighter</i>: acc. pl. gâr-wîgend, <a href="#li2642">2642</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgâst">gâst, gæst</a>, st. m., <i>ghost, demon</i>: acc. sg. helle gâst +(Grendel), <a href="#li1275">1275</a>; gen. sg. wergan gâstes (of Grendel), <a href="#li133">133</a>; (of the +tempter), <a href="#li1748">1748</a>; gen. pl. dyrnra gâsta (Grendel's race), <a href="#li1358">1358</a>; gæsta gîfrost +(<i>flames consuming corpses</i>), <a href="#li1124">1124</a>.—Comp.: ellor-, geó-sceaft-gâst; +ellen-, wäl-gæst.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgâstbana">gâst-bana</a>, w. m., <i>slayer of the spirit</i>, i.e. the devil: +nom. sg. gâst-bona, <a href="#li177">177</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgädeling">gädeling</a>, st. m., <i>he who is connected with another, +relation, companion</i>: gen. sg. gädelinges, <a href="#li2618">2618</a>; dat. pl. mid his +gädelingum, <a href="#li2950">2950</a>.</p> + +<p>ät-<a class="glentry" name="glätgädere">gädere</a>, adv., <i>together, united</i>: <a href="#li321">321</a>, <a href="#li1165">1165</a>, <a href="#li1191">1191</a>; samod +ätgädere, <a href="#li329">329</a>, <a href="#li387">387</a>, <a href="#li730">730</a>, <a href="#li1064">1064</a>.</p> + +<p>tô-gadere, adv., <i>together</i>, <a href="#li2631">2631</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgäst">gäst, gist, gyst</a>, st. m., <i>stranger, guest</i>: nom. sg. gäst, +<a href="#li1801">1801</a>; se gäst (the drake), <a href="#li2313">2313</a>; se grimma gäst (Grendel), <a href="#li102">102</a>; gist, <a href="#li1139">1139</a>, +<a href="#li1523">1523</a>; acc. sg. gryre-lîcne gist (the nixy slain by Beówulf), <a href="#li1442">1442</a>; dat. sg. +gyste, <a href="#li2229">2229</a>; nom. pl. gistas, <a href="#li1603">1603</a>; acc. pl. gäs[tas], <a href="#li1894">1894</a>.—Comp.: fêðe-, +gryre-, inwit-, nîð-, sele-gäst (-gyst).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgästsele">gäst-sele</a>, st. m., <i>hall in which the guests spend their time, +guest-hall</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li995">995</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glge">ge</a>, conj., <i>and</i>, <a href="#li1341">1341</a>; ge ... ge ..., <i>as well ... as +...</i>, <a href="#li1865">1865</a>; ge ... ge ..., ge ..., <a href="#li1249">1249</a>; ge swylce, <i>and +likewise, and moreover</i>, <a href="#li2259">2259</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glge1">ge</a>, pron., <i>ye, you</i>, plur. of þu, <a href="#li237">237</a>, <a href="#li245">245</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgegncwide">gegn-cwide</a>, st. m., <i>reply</i>: gen. pl. þînra gegn-cwida, +<a href="#li367">367</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgegnum">gegnum</a>, adv., <i>thither, towards, away</i>, with the prep, tô, +ofer, giving the direction: þät hie him tô mihton gegnum gangan +(<i>that they might go thither</i>), <a href="#li314">314</a>; gegnum fôr [þâ] ofer myrcan +môr, <i>away over the dark moor</i>, <a href="#li1405">1405</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgehthu">gehðu, geohðu</a>, st. f., <i>sorrow, care</i>: instr. sg. giohðo +mænde, <a href="#li2268">2268</a>; dat. sg. on gehðo, <a href="#li3096">3096</a>; on giohðe, <a href="#li2794">2794</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgen">gen</a> (from <b>gegn</b>), adv., <i>yet, again</i>. ne wäs hit lenge þâ +gen, þät ..., <i>it was not then long before</i> ..., <a href="#li83">83</a>; ic sceal forð +sprecan gen ymb Grendel, <i>shall from now on speak again of Grendel</i>, +<a href="#li2071">2071</a>; nô þý ær ût þâ gen ... gongan wolde (<i>still he would not yet go +out</i>), <a href="#li2082">2082</a>; gen is eall ät þe lissa gelong (<i>yet all my favor belongs +to thee</i>), <a href="#li2150">2150</a>; þâ gen, <i>then again</i>, <a href="#li2678">2678</a>, <a href="#li2703">2703</a>; swâ he nu gen +dêð, <i>as he still does</i>, <a href="#li2860">2860</a>; furður gen, <i>further still, +besides</i>, <a href="#li3007">3007</a>; nu gen, <i>now again</i>, <a href="#li3169">3169</a>; ne gen, <i>no more, no +farther</i>: ne wäs þät wyrd þâ gen, <i>that was no more fate</i> (fate no +longer willed that), <a href="#li735">735</a>.</p> + +<p>gena, <i>still</i>: cwico wäs þâ gena, <i>was still living</i>, <a href="#li3094">3094</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgenga">genga</a>, w. m., <i>goer</i>; in comp. in-, sæ-, sceadu-genga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgengde">gengde</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgân">gân</a>(3).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgenge">genge</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glûthgenge">ûð-genge</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgenunga">genunga</a> (from <b>gegnunga</b>), adv., <i>precisely, +completely</i>, <a href="#li2872">2872</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgerwan">gerwan, gyrwan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to prepare, to make ready, to put +in condition</i>: pret. pl. gestsele gyredon, <a href="#li995">995</a>.—2) <i>to equip, to +arm for battle</i>: pret. sg. gyrede hine Beówulf eorl-gewædum +(<i>dressed himself in the armor</i>), <a href="#li1442">1442</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-gyrwan: 1) <i>to make, to prepare</i>: pret. pl. him þâ gegiredan +Geáta leóde âd ... unwâclîcne, <a href="#li3138">3138</a>; pret. part. glôf ... eall +gegyrwed deófles cräftum and dracan fellum, <a href="#li2088">2088</a>.—2) <i>to fit out, +to make ready</i>: inf. ceól gegyrwan hilde-wæpnum and heaðowædum, <a href="#li38">38</a>; +hêt him ýðlidan gôdne gegyrwan, <i>had (his) good ship fitted up for +him</i>, <a href="#li199">199</a>. Also, <i>to provide warlike equipment</i>: pret. part. +syððan he hine tô gûðe gegyred häfde, <a href="#li1473">1473</a>.—3) <i>to endow, to +provide, to adorn</i>: pret. part. nom. sg. beado-hrägl ... golde +gegyrwed, <a href="#li553">553</a>; acc. sg. lâfe ... golde gegyrede, <a href="#li2193">2193</a>; acc. pl. mâdmas +... golde gegyrede, <a href="#li1029">1029</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgetan">getan</a>, w. v., <i>to injure, to slay</i>: inf., <a href="#li2941">2941</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbegête">gête</a>, adj., <i>attainable</i>; in comp. êð-begête.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeador">geador</a>, adv., <i>unitedly, together, jointly</i>, <a href="#li836">836</a>; geador +ätsomne, <a href="#li491">491</a>.</p> + +<p>on-geador, adv., <i>unitedly, together</i>, <a href="#li1596">1596</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgealdor">gealdor</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>sound</i>: acc. sg. býman gealdor, +<a href="#li2944">2944</a>.—2) <i>magic song, incantation, spell</i>: instr. sg. þonne wäs +þät yrfe ... galdre bewunden (<i>placed under a spell</i>), <a href="#li3053">3053</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgealga">gealga</a>, w. m., <i>gallows</i>: dat. sg. þät his byre rîde giong +on galgan, <a href="#li2447">2447</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgealgmôd">gealg-môd</a>, adj., <i>gloomy</i>: nom. sg. gîfre and galgmôd, +<a href="#li1278">1278</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgealgtreów">gealg-treów</a>, st. n., <i>gallows</i>: dat. pl. on +galg-treówu[m], <a href="#li2941">2941</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeard">geard</a>, st. m., <i>residence</i>; in Beówulf corresponding to +the house-complex of a prince's residence, used only in the plur.: +acc. in geardas (<i>in Finn's castle</i>), <a href="#li1135">1135</a>; dat. in geardum, <a href="#li13">13</a>, +<a href="#li2460">2460</a>; of geardum, <a href="#li1139">1139</a>; ær he on weg hwurfe ... of geardum, <i>before +he went away from his dwelling-place</i>, i.e. died, <a href="#li265">265</a>.—Comp. +middan-geard.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgearo">gearo</a>, adj., properly, <i>made, prepared</i>; hence, <i>ready, +finished, equipped</i>: nom. sg. þät hit wearð eal gearo, heal-ärna mæst, +<a href="#li77">77</a>; wiht unhælo ... gearo sôna wäs, <i>the demon of destruction was quickly +ready, did not delay long</i>, <a href="#li121">121</a>; Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca wäs on +bæl gearu, <i>was ready for the funeral-pile</i> (for the solemn burning), +<a href="#li1110">1110</a>; þeód (is) eal gearo, <i>the warriors are altogether ready, always +prepared</i>, <a href="#li1231">1231</a>; hraðe wäs ät holme hýð-weard gearo (geara, MS.), <a href="#li1915">1915</a>; +gearo gûð-freca, <a href="#li2415">2415</a>; sîe sió bær gearo ädre geäfned, <i>let the bier be +made ready at once</i>, <a href="#li3106">3106</a>. With gen.: gearo gyrnwräce, <i>ready for +revenge for harm done</i>, <a href="#li2119">2119</a>, acc. sg. gearwe stôwe, <a href="#li1007">1007</a>; nom. +pl. beornas gearwe, <a href="#li211">211</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1814">1814</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgearwe">gearwe, gearo, geare</a>, adv., <i>completely, entirely</i>: ne ge +... gearwe ne wisson, <i>you do not know at all</i> ..., <a href="#li246">246</a>; +similarly, <a href="#li879">879</a>; hine gearwe geman witena welhwyle (<i>remembers him +very well</i>), <a href="#li265">265</a>; wisse he gearwe þät ..., <i>he knew very well +that</i> ..., <a href="#li2340">2340</a>, <a href="#li2726">2726</a>; þät ic ... gearo sceáwige swegle searogimmas +(<i>that I may see the treasures altogether, as many as they are</i>), +<a href="#li2749">2749</a>; ic wât geare þät ..., <a href="#li2657">2657</a>.—Comp. gearwor, <i>more readily, +rather</i>, <a href="#li3077">3077</a>.—Superl. gearwost, <a href="#li716">716</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgearofolm">gearo-folm</a>, adj., <i>with ready hand</i>, <a href="#li2086">2086</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgearwe">gearwe</a>, st. f., <i>equipment, dress</i>; in comp. feðer-gearwe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeat">geat</a>, st. n., <i>opening, door</i>; in comp. ben-, hilde-geat.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeatolîc">geato-lîc</a>, adj., <i>well prepared, handsome, splendid</i>: of +sword and armor, <a href="#li215">215</a>, <a href="#li1563">1563</a>, <a href="#li2155">2155</a>; of Heorot, <a href="#li308">308</a>. Adv.: wîsa fengel +geatolîc gengde, <i>passed on in a stately manner</i>, <a href="#li1402">1402</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeatwe">geatwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>equipment, adornment</i>: acc. recedes +geatwa, <i>the ornaments of the dragon's cave</i> (its treasures), +<a href="#li3089">3089</a>.—Comp.: eóred-, gryre-, gûð-, hilde-, wîg-geatwe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeán">geán</a> (from <b>gegn</b>), adv. in</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glongeán">on-geán</a>, adv. and prep., <i>against, towards</i>: þät he me +ongeán sleá, <a href="#li682">682</a>; ræhte ongeán feónd mid folme, <a href="#li748">748</a>; foran ongeán, +<i>forward towards</i>, <a href="#li2365">2365</a>. With dat.: ongeán gramum, <i>against the +enemy</i>, <a href="#li1035">1035</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltôgeánes">tô-geánes, tô-genes</a>, prep, <i>against, towards</i>: Grendle +tôgeánes, <i>towards Grendel, against Grendel</i>, <a href="#li667">667</a>; grâp þâ +tôgeánes, <i>she grasped at</i> (Beówulf), <a href="#li1502">1502</a>; similarly, him +tôgeánes fêng, <a href="#li1543">1543</a>; eodon him þâ tôgeánes, <i>went towards him</i>, +<a href="#li1627">1627</a>; hêt þâ gebeódan ... þät hie bæl-wudu feorran feredon gôdum +tôgênes, <i>had it ordered that they should bring the wood from far +for the funeral-pyre towards the good man</i> (i.e. to the place where +the dead Beówulf lay), <a href="#li3115">3115</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeáp">geáp</a>, adj., <i>roomy, extensive, wide</i>: nom. sg. reced ... +geáp, <i>the roomy hall</i>, <a href="#li1801">1801</a>; acc. sg. under geápne hrôf, +<a href="#li837">837</a>.—Comp.: horn-, sæ-geáp.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeâr">geâr</a>, st. n., <i>year</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1135">1135</a>; gen. pl. geâra, in +adverbial sense, olim, <i>in former times</i>, <a href="#li2665">2665</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glungeâra">un-geâra</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeârdagas">geâr-dagas</a>, st. m. pl., <i>former days</i>: dat. pl. in (on) +geâr-dagum, <a href="#li1">1</a>, <a href="#li1355">1355</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeofe">geofe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgifu">gifu</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeofon">geofon, gifen, gyfen</a> (see Kuhn Zeitschr. I. 137), st. n., +<i>sea, flood</i>: nom. sg. geofon, <a href="#li515">515</a>; gifen geótende, <i>the +streaming flood</i>, <a href="#li1691">1691</a>; gen. sg. geofenes begang, <a href="#li362">362</a>; gyfenes, +<a href="#li1395">1395</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeogoth">geogoð</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>youth, time of youth</i>: dat. sg. on +geogoðe, <a href="#li409">409</a>, <a href="#li466">466</a>, <a href="#li2513">2513</a>; on giogoðe, <a href="#li2427">2427</a>; gen. gioguðe, <a href="#li2113">2113</a>.—2) +contrasted with duguð, <i>the younger warriors of lower rank</i> +(about as in the Middle Ages, the squires with the knights): nom. sg. +geogoð, <a href="#li66">66</a>; giogoð, <a href="#li1191">1191</a>; acc. sg. geogoðe, <a href="#li1182">1182</a>; gen. duguðe and +geogoðe, <a href="#li160">160</a>; duguðe and iogoðe (geogoðe), <a href="#li1675">1675</a>, <a href="#li622">622</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeoguthfeorh">geoguð-feorh</a>, st. n., <i>age of youth</i>, i.e. age in which +one still belongs in the ranks of the geogoð: on geogoð- (geoguð-) +feore, <a href="#li537">537</a>, <a href="#li2665">2665</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeohtho">geohðo</a>. See <b>gehðo</b>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeolo">geolo</a>, adj., <i>yellow</i>: acc. sg. geolwe linde (<i>the +shield of yellow linden bark</i>), <a href="#li2611">2611</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeolorand">geolo-rand</a>, st. m., <i>yellow shield</i> (shield with a +covering of interlaced yellow linden bark): acc. sg., <a href="#li438">438</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeond">geond</a>, prep. w. acc., <i>through, throughout, along, over</i>: +geond þisne middangeard, <i>through the earth, over the earth</i>, <a href="#li75">75</a>; +wide geond eorðan, <a href="#li266">266</a>, <a href="#li3100">3100</a>; fêrdon folctogan ... geond wîd-wegas, +<i>went along the ways coming from afar</i>, <a href="#li841">841</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1705">1705</a>; +geond þät säld, <i>through the hall, through the extent of the +hall</i>, <a href="#li1281">1281</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1982">1982</a>, <a href="#li2265">2265</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeong">geong</a>, adj., <i>young, youthful</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li13">13</a>, <a href="#li20">20</a>, <a href="#li855">855</a>, +etc.; giong, <a href="#li2447">2447</a>; w. m. se maga geonga, <a href="#li2676">2676</a>; acc. sg. geongne +gûðcyning, <a href="#li1970">1970</a>; dat. sg. geongum, <a href="#li1949">1949</a>, <a href="#li2045">2045</a>, <a href="#li2675">2675</a>, etc.; on swâ +geongum feore, <i>at a so youthful age</i>, <a href="#li1844">1844</a>; geongan cempan, +<a href="#li2627">2627</a>; acc. pl. geonge, <a href="#li2019">2019</a>; dat. pl. geongum and ealdum, <a href="#li72">72</a>.—Superl. +gingest, <i>the last</i>: nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word, <a href="#li2818">2818</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeorn">georn</a>, adj., <i>striving, eager</i>, w. gen. of the thing +striven for: eft sîðes georn, <a href="#li2784">2784</a>.—Comp. lof-georn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeorne">georne</a>, adv., <i>readily, willingly</i>: þät him wine-mâgas +georne hýrdon, <a href="#li66">66</a>; georne trûwode, <a href="#li670">670</a>.—<i>zealously, eagerly</i>: +sôhte georne äfter grunde, <i>eagerly searched over the ground</i>, +<a href="#li2295">2295</a>.—<i>carefully, industriously</i>: nô ic him þäs georne ätfealh +(<i>held him not fast enough</i>), <a href="#li969">969</a>.—<i>completely, exactly</i>: +comp. wiste þê geornor, <a href="#li822">822</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeó">geó, iú</a>, adv., <i>once, formerly, earlier</i>, <a href="#li1477">1477</a>; gió, <a href="#li2522">2522</a>; +iú, <a href="#li2460">2460</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeóc">geóc</a>, st. f., <i>help, support</i>: acc. sg. geóce gefremman, +<a href="#li2675">2675</a>; þät him gâst-bona geóce gefremede wið þeód-þreáum, <a href="#li177">177</a>; geóce +gelýfde, <i>believed in the help</i> (of Beówulf), <a href="#li609">609</a>; dat. sg. tô +geóce, <a href="#li1835">1835</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeócor">geócor</a>, adj., <i>ill, bad</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li766">766</a>.—See Haupt's +Zeitschrift 8, p. 7.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeóman">geó-man, iú-man</a>, st. m., <i>man of former times</i>: gen. pl. +iú-manna, <a href="#li3053">3053</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeómeowle">geó-meowle</a>, w. f., (<i>formerly a virgin), wife</i>: acc. sg. +ió-meowlan, <a href="#li2932">2932</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeômor">geômor</a>, adj., <i>with depressed feelings, sad, troubled</i>: +nom. sg. him wäs geômor sefa, <a href="#li49">49</a>, <a href="#li2420">2420</a>, <a href="#li2633">2633</a>, <a href="#li2951">2951</a>; môdes geômor, +<a href="#li2101">2101</a>; fem. þät wäs geômuru ides, <a href="#li1076">1076</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeômore">geômore</a>, adv., <i>sadly</i>, <a href="#li151">151</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeômorgid">geômor-gid</a>, st. n., <i>dirge</i>: acc. sg. giômor-gyd, <a href="#li3151">3151</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeômorlîc">geômor-lîc</a>, adj., <i>sad, painful</i>: swâ bið geômorlîc +gomelum ceorle tô gebîdanne þät..., <i>it is painful to an old man to +experience it, that ...</i>, <a href="#li2445">2445</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeômormôd">geômor-môd</a>, adj., <i>sad, sorrowful</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2045">2045</a>, <a href="#li3019">3019</a>; +giômor-môd, <a href="#li2268">2268</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeômrian">geômrian</a>, w. v., <i>to complain, to lament</i>: pret. sg. +geômrode giddum, <a href="#li1119">1119</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeósceaft">geó-sceaft</a>, st. f., (<i>fixed in past times), fate</i>: acc. +sg. geósceaft grimme, <a href="#li1235">1235</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeósceaftgâst">geósceaft-gâst</a>, st. m., <i>demon sent by fate</i>: gen. pl. +fela geósceaft-gâsta, of Grendel and his race, <a href="#li1267">1267</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeótan">geótan</a>, st. v. intrans., <i>to pour, to flow, to stream</i>: +pres. part. gifen geótende, <a href="#li1691">1691</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgicel">gicel</a>, st. m., <i>icicle</i>: in comp. hilde-gicel.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgid">gid, gyd</a>, st. n., <i>speech, solemn alliterative song</i>: nom. sg. +þær wäs ... gid oft wrecen, <a href="#li1066">1066</a>; leóð wäs âsungen, gleómannes gyd, <i>the +song was sung, the gleeman's lay</i>, <a href="#li1161">1161</a>; þær wäs gidd and gleó, <a href="#li2106">2106</a>; +acc. sg. ic þis gid âwräc, <a href="#li1724">1724</a>; gyd âwräc, <a href="#li2109">2109</a>; gyd äfter wräc, <a href="#li2155">2155</a>; +þonne he gyd wrece, <a href="#li2447">2447</a>; dat. pl. giddum, <a href="#li151">151</a>, <a href="#li1119">1119</a>; gen. pl. gidda +gemyndig, <a href="#li869">869</a>.—Comp.: geômor-, word-gid.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgiddian">giddian</a>, w. v., <i>to speak, to speak in alliteration</i>: +pret. gyddode, <a href="#li631">631</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgif">gif</a>, conj.: 1) <i>if</i>, w. ind., <a href="#li442">442</a>, <a href="#li447">447</a>, <a href="#li527">527</a>, <a href="#li662">662</a>, etc.; +gyf, <a href="#li945">945</a>, etc. With subj., <a href="#li452">452</a>, <a href="#li594">594</a>, <a href="#li1482">1482</a>, etc.; gyf, <a href="#li280">280</a>, <a href="#li1105">1105</a>, +etc.—2) <i>whether</i>, w. ind., <a href="#li272">272</a>; w. subj., <a href="#li1141">1141</a>, <a href="#li1320">1320</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifa">gifa, geofa</a>, w. m., <i>giver</i>; in comp. gold-, sinc-, wil-gifa +(-geofa).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifan">gifan</a>, st. v., <i>to give</i>: inf. giofan, <a href="#li2973">2973</a>; pret. sg. +nallas beágas geaf Denum, <a href="#li1720">1720</a>; he me [mâðmas] geaf, <a href="#li2147">2147</a>; and +similarly, <a href="#li2174">2174</a>, <a href="#li2432">2432</a>, <a href="#li2624">2624</a>, etc.; pret. pl. geâfon (hyne) on gârsecg, +<a href="#li49">49</a>; pret. part. þâ wäs Hrôðgâre here-spêd gyfen, <a href="#li64">64</a>; þâ wäs gylden +hilt gamelum rince ... on hand gyfen, <a href="#li1679">1679</a>; syððan ærest wearð gyfen +... geongum cempan (<i>given in marriage</i>), <a href="#li1949">1949</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâgifan">â-gifan</a>, <i>to give, to impart</i>: inf. andsware ... âgifan, +<i>to give an answer</i>, <a href="#li355">355</a>; pret. sg. sôna him se frôda fäder +Ôhtheres ... ondslyht âgeaf (<i>gave him a counter-blow</i>), +(<i>hand-blow</i>?), <a href="#li2930">2930</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforgyfan">for-gyfan</a>, <i>to give, to grant</i>: pret. sg. him þäs lîf-freá +... worold-âre forgeaf, <a href="#li17">17</a>; þäm tô hâm forgeaf Hrêðel Geáta ângan +dôhtor (<i>gave in marriage</i>), <a href="#li374">374</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2998">2998</a>; he me lond +forgeaf, <i>granted me land</i>, <a href="#li2493">2493</a>; similarly, <a href="#li697">697</a>, <a href="#li1021">1021</a>, <a href="#li2607">2607</a>, +<a href="#li2617">2617</a>; mägen-ræs forgeaf hilde-bille, <i>he gave with his battle-sword +a mighty blow</i>, i.e. he struck with full force, <a href="#li1520">1520</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glofgifan">of-gifan</a>, (<i>to give up</i>), <i>to leave</i>: inf. þät se +mæra maga Ecgþeówes grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde (<i>was fated to +leave the earth-plain</i>), <a href="#li2589">2589</a>; pret. sg. þâs worold ofgeaf +gromheort guma, <a href="#li1682">1682</a>; similarly, gumdreám ofgeaf, <a href="#li2470">2470</a>; Dena land +ofgeaf, <a href="#li1905">1905</a>; pret. pl. näs ofgeâfon hwate Scyldingas, <i>left the +promontory</i>, <a href="#li1601">1601</a>; þät þâ hildlatan holt ofgêfan, <i>that the +cowards left the wood</i> (into which they had fled), <a href="#li2847">2847</a>; sg. pret. +for pl. þâra þe þis [lîf] ofgeaf, <a href="#li2252">2252</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifethe">gifeðe</a>, adj., <i>given, granted</i>: Gûðfremmendra swylcum +gifeðe bið þät..., <i>to such a warrior is it granted that</i>..., +<a href="#li299">299</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2682">2682</a>; swâ me gifeðe wäs, <a href="#li2492">2492</a>; þær me gifeðe swâ ænig +yrfeweard äfter wurde, <i>if an heir</i>, (living) <i>after me, had +been given me</i>, <a href="#li2731">2731</a>.—Neut. as subst.: wäs þät gifeðe tô swîð, þe +þone [þeóden] þyder ontyhte, <i>the fate was too harsh that has drawn +hither the king</i>, <a href="#li3086">3086</a>; gyfeðe, <a href="#li555">555</a>, <a href="#li820">820</a>.—Comp. un-gifeðe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifheal">gif-heal</a>, st. f., <i>hall in which fiefs were bestowed, +throne-hall</i>: acc. sg. ymb þâ gifhealle, <a href="#li839">839</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifsceat">gif-sceat</a>, st. m., <i>gift of value</i>: acc. pl. +gif-sceattas, <a href="#li378">378</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifstôl">gif-stôl</a>, st. m., <i>seat from which fiefs are granted, +throne</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2328">2328</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li168">168</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgift">gift</a>, st. f., <i>gift, present</i>: in comp. feoh-gift.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifu">gifu, geofu</a>, st. f., <i>gift, present, grant; fief</i>: nom. +sg. gifu, <a href="#li1885">1885</a> acc. sg. gimfäste gife þe him god sealde, <i>the great +gift that God had granted him</i> (i.e. the enormous strength), <a href="#li1272">1272</a>; +ginfästan gife þe him god sealde, <a href="#li2183">2183</a>; dat. pl. (as instr.) geofum, +<a href="#li1959">1959</a>; gen. pl. gifa, <a href="#li1931">1931</a>; geofena, <a href="#li1174">1174</a>.—Comp.: mâððum-, sinc-gifu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgigant">gigant</a>, st. m., <i>giant</i>: nom. pl. gigantas, <a href="#li113">113</a>; gen. pl. +giganta, <a href="#li1563">1563</a>, <a href="#li1691">1691</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgild">gild, gyld</a>, st. n., <i>reparation</i>: in comp. wiðer-gyld(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgildan">gildan, gyldan</a>, st. v., <i>to do something in return, to repay, +to reward, to pay</i>: inf. gomban gyldan, <i>pay tribute</i>, <a href="#li11">11</a>; he +mid gôde gyldan wille uncran eaferan, <a href="#li1185">1185</a>; we him þâ gûðgeatwa gyldan +woldon, <a href="#li2637">2637</a>; pret. sg. heaðoræsas geald mearum and mâðmum, <i>repaid +the battles with horses and treasures</i>, <a href="#li1048">1048</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2492">2492</a>; +geald þone gûðræs ... Jofore and Wulfe mid ofermâðmum, <i>repaid Eofor +and Wulf the battle with exceedingly great treasures</i>, <a href="#li2992">2992</a>.</p> + +<p>an-gildan, <i>to pay for</i>: pret. sg. sum sâre angeald æfenräste, +<i>one</i> (Äschere) <i>paid for the evening-rest with death's +pain</i>, <a href="#li1252">1252</a>.</p> + +<p>â-gildan, <i>to offer one's self</i>: pret. sg. þâ me sæl âgeald, +<i>when the favorable opportunity offered itself</i>, <a href="#li1666">1666</a>; similarly, +þâ him rûm âgeald, <a href="#li2691">2691</a>.</p> + +<p>for-gildan, <i>to repay, to do something in return, to reward</i>: +pres. subj. sg. III. alwalda þec gôde forgylde, <i>may the ruler of +all reward thee with good</i>, <a href="#li957">957</a>; inf. þone ænne hêht golde +forgyldan, <i>he ordered that the one</i> (killed by Grendel) <i>be +paid for</i> (atoned for) <i>with gold</i>, <a href="#li1055">1055</a>; he ... wolde Grendle +for-gyldan gûðræsa fela, <i>wished to pay Grendel for many +attacks</i>, <a href="#li1578">1578</a>; wolde se lâða lîge forgyldan drinc-fät dýre, <i>the +enemy wished to repay with fire the costly drinking vessel</i> (the +theft of it), <a href="#li2306">2306</a>; pret. sg. he him þäs leán forgeald, <i>he gave +them the reward therefore</i>, <a href="#li114">114</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1542">1542</a>, <a href="#li1585">1585</a>, <a href="#li2095">2095</a>; +forgeald hraðe wyrsan wrixle wälhlem þone, <i>repaid the murderous +blow with a worse exchange</i>, <a href="#li2969">2969</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgilp">gilp, gylp</a>, st. m., <i>speech in which one promises great +things for himself in a coming combat, defiant speech, boasting +speech</i>: acc. sg. häfde ... Geát-mecga leód gilp gelæsted (<i>had +fulfilled what he had claimed for himself before the battle</i>), <a href="#li830">830</a>; +nallas on gylp seleð fätte beágas, <i>gives no chased gold rings for a +boastful speech</i>, <a href="#li1750">1750</a>; þät ic wið þone gûðflogan gylp ofersitte, +<i>restrain myself from the speech of defiance</i>, <a href="#li2529">2529</a>; dat. sg. +gylpe wiðgrîpan (<i>fulfil my promise of battle</i>), <a href="#li2522">2522</a>.—Comp. +dol-gilp.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgilpan">gilpan, gylpan</a>, st. v. w. gen., acc., and dat., <i>to make a +defiant speech, to boast, to exult insolently</i>: pres. sg. I. nô ic +þäs gilpe (after a break in the text), <a href="#li587">587</a>; sg. III. morðres gylpeð, +<i>boasts of the murder</i>, <a href="#li2056">2056</a>; inf. swâ ne gylpan þearf Grendles +maga ænig ... uhthlem þone, <a href="#li2007">2007</a>; nealles folc-cyning fyrdgesteallum +gylpan þorfte, <i>had no need to boast of his fellow-warrior</i>, +<a href="#li2875">2875</a>; pret. sg. hrêðsigora ne gealp goldwine Geáta, <i>did not exult +at the glorious victory</i> (could not gain the victory over the +drake), <a href="#li2584">2584</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgilpcwide">gilp-cwide</a>, st. m., <i>speech in which a man promises much for +himself for a coming combat, speech of defiance</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li641">641</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgilphläden">gilp-hläden</a>, pret. part., <i>laden with boasts of defiance</i> +(i.e. he who has made many such boasts, and consequently has been +victorious in many combats), <i>covered with glory</i>: nom. sg. guma +gilp-hläden, <a href="#li869">869</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgilpspræc">gilp-spræc</a>, same as <a class="glentry" href="#glgilpcwide">gilp-cwide</a>, <i>speech of defiance, +boastful speech</i>: dat. sg. on gylp-spræce, <a href="#li982">982</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgilpword">gilp-word</a>, st. n., <i>defiant word before the coming combat, +vaunting word</i>: gen. pl. gespräc ... gylp-worda sum, <a href="#li676">676</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgim">gim</a>, st. m., <i>gem, precious stone, jewel</i>: nom. sg. +heofones gim, <i>heaven's jewel</i>, i.e. the sun, <a href="#li2073">2073</a>. Comp. +searo-gim.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgimmerîce">gimme-rîce</a>, adj., <i>rich in jewels</i>: acc. sg. gimme-rîce +hord-burh häleða, <a href="#li466">466</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgin">gin</a> (according to Bout., <b>ginne</b>), adj., properly +<i>gaping</i>, hence, <i>wide, extended</i>: acc. sg. gynne grund +(<i>the bottom of the sea</i>), <a href="#li1552">1552</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glginfäst">gin-fäst</a>, adj., <i>extensive, rich</i>: acc. sg. gim-fäste gife +(gim-, on account of the following <i>f</i>), <a href="#li1272">1272</a>; in weak form, +gin-fästan gife, <a href="#li2183">2183</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glginnan">ginnan</a>, st. v., original meaning, <i>to be open, ready</i>; in</p> + +<p>on-ginnan, <i>to begin, to undertake</i>: pret. ôð þät ân ongan fyrene +fremman feónd on helle, <a href="#li100">100</a>; secg eft ongan sîð Beówulfes snyttrum +styrian, <a href="#li872">872</a>; þâ þät sweord ongan ... wanian, <i>the sword began to +diminish</i>, <a href="#li1606">1606</a>; Higelâc ongan sînne geseldan ... fägre fricgean, +<i>began with propriety to question his companion</i>, <a href="#li1984">1984</a>, etc.; +ongon, <a href="#li2791">2791</a>; pret. pl. nô her cûðlîcor cuman ongunnon lindhäbbende, +<i>no shield-bearing men e'er undertook more openly to come +hither</i>, <a href="#li244">244</a>; pret. part. häbbe ic mærða fela ongunnen on geogoðe, +<i>have in my youth undertaken many deeds of renown</i>, <a href="#li409">409</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgist">gist</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgäst">gäst</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgistran">gistran</a>, adv., <i>yesterday</i>: gystran niht, <i>yesterday +night</i>, <a href="#li1335">1335</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgit">git</a>, pron., <i>ye two</i>, dual of <a class="glentry" href="#glthu">þu</a>, <a href="#li508">508</a>, <a href="#li512">512</a>, <a href="#li513">513</a>, +etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgit1">git, gyt</a>, adv., <i>yet; then still</i>, <a href="#li536">536</a>, <a href="#li1128">1128</a>, <a href="#li1165">1165</a>, <a href="#li2142">2142</a>; +<i>hitherto</i>, <a href="#li957">957</a>; næfre git, <i>never yet</i>, <a href="#li583">583</a>; <i>still</i>, +<a href="#li945">945</a>, <a href="#li1059">1059</a>, <a href="#li1135">1135</a>; <i>once more</i>, <a href="#li2513">2513</a>; <i>moreover</i>, <a href="#li47">47</a>, <a href="#li1051">1051</a>, +<a href="#li1867">1867</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgitan">gitan</a> (original meaning, <i>to take hold of, to seize, to +attain</i>), in</p> + +<p>be-gitan, w. acc., <i>to grasp, to seize, to reach</i>: pret. sg. +begeat, <a href="#li1147">1147</a>, <a href="#li2231">2231</a>; þâ hine wîg beget, <i>when war seized him, came +upon him</i>, <a href="#li2873">2873</a>; similarly, begeat, <a href="#li1069">1069</a>; pret. pl. hit ær on þe +gôde be-geâton, <i>good men received it formerly from thee</i>, <a href="#li2250">2250</a>; +subj. sg. for pl. þät wäs Hrôðgâre hreówa tornost þâra þe leódfruman +lange begeâte, <i>the bitterest of the troubles that for a long time +had befallen the people's chief</i>, <a href="#li2131">2131</a>.</p> + +<p>for-gitan, w. acc., <i>to forget</i>: pres. sg. III. he þâ +forðgesceaft forgyteð and forgýmeð, <a href="#li1752">1752</a>.</p> + +<p>an-gitan, on-gitan, w. acc.: 1) <i>to take hold of, to grasp</i>: imp. +sg. gumcyste ongit, <i>lay hold of manly virtue, of what becomes the +man</i>, <a href="#li1724">1724</a>; pret. sg. þe hine se brôga angeat, <i>whom terror +seized</i>, <a href="#li1292">1292</a>.—2) <i>to grasp intellectually, to comprehend, to +perceive, to distinguish, to behold</i>: pres. subj. I. þät ic ærwelan +... ongite, <i>that I may behold the ancient wealth</i> (the treasures +of the drake's cave), <a href="#li2749">2749</a>; inf. säl timbred ... ongytan, <a href="#li308">308</a>, <a href="#li1497">1497</a>; +Geáta clifu ongitan, <a href="#li1912">1912</a>; pret. sg. fyren-þearfe ongeat, <i>had +perceived their distress from hostile snares</i>, <a href="#li14">14</a>; ongeat ... +grund-wyrgenne, <i>beheld the she-wolf of the bottom</i>, <a href="#li1519">1519</a>; pret. +pl. bearhtm ongeâton, gûðhorn galan, <i>perceived the noise</i>, +(heard) <i>the battle-trumpet sound</i>, <a href="#li1432">1432</a>; syððan hie Hygelâces +horn and býman gealdor ongeâton, <a href="#li2945">2945</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgîfre">gîfre</a>, adj., <i>greedy, eager</i>: nom. sg. gîfre and galgmôd, +of Grendel's mother, <a href="#li1278">1278</a>.—Superl.: lîg..., gæsta gîfrost, +<a href="#li1124">1124</a>.—Comp. heoro-gîfre.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgîtsian">gîtsian</a>, w. v., <i>to be greedy</i>: pres. sg. III. gýtsað, +<a href="#li1750">1750</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgio">gio-, gió-</a>. see <a class="glentry" href="#glgeó">geo-, geó-</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgladian">gladian</a>, w. v., <i>to gleam, to shimmer</i>: pres. pl. III. on +him gladiað gomelra lâfe, <i>upon him gleams the legacy of the men of +ancient times</i> (armor), <a href="#li2037">2037</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgläd">gläd</a>, adj., <i>gracious, friendly</i> (as a form of address for +princes): nom. sg. beó wið Geátas gläd, <a href="#li1174">1174</a>; acc. sg. glädne Hrôðgâr, +<a href="#li864">864</a>; glädne Hrôðulf, <a href="#li1182">1182</a>; dat. sg. gladum suna Frôdan, <a href="#li2026">2026</a>.</p> + +<p>gläde, adv., <i>in a gracious, friendly way</i>, <a href="#li58">58</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglädnian">glädnian</a>, w. v., <i>to rejoice</i>: inf. w. gen., <a href="#li367">367</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglädmôd">gläd-môd</a>, adj., <i>joyous, glad</i>, <a href="#li1786">1786</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglêd">glêd</a>, st. f., <i>fire, flame</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2653">2653</a>, <a href="#li3115">3115</a>; dat. +(instr.) pl. glêdum, <a href="#li2313">2313</a>, <a href="#li2336">2336</a>, <a href="#li2678">2678</a>, <a href="#li3042">3042</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglêdegesa">glêd-egesa</a>, w. m., <i>terror on account of fire, +fire-terror</i>: nom. sg. glêd-egesa grim (<i>the fire-spewing of the +drake</i>), <a href="#li2651">2651</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgleáw">gleáw</a> (Goth, glaggwu-s), adj., <i>considerate, well-bred</i>, +of social conduct; in comp. un-gleáw.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgleó">gleó</a>, st. n., <i>social entertainment</i>, (especially by +music, play, and jest): nom. sg. þær wäs gidd and gleó, <a href="#li2106">2106</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgleóbeám">gleó-beám</a>, st. m., <i>(tree of social entertainment, of music), +harp.</i> gen. sg. gleó-beámes, <a href="#li2264">2264</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgleódreám">gleó-dreám</a>, st. <i>m., joyous carrying-on in social +entertainment, mirth, social gaiety</i>: acc. sg. gamen and +gleó-dreám, <a href="#li3022">3022</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgleóman">gleó-man</a>, m., <i>(gleeman, who enlivens the social +entertainment, especially with music), harper</i>: gen. sg. gleómannes +gyd, <a href="#li1161">1161</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglitinian">glitinian</a> (O.H.G. glizinôn), w. v., <i>to gleam, to light, to +glitter</i>: inf. geseah þâ ... gold glitinian, <a href="#li2759">2759</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglîdan">glîdan</a>, st. v., <i>to glide</i>: pret. sg. syððan heofones gim +glâd ofer grundas, <i>after heaven's gem had glided over the +fields</i> (after the sun had set), <a href="#li2074">2074</a>; pret. pl. glidon ofer +gârsecg, <i>you glided over the ocean</i> (swimming), <a href="#li515">515</a>.</p> + +<p>tô-glîdan <i>(to glide asunder), to separate, to fall asunder</i>: +pret. gûð-helm tô-glâd (Ongenþeów's helmet was split asunder by the +blow of Eofor), <a href="#li2488">2488</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglôf">glôf</a>, st. f., <i>glove</i>: nom. sg. glôf hangode, (on Grendel) +<i>a glove hung</i>, <a href="#li2086">2086</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgneáth">gneáð</a>, adj., <i>niggardly</i>: nom. sg. f. näs hió ... tô gneáð +gifa Geáta leódum, <i>was not too niggardly with gifts to the people +of the Geátas</i>, <a href="#li1931">1931</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgnorn">gnorn</a>, st. m., <i>sorrow, sadness</i>: acc. sg. gnorn þrowian, +<a href="#li2659">2659</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgnornian">gnornian</a>, w. v., <i>to be sad, to complain</i>: pret. sg. earme +... ides gnornode, <a href="#li1118">1118</a>.</p> + +<p>be-gnornian, w. acc., <i>to bemoan, to mourn for</i>: pret. pl. begnornodon +... hlâfordes [hry]re, <i>bemoaned their lord's fall</i>, <a href="#li3180">3180</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgod">god</a>, st. m., <i>god</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li13">13</a>, <a href="#li72">72</a>, <a href="#li478">478</a>, etc.; hâlig +god, <a href="#li381">381</a>, <a href="#li1554">1554</a>; witig god, <a href="#li686">686</a>; mihtig god, <a href="#li702">702</a>; acc. sg. god, <a href="#li812">812</a>; ne +wiston hie drihten god, <i>did not know the Lord God</i>, <a href="#li181">181</a>; dat. +sg. gode, <a href="#li113">113</a>, <a href="#li227">227</a>, <a href="#li626">626</a>, etc.; gen. sg. godes, <a href="#li570">570</a>, <a href="#li712">712</a>, <a href="#li787">787</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgold">gold</a>, st. n., <i>gold</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3013">3013</a>, <a href="#li3053">3053</a>; icge gold, +<a href="#li1108">1108</a>; wunden gold, <i>wound gold, gold in ring-form</i>, <a href="#li1194">1194</a>, <a href="#li3136">3136</a>; +acc. sg. gold, <a href="#li2537">2537</a>, <a href="#li2759">2759</a>, <a href="#li2794">2794</a>, <a href="#li3169">3169</a>; hæðen gold, <i>heathen gold</i> +(that from the drake's cave), <a href="#li2277">2277</a>; brâd gold, <i>massive gold</i>, +<a href="#li3106">3106</a>; dat. instr. sg. golde, <a href="#li1055">1055</a>, <a href="#li2932">2932</a>, <a href="#li3019">3019</a>; fättan golde, <i>with +chased gold, with gold in plate-form</i>, <a href="#li2103">2103</a>; gehroden golde, +<i>covered with gold, gilded</i>, <a href="#li304">304</a>; golde gegyrwed (gegyrede), +<i>provided with, ornamented with gold</i>, <a href="#li553">553</a>, <a href="#li1029">1029</a>, <a href="#li2193">2193</a>; golde +geregnad, <i>adorned with gold</i>, <a href="#li778">778</a>; golde fâhne (hrôf), <i>the +roof shining with gold</i>, <a href="#li928">928</a>; bunden golde, <i>bound with gold</i> +(see under <a class="glentry" href="#glbindan">bindan</a>), <a href="#li1901">1901</a>; hyrsted golde (helm), <i>the helmet +ornamented with, mounted with gold</i>, <a href="#li2256">2256</a>; gen. sg. goldes, <a href="#li2302">2302</a>; +fättan goldes, <a href="#li1094">1094</a>, <a href="#li2247">2247</a>; scîran goldes, <i>of pure gold</i>, <a href="#li1695">1695</a>. +—Comp. fät-gold.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldæht">gold-æht</a>, st. f., <i>possessions in gold, treasure</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li2749">2749</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldfâh">gold-fâh</a>, adj., <i>variegated with gold, shining with gold</i>: +nom. sg. reced ... gold-fâh, <a href="#li1801">1801</a>; acc. sg. gold-fâhne helm, <a href="#li2812">2812</a>; +nom. pl. gold-fâg scinon web äfter wagum, <i>variegated with gold, the +tapestry gleamed along the walls</i>, <a href="#li995">995</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldgifa">gold-gifa</a>, w. m., <i>gold-giver</i>, designation of the prince: +acc. sg. mid mînne goldgyfan, <a href="#li2653">2653</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldhroden">gold-hroden</a>, pret. part., <i>(covered with gold), ornamented +with gold</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li615">615</a>, <a href="#li641">641</a>, <a href="#li1949">1949</a>, <a href="#li2026">2026</a>; epithet of women of +princely rank.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldhwät">gold-hwät</a>, adj., <i>striving after gold, greedy for gold</i>: +näs he goldhwät, <i>he</i> (Beówulf) <i>was not greedy for gold</i> +(he did not fight against the drake for his treasure, cf. <a href="#li3067">3067</a> ff.) +<a href="#li3075">3075</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldmâthm">gold-mâðm</a>, st. m., <i>jewel of gold</i>: acc. pl. gold-mâðmas +(the treasures of the drake's cave), <a href="#li2415">2415</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldsele">gold-sele</a>, st. m., <i>gold-hall</i>, i.e. the hall in which the +gold was distributed, ruler's hall: acc. sg., <a href="#li716">716</a>, <a href="#li1254">1254</a>; dat. sg. +gold-sele, <a href="#li1640">1640</a>, <a href="#li2084">2084</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldweard">gold-weard</a>, st. m., <i>gold-ward, defender of the gold</i>: +acc. sg. (of the drake), <a href="#li3082">3082</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldwine">gold-wine</a>, st. m., <i>friend who distributes gold</i>, i.e. +ruler, prince: nom. sg. (partly as voc.) goldwine gumena, <a href="#li1172">1172</a>, <a href="#li1477">1477</a>, +<a href="#li1603">1603</a>; goldwine Geáta, <a href="#li2420">2420</a>, <a href="#li2585">2585</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldwlanc">gold-wlanc</a>, adj., <i>proud of gold</i>: nom. sg. gûðrinc +goldwlanc (Beówulf rewarded with gold by Hrôðgâr on account of his +victory), <a href="#li1882">1882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgomban">gomban, gomel, gomen</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgamban">gamban, gamal, gamen</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgong">gong, gongan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgang">gang, gangan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgôd">gôd</a>, adj., <i>good, fit</i>, of persons and things: nom. sg., +<a href="#li11">11</a>, <a href="#li195">195</a>, <a href="#li864">864</a>, <a href="#li2264">2264</a>, <a href="#li2391">2391</a>, etc.; frôd and gôd, <a href="#li279">279</a>; w. dat. cyning +äðelum gôd, <i>the king noble in birth</i>, <a href="#li1871">1871</a>; gumcystum gôd, <a href="#li2544">2544</a>; +w. gen. wes þu ûs lârena gôd, <i>be good to us with teaching</i> (help +us thereto through thy instruction), <a href="#li269">269</a>; in weak form, se gôda, <a href="#li205">205</a>, +<a href="#li355">355</a>, <a href="#li676">676</a>, <a href="#li1191">1191</a>, etc.; acc. sg. gôdne, <a href="#li199">199</a>, <a href="#li347">347</a>, <a href="#li1596">1596</a>, <a href="#li1970">1970</a>, etc.; +gumcystum gôdne, <a href="#li1487">1487</a>; neut. gôd, <a href="#li1563">1563</a>; dat. sg. gôdum, <a href="#li3037">3037</a>, <a href="#li3115">3115</a>; +þäm gôdan, <a href="#li384">384</a>, <a href="#li2328">2328</a>; nom. pl. gôde, <a href="#li2250">2250</a>; þâ gôdan, <a href="#li1164">1164</a>; acc. pl. +gôde, <a href="#li2642">2642</a>; dat. pl. gôdum dædum, <a href="#li2179">2179</a>; gen. pl. gôdra gûðrinca, +<a href="#li2649">2649</a>.—Comp. ær-gôd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgôd">gôd</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>good that is done, benefit, gift</i>: instr. +sg. gôde, <a href="#li20">20</a>, <a href="#li957">957</a>, <a href="#li1185">1185</a>; gôde mære, <i>renowned on account of her +gifts</i> (Þryðo), <a href="#li1953">1953</a>; instr. pl. gôdum, <a href="#li1862">1862</a>.—2) <i>ability</i>, +especially in fight: gen. pl. nât he þâra gôda, <a href="#li682">682</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgram">gram</a>, adj., <i>hostile</i>: gen. sg. on grames grâpum, <i>in +the gripe of the enemy</i> (Beówulf), <a href="#li766">766</a>; nom. pl. þâ graman, <a href="#li778">778</a>; +dat. pl. gramum, <a href="#li424">424</a>, <a href="#li1035">1035</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgramheort">gram-heort</a>, adj., <i>of a hostile heart, hostile</i>: nom. sg. +grom-heort guma, <a href="#li1683">1683</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgramhydig">gram-hydig</a>, adj., <i>with hostile feeling, maliciously +inclined</i>: nom. sg. gromhydig, <a href="#li1750">1750</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrâp">grâp</a>, st. f., <i>the hand ready to grasp, hand, claw</i>: dat. +sg. mid grâpe, <a href="#li438">438</a>; on grâpe, <a href="#li555">555</a>; gen. sg. eal ... Grendles grâpe, +<i>all of Grendel's claw, the whole claw</i>, <a href="#li837">837</a>; dat. pl. on grames +grâpum, <a href="#li766">766</a>; (as instr.) grimman grâpum, <i>with grim claws</i>, +<a href="#li1543">1543</a>.—Comp.: feónd-, hilde-grâp.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrâpian">grâpian</a>, w. v., <i>to grasp, to lay hold of, to seize</i>: +pret. sg. þät hire wið halse heard grâpode, <i>that</i> (the sword) +<i>griped hard at her neck</i>, <a href="#li1567">1567</a>; he ... grâpode gearofolm, <i>he +took hold with ready hand</i>, <a href="#li2086">2086</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgräsmolde">gräs-molde</a>, w. f., <i>grass-plot</i>: acc. sg. gräsmoldan träd, +<i>went over the grass-plot</i>, <a href="#li1882">1882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrædig">grædig</a>, adj., <i>greedy, hungry, voracious</i>: nom. sg. grim +and grædig, <a href="#li121">121</a>, <a href="#li1500">1500</a>; acc. sg. grædig gûðleóð, <a href="#li1523">1523</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgræg">græg</a>, adj., <i>gray</i>: nom. pl. äsc-holt ufan græg, <i>the +ashen wood, gray above</i> (the spears with iron points) <a href="#li330">330</a>; acc. pl. +græge syrcan, <i>gray</i> (i.e. iron) <i>shirts of mail</i>, <a href="#li334">334</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrægmæl">græg-mæl</a>, adj., <i>having a gray color</i>, here = <i>iron</i>: +nom. sg. sweord Beówulfes gomol and grægmæl, <a href="#li2683">2683</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgræpe">græpe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glätgræpe">ät-græpe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrêtan">grêtan</a>, w. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to greet, to salute</i>: inf. hine +swâ gôdne grêtan, <a href="#li347">347</a>; Hrôðgâr grêtan, <a href="#li1647">1647</a>, <a href="#li2011">2011</a>; eówic grêtan hêt +(<i>bade me bring you his last greeting</i>), <a href="#li3096">3096</a>; pret. sg. grêtte +Geáta leód, <a href="#li626">626</a>; grêtte þâ guma ôðerne, <a href="#li653">653</a>; Hrôðgâr grêtte, <a href="#li1817">1817</a>.— +2) <i>to come on, to come near, to seek out; to touch; to take hold +of</i>: inf. gifstôl grêtan, <i>take possession of the throne, mount +it as ruler</i>, <a href="#li168">168</a>; näs se folccyning ænig ... þe mec gûðwinum +grêtan dorste (<i>attack with swords</i>), <a href="#li2736">2736</a>; Wyrd ... se þone +gomelan grêtan sceolde, <a href="#li2422">2422</a>; þät þone sin-scaðan gûðbilla nân grêtan +nolde, <i>that no sword would take hold upon the irreconcilable +enemy</i>, <a href="#li804">804</a>; pret. sg. grêtte goldhroden guman on healle, <i>the +gold-adorned</i> (queen) <i>greeted the men in the hall</i>, <a href="#li615">615</a>; nô +he mid hearme ... gästas grêtte, <i>did not approach the strangers +with insults</i>, <a href="#li1894">1894</a>; gomenwudu grêtte, <i>touched the wood of joy, +played the harp</i>, <a href="#li2109">2109</a>; pret. subj. II. sg. þät þu þone wälgæst +wihte ne grêtte, <i>that thou shouldst by no means seek out the +murderous spirit</i> (Grendel), <a href="#li1996">1996</a>; similarly, sg. III. þät he ne +grêtte goldweard þone, <a href="#li3082">3082</a>; pret. part. þær wäs ... gomenwudu grêted, +<a href="#li1066">1066</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-grêtan, w. acc.: 1) <i>to greet, to salute, to address</i>: pret. +sg. holdne gegrêtte meaglum wordum, <i>greeted the dear man with +formal words</i>, <a href="#li1981">1981</a>; gegrêtte þâ gumena gehwylcne ... hindeman +siðe, <i>spoke then the last time to each of the men</i>, <a href="#li2517">2517</a>.—2) +<i>to approach, to come near, to seek out</i>: inf. sceal ... manig +ôðerne gôdum gegrêtan ofer ganotes bäð, <i>many a one will seek +another across the sea with gifts</i>, <a href="#li1862">1862</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgreót">greót</a>, st. m., <i>grit, sand, earth</i>: dat. sg. on greóte, +<a href="#li3169">3169</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgreótan">greótan</a>, st. v., <i>to weep, to mourn, to lament</i>: pres. sg. +III. se þe äfter sincgyfan on sefan greóteð, <i>who laments in his +heart for the treasure-giver</i>, <a href="#li1343">1343</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrim">grim</a>, adj., <i>grim, angry, wild, hostile</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li121">121</a>, +<a href="#li555">555</a>, <a href="#li1500">1500</a>, etc.; weak form, se grimma gäst, <a href="#li102">102</a>; acc. sg. m. grimne, +<a href="#li1149">1149</a>, <a href="#li2137">2137</a>; fem, grimme, <a href="#li1235">1235</a>; gen. sg. grimre gûðe, <a href="#li527">527</a>; instr. pl. +grimman grâpum, <a href="#li1543">1543</a>.—Comp.: beado-, heaðo-, heoro-, searo-grim.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrimme">grimme</a>, adv., <i>grimly, in a hostile manner, bitterly</i>, +<a href="#li3013">3013</a>, <a href="#li3086">3086</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrimlîc">grim-lîc</a>, adj., <i>grim, terrible</i>: nom. sg. grimlîc +gry[re-gäst], <a href="#li3042">3042</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrimman">grimman</a>, st. v., (properly <i>to snort</i>), <i>to go forward +hastily, to hasten</i>: pret. pl. grummon, <a href="#li306">306</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrindan">grindan</a>, st. v., <i>to grind</i>, in</p> + +<p>for-grindan, <i>to destroy, to ruin</i>: pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand +gramum, <i>destroyed the enemy, killed them</i> (?), <a href="#li424">424</a>; pret. part. +w. acc. häfde lîgdraca leóda fästen ... glêdum forgrunden, <i>had with +flames destroyed the people's feasts</i>, <a href="#li2336">2336</a>; þâ his âgen (scyld) +wäs glêdum forgrunden, <i>since his own (shield) had been destroyed by +the fire</i>, <a href="#li2678">2678</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgripe">gripe</a>, st. m., <i>gripe, attack</i>: nom. sg. gripe mêces, +<a href="#li1766">1766</a>; acc. sg. grimne gripe, <a href="#li1149">1149</a>.—Comp.: fær-, mund-, nîð-gripe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrîma">grîma</a>, w. m., <i>mask, visor</i>: in comp. beado-, here-grîma.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrîmhelm">grîm-helm</a>, st. m., <i>mask-helmet, helmet with visor</i>: acc. +pl. grîm-helmas, <a href="#li334">334</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrîpan">grîpan</a>, st. v., <i>to gripe, to seize, to grasp</i>: pret. sg. +grâp þâ tôgeánes, <i>then she caught at</i>, <a href="#li1502">1502</a>.</p> + +<p>for-grîpan <i>(to gripe vehemently), to gripe so as to kill, to kill +by the grasp</i>, w. dat.: pret. sg. ät gûðe forgrâp Grendeles mægum, +<a href="#li2354">2354</a>. wið-grîpan, w. dat., <i>(to seize at), to maintain, to hold +erect</i>: inf. hû wið þam aglæcean elles meahte gylpe wið-grîpan, +<i>how else I might maintain my boast of battle against the +monster</i>, <a href="#li2522">2522</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrôwan">grôwan</a>, st. v., <i>to grow, to sprout</i>: pret. sg. him on +ferhðe greów breósthord blôdreów, <a href="#li1719">1719</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrund">grund</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>ground, plain, fields</i> in contrast with +highlands; <i>earth</i> in contrast with heaven: dat. sg. sôhte ... +äfter grunde, <i>sought along the ground</i>, <a href="#li2295">2295</a>; acc. pl. ofer +grundas, <a href="#li1405">1405</a>, <a href="#li2074">2074</a>.—2) <i>bottom, the lowest part</i>: acc. sg. +grund (of the sea of Grendel), <a href="#li1368">1368</a>; on gyfenes grund, <a href="#li1395">1395</a>; under +gynne grund (<i>bottom of the sea</i>) <a href="#li1552">1552</a>; dat. sg. tô grunde (of +the sea), <a href="#li553">553</a>; grunde (of the drake's cave) getenge, <a href="#li2759">2759</a>; so, on +grunde, <a href="#li2766">2766</a>.—Comp.: eormen-, mere-, sæ-grund.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrundbûend">grund-bûend</a>, pres. part., <i>inhabitant of the earth</i>: gen. +pl. grund-bûendra, <a href="#li1007">1007</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrundhyrde">grund-hyrde</a>, st. m., <i>warder of the bottom</i> (of the sea): +acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), <a href="#li2137">2137</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrundsele">grund-sele</a>, st. m., <i>hall at the bottom</i> (of the sea): dat +sg. in þam [grund]sele, <a href="#li2140">2140</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrundwang">grund-wang</a>, st. m., <i>ground surface, lowest surface</i>: acc. +sg. þone grund-wong (<i>bottom of the sea</i>), <a href="#li1497">1497</a>; (bottom of the +drake's cave), <a href="#li2772">2772</a>, <a href="#li2589">2589</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrundwyrgen">grund-wyrgen</a>, st. f., <i>she-wolf of the bottom</i> (of the +sea): acc. sg. grund-wyrgenne (Grendel's mother), <a href="#li1519">1519</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryn">gryn</a> (cf. Gloss. Aldh. "retinaculum, rete grin," Hpts. Ztschr. +IX. 429), st. n., <i>net, noose, snare</i>: gen. pl. fela ... grynna, +<a href="#li931">931</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgyrn">gyrn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryre">gryre</a>, st. m., <i>horror, terror, anything causing terror</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li1283">1283</a>; acc. sg. wið Grendles gryre, <a href="#li384">384</a>; hie Wyrd forsweóp on +Grendles gryre, <i>snatched them away into the horror of Grendel, to +the horrible Grendel</i>, <a href="#li478">478</a>; dat. pl. mid gryrum ecga, <a href="#li483">483</a>; gen. pl. +swâ fela gryra, <a href="#li592">592</a>.—Comp.: fær-, wîg-gryre.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryrebrôga">gryre-brôga</a>, w. m., <i>terror and horror, amazement</i>: nom. +sg. [gryre-]br[ô]g[a], <a href="#li2229">2229</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryrefâh">gryre-fâh</a>, adj., <i>gleaming terribly</i>: acc. sg. gryre-fâhne +(<i>the fire-spewing drake</i>, cf. also [draca] fýrwylmum fâh, <a href="#li2672">2672</a>, +<a href="#li2577">2577</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryregäst">gryre-gäst</a>, st. m., <i>terror-guest, stranger causing +terror</i>: nom. sg. grimlîc gry[regäst], <a href="#li3042">3042</a>; dat. sg. wið þam +gryregieste (the dragon), <a href="#li2561">2561</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryregeatwe">gryre-geatwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>terror-armor, warlike +equipment</i>: dat. pl. in hyra gryre-geatwum, <a href="#li324">324</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryreleóth">gryre-leóð</a>, st. n., <i>terror-song, fearful song</i>: acc. sg. +gehýrdon gryreleóð galan godes and-sacan (<i>heard Grendel's cry of +agony</i>), <a href="#li787">787</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryrelîc">gryre-lîc</a>, adj., <i>terrible, horrible</i>: acc. sg. +gryre-lîcne, <a href="#li1442">1442</a>, <a href="#li2137">2137</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryresîth">gryre-sîð</a>, st. m., <i>way of terror, way causing terror</i>, +i.e. warlike expedition: acc. pl. se þe gryre-sîðas gegân dorste, +<a href="#li1463">1463</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glguma">guma</a>, w. m., <i>man, human being</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li653">653</a>, <a href="#li869">869</a>, etc.; +acc. sg. guman, <a href="#li1844">1844</a>, <a href="#li2295">2295</a>; dat. sg. guman (gumum, MS.), <a href="#li2822">2822</a>; nom pl. +guman, <a href="#li215">215</a>, <a href="#li306">306</a>, <a href="#li667">667</a>, etc.; acc. pl. guman, <a href="#li615">615</a>; dat. pl. gumum, <a href="#li127">127</a>, +<a href="#li321">321</a>; gen. pl. gumena, <a href="#li73">73</a>, <a href="#li328">328</a>, <a href="#li474">474</a>, <a href="#li716">716</a>, etc.—Comp.: driht-, +seld-guma.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumcyn">gum-cyn</a>, st. n., <i>race of men, people, nation</i>: gen. sg. +we synt gumcynnes Geáta leóde, <i>people from the nation of the +Geátas</i>, <a href="#li260">260</a>; dat. pl. äfter gum-cynnum, <i>along the nations, +among the nations</i>, <a href="#li945">945</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumcyst">gum-cyst</a>, st. f., <i>man's excellence, man's virtue</i>: acc. +sg. (or pl.) gumcyste, <a href="#li1724">1724</a>; dat. pl. as adv., <i>excellently, +preeminently</i>: gumcystum gôdne beága bryttan, <a href="#li1487">1487</a>; gumcystum gôd +... hilde-hlemma (Beówulf), <a href="#li2544">2544</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumdreám">gum-dreám</a>, st. m., <i>joyous doings of men</i>: acc. sg. +gum-dreám ofgeaf (died), <a href="#li2470">2470</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumdryhten">gum-dryhten</a>, st. m., <i>lord of men</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li1643">1643</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumfêtha">gum-fêða</a>, w. m., <i>troop of men going on foot</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1402">1402</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumman">gum-man</a>, st. m., <i>man</i>: gen. pl. gum-manna fela, <a href="#li1029">1029</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumstôl">gum-stôl</a>, st. m., <i>man's seat, κατ' ἐζωχήν, ruler's seat, throne</i>: dat. sg. in gumstôle, <a href="#li1953">1953</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûth">gûð</a>, st. f., <i>combat, battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1124">1124</a>, <a href="#li1659">1659</a>, <a href="#li2484">2484</a>, +<a href="#li2537">2537</a>; acc. sg. gûðe, <a href="#li604">604</a>; instr. sg. gûðe, <a href="#li1998">1998</a>; dat. sg. tô (ät) +gûðe, <a href="#li438">438</a>, <a href="#li1473">1473</a>. <a href="#li1536">1536</a>, <a href="#li2354">2354</a>, etc.; gen. sg. gûðe, <a href="#li483">483</a>, <a href="#li527">527</a>, <a href="#li631">631</a>, etc.; +dat. pl. gûðum, <a href="#li1959">1959</a>, <a href="#li2179">2179</a>; gen. pl. gûða, <a href="#li2513">2513</a>, <a href="#li2544">2544</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthbeorn">gûð-beorn</a>, st. m., <i>warrior</i>: gen. pl. gûð-beorna sum +(<i>the strand-guard on the Danish coast</i>), <a href="#li314">314</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthbil">gûð-bil</a>, st. n., <i>battle-bill</i>: nom. sg. gûðbill, <a href="#li2585">2585</a>; +gen. pl. gûð-billa nân, <a href="#li804">804</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthbyrne">gûð-byrne</a>, w. f., <i>battle-corselet</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li321">321</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthcearu">gûð-cearu</a>, st. f., <i>sorrow which the combat brings</i>: dat. +sg. äfter gûð-ceare, <a href="#li1259">1259</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthcräft">gûð-cräft</a>, st. m., <i>warlike strength, power in battle</i>: +nom. sg. Grendles gûð-cräft, <a href="#li127">127</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthcyning">gûð-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king in battle, king directing a +battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li199">199</a>, <a href="#li1970">1970</a>, <a href="#li2336">2336</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthdeáth">gûð-deáð</a>, st. m., <i>death in battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2250">2250</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthfloga">gûð-floga</a>, w. m., <i>flying warrior</i>: acc. sg. wið þone +gûðflogan (the drake), <a href="#li2529">2529</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthfreca">gûð-freca</a>, w. m., <i>hero in battle, warrior</i> (see freca): +nom. sg. gearo gûð-freca, of the drake, <a href="#li2415">2415</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthfremmend">gûð-fremmend</a>, pres. part., <i>fighting a battle, warrior</i>: +gen. pl. gûð-fremmendra, <a href="#li246">246</a>; gûð- (gôd-, MS.) fremmendra swylcum, +<i>such a warrior</i> (meaning Beówulf), <a href="#li299">299</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthgewæde">gûð-gewæde</a>, st. n., <i>battle-dress, armor</i>: nom. pl. +gûð-gewædo, <a href="#li227">227</a>; acc. pl. -gewædu, <a href="#li2618">2618</a>, <a href="#li2631">2631</a>(?), <a href="#li2852">2852</a>, <a href="#li2872">2872</a>; gen. pl. +-gewæda, <a href="#li2624">2624</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthgeweorc">gûð-geweorc</a>, st. n., <i>battle-work warlike deed</i>: gen. pl., +-geweorca, <a href="#li679">679</a>, <a href="#li982">982</a>, <a href="#li1826">1826</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthgeatwe">gûð-geatwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>equipment for combat</i>: acc. þâ +gûð-geatwa (-getawa, MS.), <a href="#li2637">2637</a>; dat. in eówrum gûð-geatawum, <a href="#li395">395</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthhelm">gûð-helm</a>, st. m., <i>battle-helmet</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2488">2488</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthhorn">gûð-horn</a>, st. n., <i>battle-horn</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1433">1433</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthhrêth">gûð-hrêð</a>, st. f., <i>battle-fame</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li820">820</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthleóth">gûð-leóð</a>, st. n., <i>battle-song</i>: acc., sg., <a href="#li1523">1523</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthmôd">gûð-môd</a>, adj., <i>disposed to battle, having an inclination to +battle</i>. nom. pl. gûð-môde, <a href="#li306">306</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthræs">gûð-ræs</a>, st. m., <i>storm of battle, attack</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2992">2992</a>; gen. pl. gûð-ræsa, <a href="#li1578">1578</a>, <a href="#li2427">2427</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthreów">gûð-reów</a>, adj., <i>fierce in battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li58">58</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthrinc">gûð-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>man of battle, fighter, warrior</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li839">839</a>, <a href="#li1119">1119</a>, <a href="#li1882">1882</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li1502">1502</a>; gen. pl. gûð-rinca, <a href="#li2649">2649</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthrôf">gûð-rôf</a>, adj., <i>renowned in battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li609">609</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthsceatha">gûð-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>battle-foe, enemy in combat</i>: nom. +sg., of the drake, <a href="#li2319">2319</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthscearu">gûð-scearu</a>, st. f., <i>decision of the battle</i>: dat. sg. +äfter gûð-sceare, <a href="#li1214">1214</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthsele">gûð-sele</a>, st. m., <i>battle-hall, hall in which a battle takes +place</i>: dat sg. in þäm gûðsele (in Heorot), <a href="#li443">443</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthsearo">gûð-searo</a>, st. n. pl., <i>battle-equipment, armor</i>; acc., +<a href="#li215">215</a>, <a href="#li328">328</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthsweord">gûð-sweord</a>, st. n., <i>battle-sword</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2155">2155</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthwêrig">gûð-wêrig</a>, adj., <i>wearied by battle dead</i>: acc. sg. +gûð-wêrigne Grendel, <a href="#li1587">1587</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthwine">gûð-wine</a>, st. m., <i>battle-friend, comrade in battle</i> +designation of the sword: acc. sg., <a href="#li1811">1811</a>; instr. pl. þe mec gûð-winum +grêtan dorste, <i>who dared to attack me with his war-friends</i>, +<a href="#li2736">2736</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthwîga">gûð-wîga</a>, w. m., <i>fighter of battles, warrior</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2112">2112</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyd">gyd</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgid">gid</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyfan">gyfan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgifan">gifan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyldan">gyldan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgildan">gildan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgylden">gylden</a>, adj., <i>golden</i>: nom. sg. gylden hilt, <a href="#li1678">1678</a>; acc. +sg. segen gyldenne, <a href="#li47">47</a>, <a href="#li1022">1022</a>; bring gyldenne, <a href="#li2810">2810</a>; dat. sg. under +gyldnum beáge, <a href="#li1164">1164</a>.—Comp. eal-gylden.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgylp">gylp</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgilp">gilp</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyrdan">gyrdan</a>, w. v., <i>to gird, to lace</i>: pret. part. gyrded +cempa, <i>the (sword-) girt warrior</i>, <a href="#li2079">2079</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyrn">gyrn</a>, st. n., <i>sorrow, harm</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1776">1776</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyrnwracu">gyrn-wracu</a>, st. f., <i>revenge for harm</i>: dat. sg. tô +gyrn-wräce, <a href="#li1139">1139</a>; gen. sg. þâ wäs eft hraðe gearo gyrn-wräce Grendeles +môdor, <i>then was Grendel's mother in turn immediately ready for +revenge for the injury</i>, <a href="#li2119">2119</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyrwan">gyrwan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgerwan">gerwan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgystran">gystran</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgistran">gistran</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgýman">gýman</a>, w. v. w. gen., <i>to take care of, to be careful +about</i>: pres. III. gýmeð, <a href="#li1758">1758</a>, <a href="#li2452">2452</a>; imp. sg. oferhyda ne gým! +<i>do not study arrogance</i> (despise it), <a href="#li1761">1761</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforgýman">for-gýman</a>, w. acc., <i>to neglect, to slight</i>: pres. sg. +III. he þâ forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgýmeð, <a href="#li1752">1752</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgýtsian">gýtsian</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgîtsian">gîtsian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyt">gyt</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgit1">git</a>.</p> + +<p><b><a name="glossH">H</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhabban">habban</a>, w. v., <i>to have</i>: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. I. þäs ic + wên häbbe (<i>as I hope</i>), <a href="#li383">383</a>; þe ic geweald häbbe, <a href="#li951">951</a>; ic me on + hafu bord and byrnan, <i>have on me shield and coat of mail</i>, + <a href="#li2525">2525</a>; hafo, <a href="#li3001">3001</a>; sg. II. þu nu [friðu] hafast, <a href="#li1175">1175</a>; pl. I. habbað + we ... micel ærende, <a href="#li270">270</a>; pres. subj. sg. III. þät he þrittiges manna + mägencräft on his mundgripe häbbe, <a href="#li381">381</a>. Blended with the negative: + pl. III. þät be Sæ-Geátas sêlran näbben tô geceósenne cyning ænigne, + <i>that the Sea-Geátas will have no better king than you to + choose</i>, <a href="#li1851">1851</a>; imp. hafa nu and geheald hûsa sêlest, <a href="#li659">659</a>; inf. + habban, <a href="#li446">446</a>, <a href="#li462">462</a>, <a href="#li3018">3018</a>; pret. sg. häfde, <a href="#li79">79</a>, <a href="#li518">518</a>, <a href="#li554">554</a>; pl. häfdon, + <a href="#li539">539</a>.—2) used as an auxiliary with the pret. part.: pres. sg. I. + häbbe ic ... ongunnen, <a href="#li408">408</a>; häbbe ic ... geâhsod, <a href="#li433">433</a>; II. hafast, + <a href="#li954">954</a>, <a href="#li1856">1856</a>; III. hafað, <a href="#li474">474</a>, <a href="#li596">596</a>; pret. sg. häfde, <a href="#li106">106</a>, <a href="#li220">220</a>, <a href="#li666">666</a>, + <a href="#li2322">2322</a>, <a href="#li2334">2334</a>, <a href="#li2953">2953</a>, etc.; pl. häfdon, <a href="#li117">117</a>, <a href="#li695">695</a>, <a href="#li884">884</a>, <a href="#li2382">2382</a>, etc. Pret. + part. inflected: nu scealc hafað dæd gefremede, <a href="#li940">940</a>; häfde se gôda + ... cempan gecorone, <a href="#li205">205</a>. With the pres. part. are formed the + compounds: bord-, rond-häbbend.</p> + +<p>for-habban, <i>to hold back, to keep one's self</i>: inf. ne meahte +wäfre môd forhabban in hreðre, <i>the expiring life could not hold +itself back in the breast</i>, <a href="#li1152">1152</a>; ne mihte þâ for-habban, <i>could +not restrain himself</i>, <a href="#li2610">2610</a>.</p> + +<p>wið-habban, <i>to resist, to offer resistance</i>: pret. þät se +wînsele wið-häfde heaðo-deórum, <i>that the hall resisted them furious +in fight</i>, <a href="#li773">773</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhafela">hafela, heafola</a>, w. m., <i>head</i>: acc. sg. hafelan, <a href="#li1373">1373</a>, +<a href="#li1422">1422</a>, <a href="#li1615">1615</a>, <a href="#li1636">1636</a>, <a href="#li1781">1781</a>; nâ þu mînne þearft hafalan hýdan, <a href="#li446">446</a>; þonne +we on orlege hafelan weredon, <i>protected our heads, defended +ourselves</i>, <a href="#li1328">1328</a>; se hwîta helm hafelan werede, <a href="#li1449">1449</a>; dat. sg. +hafelan, <a href="#li673">673</a>, <a href="#li1522">1522</a>; heafolan, <a href="#li2680">2680</a>; gen. sg. heafolan, <a href="#li2698">2698</a>; nom. pl. +hafelan, <a href="#li1121">1121</a>.—Comp. wîg-heafola.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhafenian">hafenian</a>, w. v., <i>to raise, to uplift</i>: pret. sg. wæpen +hafenade heard be hiltum, <i>raised the weapon, the strong man, by the +hilt</i>, <a href="#li1574">1574</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhafoc">hafoc</a>, st. m., <i>hawk</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2264">2264</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhaga">haga</a>, w. m., <i>enclosed piece of ground, hedge, +farm-enclosure</i>: dat. sg. tô hagan, <a href="#li2893">2893</a>, <a href="#li2961">2961</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhaga">haga</a>, w. m. See <a class="glentry" href="#glânhaga">ân-haga</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhama">hama, homa</a>, w. m., <i>dress</i>: in the comp. flæsc-, fyrd-, +lîc-hama, scîr-ham (adj.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhamer">hamer</a>, st. m., <i>hammer</i>: instr. sg. hamere, <a href="#li1286">1286</a>; gen. pl. +homera lâfe (swords), <a href="#li2830">2830</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhand">hand, hond</a>, st. f., <i>hand</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li2138">2138</a>; sió swîðre ... +hand, <i>the right hand</i>, <a href="#li2100">2100</a>; hond, <a href="#li1521">1521</a>, <a href="#li2489">2489</a>, <a href="#li2510">2510</a>; acc. sg. +hand, <a href="#li558">558</a>, <a href="#li984">984</a>; hond, <a href="#li657">657</a>, <a href="#li687">687</a>, <a href="#li835">835</a>, <a href="#li928">928</a>, etc.; dat. sg. on handa, +<a href="#li495">495</a>, <a href="#li540">540</a>; mid handa, <a href="#li747">747</a>, <a href="#li2721">2721</a>; be honda, <a href="#li815">815</a>; dat. pl. (as instr.) +hondum, <a href="#li1444">1444</a>, <a href="#li2841">2841</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandbana">hand-bana</a>, w. m., <i>murderer with the hand</i>, or <i>in +hand-to-hand combat</i>: dat. sg. tô hand-bonan (-banan), <a href="#li460">460</a>, <a href="#li1331">1331</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandgemôt">hand-gemôt</a>, st. n., <i>hand-to-hand conflict, battle</i>: gen. +pl. (ecg) þolode ær fela hand-gemôta, <a href="#li1527">1527</a>; nô þät läsest wäs +hond-gemôta, <a href="#li2356">2356</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandgesella">hand-gesella</a>, w. m., <i>hand-companion, man of the retinue</i>: +dat. pl. hond-gesellum, <a href="#li1482">1482</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandgestealla">hand-gestealla</a>, w. m., <i>(one whose position is near at hand), +comrade, companion, attendant</i>: dat. sg. hond-gesteallan, <a href="#li2170">2170</a>; +nom. pl. hand-gesteallan, <a href="#li2597">2597</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandgeweorc">hand-geweorc</a>, st. n., <i>work done with the hands</i>, i.e. +achievement in battle: dat. sg. for þäs hild-fruman hondgeweorce, +<a href="#li2836">2836</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandgewrithen">hand-gewriðen</a>, pret. part. <i>hand-wreathed, bound with the +hand.</i> acc. pl. wälbende ... hand-gewriðene, <a href="#li1938">1938</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandlocen">hand-locen</a>, pret. part., <i>joined, united by hand</i>: nom. +sg. (gûð-byrne, lîc-syrce) hondlocen (because the shirts of mail +consisted of interlaced rings), <a href="#li322">322</a>, <a href="#li551">551</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandræs">hand-ræs</a>, st. m., <i>hand-battle</i>, i.e. combat with the +hands: nom. sg. hond-ræs, <a href="#li2073">2073</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandscalu">hand-scalu</a>, st. f., <i>hand-attendance, retinue</i>: dat. sg. +mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), <a href="#li1318">1318</a>, <a href="#li1964">1964</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandsporu">hand-sporu</a>, st. f., <i>finger</i> (on Grendel's hand), under +the figure of a spear: nom. pl. hand-sporu, <a href="#li987">987</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandwundor">hand-wundor</a>, st. n., <i>wonder done by the hand, wonderful +handwork</i>: gen. pl. hond-wundra mæst, <a href="#li2769">2769</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhangan">hangan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glbehôn">hôn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhangian">hangian</a>, w. v., <i>to hang</i>: pres. sg. III. þonne his sunu +hangað hrefne to hrôðre, <i>when his son hangs, a joy to the +ravens</i>, <a href="#li2448">2448</a>; pl. III. ofer þäm (mere) hongiað hrîmge bearwas, +<i>over which frosty forests hang</i>, <a href="#li1364">1364</a>; inf. hangian, <a href="#li1663">1663</a>; pret. +hangode, <i>hung down</i>, <a href="#li2086">2086</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhatian">hatian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to hate, to be an enemy to, to +hurt</i>: inf. he þone heaðo-rinc hatian ne meahte lâðum dædum +(<i>could not do him any harm</i>), <a href="#li2467">2467</a>; pret. sg. hû se gûð-sceaða +Geáta leóde hatode and hýnde, <a href="#li2320">2320</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhâd">hâd</a>, st. m., <i>form, condition, position, manner</i>: acc. sg. +þurh hæstne hâd, <i>in a powerful manner</i>, <a href="#li1336">1336</a>; on gesîðes hâd, +<i>in the position of follower, as follower</i>, <a href="#li1298">1298</a>; on sweordes +hâd, <i>in the form of a sword</i>, <a href="#li2194">2194</a>. See under <a class="glentry" href="#glon">on</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhâdor">hâdor</a>, st. m., <i>clearness, brightness</i>: acc. sg. under +heofenes hâdor, <a href="#li414">414</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhâdor">hâdor</a>, adj., <i>clear, fresh, loud</i>: nom. sg. scop hwîlum +sang hâdor on Heorote, <a href="#li497">497</a>.</p> + +<p>hâdre, adv., <i>clearly, brightly</i>, <a href="#li1572">1572</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhâl">hâl</a>, adj., <i>hale, whole, sound, unhurt</i>: nom. sg. hâl, +<a href="#li300">300</a>. With gen. heaðo-lâces hâl, <i>safe from battle</i>, <a href="#li1975">1975</a>. As form +of salutation, wes ... hâl, <a href="#li407">407</a>; dat. sg. hâlan lîce, <a href="#li1504">1504</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhâlig">hâlig</a>, adj., <i>holy</i>: nom. sg. hâlig god, <a href="#li381">381</a>, <a href="#li1554">1554</a>; hâlig +dryhten, <a href="#li687">687</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhâm">hâm</a>, st. m., <i>home, residence, estate, land</i>: acc. sg. +hâm, <a href="#li1408">1408</a>; Hrôðgâres hâm, <a href="#li718">718</a>. Usually in adverbial sense: gewât him +hâm, <i>betook himself home</i>, <a href="#li1602">1602</a>; tô hâm, <a href="#li124">124</a>, <a href="#li374">374</a>, <a href="#li2993">2993</a>; fram +hâm, <i>at home</i>, <a href="#li194">194</a>; ät hâm, <i>at home</i>, <a href="#li1249">1249</a>, <a href="#li1924">1924</a>, <a href="#li1157">1157</a>; +gen. sg. hâmes, <a href="#li2367">2367</a>; acc. pl. hâmas, <a href="#li1128">1128</a>.—Comp. Finnes-hâm, <a href="#li1157">1157</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhâmweorthung">hâm-weorðung</a>, st. f., <i>honor</i> or <i>ornament of home</i>: +acc. sg. hâm-weorðunge (designation of the daughter of Hygelâc, given +in marriage to Eofor), <a href="#li2999">2999</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhâr">hâr</a>, adj., <i>gray</i>: nom. sg. hâr hilde-rinc, <a href="#li1308">1308</a>, <a href="#li3137">3137</a>; +acc. sg. under (ofer) hârne stân, <a href="#li888">888</a>, <a href="#li1416">1416</a>, <a href="#li2554">2554</a>; hâre byrnan (i.e. +iron shirt of mail), <a href="#li2154">2154</a>; dat. sg. hârum hildfruman, <a href="#li1679">1679</a>; f. on +heáre hæðe (on heaw ... h ... ðe, MS.), <a href="#li2213">2213</a>; gen. sg. hâres, <i>of +the old man</i>, <a href="#li2989">2989</a>.—Comp. un-hâr.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhât">hât</a>, adj., <i>hot, glowing, flaming</i> nom sg., <a href="#li1617">1617</a>, <a href="#li2297">2297</a>, +<a href="#li2548">2548</a>, <a href="#li2559">2559</a>, etc.; wyrm hât gemealt, <i>the drake hot</i> (of his own +heat) <i>melted</i>, <a href="#li898">898</a>; acc. sg., 2282(?); inst. sg. hâtan heolfre, +<a href="#li850">850</a>, <a href="#li1424">1424</a>; g. sg. heaðu-fýres hâtes, <a href="#li2523">2523</a>; acc. pl. hâte heaðo-wylmas, +<a href="#li2820">2820</a>.—Sup.: hâtost heaðo-swâta, <a href="#li1669">1669</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhât">hât</a>, st. n., <i>heat, fire</i>: acc. sg. geseah his mondryhten +... hât þrowian, <i>saw his lord endure the</i> (drake's) <i>heat</i>, +<a href="#li2606">2606</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhata">hata</a>, w. m., <i>persecutor</i>; in comp. dæd-hata.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhâtan">hâtan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to bid, to order, to direct</i>, with acc. +and inf., and acc. of the person: pres. sg. I. ic maguþegnas mîne hâte +... flotan eówerne ârum healdan, <i>I bid my thanes take good care of +your craft</i>, <a href="#li293">293</a>; imp. sg. II. hât in gân ... sibbegedriht, <a href="#li386">386</a>; +pl. II. hâtað heaðo-mære hlæw gewyrcean, <a href="#li2803">2803</a>; inf. þät healreced +hâtan wolde ... men gewyrcean, <i>that he wished to command men to +build a hall-edifice</i>, <a href="#li68">68</a>. Pret. sg. hêht: hêht ... eahta mearas +... on flet teón, <i>gave command to bring eight horses into the +hall</i>, <a href="#li1036">1036</a>; þonne ænne hêht golde forgyldan, <i>commanded to make +good that one with gold</i>, <a href="#li1054">1054</a>; hêht þâ þät heaðo-weorc tô hagan +biódan, <i>ordered the combat to be announced at the hedge</i>(?), +<a href="#li2893">2893</a>; swâ se snottra hêht, <i>as the wise</i> (Hrôðgâr) +<i>directed</i>, <a href="#li1787">1787</a>; so, <a href="#li1808">1808</a>, <a href="#li1809">1809</a>. hêt: hêt him ýðlidan gôdne +gegyrwan, <i>ordered a good vessel to be prepared for him</i>, <a href="#li198">198</a>; +so, hêt, <a href="#li391">391</a>, <a href="#li1115">1115</a>, <a href="#li3111">3111</a>. As the form of a wish: hêt hine wel brûcan, +<a href="#li1064">1064</a>; so, <a href="#li2813">2813</a>; pret. part. þâ wäs hâten hraðe Heort innan-weard +folmum gefrätwod, <i>forthwith was ordered Heorot, adorned by +hand on the inside</i> (i.e. that the edifice should be adorned by +hand on the inside), <a href="#li992">992</a>.—2) <i>to name, to call</i>: pres. subj. +III. pl. þät hit sælîðend ... hâtan Biówulfes biorh, <i>that mariners +may call it Beówulf's grave-mound</i>, <a href="#li2807">2807</a>; pret. part. wäs se grimma +gäst Grendel hâten, <a href="#li102">102</a>; so, <a href="#li263">263</a>, <a href="#li373">373</a>, <a href="#li2603">2603</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-hâtan, <i>to promise, to give one's word, to vow, to threaten</i>: +pres. sg. I. ic hit þe gehâte, <a href="#li1393">1393</a>; so, <a href="#li1672">1672</a>; pret. sg. he me mêde +gehêt, <i>promised me reward</i>, <a href="#li2135">2135</a>; him fägre gehêt leána (gen. +pl.), <i>promised them proper reward</i>, <a href="#li2990">2990</a>; weán oft gehêt earmre +teohhe, <i>with woe often threatened the unhappy band</i>, <a href="#li2938">2938</a>; pret. +pl. gehêton ät härgtrafum wig-weorðunga, <i>vowed offerings at the +shrines of the gods</i>, <a href="#li175">175</a>; þonne we gehêton ûssum hlâforde þät ..., +<i>when we promised our lord that</i>..., <a href="#li2635">2635</a>; pret. part. sió +gehâten [wäs] ... gladum suna Frôdan, <i>betrothed to the glad son of +Froda</i>, <a href="#li2025">2025</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhâtor">hâtor</a>, st. m. n., <i>heat</i>: in comp. and-hâtor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhäft">häft</a>, adj., <i>held, bound, fettered</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2409">2409</a>; acc. +sg. helle häftan, <i>him fettered by hell</i> (Grendel), <a href="#li789">789</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhäftmêce">häft-mêce</a>, st. m., <i>sword with fetters</i> or <i>chains</i> +(cf. <a class="glentry" href="#glfetelhilt">fetel-hilt</a>): dat. sg. þäm häft-mêce, <a href="#li1458">1458</a>. +See <a href="#note1458">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhägsteald">häg-steald</a>, st. m., <i>man, liegeman, youth</i>: gen. pl. +häg-stealdra, <a href="#li1890">1890</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhäle">häle</a>, st. m., <i>man</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1647">1647</a>, <a href="#li1817">1817</a>, <a href="#li3112">3112</a>; acc. sg. +häle, <a href="#li720">720</a>; dat. pl. hælum (hænum, MS.), <a href="#li1984">1984</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhäleth">häleð</a>, st. m., <i>hero, fighter, warrior, man</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li190">190</a>, <a href="#li331">331</a>, <a href="#li1070">1070</a>; nom. pl. häleð, <a href="#li52">52</a>, <a href="#li2248">2248</a>, <a href="#li2459">2459</a>, <a href="#li3143">3143</a>; dat. pl. häleðum +<a href="#li1710">1710</a>, <a href="#li1962">1962</a>, etc.; gen. pl. häleða, <a href="#li467">467</a>, <a href="#li497">497</a>, <a href="#li612">612</a>, <a href="#li663">663</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhärg">härg</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glherg">hearg</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhæth">hæð</a>, st. f., <i>heath</i>: dat. sg. hæðe, <a href="#li2213">2213</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhæthen">hæðen</a>, adj., <i>heathenish</i>; acc. sg. hæðene sâwle, <a href="#li853">853</a>; +dat. sg. hæðnum horde, <a href="#li2217">2217</a>; gen. sg. hæðenes, <i>of the heathen</i> +(Grendel), <a href="#li987">987</a>; gen. pl. hæðenra, <a href="#li179">179</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhæthstapa">hæð-stapa</a>, w. m., <i>that which goes about on the heath</i> +(stag): nom. sg., 1369</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhæl">hæl</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>health, welfare, luck</i>: acc. sg. him hæl +âbeád, <a href="#li654">654</a>; mid hæle, <a href="#li1218">1218</a>.—2) <i>favorable sign, favorable omen</i>: +hæl sceáwedon, <i>observed favorable signs</i> (for Beówulf's +undertaking), <a href="#li204">204</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhælo">hælo</a>, st. f., <i>health, welfare, luck</i>: acc. sg. hælo âbeád +heorð-geneátum, <a href="#li2419">2419</a>.—Comp. un-hælo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhæst">hæst</a> (O.H.G. haisterâ hantî, manu violenta; heist, ira; +heistigo, iracunde), adj., <i>violent, vehement</i>: acc. sg. þurh +hæstne hâd, <a href="#li1336">1336</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhe">he</a>, fem. heó, neut. hit, pers. pron., <i>he, she, it</i>; in +the oblique cases also reflexive, <i>himself, herself, itself</i>: +acc. sg. hine, hî, hit; dat. sg. him, hire, him; gen. sg. his, hire, +his; plur. acc. nom. hî, hig, hie; dat. him; gen. hira, heora, hiera, +hiora.—he omitted before the verb, <a href="#li68">68</a>, <a href="#li300">300</a>, <a href="#li2309">2309</a>, <a href="#li2345">2345</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhebban">hebban</a>, st. v., <i>to raise, to lift</i>, w. acc.: inf. siððan +ic hond and rond hebban mihte, <a href="#li657">657</a>; pret. part. hafen, <a href="#li1291">1291</a>; häfen, +<a href="#li3024">3024</a>.</p> + +<p>â-hebban, <i>raise, to lift from, to take away</i>: wäs ... icge gold +âhafen of horde, <i>taken up from the hoard</i>, <a href="#li1109">1109</a>; þâ wäs ... wôp +up âhafen, <i>a cry of distress raised</i>, 128</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehegan">hegan</a> [ge-hêgan], w. v., <i>to enclose, to fence</i>: þing +gehegan, <i>to mark off the court, hold court</i>. Here figurative: +inf. sceal ... âna gehegan þing wið þyrse (<i>shall alone decide the +matter with Grendel</i>), <a href="#li425">425</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhel">hel</a>, st. f., <i>hell</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li853">853</a>; acc. sg. helle, <a href="#li179">179</a>; +dat. sg. helle, <a href="#li101">101</a>, <a href="#li589">589</a>; (as instr.), <a href="#li789">789</a>; gen. sg. helle, <a href="#li1275">1275</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhelbend">hel-bend</a>, st. m. f. <i>bond of hell</i>: instr. pl. hell-bendum +fäst, <a href="#li3073">3073</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhelrûna">hel-rûna</a>, w. m., <i>sorcerer</i>: nom. pl. helrûnan, <a href="#li163">163</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbehelan">helan</a>, st. v., <i>to conceal, to hide</i>: pret. part. +be-holen, <a href="#li414">414</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhelm">helm</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>protection in general, defence, covering +that protects</i>: acc. sg. on helm, <a href="#li1393">1393</a>; under helm, <a href="#li1746">1746</a>.—2) +<i>helmet</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1630">1630</a>; acc. sg. helm, <a href="#li673">673</a>, <a href="#li1023">1023</a>, <a href="#li1527">1527</a>, <a href="#li2988">2988</a>; +(helo, MS.), <a href="#li2724">2724</a>; brûn-fâgne, gold-fâhne helm, <a href="#li2616">2616</a>, <a href="#li2812">2812</a>; dat. sg. +under helme, <a href="#li342">342</a>, <a href="#li404">404</a>; gen. sg. helmes, <a href="#li1031">1031</a>; acc. pl. helmas, <a href="#li240">240</a>, +<a href="#li2639">2639</a>.—3) <i>defence, protector</i>, designation of the king: nom. sg. +helm Scyldinga (Hrôðgâr), <a href="#li371">371</a>, <a href="#li456">456</a>, <a href="#li1322">1322</a>; acc. sg. heofena helm +<i>(the defender of the heavens</i> = God), <a href="#li182">182</a>; helm Scylfinga, +<a href="#li2382">2382</a>.—Comp.: grîm-, gûð-, heaðo-, niht-helm.</p> + +<p>ofer-<a class="glentry" name="gloferhelmian">helmian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to cover over, to overhang</i>: +pres. sg. III. ofer-helmað, <a href="#li1365">1365</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhelmberend">helm-berend</a>, pres. part., <i>helm-wearing</i> (warrior): acc. +pl. helmberend, <a href="#li2518">2518</a>, <a href="#li2643">2643</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhelpan">helpan</a>, st. v., <i>to help</i>: inf. þät him holt-wudu helpan +ne meahte, lind wið lîge, <i>that a wooden shield could not help him, +a linden shield against flame</i>, <a href="#li2341">2341</a>; þät him îrenna ecge mihton +helpan ät hilde, <a href="#li2685">2685</a>; wutun gangan to, helpan hildfruman, <i>let us +go thitherto help the battle-chief</i>, <a href="#li2650">2650</a>; w. gen. ongan ... mæges +helpan, <i>began to help my kinsman</i>, <a href="#li2880">2880</a>; so, pret. sg. þær he +his mæges (MS. mägenes) healp, <a href="#li2699">2699</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhelp">help</a>, m. and f., <i>help, support, maintenance</i>: acc. sg. +helpe, <a href="#li551">551</a>, <a href="#li1553">1553</a>; dat. sg. tô helpe, <a href="#li1831">1831</a>; acc. sg. helpe, <a href="#li2449">2449</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhende">hende</a>, <i>-handed</i>: in comp. îdel-hende.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glher">her</a>, adv., <i>here</i>, <a href="#li397">397</a>, <a href="#li1062">1062</a>, <a href="#li1229">1229</a>, <a href="#li1655">1655</a>, <a href="#li1821">1821</a>, <a href="#li2054">2054</a>, +<a href="#li2797">2797</a>, etc.; <i>hither</i>, <a href="#li244">244</a>, <a href="#li361">361</a>, <a href="#li376">376</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhere">here</a> (Goth, harji-s), st. m., <i>army, troops</i>: dat. sg. on +herge, <i>in the army, on a warlike expedition, <a href="#li1249">1249</a>; in the army, +among the fighting men</i>, <a href="#li2639">2639</a>; as instr. herge, <a href="#li2348">2348</a>.—Comp.: +flot-, scip-, sin-here.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherebrôga">here-brôga</a>, w. m., <i>terror of the army, fear of war</i>: dat. +sg. for here-brôgan, <a href="#li462">462</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherebyrne">here-byrne</a>, w. f., <i>battle-mail, coat of mail</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1444">1444</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheregrîma">here-grîma</a>, w. m., <i>battle-mask</i>, i.e. helmet (with +visor): dat. sg. -grîman, <a href="#li396">396</a>, <a href="#li2050">2050</a>, <a href="#li2606">2606</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherenet">here-net</a>, st. n., <i>battle-net</i>, i.e. coat of mail (of +interlaced rings): nom. sg., <a href="#li1554">1554</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherenîth">here-nîð</a>, st. m., <i>battle-enmity, battle of armies</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2475">2475</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherepâd">here-pâd</a>, st. f., <i>army-dress</i>, i.e. coat of mail, armor: +nom. sg., <a href="#li2259">2259</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhererinc">here-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>army-hero, hero in battle, warrior</i>: +acc. sg. here-rinc (MS. here ric), <a href="#li1177">1177</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheresceaft">here-sceaft</a>, st. m., <i>battle-shaft</i>, i.e. spear: gen. pl. +here-sceafta heáp, <a href="#li335">335</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherespêd">here-spêd</a>, st. f., <i>(war-speed), luck in war</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li64">64</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherestræl">here-stræl</a>, st. m., <i>war-arrow, missile</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1436">1436</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheresyrce">here-syrce</a>, w. f., <i>battle-shirt, shirt of mail</i>: acc. sg. +here-syrcan, <a href="#li1512">1512</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherewæd">here-wæd</a>, st. f., <i>army-dress, coat of mail, armor</i>: dat. +pl. (as instr.) here-wædum, <a href="#li1898">1898</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherewæsma">here-wæsma</a>, w. m., <i>war-might, fierce strength in battle</i>: +dat. pl. an here-wæsmum, <a href="#li678">678</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherewîsa">here-wîsa</a>, w. m., <i>leader of the army</i>, i.e. ruler, king: +nom. sg., <a href="#li3021">3021</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherg">herg, hearg</a>, st. m., <i>image of a god, grove where a god was +worshipped</i>, hence to the Christian a wicked place(?): dat. pl. +hergum geheaðerod, <i>confined in wicked places</i> (parallel with +hell-bendum fäst), <a href="#li3073">3073</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherigean">herigean</a>, w. v. w. dat. of pers., <i>to provide with an army, +to support with an army</i>: pres. sg. I. ic þe wel herige, +<a href="#li1834">1834</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhete">hete</a>, st. m., <i>hate, enmity</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li142">142</a>, <a href="#li2555">2555</a>.—Comp.: +ecg-, morðor-, wîg-hete.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhetelîc">hete-lîc</a>, adj., <i>hated</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1268">1268</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhetend">hetend, hettend</a>, (pres. part. of hetan, see <a class="glentry" href="#glhatian">hatian</a>), +<i>enemy</i>, hostis: nom. pl. hetende, <a href="#li1829">1829</a>; dat. pl. wið hettendum, +<a href="#li3005">3005</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhetenîth">hete-nîð</a>, st. m., <i>enmity full of hate</i>: acc. pl. +hete-nîðas, <a href="#li152">152</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhetesweng">hete-sweng</a>, st. m., <i>a blow from hate</i>: acc. pl. +hete-swengeas, <a href="#li2226">2226</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhetethanc">hete-þanc</a>, st. m., <i>hate-thought, a hostile design</i>: dat. +pl. mid his hete-þancum, <a href="#li475">475</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhêdan">hêdan, ge-hêdan</a>, w. v. w. gen.: 1) <i>to protect</i>: pret. sg. +ne hêdde he þäs heafolan, <i>did not protect his head</i>, <a href="#li2698">2698</a>.—2) +<i>to obtain</i>: subj. pret. sg. III. gehêdde, <a href="#li505">505</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhêrian">hêrian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to praise, to commend</i>: with +reference to God, <i>to adore</i>: inf. heofena helm hêrian ne cûðon, +<i>could not worship the defence of the heavens</i> (God), <a href="#li182">182</a>; ne +hûru Hildeburh hêrian þorfte Eotena treówe, <i>had no need to praise +the fidelity of the Eotens</i>, <a href="#li1072">1072</a>; pres. subj. þät mon his +wine-dryhten wordum hêrge, <a href="#li3177">3177</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeheatherian">heaðerian</a>, w. v., <i>to force, to press in</i>: pret. part. +ge-heaðerod, <a href="#li3073">3073</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathobyrne">heaðo-byrne</a>, w. f., <i>battle-mail, shirt of mail</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1553">1553</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathodeór">heaðo-deór</a>, adj., <i>bold in battle, brave</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li689">689</a>; +dat. pl. heaðo-deórum, <a href="#li773">773</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathofyr">heaðo-fyr</a>, st. n., <i>battle-fire, hostile fire</i>: gen. sg. +heaðu-fýres, <a href="#li2523">2523</a>; instr. pl. heaðo-fýrum, <a href="#li2548">2548</a>, of the drake's +fire-spewing.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathogrim">heaðo-grim</a>, adj., <i>grim in battle</i>, <a href="#li548">548</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathohelm">heaðo-helm</a>, st. m., <i>battle-helmet, war-helmet</i>: nom. sg., +3157(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheatholâc">heaðo-lâc</a>, st. n., <i>battle-play, battle</i>: dat. sg. ät +heaðo-lâce, <a href="#li584">584</a>; gen. sg. heaðo-lâces hâl, <a href="#li1975">1975</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathomære">heaðo-mære</a>, adj., <i>renowned in battle</i>: acc. pl. -mære, +<a href="#li2803">2803</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathoræs">heaðo-ræs</a>, st. m., <i>storm of battle, attack in battle, +entrance by force</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li557">557</a>; acc. pl. -ræsas, <a href="#li1048">1048</a>; gen. pl. +-ræsa, <a href="#li526">526</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathoreáf">heaðo-reáf</a>, st. n., <i>battle-dress, equipment for battle</i>: +acc. sg. heaðo-reáf heóldon (<i>kept the equipments</i>), <a href="#li401">401</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathorinc">heaðo-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>battle-hero, warrior</i>: acc. sg. þone +heaðo-rinc (Hrêðel's son, Hæðcyn), <a href="#li2467">2467</a>; dat. pl. þæm heaðo-rincum, +<a href="#li370">370</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathorôf">heaðo-rôf</a>, adj., <i>renowned in battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li381">381</a>; nom. +pl. heaðo-rôfe, <a href="#li865">865</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathoscearp">heaðo-scearp</a>, adj., <i>sharp in battle, bold</i>: n. m. pl. +(-scearde, MS.), <a href="#li2830">2830</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathoseóc">heaðo-seóc</a>, adj., <i>battle-sick</i>: dat. sg. -siócum, <a href="#li2755">2755</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathosteáp">heaðo-steáp</a>, adj., <i>high in battle, excelling in battle</i>: +nom. sg. in weak form, heaðo-steápa, <a href="#li1246">1246</a>; acc. sg. heaðo-steápne, +<a href="#li2154">2154</a>, both times of the helmet.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathoswât">heaðo-swât</a>, st. m., <i>blood of battle</i>: dat. sg. +heaðo-swâte, <a href="#li1607">1607</a>; as instr., <a href="#li1461">1461</a>; gen. pl. hâtost heaðo-swâta, <a href="#li1669">1669</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathosweng">heaðo-sweng</a>, st. m., <i>battle-stroke</i> (blow of the sword): +dat. sg. äfter heaðu-swenge, <a href="#li2582">2582</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathotorht">heaðo-torht</a>, adj., <i>loud, clear in battle</i>: nom. sg. stefn +... heaðo-torht, <i>the voice clear in battle</i>, <a href="#li2554">2554</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathowæd">heaðo-wæd</a>, st. f., <i>battle-dress, coat of mail, armor</i>: +instr. pl. heaðo-wædum, <a href="#li39">39</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathoweorc">heaðo-weorc</a>, st. n., <i>battle-work, battle</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2893">2893</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathowylm">heaðo-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>hostile (flame-) wave</i>: acc. pl. hâte +heaðo-wylmas, <a href="#li2820">2820</a>; gen. pl. heaðo-wylma, <a href="#li82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheaf">heaf</a>, st. n., <i>sea</i>: acc. pl. ofer heafo, <a href="#li2478">2478</a>. See <a href="#note1863">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheafola">heafola</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhafela">hafela</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheal">heal</a>, st. f., <i>hall, main apartment, large building</i> +(consisting of an assembly-hall and a banqueting-hall): nom. sg. heal, +<a href="#li1152">1152</a>, <a href="#li1215">1215</a>; heall, <a href="#li487">487</a>; acc. sg. healle, <a href="#li1088">1088</a>; dat. sg. healle, <a href="#li89">89</a>, +<a href="#li615">615</a>, <a href="#li643">643</a>, <a href="#li664">664</a>, <a href="#li926">926</a>, <a href="#li1010">1010</a>, <a href="#li1927">1927</a>, etc.; gen. sg. [healle], <a href="#li389">389</a>.—Comp.: +gif-, meodo-heal.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealärn">heal-ärn</a>, st. n., <i>hall-building, hall-house</i>: gen. sg. +heal-ärna, <a href="#li78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealgamen">heal-gamen</a>, st. n., <i>social enjoyment in the hall, +hall-joy</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1067">1067</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealreced">heal-reced</a>, st. n., <i>hall-building</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li68">68</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealsittend">heal-sittend</a>, pres. part., <i>sitting in the hall</i> (at the +banquet): dat. pl. heal-sittendum, <a href="#li2869">2869</a>; gen. pl. heal-sittendra, +<a href="#li2016">2016</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealthegn">heal-þegn</a>, st. m., <i>hall-thane</i>, i.e. a warrior who holds +the hall: gen. sg. heal-þegnes, of Grendel, <a href="#li142">142</a>; acc. pl. heal-þegnas, +of Beówulfs band, <a href="#li720">720</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealwudu">heal-wudu</a>, <i>hall-wood</i>, i.e. hall built of wood: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1318">1318</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealdan">healdan</a>, st. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to hold, to hold fast; to +support</i>: pret. pl. hû þâ stânbogan ... êce eorðreced innan heóldon (MS. +healde), <i>how the arches of rock within held the everlasting +earth-house</i>, <a href="#li2720">2720</a>. Pret. sg., with a person as object: heóld hine to +fäste, <i>held him too fast</i>, <a href="#li789">789</a>; w. the dat. he him freóndlârum heóld, +<i>supported him with friendly advice</i>, <a href="#li2378">2378</a>.—2) <i>to hold, to watch, +to preserve, to keep</i>; reflexive, <i>to maintain one's self, to keep +one's self</i>: pres. sg. II. eal þu hit geþyldum healdest, mägen mid môdes +snyttrum, <i>all that preservest thou continuously, strength and wisdom of +mind</i>, <a href="#li1706">1706</a>; III. healdeð hige-mêðum heáfod-wearde, <i>holds for the +dead the head-watch</i>, <a href="#li2910">2910</a>; imp. sg. II. heald forð tela niwe sibbe, +<i>keep well, from now on, the new relationship</i>, <a href="#li949">949</a>; heald (heold, +MS.) þu nu hruse ... eorla æhte, <i>preserve thou now, Earth, the noble +men's possessions</i>, <a href="#li2248">2248</a>; inf. se þe holmclifu healdan scolde, <i>watch +the sea-cliffs</i>, <a href="#li230">230</a>; so, <a href="#li705">705</a>; nacan ... ârum healdan, <i>to keep well +your vessel</i>, <a href="#li296">296</a>; wearde healdan, <a href="#li319">319</a>; forlêton eorla gestreón eorðan +healdan, <a href="#li3168">3168</a>; pres. part. dreám healdende, <i>holding rejoicing</i> (i.e. +thou who art rejoicing), <a href="#li1228">1228</a>; pret. sg. heóld hine syððan fyr and fästor, +<i>kept himself afterwards afar and more secure</i>, <a href="#li142">142</a>; ægwearde heóld, +<i>I have (hitherto) kept watch on the sea</i>, <a href="#li241">241</a>; so, <a href="#li305">305</a>; hióld +heáh-lufan wið häleða brego, <i>preserved high love</i>, <a href="#li1955">1955</a>; ginfästan +gife ... heóld, <a href="#li2184">2184</a>; gold-mâðmas heóld, <i>took care of the treasures of +gold</i>, <a href="#li2415">2415</a>; heóld mîn tela, <i>protected well mine own</i>, <a href="#li2738">2738</a>; þonne +... sceft ... nytte heóld, <i>had employment, was employed</i>, <a href="#li3119">3119</a>; heóld +mec, <i>protected</i>, i.e. brought me up, <a href="#li2431">2431</a>; pret. pl. heaðo-reáf +heóldon, <i>watched over the armor</i>, <a href="#li401">401</a>; sg. for pl. heáfodbeorge ... +walan ûtan heóld, <i>outwards, bosses kept guard over the head</i>, +<a href="#li1032">1032</a>.—Related to the preceding meaning are the two following: 3) <i>to +rule and protect the fatherland</i>: inf. gif þu healdan wylt maga rice, +<a href="#li1853">1853</a>; pret. heóld, <a href="#li57">57</a>, <a href="#li2738">2738</a>.—4) <i>to hold, to have, to possess, to +inhabit</i>: inf. lêt þone brego-stôl Beówulf healdan, <a href="#li2390">2390</a>; gerund. tô +healdanne hleóburh wera, <a href="#li1732">1732</a>; pret. sg. heóld, <a href="#li103">103</a>, <a href="#li161">161</a>, <a href="#li466">466</a>, <a href="#li1749">1749</a>, <a href="#li2752">2752</a>; +lyftwynne heóld nihtes hwîlum, <i>at night-time had the enjoyment of the +air</i>, <a href="#li3044">3044</a>; pret. pl. Geáta leóde hreâwic heóldon, <i>the Geátas held +the place of corpses</i> (lay dead upon it), <a href="#li1215">1215</a>; pret. sg. þær heó ær +mæste heóld worolde wynne, <i>in which she formerly possessed the highest +earthly joy</i>, <a href="#li1080">1080</a>.—5) <i>to win, to receive</i>: pret. pl. I. heoldon +heáh gesceap, <i>we received a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us</i>, <a href="#li3085">3085</a>.</p> + +<p>be-healdan, w. acc.: 1) <i>to take care of, to attend to</i>: pret. +sg. þegn nytte beheóld, <i>a thane discharged the office</i>, <a href="#li494">494</a>; so, +<a href="#li668">668</a>.—2) <i>to hold</i>: pret. sg. se þe flôda begong ... beheóld, +<a href="#li1499">1499</a>.—3) <i>to look at, to behold</i>: þryðswyð beheóld mæg Higelâces +hû ..., <i>great woe saw H.'s kinsman, how ...</i>, <a href="#li737">737</a>.</p> + +<p>for-healdan, w. acc., <i>(to hold badly), to fall away from, to +rebel</i>: pret. part. häfdon hy forhealden helm Scylfinga, <i>had +rebelled against the defender of the Scylfings</i>, <a href="#li2382">2382</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-healdan: 1) <i>to hold, to receive, to hold fast</i>: pres. sg. +III. se þe waldendes hyldo gehealdeð, <i>who receives the Lord's +grace</i>, <a href="#li2294">2294</a>; pres. subj. fäder alwalda ... eówic gehealde sîða +gesunde, <i>keep you sound on your journey</i>, <a href="#li317">317</a>; inf. ne meahte +he ... on þam frum-gâre feorh gehealdan, <i>could not hold back the +life in his lord</i>, <a href="#li2857">2857</a>.—2) <i>to take care, to preserve, to watch +over; to stop</i>: imp. sg. hafa nu and geheald hûsa sêlest, <a href="#li659">659</a>; inf. +gehealdan hêt hilde-geatwe, <a href="#li675">675</a>; pret. sg. he frätwe geheóld fela +missera, <a href="#li2621">2621</a>; þone þe ær geheóld wið hettendum hord and rîce, <i>him +who before preserved treasure and realm</i>, <a href="#li3004">3004</a>.—3) <i>to rule</i>: +inf. folc gehealdan, <a href="#li912">912</a>; pret. sg. geheóld tela (brâde rîce), <a href="#li2209">2209</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealf">healf</a>, st. f., <i>half, side, part</i>: acc. sg. on þâ healfe, +<i>towards this side</i>, <a href="#li1676">1676</a>; dat. sg. häleðum be healfe, <i>at the +heroes' side</i>, <a href="#li2263">2263</a>; acc. pl. on twâ healfa, <i>upon two sides, +mutually</i>, <a href="#li1096">1096</a>; on bâ healfa (healfe), <i>on both sides</i> (to +Grendel and his mother), <a href="#li1306">1306</a>; <i>on two sides, on both sides</i>, +<a href="#li2064">2064</a>; gen. pl. on healfa gehwone, <i>in half, through the middle</i>, +<a href="#li801">801</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealf">healf</a>, adj., <i>half</i>: gen. sg. healfre, <a href="#li1088">1088</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheals">heals</a>, st. m., <i>neck</i>: acc. sg. heals, <a href="#li2692">2692</a>; dat. sg. wið +halse, <a href="#li1567">1567</a>; be healse, <a href="#li1873">1873</a>.—Comp.: the adjectives fâmig-, +wunden-heals.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealsbeáh">heals-beáh</a>, st. m., <i>neck-ring, collar</i>: acc. sg. þone +heals-beáh, <a href="#li2173">2173</a>; gen. pl. heals-beága, <a href="#li1196">1196</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealsgebedde">heals-gebedde</a>, w. f., <i>beloved bedfellow, wife</i>: nom. sg. +healsgebedde (MS. healsgebedda), <a href="#li63">63</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealsian">healsian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to entreat earnestly, to +implore</i>: pret. sg. þâ se þeóden mec ... healsode hreóh-môd þät..., +<i>entreated me sorrowful, that</i>..., <a href="#li2133">2133</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheard">heard</a>, adj.: 1) of persons, <i>able, efficient in war, strong, +brave</i>: nom. sg. heard, <a href="#li342">342</a>, <a href="#li376">376</a>, <a href="#li404">404</a>, <a href="#li1575">1575</a>, <a href="#li2540">2540</a>, etc.; in weak +form, se hearda, <a href="#li401">401</a>, <a href="#li1964">1964</a>; se hearda þegn, <a href="#li2978">2978</a>; þes hearda heáp, +<a href="#li432">432</a>; nom. pl. hearde hilde-frecan, <a href="#li2206">2206</a>; gen. pl. heardra, <a href="#li989">989</a>. +Comparative: acc. sg. heardran häle, <a href="#li720">720</a>. With accompanying gen.: +wîges heard, <i>strong in battle</i>, <a href="#li887">887</a>; dat. sg. nîða heardum, +<a href="#li2171">2171</a>.—2) of the implements of war, <i>good, firm, sharp, hard</i>: +nom. sg. (gûð-byrne, lîc-syrce) heard, <a href="#li322">322</a>, <a href="#li551">551</a>. In weak form: masc. +here-stræl hearda, <a href="#li1436">1436</a>; se hearda helm, <a href="#li2256">2256</a>; neutr. here-net hearde, +<a href="#li1554">1554</a>; acc. sg. (swurd, wæpen), heard, <a href="#li540">540</a>, <a href="#li2688">2688</a>, <a href="#li2988">2988</a>; nom. pl. hearde +... homera lâfe, <a href="#li2830">2830</a>; heard and hring-mæl Heaðobeardna gestreón, +<a href="#li2038">2038</a>; acc. pl. heard sweord, <a href="#li2639">2639</a>. Of other things, <i>hard, rough, +harsh, hard to bear</i>: acc. sg. hreðer-bealo hearde, <a href="#li1344">1344</a>; nom. sg. +wrôht ... heard, <a href="#li2915">2915</a>; here-nîð hearda, <a href="#li2475">2475</a>; acc. sg. heoro-sweng +heardne, <a href="#li1591">1591</a>; instr. sg. heardan ceápe, <a href="#li2483">2483</a>; instr. pl. heardan, +heardum clammum, <a href="#li964">964</a>, <a href="#li1336">1336</a>; gen. pl. heardra hýnða, <a href="#li166">166</a>. Compar.: acc. +sg. heardran feohtan, <a href="#li576">576</a>.—Comp.: fýr-, îren-, nîð-, regn-, +scûr-heard.</p> + +<p>hearde, adv., <i>hard, very</i>, <a href="#li1439">1439</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheardecg">heard-ecg</a>, adj., <i>sharp-edged, hard, good in battle</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1289">1289</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheardfyrde">heard-fyrde</a>, adj., <i>hard to take away, heavy</i>: acc. sg. +hard-fyrdne, <a href="#li2246">2246</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheardhycgend">heard-hycgend</a>, pres. part. <i>of a warlike disposition, +brave</i>: nom. pl. -hicgende, <a href="#li394">394</a>, <a href="#li800">800</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheargträf">hearg-träf</a>, st. n., <i>tent of the gods, temple</i>: dat. pl. +ät härg-trafum (MS. hrærg trafum), <a href="#li175">175</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhearm">hearm</a>, st. m., <i>harm, injury, insult</i>: dat. sg. mid +hearme, <a href="#li1893">1893</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhearmsceatha">hearm-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>enemy causing injury</i> or +<i>grief</i>: nom. sg. hearm-scaða, <a href="#li767">767</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhearpe">hearpe</a>, w. f., <i>harp</i>: gen. sg. hearpan swêg, <a href="#li89">89</a>, <a href="#li3024">3024</a>; +hearpan wynne (wyn), <a href="#li2108">2108</a>, <a href="#li2263">2263</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheáthu">heáðu</a>, st. f., <i>sea, waves</i>: acc. sg. heáðu, 1863?</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheáthulîthend">heáðu-lîðend</a>, pres. part., <i>sea-farer, sailor</i>: nom. pl. +-lîðende, <a href="#li1799">1799</a>; dat. pl. -lîðendum (designation of the Geátas), <a href="#li2956">2956</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheáfod">heáfod</a>, st. n., <i>head</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li48">48</a>, <a href="#li1640">1640</a>; dat. sg. +heáfde, <a href="#li1591">1591</a>, <a href="#li2291">2291</a>, <a href="#li2974">2974</a>; dat. pl. heáfdum, <a href="#li1243">1243</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheáfodbeorh">heáfod-beorh</a>, st. f., <i>head-defence, protection for the +head</i>: acc. sg. heáfod-beorge, <a href="#li1031">1031</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheáfodmæg">heáfod-mæg</a>, st. m., <i>head-kinsman, near blood-relative</i>: +dat. pl. heáfod-mægum (<i>brothers</i>), <a href="#li589">589</a>; gen. pl. heáfod-mâga, +<a href="#li2152">2152</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheáfodsegn">heáfod-segn</a>, st. n., <i>head-sign, banner</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2153">2153</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheáfodweard">heáfod-weard</a>, st. f., <i>head-watch</i> acc. sg. healdeð ... +heáfod-wearde leófes and lâðes, <i>for the friend and the foe</i> +(Beówulf and the drake, who lie dead near each other), <a href="#li2910">2910</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheáh">heáh, heá</a>, adj., <i>high, noble</i> (in composition, also +primus): nom. sg. heáh Healfdene, <a href="#li57">57</a>; heá (Higelâc), <a href="#li1927">1927</a>; heáh +(sele), <a href="#li82">82</a>; heáh hlæw, <a href="#li2806">2806</a>, <a href="#li3159">3159</a>; acc. sg. heáh (segn), <a href="#li48">48</a>, <a href="#li2769">2769</a>; +heáhne (MS. heánne) hrôf, <a href="#li984">984</a>; dat. sg. in (tô) sele þam heán, <a href="#li714">714</a>, +<a href="#li920">920</a>; gen. sg. heán hûses, <a href="#li116">116</a>.—<i>high, heavy</i>: acc. heáh gesceap +(<i>an unusual, heavy fate</i>), <a href="#li3085">3085</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheáburh">heá-burh</a>, st. f., <i>high city, first city of a country</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li1128">1128</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheáhcyning">heáh-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>high king, mightiest of the kings</i>: +gen. sg. -cyninges (of Hrôðgâr), <a href="#li1040">1040</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheáhgestreón">heáh-gestreón</a>, st. n., <i>splendid treasure</i>: gen. pl. +-gestreóna, <a href="#li2303">2303</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheáhlufe">heáh-lufe</a>, w. f., <i>high love</i>: acc. sg. heáh-lufan, <a href="#li1955">1955</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheáhsele">heáh-sele</a>, st. m., <i>high hall, first hall in the land, hall +of the ruler</i>: dat. sg. heáh-sele, <a href="#li648">648</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheáhsetl">heáh-setl</a>, st. n., <i>high seat, throne</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1088">1088</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheáhstede">heáh-stede</a>, st. m., <i>high place, ruler's place</i>: dat. sg. +on heáh-stede, <a href="#li285">285</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheán">heán</a>, adj., <i>depressed, low, despised, miserable</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1275">1275</a>, <a href="#li2100">2100</a>, <a href="#li2184">2184</a>, <a href="#li2409">2409</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheáp">heáp</a>, st. m., <i>heap, crowd, troop</i>: nom. sg. þegna heáp, +<a href="#li400">400</a>; þes hearda heáp, <i>this brave band</i>, <a href="#li432">432</a>; acc. sg. +here-sceafta heáp, <i>the crowd of spears</i>, <a href="#li335">335</a>; mago-rinca heáp, +<a href="#li731">731</a>; dat. sg. on heápe, <i>in a compact body</i>, as many as there +were of them, <a href="#li2597">2597</a>.—Comp. wîg-heáp.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheáwan">heáwan</a>, st. v., <i>to hew, to cleave</i>: inf., <a href="#li801">801</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-heáwan, <i>cleave</i>: pres. subj. ge-heáwe, <a href="#li683">683</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheothu">heoðu</a>, st. f., <i>the interior of a building</i>: dat. sg. þät +he on heoðe gestôd, <i>in the interior</i> (of the hall, Heorot), <a href="#li404">404</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheofon">heofon</a>, st. m., <i>heaven</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3157">3157</a>; dat. sg. hefene, +<a href="#li1572">1572</a>; gen. sg. heofenes, <a href="#li414">414</a>, <a href="#li576">576</a>, <a href="#li1802">1802</a>, etc.; gen. pl. heofena, <a href="#li182">182</a>; +dat. pl. under heofenum, <a href="#li52">52</a>, <a href="#li505">505</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheolfor">heolfor</a>, st. n., <i>gore, fresh</i> or <i>crude blood</i>: dat. +instr. sg. hâtan heolfre, <a href="#li850">850</a>, <a href="#li1424">1424</a>; heolfre, <a href="#li2139">2139</a>; under heolfre, +<a href="#li1303">1303</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheolster">heolster</a>, st. n., <i>haunt, hiding-place</i>: acc. sg. on +heolster, <a href="#li756">756</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheonan">heonan</a>, adv., <i>hence, from here</i>: heonan, <a href="#li252">252</a>; heonon, +<a href="#li1362">1362</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheor">heor</a>, st. m., <i>door-hinge</i>: nom. pl. heorras, <a href="#li1000">1000</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorde">heorde</a>, adj. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwundenheorde">wunden-heorde</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorthgeneát">heorð-geneát</a>, st. m., <i>hearth-companion</i>, i.e. a vassal of +the king, in whose castle he receives his livelihood: nom. pl. +heorð-geneátas, <a href="#li261">261</a>, <a href="#li3181">3181</a>; acc. pl. heorð-geneátas, <a href="#li1581">1581</a>, <a href="#li2181">2181</a>; dat. +pl. heorð-geneátum, <a href="#li2419">2419</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorot">heorot</a>, st. m., <i>stag</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1370">1370</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorte">heorte</a>, w. f., <i>heart</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2562">2562</a>; dat. sg. ät +heortan, <a href="#li2271">2271</a>; gen. sg. heortan, <a href="#li2464">2464</a>, <a href="#li2508">2508</a>.—Comp.: the adjectives +blîð-, grom-, rûm-, stearc-heort.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheoru">heoru</a>, st. m., <i>sword</i>: nom. sg. heoru bunden (cf. under +<a class="glentry" href="#glbindan">bîndan</a>), <a href="#li1286">1286</a>. In some of the following compounds heoro- seems +to be confounded with here- (see <a class="glentry" href="#glhere">here</a>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheoroblâc">heoro-blâc</a>, adj., <i>pale through the sword, fatally +wounded</i>: nom. sg. [heoro-]blâc, <a href="#li2489">2489</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorudreór">heoru-dreór</a>, st. m., <i>sword-blood</i>: instr. sg. +heoru-dreóre, <a href="#li487">487</a>; heoro-dreóre, <a href="#li850">850</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorodreórig">heoro-dreórig</a>, adj., <i>bloody through the sword</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li936">936</a>; acc. sg. heoro-dreórigne, <a href="#li1781">1781</a>, <a href="#li2721">2721</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorodrync">heoro-drync</a>, st. m., <i>sword-drink</i>, i.e. blood shed by the +sword: instr. pl. hioro-dryncum swealt, <i>died through +sword-drink</i>, i.e. struck by the sword, <a href="#li2359">2359</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorogîfre">heoro-gîfre</a>, adj., <i>eager for hostile inroads</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1499">1499</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorogrim">heoro-grim</a>, adj., <i>sword-grim, fierce in battle</i>: nom. sg. +m., <a href="#li1565">1565</a>; fem. -grimme, <a href="#li1848">1848</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorohôcihte">heoro-hôcihte</a>, adj., <i>provided with barbs, sharp like swords +</i>: instr. pl. mid eofer-spreótum heoro-hôcyhtum, <a href="#li1439">1439</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheoroserce">heoro-serce</a>, w. f., <i>shirt of mail</i>: acc. sg. +hioro-sercean, <a href="#li2540">2540</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorosweng">heoro-sweng</a>, st. m., <i>sword-stroke</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li1591">1591</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheoroweallende">heoro-weallende</a>, pres. part., <i>rolling around fighting</i>, +of the drake, <a href="#li2782">2782</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweallian">weallian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorowearh">heoro-wearh</a>, st. m. <i>he who is sword-cursed, who is destined +to die by the sword</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1268">1268</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheófan">heófan</a>, w. v., <i>to lament, to moan</i>: part. nom. pl. +hiófende, <a href="#li3143">3143</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâheóran">â-heóran</a>, <i>to free</i> (?): w. acc. pret. sg. brýd âheórde, +<a href="#li2931">2931</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheóre">heóre</a>, adj., <i>pleasant, not haunted, secure</i>: nom. sg. +fem, nis þät heóru stôw, <i>that is no secure place</i>, <a href="#li1373">1373</a>.—Comp. +un-heóre (-hýre).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhider">hider</a>, adv., <i>hither</i>, <a href="#li240">240</a>, <a href="#li370">370</a>, <a href="#li394">394</a>, <a href="#li3093">3093</a>, etc.</p> + +<p>ofer-<a class="glentry" name="gloferhigian">higian</a>, w. v. (according to the connection, probably), +<i>to exceed</i>, <a href="#li2767">2767</a>. (O.H.G. ubar-hugjan, <i>to be arrogant</i>.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhild">hild</a>, st. f., <i>battle, combat</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li452">452</a>, <a href="#li902">902</a>, <a href="#li1482">1482</a>, +<a href="#li2077">2077</a>; hild heoru-grimme, <a href="#li1848">1848</a>; acc. sg. hilde, <a href="#li648">648</a>; instr. sg. hilde, +<i>through combat</i>, <a href="#li2917">2917</a>; dat. sg. ät hilde, <a href="#li1461">1461</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildebil">hilde-bil</a>, st. n., <i>battle-sword</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1667">1667</a>; instr. +dat. sg. hilde-bille, <a href="#li557">557</a>, <a href="#li1521">1521</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildebord">hilde-bord</a>, st. n., <i>battle-shield</i>: acc. pl. hilde-bord, +<a href="#li397">397</a>; instr. pl. -bordum, <a href="#li3140">3140</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildecyst">hilde-cyst</a>, st. f., <i>excellence in battle, bravery in +battle</i>: instr. pl. -cystum, <a href="#li2599">2599</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildedeór">hilde-deór</a>, adj., <i>bold in battle, brave in battle</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li312">312</a>, <a href="#li835">835</a>, <a href="#li1647">1647</a>, <a href="#li1817">1817</a>; hilde-diór, <a href="#li3112">3112</a>; nom. pl. hilde-deóre, +<a href="#li3171">3171</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildefreca">hilde-freca</a>, w. m., <i>hero in battle</i>: nom. pl. +hilde-frecan, <a href="#li2206">2206</a>; dat. sg. hild-frecan, <a href="#li2367">2367</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildegeatwe">hilde-geatwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>equipment for battle, adornment +for combat</i>: acc. hilde-geatwe, <a href="#li675">675</a>; gen. -geatwa, <a href="#li2363">2363</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildegicel">hilde-gicel</a>, st. m., <i>battle-icicle</i>, i.e. the blood which +hangs upon the sword-blades like icicles: instr. pl. hilde-gicelum, +<a href="#li1607">1607</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildegrâp">hilde-grâp</a>, st. f., <i>battle-gripe</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1447">1447</a>, <a href="#li2508">2508</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildehlemma">hilde-hlemma</a>, w. m., <i>one raging in battle, warrior, +fighter</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2352">2352</a>, <a href="#li2545">2545</a>; dat. pl. eft þät ge-eode ... +hilde-hlämmum, <i>it happened to the warriors</i> (the Geátas), <a href="#li2202">2202</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildeleóma">hilde-leóma</a>, w. m., <i>battle-light, gleam of battle</i>, +hence: 1) the fire-spewing of the drake in the fight: nom. pl. +-leóman, <a href="#li2584">2584</a>.—2) <i>the gleaming sword</i>: acc. sg. -leóman, <a href="#li1144">1144</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildemecg">hilde-mecg</a>, st. m., <i>man of battle, warrior</i>: nom. pl. +hilde-mecgas, <a href="#li800">800</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildemêce">hilde-mêce</a>, st. m., <i>battle-sword</i>: nom. pl. -mêceas, +<a href="#li2203">2203</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhilderand">hilde-rand</a>, st. m., <i>battle-shield</i>: acc. pl. -randas, +<a href="#li1243">1243</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhllderæs">hllde-ræs</a>, st. m., <i>storm of battle</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li300">300</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhilderinc">hilde-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>man of battle, warrior, hero</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1308">1308</a>, <a href="#li3125">3125</a>, <a href="#li3137">3137</a>; dat. sg. hilde-rince, <a href="#li1496">1496</a>; gen. sg. +hilde-rinces, <a href="#li987">987</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildesäd">hilde-säd</a>, adj., <i>satiated with battle, not wishing to fight +any more</i>: acc. sg. hilde-sädne, <a href="#li2724">2724</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildesceorp">hilde-sceorp</a>, st. n., <i>battle-dress, armor, coat of mail</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li2156">2156</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildesetl">hilde-setl</a>, st. n., <i>battle-seat</i> (saddle): nom. sg., +<a href="#li1040">1040</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildestrengo">hilde-strengo</a>, st. f., <i>battle-strength, bravery in +battle</i>: acc., <a href="#li2114">2114</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildeswât">hilde-swât</a>, st. m., <i>battle-sweat</i>: nom. sg. hât +hilde-swât (the hot, damp breath of the drake as he rushes on), <a href="#li2559">2559</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildetux">hilde-tux</a>, st. m., <i>battle-tooth</i>: instr. pl. hilde-tuxum, +<a href="#li1512">1512</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildewæpen">hilde-wæpen</a>, st. m., <i>battle-weapon</i>: instr. pl. -wæpnum, +<a href="#li39">39</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildewîsa">hilde-wîsa</a>, w. m., <i>leader in battle, general</i>: dat. sg. +fore Healfdenes hildewîsan, <i>Healfdene's general</i> (Hnäf), <a href="#li1065">1065</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildfreca">hild-freca</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhildefreca">hilde-freca</a></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildfruma">hild-fruma</a>, st. m., <i>battle-chief</i>: dat. sg. -fruma, <a href="#li1679">1679</a>, +<a href="#li2650">2650</a>; gen. sg. þäs hild-fruman, <a href="#li2836">2836</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlldlata">hlld-lata</a>, w. m., <i>he who is late in battle, coward</i>: nom. +pl. þâ hild-latan, <a href="#li2847">2847</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhilt">hilt</a>, st. n., <i>sword-hilt</i>: nom. gylden hilt, <a href="#li1678">1678</a>; acc. +sg. þät hilt, <a href="#li1669">1669</a>; hylt, <a href="#li1668">1668</a>. Also used in the plural; acc. þâ hilt, +<a href="#li1615">1615</a>; dat. pl, be hiltum, <a href="#li1575">1575</a>.—Comp.: fetel-, wreoðen-hilt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhiltecumbor">hilte-cumbor</a>, st. n., <i>banner with a staff</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li1023">1023</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhilted">hilted</a>, pret. part., <i>provided with a hilt</i> or +<i>handle</i>: acc. sg. heard swyrd hiked, <i>sword with a</i> (rich) +<i>hilt</i>, <a href="#li2988">2988</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhinfûs">hin-fûs</a>, adj., <i>ready to die</i>: nom. sg. hyge wäs him +hinfûs (i.e. he felt that he should not survive), <a href="#li756">756</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhindema">hindema</a>, adj. superl., <i>hindmost, last</i>: instr. sg. +hindeman sîðe, <i>the last time, for the last time</i>, <a href="#li2050">2050</a>, <a href="#li2518">2518</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhirde">hirde, hyrde</a>, st. m., (<i>herd</i>) <i>keeper, guardian, +possessor</i>: nom. sg. folces hyrde, <a href="#li611">611</a>, <a href="#li1833">1833</a>, <a href="#li2982">2982</a>; rîces hyrde, +<a href="#li2028">2028</a>; fyrena hyrde, <i>the guardian of mischief, wicked one</i>, <a href="#li751">751</a>, +<a href="#li2220">2220</a>; wuldres hyrde, <i>the king of glory, God</i>, <a href="#li932">932</a>; hringa hyrde, +<i>the keeper of the rings</i>, <a href="#li2246">2246</a>; cumbles hyrde, <i>the possessor +of the banner, the bearer of the banner</i>, <a href="#li2506">2506</a>; folces hyrde, <a href="#li1850">1850</a>; +frätwa hyrde, <a href="#li3134">3134</a>; rîces hyrde, <a href="#li3081">3081</a>; acc. pl. hûses hyrdas, +<a href="#li1667">1667</a>.—Comp.: grund-hyrde.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhit">hit</a> (O.N. hita), st. f. (?), <i>heat</i>: nom. sg. þenden hyt +sý, <a href="#li2650">2650</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhladan">hladan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to load, to lay</i>: inf. on bæl hladan +leófne mannan, <i>lay the dear man on the funeral-pile</i>, <a href="#li2127">2127</a>; him +on bearm hladan bunan and discas, <i>laid cups and plates upon his +bosom, loaded himself with them</i>, <a href="#li2776">2776</a>; pret. part. þær wäs wunden +gold on wæn hladen, <i>laid upon the wain</i>, <a href="#li3135">3135</a>.—2) <i>to load, +to burden</i>: pret. part. þâ wäs ... sægeáp naca hladen herewædum, +<i>loaded with armor</i>, <a href="#li1898">1898</a>.—Comp. gilp-hläden.</p> + +<p>ge-hladan, w. acc., <i>to load, to burden</i>: pret. sg. sæbât gehlôd +(MS gehleod), <a href="#li896">896</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlâford">hlâford</a>, st. m., <i>lord, ruler</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2376">2376</a>; acc. sg., +<a href="#li267">267</a>; dat. sg. hlâforde, <a href="#li2635">2635</a>; gen. sg. hlâfordes, <a href="#li3181">3181</a>.—Comp. +eald-hlâford.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlâfordleás">hlâford-leás</a>; adj., <i>without a lord</i>: nom. pl. +hlâford-leáse, <a href="#li2936">2936</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlâw">hlâw, hlæw</a>, st. m., <i>grave-hill</i>: acc. sg. hlæw, <a href="#li2803">2803</a>, +<a href="#li3159">3159</a>, <a href="#li3171">3171</a>; dat. sg. for hlâwe, <a href="#li1121">1121</a>. Also, <i>grave-chamber</i> (the +interior of the grave-hill), <i>cave</i>: acc. sg. hlâw [under] +hrusan, <a href="#li2277">2277</a>; hlæw under hrusan, <a href="#li2412">2412</a>; dat. sg. on hlæwe, <a href="#li2774">2774</a>. The +drake dwells in the rocky cavern which the former owner of his +treasure had chosen as his burial-place, <a href="#li2242">2242-2271</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhläst">hläst</a>, st. n., <i>burden, load</i>: dat. sg. hläste, <a href="#li52">52</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlem">hlem</a>, st. m., <i>noise, din of battle, noisy attack</i>: in the +compounds, uht-, wäl-hlem.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlemma">hlemma</a>, w. m., <i>one raging, one who calls</i>; see +<a class="glentry" href="#glhildehlemma">hilde-hlemma</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâhlehhan">â-hlehhan</a>, st. v., <i>to laugh aloud, to shout, to exult</i>: +pret. sg. his môd âhlôg, <i>his mood exulted</i>, <a href="#li731">731</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleahtor">hleahtor</a>, st. m., <i>laughter</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li612">612</a>; acc. sg., +<a href="#li3021">3021</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleápan">hleápan</a>, st. v., <i>to run, to trot, to spring</i>: inf. +hleápan lêton ... fealwe mearas, <a href="#li865">865</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâhleapan">â-hleapan</a>, <i>to spring up</i>: pret. âhleóp, <a href="#li1398">1398</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleothu">hleoðu</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhlith">hlið</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleonian">hleonian</a>, w. v., <i>to incline, to hang over</i>: inf. oð þät he ... +fyrgen-beámas ofer hârne stân hleonian funde, <i>till he found +mountain-trees hanging over the gray rocks</i>, <a href="#li1416">1416</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleó">hleó</a>, st. m., <i>shady, protected place; defence, shelter</i>; +figurative designation of the king, or of powerful nobles: wîgendra +hleó, of Hrôðgâr, <a href="#li429">429</a>; of Sigemund, <a href="#li900">900</a>; of Beówulf, <a href="#li1973">1973</a>, <a href="#li2338">2338</a>; eorla +hleó, of Hrôðgâr, <a href="#li1036">1036</a>, <a href="#li1867">1867</a>; of Beówulf, <a href="#li792">792</a>; of Hygelâc, <a href="#li2191">2191</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleóburh">hleó-burh</a>, st. f., <i>ruler's castle</i> or <i>city</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li913">913</a>, <a href="#li1732">1732</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleóthorcwyde">hleóðor-cwyde</a>, st. m., <i>speech of solemn sound, ceremonious +words</i>, <a href="#li1980">1980</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleór">hleór</a>, st. n., <i>cheek, jaw</i>: in comp. fäted-hleór (adj.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleórbera">hleór-bera</a>, w. m., <i>cheek-bearer</i>, the part of the helmet +that reaches down over the cheek and protects it: acc. pl. ofer +hleór-beran (<i>visor</i>?), <a href="#li304">304</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleórbolster">hleór-bolster</a>, st. m., <i>cheek-bolster, pillow</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li689">689</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleótan">hleótan</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to obtain by lot, to attain, to +get</i>: pret. sg. feorh-wunde hleát, <a href="#li2386">2386</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlifian">hlifian</a>, w. v., <i>to rise, to be prominent</i>: inf. hlifian, +<a href="#li2806">2806</a>; pret. hlifade, <a href="#li81">81</a>, <a href="#li1800">1800</a>, <a href="#li1899">1899</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlith">hlið</a>, st. n., <i>cliff, precipice of a mountain</i>: dat. sg. +on hliðe, <a href="#li3159">3159</a>; gen. sg. hliðes, <a href="#li1893">1893</a>; pl. hliðo in composition, +stân-hliðo; hleoðu in the compounds fen-, mist-, näs-, wulf-hleoðu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlinbed">hlin-bed</a> (Frisian hlen-bed, Richthofen 206^<a href="#li28">28</a>, for which +another text has cronk-bed), st. n., κλινίδιον, <i>bed for +reclining, sick-bed</i>: acc. sg. hlim-bed, <a href="#li3035">3035</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltôhlîdan">tô-hlîdan</a>, st. v., <i>to spring apart, to burst</i>: pret. +part. nom. pl. tô-hlidene, <a href="#li1000">1000</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlûd">hlûd</a>, adj., <i>loud</i>: acc. sg. dreám ... hlûdne, <a href="#li89">89</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlyn">hlyn</a>, st. m., <i>din, noise, clatter</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li612">612</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlynnan">hlynnan, hlynian</a>, w. v., <i>to sound, to resound</i>: inf. +hlynnan (of the voice), <a href="#li2554">2554</a>; of fire, <i>to crackle</i>: pret. sg. +hlynode, <a href="#li1121">1121</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlynsian">hlynsian</a>, w. v., <i>to resound, to crash</i>: pret. sg. reced +hlynsode, <a href="#li771">771</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlytm">hlytm</a>, st. m., <i>lot</i>: dat. sg. näs þâ on hlytme, hwâ þät +hord strude, <i>it did not depend upon lot who should plunder the +hoard</i>, i.e. its possession was decided, <a href="#li3127">3127</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhnâh">hnâh</a>, adj.: 1) <i>low, inferior</i>: comp. acc. sg. hnâgran, +<a href="#li678">678</a>; dat. sg. hnâhran rince, <i>an inferior hero, one less brave</i>, +<a href="#li953">953</a>.—2) <i>familiarly intimate</i>: nom. sg. näs hió hnâh swâ þeáh, +<i>was nevertheless not familiarly intimate</i> (with the Geátas, i.e. +preserved her royal dignity towards them), (<i>niggardly</i>?), <a href="#li1930">1930</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhnægan">hnægan</a>, w. v. w. acc., (for nægan), <i>to speak to, to +greet</i>: pret. sg. þät he þone wîsan wordum hnægde freán Ingwina, +<a href="#li1319">1319</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehnægan">hnægan</a>, w. acc., <i>to bend, to humiliate, to strike down, +to fell</i>: pret. sg. ge-hnægde helle gâst, <a href="#li1275">1275</a>; þær hyne Hetware +hilde gehnægdon, <a href="#li2917">2917</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhnitan">hnitan</a>, st. v., <i>to dash against, to encounter</i>, here of +the collision of hostile bands: pret. pl. þonne hniton (hnitan) fêðan, +<a href="#li1328">1328</a>, <a href="#li2545">2545</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhothma">hoðma</a>, w. m., <i>place of concealment, cave</i>, hence, <i>the +grave</i>: dat. sg. in hoðman, <a href="#li2459">2459</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhof">hof</a>, st. n., <i>enclosed space, court-yard, estate, +manor-house</i>: acc. sg. hof (Hrôðgâr's residence), <a href="#li312">312</a>; dat. sg. tô +hofe sînum (Grendel's home in the sea), <a href="#li1508">1508</a>; tô hofe (Hygelâc's +residence), <a href="#li1975">1975</a>; acc. pl. beorht hofu, <a href="#li2314">2314</a>; dat. pl. tô hofum Geáta, +<a href="#li1837">1837</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhogode">hogode</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhycgan">hycgan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhold">hold</a>, adj., <i>inclined to, attached to, gracious, dear, +true</i>: nom. sg. w. dat. of the person, hold weorod freán Scyldinga, +<i>a band well disposed to the lord of the Scyldings</i>, <a href="#li290">290</a>; +mandrihtne hold, <a href="#li1230">1230</a>; Hygelâce wäs ... nefa swýðe hold, <i>to H. was +his nephew</i> (Beówulf) <i>very much attached</i>, <a href="#li2171">2171</a>; acc. sg. +þurh holdne hige, <i>from a kindly feeling, with honorable mind</i>, +<a href="#li267">267</a>; holdne wine, <a href="#li376">376</a>; holdne, <a href="#li1980">1980</a>; gen. pl. holdra, <a href="#li487">487</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhold">hold</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhealdan">healdan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glholm">holm</a>, st. m., <i>deep sea</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li519">519</a>, <a href="#li1132">1132</a>, <a href="#li2139">2139</a>; acc. +sg., <a href="#li48">48</a>, <a href="#li633">633</a>; dat. sg. holme, <a href="#li543">543</a>, <a href="#li1436">1436</a>, <a href="#li1915">1915</a>; acc. pl. holmas, +<a href="#li240">240</a>.—Comp. wæg-holm.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glholmclif">holm-clif</a>, st. n., <i>sea-cliff</i>: dat. sg. on þam +holm-clife, <a href="#li1422">1422</a>; from þäm holmclife, <a href="#li1636">1636</a>; acc. pl. holm-clifu, <a href="#li230">230</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glholmwylm">holm-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>the waves of the sea</i>: dat. sg. +holm-wylme, <a href="#li2412">2412</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glholt">holt</a>, st. n., <i>wood, thicket, forest.</i> acc. sg. on holt, +<a href="#li2599">2599</a>; holt, <a href="#li2847">2847</a>.—Comp.: äsc-, fyrgen-, gâr-, Hrefnes-holt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glholtwudu">holt-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>forest-wood</i>: 1) of the material: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2341">2341</a>.—2) = <i>forest</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1370">1370</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhord">hord</a>, st. m. and n., <i>hoard, treasure</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2284">2284</a>, +<a href="#li3085">3085</a>; beága hord, <a href="#li2285">2285</a>; mâðma hord, <a href="#li3012">3012</a>; acc. sg. hord, <a href="#li913">913</a>, <a href="#li2213">2213</a>, +<a href="#li2320">2320</a>, <a href="#li2510">2510</a>, <a href="#li2745">2745</a>, <a href="#li2774">2774</a>, <a href="#li2956">2956</a>, <a href="#li3057">3057</a>; sâwle hord, <a href="#li2423">2423</a>; þät hord, <a href="#li3127">3127</a>; +dat. sg. of horde, <a href="#li1109">1109</a>; for horde, <i>on account of</i> (the robbing +of) <i>the hoard</i>, <a href="#li2782">2782</a>; hæðnum horde, <a href="#li2217">2217</a>; gen. sg. hordes, +<a href="#li888">888</a>.—Comp.: beáh-, breóst-, word-, wyrm-hord.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordärn">hord-ärn</a>, st. n., <i>place in which a treasure is kept, +treasure-room</i>: dat. hord-ärne, <a href="#li2832">2832</a>; gen. pl. hord-ärna, <a href="#li2280">2280</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordburh">hord-burh</a>, st. f., <i>city in which is the treasure</i> (of the +king's), <i>ruler's castle</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li467">467</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordgestreón">hord-gestreón</a>, st. n., <i>hoard-treasure, precious +treasure</i>: dat. pl. hord-gestreónum, <a href="#li1900">1900</a>; gen. pl. mägen-byrðenne +hord-gestreóna, <i>the great burden of rich treasures</i>, <a href="#li3093">3093</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordmâththum">hord-mâððum</a>, st. m., <i>treasure-jewel, precious jewel</i>: +acc. sg. (-madmum, MS.), <a href="#li1199">1199</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordwela">hord-wela</a>, w. m., <i>treasure-riches, abundance of +treasures</i>: acc. sg. hord-welan, <a href="#li2345">2345</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordweard">hord-weard</a>, st. m., <i>warder of the treasure, +hoard-warden</i>: 1) of the king: nom. sg., <a href="#li1048">1048</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li1853">1853</a>.—2) +of the drake: nom. sg., <a href="#li2294">2294</a>, <a href="#li2303">2303</a>, <a href="#li2555">2555</a>, <a href="#li2594">2594</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordweorthung">hord-weorðung</a>, st. f., <i>ornament out of the treasure, rich +ornament</i>: acc. sg.—weorðunge, <a href="#li953">953</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordwyn">hord-wyn</a>, st. f., <i>treasure-joy, joy-giving treasure</i>: +acc. sg. hord-wynne, <a href="#li2271">2271</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhorn">horn</a>, st. m., <i>horn</i>: 1) upon an animal: instr. pl. heorot +hornum trum, <a href="#li1370">1370</a>.—2) wind-instrument: nom. sg., <a href="#li1424">1424</a>; acc. sg., +<a href="#li2944">2944</a>.—Comp. gûð-horn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhornboga">horn-boga</a>, w. m., <i>bow made of horn</i>: dat. sg. of +horn-bogan, <a href="#li2438">2438</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhorngeáp">horn-geáp</a>, adj., of great extent between the (stag-)horns +adorning the gables(?): nom. sg. sele ... heáh and horn-geáp, <a href="#li82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhornreced">horn-reced</a>, st. n., building whose two gables are crowned by +the halves of a stag's antler(?): acc. sg., <a href="#li705">705</a>. Cf. Heyne's Treatise +on the Hall, Heorot, p. 44.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhors">hors</a>, st. n., <i>horse</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1400">1400</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhôciht">hôciht</a>, adj., <i>provided with hooks, hooked</i>: in comp. +heoro-hôciht.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbehôfian">hôfian</a>, w. v. w. gen., <i>to need, to want</i>: pres. sg. +III. nu is se däg cumen þat ûre man-dryhten mägenes behôfað gôdra +gûðrinca, <i>now is the day come when our lord needs the might of +strong warriors</i>, <a href="#li2648">2648</a>.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="glonhôhsnian">hôhsnian</a>, w. v., <i>to hinder</i>: pret. sg. þät onhôhsnode +Heminges mæg (on hohsnod, MS.), <a href="#li1945">1945</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhôlinga">hôlinga</a>, adv., <i>in vain, without reason</i>, <a href="#li1077">1077</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbehôn">hôn</a>, st. v., <i>to hang with</i>: pret. part. helmum +behongen, <a href="#li3140">3140</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhop">hop</a>, st. n., <i>protected place, place of refuge, place of +concealment</i>, in the compounds fen-, môr-hop.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhôs">hôs</a> (Goth, hansa), st. f., <i>accompanying troop, escort</i>: +instr. sg. mägða hôse, <i>with an accompanying train of +servingwomen</i>, <a href="#li925">925</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhräthe">hräðe</a>, adv., <i>hastily, quickly, immediately</i>, <a href="#li224">224</a>, <a href="#li741">741</a>, +<a href="#li749">749</a>, <a href="#li1391">1391</a>, etc.; hraðe, <a href="#li1438">1438</a>; hreðe, <a href="#li992">992</a>; compar. hraðor, <a href="#li543">543</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhranfix">hran-fix</a>, st. m., <i>whale</i>: acc. pl. hron-fixas, <a href="#li540">540</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhranrâd">hran-râd</a>, st. f., <i>whale-road</i>, i.e. sea: dat. sg. ofer +hron-râde, <a href="#li10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrâ">hrâ</a>, st. n., <i>corpse</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1589">1589</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrâfyl">hrâ-fyl</a>, st. m., <i>fall of corpses, killing, slaughter</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li277">277</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrädlîce">hrädlîce</a>, adv., <i>hastily, immediately</i>, <a href="#li356">356</a>, <a href="#li964">964</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhräfn">hräfn, hrefn</a>, st. m., <i>raven</i>: nom. sg. hrefn blaca, +<i>black raven</i>, <a href="#li1802">1802</a>; se wonna hrefn, <i>the dark raven</i>, <a href="#li3025">3025</a>; +dat. sg. hrefne, <a href="#li2449">2449</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrägl">hrägl</a>, st. n., <i>dress, garment, armor</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1196">1196</a>; +gen. sg., hrägles, <a href="#li1218">1218</a>; gen. pl. hrägla, 454—Comp.: beado-, fyrd-, +mere-hrägl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrethe">hreðe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhräthe">hraðe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrether">hreðer</a>, st. m., <i>breast, bosom</i> nom. sg. hreðer inne weóll +<i>(it surged in his breast</i>), <a href="#li2114">2114</a>; hreðer æðme weóll, <a href="#li2594">2594</a>; dat. sg. +in hreðre, <a href="#li1152">1152</a>; of hreðre, <a href="#li2820">2820</a>.—<i>Breast</i> as the seat of feeling, +<i>heart</i>: dat. sg. þät wäs ... hreðre hygemêðe, <i>that was depressing to +the heart</i> (of the slayer, Hæðcyn), <a href="#li2443">2443</a>; on hreðre, <a href="#li1879">1879</a>, <a href="#li2329">2329</a>; gen. +pl. þurh hreðra gehygd, <a href="#li2046">2046</a>.—<i>Breast</i> as seat of life: instr. sg. +hreðre, parallel with aldre, <a href="#li1447">1447</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhretherbealo">hreðer-bealo</a>, st. n., <i>evil that takes hold on the heart, +evil severely felt</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1344">1344</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrefn">hrefn</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhräfn">hräfn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrêth">hrêð</a>, st. f., <i>glory</i>; in composition, gûð-hrêð; +<i>renown, assurance of victory</i>, in sige-hrêð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrêthe">hrêðe</a>, adj., <i>renowned in battle</i>: nom. sg. hrêð (on +account of the following ät, final <i>e</i> is elided, as wênic for +wêne ic, <a href="#li442">442</a>; frôfor and fultum for frôfre and fultum, <a href="#li699">699</a>; firen +ondrysne for firene ondr., <a href="#li1933">1933</a>, <a href="#li2576">2576</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrêthsigor">hrêð-sigor</a>, st. m., <i>glorious victory</i>: dat. sg. +hrêð-sigora, <a href="#li2584">2584</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrêmig">hrêmig</a>, adj., <i>boasting, exulting</i>: with instr. and gen. +hûðe hrêmig, <a href="#li124">124</a>; since hrêmig, <a href="#li1883">1883</a>; frätwum hrêmig, <a href="#li2055">2055</a>; nom. pl. +nealles Hetware hrêmge þorfton (sc. wesan) fêðe-wîges, <a href="#li2365">2365</a>.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="glonhrêran">hrêran</a>, w. v., <i>to excite, to stir up</i>: pret. part. +on-hrêred, <a href="#li549">549</a>, <a href="#li2555">2555</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhreâwîc">hreâ-wîc</a>, st. n., <i>place of corpses</i>: acc. sg. Geáta leóde +hreâ-wîc heóldon, <i>held the place of corpses</i>, <a href="#li1215">1215</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhreád">hreád</a>, st. f., <i>ornament</i>(?), in comp. earm-hreád. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glhreóthan">hreóðan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhreám">hreám</a>, st. m., <i>noise, alarm</i>:: nom. sg., <a href="#li1303">1303</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhreótha">hreóða</a>, w. m., <i>cover</i>, in the compound bord-hreóða.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhreóthan">hreóðan</a>, ge-<b>hreóðan</b>, st. v., <i>to cover, to clothe</i>; +only in the pret. part. hroden, gehroden, <i>dressed, adorned</i>: +hroden, <a href="#li495">495</a>, <a href="#li1023">1023</a>; þâ wäs heal hroden feónda feorum, <i>then was the +hall covered with the corpses of the enemy</i>, <a href="#li1152">1152</a>; ge-hroden golde, +<i>adorned with gold</i>, <a href="#li304">304</a>.—Comp.: beág-, gold-hroden.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhreóh">hreóh, hreów, hreó</a>, adj., <i>excited, stormy, wild, angry, +raging; sad, troubled</i>: nom. sg. (Beówulf) hreóh and heoro-grim, +<a href="#li1565">1565</a>; þät þam gôdan wäs hreów on hreðre, (<i>that came with violence +upon him, pained his heart</i>), <a href="#li2329">2329</a>; hreó wæron ýða, <i>the waves +were angry, the sea stormy</i>, <a href="#li548">548</a>; näs him hreóh sefa, <i>his mind +was not cruel</i>, <a href="#li2181">2181</a>; dat. sg. on hreón môde, <i>of sad heart</i>, +<a href="#li1308">1308</a>; on hreóum môde, <i>angry at heart</i>, <a href="#li2582">2582</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhreóhmôd">hreóh-môd</a>, adj., <i>of sad heart</i>, <a href="#li2133">2133</a>; <i>angry at +heart</i>, <a href="#li2297">2297</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhreósan">hreósan</a>, st. v., <i>to fall, to sink, to rush</i>: pret. hreás, +<a href="#li2489">2489</a>, <a href="#li2832">2832</a>; pret. pl. hruron, <a href="#li1075">1075</a>; hie on weg hruron, <i>they rushed +away</i>, <a href="#li1431">1431</a>; hruron him teáras, <i>tears burst from him</i>, <a href="#li1873">1873</a>.</p> + +<p>be-hreósan, <i>to fall from, to be divested of</i>: pret. part. acc. +pl. fyrn-manna fatu ... hyrstum behrorene, <i>divested of ornaments</i> +(from which the ornaments had fallen away), <a href="#li2760">2760</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhreów">hreów</a>, st. f., <i>distress, sorrow</i>: gen. pl. þät wäs +Hrôðgâre hreówa tornost, <i>that was to Hrôðgâr the bitterest of his +sorrows</i>, <a href="#li2130">2130</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhring">hring</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>ring</i>: acc. sg. þone hring, <a href="#li1203">1203</a>; hring +gyldenne, <a href="#li2810">2810</a>; acc. pl. hringas, <a href="#li1196">1196</a>, <a href="#li1971">1971</a>, <a href="#li3035">3035</a>; gen. pl. hringa, +<a href="#li1508">1508</a>, <a href="#li2246">2246</a>.—2) <i>shirt of mail</i> (of interlaced rings): nom. sg. +hring, <a href="#li1504">1504</a>; byrnan hring, <a href="#li2261">2261</a>.—Comp. bân-hring.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringan">hringan</a>, w. v., <i>to give forth a sound, to ring, to +rattle</i>: pret. pl. byrnan hringdon, <a href="#li327">327</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringboga">hring-boga</a>, w. m., <i>one who bends himself into a ring</i>: +gen. sg. hring-bogan (of the drake, bending himself into a circle), +<a href="#li2562">2562</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringed">hringed</a>, pret. part., <i>made of rings</i>: nom. sg. hringed +byrne, <a href="#li1246">1246</a>; acc. sg. hringde byrnan, <a href="#li2616">2616</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringedstefna">hringed-stefna</a>, w. m., <i>ship whose stem is provided with iron +rings</i> (cramp-irons), especially of sea-going ships (cf. Frið-þiofs +saga, I: þorsteinn âtti skip þat er Ellidi hêt, ... borðit war spengt +iarni): nom. sg., <a href="#li32">32</a>, <a href="#li1898">1898</a>; acc. sg. hringed-stefnan, <a href="#li1132">1132</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringîren">hring-îren</a>, st. n., <i>ring-iron, ring-mail</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li322">322</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringmæl">hring-mæl</a>, adj., <i>marked with rings</i>, i.e. ornamented with +rings, or marked with characters of ring-form: nom. acc. sg., of the +sword, <a href="#li1522">1522</a>, <a href="#li1562">1562</a>(?); nom. pl. heard and hring-mæl Heaðobeardna +gestreón (<i>rich armor</i>), <a href="#li2038">2038</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringnaca">hring-naca</a>, w. m., <i>ship with iron rings, sea-going ship</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li1863">1863</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringnet">hring-net</a>, st. n., <i>ring-net</i>, i.e. a shirt of interlaced +rings: acc. sg., <a href="#li2755">2755</a>; acc. pl. hring-net, <a href="#li1890">1890</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringsele">hring-sele</a>, st. m., <i>ring-hall</i>, i.e. hall in which are +rings, or in which rings are bestowed: acc. sg., <a href="#li2841">2841</a>; dat. sg., <a href="#li2011">2011</a>, +<a href="#li3054">3054</a>.</p> + +<p>hring-weorðung, st. f., <i>ring-ornament</i>: acc. sg. -weorðunge, +<a href="#li3018">3018</a>.</p> + +<p>hrînan, st. v. w. dat.: 1) <i>to touch, lay hold of</i>: inf. þät him +heardra nân hrînan wolde îren ærgôd (<i>that no good sword of valiant +men would make an impression on him</i>), <a href="#li989">989</a>; him for hrôf-sele hrînan +ne mehte færgripe flôdes (<i>the sudden grip of the flood might not +touch him owing to the hall-roof</i>), <a href="#li1516">1516</a>; þät þam hring-sele hrînan +ne môste gumena ænig <i>(so that none might touch the ringed-hall), +</i><a href="#li3054">3054</a>; pret. sg. siððan he hire folmum [hr]ân (<i>as soon as he +touched it with his hands</i>), <a href="#li723">723</a>; ôð þät deáðes wylm hrân ät +heortan (<i>seized his heart</i>), <a href="#li2271">2271</a>. Pret. subj. þeáh þe him wund +hrîne (<i>although he was wounded</i>), <a href="#li2977">2977</a>.—2) (O.N. hrîna, +<i>sonare, clamare), to resound, rustle</i>: pres. part. nom. pl. +hrînde bearwas (for hrînende) <a href="#li1364">1364</a>; but see <a href="#note1364">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhroden">hroden</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhreóthan">hreóðan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhronfix">hron-fix</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhranfix">hran-fix</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrôthor">hrôðor</a>, st. m., <i>joy, beneficium</i>: dat sg. hrefne tô +hrôðre, <a href="#li2449">2449</a>; gen. pl. hrôðra, <a href="#li2172">2172</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrôf">hrôf</a>, st. m., <i>roof, ceiling of a house</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1000">1000</a>; +acc. sg. under Heorotes hrôf, <a href="#li403">403</a>; under geápne hrôf, <a href="#li838">838</a>; geseah +steápne hrôf (here <i>inner roof, ceiling</i>), <a href="#li927">927</a>; so, ofer heáhne +hrôf, <a href="#li984">984</a>; ymb þäs helmes hrôf, <a href="#li1031">1031</a>; under beorges hrôf, <a href="#li2756">2756</a>.—Comp. +inwit-hrôf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrôfsele">hrôf-sele</a>, st. m., <i>covered hall</i>: dat. sg. hrôf-sele, +<a href="#li1516">1516</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrôr">hrôr</a>, adj., <i>stirring, wide-awake, valorous</i>: dat. sg. of +þäm hrôran, <a href="#li1630">1630</a>.—Comp. fela-hrôr.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhruron">hruron</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhreósan">hreósan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhruse">hruse</a>, w. f., <i>earth, soil</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2248">2248</a>, <a href="#li2559">2559</a>; acc. +sg. on hrusan, <a href="#li773">773</a>, <a href="#li2832">2832</a>; dat. sg. under hrusan, <a href="#li2412">2412</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrycg">hrycg</a>, st. m., <i>back</i>: acc. sg. ofer wäteres hrycg +(<i>over the water's back, surface</i>), <a href="#li471">471</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhryre">hryre</a>, st. m., <i>fall, destruction, ruin</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li3181">3181</a>; +dat. sg., <a href="#li1681">1681</a>, <a href="#li3006">3006</a>.—Comp.: leód-, wîg-hryre.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrysian">hrysian</a>, w. v., <i>to shake, be shaken, clatter</i>: pret. pl. +syrcan hrysedon (<i>corselets rattled</i>, of men in motion), <a href="#li226">226</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhund">hund</a>, st. m., <i>dog</i>: instr. pl. hundum, <a href="#li1369">1369</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhund">hund</a>, num., <i>hundred</i>: þreó hund, <a href="#li2279">2279</a>; w. gen. pl. hund +missera, <a href="#li1499">1499</a>; hund þûsenda landes and locenra beága, <a href="#li2995">2995</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhû">hû</a>, adv., <i>how, quomodo</i>, <a href="#li3">3</a>, <a href="#li116">116</a>, <a href="#li279">279</a>, <a href="#li738">738</a>, <a href="#li845">845</a>, <a href="#li2319">2319</a>, +<a href="#li2520">2520</a>, <a href="#li2719">2719</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhuth">huð</a>, st. f., <i>booty, plunder</i>: dat. (instr.) sg. hûðe, +<a href="#li124">124</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhûru">hûru</a>, adv., <i>above all, certainly</i>, <a href="#li369">369</a>; <i>indeed, +truly</i>, <a href="#li182">182</a>, <a href="#li670">670</a>, <a href="#li1072">1072</a>, <a href="#li1466">1466</a>, <a href="#li1945">1945</a>, <a href="#li2837">2837</a>; <i>yet, nevertheless</i>, +<a href="#li863">863</a>; <i>now</i>, <a href="#li3121">3121</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhûs">hûs</a>, st. n., <i>house</i>: gen. sg. hûses, <a href="#li116">116</a>; gen. pl. hûsa +sêlest (Heorot), <a href="#li146">146</a>, <a href="#li285">285</a>, <a href="#li659">659</a>, <a href="#li936">936</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwan">hwan</a>, adv., <i>whither</i>: tô hwan syððan wearð hondræs häleða +(<i>what issue the hand-to-hand fight of the heroes had</i>), <a href="#li2072">2072</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwanan">hwanan, hwanon</a>, adv., <i>whence</i>: hwanan, <a href="#li257">257</a>, <a href="#li2404">2404</a>; hwanon, +<a href="#li333">333</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwâ">hwâ</a>, interrog. and indef. pron., <i>who</i>: nom. sg. m. hwâ, +<a href="#li52">52</a>, <a href="#li2253">2253</a>, <a href="#li3127">3127</a>; neut. hwät, <a href="#li173">173</a>; ânes hwät (<i>a part only</i>), <a href="#li3011">3011</a>; +hwät þâ men wæron (<i>who the men were</i>), <a href="#li233">233</a>, etc.; hwät syndon ge +searo-häbbendra (<i>what armed men are ye?</i>), <a href="#li237">237</a>; acc. sg. m. wið +manna hwone (<i>from (?) any man</i>), <a href="#li155">155</a>; neut. þurh hwät, <a href="#li3069">3069</a>; +hwät wit geó spræcon, <a href="#li1477">1477</a>; hwät ... hýnðo (gen.), fær-nîða (<i>what +shame and sudden woes</i>), <a href="#li474">474</a>; so, hwät þu worn fela (<i>how very +much thou</i>), <a href="#li530">530</a>; swylces hwät, <a href="#li881">881</a>; hwät ... ârna, <a href="#li1187">1187</a>; dat. m. +hwâm, <a href="#li1697">1697</a>.—Comp. æg-hwâ.</p> + +<p>hwät, interj., <i>what! lo! indeed!</i> <a href="#li1">1</a>, <a href="#li943">943</a>, <a href="#li2249">2249</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-hwâ, w. part, gen., <i>each, each one</i>: acc. sg. m. wið feónda +gehwone, <a href="#li294">294</a>; nîða gehwane, <a href="#li2398">2398</a>; mêca gehwane, <a href="#li2686">2686</a>; gum-cynnes +gehwone, <a href="#li2766">2766</a>; fem, on healfa gehwone, <a href="#li801">801</a>; dat. sg. m. dôgora gehwâm, +<a href="#li88">88</a>; ät nîða gehwâm, <a href="#li883">883</a>; þegna gehwâm, <a href="#li2034">2034</a>; eorla gehwæm, <a href="#li1421">1421</a>; fem. +in mægða ge-hwære, <a href="#li25">25</a>; nihta gehwæm, <a href="#li1366">1366</a>; gen. sing. m. manna gehwäs, +<a href="#li2528">2528</a>; fem. dæda gehwäs, <a href="#li2839">2839</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwâr">hwâr</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhwær">hwær</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwäder">hwäder</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhwider">hwider</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwäther">hwäðer</a>, pron., <i>which of two</i>: nom. sg. hwäðer ... uncer +twega, <a href="#li2531">2531</a>; swâ hwäðer, <i>utercunque</i>: acc. sg. on swâ hwäðere +hond swâ him gemet þince, <a href="#li687">687</a>.—Comp. æg-hwäðer.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehwäther">hwäðer</a>, <i>each of two, either-other</i>: nom. sg. m. wäs +gehwäðer ôðrum lifigende lâð, <a href="#li815">815</a>; wäs ... gehwäðer ôðrum hrôðra +gemyndig, <a href="#li2172">2172</a>; ne gehwäðer incer (<i>nor either of you two</i>), <a href="#li584">584</a>; +nom. sg. neut. gehwäðer þâra (<i>either of them</i>, i.e. ready for +war or peace), <a href="#li1249">1249</a>; dat. sg. hiora gehwäðrum, <a href="#li2995">2995</a>; gen. sg. bega +gehwäðres, <a href="#li1044">1044</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwäther">hwäðer, hwäðere, hwäðre</a>, 1) adv., <i>yet, nevertheless</i>: +hwäðre, <a href="#li555">555</a>, <a href="#li891">891</a>, <a href="#li1271">1271</a>, <a href="#li2099">2099</a>, <a href="#li2299">2299</a>, <a href="#li2378">2378</a>, etc.; hwäðre swâ þeáh, +<i>however, notwithstanding</i>, <a href="#li2443">2443</a>; hwäðere, <a href="#li574">574</a>, <a href="#li578">578</a>, <a href="#li971">971</a>, +<a href="#li1719">1719</a>—2) conj., = <i>utrum, whether</i>: hwäðre, <a href="#li1315">1315</a>; hwäðer, <a href="#li1357">1357</a>, +<a href="#li2786">2786</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwät">hwät</a>, adj., <i>sharp, bold, valiant</i>: nom. sg. se secg +hwata, <a href="#li3029">3029</a>; dat. sg. hwatum, <a href="#li2162">2162</a>; nom. pl. hwate, <a href="#li1602">1602</a>, <a href="#li2053">2053</a>; acc. +pl. hwate, <a href="#li2643">2643</a>, <a href="#li3006">3006</a>.—Comp.: fyrd-, gold-hwät.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwät">hwät</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhwâ">hwâ</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwær">hwær</a>, adv., <i>where</i>: elles hwær, <i>elsewhere</i>, <a href="#li138">138</a>; +hwær, <i>somewhere</i>, <a href="#li2030">2030</a>. In elliptical question: wundur hwâr +þonne..., <i>is it a wonder when...?</i> <a href="#li3063">3063</a>.—Comp. ô-hwær.</p> + +<p>ge-hwær, <i>everywhere</i>: þeáh þu heaðo-ræsa gehwær dohte +(<i>everywhere good in battle</i>), <a href="#li526">526</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwelc">hwelc</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhwylc">hwylc</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwergen">hwergen</a>, adv., <i>anywhere</i>: elles hwergen, +<i>elsewhere</i>, <a href="#li2591">2591</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwettan">hwettan</a>, w. v., <i>to encourage, urge</i>: pres. subj. swâ þin +sefa hwette (<i>as thy mind urges, as thou likest</i>), <a href="#li490">490</a>; pret. pl. +hwetton higerôfne (<i>they whetted the brave one</i>), <a href="#li204">204</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwêne">hwêne</a>, adv., <i>a little, paululum</i>, <a href="#li2700">2700</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwealf">hwealf</a>, st. f., <i>vault</i>: acc. sg. under heofones hwealf, +<a href="#li576">576</a>, <a href="#li2016">2016</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhweorfan">hweorfan</a>, st. v., <i>to stride deliberately, turn, depart, +move, die</i>: pres. pl. þâra þe cwice hwyrfað, <a href="#li98">98</a>; inf. hwîlum he on +lufan læteð hworfan monnes môd-geþonc (<i>sometimes on love</i> (?) +<i>possessions</i> (?) <i>permits the thoughts of man to turn</i>), +<a href="#li1729">1729</a>; londrihtes môt ... monna æghwylc îdel hweorfan (<i>of rights of +land each one of men must be deprived</i>), <a href="#li2889">2889</a>; pret. sg. fäder +ellor hwearf ... of earde (<i>died</i>), <a href="#li55">55</a>; hwearf þâ hrädlîce þær +Hrôðgâr sät, <a href="#li356">356</a>; hwearf þâ bî bence (<i>turned then to the +bench</i>), <a href="#li1189">1189</a>; so, hwearf þâ be wealle, <a href="#li1574">1574</a>; hwearf geond þät +reced, <a href="#li1982">1982</a>; hlæw oft ymbe hwearf (<i>went oft round the cave</i>), +<a href="#li2297">2297</a>; nalles äfter lyfte lâcende hwearf (<i>not at all through the air +did he go springing</i>), <a href="#li2833">2833</a>; subj. pret. sg, ær he on weg hwurfe ... +of geardum (<i>died</i>), <a href="#li264">264</a>.</p> + +<p>and-hweorfan, <i>to move against</i>: pret. sg. ôð þät ... norðan wind +heaðo-grim and-hwearf (<i>till the fierce north wind blew in our +faces</i>), <a href="#li548">548</a>.</p> + +<p>ät-hweorfan, <i>to go to</i>: pret. sg. hwîlum he on beorh ät-hwearf +(<i>at times returned to the mountain</i>), <a href="#li2300">2300</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-hweorfan, <i>to go, come</i>: pret. sg. gehwearf þâ in Francna fäðm +feorh cyninges, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>; hit on æht gehwearf ... Denigea freán, <a href="#li1680">1680</a>; so, +<a href="#li1685">1685</a>, <a href="#li2209">2209</a>.</p> + +<p>geond-hweorfan, <i>to go through from end to end</i>: pres. sg. flet +eall geond-hwearf, <a href="#li2018">2018</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwider">hwider</a>, adv., <i>whither</i>: hwyder, <a href="#li163">163</a>; hwäder (hwäðer, +MS.), <a href="#li1332">1332</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwîl">hwîl</a>, st. f., <i>time, space of time</i>: nom. sg. wäs seó hwîl +micel (<i>it was a long time</i>), <a href="#li146">146</a>; þâ wäs hwîl däges (<i>the +space of a day</i>), <a href="#li1496">1496</a>; acc. sg. hwîle, <i>for a time</i>, <a href="#li2138">2138</a>; +<i>a while</i>, <a href="#li105">105</a>, <a href="#li152">152</a>; lange (longe) hwîle, <i>a long while</i>, +<a href="#li16">16</a>, <a href="#li2781">2781</a>; âne hwîle, <i>a while</i>, <a href="#li1763">1763</a>; lytle hwîle, <i>brief +space</i>, <a href="#li2031">2031</a>, <a href="#li2098">2098</a>; ænige hwîle, <i>any while</i>, <a href="#li2549">2549</a>; lässan +hwîle, <i>a lesser while</i>, <a href="#li2572">2572</a>; dat. sg. ær däges hwîle, <i>before +daybreak</i>, <a href="#li2321">2321</a>; dat. pl. nihtes hwîlum, <i>sometimes at night</i>, +<a href="#li3045">3045</a>. Adv., <i>sometimes, often</i>: hwîlum, <a href="#li175">175</a>, <a href="#li496">496</a>, <a href="#li917">917</a>, <a href="#li1729">1729</a>, +<a href="#li1829">1829</a>, <a href="#li2017">2017</a>, <a href="#li2112">2112</a>, etc.; hwîlum ... hwîlum, <a href="#li2108">2108-9-10</a>.—Comp.: däg-, +gescäp-, orleg-, sige-hwîl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwît">hwît</a>, adj., <i>brilliant, flashing</i>: nom. sg. se hwîta helm, +<a href="#li1449">1449</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhworfan">hworfan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhweorfan">hweorfan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwôpan">hwôpan</a>, st. v., <i>to cry, cry out mourn</i>: pret. sg. hweóp, +<a href="#li2269">2269</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwyder">hwyder</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhwider">hwider</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwylc">hwylc</a>, pron., <i>which, what, any</i>: 1) adj.: nom. sg. m. +sceaða ic nât hwylc, <a href="#li274">274</a>; fem, hwylc orleghwîl, <a href="#li2003">2003</a>; nom. pl. hwylce +Sægeáta sîðas wæron, <a href="#li1987">1987</a>.—2) subst., w. gen. pl. nom. m.: Frisna +hwylc, <a href="#li1105">1105</a>; fem, efne swâ hwylc mägða swâ þone magan cende +(<i>whatever woman brought forth this son</i>), <a href="#li944">944</a>; neut. þonne his +bearna hwylc (<i>than any one of his sons</i>), <a href="#li2434">2434</a>; dat. sg. efne +swâ hwylcum manna swâ him gemet þûhte, <a href="#li3058">3058</a>.—Comp.: æg-, nât-, +wel-hwylc.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehwylc">hwylc, ge-hwilc, ge-hwelc</a>, w. gen. pl., <i>each</i>: nom. +sg. m. gehwylc, <a href="#li986">986</a>, <a href="#li1167">1167</a>, <a href="#li1674">1674</a>; acc. sg. m. gehwylcne, <a href="#li937">937</a>, <a href="#li2251">2251</a>, +<a href="#li2517">2517</a>; gehwelcne, <a href="#li148">148</a>; fem, gehwylce, <a href="#li1706">1706</a>; neut. gehwylc, <a href="#li2609">2609</a>; instr. +sg. dôgra gehwylce, <a href="#li1091">1091</a>; so, <a href="#li2058">2058</a>, <a href="#li2451">2451</a>; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, <a href="#li412">412</a>, +<a href="#li769">769</a>, <a href="#li785">785</a>, etc.; fem, ecga gehwylcre, <a href="#li806">806</a>; neut. cynna gehwylcum, <a href="#li98">98</a>; +gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwylces, <a href="#li733">733</a>, <a href="#li1397">1397</a>, <a href="#li2095">2095</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwyrft">hwyrft</a>, st. m., <i>circling movement, turn</i>: dat. pl. adv. +hwyrftum scrîðað (<i>wander to and fro</i>), <a href="#li163">163</a>.—Comp. ed-hwyrft.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhycgan">hycgan</a>, w. v., <i>to think, resolve upon</i>: pret. sg. ic þät +hogode þät ... (<i>my intention was that ...</i>), <a href="#li633">633</a>.—Comp. w. +pres. part.: bealo-, heard-, swîð-, þanc-, wîs-hycgend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforhycgan">for-hycgan</a>, <i>to despise, scorn, reject with contempt</i>: +pres. sg. I. ic þät þonne for-hicge þät ..., <i>reject with scorn the +proposition that ...</i>, <a href="#li435">435</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehycgan">hycgan</a>, <i>to think, determine upon</i>: pret. sg. þâ þu ... +feorr gehogodest säcce sêcean, <a href="#li1989">1989</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloferhycgan">ofer-hycgan</a>, <i>to scorn</i>: pret. sg. ofer-hogode þâ hringa +fengel þät he þone wîdflogan weorode gesôhte (<i>scorned to seek the +wide-flier with a host</i>), <a href="#li2346">2346</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhydig">hydig</a> (for <b>hygdig</b>), adj., <i>thinking, of a certain +mind</i>: comp. ân-, bealo-, grom-, nîð-, þrîst-hydig.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehygd">hygd</a>, st. n., <i>thought, sentiment</i>: acc. sg. þurh +hreðra gehygd, <a href="#li2046">2046</a>.—Comp.: breóst-, môd-gehygd, won-hyd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyge">hyge, hige</a>, st. m., <i>mind, heart, thought</i>: nom. sg. hyge, +<a href="#li756">756</a>; hige, <a href="#li594">594</a>; acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, <a href="#li267">267</a>; gen. sg. higes, <a href="#li2046">2046</a>; +dat. pl. higum, <a href="#li3149">3149</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygebend">hyge-bend</a>, st. m. f., <i>mind-fetter, heart-band</i>: instr. +pl. hyge-bendum fäst, <i>fast in his mind's fetters, secretly</i>, +<a href="#li1879">1879</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygegeômor">hyge-geômor</a>, adj., <i>sad in mind</i>: nom. sg. hyge-giômor, +<a href="#li2409">2409</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygemêthe">hyge-mêðe</a>, adj.: 1) <i>sorrowful, soul-crushing</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2443">2443</a>.—2) <i>life-weary, dead</i>: dat. pl. hyge-mêðum (-mæðum, MS.), +<a href="#li2910">2910</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygerôf">hyge-rôf</a>, adj., <i>brave, valiant, vigorous-minded</i>: nom. +sg. [hygerôf], <a href="#li403">403</a>; acc. sg. hige-rôfne, <a href="#li204">204</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygesorh">hyge-sorh</a>, st. f., <i>heart-sorrow</i>: gen. pl. -sorga, <a href="#li2329">2329</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygethyhtig">hyge-þyhtig</a>, adj., <i>doughty, courageous</i>: acc. sg. +hige-þihtigne (of Beówulf), <a href="#li747">747</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthyhtig">þyhtig</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygethrym">hyge-þrym</a>, st. m., <i>animi majestas, high-mindedness</i>: dat. +pl. for hige-þrymmum, <a href="#li339">339</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyht">hyht</a>, st. m., <i>thought, pleasant thought, hope</i> +(Dietrich): nom. sg., <a href="#li179">179</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehyld">hyld</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glhealdan">healdan</a>), st. n., <i>support, +protection</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3057">3057</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyldan">hyldan</a>, w. v., <i>to incline one's self, lie down to sleep</i>: +pret. sg. hylde hine, <i>inclined himself, lay down</i>, <a href="#li689">689</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyldo">hyldo</a>, st. f., <i>inclination, friendliness, grace</i>: acc. +sg. hyldo, <a href="#li2068">2068</a>, <a href="#li2294">2294</a>; gen. sg. hyldo, <a href="#li671">671</a>, <a href="#li2999">2999</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâhyrdan">â-hyrdan</a>, w. v., <i>harden</i>: pret. part. â-hyrded, <a href="#li1461">1461</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyrde">hyrde</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhirde">hirde</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyrst">hyrst</a>, st. f., <i>accoutrements, ornament, armor</i>: acc. sg. +hyrste (Ongenþeów's <i>equipments and arms</i>), <a href="#li2989">2989</a>; acc. pl. +hyrsta, <a href="#li3166">3166</a>; instr. pl. hyrstum, <a href="#li2763">2763</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyrstan">hyrstan</a>, w. v., <i>to deck, adorn</i>: pret. part. hyrsted +sweord, <a href="#li673">673</a>; helm [hyr]sted golde, <a href="#li2256">2256</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyrtan">hyrtan</a>, w. v., <i>to take heart, be emboldened</i>: pret. sg. +hyrte hyne hord-weard (<i>the drake took heart</i>; see <a href="#li2566">2566</a>, <a href="#li2568">2568</a>, +<a href="#li2570">2570</a>), <a href="#li2594">2594</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyse">hyse</a>, st. m., <i>youth, young man</i>: nom. sg. as voc., <a href="#li1218">1218</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyt">hyt</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhit">hit</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhýdan">hýdan</a>, w. v., <i>to hide, conceal, protect, preserve</i>: pres. +subj. hýde [hine, <i>himself</i>] se þe wylle, <a href="#li2767">2767</a>; inf. w. acc. nô +þu mînne þearft hafalan hýdan, <a href="#li446">446</a>; ær he in wille hafelan [hýdan] +(<i>ere in it he</i> [the stag] <i>will hide his head</i>), <a href="#li1373">1373</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehýdan">hýdan</a>, w. acc., <i>to conceal, preserve</i>: pret. sg. +gehýdde, <a href="#li2236">2236</a>, <a href="#li3060">3060</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhýth">hýð</a>, st. f., <i>haven</i>: dat. sg. ät hýðe, <a href="#li32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhýthweard">hýð-weard</a>, st. m., <i>haven-warden</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1915">1915</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhýnan">hýnan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glheán">heán</a>), w. v. w. acc., <i>to crush, afflict, +injure</i>: pret. sg. hýnde, <a href="#li2320">2320</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhýnthu">hýnðu</a>, st. f., <i>oppression, affliction, injury</i>: acc. sg. +hýnðu, <a href="#li277">277</a>; gen. sg. hwät ... hýnðo, <a href="#li475">475</a>; fela ... hýnðo, <a href="#li594">594</a>; gen. +pl. heardra hýnða, <a href="#li166">166</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhýran">hýran</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to hear, perceive, learn</i>: a) w. inf. or acc. +with inf.: I. pret. sg. hýrde ic, <a href="#li38">38</a>, <a href="#li582">582</a>, <a href="#li1347">1347</a>, <a href="#li1843">1843</a>, <a href="#li2024">2024</a>; III. sg. þät +he fram Sigemunde secgan hýrde, <a href="#li876">876</a>; I. pl. swâ we sôðlîce secgan hýrdon, +<a href="#li273">273</a>. b) w. acc.: nænigne ic ... sêlran hýrde hordmâððum (<i>I heard of no +better hoard-jewel</i>), <a href="#li1198">1198</a>. c) w. dependent clause: I. sg. pret. hýrde +ic þät ..., <a href="#li62">62</a>, <a href="#li2164">2164</a>, <a href="#li2173">2173</a>.—2) w. dat. of person, <i>to obey</i>: inf. ôð +þät him æghwylc þâra ymbsittendra hýran scolde, <a href="#li10">10</a>; hýran heaðo-siócum, +<a href="#li2755">2755</a>; Pret. pl. þät him winemâgas georne hýrdon, <a href="#li66">66</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-hýran, <i>to hear, learn</i>: a) w. acc.: II. pers. sg. pres. mînne +gehýrað ânfealdne geþôht, <a href="#li255">255</a>; III. sg. pret. gehýrde on Beówulfe fästrædne +geþôht, <a href="#li610">610</a>. b) w. acc. and inf.: III. pl. pret. gehýrdon, <a href="#li786">786</a>. c) w. +depend. clause: I. pres. sg. ic þät gehýre þät ..., <a href="#li290">290</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossI">I</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glic">ic</a>, pers. pron. <i>I</i>: acc. mec, dat. me, gen. mîn; dual nom. +wit, acc. uncit, unc, dat. unc, gen. uncer; pl. nom. we, acc. ûsic, ûs, +dat. ûs, gen. ûser. ic omitted before the verb, <a href="#li470">470</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glicge">icge</a>, <i>gold</i> (perhaps related to Sanskrit îç, = dominare, +imperare, O.H.G. êht, <i>wealth</i>, opes), <i>treasure?, sword</i> +(edge)?, <a href="#li1108">1108</a>.—Körner.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glides">ides</a>, st. f., <i>woman, lady, queen</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li621">621</a>, <a href="#li1076">1076</a>, +<a href="#li1118">1118</a>, <a href="#li1169">1169</a>; dat. sg. idese, <a href="#li1650">1650</a>, <a href="#li1942">1942</a>. Also of Grendel's mother: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1260">1260</a>; gen. sg. idese, <a href="#li1352">1352</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glin">in</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glinn">inn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glin">in</a>: I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat. (local, indicating +rest), <i>in</i>: in geardum, <a href="#li13">13</a>, <a href="#li2460">2460</a>; in þäm gûðsele, <a href="#li443">443</a>; in +beórsele, <a href="#li2636">2636</a>; so, <a href="#li89">89</a>, <a href="#li482">482</a>, <a href="#li589">589</a>, <a href="#li696">696</a>, <a href="#li729">729</a>, <a href="#li2140">2140</a>, <a href="#li2233">2233</a>, etc.; in mægða +gehwære, <a href="#li25">25</a>; in þýstrum, <a href="#li87">87</a>; in Caines cynne, <a href="#li107">107</a>; in hyra +gryregeatwum (<i>in their accoutrements of terror, war-weeds</i>), +<a href="#li324">324</a>; so, <a href="#li395">395</a>; in campe (<i>in battle</i>), <a href="#li2506">2506</a>; hiora in ânum (<i>in +one of them</i>), <a href="#li2600">2600</a>. Prep. postpositive: Scedelandum in, <a href="#li19">19</a>. Also, +<i>on, upon</i>, like on: in ealo-bence, <a href="#li1030">1030</a>; in gumstôle, <a href="#li1953">1953</a>; in +þam wongstede (<i>on the grassy plain, the battle-field</i>), <a href="#li2787">2787</a>; in +bælstede, <a href="#li3098">3098</a>. Temporal: in geâr-dagum, <a href="#li1">1</a>.—2) w. acc. (local, +indicating motion), <i>in, into</i>: in woruld, <a href="#li60">60</a>; in fýres fäðm, +<a href="#li185">185</a>; so, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>; in Hrefnesholt, <a href="#li2936">2936</a>. Temporal, <i>in, at, about, +toward</i>: in þâ tîde (in watide, MS.), <a href="#li2228">2228</a>.</p> + +<p>II. adv., <i>in</i> (here or there), <a href="#li386">386</a>, <a href="#li1038">1038</a>, <a href="#li1372">1372</a>, <a href="#li1503">1503</a>, <a href="#li1645">1645</a>, +<a href="#li2153">2153</a>, <a href="#li2191">2191</a>, <a href="#li2228">2228</a>; inn, <a href="#li3091">3091</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glincge">incge</a>, adj. (perhaps related to icge), instr. sg. incge lâfe +(<i>with the costly sword</i> ? or <i>with mighty sword</i>?), +<a href="#li2578">2578</a>.—[<i>Edge</i>: incge lâfe, <i>edge of the sword</i>.—K. +Körner?]</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinfrôd">in-frôd</a>, adj., <i>very aged</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2450">2450</a>; dat. sg. +in-frôdum, <a href="#li1875">1875</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glingang">in-gang</a>, st. m., <i>entrance, access to</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1550">1550</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glingenga">in-genga</a>, w. m., <i>in-goer, visitor</i>: nom. sg., of Grendel, +<a href="#li1777">1777</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glingesteald">in-gesteald</a>, st. m., <i>house-property, possessions in the +house</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1156">1156</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinn">inn</a>, st. n., <i>apartment, house</i>: nom. sg. in, <a href="#li1301">1301</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinnan">innan</a>, adv., <i>within, inside</i>, <a href="#li775">775</a>, <a href="#li1018">1018</a>, <a href="#li2413">2413</a>, <a href="#li2720">2720</a>; on +innan (<i>in the interior</i>), <i>within</i>, <a href="#li1741">1741</a>, <a href="#li2716">2716</a>; þær on +innan (<i>in there</i>), <a href="#li71">71</a>; burgum on innan (<i>within his city</i>), +<a href="#li1969">1969</a>. Also, <i>therein</i>: þær on innan, <a href="#li2090">2090</a>, <a href="#li2215">2215</a>, <a href="#li2245">2245</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinnanweard">innan-weard</a>, adv., <i>inwards, inside, within</i>, <a href="#li992">992</a>, <a href="#li1977">1977</a>; +inne-weard, <a href="#li999">999</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinne">inne</a>, adv.: 1) <i>inside, within</i>, <a href="#li643">643</a>, <a href="#li1282">1282</a>, <a href="#li1571">1571</a>, <a href="#li2114">2114</a>, +<a href="#li3060">3060</a>; word inne âbeád (<i>called, sent word, in</i>, i.e. standing in +the hall door), <a href="#li390">390</a>; <i>in it</i> (i.e. the battle), <a href="#li1142">1142</a>; þær inne +(<i>therein</i>), <a href="#li118">118</a>, <a href="#li1618">1618</a>, <a href="#li2116">2116</a>, <a href="#li2227">2227</a>, <a href="#li3088">3088</a>.—2) = <i>insuper, still +further, besides</i>, <a href="#li1867">1867</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwit">inwit</a>, st. n., <i>evil, mischief, spite, cunning hostility</i>, +as in</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitfeng">inwit-feng</a>, st. m., <i>malicious grasp, grasp of a cunning +foe</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1448">1448</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitgäst">inwit-gäst</a>, st. m., <i>evil guest, hostile stranger</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2671">2671</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwithrôf">inwit-hrôf</a>, st. m., <i>hostile roof, hiding-place of a cunning +foe</i>: acc. sg. under inwit-hrôf, <a href="#li3124">3124</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitnet">inwit-net</a>, st. n., <i>mischief-net, cunning snare</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li2168">2168</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitnîth">inwit-nîð</a>, st. n., <i>cunning hostility, hostile contest</i>: +nom. pl. inwit-nîðas (<i>hostility through secret attack</i>), <a href="#li1859">1859</a>; +gen. pl. inwit-nîða, <a href="#li1948">1948</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitscear">inwit-scear</a>, st. m., <i>massacre through cunning, murderous +attack</i>: acc. sg. eatolne inwit-scear, <a href="#li2479">2479</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitsearo">inwit-searo</a>, st. n., <i>cunning, artful intrigue</i>: acc. sg. +þurh inwit-searo, <a href="#li1102">1102</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsearo">searo</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitsorh">inwit-sorh</a>, st. f., <i>grief, remorse, mourning springing from +hostile cunning</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1737">1737</a>; acc. sg. inwid-sorge, <a href="#li832">832</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitthanc">inwit-þanc</a>, adj., <i>ill-disposed, malicious</i>: dat. sg. he +onfêng hraðe inwit-þancum (<i>he quickly grasped the +cunning-in-mind</i> [Grendel]), <a href="#li749">749</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glirnan">irnan</a> (for <b>rinnan</b>), st. v., <i>to run</i>: so be-irnan, +<i>to run up to, occur</i>: pret. sg him on môd be-arn (<i>came +into his mind</i>), <a href="#li67">67</a>.</p> + +<p>on-irnan, <i>to open</i>: pret. sg. duru sôna onarn, <a href="#li722">722</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glirremôd">irre-môd</a>, adj. See <a class="glentry" href="#glyrremôd">yrre-môd</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossIl">Î</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glîdel">îdel</a>, adj., <i>empty, bare; deprived of</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li145">145</a>, +<a href="#li413">413</a>; w. gen. lond-rihtes þære mægburge îdel (<i>deprived of his +land-possessions among the people</i> [of the Geátas]), <a href="#li2889">2889</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glîdelhende">îdel-hende</a>, adj., <i>empty-handed</i>, <a href="#li2082">2082</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glîren">îren</a>, st. n., <i>iron, sword</i>: nom. sg. dryhtlîc îren +(<i>the doughty, lordly sword</i>), <a href="#li893">893</a>; îren ær-gôd, <a href="#li990">990</a>; acc. sg. +leóflîc îren, <a href="#li1810">1810</a>; gen. pl. îrena cyst (<i>choicest of swords</i>), +<a href="#li674">674</a>; îrenna cyst, <a href="#li803">803</a>; îrenna ecge (<i>edges of swords</i>), <a href="#li2684">2684</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glîren">îren</a>, adj., <i>of iron</i>: nom. sg. ecg wäs îren, <a href="#li1460">1460</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glîrenbend">îren-bend</a>, st. f., <i>iron band, bond, rivet</i>: instr. pl. +îren-bendum fäst (bold), <a href="#li775">775</a>, <a href="#li999">999</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glîrenbyrne">îren-byrne</a>, w. f., <i>iron corselet</i>: acc. sg. îren-byrnan, +<a href="#li2987">2987</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glîsernbyrne">îsern-byrne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glîrenheard">îren-heard</a>, adj., <i>hard as iron</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1113">1113</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glîrenne">îrenne</a>, adj., <i>of iron</i>: in comp. eall-îrenne.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glîrenthreát">îren-þreát</a>, st. m., <i>iron troop, armored band</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li330">330</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glîs">îs</a>, st. n., <i>ice</i>: dat. sg. îse, <a href="#li1609">1609</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glîsernbyrne">îsern-byrne</a>, w. f., <i>iron corselet</i>: acc. sg. +îsern-byrnan, <a href="#li672">672</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glîrenbyrne">îren-byrne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glîsernscûr">îsern-scûr</a>, st. f., <i>iron shower, shower of arrows</i>: gen. +sg. þone þe oft gebâd îsern-scûre, <a href="#li3117">3117</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glîsgebind">îs-gebind</a>, st. n., <i>fetters of ice</i>: instr. sg. +îs-gebinde, <a href="#li1134">1134</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glîsig">îsig</a>, adj., <i>shining, brilliant</i> (like brass): nom. sg. +îsig (said of a vessel covered with plates(?) of metal), <a href="#li33">33</a>.—Leo.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossIO">IO IU</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gliú">iú</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgeó">geó</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gliúman">iú-man</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgeóman">geó-man</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gliómeówle">ió-meówle</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgeómeowle">geó-meówle</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossL">L</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllathu">laðu</a>, st. f., <i>invitation</i>.—Comp.: freónd-, neód-laðu.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgelafian">lafian</a>, w. v. w. acc. pers. and instr. of the thing, <i>to +refresh, lave</i>: pret. sg. wine-dryhten his wätere gelafede, <a href="#li2723">2723</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllagu">lagu</a>, st. m., <i>lake, sea</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1631">1631</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllagucräftig">lagu-cräftig</a>, adj., <i>acquainted with the sea</i>: nom. sg. +lagu-cräftig mon (<i>pilot</i>), <a href="#li209">209</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllagustræt">lagu-stræt</a>, st. f., <i>path over the sea</i>: acc. sg. ofer +lagu-stræte, <a href="#li239">239</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllagustreám">lagu-streám</a>, st. m., <i>sea-current, flood</i>: acc. pl. ofer +lagu-streámas, <a href="#li297">297</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glland">land</a>, st. n., <i>land</i>: nom. sg. lond, <a href="#li2198">2198</a>; acc. sg. land, +<a href="#li221">221</a>, <a href="#li2063">2063</a>; lond, <a href="#li2472">2472</a>, <a href="#li2493">2493</a>; land Dena, <a href="#li242">242</a>, <a href="#li253">253</a>; lond Brondinga, <a href="#li521">521</a>; +Finna land, <a href="#li580">580</a>; dat. sg. on lande (<i>in the land</i>), <a href="#li2311">2311</a>, <a href="#li2837">2837</a>; +<i>at near, land, shore</i>, <a href="#li1914">1914</a>; tô lande (<i>to the land, +ashore</i>), <a href="#li1624">1624</a>; gen. sg. landes, <a href="#li2996">2996</a>; gen. pl. ofer landa fela +(<i>over much country, space; afar</i>), <a href="#li311">311</a>.—Comp.: el-, eá-land.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandbûend">land-bûend</a>, part, pres., terricola, <i>inhabitant of the +land</i>: nom. pl. lond-bûend, <a href="#li1346">1346</a>; dat. pl. land-bûendum, <a href="#li95">95</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandfruma">land-fruma</a>, w. m., <i>ruler, prince of the country</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandgemyrcu">land-gemyrcu</a>, st. n. pl., <i>frontier, land-mark</i>: acc. pl., +<a href="#li209">209</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandgeweorc">land-geweorc</a>, st. n., <i>land-work, fortified place</i>: acc. +sg. leóda land-geweorc, <a href="#li939">939</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweorc">weorc, geweorc</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandriht">land-riht</a>, st. n., <i>prerogatives based upon land-possessions, +right to possess land</i>, hence <i>real estate</i> itself: gen. sg. +lond-rihtes îdel, <a href="#li2887">2887</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandwaru">land-waru</a>, st. f., <i>inhabitants, population</i>: acc. pl. +land-wara, <a href="#li2322">2322</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandweard">land-weard</a>, st. m., <i>guard, guardian of the frontier</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li1891">1891</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllang">lang, long</a>, adj., <i>long</i>: 1) temporal: nom. sg. tô lang, +<a href="#li2094">2094</a>; näs þâ long (lang) tô þon (<i>not long after</i>), <a href="#li2592">2592</a>, <a href="#li2846">2846</a>; +acc. sg. lange hwîle (<i>for a long time</i>), <a href="#li16">16</a>, <a href="#li2160">2160</a>, <a href="#li2781">2781</a>; longe +(lange) þrage, <a href="#li54">54</a>, <a href="#li114">114</a>, <a href="#li1258">1258</a>; lange tîd, <a href="#li1916">1916</a>. Compar. nom. sg. lengra +fyrst, <a href="#li134">134</a>.—2) local, nom. sg. se wäs fîftiges fôtgemearces lang, +<a href="#li3044">3044</a>.—Comp.: and-, morgen-, niht-, up-lang.</p> + +<p>lange, longe, adv., <i>long</i>: lange, <a href="#li31">31</a>, <a href="#li1995">1995</a>, <a href="#li2131">2131</a>, <a href="#li2345">2345</a>, <a href="#li2424">2424</a>; +longe, <a href="#li1062">1062</a>, <a href="#li2752">2752</a>, <a href="#li3109">3109</a>; tô lange (<i>too long, excessively long</i>), +<a href="#li906">906</a>, <a href="#li1337">1337</a>, <a href="#li1749">1749</a>. Compar. leng, <a href="#li451">451</a>, <a href="#li1855">1855</a>, <a href="#li2802">2802</a>, <a href="#li3065">3065</a>; nô þý leng +(<i>none the longer</i>), <a href="#li975">975</a>. Superl. lengest (<i>longest</i>), <a href="#li2009">2009</a>, +<a href="#li2239">2239</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgelang">lang</a>, adj., <i>extending, reaching to something</i> or +<i>somebody</i>, hence <i>ready, prepared</i>: nû is ræd gelang eft ät +þe ânum (<i>now is help [counsel] at hand in thee alone</i>), <a href="#li1377">1377</a>; +gen is eall ät þe lissa gelong (<i>all of favor is still on thee +dependent, is thine</i>), <a href="#li2151">2151</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gllenge">ge-lenge</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllanggestreón">lang-ge-streón</a>, st. n., <i>long-lasting treasure</i>: gen. pl. +long-gestreóna, <a href="#li2241">2241</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllangian">langian</a>, w. v., reflex, w. dat, <i>to long, yearn</i>: pres. +sg. III. him ...äfter deórum men dyrne langað beorn (<i>the hero +longeth secretly after the dear man</i>), <a href="#li1880">1880</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllangsum">lang-sum</a>, adj., <i>long-lasting, continuing</i>: nom. sg. +longsum, <a href="#li134">134</a>, <a href="#li192">192</a>, <a href="#li1723">1723</a>; acc. sg. long-sumne, <a href="#li1537">1537</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllangtwidig">lang-twidig</a>, adj., <i>long-granted, assured</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1709">1709</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllata">lata</a>, w. m., <i>a lazy, cowardly one</i>; in comp. hild-lata.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllâ">lâ</a>, interj., <i>yes! indeed!</i> <a href="#li1701">1701</a>, <a href="#li2865">2865</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllâc">lâc</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>measured movement, play</i>: in comp. +beadu-, heaðo-lâc.—2) <i>gift, offering</i>: acc. pl. lâc, <a href="#li1864">1864</a>; +lâðlîcu lâc (<i>loathly offering, prey</i>), <a href="#li1585">1585</a>; dat. pl. lâcum, <a href="#li43">43</a>, +<a href="#li1869">1869</a>.—Comp. sæ-lâc.</p> + +<p>ge-lâc, st. n., <i>sport, play</i>: acc. pl. sweorda gelâc +(<i>battle</i>), <a href="#li1041">1041</a>; dat. pl. ät ecga gelâcum, <a href="#li1169">1169</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllâcan">lâcan</a>, st. v., <i>to move in measured time, dancing, playing, +fighting, flying</i>, etc.: inf. dareðum lâcan (<i>fight</i>), <a href="#li2849">2849</a>; +part. pres. äfter lyfte lâcende (<i>flying through the air</i>), <a href="#li2833">2833</a>.</p> + +<p>for-lâcan, <i>to deceive, betray</i>: part, pret. he wearð on feónda +geweald forð forlâcen (<i>deceitfully betrayed into the enemy's +hands</i>), <a href="#li904">904</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllâd">lâd</a>, st. f., <i>street, way, journey</i>: dat. sg. on lâde, +<a href="#li1988">1988</a>; gen. sg. lâde, <a href="#li569">569</a>.—Comp.: brim-, sæ-lâd.</p> + +<p>ge-lâd, st. n., <i>way, path, road</i>: acc. sg. uncûð gelâd, <a href="#li1411">1411</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllâth">lâð</a>, adj., <i>loathly, evil, hateful, hostile</i>: nom. sg. +lâð, <a href="#li816">816</a>; lâð lyft-floga, <a href="#li2316">2316</a>; lâð (<i>enemy</i>), <a href="#li440">440</a>; ne leóf ne +lâð, <a href="#li511">511</a>; neut. lâð, <a href="#li134">134</a>, <a href="#li192">192</a>; in weak form, se lâða (of the dragon), +<a href="#li2306">2306</a>; acc. sg. lâðne (wyrm), <a href="#li3041">3041</a>; dat. sg. lâðum, <a href="#li440">440</a>, <a href="#li1258">1258</a>; gen. +sg. lâðes (of the enemy), <a href="#li842">842</a>; fela lâðes (<i>much evil</i>), <a href="#li930">930</a>; so, +<a href="#li1062">1062</a>; lâðan lîges, <a href="#li83">83</a>; lâðan cynnes, <a href="#li2009">2009</a>, <a href="#li2355">2355</a>; þäs lâðan (of the +enemy), <a href="#li132">132</a>; acc. pl. neut. lâð gewidru (<i>hateful storms</i>), <a href="#li1376">1376</a>; +dat. instr. pl. wið lâðum, <a href="#li550">550</a>; lâðum scuccum and scinnum, <a href="#li939">939</a>; lâðum +dædum (<i>with evil deeds</i>), <a href="#li2468">2468</a>; lâðan fingrum, <a href="#li1506">1506</a>; gen. pl. +lâðra manna, spella, <a href="#li2673">2673</a>, <a href="#li3030">3030</a>; lâðra (<i>the enemy</i>), <a href="#li242">242</a>. +Compar. nom. sg. lâðra ... beorn, <a href="#li2433">2433</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllâthbite">lâð-bite</a>, st. m., <i>hostile bite</i>: dat. sg. lâð-bite lîces +(<i>the body's hostile bite</i> = the wound), <a href="#li1123">1123</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllâthgeteóna">lâð-geteóna</a>, w. m., <i>evil-doer, injurer</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li975">975</a>; +nom. pl. lâð-geteónan, <a href="#li559">559</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllâthlîc">lâð-lîc</a>, adj., <i>loathly, hostile</i>: acc. pl. lâð-lîcu, +<a href="#li1585">1585</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllâf">lâf</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>what is left, relic; inheritance, heritage, +legacy</i>: nom. sg. Hrêðlan lâf (Beówulf's corselet), <a href="#li454">454</a>; nom. pl. +fêla lâfe (<i>the leavings of files</i> = swords, Grein), <a href="#li1033">1033</a>; so, +homera lâfe, <a href="#li2830">2830</a>; on him gladiað gomelra lâfe, heard and hringmæl +Heaðobeardna gestreón (<i>on him gleams the forefather's bequest, hard +and ring-decked, the Heaðobeardas' treasure</i>, i.e. the equipments +taken from the slain king of the Heaðobeardas), <a href="#li2037">2037</a>; acc. sg. sweorda +lâfe (<i>leavings of the sword</i>, i.e. those spared by the sword), +<a href="#li2937">2937</a>.—2) <i>the sword as a specially precious heir-loom</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2629">2629</a>; acc. sg. lâfe, <a href="#li796">796</a>, <a href="#li1489">1489</a>, <a href="#li1689">1689</a>, <a href="#li2192">2192</a>, <a href="#li2564">2564</a>; instr. sg. +incge lâfe, <a href="#li2578">2578</a>.—Comp.: ende-, eormen-, weá-, yrfe-, ýð-lâf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllâr">lâr</a>, st. f., <i>lore, instruction, prescription</i>: dat. sg. +be fäder lâre, <a href="#li1951">1951</a>; gen. pl. lâra, <a href="#li1221">1221</a>; lârena, <a href="#li269">269</a>.—Comp. +freónd-lâr.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllâst">lâst</a>, st. m., <i>footstep, track</i>: acc. sg. lâst, <a href="#li132">132</a>, <a href="#li972">972</a>, +<a href="#li2165">2165</a>; on lâst (<i>on the traces of, behind</i>), <a href="#li2946">2946</a>; nom. pl. +lâstas, <a href="#li1403">1403</a>; acc. pl. lâstas, <a href="#li842">842</a>.—Comp.: fêðe-, feorh-, fôt-, +wräc-lâst.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glläger">läger</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glleger">leger</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllâgerbed">lâger-bed</a>, st. n., <i>bed to lie on</i> : instr. sg. +leger-bedde, <a href="#li1008">1008</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glläs">läs</a>, adj., <i>less</i>, <a href="#li1947">1947</a>; þý läs (<i>the less</i>), <a href="#li487">487</a>; +conjunct, <i>that not, lest</i>, <a href="#li1919">1919</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllässa">lässa</a>, adj., <i>less, fewer</i>: nom. sg. lässa, <a href="#li1283">1283</a>; acc. sg. +m. lässan, <a href="#li43">43</a>; fem, lässan hwîle, <a href="#li2572">2572</a>; dat. sg. for lässan (<i>for +less, smaller</i>), <a href="#li952">952</a>. Superl. nom. sg. nô þät läsest wäs +hond-gemôt[a], <a href="#li2355">2355</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllät">lät</a>, adj., <i>negligent, neglectful</i>; w. gen.: nom. sg. +elnes lät, <a href="#li1530">1530</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllædan">lædan</a>, w. v. w. acc.: <i>to lead, guide, bring</i>: inf. lædan, +<a href="#li239">239</a>; pret. pl. læddon, <a href="#li1160">1160</a>.</p> + +<p>for-1ædan, <i>to mislead</i>: pret. pl. for-læddan, <a href="#li2440">2440</a> (?).</p> + +<p>ge-lædan, <i>lead, bring</i>: part. pret. ge-læded, <a href="#li37">37</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllæfan">læfan</a>, w. v.: 1), <i>to bequeathe, leave</i>: imper. sg. þînum +magum læf folc and rîce, <a href="#li1179">1179</a>; pret. sg. eaferum læfde ... lond and +leódbyrig, <a href="#li2471">2471</a>.—2) <i>spare, leave behind</i>: âht cwices læfan +(<i>to spare aught living</i>), <a href="#li2316">2316</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllændagas">læn-dagas</a>, st. m. pl., <i>loan-days, transitory days</i> (of +earthly existence as contrasted with the heavenly, unending): acc. pl. +læn-dagas, <a href="#li2592">2592</a>; gen. pl. læn-daga, <a href="#li2342">2342</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllæne">læne</a>, adj., <i>inconstant, perishable, evanescent, given over +to death or destruction</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1755">1755</a>, <a href="#li3179">3179</a>; acc. sg. of +rust-eaten treasures, <a href="#li3130">3130</a>; þâs lænan gesceaft (<i>this fleeting +life</i>), <a href="#li1623">1623</a>; gen. sg. lænan lîfes, <a href="#li2846">2846</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllæran">læran</a>, w. v., <i>to teach, instruct</i>: imper. sg. þu þe lær +be þon (<i>learn this, take this to heart</i>), <a href="#li1723">1723</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-læran, <i>to teach, instruct, give instruction</i>: inf. ic þäs +Hrôðgâr mäg ... ræd gelæran (<i>I can give H. good advice about +this</i>), <a href="#li278">278</a>; so, <a href="#li3080">3080</a>; pret. pl. þâ me þät ge-lærdon leóde mîne +(<i>gave me the advice</i>), <a href="#li415">415</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllæstan">læstan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to follow, to sustain, serve</i>: inf. þät +him se lîc-homa læstan nolde (<i>that his body would not sustain +him</i>), <a href="#li813">813</a>.—2) <i>perform</i>: imper. læst eall tela (<i>do all +well</i>), <a href="#li2664">2664</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-læstan: 1) <i>to follow, serve</i>: pret. sg. (sweord) þät mec ær +and oft gelæste, <a href="#li2501">2501</a>.—2) <i>to fulfil, grant</i>: subj. pres. pl. +þät ... wilgesîðas, þonne wîg cume, leóde gelæstan (<i>render war +service</i>), <a href="#li24">24</a>; inf. ic þe sceal mîne gelæstan freóde (<i>shall +grant thee my friendship, be grateful</i>), <a href="#li1707">1707</a>; pret. sg. beót +... gelæste (<i>fulfilled his boast</i>), <a href="#li524">524</a>; gelæste swâ (<i>kept his +word</i>), <a href="#li2991">2991</a>; pres. part. häfde Eást-Denum ... gilp gelæsted (<i>had +fulfilled for the East Danes his boast</i>), <a href="#li830">830</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllætan">lætan</a>, st. v., <i>to let, allow</i>, w. acc. and inf.: pres. +sg. III. læteð, <a href="#li1729">1729</a>; imper. pl. II. lætað, <a href="#li397">397</a>; sg. II. læt, <a href="#li1489">1489</a>; +pret. sg. lêt, <a href="#li2390">2390</a>, <a href="#li2551">2551</a>, <a href="#li2978">2978</a>, <a href="#li3151">3151</a>(?); pret. pl. lêton, <a href="#li48">48</a>, <a href="#li865">865</a>, +<a href="#li3133">3133</a>; subj. pret. sg. II. lête, <a href="#li1997">1997</a>; sg. III. lête, <a href="#li3083">3083</a>.</p> + +<p>â-lætan: 1) <i>to let, allow</i>: subj. pres. sg. II. þät þu ne +âlæte ... dôm ge-dreósan, <a href="#li2666">2666</a>.—2) <i>to leave, lay aside</i>: inf. +âlætan læn-dagas (<i>die</i>) <a href="#li2592">2592</a>; so, âlætan lîf and leódscipe, +<a href="#li2751">2751</a>.</p> + +<p>for-lætan: 1) <i>to let, permit</i>, w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. +for-lêt, <a href="#li971">971</a>; pret. pl. for-lêton, <a href="#li3168">3168</a>. Also with inf. omitted: inf. +nolde eorla hleó ... þone cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e. wesan) forlætan +(<i>would not let the murderous spirit go alive</i>), <a href="#li793">793</a>.—2) <i>to +leave behind, leave</i>: pret. sg. in þam wong-stede ... þær he hine ær +forlêt (<i>where he had previously left him</i>), <a href="#li2788">2788</a>.</p> + +<p>of-lætan, <i>to leave, lay aside</i>: pres. sg. II. gyf þu ær þonne he +worold oflætest (<i>leavest the world, diest</i>), <a href="#li1184">1184</a>; so pret. sg. +oflêt lîf-dagas and þâs lænan gesceaft, <a href="#li1623">1623</a>.</p> + +<p>on-lætan, <i>to release, liberate</i>: pres. sg. III. þonne forstes +bend fäder on-læteð (<i>as soon as the Father looseth the frost's +fetters</i>), <a href="#li1610">1610</a>.</p> + +<p>â-<a class="glentry" name="glâlecgan">lecgan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to lay, lay down</i>: pret. sg. syððan +hilde-deór hond â-legde ... under geápne hrôf, <a href="#li835">835</a>; þät he on Beówulfes +bearm â-legde (<i>this</i> [the sword] <i>he laid in B.'s bosom, +presented to him</i>), <a href="#li2195">2195</a>; pret. pl. â-ledon þâ leófne þeóden ... on +bearm scipes, <a href="#li34">34</a>; â-legdon þâ tô middes mærne þeóden <i>(laid the +mighty prince in the midst</i> [of the pyre]), <a href="#li3142">3142</a>.—2) <i>to lay +aside, give up</i>: siððan ... in fen-freoðo feorh â-legde (<i>laid down +his life, died</i>), <a href="#li852">852</a>; nu se here-wîsa hleahtor â-legde, gamen and +gleó-dreám <i>(now the war-chief has left laughter</i>, etc.), <a href="#li3021">3021</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleger">leger</a>, st. n., <i>couch, bed, lair</i>: dat. sg. on legere, +<a href="#li3044">3044</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllemian">lemian</a>, w. v., <i>to lame, hinder, oppress</i>: pret. sg. (for +pl.) hine sorh-wylmas lemede tô lange, <a href="#li906">906</a>. MS.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleng">leng</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gllang">lang</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllenge">lenge</a>, adj., <i>extending along</i> or <i>to, near</i> (of +time): nom. sg. neut. ne wäs hit lenge þâ gen (<i>nor was it yet +long</i>), <a href="#li83">83</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-lenge, adj., <i>extending, reaching to, belonging</i>: nom. sg. +yrfe-weard ... lîce gelenge (<i>an heir belonging to one's body</i>), <a href="#li2733">2733</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllet">let</a>, st. m., <i>place of rest, sojourn?</i> in comp. eo-let +(<i>voyage?</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllettan">lettan</a>, w. v., <i>to hinder</i>: pret. pl. (acc. pers. and gen. +thing), þät syððan nâ ... brim-lîðende lâde ne letton (<i>might no +longer hinder seafarers from journeying</i>), <a href="#li569">569</a>.</p> + +<p>â-<a class="glentry" name="glâlêdon">lêdon</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glâlecgan">â-lecgan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllêg">lêg</a>, st. m., <i>flame, fire</i>: nom. sg. wonna lêg (<i>the +lurid flame</i>), <a href="#li3116">3116</a>; swôgende lêg, <a href="#li3146">3146</a>; dat. sg. for dracan lêge, +<a href="#li2550">2550</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gllîg">lîg</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllêgdraca">lêg-draca</a>, w. m., <i>fire-drake, flaming dragon</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li3041">3041</a>.</p> + +<p>*<a class="glentry" name="glleahan">leahan, leán</a>, st. v. w. acc. <i>to scold, blame</i>: pres. sg. III. +lyhð, <a href="#li1049">1049</a>; pret. sg. lôg, <a href="#li1812">1812</a>; pret. pl. lôgon, <a href="#li203">203</a>, <a href="#li863">863</a>.</p> + +<p>be-leán, <i>to dissuade, prevent</i>: inf. ne inc ænig mon ... beleán mihte +sorhfullne sîð (<i>no one might dissuade you twain from your difficult +journey</i>), <a href="#li511">511</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleahtre">leahtre</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glorleahtre">or-leahtre</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleáf">leáf</a>, st. n., <i>leaf, foliage</i>: instr. pl. leáfum, <a href="#li97">97</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleáfnesword">leáfnes-word</a>, st. n., <i>permission, leave</i>: acc. pl., <a href="#li245">245</a>.</p> + +<p><b>leán</b>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glleahan">leahan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleán">leán</a>, st. n., <i>reward, compensation</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li114">114</a>, <a href="#li952">952</a>, +<a href="#li1221">1221</a>, <a href="#li1585">1585</a>, <a href="#li2392">2392</a>; dat. sg. leáne, <a href="#li1022">1022</a>. Often in the pl.: acc. þâ +leán, <a href="#li2996">2996</a>; dat. þam leánum, <a href="#li2146">2146</a>; gen. leána, <a href="#li2991">2991</a>.—Comp.: and-, +ende-leán.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleân">leân</a> (for læn, O.H.G. lêhan), st. n, <i>loan</i>, <a href="#li1810">1810</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleánian">leánian</a>, w. v., <i>to reward, compensate</i>: pres. sg. I. ic +þe þâ fæhðe feó leánige (<i>repay thee for the contest with old-time +treasures</i>), <a href="#li1381">1381</a>; pret. sg. me þone wäl-ræs wine Scyldinga fättan +golde fela leánode (<i>the friend of the Scyldings rewarded me richly +for the combat with plated gold</i>), <a href="#li2103">2103</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleás">leás</a>, adj., <i>false</i>: nom. pl. leáse, <a href="#li253">253</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleás">leás</a>, adj., <i>deprived of, free from</i>, w. gen.: nom. sg. +dreáma leás, <a href="#li851">851</a>; dat. sg. winigea leásum, <a href="#li1665">1665</a>.—Comp.: dôm-, dreám-, +ealdor-, feoh-, feormend-, hlâford-, sâwol-, sige-, sorh-, tîr-, +þeóden-, wine-, wyn-leás.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleásig">leásig</a>, adj., <i>concealing one's self</i>; in comp. +sin-leásig(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleothocräft">leoðo-cräft</a>, st. m., <i>the art of weaving</i> or <i>working in +meshes, wire</i>, etc.: instr. pl. segn eall-gylden ... gelocen +leoðo-cräftum (<i>a banner all hand-wrought of interlaced gold</i>), +<a href="#li2770">2770</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleothosyrce">leoðo-syrce</a>, w. f., <i>shirt of mail (limb-sark)</i>: acc. sg. +locene leoðo-syrcan (<i>locked linked sark</i>), <a href="#li1506">1506</a>; acc. pl. +locene leoðo-syrcan, <a href="#li1891">1891</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleomum">leomum</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gllim">lim</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleornian">leornian</a>, w. v., <i>to learn, devise, plan</i>: pret. him þäs +gûð-cyning ... wräce leornode (<i>the war-king planned vengeance +therefor</i>), <a href="#li2337">2337</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleód">leód</a>, st. m., <i>prince</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li341">341</a>, <a href="#li348">348</a>, <a href="#li670">670</a>, <a href="#li830">830</a>, +<a href="#li1433">1433</a>, <a href="#li1493">1493</a>, <a href="#li1613">1613</a>, <a href="#li1654">1654</a>, etc.; acc. leód, <a href="#li626">626</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleód">leód</a>, st. f., <i>people</i>: gen. sg. leóde, <a href="#li597">597</a>, <a href="#li600">600</a>, <a href="#li697">697</a>. In +pl. indicates <i>individuals, people, kinsmen</i>: nom. pl. leóde, +<a href="#li362">362</a>, <a href="#li415">415</a>, <a href="#li1214">1214</a>, <a href="#li2126">2126</a>, etc.; gum-cynnes Geáta leóde (<i>people of the +race of the Geátas</i>), <a href="#li260">260</a>; acc. pl. leóde, <a href="#li192">192</a>, <a href="#li443">443</a>, <a href="#li1337">1337</a>, <a href="#li1346">1346</a>, +etc.; dat. pl. leódum, <a href="#li389">389</a>, <a href="#li521">521</a>, <a href="#li619">619</a>, <a href="#li698">698</a>, <a href="#li906">906</a>, <a href="#li1160">1160</a>, etc.; gen. pl. +leóda, <a href="#li205">205</a>, <a href="#li635">635</a>, <a href="#li794">794</a>, <a href="#li1674">1674</a>, <a href="#li2034">2034</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleódbealo">leód-bealo</a>, st. n., (<i>mischief, misfortune affecting an +entire people</i>), <i>great, unheard-of calamity</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1723">1723</a>; gen. +pl. leód-bealewa, <a href="#li1947">1947</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleódburh">leód-burh</a>, st. f., <i>princely castle, stronghold of a ruler, +chief city</i>: acc. pl. -byrig, <a href="#li2472">2472</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleódcyning">leód-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king of the people</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li54">54</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleódfruma">leód-fruma</a>, w. m., <i>prince of the people, ruler</i>: acc. sg. +leód-fruman, <a href="#li2131">2131</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleódgebyrgea">leód-gebyrgea</a>, w. m., <i>protector of the people, prince</i>: +acc. sg. -gebyrgean, <a href="#li269">269</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleódhryre">leód-hryre</a>, st. m., <i>fall, overthrow, of the prince, +ruler</i>: dat. sg. äfter leód-hryre (<i>after the fall of the king of +the Heaðobeardas</i>, Frôda, cf. <a href="#li2051">2051</a>, <a href="#li2031">2031</a>; gen. sg. þäs leód-hryres +(of the fall of Heardred, cf. <a href="#li2389">2389</a>, <a href="#li2392">2392</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleódsceatha">leód-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>injurer of the people</i>: dat. sg. þam +leód-sceaðan, <a href="#li2094">2094</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleódscipe">leód-scipe</a>, st. m., <i>the whole nation, people</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2752">2752</a>; dat. sg. on þam leód-scipe, <a href="#li2198">2198</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleóth">leóð</a>, st. n., <i>song, lay</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1160">1160</a>.—Comp.: fyrd-, +gryre-, gûð-, sorh-leóð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleóf">leóf</a>, adj., <i>lief, dear</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li31">31</a>, <a href="#li54">54</a>, <a href="#li203">203</a>, <a href="#li511">511</a>, <a href="#li521">521</a>, +<a href="#li1877">1877</a>, <a href="#li2468">2468</a>; weak form m., leófa, <a href="#li1217">1217</a>, <a href="#li1484">1484</a>, <a href="#li1855">1855</a>, <a href="#li2664">2664</a>; acc. sg. m. +leófne, <a href="#li34">34</a>, <a href="#li297">297</a>, <a href="#li619">619</a>, <a href="#li1944">1944</a>, <a href="#li2128">2128</a>, <a href="#li3109">3109</a>, <a href="#li3143">3143</a>; gen. sg. leófes (m.), +<a href="#li1995">1995</a>, <a href="#li2081">2081</a>, <a href="#li2898">2898</a>; (neut.), <a href="#li1062">1062</a>, <a href="#li2911">2911</a>; dat. pl. leófum, <a href="#li1074">1074</a>; gen. pl. +leófra, <a href="#li1916">1916</a>. Compar. nom. sg. neut. leófre, <a href="#li2652">2652</a>. Superl. nom. sg. m. +leófost, <a href="#li1297">1297</a>; acc. sg. þone leófestan, <a href="#li2824">2824</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleóflîc">leóflîc</a>, <i>dear, precious, valued</i>: nom. sg. m. leóflîc +lind-wîga, <a href="#li2604">2604</a>; acc. sg. neut. leóflîc îren, <a href="#li1810">1810</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleógan">leógan</a>, st. v., <i>to lie, belie, deceive</i>. subj. pres. +näfne him his wlite leóge (<i>unless his looks belie him</i>), <a href="#li250">250</a>; +pret. sg. he ne leág fela wyrda ne worda, <a href="#li3030">3030</a>.</p> + +<p>â-leógan, <i>to deceive, leave unfulfilled</i>: pret. sg. he beót ne +â-lêh (<i>he left not his promise unfulfilled</i>), <a href="#li80">80</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-leógan, <i>to deceive, betray</i>: pret. sg. him seó wên geleáh +(<i>hope deceived him</i>), <a href="#li2324">2324</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleóht">leóht</a>, st. n., <i>light, brilliance</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li569">569</a>, <a href="#li728">728</a>, +<a href="#li1751">1751</a> (?); acc. sg. sunnan leóht, <a href="#li649">649</a>; godes leóht geceás (<i>chose +God's light, died</i>), <a href="#li2470">2470</a>; dat. sg. tô leóhte, <a href="#li95">95</a>.—Comp.: æfen-, +fýr-, morgen-leóht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleóht">leóht</a>, adj., <i>luminous, bright</i>: instr. sg. leóhtan +sweorde, <a href="#li2493">2493</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleóma">leóma</a>, w. m.: 1) <i>light, splendor</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li311">311</a>, <a href="#li2770">2770</a>; +acc. sg. leóman, <a href="#li1518">1518</a>; sunnan and mônan leóman (<i>light of sun and +moon</i>), <a href="#li95">95</a>.—2) (as beadu- and hilde-leóma), <i>the glittering +sword</i>: nom. sg. lixte se leóma (<i>the blade-gleam flashed</i>), +<a href="#li1571">1571</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleósan">leósan</a>, st. v., = amitti, in</p> + +<p>be-leósan, <i>to deprive, be deprived of</i>: pres. part. (heó) wearð +beloren leófum bearnum and brôðrum (<i>was deprived of her dear +children and brethren</i>), <a href="#li1074">1074</a>.</p> + +<p>for-leósan, with dat. instr., <i>to lose something</i>: pret. sg. þær he +dôme for-leás, ellen-mærðum (<i>there lost he the glory, the repute, of his +heroic deeds</i>), <a href="#li1471">1471</a>; pret. sg. for pl. þâm þe ær his elne for-leás +(<i>to him who, before, had lost his valor</i>), <a href="#li2862">2862</a>; part. pret. nealles +ic þâm leánum for-loren häfde (<i>not at all had I lost the rewards</i>), +<a href="#li2146">2146</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllibban">libban</a>, w. v., <i>to live, be, exist</i>: pres. sing. III. +lifað, <a href="#li3169">3169</a>; lyfað, <a href="#li945">945</a>; leofað, <a href="#li975">975</a>, <a href="#li1367">1367</a>, <a href="#li2009">2009</a>; subj. pres. sg. II. +lifige, <a href="#li1225">1225</a>; pres. part. lifigende, <a href="#li816">816</a>, <a href="#li1954">1954</a>, <a href="#li1974">1974</a>, <a href="#li2063">2063</a>; dat. sg. +be þe lifigendum (<i>in thy lifetime</i>), <a href="#li2666">2666</a>; pret. sg. lifde, <a href="#li57">57</a>, +<a href="#li1258">1258</a>; lyfde, <a href="#li2145">2145</a>; pret. pl. lifdon, <a href="#li99">99</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glunlifigende">unlifigende</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllicgan">licgan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to lie, lie down</i> or <i>low</i>: pres. +sg. nu seó hand ligeð (<i>now the hand lies low</i>), <a href="#li1344">1344</a>; nu se wyrm +ligeð, <a href="#li2746">2746</a>, so <a href="#li2904">2904</a>; inf. licgan, <a href="#li3130">3130</a>; licgean, <a href="#li967">967</a>, <a href="#li3083">3083</a>; pret. sg. +läg, <a href="#li40">40</a>, <a href="#li552">552</a>, <a href="#li2078">2078</a>; syððan Heardrêd läg (<i>after Heardrêd had +fallen</i>), <a href="#li2389">2389</a>; pret. pl. lâgon, <a href="#li3049">3049</a>; lægon, <a href="#li566">566</a>.—2) <i>to lie +prostrate, rest, fail</i>: pret. sg. næfre on ôre läg wîd-cûðes wîg +(<i>never failed the far-famed one's valor at the front</i>), <a href="#li1042">1042</a>; +syððan wiðer-gyld läg (<i>after vengeance failed</i>, or, <i>when +Withergyld lay dead</i>, if <i>W.</i> is a proper name), <a href="#li2052">2052</a>.</p> + +<p>â-licgan, <i>to succumb, fail, yield</i>: inf. <a href="#li2887">2887</a>; pret. sg. þät his +dôm â-läg (<i>that its power failed it</i>), <a href="#li1529">1529</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-licgan, <i>to rest, lie still</i>: pret. sg. wind-blond geläg, +<a href="#li3147">3147</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllida">lida</a>, w. m., <i>boat, ship</i> (as in motion); in comp.: sund-, +ýð-lida.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllidman">lid-man</a>, st. m., <i>seafarer, sailor</i>: gen. pl. lid-manna, +<a href="#li1624">1624</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllim">lim</a>, st. n., <i>limb, branch</i>: instr. pl. leomum, <a href="#li97">97</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllimpan">limpan</a>, st. v., <i>to happen, befall</i> (well or ill); impers. +w. dat. pret. sg. hû lomp eów on lâde (<i>how went it with you on the +journey?</i>), <a href="#li1988">1988</a>.</p> + +<p>â-limpan, <i>to come about, offer itself</i>: pret. sg. ôð þät sæl +â-lamp (<i>till the opportunity presented itself</i>), <a href="#li623">623</a>; pret. +part, þâ him â-lumpen wäs wistfylle wên (<i>since a hope of a full +meal had befallen him</i>), <a href="#li734">734</a>.</p> + +<p>be-limpan, <i>to happen to, befall</i>: pret. sg. him sió sâr belamp, +<a href="#li2469">2469</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-limpan, <i>to happen, occur, turn out</i>: pres. sg. III. hit eft +gelimpeð þät..., <a href="#li1754">1754</a>; subj. pres. þisse ansýne alwealdan þanc lungre +gelimpe (<i>thanks to the Almighty forthwith for this sight!</i>), +<a href="#li930">930</a>; pret. sg. him on fyrste gelamp þät..., <a href="#li76">76</a>; swâ him ful-oft gelamp +(<i>as often happened to them</i>), <a href="#li1253">1253</a>; þäs þe hire se willa gelamp +þät ... (<i>because her wish had been fulfilled</i>), <a href="#li627">627</a>; frôfor eft +gelamp sârig-môdum, <a href="#li2942">2942</a>; subj. pret. gif him þyslîcu þearf gelumpe, +<a href="#li2638">2638</a>; pret. part. Denum eallum wearð ... willa gelumpen, <a href="#li825">825</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllind">lind</a>, st. f. (properly <i>linden</i>; here, a a wooden shield +covered with linden-bark or pith): nom. sg., <a href="#li2342">2342</a>; acc. sg. geolwe +linde, <a href="#li2611">2611</a>; acc. pl. linde, <a href="#li2366">2366</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllindgestealla">lind-gestealla</a>, w. m., <i>shield-comrade, war-comrade</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1974">1974</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllindhäbbend">lind-häbbend</a>, pres. part., <i>provided with a shield</i>, i.e. +warrior: nom. pl. -häbbende, <a href="#li245">245</a>; gen. pl. häbbendra, <a href="#li1403">1403</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllindplega">lind-plega</a>, w. m., <i>shield-play</i>, i.e. battle: dat. sg. +lind-plegan, <a href="#li1074">1074</a>, <a href="#li2040">2040</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllindwîga">lind-wîga</a>, w. m., <i>shield-fighter, warrior</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2604">2604</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllinnan">linnan</a>, st. v., <i>to depart, be deprived of</i>: inf. aldre linnan +(<i>depart from life</i>), <a href="#li1479">1479</a>; ealdres linnan, <a href="#li2444">2444</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllis">lis</a>, st. f., <i>favor, affection</i>: gen. pl. eall ... lissa, +<a href="#li2151">2151</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllist">list</a>, st. m., <i>art, skill, cleverness, cunning</i>: dat. pl. +adverbial, listum (<i>cunningly</i>), <a href="#li782">782</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllixan">lixan</a>, w. v., <i>to shine, flash</i>: pret. sg. lixte, <a href="#li311">311</a>, <a href="#li485">485</a>, +<a href="#li1571">1571</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllîc">lîc</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>body, corpse</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li967">967</a>; acc. sg. +lîc, <a href="#li2081">2081</a>; þät lîc (<i>the body, corpse</i>), <a href="#li2128">2128</a>; dat. sg. lîce, +<a href="#li734">734</a>, <a href="#li1504">1504</a>, <a href="#li2424">2424</a>, <a href="#li2572">2572</a>, <a href="#li2733">2733</a>, <a href="#li2744">2744</a>; gen. sg. lîces, <a href="#li451">451</a>, <a href="#li1123">1123</a>.— +2) <i>form, figure</i>: in comp. eofor-, swîn-lîc.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgelîc">lîc</a>, adj., <i>like, similar</i>: nom. pl. m. ge-lîce, <a href="#li2165">2165</a>. +Superl. ge-lîcost, <a href="#li218">218</a>, <a href="#li728">728</a>, <a href="#li986">986</a>, <a href="#li1609">1609</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllîchama">lîc-hama, -homa</a>, w. m. <i>(body-home, garment), body</i>: nom. sg. +lîc-homa, <a href="#li813">813</a>, <a href="#li1008">1008</a>, <a href="#li1755">1755</a>; acc. sg. lîc-haman, <a href="#li2652">2652</a>; dat. sg. lîc-haman, +<a href="#li3179">3179</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllîcian">lîcian</a>, w. v., <i>to please, like</i> (impers.): pres. sg. III. +me þîn môd-sefa lîcað leng swâ wel, <a href="#li1855">1855</a>; pret. pl. þam wîfe þâ word +wel lîcodon, <a href="#li640">640</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllîcnes">lîcnes</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glonlîcnes">on-lîcnes</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllîcsâr">lîc-sâr</a>, st. n., <i>bodily pain</i>: acc. sg. lîc-sâr, <a href="#li816">816</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllîcsyrce">lîc-syrce</a>, w. f., <i>body-sark, shirt of mail covering the +body</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li550">550</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gl1îthan">1îðan</a>, st. v., <i>to move, go</i>: pres. part. nom. pl. þâ +lîðende (<i>navigantes, sailors</i>), <a href="#li221">221</a>; þâ wäs sund liden (<i>the +water was then traversed</i>), <a href="#li223">223</a>.—Comp.: heáðu-, mere-, wæg-lîðend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllîthe">lîðe</a> (O.H.G. lindi), adj., <i>gentle, mild, friendly</i>: nom. +sg. w. instr. gen. lâra lîðe, <a href="#li1221">1221</a>. Superl. nom. sg. lîðost, <a href="#li3184">3184</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllithwæge">lið-wæge</a>, st. n., <i>can in which lîð</i> (a wine-like, foaming +drink) <i>is contained</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1983">1983</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllîf">lîf</a>, st. n., <i>life</i>: acc. sg. lîf, <a href="#li97">97</a>, <a href="#li734">734</a>, <a href="#li1537">1537</a>, <a href="#li2424">2424</a>, +<a href="#li2744">2744</a>, <a href="#li2752">2752</a>; dat. sg. lîfe, <a href="#li2572">2572</a>; tô lîfe (<i>in one's life, ever</i>) +<a href="#li2433">2433</a>; gen. sg. lîfes, <a href="#li197">197</a>, <a href="#li791">791</a>, <a href="#li807">807</a>, <a href="#li2824">2824</a>, <a href="#li2846">2846</a>; worolde lîfes (<i>of +the earthly life</i>), <a href="#li1388">1388</a>, <a href="#li2344">2344</a>.—Comp. edwît-lîf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllîfbysig">lîf-bysig</a>, adj. <i>(striving for life or death), weary of life, +in torment of death</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li967">967</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllîfdagas">lîf-dagas</a>, st. m. pl., <i>lifetime</i>: acc.-dagas, <a href="#li794">794</a>, <a href="#li1623">1623</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllîffreá">lîf-freá</a>, w. m., <i>lord of life, God</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li16">16</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllîfgedâl">lîf-gedâl</a>, st. n., <i>separation from life</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li842">842</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllîfgesceaft">lîf-gesceaft</a>, st. f., <i>fate, destiny</i>: gen. pl.-gesceafta, +<a href="#li1954">1954</a>, <a href="#li3065">3065</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllîfwrathu">lîf-wraðu</a>, st. f., <i>protection for one's life, safety</i>: +acc. sg. lîf-wraðe, <a href="#li2878">2878</a>; dat. sg. tô lîf-wraðe, <a href="#li972">972</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllîfwyn">lîf-wyn</a>, st. f., <i>pleasure, enjoyment, joy</i> (of life): +gen. pl. lîf-wynna, <a href="#li2098">2098</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllîg">lîg</a>, st. m. n., <i>flame, fire</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1123">1123</a>; dat. instr. +sg. lîge, <a href="#li728">728</a>, <a href="#li2306">2306</a>, <a href="#li2322">2322</a>, <a href="#li2342">2342</a>; gen. sg. lîges, <a href="#li83">83</a>, <a href="#li782">782</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#gllêg">lêg</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllîgdraca">lîg-draca</a>, w. m., <i> fire-drake, flaming dragon</i>; nom. +pl., <a href="#li2334">2334</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gllêgdraca">lêg-draca</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllîgegesa">lîg-egesa</a>, w. m., <i>horror arising through fire, flaming +terror</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2781">2781</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllîgetorn">lîge-torn</a>, st. m., <i>false, pretended insult</i> or <i>injury, +fierce anger</i>(?): dat. sg. äfter lîge-torne (<i>on account of a +pretended insult?</i> or <i>fierce anger?</i> cf. Bugge in Zacher's +Zeits. 4, 208), <a href="#li1944">1944</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllîgýth">lîg-ýð</a>, st. m., <i>wave of fire</i>: instr. pl. lîg-ýðum, <a href="#li2673">2673</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleón">león</a>, st. v., <i>to lend</i>: pret. sg. þät him on þearfe lâh +þyle Hrôðgâres (<i>which H.'s spokesman lent him in need</i>), <a href="#li1457">1457</a>.</p> + +<p>on-leóon, <i>to lend, grant as a loan</i>, with gen. of thing and dat. +pers.: pret. sg. þâ he þäs wæpnes on-lâh sêlran sweord-frecan, <a href="#li1468">1468</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glloca">loca</a>, w. m., <i>bolt, lock</i>: in comp. bân-, burh-loca.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllocen">locen</a>. See lûcan.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllond">lond, long</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glland">land, lang</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllof">lof</a>, st. m. n., <i>praise, repute</i>: acc. sg. lof, <a href="#li1537">1537</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllofdæd">lof-dæd</a>, st. f., <i>deed of praise</i>: instr. pl. lof-dædum, +<a href="#li24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllofgeorn">lof-georn</a>, adj., <i>eager for praise, ambitious</i>: superl. +nom. sg. lof-geornost, <a href="#li3184">3184</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glloga">loga</a>, w. m., <i>liar</i>; in comp. treów-loga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllosian">losian</a>, w. v., <i>to escape, flee</i>: pres. sg. III. losað, +<a href="#li1393">1393</a>, <a href="#li2063">2063</a>; pret. sg. he on weg losade (<i>fled away</i>), <a href="#li2097">2097</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllôcian">lôcian</a>, w. v., <i>to see, look at</i>: pres. sg. II. sæ-lâc ... þe +þu her tô lôcast (<i>booty of the sea that thou lookest on</i>), <a href="#li1655">1655</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgelôme">lôme</a>, adv., <i>often, frequently</i>, <a href="#li559">559</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllufe">lufe</a>, w. f., <i>love</i>: in comp. heáh-, môd-, wîf-lufe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllufa">lufa</a> (cf. and-leofa, big-leofa, <i>nourishment</i>), w. m., +<i>food, subsistence; property, real estate</i>: acc. sg. on lufan +(<i>on possessions</i>), <a href="#li1729">1729</a>.—Comp. eard-lufa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllufen">lufen</a>, st. f. (cf. lufa), <i>subsistence, food; real estate, +(enjoyment?)</i>: nom. sg. lufen (parallel with êðel-wyn), <a href="#li2887">2887</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glluftâcen">luf-tâcen</a>, st. n., <i>love-token</i>: acc. pl. luf-tâcen, <a href="#li1864">1864</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllufian">lufian</a>, w. v., <i>to love, serve affectionately</i>: pret. sg. +III. lufode þâ leóde (<i>was on affectionate terms with the +people</i>), <a href="#li1983">1983</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllungre">lungre</a>, adv.: 1) <i>hastily, quickly, forthwith</i>, <a href="#li930">930</a>, <a href="#li1631">1631</a>, +<a href="#li2311">2311</a>, <a href="#li2744">2744</a>.—2) <i>quite, very, fully</i>: feówer mearas lungre +gelîce (<i>four horses quite alike</i>), <a href="#li2165">2165</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllust">lust</a>, st. m., <i>pleasure, joy</i>: dat. pl. adv. lustum +(<i>joyfully</i>), <a href="#li1654">1654</a>; so, on lust, <a href="#li619">619</a>, cf. <a href="#li600">600</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllûcan">lûcan</a>, st. v., <i>to twist, wind, lock, interweave</i>: pret. +part. acc. sg. and pl. locene leoðo-syrcan (<i>shirt of mail wrought +of meshes or rings interlocked</i>), <a href="#li1506">1506</a>, <a href="#li1891">1891</a>; gen. pl. locenra +beága (<i>rings wrought of gold wire</i>), <a href="#li2996">2996</a>.</p> + +<p>be-lûcan: 1) <i>to shut, close in or around</i>: pret. sg. winter ýðe +be-leác îs-gebinde (<i>winter locked the waves with icy bond</i>), <a href="#li1133">1133</a>.— +2) <i>to shut in, off, preserve, protect</i>: pret. sg. I. hig wîge beleác +manegum mægða (<i>I shut them in, protected them, from war arising from +many a tribe</i>), <a href="#li1771">1771</a>. Cf. me wîge belûc wrâðum feóndum (<i>protect me +against mine enemies</i>), Ps. 34, 3.</p> + +<p>ge-lûcan, <i>to unite, link together, make</i>: pret. part. gelocen, +<a href="#li2770">2770</a>.</p> + +<p>on-lûcan, <i>to unlock, open</i>: pret. sg. word-hord on-leác +(<i>opened the word-hoard, treasure of speech</i>), <a href="#li259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>tô-lucan, <i>(to twist, wrench, in two) to destroy</i>: inf., <a href="#li782">782</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllyft">lyft</a>, st. f. (m. n.?), <i>air</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1376">1376</a>; dat. sg. +äfter lyfte (<i>along, through, the air</i>), <a href="#li2833">2833</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllyftfloga">lyft-floga</a>, w. m., <i>air-flier</i>: nom. sg. (of the dragon), +<a href="#li2316">2316</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllyftgeswenced">lyft-geswenced</a>, pret. part., <i>urged, hastened on, by the +wind</i>, <a href="#li1914">1914</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllyftwyn">lyft-wyn</a>, st. f., <i>enjoyment of the air</i>: acc. sg. +lyft-wynne, <a href="#li3044">3044</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllyhth">lyhð</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glleahan">leahan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllystan">lystan</a>, w. v., <i>to lust after, long for</i>: pret. sg. Geát +ungemetes wel ... restan lyste(<i>the Geát</i> [Beówulf] <i>longed +sorely to rest</i>), <a href="#li1794">1794</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllyt">lyt</a>, adj. neut. (= parum), <i>little, very little, few</i>: lyt +eft becwom ... hâmes niósan (<i>few escaped homeward</i>), <a href="#li2366">2366</a>; lyt +ænig (<i>none at all</i>), <a href="#li3130">3130</a>; usually with gen.: wintra lyt, <a href="#li1928">1928</a>; +lyt ... heáfod-mâga, <a href="#li2151">2151</a>; wergendra tô lyt (<i>too few +defenders</i>), <a href="#li2883">2883</a>; lyt swîgode nîwra spella (<i>he kept to himself +little, none at all, of the new tidings</i>), <a href="#li2898">2898</a>; dat. sg. lyt manna +(<i>too few of men</i>), <a href="#li2837">2837</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllytel">lytel</a>, adj., <i>small, little</i>: nom. sg. neut. tô lytel, +<a href="#li1749">1749</a>; acc. sg. f. lytle hwîle (<i>a little while</i>), <a href="#li2031">2031</a>, <a href="#li2098">2098</a>; +lif-wraðe lytle (<i>little protection for his life</i>), +<a href="#li2878">2878</a>.—Comp. un-lytel.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllythwôn">lyt-hwôn</a>, adv., <i>little = not at all</i>: lyt-hwôn lôgon, +<a href="#li204">204</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllýfe">lýfe</a>, st. n., <i>leave, permission, (life?)</i>: instr. sg. +þîne lýfe (life, MS.), <a href="#li2132">2132</a>.—Leo. Cf. O.N. leyfi, n., <i>leave, +permission</i>, in Möbius' Glossary, p. 266.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllýfan">lýfan</a>, w. v., (fundamental meaning <i>to believe, trust</i>) in</p> + +<p>â-lýfan, <i>to allow, grant, entrust</i>: pret. sg. næfre ic ænegum +men ær âlýfde ... þryð-ärn Dena (<i>never before to any man have I +entrusted the palace of the Danes</i>), <a href="#li656">656</a>; pret. part. (þâ me wäs) +sîð ... âlýfed inn under eorð-weall (<i>the way in under the wall of +earth was allowed me</i>), <a href="#li3090">3090</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgelýfan">lýfan</a>, w. v., <i>to believe, trust</i>: 1) w. dat.: inf. þær +gelýfan sceal dryhtnes dôme se þe hine deáð nimeð (<i>whomever death +carrieth away, shall believe it to be the judgment of God</i>, i.e. in +the contest between Beówulf and Grendel), <a href="#li440">440</a>.—2) w. acc.: pret. sg. +geóce gelýfde brego Beorht-Dena (<i>believed in, expected, help</i>, +etc.), <a href="#li609">609</a>; þät heó on ænigne eorl gelýfde fyrena frôfre (<i>that she +at last should expect from any earl comfort, help, out of these +troubles</i>), <a href="#li628">628</a>; se þe him bealwa tô bôte gelýfde (<i>who trusted +in him as a help out of evils</i>), <a href="#li910">910</a>; him tô anwaldan âre gelýfde +(<i>relied for himself on the help of God</i>), <a href="#li1273">1273</a>.</p> + +<p>â-<a class="glentry" name="glâlýsan">lýsan</a>, w. v., <i>to loose, liberate</i>: pret. part. þâ wäs +of þäm hrôran helm and byrne lungre â-lýsed (<i>helm and corselet were +straightway loosed from him</i>), <a href="#li1631">1631</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossM">M</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmathelian">maðelian</a>, w. v. (sermocinari), <i>to speak, talk</i>: pret. sg. +maðelode, <a href="#li286">286</a>, <a href="#li348">348</a>, <a href="#li360">360</a>, <a href="#li371">371</a>, <a href="#li405">405</a>, <a href="#li456">456</a>, <a href="#li499">499</a>, etc.; maðelade, <a href="#li2426">2426</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmaga">maga</a>, w. m., <i>son, male descendant, young man</i>: nom. sg. +maga Healfdenes (Hrôðgâr), <a href="#li189">189</a>, <a href="#li1475">1475</a>, <a href="#li2144">2144</a>; maga Ecgþeówes (Beówulf), +<a href="#li2588">2588</a>: maga (Grendel), <a href="#li979">979</a>; se maga geonga (Wîglâf), <a href="#li2676">2676</a>; Grendeles +maga (<i>a relative of Grendel</i>), <a href="#li2007">2007</a>; acc. sg. þone magan, <a href="#li944">944</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmagan">magan</a>, v. with pret.-pres. form, <i>to be able</i>: pres. sg. +I. III. mäg, <a href="#li277">277</a>, <a href="#li478">478</a>, <a href="#li931">931</a>, <a href="#li943">943</a>, <a href="#li1485">1485</a>, <a href="#li1734">1734</a>, etc.; II. meaht þu, <a href="#li2048">2048</a>; +subj. pres. mæge, <a href="#li2531">2531</a>, <a href="#li2750">2750</a>; þeáh ic eal mæge (<i>even though I +could</i>), <a href="#li681">681</a>; subj. pl. we mægen, <a href="#li2655">2655</a>; pret. sg. meahte, <a href="#li542">542</a>, <a href="#li755">755</a>, +<a href="#li1131">1131</a>, <a href="#li1660">1660</a>, <a href="#li2465">2465</a>, etc.; mihte, <a href="#li190">190</a>, <a href="#li207">207</a>, <a href="#li462">462</a>, <a href="#li511">511</a>, <a href="#li571">571</a>, <a href="#li657">657</a>, <a href="#li1509">1509</a>, +<a href="#li2092">2092</a>, <a href="#li2610">2610</a>; mehte, <a href="#li1083">1083</a>, <a href="#li1497">1497</a>, <a href="#li1516">1516</a>, <a href="#li1878">1878</a>; pl. meahton, <a href="#li649">649</a>, <a href="#li942">942</a>, +<a href="#li1455">1455</a>, <a href="#li1912">1912</a>, <a href="#li2374">2374</a>, <a href="#li3080">3080</a>; mihton, <a href="#li308">308</a>, <a href="#li313">313</a>, <a href="#li2684">2684</a>, <a href="#li3164">3164</a>; subj. pret. sg. +meahte, <a href="#li243">243</a>, <a href="#li763">763</a>, <a href="#li2521">2521</a>; pres. sg. mäg, sometimes = licet, <i>may, can, +will</i> (fut.), <a href="#li1366">1366</a>, <a href="#li1701">1701</a>, <a href="#li1838">1838</a>, <a href="#li2865">2865</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmago">mago</a> (Goth. magu-s), st. m., <i>male, son</i>: nom. sg. mago +Ecglâfes (Hunferð), <a href="#li1466">1466</a>; mago Healfdenes (Hrôðgâr), <a href="#li1868">1868</a>, <a href="#li2012">2012</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmagodryht">mago-dryht</a>, st. f., <i>troop of young men, band of men</i>: +nom. sg. mago-driht, <a href="#li67">67</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmagorinc">mago-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>hero, man</i> (preeminently): gen. pl. +mago-rinca, heáp, <a href="#li731">731</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmaguthegn">magu-þegn, mago-þegn</a>, st. m., <i>vassal, war-thane</i>: nom. +sg. <a href="#li408">408</a>, <a href="#li2758">2758</a>; dat. sg. magu-þegne, <a href="#li2080">2080</a>; acc. pl. magu-þegnas, <a href="#li293">293</a>; +dat. pl. mago-þegnum, <a href="#li1481">1481</a>; gen. pl. mago-þegna ... þone sêlestan +(<i>the best of vassals</i>), <a href="#li1406">1406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glman">man, mon</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>man, human being</i>: nom. sg. man, <a href="#li25">25</a>, +<a href="#li503">503</a>, <a href="#li534">534</a>, <a href="#li1049">1049</a>, <a href="#li1354">1354</a>, <a href="#li1399">1399</a>, <a href="#li1535">1535</a>, <a href="#li1877">1877</a>, etc.; mon, <a href="#li209">209</a>, <a href="#li510">510</a>, <a href="#li1561">1561</a>, +<a href="#li1646">1646</a>, <a href="#li2282">2282</a>, etc.; acc. sg. w. mannan, <a href="#li297">297</a>, <a href="#li577">577</a>, <a href="#li1944">1944</a>, <a href="#li2128">2128</a>, <a href="#li2775">2775</a>; +wîd-cûðne man, <a href="#li1490">1490</a>; dat. sg. men, <a href="#li656">656</a>, <a href="#li753">753</a>, <a href="#li1880">1880</a>; menn, <a href="#li2190">2190</a>; gen. +sg. mannes, <a href="#li1195">1195</a> (?), <a href="#li2081">2081</a>, <a href="#li2534">2534</a>, <a href="#li2542">2542</a>; monnes, <a href="#li1730">1730</a>; nom. pl. men, +<a href="#li50">50</a>, <a href="#li162">162</a>, <a href="#li233">233</a>, <a href="#li1635">1635</a>, <a href="#li3167">3167</a>; acc. pl. men, <a href="#li69">69</a>, <a href="#li337">337</a>, <a href="#li1583">1583</a>, <a href="#li1718">1718</a>; dat. pl. +mannum, <a href="#li3183">3183</a>; gen. pl. manna, <a href="#li155">155</a>, <a href="#li201">201</a>, <a href="#li380">380</a>, <a href="#li702">702</a>, <a href="#li713">713</a>, <a href="#li736">736</a>, etc.; +monna, <a href="#li1414">1414</a>, <a href="#li2888">2888</a>.—2) indef. pron. = <i>one, they, people</i> (Germ. +<i>man</i>): man, <a href="#li1173">1173</a>, <a href="#li1176">1176</a>; mon, <a href="#li2356">2356</a>, <a href="#li3177">3177</a>.—Comp.: fyrn-, gleó-, +gum-, iú-, lid-, sæ-, wæpned-man.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glman1">man</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgemunan">munan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmancyn">man-cyn</a>, st. n., <i>mankind</i>: dat. sg. man-cynne, <a href="#li110">110</a>; gen. +sg. man-cynnes, <a href="#li164">164</a>, <a href="#li2182">2182</a>; mon-cynnes, <a href="#li196">196</a>, <a href="#li1956">1956</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmandreám">man-dreám</a>, st. m., <i>human joy, mundi voluptas</i>: acc. sg. +man-dreám, <a href="#li1265">1265</a>; dat. pl. mon-dreámum, <a href="#li1716">1716</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmandryhten">man-dryhten</a>, st. m. (<i>lord of men</i>), <i>ruler of the +people, prince, king</i>: nom. sg. man-dryhten, <a href="#li1979">1979</a>, <a href="#li2648">2648</a>; +mon-drihten, <a href="#li436">436</a>; mon-dryhten, <a href="#li2866">2866</a>; acc. sg. mon-dryhten, <a href="#li2605">2605</a>; dat. +sg. man-drihtne, <a href="#li1230">1230</a>; man-dryhtne, <a href="#li1250">1250</a>, <a href="#li2282">2282</a>; gen. sg. man-dryhtnes, +<a href="#li2850">2850</a>; mon-dryhtnes, <a href="#li3150">3150</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemang">mang</a>, st. m., <i>troop, company</i>: dat. sg. on gemonge +(<i>in the troop</i> [of the fourteen Geátas that returned from the +sea]), <a href="#li1644">1644</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmanian">manian</a>, w. v., <i>to warn, admonish</i>: pres. sg. III. manað +swâ and myndgað ... sârum wordum (<i>so warneth and remindeth he with +bitter words</i>), <a href="#li2058">2058</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmanig">manig, monig</a>, adj., <i>many, many a, much</i>: 1) adjectively: nom. +sg. rinc manig, <a href="#li399">399</a>; geong manig (<i>many a young man</i>), <a href="#li855">855</a>; monig +snellîc sæ-rinc, <a href="#li690">690</a>; medu-benc monig, <a href="#li777">777</a>; so <a href="#li839">839</a>, <a href="#li909">909</a>, <a href="#li919">919</a>, <a href="#li1511">1511</a>, <a href="#li2763">2763</a>, +<a href="#li3023">3023</a>, etc.; acc. sg. medo-ful manig, <a href="#li1016">1016</a>; dat. sg. m. þegne monegum, <a href="#li1342">1342</a>, +<a href="#li1420">1420</a>; dat. sg. f. manigre mægðe, <a href="#li75">75</a>; acc. pl. manige men, <a href="#li337">337</a>; dat. pl. +manegum mâðmum, <a href="#li2104">2104</a>; monegum mægðum, <a href="#li5">5</a>; gen. pl. manigra mêda, <a href="#li1179">1179</a>.—2) +substantively: nom. sg. manig, <a href="#li1861">1861</a>; monig, <a href="#li858">858</a>; dat. sg. manegum, <a href="#li349">349</a>, +<a href="#li1888">1888</a>; nom. pl. manige, <a href="#li1024">1024</a>; monige, <a href="#li2983">2983</a>; acc. pl. monige, <a href="#li1599">1599</a>; gen. pl. +manigra, <a href="#li2092">2092</a>.—3) with depend. gen. pl.: dat. manegum mægða, <a href="#li1772">1772</a>; monegum +fira, <a href="#li2002">2002</a>; häleða monegum bold-âgendra, <a href="#li3112">3112</a>; acc. pl. rinca manige, <a href="#li729">729</a>; +(mâðm)-æhta monige, <a href="#li1614">1614</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmanigoft">manig-oft</a>, adv., <i>very often, frequently</i>, <a href="#li171">171</a> [if manig +and oft are to be connected].</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmanlîce">man-lîce</a>, adv., <i>man-like, manly</i>, <a href="#li1047">1047</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmanthwære">man-þwære</a>, adj., <i>kind, gentle toward men, philanthropic</i>: +nom. sg. superl. mon-þwærust, <a href="#li3183">3183</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmâ">mâ</a>, contracted compar., <i>more</i>: with partitive gen., <a href="#li504">504</a>, +<a href="#li736">736</a>, <a href="#li1056">1056</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmâthum">mâðum, mâððum</a>, st. m., <i>gift, jewel, object of value</i>: +acc. sg. mâððum, <a href="#li169">169</a>, <a href="#li1053">1053</a>, <a href="#li2056">2056</a>, <a href="#li3017">3017</a>; dat. instr. sg. mâðme, <a href="#li1529">1529</a>, +<a href="#li1903">1903</a>; nom. pl. mâðmas, <a href="#li1861">1861</a>; acc. pl. mâdmas, <a href="#li385">385</a>, <a href="#li472">472</a>, <a href="#li1028">1028</a>, <a href="#li1483">1483</a>, +<a href="#li1757">1757</a>, <a href="#li1868">1868</a>, etc.; dat. instr. pl. mâðmum, mâdmum, <a href="#li1049">1049</a>, <a href="#li1899">1899</a>, <a href="#li2104">2104</a>, +<a href="#li2789">2789</a>; gen. pl. mâðma, <a href="#li1785">1785</a>, <a href="#li2144">2144</a>, <a href="#li2167">2167</a>, etc.; mâdma, <a href="#li36">36</a>, <a href="#li41">41</a>.—Comp.: +dryht-, gold-, hord-, ofer-, sinc-, wundor-mâðum.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmâthmæht">mâðm-æht</a>, st. f., <i>treasure in jewels, costly objects</i>: +gen. pl. mâðm-æhta, <a href="#li1614">1614</a>, <a href="#li2834">2834</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmâththumfät">mâððum-fät</a>, st. n., <i>treasure-casket</i> or <i>cup, costly +vessel</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2406">2406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmâthmgestreón">mâðm-gestreón</a>, st. n., <i>precious jewel</i>: gen. pl. +mâðm-gestreóna, <a href="#li1932">1932</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmâthumgifu">mâðum-gifu</a>, st. f., <i>gift of valuable objects, largess of +treasure</i>: dat. sg. äfter mâððum-gife, <a href="#li1302">1302</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmâthumsigl">mâðum-sigl</a>, st. n., <i>costly, sun-shaped ornament, valuable +decoration</i>: gen. pl. mâððum-sigla, <a href="#li2758">2758</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmâthumsweord">mâðum-sweord</a>, st. n., <i>costly sword</i> (inlaid with gold and +jewels): acc. sg., <a href="#li1024">1024</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmâthumwela">mâðum-wela</a>, w. m., <i>wealth of jewels, valuables</i>:: dat. +sg. äfter-mâððum-welan (<i>after the sight of the wealth of +jewels</i>), <a href="#li2751">2751</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmâgas">mâgas</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmæg">mæg</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmâge">mâge</a>, w. f., <i>female relative</i>: gen. sg. Grendles mâgan +(<i>mother</i>), <a href="#li1392">1392</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmân">mân</a>, st. n., <i>crime, misdeed</i>: instr. sg. mâne, <a href="#li110">110</a>, <a href="#li979">979</a>; +adv., <i>criminally</i>, <a href="#li1056">1056</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmânfordædla">mân-for-dædla</a>, w. m., <i>evil-doer, criminal</i>: nom. pl. +mân-for-dædlan, <a href="#li563">563</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmânscatha">mân-scaða</a>, w. m., <i>mischievous, hurtful foe, hostis +nefastus</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li713">713</a>, <a href="#li738">738</a>, <a href="#li1340">1340</a>; mân-sceaða, <a href="#li2515">2515</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmâra">mâra</a> (comp. of micel), adj., <i>greater, stronger, +mightier</i>: nom. sg. m. mâra, <a href="#li1354">1354</a>, <a href="#li2556">2556</a>; neut. mâre, <a href="#li1561">1561</a>; acc. sg. +m. mâran, <a href="#li2017">2017</a>; mund-gripe mâran (<i>a mightier hand-grip</i>), <a href="#li754">754</a>; +with following gen. pl. mâran ... eorla (<i>a more powerful earl</i>), +<a href="#li247">247</a>; fem. mâran, <a href="#li533">533</a>, <a href="#li1012">1012</a>; neut. mâre, <a href="#li518">518</a>; with gen. pl. morð-beala +mâre <i>(more, greater, deeds of murder</i>), <a href="#li136">136</a>; gen. sg. f. mâran, +<a href="#li1824">1824</a>.</p> + +<p>mæst (superl. of micel, mâra), <i>greatest, strongest</i>: nom. sg. +neut. (with partitive gen.), mæst, <a href="#li78">78</a>, <a href="#li193">193</a>; fem. mæst, <a href="#li2329">2329</a>; acc. sg. +fem. fæhðe mæste, <a href="#li459">459</a>; mæste ... worolde wynne (<i>the highest earthly +pleasure</i>), <a href="#li1080">1080</a>; neut. n. (with partitive gen.) mæst mærða, <a href="#li2646">2646</a>; +hond-wundra mæst, <a href="#li2769">2769</a>; bæl-fýra mæst, <a href="#li3144">3144</a>; instr. sg. m. mæste +cräfte, <a href="#li2182">2182</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmäcg">mäcg</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmecg">mecg</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmägth">mägð</a>, st. f., <i>wife, maid, woman</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3017">3017</a>; gen. +pl. mägða hôse (<i>accompanied by her maids of honor</i>), <a href="#li925">925</a>; mägða, +<a href="#li944">944</a>, <a href="#li1284">1284</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmägen">mägen</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>might, bodily strength, heroic power</i>: acc. +sg. mägen, <a href="#li518">518</a>, <a href="#li1707">1707</a>; instr. sg. mägene, 780(?), <a href="#li2668">2668</a>; gen. sg. mägenes, +<a href="#li418">418</a>, <a href="#li1271">1271</a>, <a href="#li1535">1535</a>, <a href="#li1717">1717</a>, etc.; mägnes, <a href="#li671">671</a>, <a href="#li1762">1762</a>; mägenes strang, strengest +(<i>great in strength</i>), <a href="#li1845">1845</a>, <a href="#li196">196</a>; mägenes rôf (id.), <a href="#li2085">2085</a>.—2) +<i>prime, flower</i> (of a nation), <i>forces available in war</i>: acc. +sg. swâ he oft (i.e. etan) dyde mägen Hrêðmanna (<i>the best of the +Hreðmen</i>), <a href="#li445">445</a>; gen. sg. wið manna hwone mägenes Deniga (<i>from(?) any +of the men of the Danes</i>), <a href="#li155">155</a>.—Comp. ofer-mägen.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmägenâgend">mägen-âgend</a>, pres. part., <i>having great strength, valiant</i>: +gen. pl. -âgendra, <a href="#li2838">2838</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmägenbyrthen">mägen-byrðen</a>, st. f., <i>huge burthen</i>: acc. sg. +mägen-byrðenne, <a href="#li3092">3092</a>; dat. (instr.) sg., <a href="#li1626">1626</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmägencräft">mägen-cräft</a>, st. m., <i>great, hero-like, strength</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li380">380</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmägenellen">mägen-ellen</a>, st. n. (the same), acc. sg., <a href="#li660">660</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmägenfultum">mägen-fultum</a>, st. m., <i>material aid</i>: gen. pl. näs þät +þonne mætost mägen-fultuma (<i>that was not the least of strong +helps</i>, i.e. the sword Hrunting), <a href="#li1456">1456</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmägenræs">mägen-ræs</a>, st. m., <i>mighty attack, onslaught</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li1520">1520</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmägenstrengo">mägen-strengo</a>, st. f., <i>main strength, heroic power</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li2679">2679</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmägenwudu">mägen-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>might-wood</i>, i.e. the spear, lance: +acc. sg., <a href="#li236">236</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmäst">mäst</a>, st. m., <i>mast</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1899">1899</a>; dat. sg. be mäste +(<i>beside the mast</i>), <a href="#li36">36</a>; <i>to the mast</i>, <a href="#li1906">1906</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmæthum">mæðum</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmâthum">mâðum, hyge-mæðum</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmæg">mæg</a>, st. m., <i>kinsman by blood</i>: nom. sg. mæg, <a href="#li408">408</a>, <a href="#li738">738</a>, +<a href="#li759">759</a>, <a href="#li814">814</a>, <a href="#li915">915</a>, <a href="#li1531">1531</a>, <a href="#li1945">1945</a>, etc; (<i>brother</i>), <a href="#li468">468</a>, <a href="#li2605">2605</a>? acc. sg. +mæg (<i>son</i>), <a href="#li1340">1340</a>; (<i>brother</i>), <a href="#li2440">2440</a>, <a href="#li2485">2485</a>, <a href="#li2983">2983</a>; dat. sg. +mæge, <a href="#li1979">1979</a>; gen. sg. mæges, <a href="#li2629">2629</a>, <a href="#li2676">2676</a>, <a href="#li2699">2699</a>, <a href="#li2880">2880</a>; nom. pl. mâgas, +<a href="#li1016">1016</a>; acc. pl. mâgas, <a href="#li2816">2816</a>; dat. pl. mâgum, <a href="#li1179">1179</a>, <a href="#li2615">2615</a>, <a href="#li3066">3066</a>; (<i>to +brothers</i>), <a href="#li1168">1168</a>; mægum, <a href="#li2354">2354</a>; gen. pl. mâga, <a href="#li247">247</a>, <a href="#li1080">1080</a>, <a href="#li1854">1854</a>, +<a href="#li2007">2007</a>, <a href="#li2743">2743</a>.—Comp.: fäderen-, heáfod-, wine-mæg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmægburh">mæg-burh</a>, st. f., <i>borough of blood-kinsmen, entire +population united by ties of blood</i>; (in wider sense) <i>race, +people, nation</i>: gen. sg. lond-rihtes ... þære mæg-burge (<i>of +land possessions among the people</i>, i.e. of the Geátas), <a href="#li2888">2888</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmægth">mægð</a>, st. f., <i>race, people</i>: acc. sg. mægðe, <a href="#li1012">1012</a>; dat. +sg. mægðe, <a href="#li75">75</a>; dat. pl. mægðum, <a href="#li5">5</a>; gen. pl. mægða, <a href="#li25">25</a>, <a href="#li1772">1772</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmægwine">mæg-wine</a>, st. m., <i>blood kinsman, friend</i>, <a href="#li2480">2480</a> (nom. +pl.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmæl">mæl</a>, st. n.: l) <i>time, point of time</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li316">316</a>; þâ +wäs sæl and mæl (<i>there was</i> [appropriate] <i>chance and +time</i>), <a href="#li1009">1009</a>; acc. sg. mæl, <a href="#li2634">2634</a>; instr. pl. ærran mælum, <a href="#li908">908</a>, +<a href="#li2238">2238</a>, <a href="#li3036">3036</a>; gen. pl. mæla, <a href="#li1250">1250</a>; sæla and mæla, <a href="#li1612">1612</a>; mæla gehwylce +(<i>each time, without intermission</i>), <a href="#li2058">2058</a>.—2) <i>sword, +weapon</i>: nom. sg. broden (brogden) mæl (<i>the drawn sword</i>), +<a href="#li1617">1617</a>, <a href="#li1668">1668</a> (cf. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p. 156).—3) <i>mole, spot, +mark</i>.—Comp.: græg-, hring-, sceaðen-, wunden-mæl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmælcearu">mæl-cearu</a>, st. f., <i>long-continued sorrow, grief</i>: acc. +sg. mæl-ceare, <a href="#li189">189</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmælgesceaft">mæl-gesceaft</a>, st. f., <i>fate, appointed time</i>: acc. pl. ie +on earde bâd mæl-gesceafta (<i>awaited the time allotted for me by +fate</i>), <a href="#li2738">2738</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmænan">mænan</a>, w. v., with acc. in the sense of (1) <i>to remember, +mention, proclaim</i>: inf. mænan, <a href="#li1068">1068</a>; pret. part. þær wäs Beówulfes +mærðo mæned, <a href="#li858">858</a>.—2) <i>to mention sorrowfully, mourn</i>: inf. <a href="#li3173">3173</a>; +pret. sg. giohðo mænde (<i>mourned sorrowfully</i>), <a href="#li2268">2268</a>; pret. pl. +mændon, <a href="#li1150">1150</a>, <a href="#li3150">3150</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemænan">mænan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glmân">mân</a>), w. v. with acc., <i>to injure +maliciously, break</i>: subj. pret. pl. ge-mænden, <a href="#li1102">1102</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemæne">mæne</a>, adj., <i>common, in common</i>: nom. sg. gemæne, <a href="#li2474">2474</a>; +þær unc hwîle wäs hand gemæne (i.e. in battle), <a href="#li2138">2138</a>; sceal ûrum þät +sweord and helm bâm gemæne (i.e. wesan), <a href="#li2661">2661</a>; nom. pl. gemæne, <a href="#li1861">1861</a>; +dat. pl. þät þâm folcum sceal ... sib gemænum (attraction for gemæne, +i.e. wesan), <a href="#li1858">1858</a>; gen. pl. unc sceal (i.e. wesan) fela mâðma gemænra +(<i>we two shall share many treasures together</i>), <a href="#li1785">1785</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmærthu">mærðu</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>glory, a heroes fame</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li858">858</a>; +acc. sg. mærðo, <a href="#li660">660</a>, <a href="#li688">688</a>; acc. pl. mærða, <a href="#li2997">2997</a>; instr. pl. mærðum +(<i>gloriously</i>), <a href="#li2515">2515</a>: gen. pl. mærða, <a href="#li504">504</a>, <a href="#li1531">1531</a>.—2) <i>deed of +glory, heroism</i>: acc. sg. mærðo, <a href="#li2135">2135</a>; gen. pl. mærða, <a href="#li408">408</a>, +<a href="#li2646">2646</a>.—Comp. ellen-mærðu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmære">mære</a>, adj., <i>memorable; celebrated, noble; well known, +notorious</i>: nom. sg. m. mære, <a href="#li103">103</a>, <a href="#li129">129</a>, <a href="#li1716">1716</a>, <a href="#li1762">1762</a>; se mæra, <a href="#li763">763</a>, +<a href="#li2012">2012</a>, <a href="#li2588">2588</a>; also as vocative m. se mæra, <a href="#li1475">1475</a>; nom. fem. mæru, <a href="#li2017">2017</a>; +mære, <a href="#li1953">1953</a>; neut. mære, <a href="#li2406">2406</a>; acc. sg. m. mærne, <a href="#li36">36</a>, <a href="#li201">201</a>, <a href="#li353">353</a>, <a href="#li1599">1599</a>, +<a href="#li2385">2385</a>, <a href="#li2722">2722</a>, <a href="#li2789">2789</a>, <a href="#li3099">3099</a>; neut. mære, <a href="#li1024">1024</a>; dat. sg. mærum, <a href="#li345">345</a>, <a href="#li1302">1302</a>, +<a href="#li1993">1993</a>, <a href="#li2080">2080</a>, <a href="#li2573">2573</a>; tô þäm mæran, <a href="#li270">270</a>; gen. sg. mæres, <a href="#li798">798</a>; mæran, <a href="#li1730">1730</a>; +nom. pl. mære, <a href="#li3071">3071</a>; superl. mærost, <a href="#li899">899</a>,—Comp.: fore-, heaðo-mære.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmæst">mæst</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmâra">mâra</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmæte">mæte</a>, adj., <i>moderate, small</i>: superl. nom. sg. mætost, +<a href="#li1456">1456</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmecg">mecg, mäcg</a>, st. m., <i>son, youth, man</i>. in comp. hilde-, +oret-mecg, wräc-mäcg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedla">medla</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glonmêdla">on-medla</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedu">medu</a>, st. m., <i>mead</i>: acc. sg. medu, <a href="#li2634">2634</a>; dat. sg. tô +medo, <a href="#li605">605</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedoärn">medo-ärn</a>, st. n., <i>mead-hall</i>: acc. sg. medo-ärn (Heorot), +<a href="#li69">69</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedubenc">medu-benc</a>, st. f., <i>mead-bench, bench in the mead-hall</i>: +nom. sg. medu-benc, <a href="#li777">777</a>; dat. sg. medu-bence, <a href="#li1053">1053</a>; medo-bence, <a href="#li1068">1068</a>, +<a href="#li2186">2186</a>; meodu-bence, <a href="#li1903">1903</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedudreám">medu-dreám</a>, st. m., <i>mead-joy, joyous carousing during +mead-drinking</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li2017">2017</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedoful">medo-ful</a>, st. n., <i>mead-cup</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li625">625</a>, <a href="#li1016">1016</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedoheal">medo-heal</a>, st. f., <i>mead-hall</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li484">484</a>; dat. sg. +meodu-healle, <a href="#li639">639</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeduscenc">medu-scenc</a>, st. m., <i>mead-can, vessel</i>: instr. pl. +meodu-scencum, <a href="#li1981">1981</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeduseld">medu-seld</a>, st. n., <i>mead-seat, mead-house</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li3066">3066</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedosetl">medo-setl</a>, st. n., <i>mead-seat upon which one sits +mead-drinking</i>: gen. pl. meodo-setla, <a href="#li5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedostîg">medo-stîg</a>, st. f., <i>mead-road, road to the mead-hall</i>: +acc. sg. medo-stîg, <a href="#li925">925</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedowang">medo-wang</a>, st. m., <i>mead-field</i> (where the mead-hall +stood): acc. pl. medo-wongas, <a href="#li1644">1644</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmethel">meðel</a>, st. n., <i>assembly, council</i>: dat. sg. on meðle, +<a href="#li1877">1877</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmethelstede">meðel-stede</a>, st. m., (properly <i>place of speech, +judgment-seat</i>), here <i>meeting-place, battle-field</i> (so, also +<a href="#li425">425</a>, the battle is conceived under the figure of a parliament or +convention): dat. sg. on þäm meðel-stede, <a href="#li1083">1083</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmethelword">meðel-word</a>, st. n., <i>words called forth at a discussion; +address</i>: instr. pl. meðel-wordum, <a href="#li236">236</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmelda">melda</a>, w. m., <i>finder, informer, betrayer</i>: gen. sg. þäs +meldan, <a href="#li2406">2406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeltan">meltan</a>, st. v. intrans., <i>to consume by fire, melt or waste +away</i>: inf., <a href="#li3012">3012</a>; pret. sg. mealt, <a href="#li2327">2327</a>; pl. multon, <a href="#li1121">1121</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-meltan, the same: pret. sg. gemealt, <a href="#li898">898</a>, <a href="#li1609">1609</a>, <a href="#li1616">1616</a>; ne gemealt him +se môd-sefa (<i>his courage did not desert him</i>), <a href="#li2629">2629</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmen">men</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glman">man</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmene">mene</a>, st. m., <i>neck ornament, necklace, collar</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li1200">1200</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmengan">mengan</a>, w. v., <i>to mingle, unite, with</i>, w. acc. of thing: +inf. se þe mere-grundas mengan scolde, <a href="#li1450">1450</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-mengan, <i>to mix with, commingle</i>: pret. part. <a href="#li849">849</a>, <a href="#li1594">1594</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmenigu">menigu</a>, st. f., <i>multitude, many</i>: nom. and acc. sg. mâðma +menigeo (<i>multitude of treasures, presents</i>), <a href="#li2144">2144</a>; so, mänigo, +<a href="#li41">41</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmercels">mercels</a>, st. m., <i>mark, aim</i>: gen. sg. mercelses, <a href="#li2440">2440</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmere">mere</a>, st. m., <i>sea, ocean</i>: nom. sg. se mere, <a href="#li1363">1363</a>; acc. +sg. on mere, <a href="#li1131">1131</a>, <a href="#li1604">1604</a>; on nicera mere, <a href="#li846">846</a>; dat. sg. fram mere, <a href="#li856">856</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeredeór">mere-deór</a>, st. n., <i>sea-beast</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li558">558</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerefara">mere-fara</a>, w. m., <i>seafarer</i>: gen. sg. mere-faran, <a href="#li502">502</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerefix">mere-fix</a>, st. m., <i>sea-fish</i>: gen. pl. mere-fixa (<i>the +whale</i>, cf. <a href="#li540">540</a>, <a href="#li549">549</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeregrund">mere-grund</a>, st. m., <i>sea-bottom</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2101">2101</a>; acc. +pl. mere-grundas, <a href="#li1450">1450</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerehrägl">mere-hrägl</a>, st. n., <i>-sea-garment</i>, i.e., sail: gen. pl. +mere-hrägla sum, <a href="#li1906">1906</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerelîthend">mere-lîðend</a>, pres. part., <i>moving on the sea, sailor</i>: +nom. pl. mere-lîðende, <a href="#li255">255</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerestræt">mere-stræt</a>, st. f., <i>sea-street, way over the sea</i>: acc. +pl. mere-stræta <a href="#li514">514</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerestrengo">mere-strengo</a>, st. f., <i>sea-power, strength in the sea</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li533">533</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerewîf">mere-wîf</a>, st. n., <i>sea-woman, mer-woman</i>: acc. sg. (of +Grendel's mother), <a href="#li1520">1520</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmergen">mergen</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmorgen">morgen</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmet">met</a>, st. n., <i>thought, intention</i> (cf. metian = meditari): +acc. pl. onsæl meoto, <a href="#li489">489</a> (meaning doubtful; see Bugge, Journal 8, +292; Dietrich, Haupt's Zeits. 11, 411; Körner, Eng. Stud. 2, 251).</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemet">met</a>, st. n., <i>an apportioned share; might, power, ability +</i>: nom. sg. nis þät ... gemet mannes nefne mîn ânes (<i>nobody, +myself excepted, can do that</i>), <a href="#li2534">2534</a>; acc. sg. ofer mîn gemet +(<i>beyond my power</i>), <a href="#li2880">2880</a>; dat. sg. mid gemete, <a href="#li780">780</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemet">met</a>, adj., <i>well-measured, meet, good</i>: nom. sg. swâ +him gemet þince (þûhte), (<i>as seemed meet to him</i>), <a href="#li688">688</a>, <a href="#li3058">3058</a>. +See <a class="glentry" href="#glungemete">un-gemete</a>, adv.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmetan">metan</a>, st. v., <i>to measure, pass over</i> or <i>along</i>: +pret. pl. fealwe stræte mearum mæton (<i>measured the yellow road with +their horses</i>), <a href="#li918">918</a>; so, <a href="#li514">514</a>, <a href="#li1634">1634</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-metan, the same: pret. sg. medu-stîg gemät.(<i>measured, walked +over, the road to the mead-hall</i>), <a href="#li925">925</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmetod">metod</a>, st. m. (the measuring, arranging) <i>Creator, God</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li110">110</a>, <a href="#li707">707</a>, <a href="#li968">968</a>, <a href="#li1058">1058</a>, <a href="#li2528">2528</a>; scîr metod, <a href="#li980">980</a>; sôð metod, <a href="#li1612">1612</a>; +acc. sg. metod, <a href="#li180">180</a>; dat. sg. metode, <a href="#li169">169</a>, <a href="#li1779">1779</a>; gen. sg. metodes, +<a href="#li671">671</a>.—Comp. eald-metod.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmetodsceaft">metod-sceaft</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>the Creator's determination, divine +purpose, fate</i>: acc. sg. -sceaft, <a href="#li1078">1078</a>.—2) <i>the Creators +glory</i>: acc. sg. metod-sceaft seón (i.e. die), <a href="#li1181">1181</a>; dat. sg. tô +metod-sceafte, <a href="#li2816">2816</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmêce">mêce</a>, st. m., <i>sword</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1939">1939</a>; acc. sg. mêce, +<a href="#li2048">2048</a>; brâdne mêce, <a href="#li2979">2979</a>; gen. sg. mêces, <a href="#li1766">1766</a>, <a href="#li1813">1813</a>, <a href="#li2615">2615</a>, <a href="#li2940">2940</a>; dat. +pl. instr. mêcum, <a href="#li565">565</a>; gen. pl. mêca, <a href="#li2686">2686</a>.—Comp.: beado-, häft-, +hilde-mêce.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmêd">mêd</a>, st. f., <i>meed, reward</i>: acc. sg. mêde, <a href="#li2135">2135</a>; dat. sg. +mêde, <a href="#li2147">2147</a>; gen. pl. mêda, <a href="#li1179">1179</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemêde">mêde</a>, st. n., <i>approval, permission</i> (Grein): acc. pl. +ge-mêdu, <a href="#li247">247</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmêthe">mêðe</a>, adj., <i>tired, exhausted, dejected</i>: in comp. hyge-, +sæ-mêðe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmêtan">mêtan</a>, w. v., <i>to meet, find, fall in with</i>: with acc., +pret. pl. syððan Äscheres ... hafelan mêtton, <a href="#li1422">1422</a>; subj. pret. sg. þät +he ne mêtte ... on elran man mundgripe mâran (<i>that he never met, in +any other man, with a mightier hand-grip</i>), <a href="#li752">752</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemêtan">mêtan</a>, with acc., the same: pret. sg. gemêtte, <a href="#li758">758</a>, <a href="#li2786">2786</a>; +pl. näs þâ long tô þon, þät þâ aglæcean hy eft gemêtton (<i>it was not +long after that the warriors again met each other</i>), <a href="#li2593">2593</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemêting">mêting</a>, st. f., <i>meeting, hostile coming together</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li2002">2002</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeagol">meagol</a>, adj., <i>mighty, immense; formal, solemn</i>: instr. +pl. meaglum wordum, <a href="#li1981">1981</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmearc">mearc</a>, st. f., <i>frontier, limit, end</i>: dat. sg. tô mearce +(<i>the end of life</i>), <a href="#li2385">2385</a>.—Comp. Weder-mearc, <a href="#li298">298</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-mearc, st. n., <i>measure, distance</i>: comp. fôt-, mîl-ge-mearc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmearcian">mearcian</a>, w. v., <i>to mark, stain</i>: pres. ind. sg. mearcað +môrhopu (<i>will stain, mark, the moor with the blood of the +corpse</i>), <a href="#li450">450</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-mearcian, the same: pret. part. (Cain) morðre gemearcod +(<i>murder-marked</i> [cf. 1 Book Mos. IV. 15]), <a href="#li1265">1265</a>; swâ wäs on þæm +scennum ... gemearcod ... hwâm þät sweord geworht wære (<i>engraved +for whom the sword had been wrought</i>), <a href="#li1696">1696</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmearcstapa">mearc-stapa</a>, w. m., <i>march-strider, frontier-haunter</i> +(applied to Grendel and his mother): nom. sg., <a href="#li103">103</a>; acc. pl. +mearc-stapan, <a href="#li1349">1349</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmearh">mearh</a>, st. m., <i>horse, steed</i>: nom. pl. mearas, <a href="#li2164">2164</a>; acc. +pl. mearas, <a href="#li866">866</a>, <a href="#li1036">1036</a>; dat. pl. inst. mearum, <a href="#li856">856</a>, <a href="#li918">918</a>; mearum and +mâðmum, <a href="#li1049">1049</a>, <a href="#li1899">1899</a>; gen. pl. meara and mâðma, <a href="#li2167">2167</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmearn">mearn</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmurnan">murnan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeodu">meodu</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmedu">medu</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeoto">meoto</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmet">met</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeotud">meotud</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmetod">metod</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeowle">meowle</a>, w. f., <i>maiden</i>: comp. geó-meowle.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmicel">micel</a>, adj., <i>great, huge, long</i> (of time): nom. sg. m., +<a href="#li129">129</a>, <a href="#li502">502</a>; fem., <a href="#li67">67</a>, <a href="#li146">146</a>, <a href="#li170">170</a>; neut., <a href="#li772">772</a>; acc. sg. m. micelne, <a href="#li3099">3099</a>; +fem, micle, <a href="#li1779">1779</a>, <a href="#li3092">3092</a>; neut. micel, <a href="#li270">270</a>, <a href="#li1168">1168</a>. The comp. mâre must be +supplied before þone in: medo-ärn micel ... (mâre) þone yldo beam æfre +ge-frunon, <a href="#li69">69</a>; instr. sg. ge-trume micle, <a href="#li923">923</a>; micle (<i>by much, +much</i>); micle leófre (<i>far dearer</i>), <a href="#li2652">2652</a>; efne swâ micle +(lässa), (<i>[less] even by so much</i>), <a href="#li1284">1284</a>; oftor micle (<i>much +oftener</i>), <a href="#li1580">1580</a>; dat. sg, weak form miclan, <a href="#li2850">2850</a>; gen. sg. miclan, +<a href="#li979">979</a>. The gen. sg. micles is an adv. = <i>much, very</i>: micles wyrðne +gedôn (<i>deem worthy of much</i>, i.e. honor very highly), <a href="#li2186">2186</a>; tô +fela micles (<i>far too much, many</i>), <a href="#li695">695</a>; acc. pl. micle, <a href="#li1349">1349</a>. +Compar., see <a class="glentry" href="#glmâra">mâra</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmid">mid</a>, I. prep. w. dat., instr., and acc., signifying +preëminently <i>union, community, with</i>, hence: 1) w. dat.: a) +<i>with, in company, community, with</i>; mid Finne, <a href="#li1129">1129</a>; mid +Hrôðgâre, <a href="#li1593">1593</a>; mid scip-herge, <a href="#li243">243</a>; mid gesîðum (<i>with his +comrades</i>), <a href="#li1314">1314</a>; so, <a href="#li1318">1318</a>, <a href="#li1964">1964</a>, <a href="#li2950">2950</a>, etc.; mid his freó-drihtne, +<a href="#li2628">2628</a>; mid þæm lâcum (<i>with the gifts</i>), <a href="#li1869">1869</a>; so, <a href="#li2789">2789</a>, <a href="#li125">125</a>; mid +hæle (<i>with good luck!</i>), <a href="#li1218">1218</a>; mid bæle fôr (<i>sped off amid +fire</i>), <a href="#li2309">2309</a>. The prep. postponed: him mid (<i>with him, in his +company</i>), <a href="#li41">41</a>; <i>with him</i>, <a href="#li1626">1626</a>; ne wäs him Fitela mid (<i>was +not with him</i>), <a href="#li890">890</a>. b) <i>with, among</i>: mid Geátum (<i>among +the Geátas</i>), <a href="#li195">195</a>, <a href="#li2193">2193</a>, <a href="#li2624">2624</a>; mid Scyldingum, <a href="#li274">274</a>; mid Eotenum, +<a href="#li903">903</a>; mid yldum (eldum), <a href="#li77">77</a>, <a href="#li2612">2612</a>; mid him (<i>with, among, one +another</i>), <a href="#li2949">2949</a>. In temporal sense: mid ær-däge (<i>at dawn</i>), +<a href="#li126">126</a>.—2) <i>with, with the help of, through</i>, w. dat.: mid +âr-stafum (<i>through his grace</i>), <a href="#li317">317</a>; so, <a href="#li2379">2379</a>; mid grâpe +(<i>with the fist</i>), <a href="#li438">438</a>; so, <a href="#li1462">1462</a>, <a href="#li2721">2721</a>; mid his hete-þoncum +(<i>through his hatred</i>), <a href="#li475">475</a>; mid sweorde, <a href="#li574">574</a>; so, <a href="#li1660">1660</a>, <a href="#li2877">2877</a>; +mid gemete (<i>through, by, his power</i>), <a href="#li780">780</a>; so, <a href="#li1220">1220</a>, <a href="#li2536">2536</a>, <a href="#li2918">2918</a>; +mid gôde (<i>with benefits</i>), <a href="#li1185">1185</a>; mid hearme (<i>with harm, +insult</i>), <a href="#li1893">1893</a>; mid þære sorge (<i>with [through?] this +sorrow</i>), <a href="#li2469">2469</a>; mid rihte (<i>by rights</i>), <a href="#li2057">2057</a>. With instr.: +mid þý wîfe (<i>through [marriage with] the woman</i>), <a href="#li2029">2029</a>.—3) w. +acc., <i>with, in community, company, with</i>: mid his eorla gedriht, +<a href="#li357">357</a>; so, <a href="#li634">634</a>, <a href="#li663">663</a>, <a href="#li1673">1673</a>; mid hine, <a href="#li880">880</a>; mid mînne gold-gyfan, <a href="#li2653">2653</a>.</p> + +<p>II. adv., mid, <i>thereamong, in the company</i>, <a href="#li1643">1643</a>; <i>at the same +time, likewise</i>, <a href="#li1650">1650</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmiddangeard">middan-geard</a>, st. m., <i>globe, earth</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li75">75</a>, <a href="#li1772">1772</a>; +dat. sg. on middan-gearde, <a href="#li2997">2997</a>; gen. sg. middan-geardes, <a href="#li504">504</a>, <a href="#li752">752</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmidde">midde</a>, w. f., <i>middle = medius</i>: dat. sg. on middan +(<i>through the middle, in two</i>), <a href="#li2706">2706</a>; gen. sg. (adv.) tô-middes +(<i>in the midst</i>), <a href="#li3142">3142</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmiddelniht">middel-niht</a>, st. f., <i>midnight</i>: dat. pl. middel-nihtum, +<a href="#li2783">2783</a>, <a href="#li2834">2834</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmiht">miht</a>, st. f., <i>might, power, authority</i>: acc. sg. þurh +drihtnes miht (<i>through the Lord's help, power</i>), <a href="#li941">941</a>; instr. pl. +selfes mihtum, <a href="#li701">701</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmihtig">mihtig</a>, adj.: 1) <i>physically strong, powerful</i>: acc. sg. +mihtig mere-deór, <a href="#li558">558</a>; mere-wîf mihtig, <a href="#li1520">1520</a>.—2) <i>possessing +authority, mighty</i>: nom. sg. mihtig god, <a href="#li702">702</a>, <a href="#li1717">1717</a>, <a href="#li1726">1726</a>; dat. sg. +mihtigan drihtne, <a href="#li1399">1399</a>.—Comp.: äl-, fore-mihtig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmilde">milde</a>, adj., <i>kind, gracious, generous</i>: nom. sg. môdes +milde (<i>kind-hearted</i>), <a href="#li1230">1230</a>; instr. pl. mildum wordum +(<i>graciously</i>), <a href="#li1173">1173</a>. Superl. nom. sg. worold-cyning mannum +mildust (<i>a king most liberal to men</i>), <a href="#li3183">3183</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmilts">milts</a>, st. f., <i>kindness, benevolence</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2922">2922</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmissan">missan</a>, w. v. with gen., <i>to miss, err in</i>: pret. sg. +miste mercelses (<i>missed the mark</i>), <a href="#li2440">2440</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmissere">missere</a>, st. n., <i>space of a semester, half a year</i>: gen. +pl. hund missera (<i>fifty winters</i>), <a href="#li2734">2734</a>, <a href="#li2210">2210</a>; generally, <i>a +long period of time, season</i>, <a href="#li1499">1499</a>, <a href="#li1770">1770</a>; fela missera, <a href="#li153">153</a>, <a href="#li2621">2621</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmisthlith">mist-hlið</a>, st. n., <i>misty cliff, cloud-capped slope</i>: dat. +pl. under mist-hleoðum, <a href="#li711">711</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmistig">mistig</a>, adj., <i>misty</i>: acc. pl. mistige môras, <a href="#li162">162</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmîlgemearc">mîl-gemearc</a>, st. n., <i>measure by miles</i>: gen. sg. +mîl-gemearces, <a href="#li1363">1363</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmîn">mîn</a>: 1) poss. pron., <i>my, mine</i>, <a href="#li255">255</a>, <a href="#li345">345</a>, etc.; Hygelâc +mîn (<i>my lord</i>, or <i>king, H.</i>), <a href="#li2435">2435</a>.—2) gen. sg. of pers. +pron. ic, <i>of me</i>, <a href="#li2085">2085</a>, <a href="#li2534">2534</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmolde">molde</a>, w. f., <i>dust; earth, field</i>: in comp. gräs-molde.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmon">mon</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glman">man</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemong">mong</a>. See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgemang">mang</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorthbealu">morð-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>murder, deadly hale</i> or <i>deed of +murder</i>: gen. pl. morð-beala, <a href="#li136">136</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorthor">morðor</a>, st. n., <i>deed of violence, murder</i>: dat. instr. +sg. morðre, <a href="#li893">893</a>, <a href="#li1265">1265</a>, <a href="#li2783">2783</a>; gen. sg. morðres, <a href="#li2056">2056</a>; morðres scyldig +(<i>guilty of murder</i>), <a href="#li1684">1684</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorthorbed">morðor-bed</a>, st. n., <i>bed of death, murder-bed</i>: acc. sg. +wäs þam yldestan ... morðor-bed strêd (<i>a bed of death was spread +for the eldest</i>, i.e. through murder his death-bed was prepared), +<a href="#li2437">2437</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorthorbealu">morðor-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>death-bale, destruction by murder</i>: +acc. sg. morðor-bealo, <a href="#li1080">1080</a>, <a href="#li2743">2743</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorthorhete">morðor-hete</a>, st. m., <i>murderous hate</i>: gen. sg. þäs +morðor-hetes, <a href="#li1106">1106</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorgen">morgen, morn, mergen</a>, st. m., <i>morning, forenoon</i>; also +<i>morrow</i>: nom. sg. morgen, <a href="#li1785">1785</a>, <a href="#li2125">2125</a>; (<i>morrow</i>), <a href="#li2104">2104</a>; +acc. sg. on morgen (<i>in the morning</i>), <a href="#li838">838</a>; dat. sg. on morgne, +<a href="#li2485">2485</a>; on mergenne, <a href="#li565">565</a>, <a href="#li2940">2940</a>; gen. pl. morna gehwylce (<i>every +morning</i>), <a href="#li2451">2451</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorgenceald">morgen-ceald</a>, adj., <i>morning-cold, dawn-cold</i>: nom. sg. +gâr morgen-ceald (<i>spear chilled by the early air of morn</i>), +<a href="#li3023">3023</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorgenlang">morgen-lang</a>, adj., <i>lasting through the morning</i>: acc. sg. +morgen-longne däg (<i>the whole forenoon</i>), <a href="#li2895">2895</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorgenleóht">morgen-leóht</a>, st. n., <i>morning-light</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li605">605</a>, <a href="#li918">918</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorgenswêg">morgen-swêg</a>, st. m., <i>morning-cry, cry at morn</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li129">129</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorgentîd">morgen-tîd</a>, st. f., <i>morning-tide</i>: acc. sg. on +morgen-tîde, <a href="#li484">484</a>, <a href="#li818">818</a>(?)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorn">morn</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmorgen">morgen</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmôd">môd</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>heart, soul, spirit, mood, mind, manner of +thinking</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li50">50</a>, <a href="#li731">731</a>; wäfre môd (<i>the flicker ing spirit, +the fading breath</i>), <a href="#li1151">1151</a>; acc. sg. on môd (<i>into his mind</i>), +<a href="#li67">67</a>; dat. instr. sg. môde geþungen (<i>of mature, lofty spirit</i>), +<a href="#li625">625</a>; on môde (<i>in heart, mind</i>), <a href="#li754">754</a>, <a href="#li1845">1845</a>, <a href="#li2282">2282</a>? <a href="#li2528">2528</a>; on hreóum +môde (<i>fierce of spirit</i>), <a href="#li2582">2582</a>; gen. sg. modes, <a href="#li171">171</a>, <a href="#li811">811</a>, <a href="#li1707">1707</a>; +modes blîðe (<i>gracious-minded, kindly disposed</i>), <a href="#li436">436</a>; so, môdes +milde, <a href="#li1230">1230</a>; môdes seóce (<i>depressed in mind</i>), <a href="#li1604">1604</a>.—2) +<i>boldness, courage</i>: nom. and acc. sg., <a href="#li1058">1058</a>, <a href="#li1168">1168</a>. 3) +<i>passion, fierceness</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li549">549</a>.—Comp. form adj.: galg-, +geômor-, gläd-, gûð-, hreóh-, irre-, sârig-, stîð-, swîð-, wêrig-môd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmôdcearu">môd-cearu</a>, st. f., <i>grief of heart</i>: acc. sg. môd-ceare, +<a href="#li1993">1993</a>, <a href="#li3150">3150</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmôdgehygd">môd-gehygd</a>, st. f ., <i>thought of the heart; mind</i>: instr. +pl. môd-gehygdum, 233</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmôdgethanc">môd-ge-þanc</a>, st. n., <i>mood-thought, meditation</i>: acc. sg. +môd-ge-þonc, <a href="#li1730">1730</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmôdgiômor">môd-giômor</a>, adj., <i>grieved at heart, dejected</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2895">2895</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmôdig">môdig</a>, adj., <i>courageous</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li605">605</a>, <a href="#li1644">1644</a>, <a href="#li1813">1813</a>, +<a href="#li2758">2758</a>; he þäs (þäm, MS.) môdig wäs (<i>had the courage for it</i>), +<a href="#li1509">1509</a>; se môdega, <a href="#li814">814</a>; dat. sg. mid þam môdigan, <a href="#li3012">3012</a>; gen. sg. môdges, +<a href="#li502">502</a>; môdiges, <a href="#li2699">2699</a>; Geáta leód georne trûwode môdgan mägnes +(<i>trusted firmly in his bold strength</i>), <a href="#li671">671</a>; nom. pl. môdge, +<a href="#li856">856</a>; môdige, <a href="#li1877">1877</a>; gen. pl. môdigra, <a href="#li312">312</a>, <a href="#li1889">1889</a>.—Comp, fela-môdig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmôdiglîc">môdig-lîc</a>, adj., <i>of bold appearance</i>: compar. acc. pl. +môdiglîcran, <a href="#li337">337</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmôdlufe">môd-lufe</a>, w. f., <i>hearts affection, love</i>: gen. sg. þînre +môd-lufan, <a href="#li1824">1824</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmôdsefa">môd-sefa</a>, w. m., <i>thought of the heart; brave, bold temper; +courage</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li349">349</a>, <a href="#li1854">1854</a>, <a href="#li2629">2629</a>; acc. sg. môd-sefan, <a href="#li2013">2013</a>; dat. +sg. môd-sefan, <a href="#li180">180</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmôdthracu">môd-þracu</a>, st. f., <i>boldness, courage, strength of mind</i>: +dat. sg. for his môd-þräce, <a href="#li385">385</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmôdor">môdor</a>, f., <i>mother</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1259">1259</a>, <a href="#li1277">1277</a>, <a href="#li1283">1283</a>, <a href="#li1684">1684</a>, +<a href="#li2119">2119</a>; acc. sg. môdor, <a href="#li1539">1539</a>, <a href="#li2140">2140</a>, <a href="#li2933">2933</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmôna">môna</a>, w. m., <i>moon</i>: gen. sg. mônan, <a href="#li94">94</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmôr">môr</a>, st. m., <i>moor, morass, swamp</i>: acc. sg. ofer myrcan +môr, <a href="#li1406">1406</a>; dat. sg. of môre, <a href="#li711">711</a>; acc. pl. môras, <a href="#li103">103</a>, <a href="#li162">162</a>, <a href="#li1349">1349</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmôrhop">môr-hop</a>, st. n., <i>place of refuge in the moor, hiding-place +in the swamp</i>: acc. pl. môr-hopu, <a href="#li450">450</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemôt">môt</a>, st. n., <i>meeting</i>: in comp. hand-, torn-ge-môt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmôtan">môtan</a>, pret.-pres. v.: 1) <i>power</i> or <i>permission to have +something, to be permitted; may, can</i>: pres. sg. I., III. môt, <a href="#li186">186</a>, +<a href="#li442">442</a>, <a href="#li604">604</a>; II. môst, <a href="#li1672">1672</a>; pl. môton, <a href="#li347">347</a>, <a href="#li365">365</a>, <a href="#li395">395</a>; pres. subj. ic +môte, <a href="#li431">431</a>; III. se þe môte, <a href="#li1388">1388</a>; pret sg. môste, <a href="#li168">168</a>, <a href="#li707">707</a>, <a href="#li736">736</a>, <a href="#li895">895</a>, +<a href="#li1488">1488</a>, <a href="#li1999">1999</a>, <a href="#li2242">2242</a>, <a href="#li2505">2505</a>, etc.; pl. môston, <a href="#li1629">1629</a>, <a href="#li1876">1876</a>, <a href="#li2039">2039</a>, <a href="#li2125">2125</a>, +<a href="#li2248">2248</a>; pres. subj. sg. II. þät þu hine selfne geseón môste (<i>mightest +see</i>), <a href="#li962">962</a>.—2) <i>shall, must, be obliged</i>: pres. sg. môt, +<a href="#li2887">2887</a>; pret. sg. môste, <a href="#li1940">1940</a>; þær he þý fyrste forman dôgore wealdan +môste, swâ him Wyrd ne gescrâf, hrêð ät hilde (<i>if he must for the +first time that day be victorious, as Fate had denied him victory</i>, +cf. <a href="#li2681">2681</a>, <a href="#li2683">2683</a> seqq.), <a href="#li2575">2575</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemunan">munan</a>, pret.-pres. v., <i>to have in mind, be mindful; remember, +think of</i>, w. acc.: pres. sg. hine gearwe geman witena wel-hwylc +(<i>each of the knowing ones still remembers him well</i>), <a href="#li265">265</a>; ic þe þäs +leán geman (<i>I shall not forget thy reward for this</i>), <a href="#li1221">1221</a>; ic þät +eall gemon (<i>I remember all that</i>), <a href="#li2428">2428</a>; so, <a href="#li1702">1702</a>, <a href="#li2043">2043</a>; gif he þät +eall gemon hwät ... (<i>if he is mindful of all that which</i> ...), <a href="#li1186">1186</a>; +ic þät mæl gemon hwær... (<i>I remember the time when</i>...), <a href="#li2634">2634</a>; pret. +sg. w. gemunde... æfen-spræce (<i>recalled his evening speech</i>), <a href="#li759">759</a>; +so, <a href="#li871">871</a>, <a href="#li1130">1130</a>, <a href="#li1260">1260</a>, <a href="#li1271">1271</a>, <a href="#li1291">1291</a>, <a href="#li2115">2115</a>, <a href="#li2432">2432</a>, <a href="#li2607">2607</a>, <a href="#li2679">2679</a>; se þäs leód-hryres +leán ge-munde (<i>was mindful of reward for the fall of the ruler</i>), +<a href="#li2392">2392</a>; þät he Eotena bearn inne gemunde (<i>that he in this should remember, +take vengeance on, the children of the Eotens</i>), <a href="#li1142">1142</a>; so, hond gemunde +fæhðo genôge (<i>his hand remembered strife enough</i>), <a href="#li2490">2490</a>; ne ge-munde +mago Ecglâfes þät ... (<i>remembered not that which</i> ...), <a href="#li1466">1466</a>; pret. +pl. helle gemundon in môd-sefan (<i>their thoughts</i> [as heathens] +<i>fixed themselves on, remembered, hell</i>), <a href="#li179">179</a>.</p> + +<p>on-munan, w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, <i>to admonish, exhort</i>: +pret. sg. onmunde ûsic mærða (<i>exhorted us to deeds of glory</i>), +<a href="#li2641">2641</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmund">mund</a>, st. f., <i>hand</i>: instr. pl. mundum, mid mundum, <a href="#li236">236</a>, +<a href="#li514">514</a>, <a href="#li1462">1462</a>, <a href="#li3023">3023</a>, <a href="#li3092">3092</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmundbora">mund-bora</a>, w. m., <i>protector, guardian, preserver</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1481">1481</a>, <a href="#li2780">2780</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmundgripe">mund-gripe</a>, st. m., <i>hand-grip, seizure</i>: acc. sg. +mund-gripe, <a href="#li754">754</a>; dat. sg. mund-gripe, <a href="#li380">380</a>, <a href="#li1535">1535</a>; äfter mund-gripe +(<i>after having seized the criminal</i>), <a href="#li1939">1939</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmurnan">murnan</a>, st. v., <i>to shrink from, be afraid of, avoid</i>: +pret. sg. nô mearn fore fæhðe and fyrene, <a href="#li136">136</a>; so, <a href="#li1538">1538</a>; nalles for +ealdre mearn (<i>was not apprehensive for his life</i>), <a href="#li1443">1443</a>.—2) +<i>to mourn, grieve</i>: pres. part. him wäs ... murnende môd, <a href="#li50">50</a>; +pres. subj., þonne he fela murne (<i>than that he should mourn +much</i>), <a href="#li1386">1386</a>.</p> + +<p>be-murnan, be-meornan, with acc., <i>to mourn over</i>: pret. +be-mearn, <a href="#li908">908</a>, <a href="#li1078">1078</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmurnlîce">murn-lîce</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glunmurnlîce">un-murn-lîce</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmûthbana">mûð-bana</a>, w. m., <i>mouth-destroyer</i>: dat. sg. tô mûð-bonan +(of Grendel because he bit his victim to death), <a href="#li2080">2080</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmûtha">mûða</a>, w. m., <i>mouth, entrance</i>: acc. sg. recedes mûðan +(<i>mouth of the house, door</i>), <a href="#li725">725</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemynd">mynd</a>, st. f., <i>memory, memorial, remembrance</i>: dat. pl. +tô gemyndum, <a href="#li2805">2805</a>, <a href="#li3017">3017</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweorthmynd">weorð-mynd</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmyhdgian">myhdgian</a>, w. v., <i>to call to mind, remember</i>: pres. sg. +myndgað, <a href="#li2058">2058</a>; pres. part. w. gen. gif þonne Fresna hwylc ... þäs +morðor-hetes myndgiend wære (<i>were to call to mind the bloody +feud</i>), <a href="#li1106">1106</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-myndgian, w. v. w. acc., <i>to remember</i>: bið gemyndgad ... +eaforan ellor-sîð (<i>is reminded of his son's decease</i>), <a href="#li2451">2451</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemyndig">myndig</a>, adj., <i>mindful</i>: nom. sg. w. gen., <a href="#li614">614</a>, <a href="#li869">869</a>, +<a href="#li1174">1174</a>, <a href="#li1531">1531</a>, <a href="#li2083">2083</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmyne">myne</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>mind, wish</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2573">2573</a>.—2) +<i>love</i>(?): ne his myne wisse (<i>whose</i> [God's] <i>love he +knew not</i>), <a href="#li169">169</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemynian">mynian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to be mindful of</i>: imper. sg. +gemyne mærðo! <a href="#li660">660</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmyntan">myntan</a>, w. v., <i>to intend, think of, resolve</i>: pret. sg. +mynte ... manna cynnes sumne besyrwan (<i>meant to entrap all</i>(?) +[see <a class="glentry" href="#glsum">sum</a>], <i>some one of (?), the men</i>), <a href="#li713">713</a>; mynte þät he +gedælde ... (<i>thought to sever</i>), <a href="#li732">732</a>; mynte se mæra, þær he +meahte swâ, wîdre gewindan (<i>intended to flee</i>), <a href="#li763">763</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmyrce">myrce</a>, adj., <i>murky, dark</i>: acc. sg. ofer myrcan môr, +<a href="#li1406">1406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmyrth">myrð</a>, st. f., <i>joy, mirth</i>: dat. (instr.) sg. môdes myrðe, +8n.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossN">N</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnaca">naca</a>, w. m., <i>vessel, ship</i>: acc. sg. nacan, <a href="#li295">295</a>; gen. sg. +nacan, <a href="#li214">214</a>.—Comp.: hring-, ýð-naca.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnacod">nacod</a>, adj., <i>naked</i>: nom. and acc. sg. swurd, gûð-bill +nacod, <a href="#li539">539</a>, <a href="#li2586">2586</a>; nacod nîð-draca, <a href="#li2274">2274</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnalas">nalas, nales, nallas</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glnealles">nealles</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnama">nama</a>, w. m., <i>name</i>: nom. sg. Beówulf is mîn nama, <a href="#li343">343</a>; wäs þäm +häft-mêce Hrunting nama, <a href="#li1458">1458</a>; acc. sg. scôp him Heort naman (<i>gave it +the name Hart</i>), <a href="#li78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnâ">nâ</a> (from ne-â), strength, negative, <i>never, not all</i>, <a href="#li445">445</a>, +<a href="#li567">567</a>, <a href="#li1537">1537</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnâh">nâh</a>, from ne-âh. See <a class="glentry" href="#glâgan">âgan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnân">nân</a> (from ne-ân), indef. pron., <i>none, no</i>: with gen. pl. +gûð-billa nân, <a href="#li804">804</a>; adjectively, nân ... îren ærgôd, <a href="#li990">990</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnât">nât</a>, from ne-wât: <i>I know not=nescio</i>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwitan">witan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnâthwylc">nât-hwylc</a> (nescio quis, ne-wât-hwylc, <i>know not who, which</i>, +etc.), indef. pron., <i>any, a certain one, some or other</i>: 1) w. +partitive gen.: nom. sg. gumena nât-hwylc, <a href="#li2234">2234</a>;. gen. sg. nât-hwylces +(þâra banena), <a href="#li2054">2054</a>; niða nât-hwylces(?), <a href="#li2216">2216</a>; nât-hwylces häleða bearna, +<a href="#li2225">2225</a>.—2) adjectively: dat. sg. in nið-sele nât-hwylcum, <a href="#li1514">1514</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnäbben">näbben</a>, from ne-häbben (subj. pres.). See <a class="glentry" href="#glhabban">habban</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnäfne">näfne</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glnefne">nefne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnägel">nägel</a>, st. m., <i>nail</i>: gen. pl. nägla (of the +finger-nails), <a href="#li986">986</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnägled">nägled</a>, part., <i>nailed?, nail-like?, buckled?</i>: acc. sg. +neut. nägled (MS. gled) sinc, <a href="#li2024">2024</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnäs">näs</a>, st. m., <i>naze, rock projecting into the sea, cliff, +promontory</i>: acc. sg. näs, <a href="#li1440">1440</a>, <a href="#li1601">1601</a>, <a href="#li2899">2899</a>; dat. sg. nässe, <a href="#li2244">2244</a>, +<a href="#li2418">2418</a>; acc. pl. windige nässas, <a href="#li1412">1412</a>; gen. pl. nässa, <a href="#li1361">1361</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnäs">näs</a>, from ne-wäs (<i>was not</i>). See <a class="glentry" href="#glwesan">wesan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnäs">näs</a>, neg. adv., <i>not, not at all</i>, <a href="#li562">562</a>, <a href="#li2263">2263</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnäshlith">näs-hlið</a>, st. n., <i>declivity, slope of a promontory that +sinks downward to the sea</i>: dat. pl. on näs-hleoðum, <a href="#li1428">1428</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnæfre">næfre</a>, adv., <i>never</i>, <a href="#li247">247</a>, <a href="#li583">583</a>, <a href="#li592">592</a>, <a href="#li656">656</a>, <a href="#li719">719</a>, <a href="#li1042">1042</a>, <a href="#li1049">1049</a>, +etc.; also strengthened by ne: næfre ne, <a href="#li1461">1461</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenægan">nægan</a>, w. v. w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, <i>to attack, +press</i>; pret. pl. nîða genægdan nefan Hererîces (<i>in combats +pressed hard upon H.'s nephew</i>), <a href="#li2207">2207</a>; pret. part. wearð ... nîða +genæged, <a href="#li1440">1440</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnænig">nænig</a> (from ne-ænig), pron., <i>not any, none, no</i>: 1) +substantively w. gen. pl.: nom. sg., <a href="#li157">157</a>, <a href="#li242">242</a>, <a href="#li692">692</a>; dat. sg. nænegum, +<a href="#li599">599</a>; gen. pl. nænigra, <a href="#li950">950</a>.—2) adjectively: nom. sg. ôðer nænig, <a href="#li860">860</a>; +nænig wäter, <a href="#li1515">1515</a>; nænig ... deór, <a href="#li1934">1934</a>; acc. sg. nænigne ... +hord-mâððum, <a href="#li1199">1199</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnære">nære</a>, from ne-wære (<i>were not, would not be</i>). See +<a class="glentry" href="#glwesan">wesan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glne">ne</a>, simple neg., <i>not</i>, <a href="#li38">38</a>, <a href="#li50">50</a>, <a href="#li80">80</a>, <a href="#li83">83</a>, <a href="#li109">109</a>, etc.; before +imper. ne sorga! <a href="#li1385">1385</a>; ne gým! <a href="#li1761">1761</a>, etc. Doubled =<i>certainly not, +not even that</i>: ne ge ... gearwe ne wisson (<i>ye certainly have +not known</i>, etc.), <a href="#li245">245</a>; so, <a href="#li863">863</a>; ne ic ... wihte ne wêne (<i>nor do +I at all in the least expect</i>), <a href="#li2923">2923</a>; so, <a href="#li182">182</a>. Strengthened by +other neg.: nôðer ... ne, <a href="#li2125">2125</a>; swâ he ne mihte nô ... (<i>so that he +absolutely could not</i>), <a href="#li1509">1509</a>.</p> + +<p>ne ... ne, <i>not ... and not, nor; neither ... nor</i>, <a href="#li154">154-157</a>, <a href="#li511">511</a>, +<a href="#li1083">1083-1085</a>, etc. Another neg. may supply the place of the first ne: so, +nô ... ne, <a href="#li575">575-577</a>, <a href="#li1026">1026-1028</a>, <a href="#li1393">1393-1395</a>, etc.; næfre ... ne, <a href="#li583">583-584</a>; +nalles ... ne, <a href="#li3016">3016-3017</a>. The neg. may be omitted the first time: ær +ne siððan (<i>neither before nor after, before nor since</i>), <a href="#li719">719</a>; +sûð ne norð (<i>south nor north</i>), <a href="#li859">859</a>; âdl ne yldo (<i>neither +illness nor old age</i>), <a href="#li1737">1737</a>; wordum ne worcum (<i>neither by word +nor deed</i>), <a href="#li1101">1101</a>; wiston and ne wêndon (<i>knew not and weened +not</i>), <a href="#li1605">1605</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnefa">nefa</a>, w. m., <i>nephew, grandson</i>: nom. sg. nefa +(<i>grandson</i>), <a href="#li1204">1204</a>; so, <a href="#li1963">1963</a>; (<i>nephew</i>), <a href="#li2171">2171</a>; acc. sg. +nefan (<i>nephew</i>), <a href="#li2207">2207</a>; dat. sg. nefan (<i>nephew</i>), <a href="#li882">882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnefne">nefne, näfne, nemne</a> (orig. from ne-gif-ne): 1) subj.: a) with +depend. clause = <i>unless</i>: nefne him witig god wyrd forstôde +(<i>if fate, the wise God, had not prevented him</i>), <a href="#li1057">1057</a>; nefne god +sylfa ... sealde (<i>unless God himself</i>, etc.), <a href="#li3055">3055</a>; näfne him his +wlite leóge (MS. næfre) (<i>unless his face belie him</i>), <a href="#li250">250</a>; näfne +he wäs mâra (<i>except that he was huger</i>), <a href="#li1354">1354</a>; nemne him +heaðo-byrne helpe ge-fremede, <a href="#li1553">1553</a>; so, <a href="#li2655">2655</a>.—b) w. follow. +substantive = <i>except, save, only</i>: nefne sin-freá (<i>except the +husband</i>), <a href="#li1935">1935</a>; ic lyt hafo heáfod-mâga nefne Hygelâc þec (<i>have +no near kin but thee</i>), <a href="#li2152">2152</a>; nis þät eówer (gen. pl.) sîð ... +nefne mîn ânes, <a href="#li2534">2534</a>.—2) Prep. with dat., <i>except</i>: nemne feáum +ânum, <a href="#li1082">1082</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenehost">nehost</a>. See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgeneahhe">neahhe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnelle">nelle</a>, from ne-wille (<i>I will not</i>). See <a class="glentry" href="#glwillan">willan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnemnan">nemnan</a>, w. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to name, call</i>: pres. pl. þone +yldestan oret-mecgas Beówulf nemnað (<i>the warriors call the most +distinguished one Beówulf</i>), <a href="#li364">364</a>; so inf. nemnan, <a href="#li2024">2024</a>; pret. pl. +nemdon, <a href="#li1355">1355</a>.—2) <i>to address</i>, as in</p> + +<p>be-nemnan, <i>to pronounce solemnly, put under a spell</i>: pret. sg. +Fin Hengeste ... âðum be-nemde þät (<i>asserted, promised under oath +that</i> ...), <a href="#li1098">1098</a>; pret. pl. swâ hit ôð dômes däg diópe benemdon +þeódnas mære (<i>put under a curse</i>), <a href="#li3070">3070</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnemne">nemne</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glnefne">nefne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnerian">nerian</a>, ge-<b>nerian</b>, w. v., <i>to save, rescue, +liberate</i>: pres. sg. Wyrd oft nereð unfægne eorl, <a href="#li573">573</a>; pret. part. +häfde ... sele Hrôðgâres ge-nered wið nîðe (<i>saved from +hostility</i>), <a href="#li828">828</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenesan">nesan</a>, st. v.: 1) intrans., <i>to remain over, be +preserved</i>: pret. sg. hrôf âna genäs ealles ansund (<i>the roof +alone was quite sound</i>), <a href="#li1000">1000</a>.—2) w. acc., <i>to endure +successfully, survive, escape from</i>: pret. sg. se þâ säcce ge-näs, +<a href="#li1978">1978</a>; fela ic ... gûð-ræsa ge-näs, <a href="#li2427">2427</a>; pret. part. swâ he nîða +gehwane genesen häfde, <a href="#li2398">2398</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnet">net</a>, st. n., <i>net</i>: in comp. breóst-, here-, hring-, +inwit-, searo-net.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnêdla">nêdla</a>, w. m., <i>dire necessity, distress</i>: in comp. +þreá-nêdla.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnêthan">nêðan</a> (G. nanþjan), w. v., <i>to venture, undertake boldly</i>: +pres. part. nearo nêðende (<i>encountering peril</i>), <a href="#li2351">2351</a>; pret. pl. +þær git ... on deóp water aldrum nêðdon (<i>where ye two risked your +lives in the deep water</i>), <a href="#li510">510</a>; so, <a href="#li538">538</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-nêðan, the same: inf. ne dorste under ýða gewin aldre ge-nêðan, +<a href="#li1470">1470</a>. With depend. clause: nænig þät dorste genêðan þät (<i>none durst +undertake to</i> ...), <a href="#li1934">1934</a>; pret. sg. he under hârne stân âna genêðde +frêcne dæde (<i>he risked alone the bold deed, venturing under the +grey rock</i>), <a href="#li889">889</a>; (ic) wîge under wätere weorc genêðde earfoð-lîce +(<i>I with difficulty stood the work under the water in battle</i>, +i.e. could hardly win the victory), <a href="#li1657">1657</a>; ic genêðde fela gûða +(<i>ventured on, risked, many contests</i>), <a href="#li2512">2512</a>; pres. pl. (of +majesty) we ... frêcne genêðdon eafoð uncûðes (<i>we have boldly +risked, dared, the monster's power</i>), <a href="#li961">961</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnêh">nêh</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glneáh">neáh</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeneahhe">neahhe</a>, adv., <i>enough, sufficiently</i>, <a href="#li784">784</a>, <a href="#li3153">3153</a>; +superl. genehost brägd eorl Beówulfes ealde lâfe (<i>many an earl of +B.'s</i>), <a href="#li795">795</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnealles">nealles</a> (from ne-ealles), adv., <i>omnino non, not at all, by +no means</i>: nealles, <a href="#li2146">2146</a>, <a href="#li2168">2168</a>, <a href="#li2180">2180</a>, <a href="#li2223">2223</a>, <a href="#li2597">2597</a>, etc.; nallas, +<a href="#li1720">1720</a>, <a href="#li1750">1750</a>; nalles, <a href="#li338">338</a>, <a href="#li1019">1019</a>, <a href="#li1077">1077</a>, <a href="#li1443">1443</a>, <a href="#li2504">2504</a>, etc.; nalas, <a href="#li43">43</a>, +<a href="#li1494">1494</a>, <a href="#li1530">1530</a>, <a href="#li1538">1538</a>; nales, <a href="#li1812">1812</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnearo">nearo</a>, st. n., <i>strait, danger, distress</i>: acc. sg. nearo, +<a href="#li2351">2351</a>, <a href="#li2595">2595</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnearo">nearo</a>, adj., <i>narrow</i>: acc. pl. f. nearwe, <a href="#li1410">1410</a>.</p> + +<p>nearwe, adv., <i>narrowly</i>, <a href="#li977">977</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnearocräft">nearo-cräft</a>, st. m., <i>art of rendering difficult of access?, +inaccessibility</i> (see <a href="#li2214">2214</a> seqq.): instr. pl. nearo-cräftum, <a href="#li2244">2244</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnearofâh">nearo-fâh</a>, m., <i>foe that causes distress, war-foe</i>: gen. +sg. nearo-fâges, <a href="#li2318">2318</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnearothearf">nearo-þearf</a>, st. f., <i>dire need, distress</i>: acc. sg. +nearo-þearfe, <a href="#li422">422</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenearwian">nearwian</a>, w. v., <i>to drive into a corner, press upon</i>: +pret. part. genearwod, <a href="#li1439">1439</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glneáh">neáh, nêh</a>: 1) adj., <i>near, nigh</i>: nom. sg. neáh, <a href="#li1744">1744</a>, +<a href="#li2729">2729</a>. In superl. also = <i>last</i>: instr. sg. nýhstan sîðe (<i>for +the last time</i>), <a href="#li1204">1204</a>; niéhstan sîðe, <a href="#li2512">2512</a>.</p> + +<p>2) adv., <i>near</i>: feor and (oððe) neáh, <a href="#li1222">1222</a>, <a href="#li2871">2871</a>; 3) prep, +sæ-grunde neáh, <a href="#li564">564</a>; so, <a href="#li1925">1925</a>, <a href="#li2243">2243</a>; holm-wylme nêh, <a href="#li2412">2412</a>. Compar. +neár, <a href="#li746">746</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glneán">neán</a>, adv., <i>near by, (from) close at hand</i>, <a href="#li528">528</a>; (neon, +MS.), <a href="#li3105">3105</a>; feorran and neán, <a href="#li840">840</a>; neán and feorran, <a href="#li1175">1175</a>, <a href="#li2318">2318</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeneát">neát</a>, st. m., <i>comrade, companion</i>: in comp. beód-, +heorð-geneát.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glniothor">nioðor</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glnither">niðer</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glneowol">neowol</a>, adj., <i>steep, precipitous</i>: acc. pl. neowle, <a href="#li1412">1412</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glneód">neód</a>, st. f., <i>polite intercourse regulated by etiquette?, +hall-joy?</i>: acc. sg. nióde, <a href="#li2117">2117</a>; inst. (= <i>joy</i>), <a href="#li2216">2216</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glneódlathu">neód-laðu</a>, st. f., <i>polite invitation; wish</i>: dat. sg. +äfter neód-laðu (<i>according to his wishes</i>), <a href="#li1321">1321</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glneósan">neósan, neósian</a>, w. v. w. gen., <i>to seek out, look for; to +attack</i>: inf. neósan, <a href="#li125">125</a>, <a href="#li1787">1787</a>, <a href="#li1792">1792</a>, <a href="#li1807">1807</a>, <a href="#li2075">2075</a>; niósan, <a href="#li2389">2389</a>, +<a href="#li2672">2672</a>; neósian, <a href="#li115">115</a>, <a href="#li1126">1126</a>; niósian, <a href="#li3046">3046</a>; pret. sg. niósade, <a href="#li2487">2487</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glneótan">neótan</a>, st. v., <i>to take, accept</i>, w. gen.; <i>to use, +enjoy</i>: imper. sg. neót, <a href="#li1218">1218</a>.</p> + +<p>be-neótan, w. dat., <i>to rob, deprive of</i>: inf. hine aldre +be-neótan, <a href="#li681">681</a>; pret. sg. cyning ealdre bi-neát (<i>deprived the king +of life</i>), <a href="#li2397">2397</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnicor">nicor</a>, st. m., <i>sea-horse, walrus, sea-monster</i> (cf. Bugge +in Zacher's Journal, 4, 197): acc. pl. niceras, <a href="#li422">422</a>, <a href="#li575">575</a>; nicras, +<a href="#li1428">1428</a>; gen. pl. nicera, <a href="#li846">846</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnicorhûs">nicor-hûs</a>, st. n., <i>house</i> or <i>den of sea-monsters</i>: +gen. pl. nicor-hûsa, <a href="#li1412">1412</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnith">nið</a> st. m., <i>man, human being</i>: gen. pl. niðða, <a href="#li1006">1006</a>; +niða? (passage corrupt), <a href="#li2216">2216</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnither">niðer, nyðer, neoðor</a>, adv., <i>down, downward</i>: niðer, <a href="#li1361">1361</a>; +nioðor, <a href="#li2700">2700</a>; nyðer, <a href="#li3045">3045</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnithsele">nið-sele</a>, st. m., <i>hall, room, in the deep</i> (Grein): dat. +sg. [in] nið-sele nât-hwylcum, <a href="#li1514">1514</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnigen">nigen</a>, num., <i>nine</i>: acc. nigene, <a href="#li575">575</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glniht">niht</a>, st. f. <i>night</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li115">115</a>, <a href="#li547">547</a>. <a href="#li650">650</a>, <a href="#li1321">1321</a>, <a href="#li2117">2117</a>; +acc. sg. niht, <a href="#li135">135</a>, <a href="#li737">737</a>, <a href="#li2939">2939</a>; gystran niht (<i>yester-night</i>), +<a href="#li1335">1335</a>; dat. sg. on niht, <a href="#li575">575</a>, <a href="#li684">684</a>; on wanre niht, <a href="#li703">703</a>; gen. sg. nihtes +hwîlum (<i>sometimes at night, in the hours of the night</i>), <a href="#li3045">3045</a>; +as adv. = <i>of a night, by night</i>, G. nachts, <a href="#li422">422</a>, <a href="#li2274">2274</a>; däges and +nihtes, <a href="#li2270">2270</a>; acc. pl. seofon niht (<i>se'nnight, seven days</i>, cf. +Tac. Germ, 11), <a href="#li517">517</a>; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, <a href="#li167">167</a>; deorcum nihtum, +<a href="#li275">275</a>, <a href="#li221">221</a>; gen. pl. nihta, <a href="#li545">545</a>, <a href="#li1366">1366</a>.—Comp.: middel-, sin-niht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnihtbealu">niht-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>night-bale, destruction by night</i>: +gen. pl. niht-bealwa, <a href="#li193">193</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnihthelm">niht-helm</a>, st. m., <i>veil</i> or <i>canopy of night</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1790">1790</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnihtlong">niht-long</a>, adj., <i>lasting through the night</i>: acc. sg. m. +niht-longne fyrst (<i>space of a night</i>), <a href="#li528">528</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnihtweorc">niht-weorc</a>, st. n., <i>night-work, deed done at night</i>: +instr. sg. niht-weorce, <a href="#li828">828</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glniman">niman</a>, st. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to take, hold, seize, +undertake</i>: pret. sg. nam þâ mid handa hige-þihtigne rinc, <a href="#li747">747</a>; +pret. pl. we . . . nióde nâman, <a href="#li2117">2117</a>.—2) <i>to take, take away, +deprive of</i>: pres. sg. se þe hine deáð nimeð (<i>he whom death +carrieth off</i>), <a href="#li441">441</a>; so, <a href="#li447">447</a>; nymeð, <a href="#li1847">1847</a>; nymeð nýd-bâde, <a href="#li599">599</a>; +subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, <a href="#li452">452</a>, <a href="#li1482">1482</a>; pret. sg. ind. nam on +Ongenþió îren-byrnan, <a href="#li2987">2987</a>; ne nom he ... mâðm-æhta mâ (<i>he took no +more of the rich treasures</i>), <a href="#li1613">1613</a>; pret. part. þâ wäs ... seó cwên +numen (<i>the queen carried off</i>), <a href="#li1154">1154</a>.</p> + +<p>be-niman, <i>to deprive of</i>: pret. sg. ôð þät hine yldo benam +mägenes wynnum (<i>till age bereft him of joy in his strength</i>), +<a href="#li1887">1887</a>.</p> + +<p>for-niman, <i>to carry off</i>: pres. sg. þe þâ deáð for-nam (<i>whom death +carried off</i>), <a href="#li488">488</a>; so, <a href="#li557">557</a>, <a href="#li696">696</a>, <a href="#li1081">1081</a>, <a href="#li1124">1124</a>, <a href="#li1206">1206</a>, <a href="#li1437">1437</a>, etc. Also, +dat. for acc.: pret. pl. him îrenna ecge fornâmon, <a href="#li2829">2829</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-niman: 1) <i>to take, seize</i>: pret. sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam +(<i>clasped him around the neck, embraced him</i>), <a href="#li1873">1873</a>.—2) <i>to +take, take away</i>: pret. on reste genam þritig þegna, <a href="#li122">122</a>; heó under +heolfre genam cûðe folme, <a href="#li1303">1303</a>; segn eác genom, <a href="#li2777">2777</a>; þâ mec sinca +baldor ... ät mînum fäder genam (<i>took me at my father's hands, +adopted me</i>), <a href="#li2430">2430</a>; pret. part. genumen, <a href="#li3167">3167</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenip">nip</a>, st. n., <i>darkness, mist, cloud</i>: acc. pl. under +nässa genipu, <a href="#li1361">1361</a>; ofer flôda genipu, <a href="#li2809">2809</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnis">nis</a>, from ne-is (<i>is not</i>): see <a class="glentry" href="#glwesan">wesan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glniwe">niwe, niówe</a>, adj., <i>new, novel; unheard-of</i>: nom. sg. swêg +up â-stâg niwe geneahhe (<i>a monstrous hubbub arose</i>), <a href="#li784">784</a>; beorh +... niwe (<i>a newly-raised(?) grave-mound</i>), <a href="#li2244">2244</a>; acc. sg. niwe +sibbe (<i>the new kinship</i>), <a href="#li950">950</a>; instr. sg. niwan stefne +(properly, novâ voce; here = de novo, iterum, <i>again</i>), <a href="#li2595">2595</a>; +niówan stefne (<i>again</i>), <a href="#li1790">1790</a>; gen. pl. niwra spella (<i>new +tidings</i>), <a href="#li2899">2899</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeniwian">niwian</a>, w. v., <i>to renew</i>: pret. part. ge-niwod, <a href="#li1304">1304</a>, +<a href="#li1323">1323</a>; geniwad, <a href="#li2288">2288</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glniwtyrwed">niw-tyrwed</a>, pret. part., <i>newly-tarred</i>: acc. sg. +niw-tyrwedne (-tyrwydne, MS.) nacan, <a href="#li295">295</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnîth">nîð</a>, st. m., properly only <i>zeal, endeavor</i>; then +<i>hostile endeavor, hostility, battle, war</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2318">2318</a>; acc. sg. +nîð, <a href="#li184">184</a>, <a href="#li276">276</a>; Wedera nîð (<i>enmity against the W., the sorrows of the +Weders</i>), <a href="#li423">423</a>; dat. sg. wið (ät) nîðe, <a href="#li828">828</a>, <a href="#li2586">2586</a>; instr. nîðe, <a href="#li2681">2681</a>; +gen. pl. nîða, <a href="#li883">883</a>, <a href="#li2351">2351</a>, <a href="#li2398">2398</a>, etc.; also instr. = <i>by, in, battle</i>, +<a href="#li846">846</a>, <a href="#li1440">1440</a>, <a href="#li1963">1963</a>, <a href="#li2171">2171</a>, <a href="#li2207">2207</a>.—Comp.: bealo-, fær-, here-, hete-, inwit-, +searo-, wäl-nîð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnîthdraca">nîð-draca</a>, w. m., <i>battle-dragon</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2274">2274</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnîthgast">nîð-gast</a>, st. m., <i>hostile alien, fell demon</i>: acc. sg. +þone nîð-gäst (<i>the dragon</i>), <a href="#li2700">2700</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnîthgeweorc">nîð-geweorc</a>, st. n., <i>work of enmity, deed of evil</i>: gen. +pl. -geweorca, <a href="#li684">684</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnîthgrim">nîð-grim</a>, adj., <i>furious in battle, savage</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li193">193</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnîthheard">nîð-heard</a>, adj., <i>valiant in war</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2418">2418</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnîthhydig">nîð-hydig</a>, adj., <i>eager for battle, valorous</i>: nom. pl. +nîð-hydige men, <a href="#li3167">3167</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenîthla">nîðla</a>, w. m., <i>foe, persecutor, waylayer</i>: in comp. +ferhð-, feorh-genîðla.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnîthwundor">nîð-wundor</a>, st. n., <i>hostile wonder, strange marvel of +evil</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1366">1366</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnîpan">nîpan</a>, st. v., <i>to veil, cover over, obscure</i>; pres. part. +nîpende niht, <a href="#li547">547</a>, <a href="#li650">650</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnolde">nolde</a>, from ne-wolde (<i>would not</i>); see <a class="glentry" href="#glwillan">willan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnorth">norð</a>, adv., <i>northward</i>, <a href="#li859">859</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnorthan">norðan</a>, adv., <i>from the north</i>, <a href="#li547">547</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnose">nose</a>, w. f., <i>projection, cliff, cape</i>: dat. sg. of hliðes +nosan, <a href="#li1893">1893</a>; ät brimes nosan, <a href="#li2804">2804</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnô">nô</a> (strengthened neg.), <i>not, not at all, by no means</i>, +<a href="#li136">136</a>, <a href="#li244">244</a>, <a href="#li587">587</a>, <a href="#li755">755</a>, <a href="#li842">842</a>, <a href="#li969">969</a>, <a href="#li1736">1736</a>, etc.; strengthened by following +ne, 459(?), <a href="#li1509">1509</a>; nô ... nô (<i>neither ... nor</i>), <a href="#li541">541-543</a>; so, +nô ... ne, <a href="#li168">168</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glne">ne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnôther">nôðer</a> (from nâ-hwäðer), neg., <i>and not, nor</i>, <a href="#li2125">2125</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenôh">nôh</a>, adj., <i>sufficient, enough</i>: acc. sg. fæhðo genôge, +<a href="#li2490">2490</a>; acc. pl. genôge ... beágas, <a href="#li3105">3105</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnôn">nôn</a>, st. f., [Eng. <i>noon</i>], <i>ninth hour of the day, three +o'clock in the afternoon of our reckoning</i> (the day was reckoned +from six o'clock in the morning; cf. Bouterwek Screádunga, 24 +<i>2</i>: we hâtað ænne däg fram sunnan upgange ôð æfen): nom. sg. +nôn, <a href="#li1601">1601</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnu">nu</a>, adv.: l) <i>now, at present</i>, <a href="#li251">251</a>, <a href="#li254">254</a>, <a href="#li375">375</a>, <a href="#li395">395</a>, <a href="#li424">424</a>, +<a href="#li426">426</a>, <a href="#li489">489</a>, etc.: nu gyt (<i>up to now, hitherto</i>), <a href="#li957">957</a>; nu gen +(<i>now still, yet</i>), <a href="#li2860">2860</a>; (<i>now yet, still</i>), <a href="#li3169">3169</a>.—2) conj., +<i>since, inasmuch as</i>: nu þu lungre geong ... nu se wyrm ligeð +(<i>go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead</i>), <a href="#li2746">2746</a>; so, <a href="#li2248">2248</a>; +þät þu me ne forwyrne ... nu ic þus feorran com (<i>that do not thou +refuse me, since I am come so far</i>), <a href="#li430">430</a>; so, <a href="#li1476">1476</a>; nu ic on mâðma +hord mîne bebohte frôde feorh-lege, fremmað ge nu (<i>as I now..., so +do ye</i>), <a href="#li2800">2800</a>; so, <a href="#li3021">3021</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnymthe">nymðe</a>, conj. w. subj., <i>if not, unless</i>, <a href="#li782">782</a>; nymðe mec +god scylde (<i>if God had not shielded me</i>), <a href="#li1659">1659</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnyt">nyt</a>, st. f., <i>duty, service, office, employment</i>: acc. sg. +þegn nytte beheóld (<i>did his duty</i>), <a href="#li494">494</a>; so, <a href="#li3119">3119</a>.—Comp.: +sund-, sundor-nyt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnyt">nyt</a>, adj., <i>useful</i>: acc. pl. m. nytte, <a href="#li795">795</a>; comp. un-nyt.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenyttian">nyttian</a>, w. v., <i>to make use of, enjoy</i>: pret. part. +häfde eorð-scrafa ende ge-nyttod (<i>had enjoyed, made use of</i>), +<a href="#li3047">3047</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnýd">nýd</a>, st. f., <i>force, necessity, need, pain</i>: acc. sg. þurh +deáðes nýd, <a href="#li2455">2455</a>; instr. sg. nýde, <a href="#li1006">1006</a>. In comp. (like nýd-maga, +consanguineus, in Æthelred's Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; nêd-maga, +in Cnut's Laws, I. 7, ibid., p. 258); also, <i>tie of +blood.</i>—Comp. þreá-nýd.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenýdan">nýdan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to force, compel</i>: pret. part. nîðe +ge-nýded (<i>forced by hostile power</i>), <a href="#li2681">2681</a>.—2) <i>to force +upon</i>: pret. part. acc. sg. f. nýde genýdde ... gearwe stôwe +(<i>the inevitable place prepared for each</i>, i.e. the bed of +death), <a href="#li1006">1006</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnýdbâd">nýd-bâd</a>, st. f., <i>forced pledge, pledge demanded by +force</i>: acc. pl. nýd-bâde, <a href="#li599">599</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnýdgestealla">nýd-gestealla</a>, w. m., <i>comrade in need</i> or <i>united by +ties of blood</i>: nom. pl. nýd-gesteallan, <a href="#li883">883</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnýdgripe">nýd-gripe</a>, st. m., <i>compelling grip</i>: dat. sg. in +nýd-gripe (mid-gripe, MS.), <a href="#li977">977</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnýdwracu">nýd-wracu</a>, st. f., <i>distressful persecution, great +distress</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li193">193</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnýhst">nýhst</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glneáh">neáh</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossO">O</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloththe">oððe</a>, conj.: 1) <i>or; otherwise</i>, <a href="#li283">283</a>, <a href="#li437">437</a>, <a href="#li636">636</a>, <a href="#li638">638</a>, <a href="#li694">694</a>, +<a href="#li1492">1492</a>, <a href="#li1765">1765</a>, etc.—2) <i>and</i>(?), <i>till</i>(?), <a href="#li650">650</a>, <a href="#li2476">2476</a>, <a href="#li3007">3007</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glof">of</a>, prep. w. dat., <i>from, off from</i>: 1) <i>from some point +of view</i>: ge-seah of wealle (<i>from the wall</i>), <a href="#li229">229</a>; so, <a href="#li786">786</a>; +of hefene scîneð (<i>shineth from heaven</i>), <a href="#li1572">1572</a>; of hliðes nosan +gästas grêtte (<i>from the cliff's projection</i>), <a href="#li1893">1893</a>; of þam leóma +stôd (<i>from which light streamed</i>), <a href="#li2770">2770</a>; þær wäs mâðma fela of +feorwegum ... gelæded (<i>from distant lands</i>), <a href="#li37">37</a>; þâ com of môre +(<i>from the moor</i>), <a href="#li711">711</a>, <a href="#li922">922</a>.—2) <i>forth from, out of</i>: +hwearf of earde (<i>wandered from his home, died</i>), <a href="#li56">56</a>; so, <a href="#li265">265</a>, +<a href="#li855">855</a>, <a href="#li2472">2472</a>; þâ ic of searwum com (<i>when I had escaped from the +persecutions of the foe</i>), <a href="#li419">419</a>; þâ him Hrôðgâr gewât ... ût of +healle (<i>out of the hall</i>), <a href="#li664">664</a>; so, <a href="#li2558">2558</a>, <a href="#li2516">2516</a>; <a href="#li1139">1139</a>, <a href="#li2084">2084</a>, +<a href="#li2744">2744</a>; wudu-rêc â-stâh sweart of (ofer) swioðole (<i>black wood-reek +ascended from the smoking fire</i>), <a href="#li3145">3145</a>; (icge gold) â-häfen of +horde (<i>lifted from the hoard</i>), <a href="#li1109">1109</a>; lêt þâ of breóstum ... +word ût faran (<i>from his breast</i>), <a href="#li2551">2551</a>; dyde ... helm of hafelan +(<i>doffed his helmet</i>), <a href="#li673">673</a>; so, <a href="#li1130">1130</a>; sealdon wîn of wunder-fatum +(<i>presented wine from wondrous vessels</i>), <a href="#li1163">1163</a>; siððan hyne +Hæðcyn of horn-bogan ... flâne geswencte (<i>with an arrow shot from +the horned bow</i>), <a href="#li2438">2438</a>; so, <a href="#li1434">1434</a>. Prep. postponed: þâ he him of +dyde îsern-byrnan (<i>doffed his iron corselet</i>), <a href="#li672">672</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glofer">ofer</a>, prep. w. dat. and acc., <i>over, above</i>: 1) w. dat, +<i>over</i> (rest, locality): Wîglâf siteð ofer Biówulfe, <a href="#li2908">2908</a>; ofer +äðelinge, <a href="#li1245">1245</a>; ofer eorðan, <a href="#li248">248</a>, <a href="#li803">803</a>, <a href="#li2008">2008</a>; ofer wer-þeóde (<i>over +the earth, among mankind</i>), <a href="#li900">900</a>; ofer ýðum, <a href="#li1908">1908</a>; ofer hron-râde +(<i>over the sea</i>), <a href="#li10">10</a>; so, <a href="#li304">304</a>, <a href="#li1287">1287</a>, <a href="#li1290">1290</a>, etc.; ofer ealowæge +(<i>over the beer-cup, drinking</i>), <a href="#li481">481</a>.—2) w. acc. of motion: a) +<i>over</i> (local): ofer ýðe (<i>over the waves</i>), <a href="#li46">46</a>, <a href="#li1910">1910</a>; ofer +swan-râde (<i>over the swan-road, the sea</i>), <a href="#li200">200</a>; ofer wægholm, +<a href="#li217">217</a>; ofer geofenes be-gang, <a href="#li362">362</a>; so, <a href="#li239">239</a>, <a href="#li240">240</a>, <a href="#li297">297</a>, <a href="#li393">393</a>, <a href="#li464">464</a>, <a href="#li471">471</a>, +etc.; ofer bolcan (<i>over the gangway</i>), <a href="#li231">231</a>; ofer landa fela +(<i>over many lands</i>), <a href="#li311">311</a>; so, <a href="#li1405">1405</a>, <a href="#li1406">1406</a>; ofer heáhne hrôf +(<i>along upon (under?) the high roof</i>), <a href="#li984">984</a>; ofer eormen-grund +(<i>over the whole earth</i>), <a href="#li860">860</a>; ofer ealle (<i>over all, on all +sides</i>), <a href="#li2900">2900</a>, <a href="#li650">650</a>; so, <a href="#li1718">1718</a>;—<a href="#li606">606</a>, <a href="#li900">900</a>, <a href="#li1706">1706</a>; ofer borda gebräc +(<i>over, above, the crashing of shields</i>), <a href="#li2260">2260</a>; ofer bord-(scild) +weall, <a href="#li2981">2981</a>, <a href="#li3119">3119</a>. Temporal: ofer þâ niht (<i>through the night, by +night</i>), <a href="#li737">737</a>. b) w. verbs of saying, speaking, <i>about, of, +concerning</i>: he ofer benne spräc, <a href="#li2725">2725</a>. c) <i>beyond, over</i>: +ofer mîn ge-met (<i>beyond my power</i>), <a href="#li2880">2880</a>;—hence, <i>against, +contrary to</i>: he ofer willan gióng (<i>went against his will</i>), +<a href="#li2410">2410</a>; ofer ealde riht (<i>against the ancient laws</i>, i.e. the ten +commandments), <a href="#li2331">2331</a>;—also, <i>without</i>: wîg ofer wæpen (<i>war +sans, dispensing with, weapons</i>), <a href="#li686">686</a>;—temporal = <i>after</i>: +ofer eald-gewin (<i>after long, ancient, suffering</i>), <a href="#li1782">1782</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloferhygd">ofer-hygd</a>, st. n., <i>arrogance, pride, conceit</i>: gen. pl. +ofer-hygda, <a href="#li1741">1741</a>; ofer-hyda, <a href="#li1761">1761</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glofermâthum">ofer-mâðum</a>, st. m., <i>very rich treasure</i>: dat. pl. +ofer-mâðmum, <a href="#li2994">2994</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glofermägen">ofer-mägen</a>, st. n., <i>over-might, superior numbers</i>: dat. +sg. mid ofer-mägene, <a href="#li2918">2918</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloferthearf">ofer-þearf</a>, st. f., <i>dire distress, need</i>: dat. sg. [for +ofer] þea[rfe], <a href="#li2227">2227</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloft">oft</a>, adv., <i>often</i>, <a href="#li4">4</a>, <a href="#li165">165</a>, <a href="#li444">444</a>, <a href="#li572">572</a>, <a href="#li858">858</a>, <a href="#li908">908</a>, <a href="#li1066">1066</a>, +<a href="#li1239">1239</a>, etc.; oft [nô] seldan, <a href="#li2030">2030</a>; oft nalles æne, <a href="#li3020">3020</a>; so, <a href="#li1248">1248</a>, +<a href="#li1888">1888</a>. Compar. oftor, <a href="#li1580">1580</a>. Superl. oftost, <a href="#li1664">1664</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glom">om-, on-</a>. see <a class="glentry" href="#glan">am-, an-</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glombiht">ombiht</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glambiht">ambiht</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloncer">oncer</a>. See <b>ancer</b>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glond">ond</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gland">and</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonsýn">onsýn</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glansýn">ansýn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glon">on</a>, prep. w. dat. and acc., signifying primarily <i>touching on, +contact with</i>: I. local, w. dat.: a) <i>on, upon, in at</i> (of exterior +surface): on heáh-stede (<i>in the high place</i>), <a href="#li285">285</a>; on mînre êðel-tyrf +(<i>in my native place</i>), <a href="#li410">410</a>; on þäm meðel-stede, <a href="#li1083">1083</a>; so, <a href="#li2004">2004</a>; on +þam holmclife, <a href="#li1422">1422</a>; so, <a href="#li1428">1428</a>; on foldan (<i>on earth</i>), <a href="#li1197">1197</a>; so, <a href="#li1533">1533</a>, +<a href="#li2997">2997</a>; on þære medu-bence (<i>on the mead-bench</i>), <a href="#li1053">1053</a>; beornas on +blancum (<i>the heroes on the dapple-greys</i>), <a href="#li857">857</a>, etc.; on räste (<i>in +bed</i>), <a href="#li1299">1299</a>; on stapole (<i>at, near, the pillar</i>), <a href="#li927">927</a>; on wealle, +<a href="#li892">892</a>; on wage (<i>on the wall</i>), <a href="#li1663">1663</a>; on þäm wäl-stenge (<i>on the +battle-lance</i>), <a href="#li1639">1639</a>; on eaxle (<i>on his shoulder</i>), <a href="#li817">817</a>, <a href="#li1548">1548</a>; on +bearme, <a href="#li40">40</a>; on breóstum, <a href="#li552">552</a>; on hafelan, <a href="#li1522">1522</a>; on handa (<i>in his +hand</i>), <a href="#li495">495</a>, <a href="#li540">540</a>; so, <a href="#li555">555</a>, <a href="#li766">766</a>; on him byrne scân (<i>on him shone the +corselet</i>), <a href="#li405">405</a>; on ôre (<i>at the front</i>), <a href="#li1042">1042</a>; on corðre (<i>at +the head of, among, his troop</i>), <a href="#li1154">1154</a>; scip on ancre (<i>the ship at +anchor</i>), <a href="#li303">303</a>; þät he on heoðe ge-stôd (<i>until he stood in the +hall</i>), <a href="#li404">404</a>; on fäder stäle (<i>in a father's place</i>), <a href="#li1480">1480</a>; on ýðum +(<i>on the waves, in the water</i>), <a href="#li210">210</a>, <a href="#li421">421</a>, <a href="#li534">534</a>, <a href="#li1438">1438</a>; on holme, <a href="#li543">543</a>; on +êg-streámum, <a href="#li577">577</a>; on segl-râde, <a href="#li1438">1438</a>, etc.; on flôde, <a href="#li1367">1367</a>. The prep. +postponed: Freslondum on, <a href="#li2358">2358</a>.—b) <i>in, inside of</i> (of inside +surface): secg on searwum (<i>a champion in armor</i>), <a href="#li249">249</a>; so, <a href="#li963">963</a>; on +wîg-geatwum, <a href="#li368">368</a>; (reced) on þäm se rîca bâd (<i>in which the mighty one +abode</i>), <a href="#li310">310</a>; on Heorote (<i>in Heorot</i>), <a href="#li475">475</a>, <a href="#li497">497</a>, <a href="#li594">594</a>, <a href="#li1303">1303</a>; on +beór-sele, <a href="#li492">492</a>, <a href="#li1095">1095</a>; on healle, <a href="#li615">615</a>, <a href="#li643">643</a>; so, <a href="#li639">639</a>, <a href="#li1017">1017</a>, <a href="#li1026">1026</a>, etc.; on +burgum (<i>in the cities, boroughs</i>), <a href="#li53">53</a>; on helle, <a href="#li101">101</a>; on sefan mînum +(<i>in my mind</i>), <a href="#li473">473</a>; on môde, <a href="#li754">754</a>; so, <a href="#li755">755</a>, <a href="#li949">949</a>, <a href="#li1343">1343</a>, <a href="#li1719">1719</a>, etc.; on +aldre (<i>in his vitals</i>), <a href="#li1435">1435</a>; on middan (in medio), <a href="#li2706">2706</a>.—c) +<i>among, amid</i>: on searwum (<i>among the arms</i>), <a href="#li1558">1558</a>; on gemonge +(<i>among the troop</i>), <a href="#li1644">1644</a>; on þam leód-scipe (<i>among the +people</i>), <a href="#li2198">2198</a>; nymðe lîges fäðm swulge on swaðule (<i>unless the +embracing flame should swallow it in smoke</i>), <a href="#li783">783</a>;—<i>in, with, touched +by, possessing something</i>: þâ wäs on sâlum sinces brytta (<i>then was +the dispenser of treasure in joy</i>), <a href="#li608">608</a>; so, <a href="#li644">644</a>, <a href="#li2015">2015</a>; wäs on hreón +môde, <a href="#li1308">1308</a>; on sweofote (<i>in sleep</i>), <a href="#li1582">1582</a>, <a href="#li2296">2296</a>; heó wäs on ôfste +(<i>she was in haste</i>), <a href="#li1293">1293</a>; so, <a href="#li1736">1736</a>, <a href="#li1870">1870</a>; þâ wäs on blôde brim +weallende (<i>there was the flood billowing in, with, blood</i>), <a href="#li848">848</a>; (he) +wäs on sunde (<i>was a-swimming</i>), <a href="#li1619">1619</a>; wäs tô fore-mihtig feónd on +fêðe (<i>too powerful in speed</i>), <a href="#li971">971</a>; þær wäs swîgra secg ... on +gylpspræce (<i>there was the champion more silent in his boasting +speech</i>), <a href="#li982">982</a>;—<i>in; full of, representing, something</i>: on weres +wästmum (<i>in man's form</i>), <a href="#li1353">1353</a>.—d) <i>attaching to</i>, hence +<i>proceeding from; from something</i>: ge-hýrde on Beówulfe fäst-rædne +ge-þôht (<i>heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve</i>), <a href="#li610">610</a>; þät he ne mêtte +... on elran men mund-gripe mâran, <a href="#li753">753</a>;—hence, with verbs of taking: on +räste genam (<i>took from his bed</i>), <a href="#li122">122</a>; so, <a href="#li748">748</a>, <a href="#li2987">2987</a>; hit ær on þe +gôde be-geâton (<i>took it before from thee</i>), <a href="#li2249">2249</a>.—e) <i>with</i>: +swâ hit lungre wearð on hyra sinc-gifan sâre ge-endod (<i>as it, too, soon +painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure</i>), <a href="#li2312">2312</a>.—f) +<i>by</i>: mäg þonne on þäm golde ongitan Geáta dryhten (<i>the lord of the +Geatas may perceive by the gold</i>), <a href="#li1485">1485</a>.—g) +<i>to</i>, after weorðan: þät he on fylle wearð (<i>that he came to a +fall</i>), <a href="#li1545">1545</a>.</p> + +<p>With acc.: a) w. verbs of moving, doing, giving, seeing, etc., <i>up to, +on, upon, in</i>: â-lêdon þâ leófne þeóden ... on bearm scipes, <a href="#li35">35</a>; on +stefn (on wang) stigon, <a href="#li212">212</a>, <a href="#li225">225</a>; þâ him mid scoldon on flôdes æht feor +ge-wîtan, <a href="#li42">42</a>; se þe wið Brecan wunne on sîdne sæ (<i>who strovest in a +swimming-match with B. on the broad sea</i>), <a href="#li507">507</a>, cf. <a href="#li516">516</a>; þät ic on holma +ge-þring eorlscipe efnde (<i>that I should venture on the sea to do valiant +deeds</i>), <a href="#li2133">2133</a>; on feónda geweald sîðian, <a href="#li809">809</a>; þâra þe on swylc starað, +<a href="#li997">997</a>; so, <a href="#li1781">1781</a>; on lufan læteð hworfan (<i>lets him turn his thoughts to +love?, to possessions?</i>), <a href="#li1729">1729</a>; him on môd bearn (<i>came into his mind, +occurred to him</i>), <a href="#li67">67</a>; ræsde on þone rôfan (<i>rushed on the powerful +one</i>), <a href="#li2691">2691</a>; (cwom) on worðig (<i>came into the palace</i>), <a href="#li1973">1973</a>; so, +<a href="#li27">27</a>, <a href="#li242">242</a>, <a href="#li253">253</a>, <a href="#li512">512</a>, <a href="#li539">539</a>, <a href="#li580">580</a>, <a href="#li677">677</a>, <a href="#li726">726</a>, etc.; on weg (<i>away</i>), <a href="#li764">764</a>, +<a href="#li845">845</a>, <a href="#li1383">1383</a>, <a href="#li1431">1431</a>, <a href="#li2097">2097</a>.—b) <i>towards, on</i>: gôde gewyrcean ... on fäder +wine (pl.), <a href="#li21">21</a>.—c) aim or object, <i>to, for the object, for, as, in, +on</i>: on þearfe (<i>in his need, in his strait</i>), <a href="#li1457">1457</a>; so, on hyra +man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe, <a href="#li2850">2850</a>; wrâðum on andan (<i>as a terror to the +foe</i>), <a href="#li709">709</a>; Hrôðgâr maðelode him on andsware (<i>said to him in +reply</i>), <a href="#li1841">1841</a>; betst beado-rinca wäs on bæl gearu (<i>on the pyre +ready</i>), <a href="#li1110">1110</a>; wîg-heafolan bär freán on fultum (<i>for help</i>), <a href="#li2663">2663</a>; +wearð on bîd wrecen (<i>forced to wait</i>), <a href="#li2963">2963</a>.—d) ground, reason, +<i>according to, in conformity with</i>: rodera rædend hit on ryht gescêd +(<i>decided it in accordance with right</i>), <a href="#li1556">1556</a>; ne me swôr fela âða on +unriht (<i>swore no oaths unjustly, falsely</i>), <a href="#li2740">2740</a>; on spêd +(<i>skilfully</i>), <a href="#li874">874</a>; nallas on gylp seleð fätte beágas (<i>giveth no +gold-wrought rings as he promised</i>), <a href="#li1750">1750</a>; on sînne selfes dôm +(<i>boastingly, at his own will</i>), <a href="#li2148">2148</a>; him eal worold wendeð on willan +(<i>according to his will</i>), <a href="#li1740">1740</a>.—e) w. verbs of buying, <i>for, in +exchange for</i>: me ic on mâðma hord mîne be-bohte frôde feorh-lege +(<i>for the hoard of jewels</i>), <a href="#li2800">2800</a>.—f) <i>of, as to</i>: ic on +Higelâce wât, Geáta dryhten (<i>I know with respect to, as to, of, H.</i>), +<a href="#li1831">1831</a>; so, <a href="#li2651">2651</a>; þät heó on ænigne eorl ge-lýfde fyrena frôfre (<i>that she +should rely on any earl for help out of trouble</i>), <a href="#li628">628</a>; þâ hie +ge-trûwedon on twâ healfa (<i>on both sides, mutually</i>), <a href="#li1096">1096</a>; so, <a href="#li2064">2064</a>; +þät þu him ondrædan ne þearft ... on þâ healfe (<i>from, on this side</i>), +<a href="#li1676">1676</a>.—g) after superlatives or virtual superlatives = +<i>among</i>: näs ... sinc-mâððum sêlra (= þät wäs sinc-mâðma sêlest) +on sweordes hâd (<i>there was no better jewel in sword's shape</i>, +i.e. among all swords there was none better), <a href="#li2194">2194</a>; se wäs Hrôðgâre +häleða leófost on ge-sîðes hâd (<i>dearest of men as, in the character +of, follower</i>, etc.), <a href="#li1298">1298</a>.</p> + +<p>II. Of time: a) w. dat., <i>in, inside of, during, at</i>: on fyrste +(<i>in time, within the time appointed</i>), <a href="#li76">76</a>; on uhtan (<i>at +dawn</i>), <a href="#li126">126</a>; on mergenne (<i>at morn, on the morrow</i>), <a href="#li565">565</a>, +<a href="#li2940">2940</a>; on niht, <a href="#li575">575</a>; on wanre niht, <a href="#li703">703</a>; on tyn dagum, <a href="#li3161">3161</a>; so, <a href="#li197">197</a>, +<a href="#li719">719</a>, <a href="#li791">791</a>, <a href="#li1063">1063</a>, etc.; on geogoðe (<i>in youth</i>), <a href="#li409">409</a>, <a href="#li466">466</a>; on +geogoð-feore, <a href="#li537">537</a>; so, <a href="#li1844">1844</a>; on orlege (<i>in, during, battle</i>), +<a href="#li1327">1327</a>; hû lomp eów on lâde (<i>on the way</i>), <a href="#li1988">1988</a>; on gange (<i>in +going, en route</i>), <a href="#li1885">1885</a>; on sweofote (<i>in sleep</i>), <a href="#li1582">1582</a>.—b) +w. acc., <i>towards, about</i>: on undern-mæl (<i>in the morning, +about midday</i>), <a href="#li1429">1429</a>; on morgen-tîd, <a href="#li484">484</a>, <a href="#li518">518</a>; on morgen, <a href="#li838">838</a>; on +ende-stäf (<i>toward the end, at last</i>), <a href="#li1754">1754</a>; oftor micle þonne on +ænne sîð (<i>far oftener than once</i>), <a href="#li1580">1580</a>.</p> + +<p>III. With particles: him on efn (<i>beside, alongside of, him</i>), +<a href="#li2904">2904</a>; on innan (<i>inside, within</i>), <a href="#li71">71</a>, <a href="#li1741">1741</a>, <a href="#li1969">1969</a>, <a href="#li2453">2453</a>, <a href="#li2716">2716</a>; +þær on innan (<i>in there</i>), <a href="#li2090">2090</a>, <a href="#li2215">2215</a>, <a href="#li2245">2245</a>. With the relative þe +often separated from its case: þe ic her on starie (<i>that I here +look on, at</i>), <a href="#li2797">2797</a>; þe ge þær on standað (<i>that ye there stand +in</i>), <a href="#li2867">2867</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloncýth">on-cýð</a> (cf. Dietrich in Haupt's Zeits. XI., 412), st. f., +<i>pain, suffering</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1421">1421</a>; acc. sg. or pl. on-cýððe, <a href="#li831">831</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glondrysne">on-drysne</a>, adj., <i>frightful, terrible</i>: acc. sg. firen +on-drysne, <a href="#li1933">1933</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonettan">onettan</a> (for <b>anettan</b>, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, +<i>to breathe, pant</i>), w. v., <i>to hasten</i>: pret. pl. onetton, +<a href="#li306">306</a>, <a href="#li1804">1804</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonlîcnes">on-lîcnes</a>, st. f., <i>likeness, form, figure</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1352">1352</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonmêdla">on-mêdla</a>, w. m., <i>pride, arrogance</i>: dat. sg. for +on-mêdlan, <a href="#li2927">2927</a>. Cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 218 seqq.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonsæge">on-sæge</a>, adj., <i>tending to fall, fatal</i>: nom. sg. þâ wäs +Hondsció (dat.) hild on-sæge, <a href="#li2077">2077</a>; Hæðcynne wearð ... gûð on-sæge, +<a href="#li2484">2484</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonweald">on-weald</a>, st. m., <i>power, authority</i>: acc. sg. (him) bega +ge-hwäðres ... onweald ge-teáh (<i>gave him power over, possession of, +both</i>), <a href="#li1044">1044</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glopen">open</a>, adj., <i>open</i>: acc. sg. hord-wynne fond ... opene +standan, <a href="#li2272">2272</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glopenian">openian</a>, w. v., <i>to open</i>, w. acc.: inf. openian, <a href="#li3057">3057</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorc">orc</a> (O.S. orc, Goth. aúrkei-s), st. m., <i>crock, vessel, can +</i>: nom. pl. orcas, <a href="#li3048">3048</a>; acc. pl. orcas, <a href="#li2761">2761</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorcnê">orcnê</a>, st. m., <i>sea-monster</i>: nom. pl. orcnêas, <a href="#li112">112</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glord">ord</a>, st. n. <i>point</i>: nom. sg. ôð þät wordes ord +breóst-hord þurh-bräc (<i>till the word-point broke through his +breast-hoard, came to utterance</i>), <a href="#li2792">2792</a>; acc. sg. ord +(<i>sword-point</i>), <a href="#li1550">1550</a>; dat. instr. orde (id.), <a href="#li556">556</a>; on orde +(<i>at the head of, in front</i> [of a troop]), <a href="#li2499">2499</a>, <a href="#li3126">3126</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glordfruma">ord-fruma</a>, w. m., <i>head lord, high prince</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li263">263</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloretmecg">oret-mecg</a>, st. m., <i>champion, warrior, military retainer</i>: +nom. pl. oret-mecgas, <a href="#li363">363</a>, <a href="#li481">481</a>; acc. pl. oret-mecgas, <a href="#li332">332</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloretta">oretta</a>, w. m., <i>champion, fighter, hero</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1533">1533</a>, +<a href="#li2539">2539</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorleg">or-leg</a>, st. n., <i>war, battle</i>: dat. sg. on orlege, <a href="#li1327">1327</a>; +gen. sg. or-leges, <a href="#li2408">2408</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorleghwîl">or-leg-hwîl</a>, st. f., <i>time of battle, war-time</i>: nom. sg. +[or-leg]-hwîl, <a href="#li2003">2003</a>; gen. sg. orleg-hwîle, <a href="#li2912">2912</a>; gen. pl orleg-hwîla, +<a href="#li2428">2428</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorleahtre">or-leahtre</a>, adj., <i>blameless</i>: nom. sg <a href="#li1887">1887</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorthanc">or-þanc</a> (cf. Gloss. Aldhelm. mid or-þance = argumento in Haupt +XI., 436; orþancum = machinamentis, <i>ibid.</i> <a href="#li477">477</a>; or-þanc-scipe = +mechanica, <a href="#li479">479</a>, st. m., <i>mechanical art, skill</i>: instr. pl. +or-þoncum, <a href="#li2088">2088</a>; smiðes or-þancum, <a href="#li406">406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorwêna">or-wêna</a>, adj. (weak form), <i>hopeless, despairing</i>, w. +gen.: aldres or-wêna (<i>hopeless of life</i>), <a href="#li1003">1003</a>, <a href="#li1566">1566</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorwearde">or-wearde</a>, adj., <i>unguarded, without watch</i> or +<i>guard</i>: adv., <a href="#li3128">3128</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloruth">oruð</a>, st. n., <i>breath, snorting</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2558">2558</a>; dat. +oreðe, <a href="#li2840">2840</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossOl">Ô</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glôth">ôð</a> (Goth. und, O.H.G. unt, unz): 1) prep. w. acc., <i>to, till, +up to</i>, only temporal: ôð þone ânne däg, <a href="#li2400">2400</a>; ôð dômes däg, <a href="#li3070">3070</a>; +ô woruld-ende, <a href="#li3084">3084</a>.—2) ôð þät, conj. w. depend, indicative clause, +<i>till, until</i>, <a href="#li9">9</a>, <a href="#li56">56</a>, <a href="#li66">66</a>, <a href="#li100">100</a>, <a href="#li145">145</a>. <a href="#li219">219</a>, <a href="#li296">296</a>, <a href="#li307">307</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glôther">ôðer</a> (Goth. anþar), num.: 1) <i>one or other of two, a +second</i>, = alter: nom. sg. subs.: se ôðer, <a href="#li2062">2062</a>; ôðer(<i>one</i> +i.e. of my blood-relations, Hæðcyn and Hygelâc), <a href="#li2482">2482</a>; ôðer ... ôðer +(<i>the one ... the other</i>), <a href="#li1350">1350-1352</a>. Adj.: ôðer ... mihtig +mân-sceaða (<i>the second mighty, fell foe</i>, referring to <a href="#li1350">1350</a>, +<a href="#li1339">1339</a>; se ôðer ... häle, <a href="#li1816">1816</a>; fem. niht ôðer, <a href="#li2118">2118</a>; neut. ôðer geâr +(<i>the next, second, year</i>), <a href="#li1134">1134</a>; acc. sg. m. ôðerne, <a href="#li653">653</a>, <a href="#li1861">1861</a>, +<a href="#li2441">2441</a>, <a href="#li2485">2485</a>; þenden reáfode rinc ôðerne(<i>whilst one warrior robbed +the other</i>, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþeów), <a href="#li2986">2986</a>; neut. ôðer +swylc(<i>another such, an equal number</i>), <a href="#li1584">1584</a>; instr. sg. +ôðre sîðe (<i>for the second time, again</i>), <a href="#li2671">2671</a>, <a href="#li3102">3102</a>; dat. sg. +ôðrum, <a href="#li815">815</a>, <a href="#li1030">1030</a>, <a href="#li1166">1166</a>, <a href="#li1229">1229</a>, <a href="#li1472">1472</a>, <a href="#li2168">2168</a>, <a href="#li2172">2172</a>, etc.; gen. sg. m. +ôðres dôgores, <a href="#li219">219</a>, <a href="#li606">606</a>; neut. ôðres, <a href="#li1875">1875</a>.—2) <i>another, a +different one</i>, = alius: nom. sg., subs. ôðer, <a href="#li1756">1756</a>; ôðer nænig +(<i>no other</i>), <a href="#li860">860</a>. Adj.: ænig ôðer man, <a href="#li503">503</a>, <a href="#li534">534</a>; so, <a href="#li1561">1561</a>; ôðer +in (<i>a different house</i> or <i>room</i>), <a href="#li1301">1301</a>; acc. sg. ôðer +flet, <a href="#li1087">1087</a>; gen. sg. ôðres ... yrfe-weardes, <a href="#li2452">2452</a>; acc. pl. ealo +drincende ôðer sædan (<i>ale drinkers said other things</i>), <a href="#li1946">1946</a>; +acc. pl. neut. word ôðer, <a href="#li871">871</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glôfer">ôfer</a>, st. m., <i>shore</i>: dat. sg. on ôfre, <a href="#li1372">1372</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glôfost">ôfost</a>, st. f., <i>haste</i>: nom. sg. ôfost is sêlest tô +gecýðanne (<i>haste is best to make known, best to say at once</i>), +<a href="#li256">256</a>; so, <a href="#li3008">3008</a>; dat. sg. beó þu on ôfeste (ôfoste) (<i>be in haste, +hasten</i>), <a href="#li386">386</a>, <a href="#li2748">2748</a>; on ôfste, <a href="#li1293">1293</a>; on ôfoste, <a href="#li2784">2784</a>, <a href="#li3091">3091</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glôfostlîce">ôfost-lîce</a>, adv., <i>in haste, speedily</i>, <a href="#li3131">3131</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glôhwær">ô-hwær</a>, adv., <i>anywhere</i>, <a href="#li1738">1738</a>, <a href="#li2871">2871</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glômig">ômig</a>, adj., <i>rusty</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2764">2764</a>; nom. pl. ômige, <a href="#li3050">3050</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glôr">ôr</a>, st. n., <i>beginning, origin; front</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1689">1689</a>; +acc. sg., <a href="#li2408">2408</a>; dat. sg. on ôre, <a href="#li1042">1042</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glôwiht">ô-wiht</a>, <i>anything, aught</i>: instr. sg. ô-wihte (<i>in any +way</i>), <a href="#li1823">1823</a>, <a href="#li2433">2433</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossP">P</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glpâd">pâd</a>, st. f., <i>dress</i>; in comp. here-pâd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glpäth">päð</a>, st. m., <i>path, road, way</i>; in comp. ân-päð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glplega">plega</a>, w. m., <i>play, emulous contest</i>; lind-plega, <a href="#li1074">1074</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossR">R</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrathe">raðe</a>, adv., <i>quickly, immediately</i>, <a href="#li725">725</a>, Cf. <a class="glentry" href="#glhräthe">hrâðe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrand">rand, rond</a>, st. m., <i>shield</i>: acc. sg, rand, <a href="#li683">683</a>; rond, +<a href="#li657">657</a>, <a href="#li2567">2567</a>, <a href="#li2610">2610</a>; dat. ronde (rond, MS.), <a href="#li2674">2674</a>; under rande, <a href="#li1210">1210</a>; bî +ronde, <a href="#li2539">2539</a>; acc. pl. randas, <a href="#li231">231</a>; rondas, <a href="#li326">326</a>, <a href="#li2654">2654</a>.—Comp.: bord-, +hilde-, sîd-rand.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrandhäbbend">rand-häbbend</a>, pres. part., <i>shield-bearer</i>, i.e. <i>man at +arms, warrior</i>: gen. pl. rond-häbbendra, <a href="#li862">862</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrandwîga">rand-wîga</a>, w. m., <i>shield-warrior, shield-bearing +warrior</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1299">1299</a>; acc. sg. rand-wîgan, <a href="#li1794">1794</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrâd">râd</a>, st. f., <i>road, street</i>; in comp. hran-, segl-, +swan-râd.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgerâd">râd</a>, adj., <i>clever, skilful, ready</i>: acc. pl. neut. +ge-râde, <a href="#li874">874</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrâp">râp</a>, st. m., <i>rope, bond, fetter</i>: in comp. wäl-râp.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrâsian">râsian</a>, w. v., <i>to find, discover</i>: pret. part. þâ wäs +hord râsod, <a href="#li2284">2284</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glräst">räst</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glrest">rest</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glræcan">ræcan</a>, w. v., <i>to reach, reach after</i>: pret. sg. ræhte +ongeán feónd mid folme (<i>reached out his hand toward the foe</i>), +<a href="#li748">748</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-ræcan, <i>to attain, strike, attack</i>: pret. sg. hyne ... wæpne +ge-ræhte (<i>struck him with his sword</i>), <a href="#li2966">2966</a>; so, <a href="#li556">556</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glræd">ræd</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>advice, counsel, resolution; good counsel, +help</i>: nom. sg. nu is ræd gelong eft ät þe ânum (<i>now is help to +be found with thee alone</i>), <a href="#li1377">1377</a>; acc. sg. ræd, <a href="#li172">172</a>, <a href="#li278">278</a>, <a href="#li3081">3081</a>.—2) +<i>advantage, gain, use</i>: acc. sg. þät ræd talað (<i>counts that a +gain</i>), <a href="#li2028">2028</a>; êcne ræd (<i>the eternal gain, everlasting life</i>), +<a href="#li1202">1202</a>; acc. pl. êce rædas, <a href="#li1761">1761</a>.—Comp.: folc-ræd, and adj., ân-, +fäst-ræd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrædan">rædan</a>, st. v., <i>to rule; reign; to possess</i>: pres. part. +rodera rædend (<i>the ruler of the heavens</i>), <a href="#li1556">1556</a>; inf. þone þe þu +mid rihte rædan sceoldest (<i>that thou shouldst possess by +rights</i>), <a href="#li2057">2057</a>; wolde dôm godes dædum rædan gumena gehwylcum +(<i>God's doom would rule over, dispose of, every man in deeds</i>), +<a href="#li2859">2859</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glselerædend">sele-rædend</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrædbora">ræd-bora</a>, w. m. <i>counsellor, adviser</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1326">1326</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glræden">ræden</a>, st. f., <i>order, arrangement, law</i>: see +<a href="#note1143">Note on 1143</a>; comp. worold-ræden(?).</p> + +<p>â-<a class="glentry" name="glâræran">ræran</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to raise, lift up</i>: pret. pl. þâ wæron +monige þe his mæg ... ricone â-rærdon (<i>there were many that lifted +up his brother quickly</i>), <a href="#li2984">2984</a>.—2) figuratively, <i>to spread, +disseminate</i>: pret. part. blæd is â-ræred (<i>thy renown is +far-spread</i>), <a href="#li1704">1704</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glræs">ræs</a>, st. m., <i>on-rush, attack, storm</i>: acc. sg. gûðe ræs +(<i>the storm of battle, attack</i>), <a href="#li2627">2627</a>; instr. pl. gûðe ræsum, +<a href="#li2357">2357</a>.—Comp.: gûð-, hand-, heaðo-, mägen-, wäl-ræs.</p> + +<p>(ge-)<a class="glentry" name="glræsan">ræsan</a>, w. v., <i>to rush (upon)</i>: pret. sg. ræsde on +þone rôfan, <a href="#li2691">2691</a>, <a href="#li2840">2840</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glræswa">ræswa</a>, w. m., <i>prince, ruler</i>: dat. sg. weoroda ræswan, +<a href="#li60">60</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glreccan">reccan</a>, w. v., <i>to explicate, recount, narrate</i>: inf. +frum-sceaft fira feorran reccan (<i>recount the origin of man from +ancient times</i>), <a href="#li91">91</a>; gerund, tô lang is tô reccenne, hû ic ... +(<i>too long to tell how I</i>...), <a href="#li2094">2094</a>; pret. sg. syllîc spell rehte +(<i>told a wondrous tale</i>), <a href="#li2111">2111</a>; so intrans. feorran rehte +(<i>told of olden times</i>), <a href="#li2107">2107</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glreced">reced</a>, st. n., <i>building, house; hall</i> (complete in +itself): nom. sg., <a href="#li412">412</a>, <a href="#li771">771</a>, <a href="#li1800">1800</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li1238">1238</a>; dat. sg. recede, +<a href="#li721">721</a>, <a href="#li729">729</a>, <a href="#li1573">1573</a>; gen. sg. recedes, <a href="#li326">326</a>, <a href="#li725">725</a>, <a href="#li3089">3089</a>; gen. pl. receda, +<a href="#li310">310</a>.—Comp.: eorð-, heal-, horn-, win-reced.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glregnheard">regn-heard</a>, adj., <i>immensely strong, firm</i>: acc. pl. +rondas regn-hearde, <a href="#li326">326</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glregnian">regnian, rênian</a>, w. v., <i>to prepare, bring on</i> or +<i>about</i>: inf. deáð rên[ian] hond-gesteallan (<i>prepare death for +his comrade</i>), <a href="#li2169">2169</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-regnian, <i>to prepare, deck out, adorn</i>: pret. part. medu-benc +monig ... golde ge-regnad, <a href="#li778">778</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glregn">regn-, rên-weard</a>, st. m., <i>mighty guardian</i>: nom. pl. +rên-weardas (of Beówulf and Grendel contending for the possession of +the hall), <a href="#li771">771</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrest">rest, räst</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>bed, resting-place</i>: acc. sg. +räste, <a href="#li139">139</a>; dat. sg. on räste (genam) (<i>from his resting-place</i>), +<a href="#li1299">1299</a>, <a href="#li1586">1586</a>; tô räste (<i>to bed</i>), <a href="#li1238">1238</a>. Comp.: flet-räst, +sele-rest, wäl-rest.—2) <i>repose, rest</i>; in comp. æfen-räst.</p> + +<p>ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., <i>resting-place</i>: in comp. +wind-gereste.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrestan">restan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to rest</i>: inf. restan, <a href="#li1794">1794</a>; pret. sg. +reflex. reste hine þâ rûm-heort, <a href="#li1800">1800</a>.—2) <i>to rest, cease</i>: +inf., <a href="#li1858">1858</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrêc">rêc</a> (O.H.G. rouh), st. m., <i>reek, smoke</i>: instr. sg. rêce, +<a href="#li3157">3157</a>.—Comp.: wäl-, wudu-rêc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrêcan">rêcan</a> (O.H.G. ruohjan), w. v. w. gen., <i>to reck, care about +something, be anxious</i>: pres. sg. III. wæpna ne rêceð (<i>recketh +not for weapons, weapons cannot hurt him</i>), <a href="#li434">434</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrêthe">rêðe</a>, adj., <i>wroth, furious</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li122">122</a>, <a href="#li1586">1586</a>; nom. +pl. rêðe, <a href="#li771">771</a>. Also, of things, <i>wild, rough, fierce</i>: gen. sg. +rêðes and-hâttres (<i>fierce, penetrating heat</i>), <a href="#li2524">2524</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glreáf">reáf</a>, st. n., <i>booty, plunder in war; clothing, garments</i> +(as taken by the victor from the vanquished): in comp. heaðo-, +wäl-reáf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glreáfian">reáfian</a>, w. v., <i>to plunder, rob</i>, w. acc.: inf. hord +reáfian, <a href="#li2774">2774</a>; pret. sg. þenden reáfode rinc ôðerne, <a href="#li2986">2986</a>; wäl +reáfode, <a href="#li3028">3028</a>; pret. pl. wäl reáfedon, <a href="#li1213">1213</a>.</p> + +<p>be-reáfian, w. instr., <i>to bereave, rob of</i>: pret. part. since +be-reáfod, <a href="#li2747">2747</a>; golde be-reáfod, <a href="#li3019">3019</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glreord">reord</a>, st. f., <i>speech, language; tone of voice</i>: acc. sg. +on-cniów mannes reorde (<i>knew, heard, a human voice</i>), <a href="#li2556">2556</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glreordian">reordian</a>, w. v., <i>to speak, talk</i>: inf. fela reordian +<i>(speak much</i>), <a href="#li3026">3026</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-reordian, <i>to entertain, to prepare for</i>: pret. part. þâ wäs +eft swâ ær ... flet-sittendum fägere ge-reorded (<i>again, as before, +the guests were hospitably entertained</i>), 1789</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glreót">reót</a>, st. m.?, f.?, <i>noise, tumult</i>? (<i>grave</i>?): instr. sg. +reóte, <a href="#li2458">2458</a>. Bugge, in Zachers Zeits. <a href="#li4">4</a>, <a href="#li215">215</a>, takes reóte as dat. from +reót (<i>rest, repose</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glreóc">reóc</a>, adj., <i>savage, furious</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li122">122</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbereófan">reófan</a>, st. v., <i>to rob of, bereave</i>: pret. part. w. +instr. acc. sg. fem. golde berofene, <a href="#li2932">2932</a>; instr. sg. reóte berofene, +<a href="#li2458">2458</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glreón">reón</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glrôwan">rôwan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glreótan">reótan</a>, st. v., <i>to weep</i>: pres. pl. ôð þät ... roderas +reótað, <a href="#li1377">1377</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glreów">reów</a>, adj., <i>excited, fierce, wild</i>: in comp. blôd-, gûð-, +wäl-reów. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhreów">hreów</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glricone">ricone</a>, <i>hastily, quickly, immediately</i>, <a href="#li2984">2984</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glriht">riht</a>, st. n., <i>right</i> or <i>privilege; the</i> (abstract) +<i>right</i>: acc. sg. on ryht (<i>according to right</i>), <a href="#li1556">1556</a>; sôð +and riht (<i>truth and right</i>), <a href="#li1701">1701</a>; dat. sg. wið rihte, <a href="#li144">144</a>; +äfter rihte (<i>in accordance with right</i>), <a href="#li1050">1050</a>; syllîc spell +rehte äfter rihte <i>(told a wondrous tale truthfully</i>), <a href="#li2111">2111</a>; mid +rihte, <a href="#li2057">2057</a>; acc. pl. ealde riht (<i>the ten commandments</i>), <a href="#li2331">2331</a>; +—Comp. in êðel-, folc-, land-, un-, word-riht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glriht">riht</a>, adj., <i>straight, right</i>: in comp. up-riht.</p> + +<p>rihte, adv., <i>rightly, correctly</i>, <a href="#li1696">1696</a>. See ät-<a class="glentry" href="#glätrihte">rihte</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrinc">rinc</a>, st. m., <i>man, warrior, hero</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li399">399</a>, <a href="#li2986">2986</a>; +also of Grendel, <a href="#li721">721</a>; acc. sg. rinc, <a href="#li742">742</a>, <a href="#li748">748</a>; dat. sg. rince, <a href="#li953">953</a>; of +Hrôðgâr, <a href="#li1678">1678</a>; gen. pl. rinca, <a href="#li412">412</a>, <a href="#li729">729</a>.—Comp. in beado-, gûð-, here-, +heaðo-, hilde-, mago-, sæ-rinc.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgerisne">risne</a>, ge-<b>rysne</b>, adj., <i>appropriate, proper</i>: +nom. sg. n. ge-rysne, <a href="#li2654">2654</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrîce">rîce</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>realm, land ruled over</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2200">2200</a>, +<a href="#li2208">2208</a>; acc. sg. rîce, <a href="#li913">913</a>, <a href="#li1734">1734</a>, <a href="#li1854">1854</a>, <a href="#li3005">3005</a>; gen. sg. rîces, <a href="#li862">862</a>, <a href="#li1391">1391</a>, +<a href="#li1860">1860</a>, <a href="#li2028">2028</a>, <a href="#li3081">3081</a>. Comp. Swió-rîce.—2) <i>council of chiefs, the king +with his chosen advisers</i>(?): nom. sg. oft gesät rîce tô rûne, <a href="#li172">172</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrîce1">rîce</a>, adj., <i>mighty, powerful</i>: nom. sg. (of Hrôðgâr), +<a href="#li1238">1238</a>; (of Hygelâc), <a href="#li1210">1210</a>; (of Äsc-here), <a href="#li1299">1299</a>; weak form, se rîca +(Hrôðgâr), <a href="#li310">310</a>; (Beówulf), <a href="#li399">399</a>; (Hygelâc), <a href="#li1976">1976</a>.—Comp. gimme-rîce.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrîcsian">rîcsian</a>, <b>rîxian</b>, w. v. intrans., <i>to rule, reign</i>: +inf. rîcsian, <a href="#li2212">2212</a>; pret. sg. rîxode, <a href="#li144">144</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrîdan">rîdan</a>, st. v., <i>to ride</i>: subj. pres. þät his byre rîde giong +on galgan, <a href="#li2446">2446</a>; pres. part. nom. pl. rîdend, <a href="#li2458">2458</a>; inf. wicge rîdan, <a href="#li234">234</a>; +mearum rîdan, <a href="#li856">856</a>; pret. sg. sæ-genga ... se þe on ancre râd, <a href="#li1884">1884</a>; him +tô-geánes râd (<i>rode to meet them</i>), <a href="#li1894">1894</a>; pret. pl. ymbe hlæw riodan +(<i>rode round the grave-mound</i>), <a href="#li3171">3171</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-rîdan, w. acc., <i>to ride over</i>: pret. sg. se þe näs ge-râd +(<i>who rode over the promontory</i>), <a href="#li2899">2899</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrîm">rîm</a>, st. n., <i>series, number</i>: in comp. däg-, un-rîm.</p> + +<p>ge-rîm, st. n., <i>series, number</i>: in comp. dôgor-ge-rim.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgerîman">rîman</a>, w. v., <i>to count together, enumerate in all</i>: +pret. part. in comp. forð-gerîmed.</p> + +<p>â-rîsan, st. v., <i>to arise, rise</i>: imper. sg. â-rîs, <a href="#li1391">1391</a>; pret. +sg. â-râs þâ se rîca, <a href="#li399">399</a>; so, <a href="#li652">652</a>, <a href="#li1791">1791</a>, <a href="#li3031">3031</a>; â-râs þâ bî ronde +(<i>arose by his shield</i>), <a href="#li2539">2539</a>; hwanan sió fæhð â-râs (<i>whence +the feud arose</i>), <a href="#li2404">2404</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrodor">rodor</a>, st. m., <i>ether, firmament, sky</i> (from +<i>radius</i>?, Bugge): gen. sg. rodores candel, <a href="#li1573">1573</a>; nom. pl. +roderas, <a href="#li1377">1377</a>; dat. pl. under roderum, <a href="#li310">310</a>; gen. pl. rodera, <a href="#li1556">1556</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrôf">rôf</a>, adj., <i>fierce, of fierce, heroic, strength, strong</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li2539">2539</a>; also with gen. mägenes rôf (<i>strong in might</i>), +<a href="#li2085">2085</a>; so, þeáh þe he rôf sîe nîð-geweorca, <a href="#li683">683</a>; acc. sg. rôfne, <a href="#li1794">1794</a>; +on þone rôfan, <a href="#li2691">2691</a>.—Comp.: beadu-, brego-, ellen-, heaðo-, hyge-, +sige-rôf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrôt">rôt</a>, adj., <i>glad, joyous</i>: in comp. un-rôt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrôwan">rôwan</a>, st. v., <i>to row</i> (with the arms), <i>swim</i>: +pret. pl. reón (for reówon), <a href="#li512">512</a>, <a href="#li539">539</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrûm">rûm</a>, st. m., <i>space, room</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2691">2691</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrûm">rûm</a>, adj.: 1) <i>roomy, spacious</i>: nom. sg. þûhte him eall tô +rûm, wongas and wîc-stede (<i>fields and dwelling seemed to him all +too broad</i>, i.e. could not hide his shame at the unavenged death of +his murdered son), <a href="#li2462">2462</a>.—2) in moral sense, <i>great, magnanimous, +noble-hearted</i>: acc. sg. þurh rûmne sefan, <a href="#li278">278</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrûmheort">rûm-heort</a>, adj., <i>big-hearted, noble-spirited</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1800">1800</a>, <a href="#li2111">2111</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgerûmlîc">rûm-lîc</a>, adj., <i>commodious, comfortable</i>: compar. +ge-rûm-lîcor, <a href="#li139">139</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrûn">rûn</a>, st. f., <i>secrecy, secret discussion, deliberation</i> or +<i>council</i>: dat. sg. ge-sät rîce tô rûne, <a href="#li172">172</a>.—Comp. beado-rûn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrûnstäf">rûn-stäf</a>, st. m., <i>rune-stave, runic letter</i>: acc. pl. +þurh rûn-stafas, <a href="#li1696">1696</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrûnwita">rûn-wita</a>, w. m., <i>rune-wit, privy councillor, trusted +adviser</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1326">1326</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgerysne">rysne</a>. See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgerisne">risne</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgerýman">rýman</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to make room for, prepare, provide +room</i>: pret. pl. þät hie him ôðer flet eal ge-rýmdon, <a href="#li1087">1087</a>; pret. +part. þâ wäs Geát-mäcgum ... benc gerýmed, <a href="#li492">492</a>; so, <a href="#li1976">1976</a>.—2) <i>to +allow, grant, admit</i>: pret. part. þâ me ge-rýmed wäs (sîð) (<i>as +access was permitted me</i>), <a href="#li3089">3089</a>; þâ him gerýmed wearð, þät hie +wäl-stôwe wealdan môston, <a href="#li2984">2984</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossS">S</a></b></p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesaca">saca</a>, w. m., <i>opponent, antagonist, foe</i>: acc. sg. +ge-sacan, <a href="#li1774">1774</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsacan">sacan</a>, st. v., <i>to strive, contend</i>: inf. ymb feorh sacan, +<a href="#li439">439</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sacan, <i>to attain, gain by contending</i> (Grein): inf. gesacan +sceal sâwl-berendra ... gearwe stôwe <i>(gain the place prepared</i>, +i.e. the death-bed), <a href="#li1005">1005</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonsacan">on-sacan</a>: 1) (originally in a lawsuit), <i>to withdraw, take +away, deprive of</i>: pres. subj. þätte freoðuwebbe feores +on-säce ... leófne mannan, <a href="#li1943">1943</a>.—2) <i>to contest, dispute, +withstand</i>: inf. þät he sæmannum on-sacan mihte (i.e. hord, bearn, +and brýde), <a href="#li2955">2955</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsacu">sacu</a>, st. f., <i>strife, hostility, feud</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1858">1858</a>, +<a href="#li2473">2473</a>; acc. sg. säce, <a href="#li154">154</a>; säcce, <a href="#li1978">1978</a>, <a href="#li1990">1990</a>, <a href="#li2348">2348</a>, <a href="#li2500">2500</a>, <a href="#li2563">2563</a>; dat. +sg. ät (tô) säcce, <a href="#li954">954</a>, <a href="#li1619">1619</a>, <a href="#li1666">1666</a>, <a href="#li2613">2613</a>, <a href="#li2660">2660</a>, <a href="#li2682">2682</a>, <a href="#li2687">2687</a>; gen. sg. +secce, <a href="#li601">601</a>; gen. pl. säcca, <a href="#li2030">2030</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sacu, st. f., <i>strife, enmity</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1738">1738</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsadol">sadol</a>, st. m., <i>saddle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1039">1039</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsadolbeorht">sadol-beorht</a>, adj., <i>with bright saddles</i> (?): acc. pl. +sadol-beorht, <a href="#li2176">2176</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesaga">saga</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsecgan">secgan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsamne">samne, somne</a>, adv., <i>together, united</i>; in ät-somne, +<i>together, united</i>, <a href="#li307">307</a>, <a href="#li402">402</a>, <a href="#li491">491</a>, <a href="#li544">544</a>, <a href="#li2848">2848</a>.</p> + +<p>tô-somne (<i>together</i>), <a href="#li3123">3123</a>; þâ se wyrm ge-beáh snûde tô-somne +(<i>when the dragon quickly coiled together</i>), <a href="#li2569">2569</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsamod">samod, somod</a>: I. adv., <i>simultaneously, at the same time</i>: +somod, <a href="#li1212">1212</a>, <a href="#li1615">1615</a>, <a href="#li2175">2175</a>, <a href="#li2988">2988</a>; samod, <a href="#li2197">2197</a>; samod ät-gädere, <a href="#li387">387</a>, <a href="#li730">730</a>, +<a href="#li1064">1064</a>.—II. prep. w. dat., <i>with, at the same time with</i>: samod +ær-däge (<i>with the break of day</i>), <a href="#li1312">1312</a>; somod ær-däge, <a href="#li2943">2943</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsand">sand</a>, st. n., <i>sand, sandy shore</i>: dat. sg. on sande, <a href="#li295">295</a>, +<a href="#li1897">1897</a>, <a href="#li3043">3043</a>(?); äfter sande (<i>along the shore</i>), <a href="#li1965">1965</a>; wið sande, +<a href="#li213">213</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsang">sang</a>, st. m., <i>song, cry, noise</i>: nom. sg. sang, <a href="#li1064">1064</a>; +swutol sang scôpes, <a href="#li90">90</a>; acc. sg. sige-leásne sang (Grendel's cry of +woe), <a href="#li788">788</a>; sârigne sang (Hrêðel's dirge for Herebeald), <a href="#li2448">2448</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsâl">sâl</a>, st. m., <i>rope</i>: dat. sg. sâle, <a href="#li1907">1907</a>; on sâle (sole, +MS.), <a href="#li302">302</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsâl1">sâl</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsæl">sæl</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsâr">sâr</a>, st. n., <i>wound, pain</i> (physical or spiritual): nom. +sg. sâr, <a href="#li976">976</a>; sió sâr, <a href="#li2469">2469</a>; acc. sg. sâr, <a href="#li788">788</a>; sâre, <a href="#li2296">2296</a>; dat. +(instr.) sg. sâre, <a href="#li1252">1252</a>, <a href="#li2312">2312</a>, <a href="#li2747">2747</a>.—Comp. lîc-sâr.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsâr">sâr</a>, adj., <i>sore, painful</i>: instr. pl. sârum wordum, <a href="#li2059">2059</a>.</p> + +<p>sâre, adv., <i>sorely, heavily, ill</i>, graviter: se þe him [sâ]re +gesceôd (<i>who injured him sorely</i>), <a href="#li2224">2224</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsârig">sârig</a>, adj., <i>painful, woeful</i>: acc. sg. sârigne sang, +<a href="#li2448">2448</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsârigferth">sârig-ferð</a>, adj., <i>sore-hearted, grieved</i>: nom. sg. +sârig-ferð (Wîglâf), <a href="#li2864">2864</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsârigmôd">sârig-môd</a>, adj., <i>sorrowful-minded, saddened</i>: dat. pl. +sârig-môdum, <a href="#li2943">2943</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsârlîc">sâr-lîc</a>, adj., <i>painful</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li843">843</a>; acc. sg. neut., +<a href="#li2110">2110</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsâwol">sâwol, sâwl</a>, st. f., <i>soul</i> (the immortal principle as +contrasted with lîf, the physical life): nom. sg. sâwol, <a href="#li2821">2821</a>; acc. +sg. sâwle, <a href="#li184">184</a>, <a href="#li802">802</a>; hæðene sâwle, <a href="#li853">853</a>; gen. sg. sâwele, <a href="#li1743">1743</a>; sâwle, +<a href="#li2423">2423</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsâwlberend">sâwl-berend</a>, pres. part., <i>endowed with a soul, human +being</i>: gen. pl. sâwl-berendra, <a href="#li1005">1005</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsâwuldreór">sâwul-dreór</a>, st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), +<i>soul-gore, heart's blood, life's blood</i>: instr. sg. +sâwul-drióre, <a href="#li2694">2694</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsâwulleás">sâwul-leás</a>, adj., <i>soulless, lifeless</i>: acc. sg. +sâwol-leásne, <a href="#li1407">1407</a>; sâwul-leásne, <a href="#li3034">3034</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsäce">säce, säcce</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsacu">sacu</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsäd">säd</a>, adj., <i>satiated, wearied</i>: in comp. hilde-säd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsäl">säl</a>, st. n., <i>habitable space, house</i>, <i>hall</i>: dat. +sg. sel, <a href="#li167">167</a>; säl, <a href="#li307">307</a>, <a href="#li2076">2076</a>, <a href="#li2265">2265</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsäld">säld</a>, st. n., <i>hall, king's hall</i> or <i>palace</i>: acc. +sg. geond þät säld (Heorot), <a href="#li1281">1281</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsæ">sæ</a>, st. m. and f., <i>sea, ocean</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li579">579</a>, <a href="#li1224">1224</a>; acc. +sg. on sîdne sæ, <a href="#li507">507</a>; ofer sæ, <a href="#li2381">2381</a>; ofer sæ sîde, <a href="#li2395">2395</a>; dat. sg. tô +sæ, <a href="#li318">318</a>; on sæ, <a href="#li544">544</a>; dat. pl. be sæm tweonum, <a href="#li859">859</a>, <a href="#li1298">1298</a>, <a href="#li1686">1686</a>, <a href="#li1957">1957</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsæbât">sæ-bât</a>, st. m., <i>sea-boat</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li634">634</a>, <a href="#li896">896</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsæcyning">sæ-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>sea-king, king ruling the sea</i>: gen. +pl. sæ-cyninga, <a href="#li2383">2383</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsædeór">sæ-deór</a>, st. n., <i>sea-beast, sea-monster</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1511">1511</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsædraca">sæ-draca</a>, w. m., <i>sea-dragon</i>: acc. pl. sæ-dracan, <a href="#li1427">1427</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesægan">sægan</a>, w. v., <i>to fell, slay</i>: pret. part. häfdon +eal-fela eotena cynnes sweordum ge-sæged (<i>felled with the +sword</i>), <a href="#li885">885</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsæge">sæge</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glonsæge">on-sæge</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsægenga">sæ-genga</a>, w. m., <i>sea-goer</i>, i.e. sea-going ship: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1883">1883</a>, <a href="#li1909">1909</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsægeáp">sæ-geáp</a>, adj., <i>spacious</i> (broad enough for the sea): nom. +sg. sæ-geáp naca, <a href="#li1897">1897</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsægrund">sæ-grund</a>, st. m., <i>sea-bottom, ocean-bottom</i>: dat. sg. +sæ-grunde, <a href="#li564">564</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsæl">sæl, sâl, sêl</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>favorable opportunity, good</i> or +<i>fit time</i>: nom. sg. sæl, <a href="#li623">623</a>, <a href="#li1666">1666</a>, <a href="#li2059">2059</a>; sæl and mæl, <a href="#li1009">1009</a>; +acc. sg. sêle, <a href="#li1136">1136</a>; gen. pl. sæla and mæla, <a href="#li1612">1612</a>.—2) <i>Fate</i>(?): +see <a href="#note51">Note on l. 51</a>.—3) <i>happiness, joy</i>: dat. pl. on sâlum, <a href="#li608">608</a>; +sælum, <a href="#li644">644</a>, <a href="#li1171">1171</a>, <a href="#li1323">1323</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsêl">sêl</a>, adj.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesælan">sælan</a>, w. v., <i>to turn out favorably, succeed</i>: pret. +sg. him ge-sælde þät ...(<i>he was fortunate enough to</i>, etc.), <a href="#li891">891</a>; +so, <a href="#li574">574</a>; efne swylce mæla, swylce hira man-dryhtne þearf ge-sælde +(<i>at such times as need disposed it for their lord</i>), <a href="#li1251">1251</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsælan">sælan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glsâl">sâl</a>), w. v., <i>to tie, bind</i>: pret. sg. +sælde ... sîð-fäðme scip, <a href="#li1918">1918</a>; pl. sæ-wudu sældon, <a href="#li226">226</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sælan, <i>to bind together, weave, interweave</i>: pret. part. +earm-beága fela searwum ge-sæled (<i>many curiously interwoven +armlets</i>, i.e. made of metal wire: see Guide to Scandinavian +Antiquities, p. 48), <a href="#li2765">2765</a>.</p> + +<p>on-sælan, with acc., <i>to unbind, unloose, open</i>: on-sæl meoto, +sige-hrêð secgum (<i>disclose thy views to the men, thy victor's +courage</i>; or, <i>thy presage of victory</i>?), <a href="#li489">489</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsælâc">sæ-lâc</a>, st. n., <i>sea-gift, sea-booty</i>: instr. sg. sæ-lâce, +<a href="#li1625">1625</a>; acc. pl. þâs sæ-lâc, <a href="#li1653">1653</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsælâd">sæ-lâd</a>, st. f., <i>sea-way, sea-journey</i>: dat. sg. sæ-lâde, +<a href="#li1140">1140</a>, <a href="#li1158">1158</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsælîthend">sæ-lîðend</a>, pres. part., <i>seafarer</i>: nom. pl. sæ-lîðend, +<a href="#li411">411</a>, <a href="#li1819">1819</a>, <a href="#li2807">2807</a>; sæ-lîðende, <a href="#li377">377</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsæman">sæ-man</a>, m., <i>sea-man, sea-warrior</i>: dat. pl. sæ-mannum, +<a href="#li2955">2955</a>; gen. pl. sæ-manna, <a href="#li329">329</a> (both times said of the Geátas).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsæmra">sæmra</a>, weak adj. compar., <i>the worse, the weaker</i>: nom. +sg. sæmra, <a href="#li2881">2881</a>; dat. sg. sæmran, <a href="#li954">954</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsæmêthe">sæ-mêðe</a>, adj., <i>sea-weary, exhausted by sea-travel</i>: nom. +pl. sæ-mêðe, <a href="#li325">325</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsænäs">sæ-näs</a>, st. m., <i>sea-promontory, cape, naze</i>: acc. pl. +sæ-nässas, <a href="#li223">223</a>, <a href="#li571">571</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsæne">sæne</a>, adj., <i>careless, slow</i>: compar. sg. nom. he on holme +wäs sundes þê sænra, þe hyne swylt fornam (<i>was the slower in +swimming in the sea, whom death took away</i>), <a href="#li1437">1437</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsærinc">sæ-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>sea-warrior</i> or <i>hero</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li691">691</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsæsîth">sæ-sîð</a>, st. m., <i>sea-way, path, journey</i>: dat. sg. äfter +sæ-sîðe, <a href="#li1150">1150</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsæwang">sæ-wang</a>, st. m., <i>sea-shore</i> or <i>beach</i>: acc. sg. +sæ-wong, <a href="#li1965">1965</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsæweal">sæ-weal</a>, st. m., <i>(sea-wall), seashore</i>: dat. sg. +sæ-wealle, <a href="#li1925">1925</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsæwudu">sæ-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>(sea-wood), vessel, ship</i>: acc. sg. +sæ-wudu, <a href="#li226">226</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsæwylm">sæ-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>sea-surf, billow</i>: acc. pl. ofer +sæ-wylmas, <a href="#li393">393</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscacan">scacan, sceacan</a>, st. v., properly, <i>to shake one's self</i>; +hence, <i>to go, glide, pass along</i> or <i>away</i>: pres. sg. þonne +mîn sceaceð lîf of lîce, <a href="#li2743">2743</a>; inf. þâ com beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer +grundas], (<i>the bright sun came gliding over the fields</i>), <a href="#li1804">1804</a>; +pret. sg. duguð ellor scôc <i>(the chiefs are gone elsewhither</i>, +i.e. have died), <a href="#li2255">2255</a>; þonne stræla storm ... scôc ofer scild-weall +(<i>when the storm of arrows leapt over the wall of shields</i>), +<a href="#li3119">3119</a>; pret. part. wäs hira blæd scacen (<i>their bravest men had +passed away</i>), <a href="#li1125">1125</a>; þâ wäs winter scacen (<i>the winter was +past</i>), <a href="#li1137">1137</a>; so, sceacen, <a href="#li2307">2307</a>, <a href="#li2728">2728</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscadu">scadu, sceadu</a>, st. f., <i>shadow, concealing veil of night</i>: +acc. sg. under sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), <a href="#li708">708</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscadugenga">scadu-genga</a>, w. m., <i>shadow-goer, twilight-stalker</i> (of +Grendel): nom. sg. sceadu-genga, <a href="#li704">704</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscaduhelm">scadu-helm</a>, st. m., <i>shadow-helm, veil of darkness</i>: gen. +pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu (<i>shapes of the shadow, evil spirits +wandering by night</i>), <a href="#li651">651</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscalu">scalu</a>, st. f., <i>retinue, band</i> (part of an armed force); +in comp. hand-scalu: mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), <a href="#li1318">1318</a>, <a href="#li1964">1964</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscamian">scamian</a>, w. v., <i>to be ashamed</i>: pres. part. nom. pl. +scamiende, <a href="#li2851">2851</a>; nô he þære feoh-gyfte ... scamigan þorfte (<i>needed +not be ashamed of his treasure-giving</i>), <a href="#li1027">1027</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscawa">scawa</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glsceáwian">sceáwian</a>), w. m., <i>observer, visitor</i>: +nom. pl. scawan, <a href="#li1896">1896</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgescâd">scâd</a>, st. n., <i>difference, distinction</i>: acc. sg. +æg-hwäðres gescâd, worda and worca (<i>difference between, of, both +words and deeds</i>), <a href="#li288">288</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgescâdan">scâdan</a>, st. v., <i>to decide, adjudge</i>: pret. sg. rodera +rædend hit on ryht gescêd (<i>decided it in accordance with +right</i>), <a href="#li1556">1556</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscânan">scânan</a>? See <a class="glentry" href="#glscînan">scînan</a>, pret. pl. scionon, <a href="#li303">303</a>; the +imaginary scânan having been abandoned.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgescäphwîle">scäp-hwîle</a>, st. f., <i>fated hour, hour of death (appointed +rest?)</i>: dat. sg. tô gescäp-hwîle (<i>at the fated hour</i>), <a href="#li26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceththan">sceððan</a>, w. v., <i>to scathe, injure</i>: inf. w. dat. pers., <a href="#li1034">1034</a>; +aldre sceððan (<i>hurt her life</i>), <a href="#li1525">1525</a>; þät on land Dena lâðra +nænig mid scipherge sceððan ne meahte (<i>injure through robber +incursions</i>), <a href="#li243">243</a>; pret. sg. þær him nænig wäter wihte ne sceðede, +<a href="#li1515">1515</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesceththan">sceððan</a>, the same: inf. þät him ... ne mihte eorres +inwit-feng aldre gesceððan, <a href="#li1448">1448</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscenc">scenc</a>, st. m., <i>vessel, can</i>: in comp. medu-scenc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscencan">scencan</a>, w. v., <i>to hand drink, pour out</i>: pret. sg. +scencte scîr wered, <a href="#li496">496</a> (cf. skinker = cup-bearer).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscenne">scenne</a>, w. f.?, <i>sword-guard?</i>: dat. pl. on þæm scennum +scîran goldes, <a href="#li1695">1695</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceran">sceran</a>, st. v., <i>to shear off, cleave, hew to pieces</i>: pres. +sg. þonne heoru bunden ... swîn ofer helme andweard scireð (<i>hews off the +boar-head on the helm</i>), <a href="#li1288">1288</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sceran, <i>to divide, hew in two</i>: pret. sg. helm oft ge-scär +(<i>often clove the helm in two</i>), <a href="#li1527">1527</a>; so, gescer, <a href="#li2974">2974</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscerwen">scerwen</a>, st. f.?, in comp. ealu-scerwen (<i>ale-scare</i> or +<i>panic</i>?), <a href="#li770">770</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscêt">scêt</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsceótan">sceótan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceadu">sceadu</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glscadu">scadu</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceatha">sceaða</a>, w. m.: 1) <i>scather, foe</i>: gen. pl. sceaðena, <a href="#li4">4</a>.—2) +<i>fighter, warrior</i>: nom. pl. scaðan, <a href="#li1804">1804</a>.—Comp.: âttor-, dol-, +feónd-, gûð-, hearm-, leód-, mân-, sin-, þeód-, uht-sceaða.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceathan">sceaðan</a>, st. v. w. dat., <i>to scathe, injure, crush</i>: pret. +sg. se þe oft manegum scôd (<i>which has oft oppressed many</i>), +<a href="#li1888">1888</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sceaðan, w. dat., the same: pret. sg. swâ him ær gescôd hild ät +Heorote, <a href="#li1588">1588</a>; se þe him sâre ge-sceôd (<i>who injured him +sorely</i>), <a href="#li2224">2224</a>; nô þý ær in gescôd hâlan lîce, <a href="#li1503">1503</a>; bill ær gescôd +eald-hlâfordes þam þâra mâðma mund-bora wäs (<i>the weapon of the +ancient chieftain had before laid low the dragon, the guardian of the +treasure</i>), <a href="#li2778">2778</a> (or, <i>sheathed in brass</i>?, if ær and gescôd +form compound).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceathenmæl">sceaðen-mæl</a>, st. n., <i>deadly weapon, hostile sword</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1940">1940</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceaft">sceaft</a>, st. m., <i>shaft, spear, missile</i>: nom. sg. sceft, +<a href="#li3119">3119</a>.—Comp.: here-, wäl-sceaft.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesceaft">sceaft</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>creation, earth, earthly +existence</i>: acc. sg. þâs lænan ge-sceaft, <a href="#li1623">1623</a>.—2) <i>fate, +destiny</i>: in comp. forð-, lîf-, mæl-gesceaft.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscealc">scealc</a>, st. m., <i>servant, military retainer</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li919">919</a>; (of Beówulf), <a href="#li940">940</a>.—Comp beór-scealc.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesceap">sceap</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>shape, creature</i>: nom. pl. +scadu-helma ge-sceapu, <a href="#li651">651</a>.—2) <i>fate, providence</i>: acc. sg. heáh +ge-sceap (<i>heavy fate</i>), <a href="#li3085">3085</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceapan">sceapan, sceppan, scyppan</a>, st. v., <i>to shape, create, order, +arrange, establish</i>: pres. part. scyppend (<i>the Creator</i>), +<a href="#li106">106</a>; pret. sg. scôp him Heort naman (<i>shaped, gave, it the name +Heorot</i>), <a href="#li78">78</a>; pres. part. wäs sió wrôht scepen heard wið Hûgas, +syððan Hygelâc cwom (<i>the contest with the Hûgas became sharp after +H. had come</i>), <a href="#li2915">2915</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sceapan, <i>to shape, create</i>: pret. sg. lîf ge-sceôp cynna +gehwylcum, <a href="#li97">97</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscear">scear</a>, st. m., <i>massacre</i>: in comp. gûð-, inwit-scear, +<a href="#li2429">2429</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscearp">scearp</a>, adj., <i>sharp, able, brave</i>: nom. sg. scearp +scyld-wîga, <a href="#li288">288</a>.—Comp.: beadu-, heaðo-scearp.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscearu">scearu</a>, st. f., <i>division, body, troop</i>: in comp. +folc-scearu; <i>that is decided</i> or <i>determined</i>, in +gûð-scearu (<i>overthrow</i>?), <a href="#li1214">1214</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceat">sceat</a>, st. m., <i>money</i>; also <i>unit of value in +appraising</i> (cf. Rieger in Zacher's Zeits. 3, 415): acc. pl. +sceattas, <a href="#li1687">1687</a>. When numbers are given, sceat appears to be left out, +cf. <a href="#li2196">2196</a>, <a href="#li2995">2995</a> (see þûsend).—Comp. gif-sceat.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceát">sceát</a>, st. m., <i>region, field</i>: acc. pl. gefrätwade foldan +sceátas leomum and leáfum, <a href="#li96">96</a>;—<i>top, surface, part</i>: gen. pl. +eorðan sceáta, <a href="#li753">753</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceáwere">sceáwere</a>, st. m., <i>observer, spy</i>: nom. pl. sceáweras, +<a href="#li253">253</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceáwian">sceáwian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to see, look at, observe</i>: inf. +sceáwian, <a href="#li841">841</a>, <a href="#li1414">1414</a>, <a href="#li2403">2403</a>, <a href="#li2745">2745</a>, <a href="#li3009">3009</a>, <a href="#li3033">3033</a>; sceáwigan, <a href="#li1392">1392</a>; pres. +sg. II. þät ge genôge neán sceáwiað beágas and brâd gold, <a href="#li3105">3105</a>; subj. +pres. þät ic ... sceáwige swegle searo-gimmas, <a href="#li2749">2749</a>; pret. sg. +sceáwode, <a href="#li1688">1688</a>, <a href="#li2286">2286</a>, <a href="#li2794">2794</a>; sg. for pl., <a href="#li844">844</a>; pret. pl. sceáwedon, +<a href="#li132">132</a>, <a href="#li204">204</a>, <a href="#li984">984</a>, <a href="#li1441">1441</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sceáwian, <i>to see, behold, observe</i>: pret. part. ge-sceáwod, +<a href="#li3076">3076</a>, <a href="#li3085">3085</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceorp">sceorp</a>, st. n., <i>garment</i>: in comp. hilde-sceorp.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceótan">sceótan</a>, st. v., <i>to shoot, hurl missiles</i>: pres. sg. se +þe of flân-bogan fyrenum sceóteð, <a href="#li1745">1745</a>; pres. part. nom. pl. sceótend +(<i>the warriors, bowmen</i>), <a href="#li704">704</a>, <a href="#li1155">1155</a>; dat. pl. for sceótendum (MS. +scotenum), <a href="#li1027">1027</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sceótan, w. acc., <i>to shoot off, hurry</i>: pret. sg. hord eft +gesceát (<i>the dragon darted again back to the treasure</i>), <a href="#li2320">2320</a>.</p> + +<p>of-sceótan, <i>to kill by shooting</i>: pret. sg. his mæg of-scêt ... +blôdigan gâre <i>(killed his brother with bloody dart</i>), <a href="#li2440">2440</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscild">scild, scyld</a>, st. m., <i>shield</i>: nom. sg. scyld, <a href="#li2571">2571</a>; acc. +sg. scyld, <a href="#li437">437</a>, <a href="#li2076">2076</a>; acc. pl. scyldas, <a href="#li325">325</a>, <a href="#li333">333</a>, <a href="#li2851">2851</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscildan">scildan, scyldan</a>, w. v., <i>to shield, protect</i>: pret. subj. +nymðe mec god scylde (<i>if God had not shielded me</i>), <a href="#li1659">1659</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscildfreca">scild-freca</a>, w. m., <i>shield-warrior</i> (warrior armed with +a shield): nom. sg. scyld-freca, <a href="#li1034">1034</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscildweall">scild-weall</a>, st. m., <i>wall of shields</i>: acc. sg. +scild-weall, <a href="#li3119">3119</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscildwîga">scild-wîga</a>, w. m., <i>shield-warrior</i>: nom. sg. scyld-wîga, +<a href="#li288">288</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscinna">scinna</a>, w. m., <i>apparition, evil spirit</i>: dat. pl. +scynnum, <a href="#li940">940</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscip">scip</a>, st. n., <i>vessel, ship</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li302">302</a>; acc. sg., +<a href="#li1918">1918</a>; dat. sg. tô scipe, <a href="#li1896">1896</a>; gen. sg. scipes, <a href="#li35">35</a>, <a href="#li897">897</a>; dat pl. tô +scypum (scypon, MS.), <a href="#li1155">1155</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsciphere">scip-here</a>, st. m., (exercitus navalis) <i>armada, fleet</i>: +dat. sg. mid scip-herge, <a href="#li243">243</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgescîfe">scîfe</a> (for ge-<b>scýfe</b>), adj., <i>advancing</i> (of the +dragon's movement), <a href="#li2571">2571</a>; = G. <i>schief</i>?</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscînan">scînan</a>, st. v., <i>to shine, flash</i>: pres. sg. sunne ... +sûðan scîneð, <a href="#li607">607</a>; so, <a href="#li1572">1572</a>; inf. geseah blâcne leóman beorhte scînan, +<a href="#li1518">1518</a>; pret. sg. (gûð-byrne, woruld—candel) scân, <a href="#li321">321</a>, <a href="#li1966">1966</a>; on him +byrne scân, <a href="#li405">405</a>; pret. pl. gold-fâg scinon web äfter wagum, <a href="#li995">995</a>; +scionon, <a href="#li303">303</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscîr">scîr</a>, adj., <i>sheer, pure, shining</i>: nom. sg. hring-îren +scîr, <a href="#li322">322</a>; scîr metod, <a href="#li980">980</a>; acc. sg. n. scîr wered, <a href="#li496">496</a>; gen. sg. +scîran goldes, <a href="#li1695">1695</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscîrham">scîr-ham</a>, adj., <i>bright-armored, clad in bright mail</i>: +nom. pl. scîr-hame, <a href="#li1896">1896</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscoten">scoten</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsceótan">sceóten</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgescôd">scôd</a>, pret. part., <i>shod</i> (calceatus), <i>covered</i>: +in comp. ær-ge-scôd(?). See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glsceathan">sceaðan</a>, and Note.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscôp">scôp</a>, st. m., <i>singer, shaper, poet</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li496">496</a>, <a href="#li1067">1067</a>; +gen. sg. scôpes, <a href="#li90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscräf">scräf</a>, st. n., <i>hole in the earth, cavern</i>: in comp. +eorð-scräf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscrîthan">scrîðan</a>, st. v., <i>to stride, go</i>: pres. pl. scrîðað, <a href="#li163">163</a>; +inf. scrîðan, <a href="#li651">651</a>, <a href="#li704">704</a>; scrîðan tô, <a href="#li2570">2570</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscrîfan">scrîfan</a>, st. v., <i>to prescribe, impose</i> (punishment): inf. +hû him (Grendel) scîr metod scrîfan wille, <a href="#li980">980</a>.</p> + +<p>for-scrîfan, w. dat. pers., <i>to proscribe, condemn</i>: pret. part. +siððan him scyppend for-scrifen häfde, <a href="#li106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-scrîfan, <i>to permit, prescribe</i>: pret. sg. swâ him Wyrd ne +ge-scrâf (<i>as Weird did not permit him</i>), <a href="#li2575">2575</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscrûd">scrûd</a>, st. m., <i>clothing, covering; ornament</i>: in comp. +beadu-, byrdu-scrûd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscucca">scucca</a>, w. m., <i>shadowy sprite, demon</i>: dat. pl. scuccum, +<a href="#li940">940</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsculan">sculan</a>, aux. v. w. inf.: 1) <i>shall, must</i> (obligation): +pres. sg. I., III. sceal, <a href="#li20">20</a>, <a href="#li24">24</a>, <a href="#li183">183</a>, <a href="#li251">251</a>, <a href="#li271">271</a>, <a href="#li287">287</a>, <a href="#li440">440</a>, <a href="#li978">978</a>, <a href="#li1005">1005</a>, +<a href="#li1173">1173</a>, <a href="#li1387">1387</a>, <a href="#li1535">1535</a>, etc.; scel, <a href="#li455">455</a>, <a href="#li2805">2805</a>, <a href="#li3011">3011</a>; II. scealt, <a href="#li589">589</a>, <a href="#li2667">2667</a>; +subj. pres. scyle, <a href="#li2658">2658</a>; scile, <a href="#li3178">3178</a>; pret. ind. sg. I., III. scolde, +<a href="#li10">10</a>, <a href="#li806">806</a>, <a href="#li820">820</a>, <a href="#li966">966</a>, <a href="#li1071">1071</a>, <a href="#li1444">1444</a>, <a href="#li1450">1450</a>, etc.; sceolde, <a href="#li2342">2342</a>, <a href="#li2409">2409</a>, <a href="#li2443">2443</a>, +<a href="#li2590">2590</a>, <a href="#li2964">2964</a>; II. sceoldest, <a href="#li2057">2057</a>; pl. scoldon, <a href="#li41">41</a>, <a href="#li833">833</a>, <a href="#li1306">1306</a>, <a href="#li1638">1638</a>; +subj. pret. scolde, <a href="#li1329">1329</a>, <a href="#li1478">1478</a>; sceolde, <a href="#li2709">2709</a>.—2) w. inf. following +it expresses futurity, = <i>shall, will</i>: pres. sg. I., III. sceal +beódan (<i>shall offer</i>), <a href="#li384">384</a>; so, <a href="#li424">424</a>, <a href="#li438">438</a>, <a href="#li602">602</a>, <a href="#li637">637</a>, <a href="#li1061">1061</a>, <a href="#li1707">1707</a>, +<a href="#li1856">1856</a>, <a href="#li1863">1863</a>, <a href="#li2070">2070</a>; sceall, <a href="#li2499">2499</a>, <a href="#li2509">2509</a>, etc.; II. scealt, <a href="#li1708">1708</a>; pl. wit +sculon, <a href="#li684">684</a>; subj. pret. scolde, <a href="#li280">280</a>, <a href="#li692">692</a>, <a href="#li911">911</a>; sceolde, <a href="#li3069">3069</a>.—3) +sculan sometimes forms a periphrastic phrase or circumlocution for a +simple tense, usually with a slight feeling of obligation or +necessity: pres. sg. he ge-wunian sceall (<i>he inhabits; is said to +inhabit?</i>), <a href="#li2276">2276</a>; pret. sg. se þe wäter-egesan wunian scolde, <a href="#li1261">1261</a>; +wäcnan scolde (<i>was to awake</i>), <a href="#li85">85</a>; se þone gomelan grêtan +sceolde (<i>was to, should, approach</i>), <a href="#li2422">2422</a>; þät se byrn-wîga +bûgan sceolde (<i>the corseleted warrior had to bow, fell</i>), <a href="#li2919">2919</a>; +pl. þâ þe beado-grîman býwan sceoldon (<i>they that had to polish or +deck the battle-masks</i>), <a href="#li2258">2258</a>; so, <a href="#li230">230</a>, <a href="#li705">705</a>, <a href="#li1068">1068</a>.—4) w. omitted +inf., such as wesan, gangan: unc sceal worn fela mâðma ge-mænra (i.e. +wesan). <a href="#li1784">1784</a>; so, <a href="#li2660">2660</a>; sceal se hearda helm ... fätum befeallen (i.e. +wesan), <a href="#li2256">2256</a>; ic him äfter sceal (i.e. gangan), <a href="#li2817">2817</a>; subj. þonne þu +forð scyle (i.e. gangan), <a href="#li1180">1180</a>. A verb or inf. expressed in an +antecedent clause is not again expressed with a subsequent sceal: gæð +â Wyrd swâ hió scel (<i>Weird goeth ever as it shall</i> [go]), <a href="#li455">455</a>; +gûð-bill ge-swâc swâ hit nô sceolde (i.e. ge-swîcan), <a href="#li2586">2586</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscûa">scûa</a>, w. m., <i>shadowy demon</i>: in comp. deáð-scûa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscûfan">scûfan</a>, st. v.: 1) intrans., <i>to move forward, hasten</i>: +pret. part. þâ wäs morgen-leóht scofen and scynded, <a href="#li919">919</a>.—2) w. acc., +<i>to shove, push</i>: pret. pl. guman ût scufon ... wudu bundenne +(<i>pushed the vessel from the land</i>), <a href="#li215">215</a>; dracan scufun ... ofer +weall-clif (<i>pushed the dragon over the wall-like cliff</i>), <a href="#li3132">3132</a>. +See <a class="glentry" href="#glwîdscofen">wîd-scofen</a>(?)</p> + +<p>be-scûfan, w. acc., <i>to push, thrust down, in</i>: inf. wâ bið þäm +þe sceal ... sâwle be-scûfan in fýres fäðm (<i>woe to him that shall +thrust his soul into fire's embrace</i>), <a href="#li184">184</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscûr">scûr</a>, st. m., <i>shower, battle-shower</i>: in comp. +îsern-scûr.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscûrheard">scûr-heard</a>, adj., <i>fight-hardened? (file-hardened?</i>): nom. +pl. scûr-heard, <a href="#li1034">1034</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscyld">scyld, scyldan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glscild">scild, scildan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscyldig">scyldig</a>, adj., <i>under obligations</i> or <i>bound for; guilty +of</i>, w. gen. and instr.: ealdres (morðres) scyldig, <a href="#li1339">1339</a>, <a href="#li1684">1684</a>, +<a href="#li2062">2062</a>; synnum scyldig (<i>guilty of evil deeds</i>), <a href="#li3072">3072</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscyndan">scyndan</a>, w. v., <i>to hasten</i>: inf. scyndan, <a href="#li2571">2571</a>; pret. +part, scynded, 919</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscynna">scynna</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glscinna">scinna</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscyppend">scyppend</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsceapan">sceapan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscyran">scyran</a>, w. v., <i>to arrange, decide</i>: inf. þät hit +sceaðen-mæl scyran môste (<i>that the sword must decide it</i>), <a href="#li1940">1940</a>. +O.N. skora, <i>to score, decide</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscýne">scýne</a>, adj., <i>sheen, well-formed, beautiful</i>: nom. sg. +mägð scýne, <a href="#li3017">3017</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glse">se</a>, pron. dem. and article, <i>the</i>: m. nom., <a href="#li79">79</a>, <a href="#li84">84</a>, <a href="#li86">86</a>, <a href="#li87">87</a>, <a href="#li90">90</a>, +<a href="#li92">92</a>, <a href="#li102">102</a>, etc.; fem, seó, <a href="#li66">66</a>, <a href="#li146">146</a>, etc.; neut. þät;—relative: se +(<i>who</i>), <a href="#li1611">1611</a>, <a href="#li2866">2866</a>; se þe (<i>he who</i>), <a href="#li2293">2293</a>; seó þe (<i>she +who</i>), <a href="#li1446">1446</a>; se þe (for seó þe), <a href="#li1345">1345</a>, <a href="#li1888">1888</a>, <a href="#li2686">2686</a>; cf. <a href="#li1261">1261</a>, <a href="#li1498">1498</a>; +(Grendel's mother, as a wild, demonic creature, is conceived now as +man, now as woman: woman, as having borne a son; man, as the +incarnation of savage cunning and power); se for seó, <a href="#li2422">2422</a>; dat. sg. +þam (for þam þe), <a href="#li2780">2780</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsecce">secce</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsacu">sacu</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsecg">secg</a>, st. m., <i>man, warrior, hero, spokesman</i> (secgan?): +nom. sg., <a href="#li208">208</a>, <a href="#li872">872</a>, <a href="#li2228">2228</a>, <a href="#li2407">2407</a>, etc.; (Beówulf), <a href="#li249">249</a>, <a href="#li948">948</a>, <a href="#li1312">1312</a>, <a href="#li1570">1570</a>, +<a href="#li1760">1760</a>, etc.; (Wulfgâr), <a href="#li402">402</a>; (Hûnferð), <a href="#li981">981</a>; (Wîglâf), <a href="#li2864">2864</a>; acc. sg. +sinnigne secg (Grendel's mother, cf. <a class="glentry" href="#glse">se</a>), <a href="#li1380">1380</a>; dat. sg. secge, <a href="#li2020">2020</a>; +nom. pl. secgas, <a href="#li213">213</a>, <a href="#li2531">2531</a>, <a href="#li3129">3129</a>; dat. pl. secgum, <a href="#li490">490</a>; gen. pl. +secga, <a href="#li634">634</a>, <a href="#li843">843</a>, <a href="#li997">997</a>, <a href="#li1673">1673</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsecg">secg</a>, st. f., <i>sword</i> (sedge?): acc. sg. secge, <a href="#li685">685</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsecgan">secgan</a>, w. v., <i>to say, speak</i>: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. gode +ic þanc secge, <a href="#li1998">1998</a>; so, <a href="#li2796">2796</a>; pres. part. swâ se secg hwata secgende +wäs lâðra spella (partitive gen.), <a href="#li3029">3029</a>; inf. secgan, <a href="#li582">582</a>, <a href="#li876">876</a>, <a href="#li881">881</a>, +<a href="#li1050">1050</a>; pret. sg. sägde him þäs leánes þanc, <a href="#li1810">1810</a>; pret. sg. II. hwät þu +worn fela ... sägdest from his sîðe, <a href="#li532">532</a>.—2) without acc inf. swâ we +sôðlîce secgan hýrdon, <a href="#li273">273</a>; pret. sg. sägde, <a href="#li2633">2633</a>, <a href="#li2900">2900</a>—3) w. depend. +clause: pres. sg. ic secge, <a href="#li591">591</a>; pl. III. secgað, <a href="#li411">411</a>; inf. secgan, +<a href="#li51">51</a>, <a href="#li391">391</a>, <a href="#li943">943</a>, <a href="#li1347">1347</a>, <a href="#li1701">1701</a>, <a href="#li1819">1819</a>, <a href="#li2865">2865</a>, <a href="#li3027">3027</a>; gerund. tô secganne, <a href="#li473">473</a>, +<a href="#li1725">1725</a>; pret. sg. sägde, <a href="#li90">90</a>, <a href="#li1176">1176</a>; pl. sägdon, <a href="#li377">377</a>, <a href="#li2188">2188</a>; sædan, <a href="#li1946">1946</a>.</p> + +<p>â-secgan (edicere), <i>to say out, deliver</i>: inf. wille ic â-secgan +suna Healfdenes ... mîn ærende, <a href="#li344">344</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-secgan, <i>to say, relate</i>: imper. sg. II. ge-saga, <a href="#li388">388</a>; þät ic +his ærest þe eft ge-sägde (<i>that I should, after, tell thee its +origin</i>), <a href="#li2158">2158</a>; pret. part. gesägd, <a href="#li141">141</a>; gesæd, <a href="#li1697">1697</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsefa">sefa</a>, w. m., <i>heart, mind, soul, spirit</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li49">49</a>, +<a href="#li490">490</a>, <a href="#li595">595</a>, <a href="#li2044">2044</a>, <a href="#li2181">2181</a>, <a href="#li2420">2420</a>, <a href="#li2601">2601</a>, <a href="#li2633">2633</a>; acc. sg. sefan, <a href="#li278">278</a>, <a href="#li1727">1727</a>, +<a href="#li1843">1843</a>; dat. sg. sefan, <a href="#li473">473</a>, <a href="#li1343">1343</a>, <a href="#li1738">1738</a>.—Comp. môd-sefa.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesegen">segen</a>, st. f., <i>legend, tale</i>: in comp. eald-ge-segen.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsegl">segl</a>, st. n., <i>sail</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1907">1907</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseglrâd">segl-râd</a>, st. f., <i>sail-road</i>, i.e. sea: dat. sg. on +segl-râde, <a href="#li1430">1430</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsegn">segn</a>, st. n., <i>banner</i>, vexillum: nom. sg., <a href="#li2768">2768</a>, <a href="#li2959">2959</a>; +acc. sg. segen, <a href="#li47">47</a>, <a href="#li1022">1022</a>; segn, <a href="#li2777">2777</a>; dat. sg. under segne, +<a href="#li1205">1205</a>.—Comp. heáfod-segn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsel">sel</a>, st. n., <i>hall, palace</i>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsäl">säl</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseld">seld</a>, st. n., <i>dwelling, house</i>: in comp. medu-seld.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeselda">selda</a>, w. m., contubernalis, <i>companion</i>: acc. sg. +geseldan, <a href="#li1985">1985</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseldan">seldan</a>, adv., <i>seldom</i>: oft [nô] seldan, <a href="#li2030">2030</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseldguma">seld-guma</a>, w. m., <i>house-man, home-stayer(?); common man?, +house-carl?</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li249">249</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsele">sele</a>, st. m. and n., <i>building consisting of one apartment; +apartment, room</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li81">81</a>, <a href="#li411">411</a>; acc. sg. sele, <a href="#li827">827</a>, <a href="#li2353">2353</a>; dat. sg. +tô sele, <a href="#li323">323</a>, <a href="#li1641">1641</a>; in (on, tô) sele þam heán, <a href="#li714">714</a>, <a href="#li920">920</a>, <a href="#li1017">1017</a>, <a href="#li1985">1985</a>; on +sele (<i>in the den of the dragon</i>), <a href="#li3129">3129</a>.—Comp.: beáh-, beór-, dryht-, +eorð-, gest-, gold-, grund-, gûð-, heáh-, hring-, hrôf-, nið-, win-sele.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseledreám">sele-dreám</a>, st. m., <i>hall-glee, joy in the hall</i>: acc. sg. +þâra þe þis lîf ofgeaf, gesâwon sele-dreám (referring to the joy of +heaven?), <a href="#li2253">2253</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseleful">sele-ful</a>, st. n., <i>hall-goblet</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li620">620</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glselegyst">sele-gyst</a>, st. m., <i>hall-guest, stranger in hall</i> or +<i>house</i>: acc. sg. þone sele-gyst, <a href="#li1546">1546</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glselerædend">sele-rædend</a>, pres. part., <i>hall-ruler, possessor of the +hall</i>: nom. pl., <a href="#li51">51</a>; acc. leóde mîne sele-rædende, <a href="#li1347">1347</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glselerest">sele-rest</a>, st. f., <i>bed in the hall</i>: acc. sg. sele-reste, +<a href="#li691">691</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glselethegn">sele-þegn</a>, st. m., <i>retainer, hall-thane, chamberlain</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li1795">1795</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseleweard">sele-weard</a>, st. m., <i>hall-ward, guardian of the hall</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li668">668</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glself">self, sylf</a>, pron., <i>self</i>: nom. sg. strong form, self, +<a href="#li1314">1314</a>, <a href="#li1925">1925</a> (? selfa); þu self, <a href="#li595">595</a>; þu þe self, <a href="#li954">954</a>; self cyning +(<i>the king himself, the king too</i>), <a href="#li921">921</a>, <a href="#li1011">1011</a>; sylf, <a href="#li1965">1965</a>; in +weak form, selfa, <a href="#li1469">1469</a>; he selfa, <a href="#li29">29</a>, <a href="#li1734">1734</a>; þäm þe him selfa deáh +(<i>that can rely upon, trust to, himself</i>), <a href="#li1840">1840</a>; seolfa, <a href="#li3068">3068</a>; he +sylfa, <a href="#li505">505</a>; god sylfa, <a href="#li3055">3055</a>; acc. sg. m. selfne, <a href="#li1606">1606</a>; hine selfne +(<i>himself</i>), <a href="#li962">962</a>; hyne selfne (<i>himself</i>, reflex.), <a href="#li2876">2876</a>; +wið sylfne (<i>beside</i>), <a href="#li1978">1978</a>; gen. sg. m. selfes, <a href="#li701">701</a>, <a href="#li896">896</a>; his +selfes, <a href="#li1148">1148</a>; on sînne sylfes dôm (<i>at his own will</i>), <a href="#li2148">2148</a>; +sylfes, <a href="#li2224">2224</a>, <a href="#li2361">2361</a>, <a href="#li2640">2640</a>, <a href="#li2711">2711</a>, <a href="#li2777">2777</a>, <a href="#li3014">3014</a>; his sylfes, <a href="#li2014">2014</a>, <a href="#li2326">2326</a>; +fem. hire selfre, <a href="#li1116">1116</a>; nom. pl. selfe, <a href="#li419">419</a>; Sûð-Dene sylfe, <a href="#li1997">1997</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesella">sella</a>, w. m., <i>house-companion, comrade</i>: in comp. +hand-gesella.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsellan">sellan, syllan</a>, w. v.: 1) w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., +<i>to give, deliver; permit, grant, present</i>: pres. sg. III. seleð +him on êðle eorðan wynne, <a href="#li1731">1731</a>; inf. syllan, <a href="#li2161">2161</a>, <a href="#li2730">2730</a>; pret. sg. +sealde, <a href="#li72">72</a>, <a href="#li673">673</a>, <a href="#li1272">1272</a>, <a href="#li1694">1694</a>, <a href="#li1752">1752</a>, <a href="#li2025">2025</a>, <a href="#li2156">2156</a>, <a href="#li2183">2183</a>, <a href="#li2491">2491</a>, <a href="#li2995">2995</a>; nefne +god sylfa sealde þam þe he wolde hord openian (<i>unless God himself +gave to whom he would to open the hoard</i>), <a href="#li3056">3056</a>; pret. sg. II. +sealdest, <a href="#li1483">1483</a>.—2) <i>to give, give up</i> (only w. acc. of thing): +ær he feorh seleð (<i>he prefers to give up his life</i>), <a href="#li1371">1371</a>; +nallas on gylp seleð fätte beágas (<i>giveth out gold-wrought +rings</i>, etc.), <a href="#li1750">1750</a>; pret. sg. sinc-fato sealde, <a href="#li623">623</a>; pl. byrelas +sealdon wîn of wunder-fatum, <a href="#li1162">1162</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sellan, w. acc. and dat. of pers., <i>to give, deliver; grant, +present</i>: inf. ge-sellan, <a href="#li1030">1030</a>; pret. sg. ge-sealde, <a href="#li616">616</a>, <a href="#li1053">1053</a>, +<a href="#li1867">1867</a>, <a href="#li1902">1902</a>, <a href="#li2143">2143</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsellîc">sel-lîc, syl-lîc</a> (from seld-lîc), adj., <i>strange, +wondrous</i>: nom. sg. glôf ... syllîc, <a href="#li2087">2087</a>; acc. sg. n. syllîc +spell, <a href="#li2110">2110</a>; acc. pl. sellîce sæ-dracan, <a href="#li1427">1427</a>. Compar. acc. sg. +syllîcran wiht (the dragon), <a href="#li3039">3039</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsemninga">semninga</a>, adv., <i>straightway, at once</i> <a href="#li645">645</a>, <a href="#li1641">1641</a>, <a href="#li1768">1768</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsendan">sendan</a>, w. v. w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers., <i>to +send</i>: pret. sg. þone god sende folce tô frôfre (<i>whom God sent +as a comfort to the people</i>), <a href="#li13">13</a>; so, <a href="#li471">471</a>, <a href="#li1843">1843</a>.</p> + +<p>for-sendan, <i>to send away, drive off</i> pret. part. he wearð on +feónda geweald ... snûde for-sended, <a href="#li905">905</a>.</p> + +<p>on-sendan, <i>to send forth, away</i>, w. acc. of thing and dat. of +pers.: imper. sg. on-send, <a href="#li452">452</a>, <a href="#li1484">1484</a>; pret. sg. on-sende, <a href="#li382">382</a>; pl. þe hine +... forð on-sendon ænne ofer ýðe (<i>who sent him forth alone over the +sea</i>), <a href="#li45">45</a>; pret. part. bealo-cwealm hafað fela feorh-cynna feorr +on-sended, <a href="#li2267">2267</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsendan">sendan</a> (cf. Gl. Aldhelm, sanda = ferculorum, epularum, in Haupt +IX. 444), w. v., <i>to feast, banquet</i>: pres. sg. III. sendeð, +<a href="#li601">601</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glserce">serce, syrce</a>, w. f., <i>sark, shirt of mail</i>: nom. sg. +syrce, <a href="#li1112">1112</a>; nom. pl. syrcan, <a href="#li226">226</a>; acc. pl. græge syrcan, <a href="#li334">334</a>.—Comp.: +beadu-, heoro-serce; here-, leoðo-, lîc-syrce.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsess">sess</a>, st. m., <i>seat, place for sitting</i>: dat. sg. sesse, +<a href="#li2718">2718</a>; þâ he bî sesse geóng (<i>by the seat</i>, i.e. before the +dragon's lair), <a href="#li2757">2757</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsetl">setl</a>, st. n., <i>seat, settle</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2014">2014</a>; dat. sg. +setle, <a href="#li1233">1233</a>, <a href="#li1783">1783</a>, <a href="#li2020">2020</a>; gen. sg. setles, <a href="#li1787">1787</a>; dat. pl. setlum, +<a href="#li1290">1290</a>.—Comp.: heáh-, hilde-, meodu-setl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsettan">settan</a>, w. v., <i>to set</i>: pret. sg. setton sæ-mêðe sîde +scyldas ... wið þäs recedes weall (<i>the sea-wearied ones set their +broad shields against the wall of the hall</i>), <a href="#li325">325</a>; so, <a href="#li1243">1243</a>.</p> + +<p>â-settan, <i>to set, place, appoint</i>: pret. pl. hie him â-setton +segen [gyl]-denne heáh ofer heáfod, <a href="#li47">47</a>; pret. part. häfde kyninga +wuldor Grendle tô-geánes ... sele-weard â-seted, <a href="#li668">668</a>.</p> + +<p>be-settan, <i>to set with, surround</i>: pret. sg. (helm) besette +swîn-lîcum (<i>set the helm with swine-bodies</i>), <a href="#li1454">1454</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-settan: 1) <i>to set, set down</i>: pret. part. swâ wäs ...þurh +rûn-stafas rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted and ge-sæd (<i>thus was ... in +rune-staves rightly marked, set down and said</i>), <a href="#li1697">1697</a>.—2) <i>to +set, ordain, create</i>: pret. sg. ge-sette ... sunnan and mônan leóman +tô leóhte land-bûendum, <a href="#li94">94</a>.—3) = componere, <i>to lay aside, smooth +over, appease</i>: pret. sg. þät he mid þý wîfe +wäl-fæhða ... dæl ... ge-sette, <a href="#li2030">2030</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsêcan">sêcan</a>, w. v., <i>to follow after</i>, hence: 1) <i>to seek, +strive for</i>, w. acc.: pret. sg. sinc-fät sôhte <i>(sought the +costly cup</i>), <a href="#li2301">2301</a>; ne sôhte searo-nîðas, <a href="#li2739">2739</a>; so, <a href="#li3068">3068</a>. Without +acc.: þonne his myne sôhte (<i>than his wish demanded</i>), <a href="#li2573">2573</a>; +hord-weard sôhte georne äfter grunde (<i>the hoard-warden sought +eagerly along the ground</i>), <a href="#li2294">2294</a>.—2) <i>to look for, come</i> or +<i>go some whither, attain something</i>, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. se +þe ... biorgas sêceð, <a href="#li2273">2273</a>; subj. þeáh þe hæð-stapa holt-wudu sêce, +<a href="#li1370">1370</a>; imper. sêc gif þu dyrre (<i>look for her</i>, i.e. Grendel's +mother, <i>if thou dare</i>), <a href="#li1380">1380</a>; inf. sêcean, <a href="#li200">200</a>, <a href="#li268">268</a>, <a href="#li646">646</a>, <a href="#li1598">1598</a>, +<a href="#li1870">1870</a>, <a href="#li1990">1990</a>, <a href="#li2514">2514</a>(?), <a href="#li3103">3103</a>, etc.; sêcan, <a href="#li665">665</a>, <a href="#li1451">1451</a>; drihten sêcean +(<i>seek, go to, the Lord</i>), <a href="#li187">187</a>; sêcean wyn-leás wîc (<i>Grendel +was to seek a joyless place</i>, i.e. Hell), <a href="#li822">822</a>; so, sêcan deófla +gedräg, <a href="#li757">757</a>; sâwle sêcan (<i>seek the life, kill</i>), <a href="#li802">802</a>; so, sêcean +sâwle hord, <a href="#li2423">2423</a>; gerund. säcce tô sêceanne, <a href="#li2563">2563</a>; pret. sg. I., III. +sôhte, <a href="#li139">139</a>, <a href="#li208">208</a>, <a href="#li376">376</a>, <a href="#li417">417</a>, <a href="#li2224">2224</a>; II. sôhtest, <a href="#li458">458</a>; pl. sôhton, +<a href="#li339">339</a>.—3) <i>to seek, attack</i>: þe ûs sêceað tô Sweóna leóde, <a href="#li3002">3002</a>; +pret. pl. hine wräc-mäcgas ofer sæ sôhtan, <a href="#li2381">2381</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sêcan: 1) <i>to seek</i>, w. acc.: inf. gif he gesêcean dear wîg +ofer wæpen, <a href="#li685">685</a>.—2) <i>to look for, come</i> or <i>go to +attain</i>, w. acc.: inf. ge-sêcean, <a href="#li693">693</a>; gerund, tô ge-sêcanne, <a href="#li1923">1923</a>; +pret. sg. ge-sôhte, <a href="#li463">463</a>, <a href="#li520">520</a>, <a href="#li718">718</a>, <a href="#li1952">1952</a>; pret. part. nom. pl. +feor-cýððe beóð sêlran ge-sôhte þam þe hine selfa deáh, <a href="#li1840">1840</a>.—3) +<i>to seek with hostile intent, to attack</i>: pres. sg. ge-sêceð +<a href="#li2516">2516</a>; pret. sg. ge-sôhte, <a href="#li2347">2347</a>; pl. ge-sôhton, <a href="#li2927">2927</a>; ge-sôhtan, <a href="#li2205">2205</a>.</p> + +<p>ofer-sêcan, w. acc., <i>to surpass, outdo</i> (in an attack): pres. +sg. wäs sió hond tô strong, se þe mêca gehwane ... swenge ofer-sôhte, +þonne he tô säcce bär wæpen wundrum heard (<i>too strong was the hand, +that surpassed every sword in stroke, when he</i> [Beówulf] <i>bore +the wondrous weapon to battle</i>, i.e. the hand was too strong for +any sword; its strength made it useless in battle), <a href="#li2687">2687</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsêl1">sêl</a>, st. f. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsæl">sæl</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsêl">sêl, sæl</a>, adj., <i>good, excellent, fit</i>, only in compar.: +nom. sg. m. sêlra, <a href="#li861">861</a>, <a href="#li2194">2194</a>; þæm þær sêlra wäs (<i>to the one that +was the better</i>, i.e. Hygelâc), <a href="#li2200">2200</a>; deáð bið sêlla þonne +edwît-lîf, <a href="#li2891">2891</a>; neut. sêlre, <a href="#li1385">1385</a>; acc. sg. m. sêlran þe (<i>a better +than thee</i>), <a href="#li1851">1851</a>; sêlran, <a href="#li1198">1198</a>; neut. þät sêlre, <a href="#li1760">1760</a>; dat. sg. m. +sêlran sweord-frecan, <a href="#li1469">1469</a>; nom. pl. fem. sêlran, <a href="#li1840">1840</a>. Superl., +strong form: nom. sg. neut. sêlest, <a href="#li173">173</a>, <a href="#li1060">1060</a>; hûsa sêlest, <a href="#li146">146</a>, <a href="#li285">285</a>, +<a href="#li936">936</a>; ôfost is sêlest, <a href="#li256">256</a>; bolda sêlest, <a href="#li2327">2327</a>; acc. sg. neut. hrägla +sêlest, <a href="#li454">454</a>; hûsa sêlest, <a href="#li659">659</a>; billa sêlest, <a href="#li1145">1145</a>;—weak form: nom. +sg. m. reced sêlesta, <a href="#li412">412</a>; acc. sg. m. þone sêlestan, <a href="#li1407">1407</a>, <a href="#li2383">2383</a>; +(þäs, MS.), <a href="#li1957">1957</a>; dat. sg. m. þäm sêlestan, <a href="#li1686">1686</a>; nom. pl. sêlestan, +<a href="#li416">416</a>; acc. pl. þâ sêlestan, <a href="#li3123">3123</a>.</p> + +<p>sêl, compar. adv., <i>better, fitter, more excellent</i>, <a href="#li1013">1013</a>, <a href="#li2531">2531</a>; +ne byð him wihte þê sêl (<i>he shall be nought the better for it</i>), +<a href="#li2278">2278</a>; so, <a href="#li2688">2688</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsealma">sealma</a> (Frisian selma, in bed-selma), w. m., <i>bed-chamber, +sleeping-place</i>: acc. sg. on sealman, <a href="#li2461">2461</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsealt">sealt</a>, adj., <i>salty</i>: acc. sg. neut. ofer sealt wäter +(<i>the sea</i>), <a href="#li1990">1990</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearo">searo</a> (G. sarwa, pl.), st. n.: 1) <i>armor, accoutrements, +war-gear</i>: nom. pl. sæ-manna searo, <a href="#li329">329</a>; dat. pl. secg on searwum +(<i>a man, warrior, in panoply</i>), <a href="#li249">249</a>, <a href="#li2701">2701</a>; in (on) searwum, <a href="#li323">323</a>, +<a href="#li1558">1558</a>; <a href="#li2531">2531</a>, <a href="#li2569">2569</a>; instr. pl. searwum, <a href="#li1814">1814</a>.—2) <i>insidiae, +ambuscade, waylaying, deception, battle</i>: þâ ic of searwum cwom, +fâh from feóndum, <a href="#li419">419</a>.—3) <i>cunning, art, skill</i>: instr. pl. +sadol searwum fâh (<i>saddle cunningly ornamented</i>), <a href="#li1039">1039</a>; +earmbeága fela, searwum ge-sæled (<i>many cunningly-linked +armlets</i>), <a href="#li2765">2765</a>.—Comp. fyrd-, gûð-, inwit-searo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearobend">searo-bend</a>, st. f., <i>band, bond, of curious workmanship</i>: +instr. pl. searo-bendum fäst, <a href="#li2087">2087</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearofâh">searo-fâh</a>, adj., <i>cunningly inlaid, ornamented, with +gold</i>: nom. sg. here-byrne hondum ge-broden, sîd and searo-fâh, +<a href="#li1445">1445</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearogethräc">searo-ge-þräc</a>, st. n., <i>heap of treasure-objects</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li3103">3103</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearogim">searo-gim</a>, st. m., <i>cunningly set gem, rich jewel</i>: acc. +pl. searo-gimmas, <a href="#li2750">2750</a>; gen. pl. searo-gimma, <a href="#li1158">1158</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearogrim">searo-grim</a>, adj., <i>cunning and fierce</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li595">595</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearohäbbend">searo-häbbend</a>, pres. part. as subst., <i>arms-bearing, warrior +with his trappings</i>: gen. pl. searo-häbbendra, <a href="#li237">237</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearonet">searo-net</a>, st. n., <i>armor-net, shirt of mail, corselet</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li406">406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearonîth">searo-nîð</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>cunning hostility, plot, wiles</i>: +acc. pl. searo-nîðas, <a href="#li1201">1201</a>, <a href="#li2739">2739</a>.—2) also, only <i>hostility, feud, +contest</i>: acc. pl. searo-nîðas, <a href="#li3068">3068</a>; gen. pl. searo-nîða, <a href="#li582">582</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearothanc">searo-þanc</a>, st. m., <i>ingenuity</i>: instr. pl. searo-þoncum, +<a href="#li776">776</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearowundor">searo-wundor</a>, st. n., <i>rare wonder</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li921">921</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseax">seax</a>, st. n., <i>shortsword, hip-knife; dagger</i>: instr. sg. +seaxe, <a href="#li1546">1546</a>.—Comp. wäl-seax.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseaxben">seax-ben</a>, st. f., <i>dagger-wound</i>: instr. pl. siex-bennum, +<a href="#li2905">2905</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseofon">seofon</a>, num., <i>seven</i>, <a href="#li517">517</a>; seofan, <a href="#li2196">2196</a>; decl. acc. +syfone, <a href="#li3123">3123</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseomian">seomian</a>, w. v.: 1) intrans., <i>to be tied; lie at rest</i>: +inf. siomian, <a href="#li2768">2768</a>; pret. sg. seomode, <a href="#li302">302</a>.—2) w. acc., <i>to put in +bonds, entrap, catch</i>: pret. sg. duguðe and geogoðe seomade (cf. +2086-<a href="#li2092">2092</a>, <a href="#li161">161</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseonu">seonu</a>, st. f., <i>sinew</i>: nom. pl. seonowe, <a href="#li818">818</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseóc">seóc</a>, adj., <i>feeble, weak; fatally ill</i>: nom. sg. +feorh-bennum seóc (of Beówulf, <i>sick unto death</i>), <a href="#li2741">2741</a>; +siex-bennum seóc (of the dead dragon), <a href="#li2905">2905</a>; nom. pl. môdes seóce +(<i>sick of soul</i>), <a href="#li1604">1604</a>.—Comp.: ellen-, feorh-, heaðo-seóc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseóthan">seóðan</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to seethe, boil</i>; figuratively, <i>be +excited over, brood</i>: pret. sg. ic þäs môd-ceare sorh-wylmum seáð (<i>I +pined in heart-grief for that</i>), <a href="#li1994">1994</a>; so, <a href="#li190">190</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseóloth">seóloð</a>, st. m.?, <i>bight, bay</i> (cf. Dietrich in Haupt XI. +416): gen. pl. sióleða bi-gong (<i>the realm of bights</i> = the +[surface of the] sea?), <a href="#li2368">2368</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseón">seón, sýn</a>, st. f., <i>aspect, sight</i>: in comp. wlite-, +wundor-seón, an-sýn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseón1">seón</a>, st. v., <i>to see</i>: a) w. acc.: inf. searo-wunder +seón, <a href="#li921">921</a>; so, <a href="#li387">387</a>, <a href="#li1181">1181</a>, <a href="#li1276">1276</a>, <a href="#li3103">3103</a>; þær mäg nihta ge-hwæm nîð-wundor +seón (<i>there may every night be seen a repulsive marvel</i>), <a href="#li1366">1366</a>; +pret. sg. ne seah ic ... heal-sittendra medudreám mâran, <a href="#li2015">2015</a>.—b) w. +acc. and predicate adj.: ne seah ic elþeódige þus manige men +môdiglîcran, <a href="#li336">336</a>.—c) w. prep. or adv.: pret. sg. seah on enta +ge-weorc, <a href="#li2718">2718</a>; seah on un-leófe, <a href="#li2864">2864</a>; pl. folc tô sægon (<i>looked +on</i>), <a href="#li1423">1423</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-seón, <i>to see, behold</i>: a) w. acc.: pres. sg. III. se þe beáh +ge-syhð, <a href="#li2042">2042</a>; inf. ge-seón, <a href="#li396">396</a>, <a href="#li571">571</a>, <a href="#li649">649</a>, <a href="#li962">962</a>, <a href="#li1079">1079</a>, etc.; pret. sg. +geseah, <a href="#li247">247</a>, <a href="#li927">927</a>, <a href="#li1558">1558</a>, <a href="#li1614">1614</a>; pl. ge-sâwon, <a href="#li1606">1606</a>, <a href="#li2253">2253</a>.—b) w. acc. +and predicate adj., pres. sg. III. ge-syhð ... on his suna bûre win-sele +wêstne (<i>sees in his son's house the wine-hall empty</i>; or, +<i>hall of friends</i>?), <a href="#li2456">2456</a>.—c) w. inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah ... beran +ofer bolcan beorhte randas (<i>saw shining shields borne over the +gang-plank</i>), <a href="#li229">229</a>; pret. pl. mære mâððum-sweord monige ge-sâwon +beforan beorn beran, <a href="#li1024">1024</a>.—d) w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah, +<a href="#li729">729</a>, <a href="#li1517">1517</a>, <a href="#li1586">1586</a>, <a href="#li1663">1663</a>, <a href="#li2543">2543</a>, <a href="#li2605">2605</a>, etc.; pl. ge-sâwon, <a href="#li221">221</a>, <a href="#li1348">1348</a>, +<a href="#li1426">1426</a>; ge-sêgan, <a href="#li3039">3039</a>; ge-sêgon, <a href="#li3129">3129</a>.—e) w. depend, clause: inf. mäg +þonne ... geseón sunu Hrêðles, þät ic (<i>may the son of H. see that +I...</i>), <a href="#li1486">1486</a>; pret. pl. ge-sâwon, <a href="#li1592">1592</a>.</p> + +<p>geond-seón, <i>to see, look through, over</i>, w. acc.: pret. sg. (ic) +þät eall geond-seh, <a href="#li3088">3088</a>.</p> + +<p>ofer-seón, <i>to see clearly, plainly</i>: pret. pl. ofer-sâwon, <a href="#li419">419</a>.</p> + +<p>on-seón, <i>to look on, at</i>, w. acc.: pret. pl. on-sâwon, <a href="#li1651">1651</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseówian">seówian</a>, w. v., <i>to sew, put together, link</i>: pret. part. +searo-net seówed smiðes or-þancum (<i>the corselet woven by the +smith's craft</i>), <a href="#li406">406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsib">sib</a>, st. f., <i>peace, friendship, relationship</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1165">1165</a>, <a href="#li1858">1858</a>; sibb, <a href="#li2601">2601</a>; acc. sibbe, <a href="#li950">950</a>, <a href="#li2432">2432</a>, <a href="#li2923">2923</a>; instr. sg. sibbe +(<i>in peace</i>?), <a href="#li154">154</a>.—Comp.: dryht-, friðo-sib.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsibätheling">sib-äðeling</a>, st. m., <i>nobilis consanguineus, kindred +prince</i> or <i>nobleman</i>: nom. pl. -äðelingas, <a href="#li2709">2709</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsibbegedryht">sibbe-gedryht</a>, st. f., <i>body of allied</i> or <i>related +warriors</i>: acc. sg. sibbe-gedriht (the Danes), <a href="#li387">387</a>; (the Geátas), +<a href="#li730">730</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsiththan">siððan, syððan</a>: 1) adv.: a) <i>since, after, from now on, +further</i>, <a href="#li142">142</a>, <a href="#li149">149</a>, <a href="#li283">283</a>, <a href="#li567">567</a>, <a href="#li1903">1903</a>, <a href="#li2052">2052</a>, <a href="#li2065">2065</a>, <a href="#li2176">2176</a>, <a href="#li2703">2703</a>, <a href="#li2807">2807</a>, +<a href="#li2921">2921</a>; seoððan, <a href="#li1876">1876</a>.—b) <i>then, thereupon, after</i>, <a href="#li470">470</a>, <a href="#li686">686</a>, +<a href="#li1454">1454</a>, <a href="#li1557">1557</a>, <a href="#li1690">1690</a>, <a href="#li2208">2208</a>; seoððan, <a href="#li1938">1938</a>; ær ne siððan (<i>neither before +nor after</i>), <a href="#li719">719</a>.</p> + +<p>2) Conj.: a) w. ind. pres., <i>as soon as, when</i>, <a href="#li413">413</a>, <a href="#li605">605</a>, <a href="#li1785">1785</a>, +<a href="#li2889">2889</a>, <a href="#li2912">2912</a>.—b) w. ind. pret., <i>when, whilst</i>, <a href="#li835">835</a>, <a href="#li851">851</a>, <a href="#li1205">1205</a>, +<a href="#li1207">1207</a>, <a href="#li1421">1421</a>, <a href="#li1590">1590</a>, <a href="#li2357">2357</a>, <a href="#li2961">2961</a>, <a href="#li2971">2971</a>, <a href="#li3128">3128</a>; seoððan, +<a href="#li1776">1776</a>;—<i>since</i>, <a href="#li649">649</a>, <a href="#li657">657</a>, <a href="#li983">983</a>, <a href="#li1199">1199</a>, <a href="#li1254">1254</a>, <a href="#li1309">1309</a>, +<a href="#li2202">2202</a>;—<i>after</i>, either with pluperf.: siððan him scyppend +forscrifen häfde (<i>after the Creator had proscribed him</i>), <a href="#li106">106</a>; +so, <a href="#li1473">1473</a>; or with pret. = pluperf.: syððan niht becom (<i>after night +had come on</i>), <a href="#li115">115</a>; so, <a href="#li6">6</a>, <a href="#li132">132</a>, <a href="#li723">723</a>, <a href="#li887">887</a>, <a href="#li902">902</a>, <a href="#li1078">1078</a>, <a href="#li1149">1149</a>, <a href="#li1236">1236</a>, +<a href="#li1262">1262</a>, <a href="#li1282">1282</a>, <a href="#li1979">1979</a>, <a href="#li2013">2013</a>, <a href="#li2125">2125</a>; or pret. and pluperf. together, +<a href="#li2104">2104-2105</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsiex">siex</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glseax">seax</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigedryhten">sige-dryhten</a>, st. m., <i>lord of victory, victorious lord</i>: +nom. sg. sige-drihten, <a href="#li391">391</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigeeádig">sige-eádig</a>, adj., <i>blest with victory, victorious</i>: acc. +sg. neut. sige-eádig bil, <a href="#li1558">1558</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigefolc">sige-folc</a>, st. n., <i>victorious people, troop</i>: gen. pl. +sige-folca, <a href="#li645">645</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigehrêth">sige-hrêð</a>, st. f., <i>confidence of victory</i>(?): acc. sg., +<a href="#li490">490</a>. See <a href="#note489">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigehrêthig">sige-hrêðig</a>, adj., <i>victorious</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li94">94</a>, <a href="#li1598">1598</a>, <a href="#li2757">2757</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigehwîl">sige-hwîl</a>, st. f., <i>hour</i> or <i>day of victory</i>: gen. +sg. sige-hwîle, <a href="#li2711">2711</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigeleás">sige-leás</a>, adj., <i>devoid of victory, defeated</i>: acc. sg. +sige-leásne sang, <a href="#li788">788</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigerôf">sige-rôf</a>, adj., <i>victorious</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li620">620</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigetheód">sige-þeód</a>, st. f., <i>victorious warrior troop</i>: dat. sg. on +sige-þeóde, <a href="#li2205">2205</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigewæpen">sige-wæpen</a>, st. n., <i>victor-weapon, sword</i>: dat. pl. +sige-wæpnum, <a href="#li805">805</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigl">sigl</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>sun</i>: nom. sg. sigel, <a href="#li1967">1967</a>.—2) +<i>sun-shaped ornament</i>: acc. pl. siglu, <a href="#li3165">3165</a>; sigle (bracteates of +a necklace), <a href="#li1201">1201</a>; gen. pl. sigla, <a href="#li1158">1158</a>.—Comp. mâððum-sigl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigor">sigor</a>, st. m., <i>victory</i>: gen. sg. sigores, <a href="#li1022">1022</a>; gen. pl. +sigora, <a href="#li2876">2876</a>, <a href="#li3056">3056</a>.—Comp.: hrêð-, wîg-sigor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigoreádig">sigor-eádig</a>, adj., <i>victorious</i>: nom. sg. sigor-eádig secg +(of Beówulf), <a href="#li1312">1312</a>, <a href="#li2353">2353</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsin">sin</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsyn">syn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsinc">sinc</a>, st. n., <i>treasure, jewel, property</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2765">2765</a>; +acc. sg. sinc, <a href="#li81">81</a>, <a href="#li1205">1205</a>, <a href="#li1486">1486</a>, <a href="#li2384">2384</a>, <a href="#li2432">2432</a>; instr. sg. since, <a href="#li1039">1039</a>, +<a href="#li1451">1451</a>, <a href="#li1616">1616</a>, <a href="#li1883">1883</a>, <a href="#li2218">2218</a>, <a href="#li2747">2747</a>; gen. sg. sinces, <a href="#li608">608</a>, <a href="#li1171">1171</a>, <a href="#li1923">1923</a>, <a href="#li2072">2072</a>; +gen. pl. sinca, <a href="#li2429">2429</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsincfâh">sinc-fâh</a>, adj., <i>treasure-decked</i>: acc. sg. neut. weak +form, sinc-fâge sel, <a href="#li167">167</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsincfät">sinc-fät</a>, st. n., <i>costly vessel</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2232">2232</a>, +<a href="#li2301">2301</a>;—<i>a costly object</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1201">1201</a> (i.e. mene); acc. pl. +sinc-fato, <a href="#li623">623</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsincgestreón">sinc-ge-streón</a>, st. n., <i>precious treasure, jewel of value +</i>: instr. pl. -gestreónum, <a href="#li1093">1093</a>; gen. pl. -gestreóna, <a href="#li1227">1227</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsincgifa">sinc-gifa</a>, w. m., <i>jewel-giver, treasure-giver = prince, +ruler</i>: acc. sg. sinc-gyfan, <a href="#li1013">1013</a>; dat. sg. sinc-gifan (of +Beówulf), <a href="#li2312">2312</a>; (of Äschere), <a href="#li1343">1343</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsincmâththum">sinc-mâððum</a>, st. m., <i>treasure</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2194">2194</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsincthego">sinc-þego</a>, f., <i>acceptance, taking, of jewels</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2885">2885</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsindolh">sin-dolh</a>, st. n., <i>perpetual</i>, i.e. incurable, +<i>wound</i>: nom. sg. syn-dolh, <a href="#li818">818</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsinfreá">sin-freá</a>, w. m., <i>wedded lord, husband</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1935">1935</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsingal">sin-gal</a>, adj., <i>continual, lasting</i>: acc. sg. fem, +sin-gale säce, <a href="#li154">154</a>.</p> + +<p>sin-gales, adv. gen. sg., <i>continually, ever</i>, <a href="#li1778">1778</a>; syngales, +<a href="#li1136">1136</a>.</p> + +<p>singala, adv. gen. pl., the same, <a href="#li190">190</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsingan">singan</a>, st. v., <i>to sound, ring, sing</i>: pret. sg. +hring-îren scîr song in searwum (<i>the ringed iron rang in the +armor</i>), <a href="#li323">323</a>; horn stundum song fûs-lîc f[yrd]-leóð (<i>at times +the horn rang forth a ready battle-song</i>), <a href="#li1424">1424</a>; scôp hwîlum sang +(<i>the singer sang at whiles</i>), <a href="#li496">496</a>.</p> + +<p>â-singan, <i>to sing out, sing to an end</i>: pret. part. leóð wäs +â-sungen, <a href="#li1160">1160</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsinhere">sin-here</a>, st. m., (<i>army without end</i>?), <i>strong army, +host</i>: instr. sg. sin-herge, <a href="#li2937">2937</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsinniht">sin-niht</a>, st. f., <i>perpetual night, night after night</i>: +acc. pl. sin-nihte (<i>night after night</i>), <a href="#li161">161</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsinsceatha">sin-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>irreconcilable foe</i>: nom. sg. +syn-scaða, <a href="#li708">708</a>; acc. sg. syn-scaðan, <a href="#li802">802</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsinsnæd">sin-snæd</a>, st. f., (<i>continuous biting</i>) <i>bite after +bite</i>: dat. pl. syn-snædum swealh (<i>swallowed bite after bite, in +great bites</i>), <a href="#li744">744</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsittan">sittan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to sit</i>: pres. sg. Wîglâf siteð ofer +Biówulfe, <a href="#li2907">2907</a>; imper. sg. site nu tô symle, <a href="#li489">489</a>; inf. þær swîð-ferhðe +sittan eodon (<i>whither the strong-minded went and sat</i>), <a href="#li493">493</a>; +eode ... tô hire freán sittan (<i>went to sit by her lord</i>), <a href="#li642">642</a>; +pret. sg. on wicge sät (<i>sat on the horse</i>), <a href="#li286">286</a>; ät fôtum sät +(<i>sat at the feet</i>), <a href="#li500">500</a>, <a href="#li1167">1167</a>; þær Hrôðgâr sät (<i>where H. +sat</i>), <a href="#li356">356</a>; so, <a href="#li1191">1191</a>, <a href="#li2895">2895</a>; he gewêrgad sät ... freán eaxlum neáh, +<a href="#li2854">2854</a>; pret. pl. sæton, <a href="#li1165">1165</a>; gistas sêtan (MS. sêcan) ... and on mere +staredon (<i>the strangers sat and stared on the sea</i>), <a href="#li1603">1603</a>.—2) +<i>to be in a certain state</i> or <i>condition</i> (<i>quasi</i> +copula): pret. sg. mære þeóden ... unblîðe sät, <a href="#li130">130</a>.—Comp.: flet-, +heal-sittend.</p> + +<p>be-sittan, obsidere, <i>to surround, besiege</i>, w. acc.: besät þâ +sin-herge sweorda lâfe wundum wêrge (<i>then besieged he with a host +the leavings of the sword, wound-weary</i>), <a href="#li2937">2937</a>.</p> + +<p>for-sittan, obstrui, <i>to pass away, fail</i>: pres. sg. eágena +bearhtm for-siteð (<i>the light of the eyes passeth away</i>), <a href="#li1768">1768</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sittan: 1) <i>to sit, sit together</i>: pret. sg. monig-oft ge-sät +rîce to rûne (<i>very often sat the king deliberating with his +council</i> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glrîce">rîce</a>), <a href="#li171">171</a>; wið earm ge-sät (<i>supported +himself upon his arm, sat on his arm</i>?), <a href="#li750">750</a>; fêða eal ge-sät +(<i>the whole troop sat down</i>), <a href="#li1425">1425</a>; ge-sät þâ wið sylfne (<i>sat +there beside, near to, him</i>, i.e. Hygelâc), <a href="#li1978">1978</a>;</p> + +<p>ge-sät þâ on nässe, <a href="#li2418">2418</a>; so, <a href="#li2718">2718</a>; pret. part. (syððan) ... we tô +symble ge-seten häfdon, <a href="#li2105">2105</a>.—2) w. acc., <i>to seat one's self +upon</i> or <i>in something, to board</i>: pret. sg. þâ ic ... sæ-bât +ge-sät, <a href="#li634">634</a>.</p> + +<p>of-sittan, w. acc., <i>to sit over</i> or <i>upon</i>: pret. sg. +of-sät þâ þone sele-gyst, <a href="#li1546">1546</a>.</p> + +<p>ofer-sittan, w. acc., <i>to dispense with, refrain from</i> (cf. +<a class="glentry" href="#glofer">ofer</a>, 2 [c]): pres. sg. I. þät ic wið þone gûð-flogan gylp +ofer-sitte, <a href="#li2529">2529</a>; inf. secge ofer-sittan, <a href="#li685">685</a>.</p> + +<p>on-sittan (O.H.G. int-sizzan, <i>to start from one's seat, to be +startled</i>), w. acc., <i>to fear</i>: inf. þâ fæhðe, atole ecg-þräce +eówer leóde sîwðe onsittan <i>to dread the hostility, the fierce +contest, of your people</i>, <a href="#li598">598</a>.</p> + +<p>ymb-sittan, <i>to sit around</i>, w. acc.: pret. pl. (þät hie) ... +symbel ymb-sæton (<i>sat round the feast</i>), <a href="#li564">564</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glymbsittend">ymb-sittend</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsîd">sîd</a>, adj.: 1) <i>wide, broad, spacious, large</i>: nom. sg. +(here-byrne, glôf) sîd, <a href="#li1445">1445</a>, <a href="#li2087">2087</a>; acc. sg. m. sîdne scyld, <a href="#li437">437</a>; on +sîdne sæ, <a href="#li507">507</a>; fem. byrnan sîde (of a corselet extending over the +legs), <a href="#li1292">1292</a>; ofer sæ sîde, <a href="#li2395">2395</a>; neut. sîde rîce, <a href="#li1734">1734</a>, <a href="#li2200">2200</a>; instr. +sg. sîdan herge, <a href="#li2348">2348</a>; acc. pl. sîde sæ-nässas, <a href="#li223">223</a>; sîde scyldas, +<a href="#li325">325</a>; gen. pl. sîdra sorga (<i>of great sorrows</i>), <a href="#li149">149</a>.—2) in +moral sense, <i>great, noble</i>: acc. sg. þurh sîdne sefan, <a href="#li1727">1727</a>.</p> + +<p>side, adv., <i>far and wide, afar</i>, <a href="#li1224">1224</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsîdfäthme">sîd-fäðme</a>, adj., <i>broad-bosomed</i>: acc. sg. sîd-fäðme scip, +<a href="#li1918">1918</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsîdfäthmed">sîd-fäðmed</a>, <i>quasi</i> pret. part., the same: nom. sg. +sîd-fäðmed scip, <a href="#li302">302</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsîdrand">sîd-rand</a>, st. m., <i>broad shield</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1290">1290</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsîth">sîð</a> (G. seþu-s), adj., <i>late</i>: superl. nom. sg. sîðast +sige-hwîle (<i>the last hour, day, of victory</i>), <a href="#li2711">2711</a>; dat. sg. ät +sîðestan (<i>in the end, at last</i>), <a href="#li3014">3014</a>.</p> + +<p>sîð, adv. compar., <i>later</i>: ær and sîð (<i>sooner and later, +early and late</i>), <a href="#li2501">2501</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsîth">sîð</a> (G. sinþ-s), st. m.: l) <i>road, way, journey, +expedition</i>; esp., <i>road to battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li501">501</a>, <a href="#li3059">3059</a>, +<a href="#li3090">3090</a>; näs þät êðe sîð (<i>that was no easy road, task</i>), <a href="#li2587">2587</a>; so, +þät wäs geócor sîð, <a href="#li766">766</a>; acc. sg. sîð, <a href="#li353">353</a>, <a href="#li512">512</a>, <a href="#li909">909</a>, <a href="#li1279">1279</a>, <a href="#li1430">1430</a>, +<a href="#li1967">1967</a>; instr. dat. sîðe, <a href="#li532">532</a>, <a href="#li1952">1952</a>, <a href="#li1994">1994</a>; gen. sg. sîðes, <a href="#li579">579</a>, <a href="#li1476">1476</a>, +<a href="#li1795">1795</a>, <a href="#li1909">1909</a>. Also, <i>return</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1972">1972</a>.—2) <i>undertaking, +enterprise</i>; esp., <i>battle-work</i>: nom. sg. nis þät eówer sîð, +<a href="#li2533">2533</a>; ne bið swylc earges sîð (<i>such is no coward's enterprise</i>), +<a href="#li2542">2542</a>; acc. sg. sîð, <a href="#li873">873</a>. In pl.= <i>adventures</i>: nom. sîðas, <a href="#li1987">1987</a>; +acc. sîðas, <a href="#li878">878</a>; gen. sîða, <a href="#li318">318</a>.—3) time (as iterative): nom. sg. +näs þät forma sîð (<i>that was not the first time</i>), <a href="#li717">717</a>, <a href="#li1464">1464</a>; so, +<a href="#li1528">1528</a>, <a href="#li2626">2626</a>; acc. sg. oftor micle þonne on ænne sîð, <a href="#li1580">1580</a>; instr. sg. +(forman, ôðre, þriddan) sîðe, <a href="#li741">741</a>, <a href="#li1204">1204</a>, <a href="#li2050">2050</a>, <a href="#li2287">2287</a>, <a href="#li2512">2512</a>, <a href="#li2518">2518</a>, <a href="#li2671">2671</a>, +<a href="#li2689">2689</a>, <a href="#li3102">3102</a>.—Comp.: cear-, eft-, ellor-, gryre-, sæ-, wil-, wræc-sîð.</p> + +<p>ge-sîð, st. m., <i>comrade, follower</i>: gen. sg. ge-sîðes, <a href="#li1298">1298</a>; +nom. pl. ge-sîðas, <a href="#li29">29</a>; acc. pl. ge-sîðas, <a href="#li2041">2041</a>, <a href="#li2519">2519</a>; dat. pl. +ge-sîðum, <a href="#li1314">1314</a>, <a href="#li1925">1925</a>, <a href="#li2633">2633</a>; gen. pl. ge-sîða, <a href="#li1935">1935</a>.—Comp.: eald-, +wil-gesîð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsîthfät">sîð-fät</a>, st. m., <i>way, journey</i>: acc. sg. þone sîð-fät, +<a href="#li202">202</a>; dat. sg. sîð-fate, <a href="#li2640">2640</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsîthfram">sîð-fram, -from</a>, adj., <i>ready for the journey</i>: nom. pl. +sîð-frome, <a href="#li1814">1814</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsîthian">sîðian</a>, w. v., <i>to journey, march</i>: inf., <a href="#li721">721</a>, <a href="#li809">809</a>; pret. +sg. sîðode, <a href="#li2120">2120</a>.</p> + +<p>for-sîðian, <i>iter fatale inire</i> (Grein): pret. sg. häfde þâ +for-sîðod sunu Ecg-þeówes under gynne grund <i>(would have found his +death</i>, etc.), <a href="#li1551">1551</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsîe">sîe, sý</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwesan">wesan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsîgan">sîgan</a>, st. v., <i>to descend, sink, incline</i>: pret. pl. +sigon ät-somne (<i>descended together</i>), <a href="#li307">307</a>; sigon þâ tô slæpe +<i>(they sank to sleep</i>), <a href="#li1252">1252</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sîgan, <i>to sink, fall</i>: inf. ge-sîgan ät säcce (<i>fall in +battle</i>), <a href="#li2660">2660</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsîn">sîn</a>, poss. pron., <i>his</i>: acc. sg. m. sînne, <a href="#li1961">1961</a>, <a href="#li1985">1985</a>, +<a href="#li2284">2284</a>, <a href="#li2790">2790</a>; dat. sg. sînum, <a href="#li1508">1508</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glslæp">slæp</a>, st. m., <i>sleep</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1743">1743</a>; dat. sg. tô slæpe, +<a href="#li1252">1252</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glslæpan">slæpan</a>, st. v., <i>to sleep</i>: pres. part. nom. sg. +slæpende, <a href="#li2220">2220</a>; acc. sg. he gefêng ... slæpendne rinc (<i>seized a +sleeping warrior]</i>, <a href="#li742">742</a>; acc. pl. slæpende frät folces Denigea +fîftyne men <i>(devoured, sleeping, fifteen of the people of the +Danes</i>), <a href="#li1582">1582</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsleac">sleac</a>, adj., <i>slack, lazy</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2188">2188</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsleahan">sleahan, sleán</a>: 1) <i>to strike, strike at</i>: a) intrans.: +pres. subj. sg. þät he me ongeán sleá (<i>that he should strike at +me</i>), <a href="#li682">682</a>; pret. sg. yrringa slôh (<i>struck angrily</i>), <a href="#li1566">1566</a>; +so, slôh hilde-bille, <a href="#li2680">2680</a>. b) trans.: pret. sg. þät he þone nîð-gäst +nioðor hwêne slôh <i>(that he struck the dragon somewhat lower</i>, +etc.), <a href="#li2700">2700</a>.—2) w. acc.: <i>to slay, kill</i>: pret. sg. þäs þe he +Abel slôg (<i>because he slew A.</i>), <a href="#li108">108</a>; so, slôg, <a href="#li421">421</a>, <a href="#li2180">2180</a>; slôh, +<a href="#li1582">1582</a>, <a href="#li2356">2356</a>; pl. slôgon, <a href="#li2051">2051</a>; pret. part. þâ wäs Fin slägen, <a href="#li1153">1153</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sleán, w. acc.: 1) <i>to fight a battle</i>: pret. sg. ge-slôh þîn +fäder fæhðe mæste, <a href="#li459">459</a>.—2) <i>to gain by fighting</i>: syððan hie þâ +mærða ge-slôgon, <a href="#li2997">2997</a>.</p> + +<p>of-sleán, <i>to ofslay, kill</i>, w. acc.: pret. sg. of-slôh, <a href="#li574">574</a>, +<a href="#li1666">1666</a>, <a href="#li3061">3061</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glslîthe">slîðe</a> (G. sleiþ-s), adj., <i>savage, fierce, dangerous</i>: acc. +sg. þurh slîðne nîð, <a href="#li184">184</a>; gen. pl. slîðra ge-slyhta, <a href="#li2399">2399</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glslîthen">slîðen</a>, adj., <i>furious, savage, deadly</i> nom. sg. +sweord-bealo slîðen, <a href="#li1148">1148</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glslîtan">slîtan</a>, st. v., <i>to slit, tear to pieces</i>, w. acc.: pret. +sg. slât (slæpendne rinc), <a href="#li742">742</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glslyht">slyht</a>, st. m., <i>blow</i>: in comp. and-slyht.</p> + +<p>ge-slyht, st. n. (collective), <i>battle, conflict</i>: gen. pl. +slîðra ge-slyhta, <a href="#li2399">2399</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsmith">smið</a>, st. m., <i>smith, armorer</i>: nom. sg. wæpna smið, <a href="#li1453">1453</a>; +gen. sg. smiðes, <a href="#li406">406</a>.—Comp. wundor-smið.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbesmithian">smiðian</a>, w. v., <i>to surround with iron-work, bands</i>, +etc.: pret. part. he (the hall Heorot) þäs fäste wäs innan and ûtan +îren-bendum searo-þoncum besmiðod (i.e. the beams out of which the +hall was built were held together skilfully, within and without, by +iron clamps), <a href="#li776">776</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnell">snell</a>, adj., <i>fresh, vigorous, lively; of martial temper</i>: +nom. sg. se snella, <a href="#li2972">2972</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnellîc">snellîc</a>, adj., the same: nom. sg., <a href="#li691">691</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnotor">snotor, snottor</a>, adj., <i>clever, wise, intelligent</i>: nom. +sg. snotor, <a href="#li190">190</a>, <a href="#li827">827</a>, <a href="#li909">909</a>, <a href="#li1385">1385</a>; in weak form, (se) snottra, <a href="#li1314">1314</a>, +<a href="#li1476">1476</a>, <a href="#li1787">1787</a>; snotra, <a href="#li2157">2157</a>, <a href="#li3121">3121</a>; nom. pl. snotere, <a href="#li202">202</a>, <a href="#li416">416</a>; snottre, +<a href="#li1592">1592</a>.—Comp. fore-snotor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnotorlîce">snotor-lîce</a>, adv., <i>intelligently, wisely</i>: compar. +snotor-lîcor, <a href="#li1483">1483</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnûde">snûde</a>, adv., <i>hastily, quickly, soon</i>, <a href="#li905">905</a>, <a href="#li1870">1870</a>, <a href="#li1972">1972</a>, +<a href="#li2326">2326</a>, <a href="#li2569">2569</a>, <a href="#li2753">2753</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbesnythian">snyðian</a>, w. v., <i>to rob, deprive of</i>: pret. sg. þätte +Ongenþió ealdre be-snyðede Hæðcyn, <a href="#li2925">2925</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnyrian">snyrian</a>, w. v., <i>to hasten, hurry</i>: pret. pl. snyredon +ät-somne (<i>hurried forward together</i>), <a href="#li402">402</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnyttru">snyttru</a>, f., <i>intelligence, wisdom</i>: acc. sg. snyttru, +<a href="#li1727">1727</a>; dat. pl. mid môdes snyttrum, <a href="#li1707">1707</a>; þe we ealle ær ne meahton +snyttrum be-syrwan (<i>a deed which all of us together could not +accomplish before with all our wisdom</i>), <a href="#li943">943</a>. Adv., <i>wisely</i>, +<a href="#li873">873</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsomne">somne</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsamne">samne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorgian">sorgian</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to be grieved, sorrow</i>: imper. sg. II. +ne sorga! <a href="#li1385">1385</a>.—2) <i>to care for, trouble one's self about</i>: inf. +nô þu ymb mînes ne þearft lîces feorme leng sorgian (<i>thou needst +not care longer about my life's [body's] sustenance</i>), <a href="#li451">451</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorh">sorh</a>, st. f., <i>grief, pain, sorrow</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1323">1323</a>; sorh +is me tô secganne (<i>pains me to say</i>), <a href="#li473">473</a>; acc. sg. sorge, <a href="#li119">119</a>, +<a href="#li2464">2464</a>; dat. instr. sg. mid þære sorge, <a href="#li2469">2469</a>; sorge (<i>in sorrow, +grieved</i>), <a href="#li1150">1150</a>; gen. sg. worna fela ... sorge, <a href="#li2005">2005</a>; dat. pl. +sorgum, <a href="#li2601">2601</a>; gen. pl. sorga, <a href="#li149">149</a>.—Comp.: hyge-, inwit-, þegn-sorh.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorhcearig">sorh-cearig</a>, adj., <i>curis sollicitus, heart-broken</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2456">2456</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorhful">sorh-ful</a>, adj., <i>sorrowful, troublesome, difficult</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2120">2120</a>; acc. sg. sorh-fullne (sorh-fulne) sîð, <a href="#li512">512</a>, <a href="#li1279">1279</a>, <a href="#li1430">1430</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorhleás">sorh-leás</a>, adj., <i>free from sorrow</i> or <i>grief</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1673">1673</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorhleoth">sorh-leoð</a>, st. n., <i>dirge, song of sorrow</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2461">2461</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorhwylm">sorh-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>wave of sorrow</i> nom. pl. sorh-wylmas, +<a href="#li905">905</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsôcn">sôcn</a>, st. f., <i>persecution, hostile pursuit</i> or +<i>attack</i> (see sêcan): dat, (instr.) þære sôcne (by reason of +Grendel's persecution), <a href="#li1778">1778</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsôth">sôð</a>, st. n., <i>sooth, truth</i>:: acc. sg. sôð, <a href="#li532">532</a>, <a href="#li701">701</a>, +<a href="#li1050">1050</a>, <a href="#li1701">1701</a>, <a href="#li2865">2865</a>; dat. sg. tô sôðe (<i>in truth</i>), <a href="#li51">51</a>, <a href="#li591">591</a>, <a href="#li2326">2326</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsôth">sôð</a>, adj., <i>true, genuine</i>: nom. sg, þät is sôð metod, +<a href="#li1612">1612</a>; acc. sg. n. gyd âwräc sôð and sâr-lîc, <a href="#li2110">2110</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsôthe">sôðe</a>, adv., <i>truly, correctly, accurately</i>, <a href="#li524">524</a>; sôðe +gebunden (of alliterative verse: <i>accurately put together</i>), <a href="#li872">872</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsôthcyning">sôð-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>true king</i>: nom. sg. sigora +sôð-cyning (<i>God</i>), <a href="#li3056">3056</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsôthfäst">sôð-fäst</a>, adj., <i>soothfast, established in truth, +orthodox</i> (here used of the Christian martyrs): gen. pl. sôð-fästra +dôm (<i>glory, realm, of the saints</i>), <a href="#li2821">2821</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsôthlîce">sôð-lîce</a>, adv., <i>in truth, truly, truthfully</i>, <a href="#li141">141</a>, <a href="#li273">273</a>, +<a href="#li2900">2900</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsôfte">sôfte</a>, adv., <i>gently, softly</i>: compar. þý sêft (<i>the +more easily</i>), <a href="#li2750">2750</a>.—Comp. un-sôfte.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsôna">sôna</a>, adv., <i>soon, immediately</i>, <a href="#li121">121</a>, <a href="#li722">722</a>, <a href="#li744">744</a>, <a href="#li751">751</a>, <a href="#li1281">1281</a>, +<a href="#li1498">1498</a>, <a href="#li1592">1592</a>, <a href="#li1619">1619</a>, <a href="#li1763">1763</a>, etc.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="glonspannan">spannan</a>, st. v., <i>to un-span, unloose</i>: pret. sg. his helm +on-speón (<i>loosed his helm</i>), <a href="#li2724">2724</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glspel">spel</a>, st. n., <i>narrative, speech</i>: acc. sg. spell, <a href="#li2110">2110</a>; +acc. pl. spel, <a href="#li874">874</a>; gen. pl. spella, <a href="#li2899">2899</a>, <a href="#li3030">3030</a>.—Comp. weá-spel.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glspêd">spêd</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>luck, success</i>: in comp. here-, +wîg-spêd.—2) <i>skill, facility</i>: acc. sg. on spêd +(<i>skilfully</i>), <a href="#li874">874</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glspîwan">spîwan</a>, st. v., <i>to spit, spew</i>, w. instr.: inf. glêdum +spîwan (<i>spit fire</i>), 2313</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glspor">spor</a>, st. n., <i>spur</i>: in comp. hand-spor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glspôwan">spôwan</a>, st. v., <i>to speed well, help, avail</i>: pret. sg. +him wiht ne speów (<i>availed him naught</i>), <a href="#li2855">2855</a>; hû him ät æte +speów (<i>how he sped in the eating</i>), <a href="#li3027">3027</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glspræc">spræc</a>, st. f., <i>speech, language</i>: instr. sg. frêcnan +spræce (<i>through bold, challenging, discourse</i>), <a href="#li1105">1105</a>.—Comp.: +æfen-, gylp-spræc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsprecan">sprecan</a>, st. v., <i>to speak</i>: inf. ic sceal forð sprecan +gen ymbe Grendel <i>(I shall go on speaking about G.</i>), <a href="#li2070">2070</a>; w. +acc. se þe wyle sôð sprecan (<i>he who will speak the truth</i>), +<a href="#li2865">2865</a>; imper. tô Geátum sprec (spræc, MS.), <a href="#li1172">1172</a>; pret. sg. III. spräc, +<a href="#li1169">1169</a>, <a href="#li1699">1699</a>, <a href="#li2511">2511</a>, <a href="#li2725">2725</a>; word äfter spräc, <a href="#li341">341</a>; nô ymbe þâ fæhðe spräc, +<a href="#li2619">2619</a>; II. hwät þu worn fela ... ymb Brecan spræce (<i>how much thou +hast spoken of Breca!</i>), <a href="#li531">531</a>; pl. hwät wit geó spræcon (<i>what we +two spoke of before</i>), <a href="#li1477">1477</a>; gomele ymb gôdne on-geador spræcon, +þät big ... <i>(the graybeards spoke together about the valiant one, +that they ...</i>), <a href="#li1596">1596</a>; swâ wit furðum spræcon (<i>as we two spoke, +engaged, before</i>), <a href="#li1708">1708</a>; pret. part. þâ wäs ... þryð-word sprecen, +<a href="#li644">644</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sprecan, w. acc., <i>to speak</i>: pret. sg. ge-spräc, <a href="#li676">676</a>, <a href="#li1399">1399</a>, +<a href="#li1467">1467</a>, <a href="#li3095">3095</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glspreót">spreót</a>, st. m., <i>pole; spear, pike</i>: in comp. +eofor-spreót.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glspringan">springan</a>, st. v., <i>to jump, leap; flash</i>: pret. sg. hrâ +wîde sprong <i>(the body bounded far</i>), <a href="#li1589">1589</a>; swât ædrum sprong +forð under fexe (<i>the blood burst out in streams from under his +hair</i>), <a href="#li2967">2967</a>; pl. wîde sprungon hilde-leóman (<i>flashed afar</i>), +<a href="#li2583">2583</a>. Also figuratively: blæd wîde sprang (<i>his repute spread +afar</i>), <a href="#li18">18</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-springan, <i>to spring forth</i>: pret. sg. swâ þät blôd ge-sprang +(<i>as the blood burst forth</i>), <a href="#li1668">1668</a>. Figuratively, <i>to arise, +originate</i>: pret. sg. Sigemunde gesprong äfter deáð-däge dôm +un-lytel, <a href="#li885">885</a>.</p> + +<p>on-springan, <i>to burst in two, spring asunder</i>: pret. pl. seonowe +onsprungon, burston bânlocan <a href="#li818">818</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstandan">standan</a>, st. v.: 1) absolutely or with prep., <i>to stand</i>: +pres. III. pl. eóred-geatwe þe ge þær on standað (<i>the warlike +accoutrements wherein ye there stand</i>), <a href="#li2867">2867</a>; inf. ge-seah ... +orcas stondan (<i>saw vessels standing</i>), <a href="#li2761">2761</a>; pret. sg. ät hýðe +stôd hringed-stefna (<i>in the harbor stood the curved-prowed?, +metal-covered?, ship</i>), <a href="#li32">32</a>; stôd on stapole (<i>stood near the +[middle] column</i>), <a href="#li927">927</a>; so, <a href="#li1914">1914</a>, <a href="#li2546">2546</a>; þät him on aldre stôd +here-stræl hearda (<i>that the sharp war-arrow stood in his +vitals</i>), <a href="#li1435">1435</a>; so, <a href="#li2680">2680</a>; pl. gâras stôdon ... samod ät-gädere +(<i>the spears stood together</i>), <a href="#li328">328</a>; him big stôdan bunan and +orcas (<i>by him stood cans and pots</i>), <a href="#li3048">3048</a>. Also of still water: +pres. sg. III. nis þät feor heonon ... þät se mere standeð, <a href="#li1363">1363</a>.—2) +with predicate adj., <i>to stand, continue in a certain state</i>: +subj. pres. þät þes sele stande ... rinca ge-hwylcum îdel and unnyt +(<i>that this hall stands empty and useless for every warrior</i>), +<a href="#li411">411</a>; inf. hord-wynne fand eald uht-sceaða opene standan, <a href="#li2272">2272</a>; pret. +sg. ôð þät îdel stôd hûsa sêlest, <a href="#li145">145</a>; so, <a href="#li936">936</a>; wäter under stôd +dreórig and ge-drêfed, 1418—3) <i>to belong</i> or <i>attach to; +issue</i>: pret. sg. Norð-Denum stôd atelîc egesa (<i>great terror +clung to, overcame, the North Danes</i>), <a href="#li784">784</a>; þâra ânum stôd sadol +searwum fâh (<i>on one of the steeds lay an ingeniously-inlaid +saddle</i>), <a href="#li1038">1038</a>; byrne-leóma eldum on andan (<i>burning light stood +forth, a horror to men</i>), <a href="#li2314">2314</a>; leóht inne stôd (<i>a light stood +in it</i>, i.e. the sword), <a href="#li1571">1571</a>; him of eágum stôd ... leóht unfäger +(<i>an uncanny light issued from his eyes</i>), <a href="#li727">727</a>; so, þät [fram] +þam gyste [gryre-] brôga stôd, <a href="#li2229">2229</a>.</p> + +<p>â-standan, <i>to stand up, arise</i>: pret. sg. â-stôd, <a href="#li760">760</a>, <a href="#li1557">1557</a>, +<a href="#li2093">2093</a>.</p> + +<p>ät-standan, <i>to stand at, near</i>, or <i>in</i>: pret. sg. þät hit +(i.e. þät swurd) on wealle ät-stôd, <a href="#li892">892</a>.</p> + +<p>for-standan, <i>to stand against</i> or <i>before</i>, hence: 1) <i>to +hinder, prevent</i>: pret. sg. (breóst-net) wið ord and wið ecge in-gang +for-stôd (<i>the shirt of mail prevented point or edge from entering</i>), +<a href="#li1550">1550</a>; subj. nefne him witig god wyrd for-stôde (<i>if the wise God had not +warded off such a fate from them</i>, i.e. the men threatened by Grendel), +<a href="#li1057">1057</a>.—2) <i>defend</i>, w. dat. of person against whom: inf. þät he ... +mihte heáðo-lîðendum hord for-standan, bearn and brýde (<i>that he might +protect his treasure, his children, and his spouse from the +sea-farers</i>), <a href="#li2956">2956</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-standan, intrans., <i>to stand</i>: pret. sg. ge-stôd, <a href="#li358">358</a>, <a href="#li404">404</a>, +<a href="#li2567">2567</a>; pl. nealles him on heápe hand-gesteallan ... ymbe gestôdon +(<i>not at all did his boon-companions stand serried around him</i>), +<a href="#li2597">2597</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstapa">stapa</a>, w. m., <i>stepper, strider</i>: in comp. hæð-, +mearc-stapa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstapan">stapan</a>, st. v., <i>to step, stride, go forward</i>: pret. sg. +eorl furður stôp, <a href="#li762">762</a>; gum-fêða stop lind-häbbendra (<i>the troop of +shield-warriors strode on</i>), <a href="#li1402">1402</a>.</p> + +<p>ät-stapan, <i>to stride up</i> or <i>to</i>: pret. sg. forð neár +ät-stôp (<i>strode up nearer</i>), <a href="#li746">746</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-stapan, <i>to walk, stride</i>: pret. sg. he to forð gestôp dyrnan +cräfte, dracan heáfde neáh (<i>he</i>, i.e. the man that robbed the +dragon of the vessel, <i>had through hidden craft come too near the +dragon's head</i>), <a href="#li2290">2290</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstapol">stapol</a>, st. m., (= βάσις), <i>trunk of a tree</i>; +hence, <i>support, pillar, column</i>: dat. sg. stôd on stapole +(<i>stood by</i> or <i>near the wooden middle column of Heorot</i>), +<a href="#li927">927</a>; instr. pl. þâ stân-bogan stapulum fäste (<i>the arches of stone +upheld by pillars</i>), <a href="#li2719">2719</a>. See <a href="#note927">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstarian">starian</a>, w. v., <i>to stare, look intently at</i>: pres. sg. I. +þät ic on þone hafelan ... eágum starige (<i>that I see the head with +my eyes</i>), <a href="#li1782">1782</a>; þâra frätwa ... þe ic her on starie (<i>for the +treasures ... that I here look upon</i>), <a href="#li2797">2797</a>; III. þonne he on þät +sine starað, <a href="#li1486">1486</a>; sg. for pl. þâra þe on swylc starað, <a href="#li997">997</a>; pret. sg. +þät (sin-freá) hire an däges eágum starede, <a href="#li1936">1936</a>; pl. on mere +staredon, <a href="#li1604">1604</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstân">stân</a>, st. m., 1) <i>stone</i>: in comp. eorclan-stân.—2) +<i>rock</i>: acc. sg. under (ofer) hârne stân, <a href="#li888">888</a>, <a href="#li1416">1416</a>, <a href="#li2554">2554</a>, <a href="#li2745">2745</a>; +dat. sg. stâne, <a href="#li2289">2289</a>, <a href="#li2558">2558</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstânbeorh">stân-beorh</a>, st. m., <i>rocky elevation, stony mountain</i>: +acc. sg. stân-beorh steápne, <a href="#li2214">2214</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstânboga">stân-boga</a>, w. m., <i>stone arch, arch hewn out of the rock</i>: dat. +sg. stân-bogan, <a href="#li2546">2546</a>; nom. pl. stân-bogan, <a href="#li2719">2719</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstânclif">stân-clif</a>, st. n., <i>rocky cliff</i>: acc. pl. stân-cleofu, <a href="#li2541">2541</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstânfâh">stân-fâh</a>, adj., <i>stone-laid, paved with stones of different +colors</i>: nom. sg. stræt wäs stân-fâh (<i>the street was of different +colored stones</i>), <a href="#li320">320</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstânhlith">stân-hlið</a>, st. n., <i>rocky slope</i>: acc. pl. stân-hliðo, <a href="#li1410">1410</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstäf">stäf</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>staff</i>: in comp. rûn-staf.—2) +<i>elementum</i>: in comp. âr-, ende-, fâcen-stäf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstäl">stäl</a>, st. m., <i>place, stead</i>: dat. sg. þät þu me â wære +forð-gewitenum on fäder stäle (<i>that thou, if I died, wouldst +represent a father's place to me</i>), <a href="#li1480">1480</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstælan">stælan</a>, w. v., <i>to place; allure</i> or <i>instigate</i>: +inf. þâ ic on morgne ge-frägn mæg ôðerne billes ecgum on bonan stælan +<i>(then I learned that on the morrow one brother instigated the other +to murder with the sword's edge</i>; or, <i>one avenged the other on +the murderer</i>?, cf. <a href="#li2962">2962</a> seqq.), <a href="#li2486">2486</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-stælan, <i>to place, impose, institute</i>: pret. part. ge feor +hafað fæhðe ge-stæled (<i>Grendel's mother has further begun +hostilities against us</i>), <a href="#li1341">1341</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstede">stede</a>, st. m., <i>place, -stead</i>: in comp. bæl-, burh-, +folc-, heáh-, meðel-, wang-, wîc-stede.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstefn">stefn</a>, st. f., <i>voice</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2553">2553</a>; instr. sg. niwan +(niówan) stefne (properly novâ voce) = denuo, <i>anew, again</i>, +<a href="#li2595">2595</a>, <a href="#li1790">1790</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstefn">stefn</a>, st. m., <i>prow of a ship</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li213">213</a>; see +bunden-, hringed-, wunden-stefna.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonstellan">on-stellan</a>, w. v., <i>constituere, to cause, bring about</i>: +pret. sg. se þäs or-leges ôr on-stealde, <a href="#li2408">2408</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsteng">steng</a>, st. m., <i>pole, pike</i>: in comp wäl-steng.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesteppan">steppan</a>, w. v., <i>to stride, go</i>: pret. sg. folce +ge-stepte ofer sæ sîde sunu Ôhtheres (<i>O.'s son</i>, i.e. Eádgils, +<i>went with warriors over the broad sea</i>), <a href="#li2394">2394</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstede">stede</a> (O.H.G. stâti, M.H.G. stæte), adj., <i>firm, steady</i>: +nom. sg. wäs stêde nägla ge-hwylc stýle ge-lîcost (<i>each nail-place +was firm as steel</i>), <a href="#li986">986</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstêpan">stêpan</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to exalt, honor</i>: pret. sg. þeáh +þe hine mihtig god ... eafeðum stêpte, <a href="#li1718">1718</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesteald">steald</a>, st. n., <i>possessions, property</i>: in comp. +in-gesteald, <a href="#li1156">1156</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgestealla">stealla</a>, w. m., (contubernalis), <i>companion, comrade</i>: +in comp. eaxl-, fyrd-, hand-, lind-, nýd-ge-stealla.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstearcheort">stearc-heort</a>, adj., (fortis animo), <i>stout-hearted, +courageous</i>: nom. sg. (of the dragon), <a href="#li2289">2289</a>; (of Beówulf), <a href="#li2553">2553</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsteáp">steáp</a>, adj., <i>steep, projecting, towering</i>: acc. sg. +steápne hrôf, <a href="#li927">927</a>; stân-beorh steápne, <a href="#li2214">2214</a>; wið steápne rond, <a href="#li2567">2567</a>; +acc. pl. m. beorgas steápe, <a href="#li222">222</a>; neut. steáp stân-hliðo, <a href="#li1410">1410</a>.—Comp. +heaðo-steáp.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstille">stille</a>, adj., <i>still, quiet</i>: nom. sg. wîd-floga wundum +stille, <a href="#li2831">2831</a>.</p> + +<p>stille, adv., <i>quietly</i>, <a href="#li301">301</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstincan">stincan</a>, st. v., <i>to smell; snuff</i>: pret. sg. stonc þâ +äfter stâne (<i>snuffed along the stone</i>), <a href="#li2289">2289</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstîth">stîð</a>, adj., <i>hard, stiff</i>: nom. sg. wunden-mæl (swurd) ... +stîð and stýlecg, <a href="#li1534">1534</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstîthmôd">stîð-môd</a>, adj., <i>stout-hearted, unflinching</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2567">2567</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstîg">stîg</a>, st. m., <i>way, path</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li320">320</a>, <a href="#li2214">2214</a>; acc. pl. +stîge nearwe, 1410—Comp. medu-stîg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstîgan">stîgan</a>, st. v., <i>to go, ascend</i>: pret. sg. þâ he tô holme +[st]âg (<i>when he plunged forward into the sea</i>), <a href="#li2363">2363</a>; pl. +beornas ... on stefn stigon, <a href="#li212">212</a>; Wedera leóde on wang stigon, <a href="#li225">225</a>; +subj. pret. ær he on bed stige, <a href="#li677">677</a>.</p> + +<p>â-stîgan, <i>to ascend</i>: pres. sg. þonon ýð-geblond up â-stîgeð won +tô wolcnum, <a href="#li1374">1374</a>; gûð-rinc â-stâh (<i>the fierce hero ascended</i>, +i.e. was laid on the pyre? or, <i>the fierce smoke</i> [rêc] +<i>ascended?</i>), <a href="#li1119">1119</a>; gamen eft â-stâh (<i>joy again went up, +resounded</i>), <a href="#li1161">1161</a>; wudu-rêc â-stâh sweart of swioðole, <a href="#li3145">3145</a>; swêg +up â-stâg, <a href="#li783">783</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-stîgan, <i>to ascend, go up</i>: pret. sg. þâ ic on holm ge-stâh, +<a href="#li633">633</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstorm">storm</a>, st. m., <i>storm</i>: nom. sg. stræla storm (<i>storm of +missiles</i>), <a href="#li3118">3118</a>; instr. sg. holm storme weól (<i>the sea billowed +stormily</i>), <a href="#li1132">1132</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstôl">stôl</a>, st. m., <i>chair, throne, seat</i>: in comp. brego-, +êðel-, gif-, gum-stôl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstôw">stôw</a>, st. f., <i>place, -stow</i>: nom. sg. nis þät heóru stôw +(<i>a haunted spot</i>), <a href="#li1373">1373</a>; acc. sg. frêcne stôwe, <a href="#li1379">1379</a>; +grund-bûendra gearwe stôwe <i>(the place prepared for men</i>, i.e. +death-bed; see <a class="glentry" href="#glsacan">gesacan</a> and <a class="glentry" href="#glgenýdan">ge-nýdan</a>), <a href="#li1007">1007</a>: comp. +wäl-stow.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrang">strang, strong</a>, adj., <i>strong; valiant; mighty</i>: nom. sg. +wäs þät ge-win tô strang (<i>that sorrow was too great</i>), <a href="#li133">133</a>; þu +eart mägenes strang (<i>strong of body</i>), <a href="#li1845">1845</a>; wäs sió hond tô +strong (<i>the hand was too powerful</i>), <a href="#li2685">2685</a>; superl. wîgena +strengest (<i>strongest of warriors</i>), <a href="#li1544">1544</a>; mägenes strengest +(<i>strongest in might</i>), <a href="#li196">196</a>; mägene strengest, <a href="#li790">790</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrâdan">strâdan</a>? (cf. <b>stræde</b> = passus, gressus), <i>to +tread</i>, (be)-<i>stride, stride over</i> (Grein): subj. pres. se +þone wong strâde, <a href="#li3074">3074</a>. See <a href="#note3074">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstræl">stræl</a>, st. m., <i>arrow, missile</i>: instr. sg. biteran +stræle, <a href="#li1747">1747</a>; gen. pl. stræla storm, <a href="#li3118">3118</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstræt">stræt</a>, st. f., <i>street, highway</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li320">320</a>; acc. sg. +stræte, <a href="#li1635">1635</a>; fealwe stræte, <a href="#li917">917</a>.—Comp.: lagu-, mere-stræt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrengel">strengel</a>, st. m., (<i>endowed with strength</i>), <i>ruler, +chief</i>: acc. sg. wîgena strengel, <a href="#li3116">3116</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrengo">strengo</a>, st. f., <i>strength, power, violence</i>: acc. sg. +mägenes strenge, <a href="#li1271">1271</a>; dat. sg. strenge, <a href="#li1534">1534</a>; strengo, <a href="#li2541">2541</a>;—dat. +pl. strengum = <i>violently, powerfully</i> [<i>loosed from the +strings</i>?], <a href="#li3118">3118</a>: in comp. hilde-, mägen-, mere-strengo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrêgan">strêgan</a> (O.S. strôwian), w. v., <i>to strew, spread</i>: pret. +part, wäs þäm yldestan ... morðorbed strêd (<i>the death-bed was +spread for the eldest one</i>), <a href="#li2437">2437</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstreám">streám</a>, st. m., <i>stream, flood, sea</i>: acc. sg. streám, +<a href="#li2546">2546</a>; nom. pl. streámas, <a href="#li212">212</a>; acc. pl. streámas, <a href="#li1262">1262</a>: comp. brim-, +eágor-, firgen-, lagu-streám.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgestreón">streón</a> (cf. <b>streón</b> = robur, vis), st. n., +<i>property, possessions</i>; hence, <i>valuables, treasure, +jewels</i>: nom. pl. Heaðo-beardna ge-streón (<i>the costly treasure +of the Heathobeardas</i>, i.e. the accoutrements belonging to the +slain H.), <a href="#li2038">2038</a>; acc. pl. äðelinga, eorla ge-streón, <a href="#li1921">1921</a>, +<a href="#li3168">3168</a>.—Comp.: ær-, eald-, eorl-, heáh-, hord-, long-, mâðm-, sinc-, +þeód-ge-streón.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrûdan">strûdan</a>, st. v., <i>to plunder, carry off</i>: subj. pres. näs +þâ on hlytme hwâ þät hord strude, <a href="#li3127">3127</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgestrýnan">strýnan</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to acquire, gain</i>: inf. þäs þe +(<i>because</i>) ic môste mînum leódum ... swylc ge-strýnan, <a href="#li2799">2799</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstund">stund</a>, st. f., <i>time, space of time, while</i>: adv. dat. pl. +stundum (<i>at times</i>), <a href="#li1424">1424</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstyrian">styrian</a>, w. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to arrange, put in order, +tell</i>: inf. secg eft on-gan sîð Beówulfes snyttrum styrian (<i>the +poet then began to tell B.'s feat skilfully</i>, i.e. put in poetic +form), <a href="#li873">873</a>.—2) <i>to rouse, stir up</i>: pres. sg. III. þonne wind +styreð lâð ge-widru (<i>when the wind stirreth up the loathly +weather</i>), <a href="#li1375">1375</a>.—3) <i>to move against, attack, disturb</i>: subj. +pres. þät he ... hring-sele hondum styrede (<i>that he should attack the +ring-hall with his hands</i>), <a href="#li2841">2841</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstyrman">styrman</a>, w. v., <i>to rage, cry out</i>: pret. sg. styrmde, +<a href="#li2553">2553</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstýle">stýle</a>, st. n., <i>steel</i>: dat. sg. stýle, <a href="#li986">986</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstýlecg">stýl-ecg</a>, adj., <i>steel-edged</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1534">1534</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbestýman">stýman</a>, w. v., <i>to inundate, wet, flood</i>: pret. part. +(wæron) eal benc-þelu blôde be-stýmed, <a href="#li486">486</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsuhtorgefäderan">suhtor-ge-fäderan</a> (collective), w. m. pl., <i>uncle and nephew, +father's brother and brother's son</i>: nom. pl., <a href="#li1165">1165</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsum">sum</a>, pron.: 1) indef., <i>one, a, any, a certain</i>; neut. +<i>something</i>: a) without part. gen.: nom. sg. sum, <a href="#li1252">1252</a>; +hilde-rinc sum, <a href="#li3125">3125</a>; neut. ne sceal þær dyrne sum wesan (<i>naught +there shall be hidden</i>), <a href="#li271">271</a>; acc. sg. m. sumne, <a href="#li1433">1433</a>; instr. sg. +sume worde (<i>by a word, expressly</i>), <a href="#li2157">2157</a>; nom. pl. sume, <a href="#li400">400</a>, +<a href="#li1114">1114</a>; acc. pl. sume, <a href="#li2941">2941</a>. b) with part. gen.: nom. sg. gumena sum +(<i>one of men, a man</i>), <a href="#li1500">1500</a>, <a href="#li2302">2302</a>; mere-hrägla sum, <a href="#li1906">1906</a>; þät wäs +wundra sum, <a href="#li1608">1608</a>; acc. sg. gylp-worda sum, <a href="#li676">676</a>. c) with gen. of +cardinals or notions of multitude: nom. sg. fîftena sum (<i>one of +fifteen, with fourteen companions</i>), <a href="#li207">207</a>; so, eahta sum, <a href="#li3124">3124</a>; +feára sum (<i>one of few, with a few</i>), <a href="#li1413">1413</a>; acc. sg. manigra +sumne (<i>one of many, with many</i>), <a href="#li2092">2092</a>; manna cynnes sumne +(<i>one of the men</i>), i.e. one of the watchmen in Heorot), <a href="#li714">714</a>; +feára sumne (<i>some few, one of few</i>; or, <i>one of the +foes</i>?), <a href="#li3062">3062</a>.—2) with part. gen. sum sometimes = <i>this, that, +the afore-mentioned</i>: nom. sg. eówer sum (<i>a certain one, that +one, of you</i>, i.e. Beówulf), <a href="#li248">248</a>; gûð-beorna sum (<i>the +afore-mentioned warrior</i>, i.e. who had shown the way to Hrôðgâr's +palace), <a href="#li314">314</a>; eorla sum (<i>the said knight</i>, i.e. Beówulf), <a href="#li1313">1313</a>; +acc. sg. hord-ärna sum (<i>a certain hoard-hall</i>), <a href="#li2280">2280</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsund">sund</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>swimming</i>: acc. sg. ymb sund, <a href="#li507">507</a>; dat. +sg. ät sunde (<i>in swimming</i>), <a href="#li517">517</a>; on sunde (<i>a-swimming</i>), +<a href="#li1619">1619</a>; gen. sg. sundes, <a href="#li1437">1437</a>.—2) <i>sea, ocean, sound</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li223">223</a>; acc. sg. sund, <a href="#li213">213</a>, <a href="#li512">512</a>, <a href="#li539">539</a>, <a href="#li1427">1427</a>, <a href="#li1445">1445</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesund">sund</a>, adj., <i>sound, healthy, unimpaired</i>: acc. sg. m. +ge-sundne, <a href="#li1629">1629</a>, <a href="#li1999">1999</a>; nom. pl. ge-sunde, <a href="#li2076">2076</a>; acc. pl. w. gen. fäder +alwalda ... eówic ge-healde sîða ge-sunde (<i>the almighty Father keep +you safe and sound on your journey!</i>), <a href="#li318">318</a>.—Comp. an-sund.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsundgebland">sund-ge-bland</a>, st. n., (<i>the commingled sea</i>), +<i>sea-surge, sea-wave</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1451">1451</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsundnyt">sund-nyt</a>, st. f., <i>swimming-power</i> or <i>employment, +swimming</i>: acc. sg. sund-nytte dreáh (<i>swam through the sea</i>), +<a href="#li2361">2361</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsundur">sundur, sundor</a>, adv., <i>asunder, in twain</i>: sundur gedælan +(<i>to separate, sunder</i>), <a href="#li2423">2423</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsundornyt">sundor-nyt</a>, st. f., <i>special service</i> (service in a +special case): acc. sg. sundor-nytte, <a href="#li668">668</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsundwudu">sund-wudu</a>, st. m., (<i>sea-wood</i>), <i>ship</i>: nom. acc. +sg. sund-wudu, <a href="#li208">208</a>, <a href="#li1907">1907</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsunne">sunne</a>, w. f., <i>sun</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li607">607</a>; gen. sg. sunnan, <a href="#li94">94</a>, +<a href="#li649">649</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsunu">sunu</a>, st. m., <i>son</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li524">524</a>, <a href="#li591">591</a>, <a href="#li646">646</a>, <a href="#li981">981</a>, <a href="#li1090">1090</a>, +<a href="#li1486">1486</a>, etc.; acc. sg. sunu, <a href="#li268">268</a>, <a href="#li948">948</a>, <a href="#li1116">1116</a>, <a href="#li1176">1176</a>, <a href="#li1809">1809</a>, <a href="#li2014">2014</a>, <a href="#li2120">2120</a>; +dat. sg. suna, <a href="#li344">344</a>, <a href="#li1227">1227</a>, <a href="#li2026">2026</a>, <a href="#li2161">2161</a>, <a href="#li2730">2730</a>; gen. sg. suna, <a href="#li2456">2456</a>, <a href="#li2613">2613</a>, +(<a href="#li1279">1279</a>); nom. pl. suna, <a href="#li2381">2381</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsûth">sûð</a>, adv., <i>south, southward</i>, <a href="#li859">859</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsûthan">sûðan</a>, adv., <i>from the south</i>, <a href="#li607">607</a>; sigel sûðan fûs +(<i>the sun inclined from the south</i>), <a href="#li1967">1967</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswathrian">swaðrian</a>, w. v., <i>to sink to rest, grow calm</i>: brimu +swaðredon (<i>the waves became calm</i>), <a href="#li570">570</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glswethrian">sweðrian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswathu">swaðu</a>, st. f., <i>trace, track, pathway</i>: acc. sg. swaðe, +<a href="#li2099">2099</a>.—Comp.: swât-, wald-swaðu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswathul">swaðul</a>, st. m.? n.?, <i>smoke, mist</i> (Dietrich in Haupt V. +215): dat. sg. on swaðule, <a href="#li783">783</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsweothol">sweoðol</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswancor">swancor</a>, adj., <i>slender, trim</i>: acc. pl. þrió wicg +swancor, <a href="#li2176">2176</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswanrâd">swan-râd</a>, st. f., <i>swan-road, sea</i>: acc. sg. ofer +swan-râde, <a href="#li200">200</a>.</p> + +<p>and-<a class="glentry" name="glandswarian">swarian</a>, w. v., <i>to answer</i>: pret. sg. him se yldesta +and-swarode, <a href="#li258">258</a>; so, <a href="#li340">340</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswâ">swâ</a>: 1) demons, adv., <i>so, in such a manner, thus</i>: swâ sceal +man dôn, <a href="#li1173">1173</a>, <a href="#li1535">1535</a>; swâ þâ driht-guman dreámum lifdon, <a href="#li99">99</a>; þät ge-äfndon +swâ (<i>that we thus accomplished</i>), <a href="#li538">538</a>; þær hie meahton (i.e. feorh +ealgian), <a href="#li798">798</a>; so, <a href="#li20">20</a>, <a href="#li144">144</a>, <a href="#li189">189</a>, <a href="#li559">559</a>, <a href="#li763">763</a>, <a href="#li1104">1104</a>, <a href="#li1472">1472</a>, <a href="#li1770">1770</a>, <a href="#li2058">2058</a>, <a href="#li2145">2145</a>, +<a href="#li2178">2178</a>, <a href="#li2991">2991</a>; swâ manlîce <i>(so like a man</i>), <a href="#li1047">1047</a>; swâ fela (<i>so +many</i>), <a href="#li164">164</a>, <a href="#li592">592</a>; swâ deórlîce dæd (<i>so valiant a deed</i>), <a href="#li585">585</a>; hine +swâ gôdne (<i>him so good</i>), <a href="#li347">347</a>; on swâ geongum feore (<i>in so +youthful age</i>), <a href="#li1844">1844</a>; ge-dêð him swâ ge-wealdene worolde dælas þät ... +(<i>makes parts of the world so subject to him that</i>...), <a href="#li1733">1733</a>. In +comparisons = <i>ever, the</i> (adv.): me þîn môd-sefa lîcað leng swâ wel +(<i>thy mind pleases me ever so well, the longer the better</i>), <a href="#li1855">1855</a>. As +an asseverative = <i>so</i>: swâ me Higelâc sîe ... môdes blîðe (<i>so be +Higelac gracious-minded to me!</i>), <a href="#li435">435</a>; swâ þeáh (<i>nevertheless, +however</i>), <a href="#li973">973</a>, <a href="#li1930">1930</a>, <a href="#li2879">2879</a>; swâ þêh, <a href="#li2968">2968</a>; hwäðre swâ þeáh (<i>yet +however</i>), <a href="#li2443">2443</a>.—2): a) conj., <i>as, so as</i>: ôð þät his byre mihte +eorlscipe efnan swâ his ærfäder (<i>until his son might do noble deeds, as +his old father did</i>), <a href="#li2623">2623</a>; eft swâ ær (<i>again as before</i>), +<a href="#li643">643</a>;—with indic.: swâ he selfa bäd (<i>as he himself requested</i>), <a href="#li29">29</a>; +swâ he oft dyde (<i>as he often did</i>), <a href="#li444">444</a>; gæð â Wyrd swâ hió sceal, +<a href="#li455">455</a>; swâ guman gefrungon, <a href="#li667">667</a>; so, <a href="#li273">273</a>, <a href="#li352">352</a>, <a href="#li401">401</a>, <a href="#li561">561</a>, <a href="#li1049">1049</a>, <a href="#li1056">1056</a>, <a href="#li1059">1059</a>, +<a href="#li1135">1135</a>, <a href="#li1232">1232</a>, <a href="#li1235">1235</a>, <a href="#li1239">1239</a>, <a href="#li1253">1253</a>, <a href="#li1382">1382</a>, etc.;—with subj.: swâ þîn sefa hwette +<i>(as pleases thy mind</i>, i.e. any way thou pleasest), <a href="#li490">490</a>. b) <i>as, as +then, how</i>, <a href="#li1143">1143</a>; swâ hie â wæron ... nýd-gesteallan (<i>as they were ever +comrades in need</i>), <a href="#li882">882</a>; swâ hit diópe ... be-nemdon þeódnas mære (<i>as, +[how?] the mighty princes had deeply cursed it</i>), <a href="#li3070">3070</a>; swâ he manna wäs +wîgend weorðfullost (<i>as he of men the worthiest warrior was</i>), <a href="#li3099">3099</a>. +c) <i>just as, the moment when</i>: swâ þät blôd gesprang, <a href="#li1668">1668</a>. d) <i>so +that</i>: swâ he ne mihte nô (<i>so that he might not...</i>), <a href="#li1509">1509</a>; so, +<a href="#li2185">2185</a>, <a href="#li2007">2007</a>.—3) = qui, quae, quod, German so: worhte wlite-beorhtne wang +swâ wäter bebûgeð (<i>wrought the beauteous plain which</i> (acc.) <i>water +surrounds</i>), <a href="#li93">93</a>.—4) swâ ... swâ = <i>so ... as</i>, <a href="#li595">595</a>, <a href="#li687">687-8</a>, <a href="#li3170">3170</a>; efne +swâ ... swâ (<i>even so ... as</i>), <a href="#li1093">1093-4</a>, <a href="#li1224">1224</a>, <a href="#li1284">1284</a>; efne swâ hwylc mägða +swâ (<i>such a woman as, whatsoever woman</i>), <a href="#li944">944</a>; efne swâ hwylcum manna +swâ (<i>even so to each man as</i>), <a href="#li3058">3058</a>.</p> + +<p>for-<a class="glentry" name="glforswâfan">swâfan</a>, st. v., <i>to carry away, sweep off</i>: pret. sg. +ealle Wyrd for-sweóf mîne mâgas tô metod-sceafte, <a href="#li2815">2815</a>.</p> + +<p>for-<a class="glentry" name="glforswâpan">swâpan</a>, st. v., <i>to sweep off, force</i>: pret. sg. hie +Wyrd forsweóp on Grendles gryre, <a href="#li477">477</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswât">swât</a>, st. m., (<i>sweat</i>), <i>wound-blood</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2694">2694</a>, <a href="#li2967">2967</a>; instr. sg. swâte, <a href="#li1287">1287</a>.—Comp. heaðo-, hilde-swât.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswâtfâh">swât-fâh</a>, adj., <i>blood-stained</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1112">1112</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswâtig">swâtig</a>, adj., <i>gory</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1570">1570</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswâtswathu">swât-swaðu</a>, st. f., <i>blood-trace</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2947">2947</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbeswælan">swælan</a>, w. v., <i>to scorch</i>: pret. part. wäs se +lêg-draca ... glêdum beswæled, <a href="#li3042">3042</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswæs">swæs</a>, adj., <i>intimate, special, dear</i>: acc. sg. swæsne +êðel, <a href="#li520">520</a>; nom. pl. swæse ge-sîðas, <a href="#li29">29</a>; acc. pl. leóde swæse, <a href="#li1869">1869</a>; +swæse ge-sîðas, <a href="#li2041">2041</a>; gen. pl. swæsra ge-sîða, <a href="#li1935">1935</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswæslîce">swæs-lîce</a>, adv., <i>pleasantly, in a friendly manner</i>, <a href="#li3090">3090</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswebban">swebban</a>, w. v., (<i>to put to sleep</i>), <i>to kill</i>: inf. +ic hine sweorde swebban nelle, <a href="#li680">680</a>; pres. sg. III. (absolutely) +swefeð, <a href="#li601">601</a>.</p> + +<p>â-swebban, <i>to kill, slay</i>: pret. part. nom. pl. sweordum +â-swefede, <a href="#li567">567</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswethrian">sweðrian</a>, w. v., <i>to lessen, diminish</i>: inf. þät þät fyr +ongan sweðrian, <a href="#li2703">2703</a>; pret. siððan Heremôdes hild sweðrode, <a href="#li902">902</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswefan">swefan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to sleep</i>: pres. sg. III. swefeð, +<a href="#li1742">1742</a>; inf. swefan, <a href="#li119">119</a>, <a href="#li730">730</a>, <a href="#li1673">1673</a>; pret. sg. swäf, <a href="#li1801">1801</a>; pl. swæfon, +<a href="#li704">704</a>; swæfun, <a href="#li1281">1281</a>.—2) <i>to sleep the death-sleep, die</i>: pres. sg. +III. swefeð, <a href="#li1009">1009</a>, <a href="#li2061">2061</a>, <a href="#li2747">2747</a>; pl. swefað, <a href="#li2257">2257</a>, <a href="#li2458">2458</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswegel">swegel</a>, st. n., <i>ether, clear sky</i>: dat. sg. under swegle, +<a href="#li1079">1079</a>, <a href="#li1198">1198</a>; gen. sg. under swegles begong, <a href="#li861">861</a>, <a href="#li1774">1774</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswegle">swegle</a>, adj., <i>bright, etherlike, clear</i>: acc. pl. swegle +searo-gimmas, <a href="#li2750">2750</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswegelwered">swegel-wered</a>, <i>quasi</i> pret. part., <i>ether-clad</i>: nom. +sg. sunne swegl-wered, <a href="#li607">607</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswelgan">swelgan</a>, st. v., <i>to swallow</i>: pret. sg. w. instr. +syn-snædum swealh (<i>swallowed in great bites</i>), <a href="#li744">744</a>; object +omitted, subj. pres. nymðe lîges fäðm swulge on swaðule, <a href="#li783">783</a>.</p> + +<p>for-swelgan, w. acc., <i>to swallow, consume</i>: pret. sg. +for-swealg, <a href="#li1123">1123</a>, <a href="#li2081">2081</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswellan">swellan</a>, st. v., <i>to swell</i>: inf. þâ sió wund +on-gan ... swêlan and swellan, <a href="#li2714">2714</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweltan">sweltan</a>, st. v., <i>to die, perish</i>: pret. sg. swealt, <a href="#li1618">1618</a>, +<a href="#li2475">2475</a>; draca morðre swealt (<i>died a violent death</i>), <a href="#li893">893</a>, <a href="#li2783">2783</a>; +wundor-deáðe swealt, <a href="#li3038">3038</a>; hioro-dryncum swealt, <a href="#li2359">2359</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswencan">swencan</a>, w. v., <i>to swink, oppress, strike</i>: pret. sg. +hine wundra þäs fela swencte (MS. swecte) on sunde, <a href="#li1511">1511</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-swencan, <i>to oppress, strike, injure</i>: pret. sg. syððan hine +Hæðcyn ... flâne geswencte, <a href="#li2439">2439</a>; pret. part. synnum ge-swenced, <a href="#li976">976</a>; +hæðstapa hundum ge-swenced, <a href="#li1369">1369</a>.—Comp. lyft-ge-swenced.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweng">sweng</a>, st. m., <i>blow, stroke</i>: dat. sg. swenge, <a href="#li1521">1521</a>, +<a href="#li2967">2967</a>; swenge <i>(with its stroke</i>), <a href="#li2687">2687</a>; instr. pl. sweordes +swengum, <a href="#li2387">2387</a>.—Comp.: feorh-, hete-, heaðo-, heoro-sweng.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswerian">swerian</a>, st. v., <i>to swear</i>: pret. w. acc. I. ne me swôr +fela âða on unriht (<i>swore no false oaths</i>), <a href="#li2739">2739</a>; he me âðas +swôr, <a href="#li472">472</a>.</p> + +<p>for-swerian, w. instr., <i>to forswear, renounce (protect with magic +formulæ?)</i>: pret. part. he sige-wæpnum for-sworen häfde, <a href="#li805">805</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswêg">swêg</a>, st. m., <i>sound, noise, uproar</i>: nom. sg. swêg, <a href="#li783">783</a>; +hearpan swêg, <a href="#li89">89</a>, <a href="#li2459">2459</a>, <a href="#li3024">3024</a>; sige-folca swêg, <a href="#li645">645</a>; sang and swêg, +<a href="#li1064">1064</a>; dat. sg. swêge, <a href="#li1215">1215</a>.—Comp.: benc-, morgen-swêg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswêlan">swêlan</a>, w. v., <i>to burn</i> (here of wounds): inf. swêlan, +<a href="#li2714">2714</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glbeswælan">swælan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweart">sweart</a>, adj., <i>swart, black, dark</i>: nom. sg. wudu-rêc +sweart, <a href="#li3146">3146</a>; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, <a href="#li167">167</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweothol">sweoðol</a> (cf. O.H.G. suedan, suethan = cremare; M.H.G. swadem = +vapor; and Dietrich in Haupt V., 215), st. m.? n.?, <i>vapor, smoke, +smoking flame</i>: dat. sg. ofer swioðole (MS. swic ðole), <a href="#li3146">3146</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glswathul">swaðul</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweofot">sweofot</a>, st. m., <i>sleep</i>: dat. sg. on sweofote, <a href="#li1582">1582</a>, +<a href="#li2296">2296</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweoloth">sweoloð</a>, st. m., <i>heat, fire, flame</i>: dat. sg. sweoloðe, +<a href="#li1116">1116</a>. Cf. O.H.G. suilizo, suilizunga = ardor, cauma.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweorcan">sweorcan</a>, st. v., <i>to trouble, darken</i>. pres. sg. III. ne +him inwit-sorh on sefan sweorceð (<i>darkens his soul</i>), <a href="#li1738">1738</a>.</p> + +<p>for-sweorcan, <i>to grow dark</i> or <i>dim</i>: pres. sg. III. +eágena bearhtm for-siteð and for-sworceð, <a href="#li1768">1768</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sweorcan (intrans.), <i>to darken</i>: pret. sg. niht-helm +ge-swearc, <a href="#li1790">1790</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweord">sweord, swurd, swyrd</a>, st. n., <i>sword</i>: nom. sg. sweord, +<a href="#li1287">1287</a>, <a href="#li1290">1290</a>, <a href="#li1570">1570</a>, <a href="#li1606">1606</a>, <a href="#li1616">1616</a>, <a href="#li1697">1697</a>; swurd, <a href="#li891">891</a>; acc. sg. sweord, <a href="#li437">437</a>, +<a href="#li673">673</a>, <a href="#li1559">1559</a>, <a href="#li1664">1664</a>, <a href="#li1809">1809</a>, <a href="#li2253">2253</a>, <a href="#li2500">2500</a>, etc.; swurd, <a href="#li539">539</a>, <a href="#li1902">1902</a>; swyrd, <a href="#li2611">2611</a>, +<a href="#li2988">2988</a>; instr. sg. sweorde, <a href="#li561">561</a>, <a href="#li574">574</a>, <a href="#li680">680</a>, <a href="#li2493">2493</a>, <a href="#li2881">2881</a>; gen. sg. +sweordes, <a href="#li1107">1107</a>, <a href="#li2194">2194</a>, <a href="#li2387">2387</a>; acc. pl. sweord, <a href="#li2639">2639</a>; nom. pl., <a href="#li3049">3049</a>; +instr. pl. sweordum, <a href="#li567">567</a>, <a href="#li586">586</a>, <a href="#li885">885</a>; gen. pl. sweorda, <a href="#li1041">1041</a>, <a href="#li2937">2937</a>, +<a href="#li2962">2962</a>.—Comp.: gûð-, mâððum-, wæg-sweord.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweord1">sweord</a>, st. f., <i>oath</i>: in comp. âð-sweord +<i>(sword-oath</i>?), <a href="#li2065">2065</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweordbealo">sweord-bealo</a>, st. n., <i>sword-bale, death by the sword</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li1148">1148</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweordfreca">sweord-freca</a>, w. m., <i>sword-warrior</i>: dat. sg. +sweord-frecan, <a href="#li1469">1469</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweordgifu">sweord-gifu</a>, st. f., <i>sword-gift, giving of swords</i>: nom. +sg. swyrd-gifu, <a href="#li2885">2885</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweotol">sweotol, swutol</a>, adj.: 1) <i>clear, bright</i>: nom. sg. swutol +sang scôpes, <a href="#li90">90</a>.—2) <i>plain, manifest</i>: nom. sg. syndolh +sweotol, <a href="#li818">818</a>; tâcen sweotol, <a href="#li834">834</a>; instr. sg. sweotolan tâcne, <a href="#li141">141</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweóf">sweóf, sweóp</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glforswâfan">swâfan, swâpan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswith">swið</a>, st. n.? (O.N. swiði), <i>burning pain</i>: in comp. +þryð-swið(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswift">swift</a>, adj., <i>swift</i>: nom. sg. se swifta mearh, <a href="#li2265">2265</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswimman">swimman, swymman</a>, st. v., <i>to swim</i>: inf. swymman, <a href="#li1625">1625</a>.</p> + +<p>ofer-swimman, w. acc., <i>to swim over</i> or <i>through</i>: pret. +sg. ofer-swam sioleða bigong (<i>swam over the sea</i>), <a href="#li2368">2368</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswincan">swincan</a>, st. v., <i>to struggle, labor, contend</i>: pret. pl. +git on wäteres æht seofon niht swuncon, <a href="#li517">517</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeswing">swing</a>, st. n., <i>surge, eddy</i>: nom. sg. atol ýða +geswing, <a href="#li849">849</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswingan">swingan</a>, st. v., <i>to swing one's self, fly</i>: pres. sg. +III. ne gôd hafoc geond säl swingeð, <a href="#li2265">2265</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswîcan">swîcan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to deceive, leave in the lurch, +abandon</i>: pret. sg. næfre hit (<i>the sword</i>) ät hilde ne swâc +manna ængum, <a href="#li1461">1461</a>.—2) <i>to escape</i>: subj. pret. bûtan his lîc +swice, <a href="#li967">967</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeswîcan">swîcan</a>, <i>to deceive, leave in the lurch</i>: pret. sg. +gûð-bill ge-swâc nacod ät nîðe, <a href="#li2585">2585</a>, <a href="#li2682">2682</a>; w. dat. seó ecg ge-swâc +þeódne ät þearfe (<i>the sword failed the prince in need</i>), <a href="#li1525">1525</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswîth">swîð, swýð</a> (Goth, swinþ-s), adj., <i>strong, mighty</i>: nom. +sg. wäs þät ge-win tô swýð, <a href="#li191">191</a>.—Comp. nom. sg. sió swîðre hand +(<i>the right hand</i>), <a href="#li2099">2099</a>; <i>harsh</i>, <a href="#li3086">3086</a>.</p> + +<p>swîðe, adv., <i>strongly, very, much</i>, <a href="#li598">598</a>, <a href="#li998">998</a>, <a href="#li1093">1093</a>, <a href="#li1744">1744</a>, <a href="#li1927">1927</a>; +swýðe, <a href="#li2171">2171</a>, <a href="#li2188">2188</a>. Compar. swîðor, <i>more, rather, more strongly</i>, +<a href="#li961">961</a>, <a href="#li1140">1140</a>, <a href="#li1875">1875</a>, <a href="#li2199">2199</a>—Comp. un-swîðe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloferswîthian">ofer-swîðian</a>, w. v., <i>to overcome, vanquish</i>, w. acc. of +person: pres. sg. III. oferswýðeð, <a href="#li279">279</a>, <a href="#li1769">1769</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswîthferhth">swîð-ferhð</a>, adj., (<i>fortis animo</i>), <i>strong-minded, +bold, brave</i>: nom. sg. swýð-ferhð, <a href="#li827">827</a>; gen. sg. swîð-ferhðes, <a href="#li909">909</a>; +nom. pl. swîð-ferhðe, <a href="#li493">493</a>; dat. pl. swîð-ferhðum, <a href="#li173">173</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswîthhycgend">swîð-hycgend</a>, pres. part. (<i>strenue cogitans</i>), +<i>bold-minded, brave in spirit</i>: nom. sg. swîð-hycgende, <a href="#li920">920</a>; nom. +pl. swîð-hycgende, <a href="#li1017">1017</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswîthmôd">swîð-môd</a>, adj., <i>strong-minded</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1625">1625</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonswîfan">on-swîfan</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to swing, turn, at</i> or +<i>against, elevate</i>: pret. sg. biorn (Beówulf) bord-rand on-swâf +wið þam gryre-gieste, <a href="#li2560">2560</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswîgian">swîgian</a>, w. v., <i>to be silent, keep silent</i>: pret. sg. lyt +swîgode niwra spella (<i>kept little of the new tidings silent</i>), +<a href="#li2898">2898</a>; pl. swîgedon ealle, <a href="#li1700">1700</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswîgor">swîgor</a>, adj., <i>silent, taciturn</i>: nom, sg. weak, þâ wäs +swîgra secg ... on gylp-spræce gûð-ge-weorca, <a href="#li981">981</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswîn">swîn, swýn</a>, st. n., <i>swine, boar</i> (image on the helm): +nom. sg. swýn, <a href="#li1112">1112</a>; acc. sg. swîn, <a href="#li1287">1287</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswînlîc">swîn-lîc</a>, st. n., <i>swine-image</i> or <i>body</i>: instr. pl. +swîn-lîcum, <a href="#li1454">1454</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswôgan">swôgan</a>, st. v., <i>to whistle, roar</i>: pres. part. swôgende +lêg, <a href="#li3146">3146</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswutol">swutol</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsweotol">sweotol</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswylc">swylc, swilc</a> (Goth, swa-leik-s), demons, adj. = <i>talis, such, such +a</i>; relative = <i>qualis, as, which</i>: nom. sg. swylc, <a href="#li178">178</a>, <a href="#li1941">1941</a>, +<a href="#li2542">2542</a>, <a href="#li2709">2709</a>; swylc ... swylc=talis ... qualis, <a href="#li1329">1329</a>; acc. sg. swylc, <a href="#li2799">2799</a>; +eall ... swylc (<i>all ... which, as</i>), <a href="#li72">72</a>; ôðer swylc (<i>such +another</i>, i.e. hand), <a href="#li1584">1584</a>; on swylc (<i>on such things</i>), <a href="#li997">997</a>; dat. +sg. gûð-fremmendra swylcum (<i>to such a battle-worker</i>, i.e. Beówulf), +<a href="#li299">299</a>; gen. sg. swylces hwät (<i>some such</i>), <a href="#li881">881</a>; acc. pl. swylce, <a href="#li2870">2870</a>; +call swylce ... swylce, <a href="#li3166">3166</a>; swylce twegen (<i>two such</i>), <a href="#li1348">1348</a>; ealle +þearfe swylce (<i>all needs that</i>), <a href="#li1798">1798</a>; swylce hie ... findan meahton +sigla searo-gimma (<i>such as they might find of jewels and cunning +gems</i>), <a href="#li1157">1157</a>; efne swylce mæla swylce (<i>at just such times as</i>), +<a href="#li1250">1250</a>; gen. pl. swylcra searo-nîða, <a href="#li582">582</a>; swylcra fela ... ær-gestreóna, +<a href="#li2232">2232</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswylce">swylce</a>, adv., <i>as, as also, likewise, similarly</i>, <a href="#li113">113</a>, +<a href="#li293">293</a>, <a href="#li758">758</a>, <a href="#li831">831</a>, <a href="#li855">855</a>, <a href="#li908">908</a>, <a href="#li921">921</a>, <a href="#li1147">1147</a>, <a href="#li1166">1166</a>, <a href="#li1428">1428</a>, <a href="#li1483">1483</a>, <a href="#li2460">2460</a>, <a href="#li2825">2825</a>; ge +swylce (<i>and likewise</i>), <a href="#li2259">2259</a>; swilce, <a href="#li1153">1153</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswylt">swylt</a>, st. m., <i>death</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1256">1256</a>, <a href="#li1437">1437</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswyltdäg">swylt-däg</a>, st. m., <i>death-day</i>: dat. sg. ær swylt-däge, +<a href="#li2799">2799</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswynsian">swynsian</a>, w. v., <i>to sound</i>: pret. sg. hlyn swynsode, <a href="#li612">612</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswyrd">swyrd</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsweord">sweord</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswýthl">swýðl</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glswîth">swîð</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswýn">swýn</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glswîn">swîn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyththan">syððan</a> (seðian, Gen. 1525), w. v., <i>to punish, avenge</i>, w. +acc.: inf. þonne hit sweordes ecg syððan scolde (<i>then the edge of +the sword should avenge it</i>), <a href="#li1107">1107</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyththan">syððan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsiththan">siððan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyfanwintre">syfan-wintre</a>, adj., <i>seven-winters-old</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2429">2429</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyhth">syhð</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glseón">seón</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyl">syl</a> (O.H.G. swella), st. f., <i>sill, bench-support</i>: dat. +sg. fram sylle, <a href="#li776">776</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsylfa">sylfa</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glself">selfa</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyllan">syllan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsellan">sellan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyllîc">syllîc</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsellîc">sellîc</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsymbol">symbol, syml</a>, st. n., <i>banquet, entertainment</i>: acc. sg. +symbel, <a href="#li620">620</a>, <a href="#li1011">1011</a>; geaf me sinc and symbel (<i>gave me treasure and +feasting</i>, i.e. made me his friend and table-companion), <a href="#li2432">2432</a>; þät +hie ... symbel ymbsæton (<i>that they might sit round their +banquet</i>), <a href="#li564">564</a>; dat. sg. symle, <a href="#li81">81</a>, <a href="#li489">489</a>, <a href="#li1009">1009</a>; symble, <a href="#li119">119</a>, <a href="#li2105">2105</a>; +gen. pl. symbla, <a href="#li1233">1233</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsymble">symble, symle</a>, adv., <i>continually, ever</i>: symble, <a href="#li2451">2451</a>; +symle, <a href="#li2498">2498</a>; symle wäs þý sæmra (<i>he was ever the worse, the +weaker</i>, i.e. the dragon), <a href="#li2881">2881</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsymbelwyn">symbel-wyn</a>, st. f., <i>banqueting-pleasure, joy at +feasting</i>: acc. sg. symbel-wynne dreóh, <a href="#li1783">1783</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyn">syn</a>, st. f., <i>sin, crime</i>: nom. synn and sacu, <a href="#li2473">2473</a>; dat. +instr. pl. synnum, <a href="#li976">976</a>, <a href="#li1256">1256</a>, <a href="#li3072">3072</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyn1">syn</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsin">sin</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsynbysig">syn-bysig</a>, adj., (culpa laborans), <i>persecuted on account of +guilt?</i> (Rieger), <i>guilt-haunted?</i>: nom. sg. secg syn-[by]sig, +<a href="#li2228">2228</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesyngian">syngian</a>, w. v., <i>to sin, commit a crime</i>: pret. part. +þät wäs feohleás ge-feoht, fyrenum ge-syngad, <a href="#li2442">2442</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsynnig">synnig</a>, adj., <i>sin-laden, sinful</i>: acc. sg. m. sinnigne +secg, <a href="#li1380">1380</a>.—Comp.: fela-, un-synnig.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesynto">synto</a>, f., <i>health</i>: dat. pl. on gesyntum, <a href="#li1870">1870</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyrce">syrce</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glserce">serce</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyrwan">syrwan</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to entrap, catch unawares</i>: pret. +sg. duguðe and geogoðe seomade and syrede, <a href="#li161">161</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbesyrwan">syrwan</a>: 1) <i>to compass</i> or <i>accomplish by finesse; +effect</i>: inf. dæd þe we ealle ær ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan +(<i>a deed that all of us could not accomplish before with all our +wisdom</i>), <a href="#li943">943</a>.—2) <i>to entrap by guile and destroy</i>: inf. +mynte se mânscaða manna cynnes sumne be-syrwan (<i>the fell foe +thought to entrap some one (all?</i>, see <a class="glentry" href="#glsum">sum</a>) <i>of the +men</i>), <a href="#li714">714</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsýn">sýn</a>, f., <i>seeing, sight, scene</i>: comp, an-sýn.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesýne">sýne</a>, adj., <i>visible, to be seen</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li1256">1256</a>, <a href="#li1404">1404</a>, +<a href="#li2948">2948</a>, <a href="#li3059">3059</a>, <a href="#li3160">3160</a>.—Comp.: êð-ge-sýne, ýð-ge-sêne.</p> + +<p><b><a name="glossT">T</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltaligean">taligean</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to count, reckon, number; esteem, +think</i>: pres. sg. I. nô ic me ... hnâgran gûð-geweorca þonne Grendel +hine (<i>count myself no worse than G. in battle-works</i>), <a href="#li678">678</a>; wên +ic talige ...þät (<i>I count on the hope ... that</i>), <a href="#li1846">1846</a>; telge, +<a href="#li2068">2068</a>; sg. III. þät ræd talað þät (<i>counts it gain that</i>), +<a href="#li2028">2028</a>.—2) <i>to tell, relate</i>: sôð ic talige (<i>I tell facts</i>), +<a href="#li532">532</a>; swâ þu self talast (<i>as thou thyself sayst</i>), <a href="#li595">595</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltâcen">tâcen</a>, st. n., <i>token, sign, evidence</i>: nom. sg. tâcen +sweotol, <a href="#li834">834</a>; dat. instr. sg. sweotolan tâcne, <a href="#li141">141</a>; tîres tô tâcne, +<a href="#li1655">1655</a>.—Comp. luf-tâcen.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltân">tân</a>, st. m., <i>twig</i>: in comp. âter-tân. [emended to +âter-teárum in text--KTH]</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetæcan">tæcan</a>, w. v., <i>to show, point out</i>: pret. sg. him þâ +hilde-deór hof môdigra torht ge-tæhte (<i>the warrior pointed out to +them the bright dwelling of the bold ones</i>, i.e. Danes), <a href="#li313">313</a>. +Hence, <i>to indicate, assign</i>: pret. sôna me se mæra mago +Healfdenes ... wið his sylfes sunu setl getæhte (<i>assigned me a seat +by his own son</i>), <a href="#li2014">2014</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltæle">tæle</a>, adj., <i>blameworthy</i>: in comp. un-tæle.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetæse">tæse</a>, adj., <i>quiet, still</i>: nom. sg. gif him +wære ... niht ge-tæse (<i>whether he had a pleasant, quiet, night</i>), +<a href="#li1321">1321</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltela">tela</a>, adv., <i>fittingly, well</i>, <a href="#li949">949</a>, <a href="#li1219">1219</a>, <a href="#li1226">1226</a>, <a href="#li1821">1821</a>, +<a href="#li2209">2209</a>, <a href="#li2738">2738</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltelge">telge</a>. See <b>talian</b>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltellan">tellan</a>, w. v., <i>to tell, consider, deem</i>: pret. sg. ne his +lîf-dagas leóda ænigum nytte tealde (<i>nor did he count his life useful to +any man</i>), <a href="#li795">795</a>; þät ic me ænigne under swegles begong ge-sacan ne tealde +(<i>I believed not that I had any foe under heaven</i>), <a href="#li1774">1774</a>; cwäð he þone +gûð-wine gôdne tealde (<i>said he counted the war-friend good</i>), <a href="#li1811">1811</a>; +he ûsic gâr-wîgend gôde tealde (<i>deemed us good spear-warriors</i>), +<a href="#li2642">2642</a>; pl. swâ (<i>so that</i>) hine Geáta beam gôdne ne tealdon, <a href="#li2185">2185</a>.—2) +<i>to ascribe, count against, impose</i>: pret. sg. (Þryðo) him wälbende +weotode tealde hand-gewriðene, <a href="#li1937">1937</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetenge">tenge</a>, adj., <i>attached to, lying on</i>: w. dat. gold ... grunde +ge-tenge, <a href="#li2759">2759</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glteár">teár</a>, st. m., <i>tear</i>: nom. pl. teáras, <a href="#li1873">1873</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glteoh">teoh</a>, st. f., <i>troop, band</i>: dat. sg. earmre teohhe, <a href="#li2939">2939</a>.</p> + +<p>(ge?)-<a class="glentry" name="glgeteohhian">teohhian</a>, w. v., <i>to fix, determine, assign</i>: pret. +sg. ic for lässan leán teohhode ... hnâhran rince, <a href="#li952">952</a>; pres. part. wäs +ôðer in ær geteohhod (<i>assigned</i>)... mærum Geáte, <a href="#li1301">1301</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glteón">teón</a>, st. v., <i>to draw, lead</i>: inf. hêht ... eahta +mearas ... on flet teón (<i>bade eight horses be led into the hall</i>), +<a href="#li1037">1037</a>; pret. sg. me tô grunde teáh fâh feónd-sceaða (<i>the many-hued +fiend-foe drew me to the bottom</i>), <a href="#li553">553</a>; eft-sîðas teáh +(<i>withdrew, returned</i>), <a href="#li1333">1333</a>; sg. for pl. æg-hwylcum ...þâra þe +mid Beówulfe brim-lâde teáh (<i>to each of those that crossed the sea +with B.</i>) <a href="#li1052">1052</a>; pret. part. þâ wäs ... heard ecg togen (<i>then was +the hard edge drawn</i>), <a href="#li1289">1289</a>; wearð ... on näs togen (<i>was drawn to +the promontory</i>), <a href="#li1440">1440</a>.</p> + +<p>â-teón, <i>to wander, go</i>, intrans.: pret. sg. tô Heorute â-teáh +(<i>drew to Heorot</i>), <a href="#li767">767</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeteón">teón</a>: 1) <i>to draw</i>: pret. sg. gomel swyrd ge-teáh, +<a href="#li2611">2611</a>; w. instr. and acc. hyre seaxe ge-teáh, brad brûn-ecg, <a href="#li1546">1546</a>.—2) +<i>to grant, give, lend</i>: imp. nô þu him wearne geteóh þînra +gegn-cwida glädnian (<i>refuse not to gladden them with thy +answer</i>), <a href="#li366">366</a>; pret. sg. and þâ Beówulfe bega gehwäðres eodor +Ingwina onweald ge-teáh (<i>and the prince of the Ingwins gave B. +power over both</i>), <a href="#li1045">1045</a>; so, he him êst geteáh (<i>gave possession +of</i>), <a href="#li2166">2166</a>.</p> + +<p>of-teón, <i>to deprive, withdraw</i>, w. gen. of thing and dat. pers.: +pret. sg. Scyld Scêfing ... monegum mægðum meodo-setla of-teáh, <a href="#li5">5</a>; w. +acc. of thing, hond ... feorh-sweng ne of-teáh, <a href="#li2490">2490</a>; w. dat. hond +(hord, MS.) swenge ne of-teáh, <a href="#li1521">1521</a>.</p> + +<p>þurh-teón, <i>to effect</i>: inf. gif he torn-gemôt þurh-teón mihte, +<a href="#li1141">1141</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glteón">teón</a> (cf. teóh, <i>materia</i>, O.H.G. ziuc), w. v. w. acc., +<i>to make, work</i>: pret. sg. teóde, <a href="#li1453">1453</a>;—<i>to furnish out, +deck</i>: pret. pl. nalas hi hine lässan lâcum teódan (<i>provided him +with no less gifts</i>), <a href="#li43">43</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-teón, <i>to provide, do, bring on</i>: pres. sg. unc sceal weorðan +... swâ unc Wyrd ge-teóð, <a href="#li2527">2527</a>; pret. sg. þe him ... sâre ge-teóde +(<i>who had done him this harm</i>), <a href="#li2296">2296</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeteóna">teóna</a>, w. m., <i>injurer, harmer</i>: in comp. +lâð-ge-teóna.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltil">til</a>, adj., <i>good, apt, fit</i>: nom. sg. m. Hâlga til, <a href="#li61">61</a>; +þegn ungemete till (of Wîglâf), <a href="#li2722">2722</a>; fem. wäs seó þeód tilu, <a href="#li1251">1251</a>; +neut. ne wäs þät ge-wrixle til, <a href="#li1305">1305</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltilian">tilian</a>, w. v. w. gen., <i>to gain, win</i>: inf. gif ic ... +ôwihte mäg þînre môd-lufan mâran tilian (<i>if I ... gain</i>), <a href="#li1824">1824</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltimbrian">timbrian</a>, w. v., <i>to build</i>: pret. part. acc. sg. säl +timbred (<i>the well-built hall</i>), <a href="#li307">307</a>.</p> + +<p>be-timbrian, (construere), <i>to finish building, complete</i>: pret. +pl. betimbredon on tyn dagum beadu-rôfes bêcn, <a href="#li3161">3161</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltîd">tîd</a>, st. f., <i>-tide, time</i>: acc. sg. twelf wintra tîd, +<a href="#li147">147</a>; lange tîd, <a href="#li1916">1916</a>; in þâ tîde, <a href="#li2228">2228</a>.—Comp.: ân-, morgen-tîd.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetîthian">tîðian</a> (from tigðian), w. v., <i>to grant</i>: pret. part. +impers. wäs ... bêne (gen.) ge-tîðad feásceaftum men, <a href="#li2285">2285</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltîr">tîr</a>, st. m., <i>glory, repute in war</i>. gen. sg. tîres, <a href="#li1655">1655</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltîreádig">tîr-eádig</a>, adj., <i>glorious, famous</i>: dat. sg. tîr-eádigum +menn (of Beówulf), <a href="#li2190">2190</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltîrfäst">tîr-fäst</a>, adj., <i>famous, rich in glory</i>. nom. sg. (of +Hrôðgâr), <a href="#li923">923</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltîrleás">tîr-leás</a>, adj., <i>without glory, infamous</i>: gen. sg. (of +Grendel), <a href="#li844">844</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltoga">toga</a>, w. m., <i>leader</i>: in comp. folc-toga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltorht">torht</a>, adj., <i>bright, brilliant</i>: acc. sg. neut. hof ... +torht, <a href="#li313">313</a>.—Comp.: wuldor-torht, heaðo-torht (<i>loud in battle</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltorn">torn</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>wrath, insult, distress</i>: acc. sg. torn, +<a href="#li147">147</a>, <a href="#li834">834</a>; gen. pl. torna, <a href="#li2190">2190</a>.—2) <i>anger</i>: instr. sg. torne +ge-bolgen, <a href="#li2402">2402</a>.—Comp. lîge-torn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltorn">torn</a>, adj., <i>bitter, cruel</i>: nom. sg, hreówa tornost, +<a href="#li2130">2130</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltorngemôt">torn-ge-môt</a>, st. n., (<i>wrathful meeting</i>), <i>angry +engagement, battle</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1141">1141</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltô">tô</a>, I. prep. w. dat. indicating direction or tending to, hence: 1) +local = whither after verbs of motion, <i>to, up to, at</i>: com tô recede +(<i>to the hall</i>), <a href="#li721">721</a>; eode tô sele, <a href="#li920">920</a>; eode tô hire freán sittan, +<a href="#li642">642</a>; gæð eft ... tô medo (<i>goeth again to mead</i>), <a href="#li605">605</a>; wand tô wolcnum +(<i>wound to the welkin</i>), <a href="#li1120">1120</a>; sigon tô slæpe (<i>sank to sleep</i>), +<a href="#li1252">1252</a>; <a href="#li28">28</a>, <a href="#li158">158</a>, <a href="#li234">234</a>, <a href="#li438">438</a>, <a href="#li553">553</a>, <a href="#li926">926</a>, <a href="#li1010">1010</a>, <a href="#li1014">1014</a>, <a href="#li1155">1155</a>, <a href="#li1159">1159</a>, <a href="#li1233">1233</a>, etc.; +lîð-wæge bär hælum tô handa (<i>bore the ale-cup to the hands of the men? +at hand?</i>), <a href="#li1984">1984</a>; ôð þät niht becom ôðer tô yldum, <a href="#li2118">2118</a>; him tô bearme +cwom mâððum-fät mære (<i>came to his hands, into his possession</i>), <a href="#li2405">2405</a>; +sælde tô sande sîd-fäðme scip (<i>fastened the broad-bosomed ship to the +shore</i>), <a href="#li1918">1918</a>; þat se harm-scaða tô Heorute â-teáh (<i>went forth to +Heorot</i>), <a href="#li767">767</a>. After verb sittan: site nu tô symble (<i>sit now to the +meal</i>), <a href="#li489">489</a>; siððan ... we tô symble geseten häfdon, <a href="#li2105">2105</a>; tô ham +(<i>home, at home</i>), <a href="#li124">124</a>, <a href="#li374">374</a>, <a href="#li2993">2993</a>. With verbs of speaking: maðelode tô +his wine-drihtne (<i>spake to his friendly lord</i>), <a href="#li360">360</a>; tô Geátum sprec, +<a href="#li1172">1172</a>; so, hêht þät heaðo-weorc tô hagan biódan (<i>bade the battle-work be +told at the hedge</i>), <a href="#li2893">2893</a>.—2) with verbs of bringing and taking (cf. +under <a class="glentry" href="#glon">on</a>, I., d): hraðe wäs tô bûre Beówulf fetod (<i>B. was hastily +brought from a room</i>), <a href="#li1311">1311</a>; siððan Hâma ät-wäg tô þære byrhtan byrig +Brôsinga mene (<i>since H. carried the Brosing-necklace off from the bright +city</i>), <a href="#li1200">1200</a>; weán âhsode. fæhðo to Frysum (<i>suffered woe, feud as to, +from, the Frisians</i>), <a href="#li1208">1208</a>.—3) =end of motion, hence: a) <i>to, for, +as, in</i>: þone god sende folce tô frôfre (<i>for, as, a help to the +folk</i>), <a href="#li14">14</a>; gesette ... sunnan and mônan leóman to leóhte (<i>as a +light</i>), <a href="#li95">95</a>; ge-sät ... tô rune (<i>sat in counsel</i>), <a href="#li172">172</a>; wearð he +Heaðo-lâfe tô hand-bonan, <a href="#li460">460</a>; bringe ... tô helpe (<i>bring to, for, +help</i>), <a href="#li1831">1831</a>; Jofore forgeaf ângan dôhtor ... hyldo tô wedde (<i>as a +pledge of his favor</i>), <a href="#li2999">2999</a>; so, 508(?), <a href="#li666">666</a>, <a href="#li907">907</a>, <a href="#li972">972</a>, <a href="#li1022">1022</a>, <a href="#li1187">1187</a>, +<a href="#li1263">1263</a>, <a href="#li1331">1331</a>, <a href="#li1708">1708</a>, <a href="#li1712">1712</a>, <a href="#li2080">2080</a>, etc.; secgan tô sôðe (<i>to say in +sooth</i>), <a href="#li51">51</a>; so, <a href="#li591">591</a>, <a href="#li2326">2326</a>. b) with verbs of thinking, hoping, etc., +<i>on, for, at, against</i>: he tô gyrn-wräce swîðor þôhte þonne tô sæ-lâde +(<i>thought more on vengeance than on the sea-voyage</i>), <a href="#li1139">1139</a>; säcce ne +wêneð tô Gâr-Denum (<i>nor weeneth of conflict with the Spear-Danes</i>), +<a href="#li602">602</a>; þonne wêne ic tô þe wyrsan geþinges (<i>then I expect for thee a worse +result</i>), <a href="#li525">525</a>; ne ic to Sweóþeóde sibbe oððe treówe wihte ne wêne +(<i>nor expect at all of, from, the Swedes</i> ...), <a href="#li2923">2923</a>; wiste þäm +ahlæcan tô þäm heáh-sele hilde ge-þinged (<i>battle prepared for the +monster in the high hall</i>), <a href="#li648">648</a>; wel bið þäm þe mot tô fäder fäðmum +freoðo wilnian (<i>well for him that can find peace in the Father's +arms</i>), <a href="#li188">188</a>; þâra þe he ge-worhte tô West-Denum (<i>of those that he +wrought against the West-Danes</i>), <a href="#li1579">1579</a>.—4) with the gerund, inf.: tô +gefremmanne (<i>to do</i>), <a href="#li174">174</a>; tô ge-cýðanne (<i>to make known</i>), <a href="#li257">257</a>; +tô secganne (<i>to say</i>), <a href="#li473">473</a>; to befleónne (<i>to avoid, escape</i>), +<a href="#li1004">1004</a>; so, <a href="#li1420">1420</a>, <a href="#li1725">1725</a>, <a href="#li1732">1732</a>, <a href="#li1806">1806</a>, <a href="#li1852">1852</a>, <a href="#li1923">1923</a>, <a href="#li1942">1942</a>, etc. With inf.: tô +fêran, <a href="#li316">316</a>; tô friclan, <a href="#li2557">2557</a>.—5) temporal: gewât him tô gescäp-hwîle +(<i>went at(?) the hour of fate</i>; or, <i>to his fated rest?</i>), <a href="#li26">26</a>; tô +wîdan feore (<i>ever, in their lives</i>), <a href="#li934">934</a>; âwa tô aldre (<i>for life, +forever</i>), <a href="#li956">956</a>; so, tô aldre, <a href="#li2006">2006</a>, <a href="#li2499">2499</a>; tô life (<i>during life, +ever</i>), <a href="#li2433">2433</a>.—6) with particles: wôd under wolcnum tô þäs þe ... +(<i>went under the welkin to the point where</i> ...), <a href="#li715">715</a>; so, elne +ge-eodon tô þäs þe, <a href="#li1968">1968</a>; so, <a href="#li2411">2411</a>; he him þäs leán for-geald ... tô þäs þe +he on reste geseah Grendel licgan (<i>he paid him for that to the point +that he saw G. lying dead</i>), <a href="#li1586">1586</a>; wäs þät blôd tô þäs hât (<i>the blood +was hot to that degree</i>), <a href="#li1617">1617</a>; näs þâ long tô þon þät (<i>'twas not long +till</i>), <a href="#li2592">2592</a>, <a href="#li2846">2846</a>; wäs him se man tô þon leóf þät (<i>the man was dear +to him to that degree</i>), <a href="#li1877">1877</a>; tô hwan siððan wearð hond-ræs häleða +(<i>up to what point, how, the hand-contest turned out</i>), <a href="#li2072">2072</a>; tô +middes (<i>in the midst</i>), <a href="#li3142">3142</a>.</p> + +<p>II. Adverbial modifier, <i>quasi</i> preposition [better explained in many +cases as prep. postponed]: l) <i>to, towards, up to, at</i>: geóng sôna tô, +<a href="#li1786">1786</a>; so, <a href="#li2649">2649</a>; fêhð ôðer tô, <a href="#li1756">1756</a>; sæ-lâc ... þe þu her tô lôcast (<i>upon +which thou here lookest</i>), <a href="#li1655">1655</a>; folc tô sægon (<i>the folk looked +on</i>), <a href="#li1423">1423</a>; þät hî him tô mihton gegnum gangan (<i>might proceed +thereto</i>), <a href="#li313">313</a>; se þe him bealwa tô bôte gelýfde (<i>who believed in +help out of evils from him</i>, i.e. Beówulf), <a href="#li910">910</a>; him tô anwaldan âre +ge-lyfde (<i>trusted for himself to the Almighty's help</i>), <a href="#li1273">1273</a>; þe ûs +sêceað tô Sweóna leóde (<i>that the Swedes will come against us</i>), +<a href="#li3002">3002</a>.—2) before adj. and adv., <i>too</i>: tô strang (<i>too mighty</i>), +<a href="#li133">133</a>; tô fäst, <a href="#li137">137</a>; tô swýð, <a href="#li191">191</a>; so, <a href="#li789">789</a>, <a href="#li970">970</a>, <a href="#li1337">1337</a>, <a href="#li1743">1743</a>, <a href="#li1749">1749</a>, etc.; tô +fela micles (<i>far too much</i>), <a href="#li695">695</a>; he tô forð ge-stôp (<i>he had gone +too far</i>), <a href="#li2290">2290</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltôth">tôð</a> (G. tunþu-s), st. m., <i>tooth</i>: in comp. blôdig-tôð (adj.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltredan">tredan</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to tread</i>: inf. sæ-wong tredan, <a href="#li1965">1965</a>; +el-land tredan, <a href="#li3020">3020</a>; pret. sg. wräc-lâstas träd, <a href="#li1353">1353</a>; medo-wongas träd, +<a href="#li1644">1644</a>; gräs-moldan träd, <a href="#li1882">1882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltreddian">treddian, tryddian</a> (see <b>trod</b>), w. v., <i>to stride, +tread, go</i>: pret. sg. treddode, <a href="#li726">726</a>; tryddode getrume micle +(<i>strode about with a strong troop</i>), <a href="#li923">923</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrem">trem</a>, st. n., <i>piece, part</i>: acc. sg. ne ... fôtes trem +(<i>not a foot's breadth</i>), <a href="#li2526">2526</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltreów">treów</a>, st. f., <i>fidelity, good faith</i>: acc. sg. treówe, +<a href="#li1073">1073</a>; sibbe oððe treówe, <a href="#li2923">2923</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltreów">treów</a>, st. n., <i>tree</i>: in comp. galg-treów.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltreówian">treówian</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gltrûwian">trûwian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltreówloga">treów-loga</a>, w. m., <i>troth-breaker, pledge-breaker</i>: nom. +pl. treów-logan, <a href="#li2848">2848</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrodu">trodu</a>, st. f., <i>track, step</i>: acc. sg. or pl. trode, <a href="#li844">844</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetrum">trum</a>, st. n., <i>troop, band</i>: instr. sg. ge-trume micle, +<a href="#li923">923</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrum">trum</a>, adj., <i>strong, endowed with</i>: nom. sg. heorot hornum +trum, <a href="#li1370">1370</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetrûwan">trûwan</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to confirm, pledge solemnly</i>: +pret. sg. þâ hie getrûwedon on twâ healfe fäste frioðu-wære, <a href="#li1096">1096</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrûwian">trûwian, treówan</a>, w. v., <i>to trust in, rely on, believe in</i>: 1) +w. dat.: pret. sg. sîðe ne trûwode leófes mannes (<i>I trusted not in the +dear man's enterprise</i>), <a href="#li1994">1994</a>; bearne ne trûwode þät he ... (<i>she +trusted not the child that</i> ...), <a href="#li2371">2371</a>; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe treówde +þät he ... (<i>each trusted his heart that</i> ...), <a href="#li1167">1167</a>.—2) w. gen.: pret. +sg. Geáta leód georne trûwode môdgan mägnes, <a href="#li670">670</a>; wiðres ne trûwode, <a href="#li2954">2954</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-trûwian, <i>to rely on, trust in</i>, w. dat.: pret. sg. strenge +ge-trûwode, mund-gripe mägenes, <a href="#li1534">1534</a>;—w. gen. pret. sg. beorges +ge-trûwode, wîges and wealles, <a href="#li2323">2323</a>; strenge ge-trûwode ânes mannes, <a href="#li2541">2541</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltryddian">tryddian</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gltreddian">treddian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrýwe">trýwe</a>, adj., <i>true, faithful</i>: nom. sg. þâ gyt wäs ... +æghwylc ôðrum trýwe, <a href="#li1166">1166</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-trýwe, adj., <i>faithful</i>: nom. sg. her is æghwylc eorl ôðrum +ge-trýwe, <a href="#li1229">1229</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glturf">turf</a>, st. f., <i>sod, soil, seat</i>: in comp. êðel-turf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltux">tux</a>, st. m., <i>tooth, tusk</i>: in comp. hilde-tux.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetwæfan">twæfan</a>, w. v. w. acc. of person and gen. thing, <i>to +separate, divide, deprive of, hinder</i>: pres. sg. III. þät þec âdl +oððe ecg eafoðes ge-twæfeð (<i>robs of strength</i>), <a href="#li1764">1764</a>; inf. god +eáðe mäg þone dol-scaðan dæda ge-twæfan (<i>God may easily restrain +the fierce foe from his deeds</i>), <a href="#li479">479</a>; pret. sg. sumne Geáta leód +... feores getwæfde (<i>cut him off from life</i>), <a href="#li1434">1434</a>; nô þær +wæg-flotan wind ofer ýðum sîðes ge-twæfde (<i>the wind hindered not +the wave-floater in her course over the water</i>), <a href="#li1909">1909</a>; pret. part. +ät rihte wäs gûð ge-twæfed (<i>almost had the struggle been +ended</i>), <a href="#li1659">1659</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetwæman">twæman</a>, w. v. acc. pers. and gen. thing, <i>to hinder, +render incapable of, restrain</i>: inf. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges +getwæman, <a href="#li969">969</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltwegen">twegen</a>, m. f. n. twâ, num., <i>twain, two</i>: nom. m. twegen, +<a href="#li1164">1164</a>; acc. m. twegen, <a href="#li1348">1348</a>; dat. twæm, <a href="#li1192">1192</a> gen. twega, <a href="#li2533">2533</a>; acc. f. +twâ, <a href="#li1096">1096</a>, <a href="#li1195">1195</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltwelf">twelf</a>, num., <i>twelve</i>, gen. twelfa, <a href="#li3172">3172</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltweone">tweone</a> (Frisian twine), num. = <i>bini, two</i>: dat. pl. be +sæm tweonum, <a href="#li859">859</a>, <a href="#li1298">1298</a>; <a href="#li1686">1686</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltwidig">twidig</a>, adj., in comp. lang-twidig (<i>long-assured</i>), <a href="#li1709">1709</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltyder">tyder</a>, st. m., <i>race, descendant</i>: in comp. un-tyder, <a href="#li111">111</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltydre">tydre</a> (Frisian teddre), adj., <i>weak, unwarlike, cowardly</i>: +nom. pl. tydre, <a href="#li2848">2848</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltyn">tyn</a>, num., <i>ten</i>: uninflect. dat. on tyn dagum, <a href="#li3161">3161</a>; +inflect. nom. tyne, <a href="#li2848">2848</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltyrwian">tyrwian</a>, w. v., <i>to tar</i>: pret. part. tyrwed in comp.: +niw-tyrwed.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="glontyhtan">tyhtan</a>, w. v., <i>to urge on, incite, entice</i>: pret. sg. +on-tyhte, <a href="#li3087">3087</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossTH">Þ</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthafian">þafian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to submit to, endure</i>: inf. þät se +þeód-cyning þafian sceolde Eofores ânne dôm, <a href="#li2964">2964</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthanc">þanc</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>thought</i>: in comp. fore-, hete-, or-, +searo-þanc; inwit-þanc (adj.).—2) <i>thanks</i> (w. gen. of thing): +nom. sg., <a href="#li929">929</a>, <a href="#li1779">1779</a>; acc. sg. þanc, <a href="#li1998">1998</a>, <a href="#li2795">2795</a>.—3) <i>content, favor, +pleasure</i>: dat. sg. þâ þe gif-sceattas Geáta fyredon þyder tô þance +(<i>those that tribute for the Geâtas carried thither for favor</i>). +<a href="#li379">379</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þanc, st. m., <i>thought</i>: instr. pl. þeóstrum ge-þoncum, +<a href="#li2333">2333</a>.—Comp. môd-ge-þanc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthanchycgende">þanc-hycgende</a>, pres. part., <i>thoughtful</i>, <a href="#li2236">2236</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthancian">þancian</a>, w. v., <i>to thank</i>: pret. sg. gode þancode ... þäs +þe hire se willa ge-lamp (<i>thanked God that her wish was +granted</i>), <a href="#li626">626</a>; so, <a href="#li1398">1398</a>; pl. þancedon, 627(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthanon">þanon, þonon, þonan</a>, adv., <i>thence</i>: 1) local: þanon eft +gewât (<i>he went thence back</i>), <a href="#li123">123</a>; þanon up ... stigon (<i>went +up thence</i>), <a href="#li224">224</a>; so, þanon, <a href="#li463">463</a>, <a href="#li692">692</a>, <a href="#li764">764</a>, <a href="#li845">845</a>, <a href="#li854">854</a>, <a href="#li1293">1293</a>; þanan, +<a href="#li1881">1881</a>; þonon, <a href="#li520">520</a>, <a href="#li1374">1374</a>, <a href="#li2409">2409</a>; þonan, <a href="#li820">820</a>, <a href="#li2360">2360</a>, <a href="#li2957">2957</a>.—2) personal: +þanon untydras ealle on-wôcon (<i>from him</i>, i.e. Cain, etc.), <a href="#li111">111</a>; +so, þanan, <a href="#li1266">1266</a>; þonon, <a href="#li1961">1961</a>; unsôfte þonon feorh ôð-ferede (i.e. from +Grendel's mother), <a href="#li2141">2141</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthâ">þâ</a>, adv.: l) <i>there, then</i>, <a href="#li3">3</a>, <a href="#li26">26</a>, <a href="#li28">28</a>, <a href="#li34">34</a>, <a href="#li47">47</a>, <a href="#li53">53</a>, etc. +With þær: þâ þær, <a href="#li331">331</a>. With nu: nu þâ (<i>now then</i>), <a href="#li658">658</a>.—2) +conjunction, <i>when, as, since</i>, w. indic., <a href="#li461">461</a>, <a href="#li539">539</a>, <a href="#li633">633</a>, +etc.;—<i>because, whilst, during, since</i>, <a href="#li402">402</a>, <a href="#li465">465</a>, <a href="#li724">724</a>, <a href="#li2551">2551</a>, +etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthät">þät</a>, I. demons, pron. acc. neut. of se: demons, nom. þät +(<i>that</i>), <a href="#li735">735</a>, <a href="#li766">766</a>, etc.; instr. sg. <b>þý</b>, <a href="#li1798">1798</a>, <a href="#li2029">2029</a>; þät ic þý +wæpne ge-bräd (<i>that I brandished as(?) a weapon; that I brandished the +weapon?</i>), <a href="#li1665">1665</a>; þý weorðra (<i>the more honored</i>), <a href="#li1903">1903</a>; þý sêft +(<i>the more easily</i>), <a href="#li2750">2750</a>; þý läs hym ýðe þrym wudu wynsuman +for-wrecan meahte (<i>lest the force of the waves the winsome boat might +carry away</i>), <a href="#li1919">1919</a>; nô þý ær (<i>not sooner</i>), <a href="#li755">755</a>, <a href="#li1503">1503</a>, <a href="#li2082">2082</a>, <a href="#li2374">2374</a>, +<a href="#li2467">2467</a>; nô þý leng (<i>no longer, none the longer</i>), <a href="#li975">975</a>. <b>þý</b> =adv., +<i>therefore, hence</i>, <a href="#li1274">1274</a>, <a href="#li2068">2068</a>; <b>þê ... þê</b> = <i>on this account; +for this reason ... that, because</i>, <a href="#li2639">2639-2642</a>; wiste þê geornor (<i>knew +but too well</i>), <a href="#li822">822</a>; he ... wäs sundes þê sænra þe hine swylt fornam +(<i>he was the slower in swimming as [whom?] death carried him off</i>), +<a href="#li1437">1437</a>; näs him wihte þê sêl (<i>it was none the better for him</i>), <a href="#li2688">2688</a>; +so, <a href="#li2278">2278</a>. Gen. sg. <b>þäs</b> = adv., <i>for this reason, therefore</i>, <a href="#li7">7</a>, +<a href="#li16">16</a>, <a href="#li114">114</a>, <a href="#li350">350</a>, <a href="#li589">589</a>, <a href="#li901">901</a>, <a href="#li1993">1993</a>, <a href="#li2027">2027</a>, <a href="#li2033">2033</a>, etc. <b>þäs þe</b>, especially +after verbs of thanking, = <i>because</i>, <a href="#li108">108</a>, <a href="#li228">228</a>, <a href="#li627">627</a>, <a href="#li1780">1780</a>, <a href="#li2798">2798</a>;—also += secundum quod: þäs þe hie gewislîcost ge-witan meahton, +<a href="#li1351">1351</a>;—<i>therefore, accordingly</i>, <a href="#li1342">1342</a>, <a href="#li3001">3001</a>; tô þäs (<i>to that point; +to that degree</i>), <a href="#li715">715</a>, <a href="#li1586">1586</a>, <a href="#li1617">1617</a>, <a href="#li1968">1968</a>, <a href="#li2411">2411</a>; þäs georne (<i>so +firmly</i>), <a href="#li969">969</a>; ac he þäs fäste wäs ... besmiðod (<i>it was too firmly +set</i>), <a href="#li774">774</a>; nô þäs frôd leofað gumena bearna þät þone grund wite +(<i>none liveth among men so wise that he should know its bottom</i>), +<a href="#li1368">1368</a>; he þäs (þäm, MS.) môdig wäs (<i>had the courage for it</i>), <a href="#li1509">1509</a>.</p> + +<p>II. conj. (relative), <i>that, so that</i>, <a href="#li15">15</a>, <a href="#li62">62</a>, <a href="#li84">84</a>, <a href="#li221">221</a>, <a href="#li347">347</a>, <a href="#li358">358</a>, <a href="#li392">392</a>, +<a href="#li571">571</a>, etc.; ôð þät (<i>up to that, until</i>); see <a class="glentry" href="#glôth">ôð</a>.</p> + +<p>þätte (from þät þe, see <a class="glentry" href="#glthe">þe</a>), <i>that</i>, <a href="#li151">151</a>, <a href="#li859">859</a>, <a href="#li1257">1257</a>, <a href="#li2925">2925</a>, +etc.; þät þe (<i>that</i>), <a href="#li1847">1847</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthær">þær</a>: 1) demons. adv., <i>there (where)</i>, <a href="#li32">32</a>, <a href="#li36">36</a>, <a href="#li89">89</a>, <a href="#li400">400</a>, <a href="#li757">757</a>, +etc.; morðor-bealo mâga, þær heó ær mæste heóld worolde wynne (<i>the +death-bale of kinsmen where before she had most worldly joy</i>), <a href="#li1080">1080</a>. +With þâ: þâ þær, <a href="#li331">331</a>; þær on innan (<i>therein</i>), <a href="#li71">71</a>. Almost like Eng. +expletive <i>there</i>, <a href="#li271">271</a>, <a href="#li550">550</a>, <a href="#li978">978</a>, etc.;—<i>then, at that time</i>, +<a href="#li440">440</a>;—<i>thither</i>: þær swîð-ferhðe sittan eodon (<i>thither went the +bold ones to sit</i>, i.e. to the bench), <a href="#li493">493</a>, etc.—2) relative, +<i>where</i>, <a href="#li356">356</a>, <a href="#li420">420</a>, <a href="#li508">508</a>, <a href="#li513">513</a>, <a href="#li522">522</a>, <a href="#li694">694</a>, <a href="#li867">867</a>, etc.; eode ... þær se +snottra bâd (<i>went where the wise one tarried</i>), <a href="#li1314">1314</a>; so, +<a href="#li1816">1816</a>;—<i>if</i>, <a href="#li763">763</a>, <a href="#li798">798</a>, <a href="#li1836">1836</a>, <a href="#li2731">2731</a>, etc.;—<i>whither</i>: gâ þær he +wille, <a href="#li1395">1395</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthe">þe</a>, I. relative particle, indecl., partly standing alone, +partly associated with se, seó, þät: Hunferð maðelode, þe ät fôtum +sät (<i>H., who sat at his feet, spake</i>), <a href="#li500">500</a>; so, <a href="#li138">138</a>, etc.; wäs +þät gewin tô swýð þe on þâ leóde be-com (<i>the misery that had come +on the people was too great</i>), <a href="#li192">192</a>, etc.; ic wille ... þe þâ +and-sware ädre ge-cýðan þe me se gôda â-gifan þenceð (<i>I will +straightway tell thee the answer that the good one shall give</i>), +<a href="#li355">355</a>; ôð þone ânne däg þe he ... (<i>till that very day that +he</i> ...), <a href="#li2401">2401</a>; heó þâ fæhðe wräc þe þu ... Grendel cwealdest +(<i>the fight in which thou slewest G.</i>), <a href="#li1335">1335</a>; mid þære sorge þe +him sió sâr belamp (<i>with the sorrow wherewith the pain had visited +him</i>), <a href="#li2469">2469</a>; pl. þonne þâ dydon þe ... (<i>than they did that</i> +...), <a href="#li45">45</a>; so, <a href="#li378">378</a>, <a href="#li1136">1136</a>; þâ mâðmas þe he me sealde (<i>the treasures +that he gave me</i>), <a href="#li2491">2491</a>; so, ginfästan gife þe him god sealde +(<i>the great gifts that God had given him</i>), <a href="#li2183">2183</a>. After þâra þe +(<i>of those that</i>), the depend. verb often takes sg. instead of +pl. (Dietrich, Haupt XI., 444 seqq.): wundor-sióna fela secga +ge-hwylcum þâra þe on swylc starað (<i>to each of those that look on +such</i>), <a href="#li997">997</a>; so, <a href="#li844">844</a>, <a href="#li1462">1462</a>, <a href="#li2384">2384</a>, <a href="#li2736">2736</a>. Strengthened by se, seó, +þät: sägde se þe cûðe (<i>said he that knew</i>), <a href="#li90">90</a>; wäs se grimma +gäst Grendel hâten, se þe môras heóld (<i>the grim stranger hight +Grendel, he that held the moors</i>), <a href="#li103">103</a>; here-byrne ... seó þe +bân-cofan beorgan cûðe (<i>the corselet that could protect the +body</i>), <a href="#li1446">1446</a>, etc.; þær ge-lýfan sceal dryhtnes dôme se þe hine +deáð nimeð (<i>he shall believe in God's judgment whom death carrieth +off</i>), <a href="#li441">441</a>; so, <a href="#li1437">1437</a>, <a href="#li1292">1292</a> (cf. Heliand I., 1308).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthäs">þäs þe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthät">þät</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltheáh">þeáh þe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gltheáh1">þeáh</a>.</p> + +<p>for <b>þam þe</b>. See for-<a class="glentry" href="#glfortham">þam</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthý">þý, þê</a>, <i>the, by that</i>, instr. of se: âhte ic holdra þý läs ... +þe deáð for-nam (<i>I had the less friends whom death snatched away</i>), +<a href="#li488">488</a>; so, <a href="#li1437">1437</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltheccan">þeccan</a>, w. v., <i>to cover</i> (thatch), <i>cover over</i>: +inf. þâ sceal brond fretan, äled þeccean (<i>fire shall eat, flame +shall cover, the treasures</i>), <a href="#li3016">3016</a>; pret. pl. þær git eágor-streám +earmum þehton (<i>in swimming</i>), <a href="#li513">513</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthegn">þegn</a>, st. m., <i>thane, liegeman, king's higher vassal; +knight</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li235">235</a>, <a href="#li494">494</a>, <a href="#li868">868</a>, <a href="#li2060">2060</a>, <a href="#li2710">2710</a>; (Beówulf), <a href="#li194">194</a>; +(Wîglâf), <a href="#li2722">2722</a>; acc. sg. þegen (Beówulf, MS. þegn), <a href="#li1872">1872</a>; dat. sg. +þegne, <a href="#li1342">1342</a>, <a href="#li1420">1420</a>; (Hengest), <a href="#li1086">1086</a>; (Wîglâf), <a href="#li2811">2811</a>; gen. sg. þegnes, +<a href="#li1798">1798</a>; nom. pl. þegnas, <a href="#li1231">1231</a>; acc. pl. þegnas, <a href="#li1082">1082</a>, <a href="#li3122">3122</a>; dat. pl. +þegnum, <a href="#li2870">2870</a>; gen. pl. þegna, <a href="#li123">123</a>, <a href="#li400">400</a>, <a href="#li1628">1628</a>, <a href="#li1674">1674</a>, <a href="#li1830">1830</a>, <a href="#li2034">2034</a>, +etc.—Comp.: ambiht-, ealdor-, heal-, magu-, sele-þegn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthegnian">þegnian, þênian</a>, w. v., <i>to serve, do liege service</i>: +pret. sg. ic him þênode deóran sweorde (<i>I served them with my good +sword</i>, i.e. slew them with it), <a href="#li560">560</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthegnsorh">þegn-sorh</a>, st. f., <i>thane-sorrow, grief for a liegeman</i>: +acc. sg. þegn-sorge, <a href="#li131">131</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthegu">þegu</a>, st. f., <i>taking</i>: in comp.: beáh-, beór-, sinc-þegu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthel">þel</a>, st. n., <i>deal-board, board for benches</i>: in comp. +benc-þel, <a href="#li486">486</a>, <a href="#li1240">1240</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthencan">þencan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to think</i>: absolutely: pres. sg. III. +se þe wel þenceð, <a href="#li289">289</a>; so, <a href="#li2602">2602</a>. With depend. clause: pres. sg. nænig +heora þôhte þät he ... (<i>none of them thought that he</i>), <a href="#li692">692</a>.—2) +w. inf., <i>to intend</i>: pres. sg. III. þâ and-sware ... þe me se +gôda â-gifan þenceð (<i>the answer that the good one intendeth to give +me</i>), <a href="#li355">355</a>; (blôdig wäl) byrgean þenceð, <a href="#li448">448</a>; þonne he ... gegân +þenceð longsumne lof (<i>if he will win eternal fame</i>), <a href="#li1536">1536</a>; pret. +sg. ne þät aglæca yldan þôhte (<i>the monster did not mean to delay +that</i>), <a href="#li740">740</a>; pret. pl. wit unc wið hronfixas werian þôhton, <a href="#li541">541</a>; +(hine) on healfa ge-hwone heáwan þôhton, <a href="#li801">801</a>.</p> + +<p>â-þencan, <i>to intend, think out</i>: pret. sg. (he) þis ellen-weorc +âna â-þôhte tô ge-fremmanne, <a href="#li2644">2644</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þencan, w. acc.: 1) <i>to think of</i>: þät he his selfa ne mäg ... +ende ge-þencean (<i>so that he himself may not think of, know, its +limit</i>), <a href="#li1735">1735</a>.—2) <i>to be mindful</i>: imper. sg. ge-þenc nu ... +hwät wit geó spræcon, <a href="#li1475">1475</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthenden">þenden</a>: 1) adv., <i>at this time, then, whilst</i>: nalles +fâcen-stafas Þeód-Scyldingas þenden fremedon (<i>not at all at this +time had the Scyldings done foul deeds</i>), <a href="#li1020">1020</a> (referring to <a href="#li1165">1165</a>; +cf. Wîdsîð, 45 seqq.); þenden reáfode rinc ôðerne (<i>whilst one +warrior robbed another</i>, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþeów), <a href="#li2986">2986</a>.—2) +conj., <i>so long as, whilst</i>, <a href="#li30">30</a>, <a href="#li57">57</a>, <a href="#li284">284</a>, <a href="#li1860">1860</a>, <a href="#li2039">2039</a>, <a href="#li2500">2500</a>, +<a href="#li3028">3028</a>;—<i>whilst</i>, <a href="#li2419">2419</a>. With subj., <i>whilst, as long as</i>: +þenden þu môte, <a href="#li1178">1178</a>; þenden þu lifige, <a href="#li1255">1255</a>; þenden hyt sý (<i>whilst +the heat lasts</i>), <a href="#li2650">2650</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthengel">þengel</a>, st. m., <i>prince, lord, ruler</i>: acc. sg. hringa +þengel (Beówulf), <a href="#li1508">1508</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthes">þes</a> (m.), <b>þeós</b> (f.), <b>þis</b> (n.), demons. pron., +<i>this</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li411">411</a>, <a href="#li432">432</a>, <a href="#li1703">1703</a>; f., <a href="#li484">484</a>; nom. acc. neut., <a href="#li2156">2156</a>, +<a href="#li2252">2252</a>, <a href="#li2644">2644</a>; þys, <a href="#li1396">1396</a>; acc. sg. m. þisne, <a href="#li75">75</a>; f. þâs, <a href="#li1682">1682</a>; dat. sg. +neut. þissum, <a href="#li1170">1170</a>; þyssum, <a href="#li2640">2640</a>; f. þisse, <a href="#li639">639</a>; gen. m. þisses, <a href="#li1217">1217</a>; +f. þisse, <a href="#li929">929</a>; neut. þysses, <a href="#li791">791</a>, <a href="#li807">807</a>; nom. pl. and acc. þâs, <a href="#li1623">1623</a>, +<a href="#li1653">1653</a>, <a href="#li2636">2636</a>, <a href="#li2641">2641</a>; dat. þyssum, <a href="#li1063">1063</a>, <a href="#li1220">1220</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthê">þê</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthät">þät</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthêh">þêh</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gltheáh1">þeáh</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthearf">þearf</a>, st. f., <i>need</i>: nom. sg. þearf, <a href="#li1251">1251</a>, <a href="#li2494">2494</a>, <a href="#li2638">2638</a>; +þâ him wäs manna þearf (<i>as he was in need of men</i>), <a href="#li201">201</a>; acc. +sg. þearfe, <a href="#li1457">1457</a>, <a href="#li2580">2580</a>, <a href="#li2850">2850</a>; fremmað ge nu leóda þearfe (<i>do ye +now what is needful for the folk</i>), <a href="#li2802">2802</a>; dat. sg. ät þearfe, <a href="#li1478">1478</a>, +<a href="#li1526">1526</a>, <a href="#li2695">2695</a>, <a href="#li2710">2710</a>; acc. pl. se for andrysnum ealle beweotede þegnes +þearfe (<i>who would supply in courtesy all the thane's needs</i>), +<a href="#li1798">1798</a> (cf. sele-þegn, <a href="#li1795">1795</a>.—Comp.: firen-, nearo-, ofer-þearf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthearf">þearf</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthurfan">þurfan</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethearfian">þearfian</a>, w. v., = <i>necessitatem imponere</i>: pret. part. +þâ him swâ ge-þearfod wäs (<i>since so they found it necessary</i>), +<a href="#li1104">1104</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthearle">þearle</a>, adv., <i>very, exceedingly</i>, <a href="#li560">560</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltheáh1">þeáh, þêh</a>, conj., <i>though, even though</i> or <i>if</i>: 1) +with subj. þeáh, <a href="#li203">203</a>, <a href="#li526">526</a>, <a href="#li588">588</a>, <a href="#li590">590</a>, <a href="#li1168">1168</a>, <a href="#li1661">1661</a>, <a href="#li2032">2032</a>, <a href="#li2162">2162</a>. +Strengthened by þe: þeáh þe, <a href="#li683">683</a>, <a href="#li1369">1369</a>, <a href="#li1832">1832</a>, <a href="#li1928">1928</a>, <a href="#li1942">1942</a>, <a href="#li2345">2345</a>, <a href="#li2620">2620</a>; +þeáh ... eal (<i>although</i>), <a href="#li681">681</a>.—2) with indic.: þeáh, <a href="#li1103">1103</a>; þêh, +<a href="#li1614">1614</a>.—3) doubtful: þeáh he ûðe wel, <a href="#li2856">2856</a>; swâ þeáh +(<i>nevertheless</i>), <a href="#li2879">2879</a>; nô ... swâ þeáh (<i>not then +however</i>), <a href="#li973">973</a>; näs þe forht swâ þêh (<i>he was not, though, +afraid</i>), <a href="#li2968">2968</a>; hwäðre swâ þeáh (<i>yet however</i>), <a href="#li2443">2443</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltheáw">þeáw</a>, st. m., <i>custom, usage</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li178">178</a>, <a href="#li1247">1247</a>; acc. +sg. þeáw, <a href="#li359">359</a>; instr. pl. þeáwum (<i>in accordance with custom</i>), +<a href="#li2145">2145</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltheód">þeód</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>war-troop, retainers</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li644">644</a>, +<a href="#li1231">1231</a>, <a href="#li1251">1251</a>.—2) <i>nation, folk</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1692">1692</a>; gen. pl. þeóda, +<a href="#li1706">1706</a>.—Comp.: sige-, wer-þeód.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltheódcyning">þeód-cyning</a>, st. m., (=folc-cyning), <i>warrior-king, king of +the people</i>: nom. sg. (Hrôðgâr), <a href="#li2145">2145</a>; (Ongenþeów), <a href="#li2964">2964</a>, <a href="#li2971">2971</a>; +þiód-cyning (Beówulf), <a href="#li2580">2580</a>; acc. sg. þeód-cyning (Beówulf), <a href="#li3009">3009</a>; +gen. sg. þeód-cyninges (Beówulf), <a href="#li2695">2695</a>; gen. pl. þeód-cyninga, <a href="#li2">2</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltheóden">þeóden</a>, st. m., <i>lord of a troop, war-chief, king; ruler</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li129">129</a>, <a href="#li365">365</a>, <a href="#li417">417</a>, <a href="#li1047">1047</a>, <a href="#li1210">1210</a>, <a href="#li1676">1676</a>, etc.; þióden, <a href="#li2337">2337</a>, <a href="#li2811">2811</a>; +acc. sg. þeóden, <a href="#li34">34</a>, <a href="#li201">201</a>, <a href="#li353">353</a>, <a href="#li1599">1599</a>, <a href="#li2385">2385</a>, <a href="#li2722">2722</a>, <a href="#li2884">2884</a>, <a href="#li3080">3080</a>; þióden, +<a href="#li2789">2789</a>; dat. sg. þeódne, <a href="#li345">345</a>, <a href="#li1526">1526</a>, <a href="#li1993">1993</a>, <a href="#li2573">2573</a>, <a href="#li2710">2710</a>, etc.; þeóden, +<a href="#li2033">2033</a>; gen. sg. þeódnes <a href="#li798">798</a>, <a href="#li911">911</a>, <a href="#li1086">1086</a>, <a href="#li1628">1628</a>, <a href="#li1838">1838</a>, <a href="#li2175">2175</a>; þiódnes, +<a href="#li2657">2657</a>; nom. pl. þeódnas, <a href="#li3071">3071</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltheódenleás">þeóden-leás</a>, adj., <i>without chief</i> or <i>king</i>: nom. +pl. þeóden-leáse, <a href="#li1104">1104</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltheódgestreón">þeód-gestreón</a>, st. n., <i>people's-jewel, precious +treasure</i>: instr. pl. þeód-ge-streónum, <a href="#li44">44</a>; gen. pl. +þeód-ge-streóna, <a href="#li1219">1219</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltheódig">þeódig</a>, adj., <i>appertaining to a</i> þeód: in comp. +el-þeódig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltheódscatha">þeód-scaða</a>, w. m., <i>foe of the people, general foe</i>: nom. +sg. þeód-sceaða (<i>the dragon</i>), <a href="#li2279">2279</a>, <a href="#li2689">2689</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltheódthreá">þeód-þreá</a>, st. f. m., <i>popular misery, general distress</i>: +dat. pl. wið þeód-þreáum, <a href="#li178">178</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltheóf">þeóf</a>, st. m., <i>thief</i>: gen. sg. þeófes cräfte, <a href="#li2221">2221</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltheón">þeón</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to grow, ripen, thrive</i>: pret. sg. +weorðmyndum þâh (<i>grew in glory</i>), <a href="#li8">8</a>.—2) <i>to thrive in, +succeed</i>: pret. sg. hûru þät on lande lyt manna þâh (<i>that throve +to few</i>), <a href="#li2837">2837</a>. See <a href="#note901">Note, l. 901</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þeón, <i>to grow, thrive; increase in power and influence</i>: +imper. ge-þeóh tela, <a href="#li1219">1219</a>; inf. lof-dædum sceal ... man geþeón, <a href="#li25">25</a>; +þät þät þeódnes bearn ge-þeón scolde, <a href="#li911">911</a>.</p> + +<p>on-þeón? <i>to begin, undertake</i>, w. gen.: pret. he þäs ær onþâh, +<a href="#li901">901</a>. [In MS. Emended in text.--KTH] See <a href="#li901">Note, l. 901</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltheon">þeon</a> (for <b>þeówan</b>), w. v., <i>to oppress, restrain</i>: +inf. näs se folc-cyning ymb-sittendra ænig þâra þe mec ... dorste +egesan þeón (<i>that durst oppress me with terror</i>), <a href="#li2737">2737</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltheóstor">þeóstor</a>, adj., <i>dark, gloomy</i>: instr. pl. þeóstrum +ge-þoncum, <a href="#li2333">2333</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthicgan">þicgan</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to seize, attain, eat, +appropriate</i>: inf. þät he (Grendel) mâ môste manna cynnes þicgean +ofer þâ niht, <a href="#li737">737</a>; symbel þicgan (<i>take the meal, enjoy the +feast</i>), <a href="#li1011">1011</a>; pret. pl. þät hie me þêgon, <a href="#li563">563</a>; þær we medu þêgun, +<a href="#li2634">2634</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þicgan, w. acc., <i>to grasp, take</i>: pret. sg. (symbel and sele-ful, +ful) ge-þeah, <a href="#li619">619</a>, <a href="#li629">629</a>; Beówulf ge-þah ful on flette, <a href="#li1025">1025</a>; pret. pl. +(medo-ful manig) ge-þægon, <a href="#li1015">1015</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthider">þider, þyder</a>, adv., <i>thither</i>: þyder, <a href="#li3087">3087</a>, <a href="#li379">379</a>, <a href="#li2971">2971</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthihtig">þihtig, þyhtig</a>, adj., <i>doughty, vigorous, firm</i>: acc. sg. +neut. sweord ... ecgum þyhtig, <a href="#li1559">1559</a>.—Comp. hyge-þihtig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthincan">þincan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthyncan">þyncan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthing">þing</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>thing</i>: gen. pl. ænige þinga (<i>ullo +modo</i>), <a href="#li792">792</a>, <a href="#li2375">2375</a>, <a href="#li2906">2906</a>.—2) <i>affair, contest, controversy</i>: +nom. sg. me wearð Grendles þing ... undyrne cûð (<i>Grendel's doings +became known to me</i>), <a href="#li409">409</a>.—3) <i>judgment, issue, judicial +assembly</i>(?): acc. sg. sceal ... âna gehegan þing wið þyrse +(<i>shall bring the matter alone to an issue against the giant</i>: +see <a class="glentry" href="#glgehegan">hegan</a>), <a href="#li426">426</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þing, st. n.: 1) <i>terms, covenant</i>: acc. pl. ge-þingo, +<a href="#li1086">1086</a>.—2) <i>fate, providence, issue</i>: gen. sg. ge-þinges, <a href="#li398">398</a>, +<a href="#li710">710</a>; (ge-þingea, MS.), <a href="#li525">525</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethingan">þingan</a>, st. v., <i>to grow, mature, thrive</i> (Dietrich, +Haupt IX., 430): pret. part. cwên môde ge-þungen (<i>mature-minded, +high-spirited, queen</i>), <a href="#li625">625</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwelthungen">wel-þungen</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethingan2">þingan</a> (see ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glthing">þing</a>), w. v.: 1) <i>to conclude a +treaty</i>: w. refl. dat, <i>enter into a treaty</i>: pres. sg. III. +gif him þonne Hrêðrîc tô hofum Geáta ge-þingeð <i>(if H. enters into a +treaty</i> (seeks aid at?) <i>with the court of the Geátas</i>, +referring to the old German custom of princes entering the service or +suite of a foreign king), <a href="#li1838">1838</a>. Leo.—2) <i>to prepare, appoint</i>: +pret. part. wiste [ät] þäm ahlæcan ... hilde ge-þinged, <a href="#li648">648</a>; hraðe wäs +... mêce ge-þinged, <a href="#li1939">1939</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthingian">þingian</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to speak in an assembly, make an +address</i>: inf. ne hýrde ic snotor-lîcor on swâ geongum feore guman +þingian (<i>I never heard a man so young speak so wisely</i>), +<a href="#li1844">1844</a>.—2) <i>to compound, settle, lay aside</i>: inf. ne wolde +feorh-bealo ... feó þingian (<i>would not compound the life-bale for +money</i>), <a href="#li156">156</a>; so, pret. sg. þâ fæhðe feó þingode, <a href="#li470">470</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthîhan">þîhan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gltheón">þeón</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthin">þin</a>, possess, pron., <i>thy, thine</i>, <a href="#li267">267</a>, <a href="#li346">346</a>, <a href="#li353">353</a>, <a href="#li367">367</a>, +<a href="#li459">459</a>, etc.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethôht">þôht</a>, st. m., <i>thought, plan</i>: acc. sg. ân-fealdne +ge-þôht, <a href="#li256">256</a>; fäst-rædne ge-þôht, <a href="#li611">611</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltholian">þolian</a>, w. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to endure, bear</i>: inf. +(inwid-sorge) þolian, <a href="#li833">833</a>; pres. sg. III. þreá-nýd þolað, <a href="#li284">284</a>; pret. +sg. þolode þryðswyð, <a href="#li131">131</a>.—2) <i>to hold out, stand, survive</i>: +pres. sg. (intrans.) þenden þis sweord þolað (<i>as long as this sword +holds out</i>), <a href="#li2500">2500</a>; pret. sg. (seó ecg) þolode ær fela hand-gemôta, +<a href="#li1526">1526</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þolian: 1) <i>to suffer, bear, endure</i>: gerund. tô +ge-þolianne, <a href="#li1420">1420</a>; pret. sg. earfoð-lice þrage ge-þolode..., þät he +... dreám gehýrde (<i>bore ill that he heard the sound of joy</i>), +<a href="#li87">87</a>; torn ge-þolode (<i>bore the misery</i>), <a href="#li147">147</a>.—2) <i>to have +patience, wait</i>: inf. þær he longe sceal on þäs waldendes wære +ge-þolian, <a href="#li3110">3110</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthon">þon</a> (Goth, þan) = <i>tum, then, now</i>, <a href="#li504">504</a>; äfter þon +(<i>after that</i>), <a href="#li725">725</a>; ær þon däg cwôme (<i>ere day came</i>), <a href="#li732">732</a>; +nô þon lange (<i>it was not long till then</i>), <a href="#li2424">2424</a>; näs þâ long tô +þon (<i>it was not long till then</i>), <a href="#li2592">2592</a>, <a href="#li2846">2846</a>; wäs him se man tô +þon leóf þät ... <i>(the man was to that degree dear to him that +...</i>), <a href="#li1877">1877</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthonne:">þonne:</a> 1) adv., <i>there, then, now</i>, <a href="#li377">377</a>, <a href="#li435">435</a>, <a href="#li525">525</a>, <a href="#li1105">1105</a>, +<a href="#li1456">1456</a>, <a href="#li1485">1485</a>, <a href="#li1672">1672</a>, <a href="#li1823">1823</a>, <a href="#li3052">3052</a>, <a href="#li3098">3098</a>(?).—2) conj., <i>if, when, +while</i>: a) w. indic., <a href="#li573">573</a>, <a href="#li881">881</a>, <a href="#li935">935</a>, <a href="#li1034">1034</a>, <a href="#li1041">1041</a>, <a href="#li1043">1043</a>, <a href="#li1144">1144</a>, <a href="#li1286">1286</a>, +<a href="#li1327">1327</a>, <a href="#li1328">1328</a>, <a href="#li1375">1375</a>, etc.; þät ic gum-cystum gôdne funde beága bryttan, +breác þonne môste (<i>that I found a good ring-giver and enjoyed him +whilst I could</i>), <a href="#li1488">1488</a>. b) w. subj., <a href="#li23">23</a>, <a href="#li1180">1180</a>, <a href="#li3065">3065</a>; þonne ...þonne +(<i>then ... when</i>), <a href="#li484">484-85</a>, <a href="#li2447">2447-48</a>; gif þonne ...þonne (<i>if +then ... then</i>), <a href="#li1105">1105-1107</a>. c) <i>than</i> after comparatives, <a href="#li44">44</a>, +<a href="#li248">248</a>, <a href="#li469">469</a>, <a href="#li505">505</a>, <a href="#li534">534</a>, <a href="#li679">679</a>, <a href="#li1140">1140</a>, <a href="#li1183">1183</a>, etc.; a comparative must be +supplied, l. <a href="#li70">70</a>, before þone: þät he ... hâtan wolde medo-ärn micel men +ge-wyrcean þone yldo bearn æfre ge-frunon (<i>a great mead-house</i> +(greater) <i>than men had ever known</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthracu">þracu</a>, st. f., <i>strength, boldness</i>: in comp. môd-þracu; = +impetus in ecg-þracu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrag">þrag</a>, st. f., <i>period of time, time</i>: nom. sg. þâ hine sió +þrag be-cwom (<i>when the</i> [battle]-<i>hour befell him</i>), <a href="#li2884">2884</a>; +acc. sg. þrage (<i>for a time</i>), <a href="#li87">87</a>; longe (lange) þrage, <a href="#li54">54</a>, +<a href="#li114">114</a>.—Comp. earfoð-þrag.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethräc">þräc</a>, st. n., <i>multitude, crowd</i>: in comp. +searo-ge-þräc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrecwudu">þrec-wudu</a>, st. m., (<i>might-wood</i>), <i>spear</i> (cf. +mägen-wudu): acc. sg., <a href="#li1247">1247</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthreá">þreá</a>, st. m. f., <i>misery, distress</i>: in comp. þeód-þreá, +þreá-nêdla, -nýd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthreánêdla">þreá-nêdla</a>, w. m., <i>crushing distress, misery</i>: dat. sg. +for þreá-nêdlan, <a href="#li2225">2225</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthreanýd">þrea-nýd</a>, st. f., <i>oppression, distress</i>: acc. sg. +þreá-nýd, <a href="#li284">284</a>; dat. pl. þreá-nýdum, <a href="#li833">833</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthreát">þreát</a>, st. m., <i>troop, band</i>: dat. sg. on þam þreáte, +<a href="#li2407">2407</a>; dat. pl. sceaðena þreátum, <a href="#li4">4</a>.—Comp. îren-þreát.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthreátian">þreátian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to press, oppress</i>: pret. pl. +mec ...þreátedon, <a href="#li560">560</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthreotteotha">þreot-teoða</a>, num. adj. w. m., <i>thirteenth</i>: nom. sg. +þreot-teoða secg, <a href="#li2407">2407</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthreó">þreó</a>, num. (neut.), <i>three</i>: acc. þrió wicg, <a href="#li2175">2175</a>; þreó +hund wintra, <a href="#li2279">2279</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthridda">þridda</a>, num. adj. w. m., <i>third</i>: instr. þriddan sîðe, +<a href="#li2689">2689</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethring">þring</a>, st. n., <i>eddy, whirlpool, crush</i>: acc. on holma +ge-þring, <a href="#li2133">2133</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthringan">þringan</a>, st. v., <i>to press</i>: pret. sg. wergendra tô lyt +þrong ymbe þeóden (<i>too few defenders pressed round the prince</i>), +<a href="#li2884">2884</a>; pret. pl. syððan Hrêðlingas tô hagan þrungon (<i>after the +Hrethlingas had pressed into the hedge</i>), <a href="#li2961">2961</a>.</p> + +<p>for-þringan, <i>to press out; rescue, protect</i>: inf. þät he ne +mehte ...þâ weá-lâfe wîge for-þringan þeódnes þegne (<i>that he could +not rescue the wretched remnant from the king's thane by war</i>), +<a href="#li1085">1085</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þringan, <i>to press</i>: pret. sg. ceól up geþrang (<i>the ship +shot up</i>), i.e. on the shore in landing), <a href="#li1913">1913</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthritig">þritig</a>, num., <i>thirty</i> (neut. subst.): acc. sg. w. +partitive gen.: þritig þegna, <a href="#li123">123</a>; gen. þrittiges (XXXtiges MS.) +manna, <a href="#li379">379</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrîsthydig">þrîst-hydig</a>, adj., <i>bold-minded, valorous</i>: nom. sg. +þióden þrîst-hydig (Beówulf), <a href="#li2811">2811</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrowian">þrowian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to suffer, endure</i>: inf. (hât, +gnorn) þrowian, <a href="#li2606">2606</a>, <a href="#li2659">2659</a>; pret. sg. þrowade, <a href="#li1590">1590</a>, <a href="#li1722">1722</a>; þrowode, +<a href="#li2595">2595</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthryth">þryð</a>, st. f., <i>abundance, multitude</i>, <i>excellence, +power</i>: instr. pl. þryðum (<i>excellently, extremely; excellent in +strength?</i>), <a href="#li494">494</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrythärn">þryð-ärn</a>, st. n., <i>excellent house, royal hall</i>: acc. sg. +(of Heorot), <a href="#li658">658</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrythlîc">þryðlîc</a>, adj., <i>excellent, chosen</i>: nom. sg. þryð-lîc +þegna heáp, <a href="#li400">400</a>, <a href="#li1628">1628</a>; superl. acc. pl. þryð-lîcost, <a href="#li2870">2870</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrýthswýth">þrýð-swýð</a>, st. n.?, <i>great pain</i> (?): acc., <a href="#li131">131</a>, <a href="#li737">737</a> [? +adj., <i>very powerful, exceeding strong</i>].</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrythword">þryð-word</a>, st. n., <i>bold speech, choice discourse</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li644">644</a>. (Great store was set by good table-talk: cf. Lachmann's +Nibelunge, 1612; Rîgsmâl, 29, 7, in Möbius, p. 79b, 22.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrym">þrym</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>power, might, force</i>: nom. sg. ýða þrym, +<a href="#li1919">1919</a>; instr. pl. = adv. þrymmum (<i>powerfully</i>), <a href="#li235">235</a>.—2) +<i>glory, renown</i>: acc. sg. þrym, <a href="#li2">2</a>.—Comp. hyge-þrym.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrymlîc">þrym-lîc</a>, adj., <i>powerful, mighty</i>: nom. sg. þrec-wudu +þrym-lîc (<i>the mighty spear</i>), <a href="#li1247">1247</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthu">þu</a>, pron., <i>thou</i>, <a href="#li366">366</a>, <a href="#li407">407</a>, <a href="#li445">445</a>, etc.; acc. sg. þec +(poetic), <a href="#li948">948</a>, <a href="#li2152">2152</a>, etc.; þe, <a href="#li417">417</a>, <a href="#li426">426</a>, <a href="#li517">517</a>, etc.; after compar. +sêlran þe (<i>a better one than thee</i>), <a href="#li1851">1851</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glge1">ge</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthunca">þunca</a>, w. m. See äf-<a class="glentry" href="#gläfthunca">þunca</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethungen">þungen</a>. See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgethingan">þingan</a>, st. v.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthurfan">þurfan</a>, pret.-pres. v., <i>to need</i>: pres. sg. II. nô þu ne +þearft ... sorgian (<i>needest not care</i>), <a href="#li450">450</a>; so, <a href="#li445">445</a>, <a href="#li1675">1675</a>; III. +ne þearf ... onsittan (<i>need not fear</i>), <a href="#li596">596</a>; so, <a href="#li2007">2007</a>, <a href="#li2742">2742</a>; pres. +subj. þät he ... sêcean þurfe, <a href="#li2496">2496</a>; pret. sg. þorfte, <a href="#li157">157</a>, <a href="#li1027">1027</a>, <a href="#li1072">1072</a>, +<a href="#li2875">2875</a>, <a href="#li2996">2996</a>; pl. nealles Hetware hrêmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fêðe-wîges +(<i>needed not boast of their foot-fight</i>), <a href="#li2365">2365</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethuren">þuren</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgethweran">þweran</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthurh">þurh</a>, prep. w. acc. signifying motion through, hence: I. local, +<i>through, throughout</i>: wôd þâ þurh þone wäl-rêc (<i>went then +through the battle-reek</i>), <a href="#li2662">2662</a>.—II. causal: l) <i>on account of, +for the sake of, owing to</i>: þurh slîðne nîð (<i>through fierce +hostility, heathenism</i>), <a href="#li184">184</a>; þurh holdne hige (<i>from +friendliness</i>), <a href="#li267">267</a>; so, þurh rûmne sefan, <a href="#li278">278</a>; þurh sîdne sefan, +<a href="#li1727">1727</a>; eóweð þurh egsan uncûðne nîð (<i>shows unheard-of hostility by +the terror he causes</i>), <a href="#li276">276</a>; so, <a href="#li1102">1102</a>, <a href="#li1336">1336</a>, <a href="#li2046">2046</a>. 2) <i>by means +of, through</i>: heaðo-ræs for-nam mihtig mere-deór þurh mîne hand, +<a href="#li558">558</a>; þurh ânes cräft, <a href="#li700">700</a>; so, <a href="#li941">941</a>, <a href="#li1694">1694</a>, <a href="#li1696">1696</a>, <a href="#li1980">1980</a>, <a href="#li2406">2406</a>, <a href="#li3069">3069</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthus">þus</a>, adv., <i>so, thus</i>, <a href="#li238">238</a>, <a href="#li337">337</a>, <a href="#li430">430</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthunian">þunian</a>, w. v., <i>to din, sound forth</i>: pret. sg. sund-wudu +þunede, <a href="#li1907">1907</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthûsend">þûsend</a>, num., <i>thousand</i>: 1) fem. acc. ic þe þûsenda þegna +bringe tô helpe, <a href="#li1830">1830</a>.—2) neut. with measure of value (sceat) +omitted: acc. seofan þûsendo, <a href="#li2196">2196</a>; gen. hund-þûsenda landes and +locenra beága (100,000 <i>sceattas' worth of land and rings</i>), +<a href="#li2995">2995</a>.—3) uninflected: acc. þûsend wintra, <a href="#li3051">3051</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthwære">þwære</a>, adj., <i>affable, mild</i>: in comp. man-þwære.</p> + +<p>ge-þwære, adj., <i>gentle, mild</i>: nom. pl. ge-þwære, <a href="#li1231">1231</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethweran">þweran</a>, st. v., <i>to forge, strike</i>: pret. part. +heoru ... hamere ge-þuren (for ge-þworen) (<i>hammer-forged sword</i>), +<a href="#li1286">1286</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthyhtig">þyhtig</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthihtig">þihtig</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethyld">þyld</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#gltholian">þolian</a>), st. f.: 1) <i>patience, +endurance</i>: acc. sg. ge-þyld, <a href="#li1396">1396</a>.—2) <i>steadfastness</i>: +instr. pl. = adv.: ge-þyldum (<i>steadfastly, patiently</i>), <a href="#li1706">1706</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthyle">þyle</a>, st. m., <i>spokesman, leader of the conversation at +court</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1166">1166</a>, <a href="#li1457">1457</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthyncan">þyncan, þincean</a>, w. v. w. dat. of pers., <i>to seem, +appear</i>: pres. sg. III. þinceð him tô lytel (<i>it seems to him too +little</i>), <a href="#li1749">1749</a>; ne þynceð me gerysne, þät we <i>(it seemeth to me +not fit that we</i> ...), <a href="#li2654">2654</a>; pres. pl. hy ... wyrðe þinceað eorla +ge-æhtlan (<i>they seem worthy contenders with</i> (?) <i>earls</i>; +or, <i>worthy warriors</i>), <a href="#li368">368</a>; pres. subj. swâ him ge-met þince, +<a href="#li688">688</a>; inf. þincean, <a href="#li1342">1342</a>; pret. sg. þûhte, <a href="#li2462">2462</a>, <a href="#li3058">3058</a>; nô his lîf-gedâl +sâr-lîc þûhte secga ænigum (<i>his death seemed painful to none of +men</i>), <a href="#li843">843</a>; pret. pl. þær him fold-wegas fägere þûhton, <a href="#li867">867</a>.</p> + +<p>of-þincan, <i>to displease, offend</i>: inf. mäg þäs þonne of-þyncan +þeóden (dat.) Heaðo-beardna and þegna gehwâm þâra leóda, <a href="#li2033">2033</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthyrs">þyrs</a>, st. m., <i>giant</i>: dat. sg. wið þyrse (Grendel), <a href="#li426">426</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthyslîc">þys-lîc</a>, adj., <i>such, of such a nature</i>: nom. sg. fem. +þys-lîcu þearf, <a href="#li2638">2638</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthý">þý</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthät">þät</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthýwan">þýwan</a> (M.H.G. diuhen, O.H.G. duhan), w. v., <i>to crush, +oppress</i>: inf. gif þec ymb-sittend egesan þýwað (<i>if thy +neighbors oppress thee with dread</i>), <a href="#li1828">1828</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthýstru">þýstru</a>, st. f., <i>darkness</i>: dat. pl. in þýstrum, <a href="#li87">87</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethýwe">þýwe</a>, adj., <i>customary, usual</i>: nom. sg. swâ him +ge-þýwe ne wäs (<i>as was not his custom</i>), <a href="#li2333">2333</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossU">U</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glufan">ufan</a>, <i>adv., from above</i>, <a href="#li1501">1501</a>; <i>above</i>, <a href="#li330">330</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glufera">ufera</a> (prop. <i>higher</i>), adj., <i>later</i>: dat. pl. +ufaran dôgrum, <a href="#li2201">2201</a>, <a href="#li2393">2393</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glufor">ufor</a>, adv., <i>higher</i>, <a href="#li2952">2952</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluhte">uhte</a>, w. f., <i>twilight</i> or <i>dawn</i>: dat. or acc. on +uhtan, <a href="#li126">126</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluhtfloga">uht-floga</a>, w. m., <i>twilight-flier, dawn-flier</i> (epithet of +the dragon): gen. sg. uht-flogan, <a href="#li2761">2761</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluhthlem">uht-hlem</a>, st. m., <i>twilight-cry, dawn-cry</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2008">2008</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluhtsceatha">uht-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>twilight-</i> or <i>dawn-foe</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2272">2272</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glumbor">umbor</a>, st. n., <i>child, infant</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li46">46</a>; dat. sg., +<a href="#li1188">1188</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunblîthe">un-blîðe</a>, adv.(?), <i>unblithely, sorrowfully</i>, <a href="#li130">130</a>, <a href="#li2269">2269</a>; +(adj., nom. pl.?), <a href="#li3032">3032</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunbyrnende">un-byrnende</a>, pres. part., <i>unburning, without burning</i>, +<a href="#li2549">2549</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunc">unc</a>, dat. and acc. of the dual wit, <i>us two, to us two</i>, +<a href="#li1784">1784</a>, <a href="#li2138">2138</a>, <a href="#li2527">2527</a>; gen. hwäðer ... uncer twega (<i>which of us two</i>), +<a href="#li2533">2533</a>; uncer Grendles (<i>of us two, G. and me</i>), <a href="#li2003">2003</a>.</p> + +<p>uncer, poss. pron., <i>of us two</i>: nom. sg. [uncer], 2002(?); dat. +pl. uncran eaferan, <a href="#li1186">1186</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluncûth">un-cûð</a>, adj.: 1) <i>unknown</i>: nom. sg. stîg ... eldum uncûð, +<a href="#li2215">2215</a>; acc. sg. neut. uncûð ge-lâd (<i>unknown ways</i>), <a href="#li1411">1411</a>.—2) +<i>unheard-of, barbarous, evil</i>: acc. sg. un-cûðne nîð, <a href="#li276">276</a>; gen. +sg. un-cûðes (<i>of the foe</i>, Grendel), <a href="#li961">961</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunder">under</a>, I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat., answering +question where? = <i>under</i> (of rest), contrasted with <i>over</i>: +bât (wäs) under beorge, <a href="#li211">211</a>; þâ cwom Wealhþeó forð gân under gyldnum +beáge (<i>W. walked forth under a golden circlet</i>, i.e. decked +with), <a href="#li1164">1164</a>; siððan he under segne sine ealgode (<i>under his +banner</i>), <a href="#li1205">1205</a>; he under rande ge-cranc (<i>sank under his +shield</i>), <a href="#li1210">1210</a>; under wolcnum, <a href="#li8">8</a>, <a href="#li1632">1632</a>; under heofenum, <a href="#li52">52</a>, <a href="#li505">505</a>; +under roderum, <a href="#li310">310</a>; under helme, <a href="#li342">342</a>, <a href="#li404">404</a>; under here-grîman, <a href="#li396">396</a>, +<a href="#li2050">2050</a>, <a href="#li2606">2606</a>; so, <a href="#li711">711</a>, <a href="#li1198">1198</a>, <a href="#li1303">1303</a>, <a href="#li1929">1929</a>, <a href="#li2204">2204</a>, <a href="#li2416">2416</a>, <a href="#li3061">3061</a>, <a href="#li3104">3104</a>.—2) w. +acc.: a) answering question whither? = <i>under</i> (of motion): þâ +secg wîsode under Heorotes hrôf, <a href="#li403">403</a>; siððan æfen-leóht under heofenes +hâdor be-holen weorðeð, <a href="#li414">414</a>; under sceadu bregdan, <a href="#li708">708</a>; fleón under +fen-hleoðu, <a href="#li821">821</a>; hond âlegde ... under geápne hrôf, <a href="#li837">837</a>; teón in under +eoderas, <a href="#li1038">1038</a>; so, <a href="#li1361">1361</a>, <a href="#li1746">1746</a>, <a href="#li2129">2129</a>, <a href="#li2541">2541</a>, <a href="#li2554">2554</a>, <a href="#li2676">2676</a>, <a href="#li2745">2745</a>; so, häfde +þâ for-sîðod sunu Ecg-þeówes under gynne grund, <a href="#li1552">1552</a> (for-sîðian +requires acc.). b) after verbs of venturing and fighting, with acc. of +object had in view: he under hârne stân ...âna ge-nêðde frêcne dæde, +<a href="#li888">888</a>; ne dorste under ýða ge-win aldre ge-nêðan, <a href="#li1470">1470</a>. c) indicating +extent, with acc. after expressions of limit, etc.: under swegles +begong (<i>as far as the sky extends</i>), <a href="#li861">861</a>, <a href="#li1774">1774</a>; under heofenes +hwealf (<i>as far as heaven's vault reaches</i>), <a href="#li2016">2016</a>.</p> + +<p>II. Adv., <i>beneath, below</i>: stîg under läg (<i>a path lay +beneath</i>, i.e. the rock), <a href="#li2214">2214</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glundernmæl">undern-mæl</a>, st. n., <i>midday</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1429">1429</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glundyrne">un-dyrne, un-derne</a>, adj., <i>without concealment, plain, +clear</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li127">127</a>, <a href="#li2001">2001</a>; un-derne, <a href="#li2912">2912</a>.</p> + +<p>un-dyrne, adv., <i>plainly, evidently</i>; un-dyrne cûð, <a href="#li150">150</a>, <a href="#li410">410</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunfäger">un-fäger</a>, adj., <i>unlovely, hideous</i>: nom. sg. leóht +un-fäger, <a href="#li728">728</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunfæcne">un-fæcne</a>, adj., <i>without malice, sincere</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2069">2069</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunfæge">un-fæge</a>, adj., <i>not death-doomed</i> or "<i>fey</i>": nom. +sg., <a href="#li2292">2292</a>; acc. sg. un-fægne eorl, <a href="#li573">573</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunflitme">un-flitme</a>, adv., <i>solemnly, incontestably</i>: Finn Hengeste +elne unflitme âðum benemde (<i>F. swore solemnly to H. with oaths</i>) +[if an adj., elne un-f. = <i>unconquerable in valor</i>], <a href="#li1098">1098</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunforht">un-forht</a>, adj., <i>fearless, bold</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li287">287</a>; acc. pl. +unforhte (adv.?), <a href="#li444">444</a>. See <a href="#note444">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunfrom">un-from</a>, adj., <i>unfit, unwarlike</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2189">2189</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunfrôd">un-frôd</a>, adj., <i>not aged, young</i>: dat sg. guman un-frôdum, +<a href="#li2822">2822</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glungedêfelîce">un-gedêfelîce</a>, adv., <i>unjustly, contrary to right and +custom</i>, <a href="#li2436">2436</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glungemete">un-gemete</a>, adv., <i>immeasurably, exceedingly</i>, <a href="#li2421">2421</a>, <a href="#li2722">2722</a>, +<a href="#li2729">2729</a>.</p> + +<p>un-gemetes, adv. gen. sg., the same, <a href="#li1793">1793</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glungeâra">un-geâra</a>, adv., (<i>not old</i>), <i>recently, lately</i>, <a href="#li933">933</a>; +<i>soon</i>, <a href="#li603">603</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glungifethe">un-gifeðe</a>, adj., <i>not to be granted; refused</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2922">2922</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glungleáw">un-gleáw</a>, adj., <i>regardless, reckless</i>: acc. sg. +sweord ... ecgum ungleáw (of a sharp-edged sword), <a href="#li2565">2565</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunhâr">un-hâr</a>, adj., <i>very gray</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li357">357</a>; (<i>bald</i>?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunhælo">un-hælo</a>, st. f., <i>mischief, destruction</i>: gen. sg. wiht +un-hælo (<i>the demon of destruction</i>, Grendel), <a href="#li120">120</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunheóre">un-heóre, un-hýre</a>, adj., <i>monstrous, horrible</i>: nom. sg. +m., weard un-hióre (the dragon), <a href="#li2414">2414</a>; neut. wîf un-hýre (Grendel's +mother), <a href="#li2121">2121</a>; nom. pl. neut. hand-sporu ... unheóru (of Grendel's +claws), <a href="#li988">988</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunhlytme">un-hlytme, un-hlitme</a>, adv. (cf. A.S. hlytm = <i>lot</i>; O.N. +hluti = <i>part division</i>), <i>undivided, unseparated</i>, +<i>united</i>, <a href="#li1130">1130</a> [unless = un-flitme, 1098]. See <a href="#note1130">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunleóf">un-leóf</a>, adj., <i>hated</i>: acc. pl. seah on un-leófe, <a href="#li2864">2864</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunlifigende">un-lifigende</a>, pres. part., <i>unliving, lifeless</i>: nom. sg. +un-lifigende, <a href="#li468">468</a>; acc. sg. un-lyfigendne, <a href="#li1309">1309</a>; dat. sg. +un-lifgendum, <a href="#li1390">1390</a>; gen. sg. un-lyfigendes, <a href="#li745">745</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunlytel">un-lytel</a>, adj., <i>not little, very large</i>: nom. sg. duguð +un-lytel (<i>a great band of warriors</i>? or <i>great joy</i>?), <a href="#li498">498</a>; +dôm un-lytel (<i>no little glory</i>), <a href="#li886">886</a>; acc. sg. torn un-lytel +(<i>very great shame, misery</i>), <a href="#li834">834</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunmurnlîce">un-murnlîce</a>, adv., <i>unpityingly, without sorrowing</i>, <a href="#li449">449</a>, +<a href="#li1757">1757</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunnan">unnan</a>, pret.-pres. v., <i>to grant, give; wish, will</i>: +pret.-pres. sg. I. ic þe an tela sinc-gestreóna, <a href="#li1226">1226</a>; weak pret. sg. +I. ûðe ic swîðor þät þu hine selfne ge-seón môste, <a href="#li961">961</a>; III. he ne ûðe +þät ...(<i>he granted not that ...</i>), <a href="#li503">503</a>; him god ûðe þät ... he hyne +sylfne ge-wräc (<i>God granted to him that he avenged himself</i>), +<a href="#li2875">2875</a>; þeáh he ûðe wel (<i>though he well would</i>), <a href="#li2856">2856</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-unnan, <i>to grant, permit</i>: inf. gif he ûs ge-unnan wile þät we +hine ... grêtan môton, <a href="#li346">346</a>; me ge-ûðe ylda waldend, þät ic ... ge-seah +hangian (<i>the Ruler of men permitted me to see hanging ...</i>), +<a href="#li1662">1662</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunnyt">un-nyt</a>, adj., <i>useless</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li413">413</a>, <a href="#li3170">3170</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunriht">un-riht</a>, st. n., <i>unright, injustice, wrong</i>: acc. sg. +unriht, <a href="#li1255">1255</a>, <a href="#li2740">2740</a>; instr. sg. un-rihte (<i>unjustly, wrongly</i>), +<a href="#li3060">3060</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunrîm">un-rîm</a>, st. n., <i>immense number</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1239">1239</a>, <a href="#li3136">3136</a>; +acc. sg., <a href="#li2625">2625</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunrîme">un-rîme</a>, adj., <i>countless, measureless</i>: nom. sg. gold +un-rîme, <a href="#li3013">3013</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunrôt">un-rôt</a>, adj., <i>sorrowing</i>: nom. pl. un-rôte, <a href="#li3149">3149</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunsnyttru">un-snyttru</a>, st. f., <i>lack of wisdom</i>: dat. pl. for his +un-snyttrum (<i>for his unwisdom</i>), <a href="#li1735">1735</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunsofte">un-softe</a>, adv., <i>unsoftly, with violence</i> +(<i>hardly</i>?), <a href="#li2141">2141</a>; <i>scarcely</i>, <a href="#li1656">1656</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunswýthe">un-swýðe</a>, adv., <i>not strongly</i> or <i>powerfully</i>: +compar. (ecg) bât unswîðor þonne his þiód-cyning þearfe häfde (<i>the +sword bit less sharply than the prince of the people needed</i>), +<a href="#li2579">2579</a>; fýr unswîðor weóll, <a href="#li2882">2882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunsynnig">un-synnig</a>, adj., <i>guiltless, sinless</i>: acc. sg. +un-synnigne, <a href="#li2090">2090</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunsynnum">un-synnum</a>, adv. instr. pl., <i>guiltlessly</i>, <a href="#li1073">1073</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluntæle">un-tæle</a>, adj., <i>blameless</i>: acc. pl. un-tæle, <a href="#li1866">1866</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluntyder">un-tyder</a>, st. m., <i>evil race, monster</i>: nom. pl. +un-tydras, <a href="#li111">111</a>. [Cf. Ger. un-mensch.]</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunwâclîc">un-wâclîc</a>, adj., <i>that cannot be shaken; firm, strong</i>: +acc. sg. âd ... un-wâclîcne, <a href="#li3139">3139</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunwearnum">un-wearnum</a>, adv. instr. pl., <i>unawares, suddenly</i>; +(<i>unresistingly</i>?), <a href="#li742">742</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunwrecen">un-wrecen</a>, pret. part., <i>unavenged</i>, <a href="#li2444">2444</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glup">up</a>, adv., <i>up, upward</i>, <a href="#li224">224</a>, <a href="#li519">519</a>, <a href="#li1374">1374</a>, <a href="#li1620">1620</a>, <a href="#li1913">1913</a>, <a href="#li1921">1921</a>, +<a href="#li2894">2894</a>; (of the voice), þâ wäs ... wôp up âhafen, <a href="#li128">128</a>; so, <a href="#li783">783</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluplang">up-lang</a>, adj., <i>upright, erect</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li760">760</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluppe">uppe</a> (adj., ûfe, ûffe), adv., <i>above</i>, <a href="#li566">566</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glupriht">up-riht</a>, adj., <i>upright, erect</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2093">2093</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluton">uton</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwuton">wuton</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossUl">Û</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glûthgenge">ûð-genge</a>, adj., <i>transitory, evanescent, ready to depart</i>, +(<i>fled</i>?): þær wäs Äsc-here ... feorh ûð-genge, <a href="#li2124">2124</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glûs">ûs</a>, pers. pron. dat. and acc. of <b>we</b> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glwe">we</a>), +<i>us, to us</i>, <a href="#li1822">1822</a>, <a href="#li2636">2636</a>, <a href="#li2643">2643</a>, <a href="#li2921">2921</a>, <a href="#li3002">3002</a>, <a href="#li3079">3079</a>; acc. (poetic), ûsic, +<a href="#li2639">2639</a>, <a href="#li2641">2641</a>, <a href="#li2642">2642</a>;—gen. ûre: ûre æg-hwylc (<i>each of us</i>), <a href="#li1387">1387</a>; +ûser, <a href="#li2075">2075</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glûser">ûser</a>, possess, pron.: nom. sg. ûre man-drihten, <a href="#li2648">2648</a>; dat. sg. +ûssum hlâforde, <a href="#li2635">2635</a>; gen. sg. neut. ûsses cynnes, <a href="#li2814">2814</a>; dat. pl. ûrum +... bâm (<i>to us both, two</i>) (for unc bâm), <a href="#li2660">2660</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glût">ût</a>, adv., <i>out</i>, <a href="#li215">215</a>, <a href="#li537">537</a>, <a href="#li664">664</a>, <a href="#li1293">1293</a>, <a href="#li1584">1584</a>, <a href="#li2082">2082</a>, <a href="#li2558">2558</a>, +<a href="#li3131">3131</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glûtan">ûtan</a>, adv., <i>from without, without</i>, <a href="#li775">775</a>, <a href="#li1032">1032</a>, <a href="#li1504">1504</a>, +<a href="#li2335">2335</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glûtfûs">ût-fûs</a>, adj., <i>ready to go</i>: nom. sg. hringed-stefna îsig +and ût-fûs, <a href="#li33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glûtweard">ût-weard</a>, adj., <i>outward, outside, free</i>: nom. sg. eoten +(Grendel) wäs ût-weard, <a href="#li762">762</a>.</p> + +<p>ûtan-weard, adj., <i>without, outward, from without</i>: acc. sg. hlæw +... ealne ûtan-weardne, <a href="#li2298">2298</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossW">W</a></b></p> + +<p>*<a class="glentry" name="glwacan">wacan</a>, st. v., <i>to awake, arise, originate</i>: pret. sg. þanon +(from Cain) wôc fela geó-sceaft-gâsta, <a href="#li1266">1266</a>; so, <a href="#li1961">1961</a>; pl. þâm feówer bearn +... in worold wôcun, <a href="#li60">60</a>.</p> + +<p>*on-wacan: 1) <i>to awake</i> (intrans.): pret. sg. þâ se wyrm on-wôc +(<i>when the drake awoke</i>), <a href="#li2288">2288</a>.—2) <i>to be born</i>: pret. sg. him +on-wôc heáh Healfdene, <a href="#li56">56</a>; pl. on-wôcon, <a href="#li111">111</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwacian">wacian</a>, w. v., <i>to watch</i>: imper. sg. waca wið wrâðum! <a href="#li661">661</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwadan">wadan</a>, st. v., (cf. wade, waddle) <i>to traverse; stride, +go</i>: pret. sg. wôd þurh þone wäl-rêc, <a href="#li2662">2662</a>; wôd under wolcnum +(<i>stalked beneath the clouds</i>), <a href="#li715">715</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wadan, <i>to attain by moving, come to, reach</i>: pret. part. ôð +þät ... wunden-stefna ge-waden häfde, þät þâ lîðende land ge-sâwon +(<i>till the ship had gone so far that the sailors saw land</i>), <a href="#li220">220</a>.</p> + +<p>on-wadan, w. acc., <i>to invade, befall</i>: pret. sg. hine fyren +on-wôd(?), <a href="#li916">916</a>.</p> + +<p>þurh-wadan, <i>to penetrate, pierce</i>: pret. sg. þät swurd þurh-wôd +wrät-lîcne wyrm, <a href="#li891">891</a>; so, <a href="#li1568">1568</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwag">wag</a>, st. m., <i>wall</i>: dat. sg. on wage, <a href="#li1663">1663</a>; dat. pl. +äfter wagum (<i>along the walls</i>), <a href="#li996">996</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwala">wala</a>, w. m., <i>boss</i>: nom. pl. walan, <a href="#li1032">1032</a> (cf. Bouterwek +in Haupt XI., 85 seqq.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwalda">walda</a>, w. m., <i>wielder, ruler</i>: in comp. an-, eal-walda.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwaldswathu">wald-swaðu</a>, st. f., <i>forest-path</i>: dat. pl. äfter +wald-swaðum (<i>along the wood-paths</i>), <a href="#li1404">1404</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwam">wam, wom</a>, st. m., <i>spot, blot, sin</i>: acc. sg. him +be-beorgan ne con wom (<i>cannot protect himself from evil</i> or +<i>from the evil strange orders</i>, etc.; wom = wogum? = +<i>crooked</i>?), <a href="#li1748">1748</a>; instr. pl. wommum, <a href="#li3074">3074</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwan">wan, won</a>, adj., <i>wan, lurid, dark</i>: nom. sg, ýð-geblond ... +won (<i>the dark waves</i>), <a href="#li1375">1375</a>; se wonna hrefn (<i>the black +raven</i>), <a href="#li3025">3025</a>; wonna lêg (<i>lurid flame</i>), <a href="#li3116">3116</a>; dat. sg. f. on +wanre niht, <a href="#li703">703</a>; nom. pl. neut. scadu-helma ge-sceapu ... wan, <a href="#li652">652</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwang">wang</a>, st. m., <i>mead, field; place</i>: acc. sg. wang, <a href="#li93">93</a>, +<a href="#li225">225</a>; wong, <a href="#li1414">1414</a>, <a href="#li2410">2410</a>, <a href="#li3074">3074</a>; dat. sg. wange, <a href="#li2004">2004</a>; wonge, <a href="#li2243">2243</a>, <a href="#li3040">3040</a>; +acc. pl. wongas, <a href="#li2463">2463</a>.—Comp.: freoðo-, grund-, medo-, sæ-wang.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwangstede">wang-stede</a>, st. m., (locus campestris), <i>spot, place</i>: +dat. sg. wong-stede, <a href="#li2787">2787</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwanhýd">wan-hýd</a> (for hygd), st. f., <i>heedlessness, recklessness</i>: +dat. pl. for his won-hýdum, <a href="#li434">434</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwanian">wanian</a>, w. v.: 1) intrans., <i>to decrease, wane</i>: inf. þâ +þät sweord ongan ... wanian, <a href="#li1608">1608</a>.—2) w. acc., <i>to cause to +wane</i> or <i>lessen</i>: pret. sg. he tô lange leóde mîne wanode, +<a href="#li1338">1338</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wanian, <i>to decrease, diminish</i>: pret. part. is mîn flet-werod +... ge-wanod, <a href="#li477">477</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwansælig">wan-sælig</a>, adj., <i>unhappy, wretched</i>: nom. sg. won-sælig +wer (Grendel), <a href="#li105">105</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwansceaft">wan-sceaft</a>, st. f., <i>misery, want</i>: acc. sg. won-sceaft, +<a href="#li120">120</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwarian">warian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to occupy, guard, possess</i>: pres. +sg. III. þær he hæðen gold warað (<i>where he guards heathen +gold</i>), <a href="#li2278">2278</a>; pl. III. hie (Grendel and his mother) dýgel land +warigeað, <a href="#li1359">1359</a>; pret. sg. (Grendel) goldsele warode, <a href="#li1254">1254</a>; (Cain) +wêsten warode, <a href="#li1266">1266</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwaroth">waroð</a>, st. m., <i>shore</i>: dat. sg. tô waroðe, <a href="#li234">234</a>; acc. pl. +wide waroðas, <a href="#li1966">1966</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwaru">waru</a>, st. f., <i>inhabitants</i>, (collective) +<i>population</i>: in comp. land-waru.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwâ">wâ</a>, interj., <i>woe!</i> wâ bið þäm þe... (<i>woe to him that...</i>), <a href="#li183">183</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwâthu">wâðu</a>, st. f., <i>way, journey</i>: in comp. gamen-wâðu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwânian">wânian</a>, w. v., <i>to weep, whine, howl</i>, w. acc.: inf. +gehýrdon ... sâr wânigean helle häftan (<i>they heard the +hell-fastened one lamenting his pain</i>), <a href="#li788">788</a>; pret. sg. [wânode], +3152(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwât">wât</a>. See witan.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwäcean">wäcean</a>, w. v., <i>to watch</i>: pret. part wäccende, <a href="#li709">709</a>, <a href="#li2842">2842</a>; +acc. sg. m. wäccendne wer, <a href="#li1269">1269</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwacian">wacian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwäcnan">wäcnan</a>, w. v., <i>to be awake, come forth</i>: inf., <a href="#li85">85</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwäd">wäd</a>, st. n., (the moving) <i>sea, ocean</i>: nom. wado +weallende, <a href="#li546">546</a>; wadu weallendu, <a href="#li581">581</a>; gen. pl. wada <a href="#li508">508</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwäfre">wäfre</a>, adj., <i>wavering</i> (like flame), <i>ghostlike, +without distinct bodily form</i>: nom. sg. wäl-gæst wäfre (of +Grendel's mother), <a href="#li1332">1332</a>;—<i>flickering, expiring</i>: nom. sg. wäfre +môd, <a href="#li1151">1151</a>; him wäs geômor sefa, wäfre and wäl-fûs, <a href="#li2421">2421</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbewägnan">wägnan</a>, w. v., <i>to offer</i>: pret part, him wäs ... +freónd-laðu wordum be-wägned, <a href="#li1194">1194</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwäl">wäl</a>, st. n., <i>battle, slaughter, the slain in battle</i>: +acc. sg. wäl, <a href="#li1213">1213</a>, <a href="#li3028">3028</a>, blôdig wäl, <a href="#li448">448</a>; oððe on wäl crunge (<i>or +in battle, among the slain, fall</i>), <a href="#li636">636</a>; dat. sg. sume on wäle +crungon (<i>some fell in the slaughter</i>), <a href="#li1114">1114</a>; dat. sg. in Fr...es +wäle (proper name in MS. destroyed), <a href="#li1071">1071</a>; nom. pl. walu, <a href="#li1043">1043</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälbed">wäl-bed</a>, st. n., <i>slaughter-bed, deathbed</i>: dat. sg. on +wäl-bedde, <a href="#li965">965</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälbend">wäl-bend</a>, st. f., <i>death-bond</i>: acc. sg. or pl. wäl-bende ... +hand-gewriðene, <a href="#li1937">1937</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälbleát">wäl-bleát</a>, adj., <i>deadly, mortal, cruel</i>: acc. sg. wunde +wäl-bleáte, <a href="#li2726">2726</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwäldeáth">wäl-deáð</a>, st. m., <i>death in battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li696">696</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwäldreór">wäl-dreór</a>, st. m., <i>battle-gore</i>: instr. sg. wäl-dreóre, +<a href="#li1632">1632</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälfâh">wäl-fâh</a>, adj., <i>slaughter-stained, blood-stained</i>: acc. +sg. wäl-fâgne winter, <a href="#li1129">1129</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälfähth">wäl-fähð</a>, st. f., <i>deadly feud</i>: gen. pl. wäl-fæhða, <a href="#li2029">2029</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälfeall">wäl-feall</a>, st. m., <i>(fall of the slain), death, +destruction</i>: dat. sg. tô wäl-fealle, <a href="#li1712">1712</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälfûs">wäl-fûs</a>, adj., <i>ready for death, foreboding death</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2421">2421</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälfyllo">wäl-fyllo</a>, st. f., <i>fill of slaughter</i>: dat. sg. mid þære +wäl-fulle (i.e. the thirty men nightly slaughtered at Heorot by +Grendel), <a href="#li125">125</a>; wäl-fylla? <a href="#li3155">3155</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälfýr">wäl-fýr</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>deadly fire</i>: instr. sg. wäl-fýre (of +the fire-spewing dragon), <a href="#li2583">2583</a>.—2) <i>corpse-consuming fire, funeral +pyre</i>: gen. pl. wäl-fýra mæst, <a href="#li1120">1120</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälgæst">wäl-gæst</a>, st. m., <i>deadly sprite</i> (of Grendel and his +mother): nom. sg. wäl-gæst, <a href="#li1332">1332</a>; acc. sg. þone wäl-gæst, <a href="#li1996">1996</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälhlem">wäl-hlem</a>, st. m., <i>death-stroke</i>: acc. sg. wäl-hlem þone, +<a href="#li1996">1996</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälm">wälm</a>, st. m., <i>flood, whelming water</i>: nom. sg. þære +burnan wälm, <a href="#li2547">2547</a>; gen. sg. þäs wälmes (<i>of the surf</i>), +<a href="#li2136">2136</a>.—Comp. cear-wälm.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälnîth">wäl-nîð</a>, st. m., <i>deadly hostility</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3001">3001</a>; dat. +sg. äfter wäl-nîðe, <a href="#li85">85</a>; nom. pl. wäl-nîðas, <a href="#li2066">2066</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälrâp">wäl-râp</a>, st. m., <i>flood-fetter, i.e. ice</i>: acc. pl. +wäl-râpas, <a href="#li1611">1611</a>; (cf. wäll, wel, wyll = <i>well, flood</i>: leax sceal +on wäle mid sceóte scrîðan, Gnom. Cott. 39).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälræs">wäl-ræs</a>, st. m., <i>deadly onslaught</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2948">2948</a>; dat. +sg. wäl-ræse, <a href="#li825">825</a>, <a href="#li2532">2532</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälrest">wäl-rest</a>, st. f., <i>death-bed</i>, acc. sg. wäl-reste, <a href="#li2903">2903</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälrêc">wäl-rêc</a>, st. m., <i>deadly reek</i> or <i>smoke</i>: acc. sg. +wôd þâ þurh þone wäl-rêc, <a href="#li2662">2662</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälreáf">wäl-reáf</a>, st, n., <i>booty of the slain, battle-plunder</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li1206">1206</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälreów">wäl-reów</a>, adj., <i>bold in battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li630">630</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälsceaft">wäl-sceaft</a>, st. m., <i>deadly shaft, spear</i>: acc. pl. +wäl-sceaftas, <a href="#li398">398</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälseax">wäl-seax</a>, st. n., <i>deadly knife, war-knife</i>: instr. sg. +wäll-seaxe, <a href="#li2704">2704</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälstenge">wäl-stenge</a>, st. m., <i>battle-spear</i>: dat. sg. on þam +wäl-stenge, <a href="#li1639">1639</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälstôw">wäl-stôw</a>, st. f., <i>battle-field</i>: dat. sg. wäl-stôwe, +<a href="#li2052">2052</a>, <a href="#li2985">2985</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwästm">wästm</a>, st. m., <i>growth, form, figure</i>: dat. sg. on weres +wästmum (<i>in man's form</i>), <a href="#li1353">1353</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwäter">wäter</a>, st. n., <i>water</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li93">93</a>, <a href="#li1417">1417</a>, <a href="#li1515">1515</a>, <a href="#li1632">1632</a>; +acc. sg. wäter, <a href="#li1365">1365</a>, <a href="#li1620">1620</a>; deóp wäter (<i>the deep</i>), <a href="#li509">509</a>, <a href="#li1905">1905</a>; +ofer wîd wäter (<i>over the high sea]</i>, <a href="#li2474">2474</a>; dat. sg. äfter wätere +<i>(along the Grendel-sea</i>), <a href="#li1426">1426</a>; under wätere (<i>at the bottom +of the sea</i>), <a href="#li1657">1657</a>; instr. wätere, <a href="#li2723">2723</a>; wätre, <a href="#li2855">2855</a>; gen. sg. ofer +wäteres hrycg (<i>over the surface of the sea</i>), <a href="#li471">471</a>; on wäteres +æht, <a href="#li516">516</a>; þurh wäteres wylm (<i>through the sea-wave</i>), <a href="#li1694">1694</a>; gen. += instr. wäteres weorpan (<i>to sprinkle with water</i>), <a href="#li2792">2792</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwäteregesa">wäter-egesa</a>, st. m., <i>water-terror</i>, i.e. <i>the fearful +sea</i>: acc. sg., 1261</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwäterýth">wäter-ýð</a>, st. f., <i>water-wave, billow</i>: dat. pl. +wäter-ýðum, <a href="#li2243">2243</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwæd">wæd</a>, st. f., <i>(weeds), garment</i>: in comp. here-, +hilde-wæd.</p> + +<p>ge-wæde, st. n., <i>clothing</i>, especially <i>battle-equipments</i>: +acc. pl. gewædu, <a href="#li292">292</a>.—Comp. eorl-gewæde.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwæg">wæg</a>, st. m., <i>wave</i>: acc. sg. wæg, <a href="#li3133">3133</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwægbora">wæg-bora</a>, w. m., <i>wave-bearer, swimmer</i> (bearing or +propelling the waves before him): nom. sg. wundorlîc wæg-bora (of a +sea-monster), <a href="#li1441">1441</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwægflota">wæg-flota</a>, w. m., <i>sea-sailer, ship</i>: acc. sg. wêg-flotan, +<a href="#li1908">1908</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwægholm">wæg-holm</a>, st. m., <i>the wave-filled sea</i>: acc. sg. ofer +wæg-holm, <a href="#li217">217</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwæge">wæge</a>, st. n., <i>cup, can</i>: acc. sg. fäted wæge, <a href="#li2254">2254</a>, +<a href="#li2283">2283</a>.—Comp.: ealo-, lîð-wæge.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwæglîthend">wæg-lîðend</a>, pres. part., <i>sea-farer</i>: dat. pl. +wæg-lîðendum (et lîðendum, MS.), <a href="#li3160">3160</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwægsweord">wæg-sweord</a>, st. n., <i>heavy sword</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1490">1490</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwæn">wæn</a>, st. m., <i>wain, wagon</i>: acc. sg. on wæn, <a href="#li3135">3135</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwæpen">wæpen</a>, st. n., <i>weapon; sword</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1661">1661</a>; acc. sg. +wæpen, <a href="#li686">686</a>, <a href="#li1574">1574</a>, <a href="#li2520">2520</a>, <a href="#li2688">2688</a>; instr. wæpne, <a href="#li1665">1665</a>, <a href="#li2966">2966</a>; gen. wæpnes, +<a href="#li1468">1468</a>; acc. pl. wæpen, <a href="#li292">292</a>; dat. pl. wæpnum, <a href="#li250">250</a>, <a href="#li331">331</a>, <a href="#li2039">2039</a>, <a href="#li2396">2396</a>. +—Comp.: hilde-, sige-wæpen.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwæpnedman">wæpned-man</a>, st. m., <i>warrior, man</i>: dat. sg. wæpned-men, +<a href="#li1285">1285</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwær">wær</a>, st. f., <i>covenant, treaty</i>: acc. sg. wære, +<a href="#li1101">1101</a>;—<i>protection, care</i>: dat. sg. on freán (on þäs waldendes) +wære (<i>into God's protection</i>), <a href="#li27">27</a>, <a href="#li3110">3110</a>.—Comp.: frioðo-wær.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwæsma">wæsma</a>, w. m., <i>fierce strength, war-strength</i>: in comp. +here-wæsma, <a href="#li678">678</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwe">we</a>, pers. pron., <i>we</i>, <a href="#li942">942</a>, <a href="#li959">959</a>, <a href="#li1327">1327</a>, <a href="#li1653">1653</a>, <a href="#li1819">1819</a>, <a href="#li1820">1820</a>, +etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweb">web</a>, st. n., <i>woven work, tapestry</i>:, nom. pl. web, <a href="#li996">996</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwebbe">webbe</a>, w. f., <i>webster, female weaver</i>: in comp. +freoðu-webbe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweccan">weccan, weccean</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to wake, rouse; recall</i>: +inf. wîg-bealu weccan (<i>to stir up strife</i>), <a href="#li2047">2047</a>; nalles hearpan +swêg (sceal) wîgend weccean (<i>the sound of the harp shall not wake +up the warriors</i>), <a href="#li3025">3025</a>; ongunnon þâ ... bæl-fýra mæst wîgend +weccan (<i>the warriors then began to start the mightiest of funeral +pyres</i>), <a href="#li3145">3145</a>; pret. sg. wehte hine wätre (<i>roused him with +water</i>, i.e. Wîglâf recalled Beówulf to consciousness), <a href="#li2855">2855</a>.</p> + +<p>tô-weccan, <i>to stir up, rouse</i>: pret, pl. hû þâ folc mid him +(<i>with one another</i>), fæhðe tô-wehton, <a href="#li2949">2949</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwed">wed</a>, st. n., (cf. wed-ding), <i>pledge</i>: dat. sg. hyldo tô +wedde (<i>as a pledge of his favor</i>), <a href="#li2999">2999</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweder">weder</a>, st. n., <i>weather</i>: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, +<a href="#li1137">1137</a>; gen. pl. wedera cealdost, <a href="#li546">546</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewef">wef</a>, st. n., <i>woof, weaving</i>: acc. pl. wîg-spêda +ge-wiofu (<i>the woof of war-speed</i>: the battle-woof woven for weal +or woe by the Walkyries; cf. Njals-saga, 158), <a href="#li698">698</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweg">weg</a>, st. m., <i>way</i>: acc. sg. on weg (<i>away, off</i>), +<a href="#li264">264</a>, <a href="#li764">764</a>, <a href="#li845">845</a>, <a href="#li1431">1431</a>, <a href="#li2097">2097</a>; gyf þu on weg cymest (<i>if thou comest off +safe</i>, i.e. from the battle with Grendel's mother), <a href="#li1383">1383</a>.—Comp.: +feor-, fold-, forð-, wîd-weg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwegan">wegan</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to bear, wear, bring, possess</i>: +subj. pres. nâh hwâ sweord wege (<i>I have none that may bear the +sword</i>), <a href="#li2253">2253</a>; inf. nalles (sceal) eorl wegan mâððum tô ge-myndum +(<i>no earl shall wear a memorial jewel</i>), <a href="#li3016">3016</a>; pret. ind. he þâ +frätwe wäg ... ofer ýða ful (<i>bore the jewels over the goblet of the +waves</i>), <a href="#li1208">1208</a>; wäl-seaxe ... þät he on byrnan wäg, <a href="#li2705">2705</a>; heortan +sorge wäg (<i>bore heart's sorrow</i>); so, <a href="#li152">152</a>, <a href="#li1778">1778</a>, <a href="#li1932">1932</a>, <a href="#li2781">2781</a>.</p> + +<p>ät-wegan = <i>auferre, to carry off</i>: syððan Hâma ät-wäg tô þære +byrhtan byrig Brosinga mene (<i>since H. bore from the bright city the +Brosing-collar</i>), <a href="#li1199">1199</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewegan">wegan</a> (O.N. wega), <i>to fight</i>: inf. þe he wið þam wyrme +ge-wegan sceolde, <a href="#li2401">2401</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwel">wel</a>, adv.: 1) <i>well</i>: wel bið þäm þe ... (<i>well for him +that ...!</i>), <a href="#li186">186</a>; se þe wel þenceð (<i>he that well thinketh, +judgeth</i>), <a href="#li289">289</a>; so, <a href="#li640">640</a>, <a href="#li1046">1046</a>, <a href="#li1822">1822</a>, <a href="#li1834">1834</a>, <a href="#li1952">1952</a>, <a href="#li2602">2602</a>; well, <a href="#li2163">2163</a>, +<a href="#li2813">2813</a>.—2) <i>very, very much</i>: Geát ungemetes wel ... restan lyste +(<i>the Geat longed sorely to rest</i>), <a href="#li1793">1793</a>.—3) <i>indeed, to be +sure</i>, <a href="#li2571">2571</a>, <a href="#li2856">2856</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwela">wela</a>, w. m., <i>wealth, goods, possessions</i>: in comp. ær-, +burg-, hord-, mâððum-wela.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwelhwylc">wel-hwylc</a>, indef. pron., = quivis, <i>any you please, any</i> +(each, all): gen. pl. wel-hwylcra wilna, <a href="#li1345">1345</a>; w. partitive gen.: nom. +sg. witena wel-hwylc, <a href="#li266">266</a>;—substantively: acc. neut. wel-hwylc, <a href="#li875">875</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwelig">welig</a>, adj., <i>wealthy, rich</i>: acc. sg. wîc-stede weligne +Wægmundinga, <a href="#li2608">2608</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwelthungen">wel-þungen</a>, pres. part., <i>well-thriven</i> (in mind), +<i>mature, high-minded</i>: nom. sg. Hygd (wäs) swîðe geong, wîs, +wel-þungen, <a href="#li1928">1928</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwenian">wenian</a>, w. v., <i>to accustom, attract, honor</i>: subj. pret. +þät ... Folcwaldan sunu ... Hengestes heáp hringum wenede (<i>sh. +honor</i>), <a href="#li1092">1092</a>.</p> + +<p>be-(bi-)wenian, <i>entertain, care for, attend</i>: pret. sg. mäg þäs +þonne of-þyncan þeóden Heaðo-beardna ... þonne he mid fæmnan on flet +gæð, dryht-bearn Dena duguða bi-wenede (<i>may well displease the +prince of the H.... when he with the woman goes into the hall, that a +noble scion of the Danes should entertain, bear wine to, the +knights</i>, cf. <a href="#li494">494</a> seqq.; or, <i>a noble scion of the Danes should +attend on her?</i>), <a href="#li2036">2036</a>; pret. part. nom. pl. wæron her tela willum +be-wenede, <a href="#li1822">1822</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwendan">wendan</a>, w. v., <i>to turn</i>: pres. sg. III. him eal worold +wendeð on willan (<i>all the world turns at his will</i>), <a href="#li1740">1740</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wendan, w. acc.: l) <i>to turn, turn round</i>: pret. sg. wicg +gewende (<i>turned his horse</i>), <a href="#li315">315</a>.—2) <i>to turn</i> (intrans.), +<i>change</i>: inf. wâ bið þäm þe sceal ... frôfre ne wênan, wihte +ge-wendan (<i>woe to him that shall have no hope, shall not change at +all</i>), <a href="#li186">186</a>.</p> + +<p>on-wendan, <i>to avert, set aside</i>: 1) w. acc.: inf. ne mihte +snotor häleð weán on-wendan, <a href="#li191">191</a>.—2) intrans.: sibb æfre ne mäg wiht +on-wendan þam þe wel þenceð (<i>in, to, him that is well thinking +friendship can not be set aside</i>), <a href="#li2602">2602</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwer">wer</a>, st. m., <i>man, hero</i>: nom. sg. (Grendel), <a href="#li105">105</a>; acc. +sg. wer (Beówulf), <a href="#li1269">1269</a>, <a href="#li3174">3174</a>; gen. sg. on weres wästmum (<i>in man's +form</i>), <a href="#li1353">1353</a>; nom. pl. weras, <a href="#li216">216</a>, <a href="#li1223">1223</a>, <a href="#li1234">1234</a>, <a href="#li1441">1441</a>, <a href="#li1651">1651</a>; dat. pl. +werum, <a href="#li1257">1257</a>; gen. pl. wera, <a href="#li120">120</a>, <a href="#li994">994</a>, <a href="#li1732">1732</a>, <a href="#li3001">3001</a>; (MS. weora), <a href="#li2948">2948</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwered">wered</a>, st. n., (as adj. = <i>sweet</i>), <i>a sort of beer</i> +(probably without hops or such ingredients): acc. sg. scîr wered, <a href="#li496">496</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwerefeohte">were-feohte</a>, f., <i>defensive fight, fight in self-defence</i>: +dat. pl. for were-fyhtum (fere fyhtum, MS.), <a href="#li457">457</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwerhtho">werhðo</a>, st. f., <i>curse, outlawry, condemnation</i>: acc. sg. +þu in helle scealt werhðo dreógan, <a href="#li590">590</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwerian">werian</a>, <i>to defend, protect</i>: w. vb., pres. sg. III. +beaduscrûda ... þät mîne breóst wereð, <a href="#li453">453</a>; inf. wit unc wið hron-fixas +werian þôhton, <a href="#li541">541</a>; pres. part. w. gen. pl. wergendra tô lyt (<i>too +few defenders</i>), <a href="#li2883">2883</a>; pret. ind. wäl-reáf werede (<i>guarded the +battle-spoil</i>), <a href="#li1206">1206</a>; se hwîta helm hafelan werede (<i>the shining +helm protected his head</i>), <a href="#li1449">1449</a>; pl. hafelan weredon, <a href="#li1328">1328</a>; pret. +part. nom. pl. ge ... byrnum werede (<i>ye</i> ... +<i>corselet-clad</i>), <a href="#li238">238</a>, <a href="#li2530">2530</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbewerian">werian</a>, <i>to protect, defend</i>: pret. pl. þät hie ... +leóda land-geweorc lâðum be-weredon scuccum and scinnum (<i>that they +the people's land-work from foes, from monsters and demons, might +defend</i>), 939</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwerig">werig</a>, adj., <i>accursed, outlawed</i>: gen. sg. wergan gâstes +(Grendel), <a href="#li133">133</a>; (of the devil), <a href="#li1748">1748</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwerod">werod, weorod</a>, st. n., <i>band of men, warrior-troop</i>: nom. +sg. werod, <a href="#li652">652</a>; weorod, <a href="#li290">290</a>, <a href="#li2015">2015</a>, <a href="#li3031">3031</a>; acc. sg. werod, <a href="#li319">319</a>; dat. +instr. sg. weorode, <a href="#li1012">1012</a>, <a href="#li2347">2347</a>; werede, <a href="#li1216">1216</a>; gen. sg. werodes, <a href="#li259">259</a>; +gen. pl. wereda, <a href="#li2187">2187</a>; weoroda, <a href="#li60">60</a>.—Comp.: eorl-, flet-werod.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwertheód">wer-þeód</a>, st. f., <i>people, humanity</i>: dat. sg. ofer +wer-þeóde, <a href="#li900">900</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwesan">wesan</a>, v., <i>to be</i>: pres. sg. I. ic eom, <a href="#li335">335</a>, <a href="#li407">407</a>; II. þu +eart, <a href="#li352">352</a>, <a href="#li506">506</a>; III. is, <a href="#li256">256</a>, <a href="#li272">272</a>, <a href="#li316">316</a>, <a href="#li343">343</a>, <a href="#li375">375</a>, <a href="#li473">473</a>, etc.; nu is +þînes mägenes blæd âne hwîle (<i>the prime [fame?] of thy powers +lasteth now for a while</i>), <a href="#li1762">1762</a>; ys, <a href="#li2911">2911</a>, <a href="#li3000">3000</a>, <a href="#li3085">3085</a>; pl. I. we +synt, <a href="#li260">260</a>, <a href="#li342">342</a>; II. syndon, <a href="#li237">237</a>, <a href="#li393">393</a>; III. syndon, <a href="#li257">257</a>, <a href="#li361">361</a>, <a href="#li1231">1231</a>; +synt, <a href="#li364">364</a>; sint, <a href="#li388">388</a>; subj. pres. sîe, <a href="#li435">435</a>, <a href="#li683">683</a>, etc.; sý, <a href="#li1832">1832</a>, etc.; +sig, <a href="#li1779">1779</a>, etc.; imper. sg. II. wes, <a href="#li269">269</a> (cf. wassail, wes hæl), <a href="#li407">407</a>, +<a href="#li1171">1171</a>, <a href="#li1220">1220</a>, <a href="#li1225">1225</a>, etc.; inf. wesan, <a href="#li272">272</a>, <a href="#li1329">1329</a>, <a href="#li1860">1860</a>, <a href="#li2709">2709</a>, etc. The +inf. wesan must sometimes be supplied: nealles Hetware hrêmge þorfton +(i.e. wesan) fêðe-wîges, <a href="#li2364">2364</a>; so, <a href="#li2498">2498</a>, <a href="#li2660">2660</a>, <a href="#li618">618</a>, <a href="#li1858">1858</a>; pres. part. +wesende, <a href="#li46">46</a>; dat. sg. wesendum, <a href="#li1188">1188</a>; pret. sg. I., III. wäs, <a href="#li11">11</a>, <a href="#li12">12</a>, +<a href="#li18">18</a>, <a href="#li36">36</a>, <a href="#li49">49</a>, <a href="#li53">53</a>, etc.; wäs on sunde (<i>was a-swimming</i>), <a href="#li1619">1619</a>; so, +<a href="#li848">848</a>, <a href="#li850">850</a>(?), <a href="#li970">970</a>, <a href="#li981">981</a>, <a href="#li1293">1293</a>; progressive, wäs secgende (for sæde), +<a href="#li3029">3029</a>; II. wære, <a href="#li1479">1479</a>, etc.; pl. wæron, <a href="#li233">233</a>, <a href="#li536">536</a>, <a href="#li544">544</a>, etc.; wæran (w. +reflex, him), <a href="#li2476">2476</a>; pret. subj. wære, <a href="#li173">173</a>, <a href="#li203">203</a>, <a href="#li594">594</a>, <a href="#li946">946</a>, etc.; +progressive, myndgiend wære (for myndgie), <a href="#li1106">1106</a>.—Contracted neg. +forms: , nis = ne + is, <a href="#li249">249</a>, <a href="#li1373">1373</a>, etc.; näs = ne + wäs, <a href="#li134">134</a>, <a href="#li1300">1300</a>, +<a href="#li1922">1922</a>, <a href="#li2193">2193</a>, etc. (cf. uncontracted: ne wäs, <a href="#li890">890</a>, <a href="#li1472">1472</a>); næron = ne + +wæron, <a href="#li2658">2658</a>; nære = ne + wære, <a href="#li861">861</a>, <a href="#li1168">1168</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glcnihtwesende">cniht-wesende</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwêg">wêg</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwæg">wæg</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwên">wên</a>, st. f., <i>expectation, hope</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li735">735</a>, <a href="#li1874">1874</a>, +<a href="#li2324">2324</a>; nu is leódum wên orleg-hwîle (gen.) (<i>now the people have +weening of a time of strife</i>), <a href="#li2911">2911</a>; acc. sg. þäs ic wên häbbe +(<i>as I hope, expect</i>), <a href="#li383">383</a>; so, þäs þe ic [wên] hafo, <a href="#li3001">3001</a>; wên +ic talige, <a href="#li1846">1846</a>; dat. pl. bega on wênum <i>(in expectation of +both</i>, i.e. the death and the return of Beówulf), <a href="#li2896">2896</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glorwêna">or-wêna</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwênan">wênan</a>, w. v., <i>to ween, expect, hope</i>: 1) absolutely; +pres. sg. I. þäs ic wêne (<i>as I hope</i>), <a href="#li272">272</a>; swâ ic þe wêne tô +<i>(as I hope thou wilt</i>: Beówulf hopes Hrôðgâr will now suffer no +more pain), <a href="#li1397">1397</a>.—2) w. gen. or acc. pres. sg. I. þonne wêne ic tô +þe wyrsan ge-þinges, <a href="#li525">525</a>; ic þær heaðu-fýres hâtes wêne, <a href="#li2523">2523</a>; III. +secce ne wêneð to Gâr Denum (<i>weeneth not of contest with the +Gar-Danes</i>), <a href="#li601">601</a>; inf. (beorhtre bôte) wênan (<i>to expect, count +on, a brilliant</i> [? <i>a lighter penalty</i>] <i>atonement</i>), <a href="#li157">157</a>; +pret. pl. þäs ne wêndon ær witan Scyldinga þät ... <i>the wise men of +the Scyldings weened not of this before, that</i>...), <a href="#li779">779</a>; þät hig +þäs äðelinges eft ne wêndon þät he ... sêcean côme <i>(that they looked +not for the atheling again that he</i> ... <i>would come to +seek</i> ...), <a href="#li1598">1598</a>.—3) w. acc. inf.: pret. sg. wênde, <a href="#li934">934</a>.—4) w. +depend, clause: pres. sg. I. wêne ic þät..., <a href="#li1185">1185</a>; wên' ic þät..., +<a href="#li338">338</a>, <a href="#li442">442</a>; pret. sg. wênde, <a href="#li2330">2330</a>; pl. wêndon, <a href="#li938">938</a>, <a href="#li1605">1605</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwêpan">wêpan</a>, st. v., <i>to weep</i>: pret. sg. [weóp], <a href="#li3152">3152</a> (?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwêrig">wêrig</a>, adj., <i>weary, exhausted</i>, w. gen.: nom. sg. siðes +wêrig (<i>weary from the journey, way-weary</i>), <a href="#li579">579</a>; dat. sg. siðes +wêrgum, <a href="#li1795">1795</a>;—w. instr.: acc. pl. wundum wêrge <i>(wound-weary</i>), +<a href="#li2938">2938</a>.—Comp.: deáð-, fyl-, gûð-wêrig.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewerigean">werigean</a>, w. v., <i>to weary, exhaust</i>: pret. part. +ge-wêrgad, <a href="#li2853">2853</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwêrigmôd">wêrig-môd</a>, adj., <i>weary-minded (animo defessus)</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li845">845</a>, <a href="#li1544">1544</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwêste">wêste</a>, adj., <i>waste, uninhabited</i>: acc. sg. win-sele +wêstne, <a href="#li2457">2457</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwêsten">wêsten</a>, st. n., <i>waste, wilderness</i>: acc. sg. wêsten, +<a href="#li1266">1266</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwêsten">wêsten</a>, st. f., <i>waste, wilderness</i>: dat. sg. on þære +wêstenne, <a href="#li2299">2299</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweal">weal</a>, st. m.: 1 <i>wall, rampart</i>: dat. instr. sg. wealle, +<a href="#li786">786</a>, <a href="#li892">892</a>, <a href="#li3163">3163</a>; gen. sg. wealles, <a href="#li2308">2308</a>.—2) <i>elevated +sea-shore</i>: dat. sg. of wealle, <a href="#li229">229</a>; acc. pl. windige weallas, <a href="#li572">572</a>, +<a href="#li1225">1225</a>.—3) <i>wall of a building</i>: acc, sg. wið þäs recedes weal, +<a href="#li326">326</a>; dat. sg. be wealle, <a href="#li1574">1574</a>; hence, the inner and outer rock-walls +of the dragon's lair (cf. Heyne's essay: Halle Heorot, p. 59): dat. +sg., <a href="#li2308">2308</a>, <a href="#li2527">2527</a>, <a href="#li2717">2717</a>, <a href="#li2760">2760</a>, <a href="#li3061">3061</a>, <a href="#li3104">3104</a>; gen. sg. wealles, +<a href="#li2324">2324</a>.—Comp.: bord-, eorð-, sæ-, scyld-weal.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewealc">wealc</a>, st. n., <i>rolling</i>: acc. sg. ofer ýða ge-wealc, +<a href="#li464">464</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeweald">weald</a>, st. n., <i>power, might</i>: acc. sg. on feónda +ge-weald <i>(into the power of his foes</i>), <a href="#li809">809</a>, <a href="#li904">904</a>; so, <a href="#li1685">1685</a>; +geweald âgan, häbban, â-beódan (w. gen. of object = <i>to present) = +to have power over</i>, <a href="#li79">79</a>, <a href="#li655">655</a>, <a href="#li765">765</a>, <a href="#li951">951</a>, <a href="#li1088">1088</a>, <a href="#li1611">1611</a>, <a href="#li1728">1728</a>. See +on-<a class="glentry" href="#glonweald">weald</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwealdan">wealdan</a>, st. v., <i>to wield, govern, rule over, prevail</i>: +1) absolutely or with depend, clause: inf. gif he wealdan môt (<i>if +he may prevail</i>), <a href="#li442">442</a>; þær he ... wealdan môste swâ him Wyrd ne +ge-scrâf (<i>if [where?] he was to prevail, as Weird had not destined +for him</i>), <a href="#li2575">2575</a>; pres. part. waldend (<i>God</i>), <a href="#li1694">1694</a>; dat. +wealdende, <a href="#li2330">2330</a>; gen. waldendes, <a href="#li2293">2293</a>, <a href="#li2858">2858</a>, <a href="#li3110">3110</a>.—2) with instr. or +dat.: inf. þâm wæpnum wealdan (<i>to wield, prevail with, the +weapons</i>), <a href="#li2039">2039</a>; Geátum wealdan (<i>to rule the Geátas</i>), <a href="#li2391">2391</a>; +þeáh-hordum wealdan (<i>to rule over, control, the treasure of +rings</i>), <a href="#li2828">2828</a>; wäl-stôwe wealdan (<i>to hold the field of +battle</i>), <a href="#li2985">2985</a>; pret. sg. weóld, <a href="#li465">465</a>, <a href="#li1058">1058</a>, <a href="#li2380">2380</a>, <a href="#li2596">2596</a>; þenden +wordum weóld wine Scyldinga (<i>while the friend of the S. ruled the +G.</i>), <a href="#li30">30</a>; pl. weóldon, <a href="#li2052">2052</a>.—3) with gen.: pres. sg. I. þenden ic +wealde wîdan rîces, <a href="#li1860">1860</a>; pres. part. wuldres wealdend(waldend), <a href="#li17">17</a>, +<a href="#li183">183</a>, <a href="#li1753">1753</a>; weard, <a href="#li2514">2514</a>; the <i>'dragon</i> is called ylda waldend, +<a href="#li1662">1662</a>; waldend fira, <a href="#li2742">2742</a>; sigora waldend, <a href="#li2876">2876</a> (designations of God); +pret. sg. weóld, <a href="#li703">703</a>, <a href="#li1771">1771</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wealdan, <i>to wield, have power over, arrange</i>: 1) w. acc.: +pret. sg. hâlig god ge-weóld wîg-sigor, <a href="#li1555">1555</a>.—2) w. dat.: pret. +cyning ge-weóld his ge-witte (<i>the king possessed his senses</i>), +<a href="#li2704">2704</a>.—3) w. gen.: inf. he ne mihte nô ... wæpna ge-wealdan, <a href="#li1510">1510</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wealden, pret. part., <i>subject, subjected</i>: acc. pl. gedêð him +swâ gewealdene worolde dælas, <a href="#li1733">1733</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweallan">weallan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to toss, be agitated</i> (of the sea): +pres. part. nom. pl. wadu weallende (weallendu), <a href="#li546">546</a>, <a href="#li581">581</a>; nom. sg. +brim weallende, <a href="#li848">848</a>; pret. ind. weól, <a href="#li515">515</a>, <a href="#li850">850</a>, <a href="#li1132">1132</a>; weóll, <a href="#li2139">2139</a>.—2) +figuratively (of emotions), <i>to be agitated</i>: pres. pl. III. +syððan Ingelde weallað wäl-nîðas (<i>deadly hate thus agitates +Ingeld</i>), <a href="#li2066">2066</a>; pres. part. weallende, <a href="#li2465">2465</a>; pret. sg. hreðer inne +weóll (<i>his heart was moved within him</i>), <a href="#li2114">2114</a>; hreðer æðme weóll +(<i>his breast</i> [the dragon's] <i>swelled from breathing, +snorting</i>), <a href="#li2594">2594</a>; breóst innan weóll þeóstrum ge-þoncum, <a href="#li2332">2332</a>; so, +weóll, <a href="#li2600">2600</a>, <a href="#li2715">2715</a>, <a href="#li2883">2883</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweallclif">weall-clif</a>, st. n., <i>sea-cliff</i>: acc. sg. ofer weall-clif, +<a href="#li3133">3133</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweallian">weallian</a>, w. v., <i>to wander, rove about</i>: pres. part. in +comp. heoro-weallende, <a href="#li2782">2782</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweard">weard</a>, st. m., <i>warden, guardian; owner</i>: nom. sg. weard +Scyldinga (<i>the Scyldings' warden of the march</i>), <a href="#li229">229</a>; weard, +<a href="#li286">286</a>, <a href="#li2240">2240</a>; se weard, sâwele hyrde, <a href="#li1742">1742</a>; the <i>king</i> is called +beáh-horda weard, <a href="#li922">922</a>; rîces weard, <a href="#li1391">1391</a>; folces weard, <a href="#li2514">2514</a>; the +<i>dragon</i> is called weard, <a href="#li3061">3061</a>; weard un-hióre, <a href="#li2414">2414</a>; beorges +weard, <a href="#li2581">2581</a>; acc. sg, weard, <a href="#li669">669</a>; (dragon), <a href="#li2842">2842</a>; beorges weard +(dragon), <a href="#li2525">2525</a>, <a href="#li3067">3067</a>.—Comp.: bât-, êðel-, gold-, heáfod-, hord-, +hýð-, land-, rên-, sele-, yrfe-weard.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweard">weard</a>, st. m., <i>possession</i> (Dietrich in Haupt XI., 415): +in comp. eorð-weard, <a href="#li2335">2335</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweard">weard</a>, st. f., <i>watch, ward</i>: acc. sg. wearde healdan, +<a href="#li319">319</a>; wearde heóld, <a href="#li305">305</a>.—Comp. æg-weard.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweard">weard</a>, adj., <i>-ward</i>: in comp. and-, innan-, ût-weard, +<a href="#li1288">1288</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweardian">weardian</a>, w. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to watch, guard, keep</i>: inf. +he his folme forlêt tô lîf-wraðe, lâst weardian (<i>Grendel left his +hand behind as a life-saver, to guard his track</i> [Kemble]), <a href="#li972">972</a>; +pret. sg. him sió swîðre swaðe weardade hand on Hiorte (<i>his right +hand kept guard for him in H.</i>, i.e. showed that he had been +there), <a href="#li2099">2099</a>; sg. for pl. hýrde ic þät þâm frätwum feówer mearas +lungre gelîce last weardode (<i>I heard that four horses, quite alike, +followed in the traces of the armor</i>), <a href="#li2165">2165</a>.—2) <i>to +hold, possess, inhabit</i>: pret. sg. fîfel-cynnes eard ... weardode +(<i>dwelt in the abode of the sea-fiends</i>), <a href="#li105">105</a>; reced weardode +un-rîm eorla (<i>an immense number of earls held the hall</i>), <a href="#li1238">1238</a>; +pl. þær we gesunde säl weardodon, <a href="#li2076">2076</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwearh">wearh</a>, st. m., <i>the accursed one; wolf</i>: in comp. +heoro-wearg, <a href="#li1268">1268</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwearn">wearn</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>resistance, refusal</i>, <a href="#li366">366</a>.—2) +<i>warning?, resistance?</i> See <a class="glentry" href="#glunwearnum">un-wearnum</a>, <a href="#li742">742</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweaxan">weaxan</a>, st. v., <i>to wax, grow</i>: pres. sg. III. ôð þät him on +innan ofer-hygda dæl weaxeð (<i>till within him pride waxeth</i>), <a href="#li1742">1742</a>; +inf. weaxan, <a href="#li3116">3116</a>; pret. sg. weôx, <a href="#li8">8</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-weaxan, <i>to grow up</i>: pret. sg. oft þät seó geogoð ge-weôx, +<a href="#li66">66</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-weaxan to, <i>to grow to</i> or <i>for something</i>: pret. sg. ne +ge-weôx he him to willan (<i>grew not for their benefit</i>), <a href="#li1712">1712</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweá">weá</a>, w. m., <i>woe, evil, misfortune</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li937">937</a>; acc. +sg. wean, <a href="#li191">191</a>, <a href="#li423">423</a>, <a href="#li1207">1207</a>, <a href="#li1992">1992</a>, <a href="#li2293">2293</a>, <a href="#li2938">2938</a>; gen. pl. weána, <a href="#li148">148</a>, <a href="#li934">934</a>, +<a href="#li1151">1151</a>, <a href="#li1397">1397</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweálâf">weá-lâf</a>, st. f., <i>wretched remnant</i>: acc. pl. þâ weá-lâfe +(<i>the wretched remnant</i>, i.e. Finn's almost annihilated band), +<a href="#li1085">1085</a>, <a href="#li1099">1099</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweáspel">weá-spel</a>, st. n., <i>woe-spell, evil tidings</i>: dat. sg. +weá-spelle, <a href="#li1316">1316</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeweoldum">weoldum</a>. See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgewild">wild</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorc">weorc</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>work, labor, deed</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li74">74</a>; +(<i>war-deed</i>), <a href="#li1657">1657</a>; instr. sg. weorce, <a href="#li1570">1570</a>; dat. pl. weorcum, +<a href="#li2097">2097</a>; wordum ne (and) worcum, <a href="#li1101">1101</a>, <a href="#li1834">1834</a>; gen. pl. worda and worca, +<a href="#li289">289</a>.—2) <i>work, trouble, suffering</i>: acc. sg. þäs gewinnes weorc +(<i>misery on account of this strife</i>), <a href="#li1722">1722</a>; dat. pl. adv. weorcum +(<i>with labor</i>), <a href="#li1639">1639</a>.—Comp.: bædo-, ellen-, heaðo-, niht-weorc.</p> + +<p>ge-weorc, st. n.: 1) <i>work, deed, labor</i>: nom. acc. sg., <a href="#li455">455</a>, +<a href="#li1563">1563</a>, <a href="#li1682">1682</a>, <a href="#li2718">2718</a>, <a href="#li2775">2775</a>; gen. sg. ge-weorces, <a href="#li2712">2712</a>. Comp.: ær-, fyrn-, +gûð-, hond-, nîð-ge-weorc.—2) <i>fortification, rampart</i>: in comp. +land-geweorc, <a href="#li939">939</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorce">weorce</a>, adj., <i>painful, bitter</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1419">1419</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorth">weorð</a>, st. n., <i>precious object, valuable</i>: dat. sg. +weorðe, <a href="#li2497">2497</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorth1">weorð</a>, adj., <i>dear, precious</i>: nom. sg. weorð Denum +äðeling (<i>the atheling dear to the Danes</i>, Beówulf), <a href="#li1815">1815</a>; +compar. nom. sg. þät he syððan wäs ... mâðme þý weorðra (<i>more +honored from the jewel</i>), <a href="#li1903">1903</a>; cf. <a class="glentry" href="#glwyrthe">wyrðe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorthan">weorðan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to become</i>: pres. sg. III. beholen +weorðeð (<i>is concealed</i>), <a href="#li414">414</a>; underne weorðeð (<i>becomes +known</i>), <a href="#li2914">2914</a>; so, pl. III. weorðað, <a href="#li2067">2067</a>; wurðað, <a href="#li282">282</a>; inf. +weorðan, <a href="#li3179">3179</a>; wurðan, <a href="#li808">808</a>; pret. sg. I., III. wearð, <a href="#li6">6</a>, <a href="#li77">77</a>, <a href="#li149">149</a>, <a href="#li409">409</a>, +<a href="#li555">555</a>, <a href="#li754">754</a>, <a href="#li768">768</a>, <a href="#li819">819</a>, <a href="#li824">824</a>, etc.; pl. wurdon, <a href="#li228">228</a>; subj. pret. wurde, +<a href="#li2732">2732</a>.—2) inf. to frôfre weorðan (<i>to become a help</i>), <a href="#li1708">1708</a>; +pret. sg. wearð he Heaðolâfe tô hand-bonan, <a href="#li460">460</a>; so, wearð, <a href="#li906">906</a>, <a href="#li1262">1262</a>; +ne wearð Heremôd swâ (i.e. to frôfre) eaforum Ecgwelan, <a href="#li1710">1710</a>; pl. +wurdon, <a href="#li2204">2204</a>; subj. pret. sg. II. wurde, <a href="#li588">588</a>.—3) pret. sg. þät he on +fylle wearð (<i>that he came to a fall</i>), <a href="#li1545">1545</a>.—4) <i>to happen, +befall</i>: inf. unc sceal weorðan ... swâ unc Wyrd ge-teóð (<i>it +shall befall us two as Fate decrees</i>), <a href="#li2527">2527</a>; þurh hwät his worulde +gedâl weorðan sceolde, <a href="#li3069">3069</a>; pret. sg. þâ þær sôna wearð ed-hwyrft +eorlum (<i>there was soon a renewal to the earls</i>, i.e. of the +former perils), <a href="#li1281">1281</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-weorðan: 1) <i>to become</i>: pret. sg. ge-wearð, <a href="#li3062">3062</a>; pret. part. +cearu wäs geniwod ge-worden (<i>care was renewed</i>), <a href="#li1305">1305</a>; swâ us +ge-worden is, <a href="#li3079">3079</a>.—2) <i>to finish; complete?</i>: inf. þät þu ... +lête Sûð-Dene sylfe ge-weorðan gûðe wið Grendel (<i>that thou wouldst +let the S. D. put an end to their war with Grendel</i>), <a href="#li1997">1997</a>.—3) +impersonally with acc., <i>to agree, decide</i>: pret. sg. þâ þäs +monige ge-wearð þät ... (<i>since many agreed that</i> ...), <a href="#li1599">1599</a>; +pret. part. hafað þäs ge-worden wine Scyldinga, rîces hyrde, and þät +ræd talað þät he ... (<i>therefore hath it so appeared(?) advisable to +the friend of the S., the guardian of the realm, and he counts it a +gain that</i> ...), <a href="#li2027">2027</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorthful">weorð-ful</a>, adj., <i>glorious, full of worth</i>: nom. sg. +weorð-fullost, <a href="#li3100">3100</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorthian">weorðian</a>, w. v., <i>to honor, adorn</i>: pret. sg. þær ic ... +þîne leóde weorðode weorcum (<i>there honored I thy people by my +deeds</i>), <a href="#li2097">2097</a>; subj. pret. (þät he) ät feoh-gyftum ... Dene +weorðode (<i>that he would honor the Danes at, by, +treasure-giving</i>), <a href="#li1091">1091</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-weorðian, ge-wurðian, <i>to deck, ornament</i>: pret. part. hire +syððan wäs äfter beáh-þege breóst ge-weorðod, <a href="#li2177">2177</a>; wæpnum ge-weorðad, +<a href="#li250">250</a>; since ge-weorðad, <a href="#li1451">1451</a>; so, ge-wurðad, <a href="#li331">331</a>, <a href="#li1039">1039</a>, <a href="#li1646">1646</a>; wide +ge-weorðad (<i>known, honored, afar</i>), <a href="#li1960">1960</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorthlîce">weorð-lîce</a>, adv., <i>worthily, nobly</i>: superl. weorð-lîcost, +<a href="#li3163">3163</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorthmynd">weorð-mynd</a>, st. f. n., <i>dignity, honor, glory</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li65">65</a>; acc. sg. geseah þâ eald sweord ..., wîgena weorðmynd (<i>saw an +ancient sword there, the glory of warriors</i>), <a href="#li1560">1560</a>; dat. instr. pl. +weorð-myndum, <a href="#li8">8</a>; tô worð-myndum, <a href="#li1187">1187</a>; gen. pl. weorð-mynda dæl, <a href="#li1753">1753</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorthung">weorðung</a>, st. f., <i>ornament</i>: in comp. breóst-, +hâm-, heorft-, hring-, wîg-weorðung.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorod">weorod</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwerod">werod</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorpan">weorpan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to throw, cast away</i>, w. acc.: pret. +sg. wearp þâ wunden-mæl wrättum gebunden yrre oretta, þät hit on +eorðan läg (<i>the wrathful warrior threw the ornamented sword, that +it lay on the earth</i>), <a href="#li1532">1532</a>.—2) <i>to throw around</i> or +<i>about</i>, w. instr.: pret. sg. beorges weard . .. wearp wäl-fýre +(<i>threw death-fire around</i>), <a href="#li2583">2583</a>.—3) <i>to throw upon</i>: inf. +he hine eft ongan wäteres (instr. gen.) weorpan (<i>began to cast +water upon him again</i>), <a href="#li2792">2792</a>.</p> + +<p>for-weorpan, w. acc., <i>to cast away, squander</i>: subj. pret. þät +he genunga gûð-gewædu wrâðe for-wurpe (<i>that he squandered uselessly +the battle-weeds</i>, i.e. gave them to the unworthy), <a href="#li2873">2873</a>.</p> + +<p>ofer-weorpan, <i>to stumble</i>: pret. sg. ofer-wearp þâ ... wîgena +strongest, <a href="#li1544">1544</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweotian">weotian</a>, w. v., <i>to provide with, adjust</i>(?): pret. part. +acc. pl. wäl-bende weotode, <a href="#li1937">1937</a>.</p> + +<p>be-weotian, be-witian, w. v. w. acc., <i>to regard, observe, care +for</i>: pres. pl. III. be-witiað, <a href="#li1136">1136</a>; pret. sg. þegn ... se þe ... +ealle be-weotede þegnes þearfe (<i>who would attend to all the needs +of a thane</i>), <a href="#li1797">1797</a>; draca se þe ... hord be-weotode (<i>the drake +that guarded a treasure</i>), <a href="#li2213">2213</a>;—<i>to carry out, undertake</i>: +pres. pl. III. þâ ... oft be-witigað sorh-fulne sîð on segl-râde, <a href="#li1429">1429</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwicg">wicg</a>, st. n., <i>steed, riding-horse</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1401">1401</a>; acc. +sg. wicg, <a href="#li315">315</a>; dat. instr. sg. wicge, <a href="#li234">234</a>; on wicge, <a href="#li286">286</a>; acc. pl. +wicg, <a href="#li2175">2175</a>; gen. pl. wicga, <a href="#li1046">1046</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewidor">widor</a>, st. n., <i>storm, tempest</i>: acc. pl. lâð ge-widru +(<i>loathly weather</i>), <a href="#li1376">1376</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwith">wið</a> prep. w. dat. and acc., with fundamental meanings of division +and opposition: 1) w. dat., <i>against, with</i> (in hostile sense), +<i>from</i>: þâ wið gode wunnon, <a href="#li113">113</a>; âna (wan) wið eallum, <a href="#li145">145</a>; ymb feorh +sacan, lâð wið lâðum, <a href="#li440">440</a>; so, <a href="#li426">426</a>, <a href="#li439">439</a>, <a href="#li550">550</a>, <a href="#li2372">2372</a>, <a href="#li2521">2521</a>, <a href="#li2522">2522</a>, <a href="#li2561">2561</a>, <a href="#li2840">2840</a>, +<a href="#li3005">3005</a>; þät him holt-wudu ... helpan ne meahte, lind wið lîge, <a href="#li2342">2342</a>; +hwät ... sêlest wære wið fær-gryrum tô ge-fremmanne, <a href="#li174">174</a>; þät him gâst-bona +geóce gefremede wið þeód-þreáum, <a href="#li178">178</a>; wið rihte wan (<i>strove against +right</i>), <a href="#li144">144</a>; häfde ... sele Hrôðgâres ge-nered wið nîðe (<i>had saved +H.'s hall from strife</i>), <a href="#li828">828</a>; (him dyrne langað ...) beorn wið blôde +(<i>the hero longeth secretly contrary to his blood</i>, i.e. H. feels a +secret longing for the non-related Beówulf), <a href="#li1881">1881</a>; sundur ge-dælan lîf wið +lîce (<i>to sunder soul from body</i>), <a href="#li2424">2424</a>; streámas wundon sund wið +sande (<i>the currents rolled the sea against the sand</i>), <a href="#li213">213</a>; lîg-ýðum +forborn bord wið ronde (rond, MS.) (<i>with waves of flame burnt the shield +against, as far as, the rim</i>), <a href="#li2674">2674</a>; holm storme weól, won wið winde +(<i>the sea surged, wrestled with the wind</i>), <a href="#li1133">1133</a>; so, hiora in ânum +weóll sefa wið sorgum (<i>in one of them surged the soul with sorrow</i> +[<i>against</i>?, Heyne]), <a href="#li2601">2601</a>; þät hire wið healse heard grâpode (<i>that +the sharp sword bit against her neck</i>), <a href="#li1567">1567</a>.—2) w. acc.: a) +<i>against, towards</i>: wan wið Hrôðgâr (<i>fought against H.</i>), <a href="#li152">152</a>; +wið feónda gehwone, <a href="#li294">294</a>; wið wrâð werod, <a href="#li319">319</a>; so, <a href="#li540">540</a>, <a href="#li1998">1998</a>, <a href="#li2535">2535</a>; hine +hâlig god ûs on-sende wið Grendles gryre, <a href="#li384">384</a>; þät ic wið þone gûð-flogan +gylp ofer-sitte (<i>that I refrain from boastful speech against the +battle-flier</i>), <a href="#li2529">2529</a>; ne wolde wið manna ge-hwone ... feorh-bealo feorran +(<i>would not cease his life-plotting against any of the men</i>; or, +<i>withdraw life-bale from</i>, etc.? or, <i>peace would not have with any +man..., mortal bale withdraw</i>?, Kemble), <a href="#li155">155</a>; ic þâ leóde wât ge wið +feónd ge wið freónd fäste geworhte (<i>towards foe and friend</i>), <a href="#li1865">1865</a>; +heóld heáh-lufan wið häleða brego (<i>cherished high love towards the +prince of heroes</i>), <a href="#li1955">1955</a>; wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstôd +(<i>prevented entrance to spear-point and sword-edge</i>), <a href="#li1550">1550</a>. b) +<i>against, on, upon, in</i>: setton sîde scyldas ... wið þäs recedes weal +(<i>against the wall of the hall</i>), <a href="#li326">326</a>; wið eorðan fäðm (eardodon) +(<i>in the bosom of the earth</i>), <a href="#li3050">3050</a>; wið earm ge-sät (<i>sat on, +against, his arm</i>), <a href="#li750">750</a>; so, stîð-môd ge-stôd wið steápne rond, <a href="#li2567">2567</a>; +[wið duru healle eode] (<i>went to the door of the hall</i>), <a href="#li389">389</a>; wið +Hrefna-wudu (<i>over against, near, H.</i>), <a href="#li2926">2926</a>; wið his sylfes sunu setl +ge-tæhte (<i>showed me to a seat with, near, beside, his own son</i>), +<a href="#li2014">2014</a>. c) <i>towards, with</i> (of contracting parties): þät hie healfre +ge-weald wið Eotena bearn âgan môston (<i>that they power over half the +hall with the Eotens' sons were to possess</i>), <a href="#li1089">1089</a>; þenden he wið wulf +wäl reáfode (<i>whilst with the wolf he was robbing the slain</i>), +<a href="#li3028">3028</a>.—3) Alternately with dat. and acc., <i>against</i>: nu wið Grendel +sceal, wið þam aglæcan, âna gehegan þing wið þyrse, <a href="#li424">424-426</a>;—<i>with, +beside</i>: ge-sät þâ wið sylfne..., mæg wið mæge, <a href="#li1978">1978-79</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwithergyld">wiðer-gyld</a>, st. n., <i>compensation</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2052">2052</a>, +[proper name?].</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwitherrähtes">wiðer-rähtes</a>, adv., <i>opposite, in front of</i>, <a href="#li3040">3040</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwithre">wiðre</a>, st. n., <i>resistance</i>: gen. sg. wiðres ne trûwode, +<a href="#li2954">2954</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwigweorthung">wig-weorðung</a>, st. f., <i>idol-worship, idolatry, sacrifice to +idols</i>: acc. pl. -weorðunga, <a href="#li176">176</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwiht">wiht</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>wight, creature, demon</i>: nom. sg. wiht +unhælo (<i>the demon of destruction</i>, Grendel), <a href="#li120">120</a>; acc. sg. +syllîcran wiht (the dragon), <a href="#li3039">3039</a>.—2) <i>thing, something, aught</i>: +nom. sg. w. negative, ne hine wiht dweleð (<i>nor does aught check +him</i>), <a href="#li1736">1736</a>; him wiht ne speów (<i>it helped him naught</i>), <a href="#li2855">2855</a>; +acc. sg. ne him þäs wyrmes wîg for wiht dyde (<i>nor did he count the +worm's warring for aught</i>), <a href="#li2349">2349</a>; ne meahte ic ... wiht gewyrcan +<i>(I could not do aught</i> ...), <a href="#li1661">1661</a>;—w. partitive gen.: nô ... wiht +swylcra searo-niða, <a href="#li581">581</a>;—the acc. sg. = adv. like Germ. <i>nicht</i>: +ne hie hûru wine-drihten wiht ne lôgon (<i>did not blame their +friendly lord aught</i>), <a href="#li863">863</a>; so, ne wiht = <i>naught, in no +wise</i>, <a href="#li1084">1084</a>, <a href="#li2602">2602</a>, <a href="#li2858">2858</a>; nô wiht, <a href="#li541">541</a>; instr. sg. wihte (<i>in +aught, in any way</i>), <a href="#li1992">1992</a>; ne ... wihte (<i>by no means</i>), <a href="#li186">186</a>, +<a href="#li2278">2278</a>, <a href="#li2688">2688</a>; wihte ne, <a href="#li1515">1515</a>, <a href="#li1996">1996</a>, <a href="#li2465">2465</a>, <a href="#li2924">2924</a>.—Comp.: â-wiht (âht = +<i>aught</i>), äl-wiht, ô-wiht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwilcuma">wil-cuma</a>, w. m., <i>one welcome</i> (qui gratus advenit): nom. +pl. wil-cuman Denigea leódum (<i>welcome to the people of the +Danes</i>), <a href="#li388">388</a>; so, him (the lord of the Danes) wil-cuman, <a href="#li394">394</a>; +wil-cuman Wedera leódum (<i>welcome to the Geátas</i>), <a href="#li1895">1895</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewild">wild</a>, st. f., <i>free-will</i>? dat. pl. nealles mid +ge-weoldum (<i>sponte, voluntarily</i>, Bugge), <a href="#li2223">2223</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwildeór">wil-deór</a> (for wild-deór), st. n., <i>wild beast</i>: acc. pl. +wil-deór, <a href="#li1431">1431</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwilgesîth">wil-gesîð</a>, st. m., <i>chosen</i> or <i>willing companion</i>: +nom. pl. -ge-sîðas, <a href="#li23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwilgeofa">wil-geofa</a>, w. m., <i>ready giver</i> (= voti largitor: princely +designation), <i>joy-giver</i>?: nom. sg. wil-geofa Wedra leóda, <a href="#li2901">2901</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwilla">willa</a>, w. m.: 1) <i>will, wish, desire, sake</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li627">627</a>, +<a href="#li825">825</a>; acc. sg. willan, <a href="#li636">636</a>, <a href="#li1740">1740</a>, <a href="#li2308">2308</a>, <a href="#li2410">2410</a>; instr. sg. ânes willan +(<i>for the sake of one</i>), <a href="#li3078">3078</a>; so, <a href="#li2590">2590</a>; dat. sg. tô willan, +<a href="#li1187">1187</a>, <a href="#li1712">1712</a>; instr. pl. willum (<i>according to wish</i>), <a href="#li1822">1822</a>; sylfes +willum, <a href="#li2224">2224</a>, <a href="#li2640">2640</a>; gen. pl. wilna, <a href="#li1345">1345</a>.—2) <i>desirable thing, +valuable</i>: gen. pl. wilna, <a href="#li661">661</a>, <a href="#li951">951</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwillan">willan</a>, aux. v., <i>will</i>: in pres. also <i>shall</i> (when +the future action is depend. on one's free will): pres. sg. I. wille +ic â-secgan (<i>I will set forth, tell out</i>), <a href="#li344">344</a>; so, <a href="#li351">351</a>, <a href="#li427">427</a>; ic +tô sæ wille (<i>I will to sea</i>), <a href="#li318">318</a>; wylle, <a href="#li948">948</a>, <a href="#li2149">2149</a>, <a href="#li2513">2513</a>; sg. +II. þu wylt, <a href="#li1853">1853</a>; sg. III. he wile, <a href="#li346">346</a>, <a href="#li446">446</a>, <a href="#li1050">1050</a>, <a href="#li1182">1182</a>, <a href="#li1833">1833</a>; wyle, +<a href="#li2865">2865</a>; wille, <a href="#li442">442</a>, <a href="#li1004">1004</a>, <a href="#li1185">1185</a>, <a href="#li1395">1395</a>; ær he in wille (<i>ere he will +in</i>, i.e. go or flee into the fearful sea), <a href="#li1372">1372</a>; wylle, <a href="#li2767">2767</a>; pl. +I. we ... wyllað, <a href="#li1819">1819</a>; pret. sg. I., III. wolde, <a href="#li68">68</a>, <a href="#li154">154</a>, <a href="#li200">200</a>, <a href="#li646">646</a>, +<a href="#li665">665</a>, <a href="#li739">739</a>, <a href="#li756">756</a>, <a href="#li797">797</a>, <a href="#li881">881</a>, etc.; nô ic fram him wolde (i.e. fleótan), +<a href="#li543">543</a>; so, swâ he hira mâ wolde (i.e. â-cwellan), <a href="#li1056">1056</a>; pret. pl. +woldon, <a href="#li482">482</a>, <a href="#li2637">2637</a>, <a href="#li3173">3173</a>; subj. pret., <a href="#li2730">2730</a>.—Forms contracted w. +negative: pres. sg. I. nelle (= ne + wille, <i>I will not</i>, nolo), +<a href="#li680">680</a>, <a href="#li2525">2525</a>(?); pret. sg. III. nolde (= ne + wolde), <a href="#li792">792</a>, <a href="#li804">804</a>, <a href="#li813">813</a>, <a href="#li1524">1524</a>; +w. omitted inf. þâ metod nolde, <a href="#li707">707</a>, <a href="#li968">968</a>; pret. subj. nolde, <a href="#li2519">2519</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwilnian">wilnian</a>, w. v., <i>to long for, beseech</i>: inf. wel bið þäm +þe môt ... tô fäder fäðmum freoðo wilnian (<i>well for him that may +beseech protection in the Father's arms</i>), <a href="#li188">188</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwilsîth">wil-sîð</a>, st. m., <i>chosen journey</i>: acc. sg. wil-sîð, <a href="#li216">216</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewin">win</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>strife, struggle, enmity, conflict</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li878">878</a>; þâ hie ge-win drugon (<i>endured strife</i>), <a href="#li799">799</a>; +under ýða ge-win (<i>under the tumult of the waves</i>), <a href="#li1470">1470</a>; gen. +sg. þäs ge-winnes weorc (<i>misery for this strife</i>), <a href="#li1722">1722</a>.—2) +<i>suffering, oppression</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li133">133</a>, <a href="#li191">191</a>; acc. sg. eald +ge-win, <a href="#li1782">1782</a>.—Comp.: fyrn-, ýð-ge-win.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwînärn">wîn-ärn</a>, st. n., <i>hall of hospitality, hall, wine-hall</i>: +gen. sg. wîn-ärnes, <a href="#li655">655</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwind">wind</a>, st. m., <i>wind, storm</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li547">547</a>, <a href="#li1375">1375</a>, <a href="#li1908">1908</a>; +dat. instr. sg. winde, <a href="#li217">217</a>; wið winde, <a href="#li1133">1133</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwindan">windan</a>, st. v.: 1) intrans., <i>to wind, whirl</i>: pret. sg. +wand tô wolcnum wäl-fýra mæst, <a href="#li1120">1120</a>.—2) w. acc., <i>to twist, wind, +curl</i>: pret. pl. streámas wundon sund wið sande, <a href="#li212">212</a>; pret. part. +wunden gold (<i>twisted, spirally-twined, gold</i>), <a href="#li1194">1194</a>, <a href="#li3135">3135</a>; +instr. pl. wundnum (wundum, MS.) golde, <a href="#li1383">1383</a>.</p> + +<p>ät-windan, <i>to wrest one's self from, escape</i>: pret. sg. se þäm +feónde ät-wand, <a href="#li143">143</a>.</p> + +<p>be-windan, <i>to wind with</i> or <i>round, clasp, surround, +envelop</i> (involvere): pret. sg. þe hit (the sword) mundum be-wand, +<a href="#li1462">1462</a>; pret. part. wîrum be-wunden (<i>wound with wires</i>) <a href="#li1032">1032</a>; +feorh ... flæsce be-wunden (<i>flesh-enclosed</i>), <a href="#li2425">2425</a>; gâr ... mundum +be-wunden (<i>a spear grasped with the hands</i>), <a href="#li3023">3023</a>; iû-manna gold +galdre be-wunden (<i>spell-encircled gold</i>), <a href="#li3053">3053</a>; (âstâh ...) lêg +wôpe be-wunden (<i>uprose the flame mingled with a lament</i>), <a href="#li3147">3147</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-windan, <i>to writhe, get loose, escape</i>: inf. wîdre ge-windan +(<i>to flee further</i>), <a href="#li764">764</a>; pret. sg. on fleám ge-wand, <a href="#li1002">1002</a>.</p> + +<p>on-windan, <i>to unwind, loosen</i>: pres. sg. (þonne fäder) on-windeð +wäl-râpas, <a href="#li1611">1611</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwindäg">win-däg</a>, st. m., <i>day of struggle</i> or <i>suffering</i>: +dat. pl. on þyssum win-dagum (<i>in these days of sorrow</i>, i.e. of +earthly existence), <a href="#li1063">1063</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwindbland">wind-bland (blond)</a>, st. n., <i>wind-roar</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3147">3147</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwindgereste">wind-gereste</a>, f., <i>resting-place of the winds</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2457">2457</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwindig">windig</a>, adj., <i>windy</i>: acc. pl. windige (weallas, nässas), +<a href="#li572">572</a>, <a href="#li1359">1359</a>; windige weallas (wind geard weallas, MS.), <a href="#li1225">1225</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwine">wine</a>, st. m., <i>friend, protector</i>, especially the <i>beloved +ruler</i>: nom. sg. wine Scyldinga, leóf land-fruma (Scyld), <a href="#li30">30</a>; wine +Scyldinga (Hrôðgâr), <a href="#li148">148</a>, <a href="#li1184">1184</a>. As vocative: mîn wine, <a href="#li2048">2048</a>; wine mîn, +Beówulf (Hunferð), <a href="#li457">457</a>, <a href="#li530">530</a>, <a href="#li1705">1705</a>; acc. sg. holdne wine (Hrôðgâr), <a href="#li376">376</a>; +wine Deniga, Scyldinga, <a href="#li350">350</a>, <a href="#li2027">2027</a>; dat. sg. wine Scyldinga, <a href="#li170">170</a>; gen. sg. +wines (Beówulf), <a href="#li3097">3097</a>; acc. pl. wine, <a href="#li21">21</a>; dat. pl. Denum eallum, winum +Scyldinga, <a href="#li1419">1419</a>; gen. pl. winigea leásum, <a href="#li1665">1665</a>; winia bealdor, +<a href="#li2568">2568</a>.—Comp.: freá-, freó-, gold-, gûð-, mæg-wine.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwinedryhten">wine-dryhten</a>, st. m., (dominus amicus), <i>friendly lord, lord and +friend</i>: acc. sg. wine-drihten, <a href="#li863">863</a>, <a href="#li1605">1605</a>; wine-dryhten, <a href="#li2723">2723</a>, <a href="#li3177">3177</a>; +dat. sg. wine-drihtne, <a href="#li360">360</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwinegeômor">wine-geômor</a>, adj., <i>friend-mourning</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2240">2240</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwineleás">wine-leás</a>, adj., <i>friendless</i>: dat. sg. wine-leásum, <a href="#li2614">2614</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwinemæg">wine-mæg</a>, st. m., <i>dear kinsman</i>: nom. pl. wine-mâgas, <a href="#li65">65</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewinna">winna</a>, w. m., <i>striver, struggler, foe</i>: comp. eald-, +ealdor-gewinna.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwinnan">winnan</a>, st. v., <i>to struggle, fight</i>: pret. sg. III. wan +âna wið eallum, <a href="#li144">144</a>; Grendel wan ... wið Hrôðgâr, <a href="#li151">151</a>; holm ... won wið +winde (<i>the sea fought with the wind</i>: cf. wan wind endi water, +Heliand, 2244), <a href="#li1133">1133</a>; II. eart þu se Beówulf, se þe wið Brecan wunne, +<a href="#li506">506</a>; pl. wið gode wunnon, <a href="#li113">113</a>; þær þâ graman wunnon (<i>where the foes +fought</i>), <a href="#li778">778</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwînreced">wîn-reced</a>, st. n., <i>wine-hall, guest-hall, house for +entertaining guests</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li715">715</a>, <a href="#li994">994</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwînsele">wîn-sele</a>, st. m., the same, <i>wine-hall</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li772">772</a>; +dat. sg. wîn-sele, <a href="#li696">696</a> (cf. Heliand Glossary, 369 [364]).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwinter">winter</a>, st. m. n.: 1) <i>winter</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1133">1133</a>, <a href="#li1137">1137</a>; acc. +sg. winter, <a href="#li1129">1129</a>; gen. sg. wintres, <a href="#li516">516</a>.—2) <i>year</i> (counted by +winters): acc. pl. fîftig wintru (neut.), <a href="#li2210">2210</a>; instr. pl. wintrum, +<a href="#li1725">1725</a>, <a href="#li2115">2115</a>, <a href="#li2278">2278</a>; gen. pl. wintra, <a href="#li147">147</a>, <a href="#li264">264</a>, <a href="#li1928">1928</a>, <a href="#li2279">2279</a>, <a href="#li2734">2734</a>, <a href="#li3051">3051</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwintre">wintre</a>, adj., <i>so many winters</i> (old): in comp. +syfan-wintre.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewislîce">wislîce</a>, adv., <i>certainly, undoubtedly</i>: superl. +gewislîcost, <a href="#li1351">1351</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwist">wist</a>, st. f., fundamental meaning = <i>existentia</i>, hence: +1) <i>good condition, happiness, abundance</i>: dat. sg. wunað he on +wiste, <a href="#li1736">1736</a>.—2) <i>food, subsistence, booty</i>: dat. sg. þâ wäs +äfter wiste wôp up â-hafen (<i>a cry was then uplifted after the +meal</i>, i.e. Grendel's meal of thirty men), <a href="#li128">128</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwistfyllo">wist-fyllo</a>, st. f., <i>fulness</i> or <i>fill of food, rich +meal</i>: gen. sg. wist-fylle, <a href="#li735">735</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwit">wit</a>, st. n., (wit), <i>understanding</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li590">590</a>.—Comp.: fyr-, in-wit.</p> + +<p>ge-wit, st. n.: 1) <i>consciousness</i>. dat. sg. ge-weóld his +ge-witte, <a href="#li2704">2704</a>.—2) <i>heart, breast</i>: dat. sg. fýr unswîðor weóll +(<i>the fire surged less strongly from the dragon's breast</i>), <a href="#li2883">2883</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwit">wit</a>, pers. pron. dual of we, <i>we two</i>, <a href="#li535">535</a>, <a href="#li537">537</a>, <a href="#li539">539</a>, <a href="#li540">540</a>, +<a href="#li544">544</a>, <a href="#li1187">1187</a>, etc. See <a class="glentry" href="#glunc">unc, uncer</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwita">wita, weota</a>, w. m., <i>counsellor, royal adviser</i>; pl., +<i>the king's council of nobles</i>: nom. pl. witan, <a href="#li779">779</a>: gen. pl. +witena, <a href="#li157">157</a>, <a href="#li266">266</a>, <a href="#li937">937</a> weotena, <a href="#li1099">1099</a>.—Comp.: fyrn-, rûn-wita.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwitan">witan</a>, pret.-pres. v., <i>to wot, know</i>. 1) w. depend, +clause: pres. sg. I., III. wât, <a href="#li1332">1332</a>, <a href="#li2657">2657</a>; ic on Higelâce wât þät +he ... (<i>I know as to H., that he</i> ...), <a href="#li1831">1831</a>; so, god wât on mec +þät ...(<i>God knows of me, that</i> ...), <a href="#li2651">2651</a>; sg. II. þu wâst, <a href="#li272">272</a>; +weak pret. sg. I., III. wiste, <a href="#li822">822</a>; wisse, <a href="#li2340">2340</a>, <a href="#li2726">2726</a>; pl. wiston, +<a href="#li799">799</a>, <a href="#li1605">1605</a>; subj. pres. I. gif ic wiste, <a href="#li2520">2520</a>.—2) w. acc. and inf.: +pres. sg. I. ic wât, <a href="#li1864">1864</a>.—3) w. object, predicative part, or adj.: +pret. sg. III. tô þäs he win-reced ... gearwost wisse, fättum fâhne, +<a href="#li716">716</a>; so, <a href="#li1310">1310</a>; wiste þäm ahlæcan hilde ge-binged, <a href="#li647">647</a>.—4) w. acc., +<i>to know</i>: inf. witan, <a href="#li252">252</a>, <a href="#li288">288</a>; pret. sg. wisse, <a href="#li169">169</a>; wiste his +fingra ge-weald on grames grâpum, <a href="#li765">765</a>; pl. II. wisson, <a href="#li246">246</a>; wiston, +<a href="#li181">181</a>.</p> + +<p>nât = ne + wât, <i>I know not</i>: 1) elliptically with hwylc, +indef. pronoun = <i>some or other</i>: sceaða ic nât hwylc.—2) w. +gen. and depend. clause: nât he þâra gôda, þät he me on-geán sleá, +<a href="#li682">682</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-witan, <i>to know, perceive</i>: inf. þäs þe hie gewis-lîcost +ge-witan meahton, <a href="#li1351">1351</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbewitian">witian</a>. See be-<a class="glentry" href="#glweotian">weotian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwitig">witig</a>, adj., <i>wise, sagacious</i>: nom. sg. witig god, <a href="#li686">686</a>, +<a href="#li1057">1057</a>; witig drihten (God), <a href="#li1555">1555</a>; wittig drihten, <a href="#li1842">1842</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wittig, adj., <i>conscious</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li3095">3095</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewitnian">witnian</a>, w. v., <i>to chastise, punish</i>: wommum gewitnad +(<i>punished with plagues</i>), <a href="#li3074">3074</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîc">wîc</a>, st. n., <i>dwelling, house</i>: acc. sg. wîc, <a href="#li822">822</a>, +<a href="#li2590">2590</a>;—often in pl. because houses of nobles were complex: dat. wîcum, +<a href="#li1305">1305</a>, <a href="#li1613">1613</a>, <a href="#li3084">3084</a>; gen. wîca, <a href="#li125">125</a>, <a href="#li1126">1126</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewîcan">wîcan</a>, st. v., <i>to soften, give way, yield</i> (here +chiefly of swords): pret. sg. ge-wâc, <a href="#li2578">2578</a>, <a href="#li2630">2630</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîcstede">wîc-stede</a>, st. m., <i>dwelling-place</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li2463">2463</a>; acc. +sg. wîc-stede, <a href="#li2608">2608</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîd">wîd</a>, adj., <i>wide, extended</i>: 1) space: acc. sg. neut. ofer +wîd wäter, <a href="#li2474">2474</a>; gen. sg. wîdan rîces, <a href="#li1860">1860</a>; acc. pl. wîde sîðas, +waroðas, <a href="#li878">878</a>, <a href="#li1966">1966</a>.—2) temporal: acc. sg. wîdan feorh (acc. of time), +<a href="#li2015">2015</a>; dat. sg. tô wîdan feore, <a href="#li934">934</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîde">wîde</a>, adv., <i>widely, afar</i>, <a href="#li18">18</a>, <a href="#li74">74</a>, <a href="#li79">79</a>, <a href="#li266">266</a>, <a href="#li1404">1404</a>, <a href="#li1589">1589</a>, +<a href="#li1960">1960</a>, etc.; wîde cûð (<i>widely, universally, known</i>), <a href="#li2136">2136</a>, <a href="#li2924">2924</a>; +so, underne wîde, <a href="#li2914">2914</a>; wîde geond eorðan (<i>over the whole earth, +widely</i>), <a href="#li3100">3100</a>;—modifier of superl.: wreccena wîde mærost (<i>the +most famous of wanderers, exiles</i>), <a href="#li899">899</a>.—Compar. wîdre, <a href="#li764">764</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîdcûth">wîd-cûð</a>, adj., <i>widely known, very celebrated</i>: nom. sg. +neut., <a href="#li1257">1257</a>; acc. sg. m. wîd-cûðne man (Beówulf), <a href="#li1490">1490</a>; wîd-cûðne +weán, <a href="#li1992">1992</a>; wîd-cûðes (Hrôðgâr), <a href="#li1043">1043</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîdeferhth">wîde-ferhð</a>, st. m. n., (<i>long life</i>), <i>great length of +time</i>: acc. sg. as acc. of time: wîde-ferhð (<i>down to distant +times, always</i>), <a href="#li703">703</a>, <a href="#li938">938</a>; ealne wîde-ferhð, <a href="#li1223">1223</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîdfloga">wîd-floga</a>, w. m., <i>wide-flier</i> (of the dragon): nom. sg., +<a href="#li2831">2831</a>; acc. sg. wîd-flogan, <a href="#li2347">2347</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîdscofen">wîd-scofen</a>, pret. part., <i>wide-spread</i>? <i>causing fear +far and wide</i>? <a href="#li937">937</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîdweg">wîd-weg</a>, st. m., <i>wide way, long journey</i>: acc. pl. +wîd-wegas, <a href="#li841">841</a>, <a href="#li1705">1705</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîf">wîf</a>, st. n., <i>woman, lady, wife</i>: nom. sg. freó-lîc wîf +(Queen Wealhþeów), <a href="#li616">616</a>; wîf un-hýre (Grendel's mother), <a href="#li2121">2121</a>; acc. sg. +drihtlîce wîf (Finn's wife), <a href="#li1159">1159</a>; instr. sg. mid þý wîfe (Hrôðgâr's +daughter, Freáwaru), <a href="#li2029">2029</a>; dat. sg. þam wîfe (Wealhþeów), <a href="#li640">640</a>; gen. +sg. wîfes (as opposed to <i>man</i>), <a href="#li1285">1285</a>; gen. pl. wera and wîfa, +<a href="#li994">994</a>.—Comp.: aglæc-, mere-wîf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîflufe">wîf-lufe</a>, w. f., <i>wife-love, love for a wife, woman's +love</i>: nom. pl. wîf-lufan, <a href="#li2066">2066</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîg">wîg</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>war, battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li23">23</a>, <a href="#li1081">1081</a>, <a href="#li2317">2317</a>, +<a href="#li2873">2873</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li686">686</a>, <a href="#li1084">1084</a>, <a href="#li1248">1248</a>; dat. sg. wîge, <a href="#li1338">1338</a>, <a href="#li2630">2630</a>; as instr., +<a href="#li1085">1085</a>; (wigge, MS.), <a href="#li1657">1657</a>, <a href="#li1771">1771</a>; gen. sg. wîges, <a href="#li65">65</a>, <a href="#li887">887</a>, <a href="#li1269">1269</a>.—2) +<i>valor, warlike prowess</i>: nom. sg. wäs his môd-sefa manegum +ge-cýðed, wîg and wîsdôm, <a href="#li350">350</a>; wîg, <a href="#li1043">1043</a>; wîg ... eafoð and ellen, +<a href="#li2349">2349</a>; gen. sg. wîges, <a href="#li2324">2324</a>.—Comp. fêðe-wîg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîga">wîga</a>, w. m., <i>warrior, fighter</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li630">630</a>; dat. pl. +wîgum, <a href="#li2396">2396</a>; gen. pl. wîgena, <a href="#li1544">1544</a>, <a href="#li1560">1560</a>, <a href="#li3116">3116</a>.—Comp.: äsc-, byrn-, +gâr-, gûð-, lind-, rand-, scyld-wîga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîgan">wîgan</a>, st. v., <i>to fight</i>: pres. sg. III. wîgeð, <a href="#li600">600</a>; +inf., <a href="#li2510">2510</a>.</p> + +<p>wîgend, pres. part., <i>fighter, warrior</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3100">3100</a>; nom. pl. +wîgend, <a href="#li1126">1126</a>, <a href="#li1815">1815</a>, <a href="#li3145">3145</a>; acc. pl. wîgend, <a href="#li3025">3025</a>; gen. pl. wîgendra, +<a href="#li429">429</a>, <a href="#li900">900</a>, <a href="#li1973">1973</a>, <a href="#li2338">2338</a>.—Comp. gârwîgend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîgbealu">wîg-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>war-bale, evil contest</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2047">2047</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîgbil">wîg-bil</a>, st. n., <i>war-bill, battle-sword</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1608">1608</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîgbord">wîg-bord</a>, st. n., <i>war-board</i> or <i>shield</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2340">2340</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîgcräft">wîg-cräft</a>, st. m., <i>war-power</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2954">2954</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîgcräftig">wîg-cräftig</a>, adj., <i>vigorous in fight, strong in war</i>: +acc. sg. wîg-cräftigne (of the sword Hrunting), <a href="#li1812">1812</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîgfreca">wîg-freca</a>, w. m., <i>war-wolf, war-hero</i>: acc. sg. +wîg-frecan, <a href="#li2497">2497</a>; nom. pl. wîg-frecan, <a href="#li1213">1213</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîgfruma">wîg-fruma</a>, w. m., <i>war-chief</i> or <i>king</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li665">665</a>; acc. sg. wîg-fruman, <a href="#li2262">2262</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîggeatwe">wîg-geatwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>war-ornaments, war-gear</i>: dat. +pl. on wîg-geatwum (-getawum, MS.), <a href="#li368">368</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîggeweorthad">wîg-ge-weorðad</a>, pret. part., <i>war-honored, distinguished in +war</i>, 1784? See <a href="#note1784">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîggryre">wîg-gryre</a>, st. m., <i>war-horror</i> or <i>terror</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1285">1285</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîghete">wîg-hete</a>, st. m., <i>war-hate, hostility</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2121">2121</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîgheafola">wîg-heafola</a>, w. m., <i>war head-piece, helmet</i>: acc. sg. +wîg-heafolan, <a href="#li2662">2662</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîgheáp">wîg-heáp</a>, st. m., <i>war-band</i>: nom sg., <a href="#li447">447</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîghryre">wîg-hryre</a>, st. m., <i>war-ruin, slaughter, carnage</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li1620">1620</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîgsigor">wîg-sigor</a>, st. m., <i>war-victory</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1555">1555</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîgsped">wîg-sped</a>, st. f.?, <i>war-speed, success in war</i>: gen. pl. +wîg-spêda, <a href="#li698">698</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîn">wîn</a>, st. n., <i>wine</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1163">1163</a>, <a href="#li1234">1234</a>; instr. wîne, +<a href="#li1468">1468</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîr">wîr</a>, st. n., <i>wire, spiral ornament of wire</i>: instr. pl. +wîrum, <a href="#li1032">1032</a>; gen. pl. wîra, <a href="#li2414">2414</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîs">wîs</a>, adj., <i>wise, experienced, discreet</i>: nom. sg. m. wîs +(<i>in his mind, conscious</i>), <a href="#li3095">3095</a>; f. wîs, <a href="#li1928">1928</a>; in w. form, se +wîsa, <a href="#li1401">1401</a>, <a href="#li1699">1699</a>, <a href="#li2330">2330</a>; acc. sg. þone wîsan, <a href="#li1319">1319</a>; gen. pl. wîsra, +<a href="#li1414">1414</a>; w. gen. nom. sg. wîs wordcwida (<i>wise of speech</i>), <a href="#li1846">1846</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîsa">wîsa</a>, w. m., <i>guide, leader</i>: nom. sg. werodes wîsa, +<a href="#li259">259</a>.—Comp.: brim-, here-, hilde-wîsa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîscte">wîscte</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwýscan">wýscan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîsdôm">wîs-dôm</a>, st. m., <i>wisdom, experience</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li350">350</a>; +instr. sg. wîs-dôme, <a href="#li1960">1960</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîse">wîse</a>, w. f., <i>fashion, wise, custom</i>: acc. sg. (instr.) +ealde wîsan (<i>after ancient custom</i>), <a href="#li1866">1866</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîsfäst">wîs-fäst</a>, adj., <i>wise, sagacious</i> (sapientiâ firmus): nom. +sg. f., <a href="#li627">627</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîshycgende">wîs-hycgende</a>, pres. part. <i>wise-thinking, wise</i>, <a href="#li2717">2717</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîsian">wîsian</a>, w. v., <i>to guide</i> or <i>lead to, direct, point +out</i>: 1) w. acc.: inf. heán wong wîsian, <a href="#li2410">2410</a>; pret. sg. secg +wîsade land-gemyrcu, <a href="#li208">208</a>.—2) w. dat.: pres. sg. I. ic eów wîsige +(<i>I shall guide you</i>), <a href="#li292">292</a>, <a href="#li3104">3104</a>; pret. sg. se þæm heaðo-rincum +hider wîsade, <a href="#li370">370</a>; sôna him sele-þegn ... forð wîsade <i>(the +hall-thane led him thither forthwith</i>, i.e. to his couch), <a href="#li1796">1796</a>; +stîg wîsode gumum ät-gädere, <a href="#li320">320</a>; so, <a href="#li1664">1664</a>.—3) w. prep.?: pret. sg. +þâ secg wîsode under Heorotes hrôf (<i>when the warrior showed them +the way under Heorot's roof</i>, [but under H.'s hrôf depends rather +on snyredon ätsomne]), <a href="#li402">402</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwîtan">wîtan</a>, st. v., properly <i>to look at; to look at with censure, +to blame, reproach, accuse</i>, w. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing: +inf. for-þam me wîtan ne þearf waldend fira morðor-bealo mâga, <a href="#li2742">2742</a>.</p> + +<p>ät-wîtan, <i>to blame, censure</i> (cf. 'twit), w. acc. of thing: +pret. pl. ät-witon weána dæl, <a href="#li1151">1151</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wîtan, properly <i>spectare aliquo; to go</i> (most general verb of +motion): 1) with inf. after verbs of motion: pret. sg. þanon eft +ge-wât ... tô hâm faran, <a href="#li123">123</a>; so, <a href="#li2570">2570</a>; pl. þanon eft gewiton ... +mearum rîdan, <a href="#li854">854</a>. Sometimes with reflex, dat.: pres. sg. him þâ Scyld +ge-wât ... fêran on freán wære, <a href="#li26">26</a>; gewât him ... rîdan, <a href="#li234">234</a>; so, +<a href="#li1964">1964</a>; pl. ge-witon, <a href="#li301">301</a>.—2) associated with general infinitives of +motion and aim: imper. pl. ge-wîtað forð beran wæpen and gewædu, <a href="#li291">291</a>; +pret. sg. ge-wât þâ neósian heán hûses, <a href="#li115">115</a>; he þâ fâg ge-wât ... +man-dreám fleón, <a href="#li1264">1264</a>; nyðer eft gewât dennes niósian, <a href="#li3045">3045</a>; so, <a href="#li1275">1275</a>, +<a href="#li2402">2402</a>, <a href="#li2820">2820</a>. So, with reflex, dat.: him eft gewât ... hâmes niósan, +<a href="#li2388">2388</a>; so, <a href="#li2950">2950</a>; pl. ge-witon, <a href="#li1126">1126</a>.—3) without inf. and with prep, or +adv.: pres. sg. III. þær firgen-streám under nässa genipu niðer +ge-wîteð, <a href="#li1361">1361</a>; ge-wîteð on sealman, <a href="#li2461">2461</a>; inf. on flôdes æht feor +ge-wîtan, <a href="#li42">42</a>; pret. sg. ge-wât, <a href="#li217">217</a>; him ge-wât, <a href="#li1237">1237</a>, <a href="#li1904">1904</a>; of lîfe, +ealdre ge-wât (<i>died</i>), <a href="#li2472">2472</a>, <a href="#li2625">2625</a>; fyrst forð ge-wât (<i>time +went on</i>), <a href="#li210">210</a>; him ge-wât ût of healle, <a href="#li663">663</a>; ge-wât him hâm, <a href="#li1602">1602</a>; +pret. part. dat. sg. me forð-ge-witenum (<i>me defuncto, I dead</i>), +<a href="#li1480">1480</a>.</p> + +<p>ôð-wîtan, <i>to blame, censure, reproach</i>: inf. ne þorfte him þâ +leán ôð-wîtan mon on middan-gearde, <a href="#li2997">2997</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlanc">wlanc, wlonc</a>, adj., <i>proud, exulting</i>: nom. sg. wlanc, +<a href="#li341">341</a>; w. instr. æse wlanc (<i>proud of, exulting in, her prey, +meal</i>), <a href="#li1333">1333</a>; wlonc, <a href="#li331">331</a>; w. gen. mâðm-æhta wlonc (<i>proud of the +treasures</i>), <a href="#li2834">2834</a>; gen. sg. wlonces, <a href="#li2954">2954</a>.—Comp. gold-wlanc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlâtian">wlâtian</a>, w. v., <i>to look</i> or <i>gaze out, forth</i>: pret. +sg. se þe ær ... feor wlâtode, <a href="#li1917">1917</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlenco">wlenco</a>, st. f., <i>pride, heroism</i>: dat. sg. wlenco, <a href="#li338">338</a>, +<a href="#li1207">1207</a>; wlence, <a href="#li508">508</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlite">wlite</a>, st. m. <i>form, noble form, look, beauty</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li250">250</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlitebeorht">wlite-beorht</a>, adj., <i>beauteous, brilliant in aspect</i>: acc. +sg. wlite-beorhtne wang, <a href="#li93">93</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwliteseón">wlite-seón</a>, st. n. f., <i>sight, spectacle</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1651">1651</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlitig">wlitig</a>, adj., <i>beautiful, glorious, fair in form</i>: acc. +sg. wlitig (sweord), <a href="#li1663">1663</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlîtan">wlîtan</a>, st. v., <i>to see, look, gaze</i>: pret. sg. he äfter +recede wlât (<i>looked along the hall</i>), <a href="#li1573">1573</a>; pret. pl. on holm +wliton (<i>looked on the sea</i>), <a href="#li1593">1593</a>; wlitan on Wîglâf, <a href="#li2853">2853</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeondwlîtan">geond-wlîtan</a>, w. acc., <i>to examine, look through, scan</i>: +inf. wräte giond-wlîtan, <a href="#li2772">2772</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwohbogen">woh-bogen</a>, pret. part., (<i>bent crooked), crooked, +twisted</i>: nom. sg. wyrm woh-bogen, <a href="#li2828">2828</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwolcen">wolcen</a>, st. n. m., <i>cloud</i> (cf. welkin): dat. pl. under +wolcnum (<i>under the clouds, on earth</i>), <a href="#li8">8</a>, <a href="#li652">652</a>, <a href="#li715">715</a>, <a href="#li1771">1771</a>; tô +wolcnum, <a href="#li1120">1120</a>, <a href="#li1375">1375</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwollenteár">wollen-teár</a>, adj., <i>tear-flowing, with flowing tears</i>: +nom. pl. wollen-teáre, <a href="#li3033">3033</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwom">wom</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwam">wam</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwon">won</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwan">wan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworc">worc</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweorc">weorc</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glword">word</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>word, speech</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2818">2818</a>; acc. sg. +þät word, <a href="#li655">655</a>, <a href="#li2047">2047</a>; word, <a href="#li315">315</a>, <a href="#li341">341</a>, <a href="#li390">390</a>, <a href="#li871">871</a>, <a href="#li2552">2552</a>; instr. sg. worde, +<a href="#li2157">2157</a>; gen. sg. wordes, <a href="#li2792">2792</a>; nom. pl. þâ word, <a href="#li640">640</a>; word, <a href="#li613">613</a>; acc. +pl. word (of an alliterative song), <a href="#li871">871</a>; instr. pl, wordum, <a href="#li176">176</a>, <a href="#li366">366</a>, +<a href="#li627">627</a>, <a href="#li875">875</a>, <a href="#li1101">1101</a>, <a href="#li1173">1173</a>, <a href="#li1194">1194</a>, <a href="#li1319">1319</a>, <a href="#li1812">1812</a>, etc.; ge-saga him wordum +(<i>tell them in words, expressly</i>), <a href="#li388">388</a>. The instr. wordum +accompanies biddan, þancian, be-wägnan, secgan, hêrgan, to emphasize +the verb, <a href="#li176">176</a>, <a href="#li627">627</a>, <a href="#li1194">1194</a>, <a href="#li2796">2796</a>, <a href="#li3177">3177</a>; gen. pl. worda, <a href="#li289">289</a>, <a href="#li398">398</a>, <a href="#li2247">2247</a>, +<a href="#li2263">2263</a>(?), <a href="#li3031">3031</a>.—2) <i>command, order</i>: gen. sg. his wordes geweald +habban (<i>to rule, reign</i>), <a href="#li79">79</a>; so, instr. pl. wordum weóld, +<a href="#li30">30</a>.—Comp.: beót-, gylp-, meðel-, þryð-word.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwordcwide">word-cwide</a>, st. m., (<i>word-utterance</i>), <i>speech</i>: +acc. pl. word-cwydas, <a href="#li1842">1842</a>; dat. pl. word-cwydum, <a href="#li2754">2754</a>; gen. pl. +word-cwida, <a href="#li1846">1846</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwordgid">word-gid</a>, st. m, <i>speech, saying</i>: acc. sg. word-gyd, +<a href="#li3174">3174</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwordhord">word-hord</a>, st. n., <i>word-hoard, treasury of speech, +mouth</i>: acc. sg. word-hord on-leác (<i>unlocked his word-hoard</i>, +opened his mouth, spoke), <a href="#li259">259</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwordriht">word-riht</a>, st. n., <i>right speech, suitable word</i>: gen. pl. +Wîglâf maðelode word-rihta fela, <a href="#li2632">2632</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworthmynd">worð-mynd</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweorthmynd">weorð-mynd</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworthig">worðig</a> (for <b>weorðig</b>), st. m., <i>palace, estate, +court</i>: acc. sg. on worðig (<i>into the palace</i>), <a href="#li1973">1973</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworn">worn</a>, st. n., <i>multitude, number</i>: acc. sg. worn eall +(<i>very many</i>), <a href="#li3095">3095</a>; wintra worn (<i>many years</i>), <a href="#li264">264</a>; þonne +he wintrum frôd worn ge-munde (<i>when he old in years thought of +their number</i>), <a href="#li2115">2115</a>. Used with fela to strengthen the meaning: +nom. acc. sg. worn fela, <a href="#li1784">1784</a>; hwät þu worn fela ... spræce (<i>how +very much thou hast spoken!</i>), <a href="#li530">530</a>; so, eal-fela eald-gesegena +worn, <a href="#li871">871</a>; gen. pl. worna fela, <a href="#li2004">2004</a>, <a href="#li2543">2543</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworuld">woruld, worold</a>, st. f., <i>humanity, world, earth</i>: nom. sg. +eal worold, <a href="#li1739">1739</a>; acc. sg. in worold (wacan) (<i>to be born, come into +the world</i>), <a href="#li60">60</a>; worold oflætan, of-gifan (<i>die</i>), <a href="#li1184">1184</a>, <a href="#li1682">1682</a>; +gen. sg. worolde, <a href="#li951">951</a>, <a href="#li1081">1081</a>, <a href="#li1388">1388</a>, <a href="#li1733">1733</a>; worulde, <a href="#li2344">2344</a>; his worulde +ge-dâl (<i>his separation from the world, death</i>), <a href="#li3069">3069</a>; worolde +brûcan (<i>to enjoy life, live</i>), <a href="#li1063">1063</a>; worlde, <a href="#li2712">2712</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworoldâr">worold-âr</a>, st. f., <i>worldly honor</i> or <i>dignity</i>: acc. +sg. worold-âre, <a href="#li17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworuldcandel">woruld-candel</a>, st. f., <i>world-candle, sun</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1966">1966</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworoldcyning">worold-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>world king, mighty king</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li3182">3182</a>; gen. pl. worold-cyninga, <a href="#li1685">1685</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworuldende">woruld-ende</a>, st. m., <i>world's end</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li3084">3084</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworoldræden">worold-ræden</a>, st. f., <i>usual course, fate of the world, +customary fate</i>: dat. sg. worold-rædenne, 1143?</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwôp">wôp</a>, st. m., (<i>whoop</i>), <i>cry of grief, lament</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li128">128</a>; acc. sg. wôp, <a href="#li786">786</a>; instr. sg. wôpe, <a href="#li3147">3147</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwracu">wracu</a>, st. f., <i>persecution, vengeance, revenge</i>: nom. sg. +wracu (MS, uncertain), <a href="#li2614">2614</a>; acc. sg. wräce, <a href="#li2337">2337</a>.—Comp.: gyrn-, +nýd-wracu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrathu">wraðu</a>, st. f., <i>protection, safety</i>: in comp. lîf-wraðu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrâth">wrâð</a>, adj., <i>wroth, furious, hostile</i>: acc. sg. neut. +wrâð, <a href="#li319">319</a>; dat. sg. wrâðum, <a href="#li661">661</a>, <a href="#li709">709</a>; gen. pl. wrâðra, <a href="#li1620">1620</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrâthe">wrâðe</a>, adv., <i>contemptibly, disgracefully</i>, <a href="#li2873">2873</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrâthlîce">wrâð-lîce</a>, adv., <i>wrathfully, hostilely</i> (in battle), +<a href="#li3063">3063</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrâsn">wrâsn</a>, st. f., <i>circlet of gold for the head, diadem, +crown</i>: in comp. freá-wrâsn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwräclâst">wräc-lâst</a>, st. m., <i>exile-step, exile, banishment</i>: acc. +sg. wräc-lâstas träd (<i>trod exile-steps, wandered in exile</i>), +<a href="#li1353">1353</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwräcmäcg">wräc-mäcg</a>, st. m., <i>exile, outcast</i>: nom. pl. wräc-mäcgas, +<a href="#li2380">2380</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwräcsîth">wräc-sîð</a>, st. m., <i>exile-journey, banishment, exile, +persecution</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2293">2293</a>; dat. sg. -sîðum, <a href="#li338">338</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrät">wrät</a>, st. f., <i>ornament, jewel</i>: acc. pl. wräte (wræce, +MS.), <a href="#li2772">2772</a>, <a href="#li3061">3061</a>; instr. pl. wrättum, <a href="#li1532">1532</a>; gen. pl. wrätta, <a href="#li2414">2414</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrätlîc">wrät-lîc</a>, adj.: 1) <i>artistic, ornamental; valuable</i>: acc. +sg. wrät-lîcne wundur-mâððum, <a href="#li2174">2174</a>; wrät-lîc wæg-sweord, <a href="#li1490">1490</a>; +wîg-bord wrät-lîc, <a href="#li2340">2340</a>.—2) <i>wondrous, strange</i>: acc. sg. +wrät-lîcne wyrm [from its rings or spots?], <a href="#li892">892</a>; wlite-seón wrät-lîc, +<a href="#li1651">1651</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwræc">wræc</a>, st. f., <i>persecution</i>; hence, <i>wretchedness, +misery</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li170">170</a>; acc. sg. wræc, <a href="#li3079">3079</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrecan">wrecan</a>, st. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to press, force</i>: pret. part. +þær wäs Ongenþeó ... on bîd wrecen, <a href="#li2963">2963</a>.—2) <i>to drive out, +expel</i>: pret. sg. ferh ellen wräc, <a href="#li2707">2707</a>.—3) <i>to wreak</i> or +<i>utter</i>: gid, spel wrecan (<i>to utter words or songs</i>); subj. +pres. sg. III. he gyd wrece, <a href="#li2447">2447</a>; inf. wrecan spel ge-râde, <a href="#li874">874</a>; +word-gyd wrecan, <a href="#li3174">3174</a>; pret. sg. gyd äfter wräc, <a href="#li2155">2155</a>; pres. part. þær +wäs ... gid wrecen, <a href="#li1066">1066</a>.—4) <i>to avenge, punish</i>: subj. pres. +þät he his freónd wrece, <a href="#li1386">1386</a>; inf. wolde hire mæg wrecan, <a href="#li1340">1340</a>; so, +<a href="#li1279">1279</a>, <a href="#li1547">1547</a>; pres. part. wrecend (<i>an avenger</i>), <a href="#li1257">1257</a>; pret. sg. +wräc Wedera nîð, <a href="#li423">423</a>; so, <a href="#li1334">1334</a>, <a href="#li1670">1670</a>.</p> + +<p>â-wrecan, <i>to tell, recount</i>: pret. sg. ic þis gid be þe â-wräc +(<i>I have told this tale for thee</i>), <a href="#li1725">1725</a>; so, <a href="#li2109">2109</a>.</p> + +<p>for-wrecan, w. acc., <i>to drive away, expel; carry away</i>: inf. þý +läs him ýða þrym wudu wyn-suman for-wrecan meahte (<i>lest the force +of the waves might carry away the winsome ship</i>), <a href="#li1920">1920</a>; pret. sg. +he hine feor for-wräc ... man-cynne fram, <a href="#li109">109</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wrecan, w. acc., <i>to avenge, wreak vengeance upon, punish</i>: +pret. sg. ge-wräc, <a href="#li107">107</a>, <a href="#li2006">2006</a>; he ge-wräc (i.e. hit, <i>this</i>) +cealdum cear-sîðum, <a href="#li2396">2396</a>; he hine sylfne ge-wräc (<i>avenged +himself</i>), <a href="#li2876">2876</a>; pl. ge-wræcan, <a href="#li2480">2480</a>; pret. part. ge-wrecen, <a href="#li3063">3063</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrecca">wrecca</a>, w. m., (<i>wretch</i>), <i>exile, adventurer, wandering +soldier, hero</i>: nom. sg. wrecca (Hengest), <a href="#li1138">1138</a>; gen. pl. wreccena +wîde mærost (Sigemund), <a href="#li899">899</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwreothenhilt">wreoðen-hilt</a>, adj., <i>wreathen-hilted, with twisted hilt</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li1699">1699</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwridian">wridian</a>, w. v., <i>to flourish, spring up</i>: pret. sg. III. +wridað, <a href="#li1742">1742</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwritha">wriða</a>, w. m., <i>band</i>: in comp. beág-wriða +(<i>bracelet</i>), <a href="#li2019">2019</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrixl">wrixl</a>, st. n., <i>exchange, change</i>: instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle +(<i>in a worse way, with a worse exchange</i>), <a href="#li2970">2970</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wrixle, st. n., <i>exchange, arrangement, bargain</i>: nom. sg. ne +wäs þät ge-wrixle til (<i>it was not a good arrangement, trade</i>), +<a href="#li1305">1305</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrixlan">wrixlan</a>, w. v., <i>to exchange</i>: inf. wordum wrixlan (<i>to +exchange words, converse</i>), <a href="#li366">366</a>; <a href="#li875">875</a> (<i>tell</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrîthan">wrîðan</a>, st. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to bind, fasten, wreathe +together</i>: inf. ic hine (him, MS.) ... on wäl-bedde wrîðan þôhte, +<a href="#li965">965</a>.—2) <i>to bind up</i> (a wounded person, a wound): pret. pl. þâ +wæron monige þe his mæg wriðon, <a href="#li2983">2983</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhandgewrithen">hand-gewriðen</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrîtan">wrîtan</a>, st. v., <i>to incise, engrave</i>: pret. part. on þäm +(hilte) wäs ôr writen fyrn-gewinnes (<i>on which was engraved the +origin of an ancient struggle</i>), <a href="#li1689">1689</a>.</p> + +<p>for-wrîtan, <i>to cut to pieces</i> or <i>in two</i>: pret. sg. +for-wrât Wedra helm wyrm on middan, <a href="#li2706">2706</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrôht">wrôht</a>, st. m. f., <i>blame, accusation, crime</i>; here +<i>strife, contest, hostility</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2288">2288</a>, <a href="#li2474">2474</a>, <a href="#li2914">2914</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwudu">wudu</a>, st. m., <i>wood</i>: 1) <i>material, timber</i>: nom. pl. +wudu, <a href="#li1365">1365</a>; hence, <i>the wooden spear</i>: acc. pl. wudu, <a href="#li398">398</a>.—2) +<i>forest, wood</i>: acc. sg. wudu, <a href="#li1417">1417</a>.—3) <i>wooden ship</i>: nom. +sg. <a href="#li298">298</a>; acc. sg. wudu, <a href="#li216">216</a>, <a href="#li1920">1920</a>.—Comp.: bæl-, bord-, gamen-, heal-, +holt-, mägen-, sæ-, sund-, þrec-wudu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwudurêc">wudu-rêc</a>, st. m., <i>wood-reek</i> or <i>smoke</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li3145">3145</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwuldor">wuldor</a>, st. n., <i>glory</i>: nom. sg. kyninga wuldor +(<i>God</i>), <a href="#li666">666</a>; gen. sg. wuldres wealdend, <a href="#li17">17</a>, <a href="#li183">183</a>, <a href="#li1753">1753</a>; wuldres +hyrde, <a href="#li932">932</a>, (designations of God).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwuldorcyning">wuldor-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king of glory, God</i>. dat. sg. +wuldur-cyninge, 2796</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwuldortorht">wuldor-torht</a>, adj., <i>glory-bright, brilliant, clear</i>: acc. +pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, <a href="#li1137">1137</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwulf">wulf</a>, st. m., <i>wolf</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li3028">3028</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwulfhlith">wulf-hlið</a>, st. n., <i>wolf-slope, wolf's retreat, slope +whereunder wolves house</i>: acc. pl. wulf-hleoðu, <a href="#li1359">1359</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwund">wund</a>, st. f., <i>wound</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2712">2712</a>, <a href="#li2977">2977</a>; acc. sg. +wunde, <a href="#li2532">2532</a>, <a href="#li2907">2907</a>; acc. sg. wunde, <a href="#li2726">2726</a>; instr. pl. wundum, <a href="#li1114">1114</a>, +<a href="#li2831">2831</a>, <a href="#li2938">2938</a>.—Comp. feorh-wund.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwund">wund</a>, adj., <i>wounded, sore</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2747">2747</a>; dat. sg. +wundum, <a href="#li2754">2754</a>; nom. pl. wunde, <a href="#li565">565</a>, <a href="#li1076">1076</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundenfeax">wunden-feax</a>, adj., <i>curly-haired</i> (of a horse's mane): +nom. sg., <a href="#li1401">1401</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundenheals">wunden-heals</a>, adj., <i>with twisted</i> or <i>curved neck</i> +or <i>prow</i>: nom. sg. wudu wunden-hals (<i>the ship</i>), <a href="#li298">298</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundenheorde">wunden-heorde</a>?, <i>curly-haired</i>?: nom. sg. f., <a href="#li3153">3153</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundenmæl">wunden-mæl</a>, adj., <i>damascened, etched, with wavy +ornaments</i>(?): nom. sg. neut., <a href="#li1532">1532</a> (of a sword).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundenstefna">wunden-stefna</a>, w. m. <i>curved prow, ship</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li220">220</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundor">wundor</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>wonder, wonderwork</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li772">772</a>, +<a href="#li1725">1725</a>; wundur, <a href="#li3063">3063</a>; acc. sg. wundor, <a href="#li841">841</a>; wunder, <a href="#li932">932</a>; wundur, <a href="#li2760">2760</a>, +<a href="#li3033">3033</a>, <a href="#li3104">3104</a>; dat. sg. wundre, <a href="#li932">932</a>; instr. pl. wundrum +(<i>wondrously</i>), <a href="#li1453">1453</a>, <a href="#li2688">2688</a>; gen. pl. wundra, <a href="#li1608">1608</a>.—2) +<i>portent, monster</i>: gen. pl. wundra, <a href="#li1510">1510</a>.—Comp.: hand-, nîð-, +searo-wundor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundorbebod">wundor-bebod</a>, st. n., <i>wondrous command, strange order</i>: +instr. pl. -bebodum, <a href="#li1748">1748</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundordeáth">wundor-deáð</a>, st. m., <i>wonder-death, strange death</i>: instr. +sg. wundor deáðe, <a href="#li3038">3038</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundorfät">wundor-fät</a>, st. n., <i>wonder-vat, strange vessel</i>: dat. pl. of +wundor-fatum (<i>from wondrous vessels</i>), <a href="#li1163">1163</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundorlîc">wundor-lîc</a>, adj., <i>wonder like, remarkable</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1441">1441</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundormâththum">wundor-mâððum</a>, st. m., <i>wonder-jewel, wonderful treasure</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li2174">2174</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundorsmith">wundor-smið</a>, st. m., <i>wonder-smith, skilled smith, worker of +marvellous things</i>: gen. pl. wundor-smiða geweorc (the ancient +giant's sword), <a href="#li1682">1682</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundorseón">wundor-seón</a>, st. f., <i>wondrous sight</i>: gen. pl. +wunder-sióna, <a href="#li996">996</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwunian">wunian</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to stand, exist, remain</i>: pres. sg. +III. þenden þær wunað on heáh-stede hûsa sêlest (<i>as long as the +best of houses stands there on the high place</i>), <a href="#li284">284</a>; wunað he on +wiste (<i>lives in plenty</i>), <a href="#li1736">1736</a>; inf. on sele wunian (<i>to +remain in the hall</i>), <a href="#li3129">3129</a>; pret. sg. wunode mid Finne (<i>remained +with F.</i>), <a href="#li1129">1129</a>.—2) w. acc. or dat., <i>to dwell in, to inhabit, +to possess</i>: pres. sg. III. wunað wäl-reste (<i>holds his +death-bed</i>), <a href="#li2903">2903</a>; inf. wäter-egesan wunian scolde..., streámas, +<a href="#li1261">1261</a>; wîcum wunian, <a href="#li3084">3084</a>; w. prep.: pres. sg. Higelâc þær ät hâm +wunað, <a href="#li1924">1924</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wunian, w. acc.: 1) <i>to inhabit</i>: inf. ge-[wunian], <a href="#li2276">2276</a>.—2) +<i>to remain with, stand by</i>: subj. pres. þät hine on ylde eft +ge-wunigen wil-ge-sîðas, <a href="#li22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwurthan">wurðan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweorthan">weorðan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwuton">wuton</a>, v. from wîtan, used as interj., <i>let us go! up!</i> w. +inf.: wutun gangan tô (<i>let us go to him!</i>), <a href="#li2649">2649</a>; uton hraðe +fêran! <a href="#li1391">1391</a>; uton nu êfstan, <a href="#li3102">3102</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwylf">wylf</a>, st. f., <i>she-wolf</i>: in comp. brim-wylf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwylm">wylm</a>, st. m., <i>surge, surf, billow</i>: num. sg. flôdes wylm, +<a href="#li1765">1765</a>; dat. wintres wylme (<i>with winter's flood</i>), <a href="#li516">516</a>; acc. sg. +þurh wäteres wylm, <a href="#li1694">1694</a>; acc. pl. heortan wylmas, <a href="#li2508">2508</a>.—Comp.: +breóst-, brim-, byrne-, cear-, fýr-, heaðo-, holm-, sæ-, sorh-wylm. +See <a class="glentry" href="#glwälm">wälm</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyn">wyn</a>, st. f., <i>pleasantness, pleasure, joy, enjoyment</i>: +acc. sg. mæste ... worolde wynne (<i>the highest earthly joy</i>), +<a href="#li1081">1081</a>; eorðan wynne (<i>earth-joy, the delightful earth</i>), <a href="#li1731">1731</a>; +heofenes wynne (<i>heaven's joy</i>, the rising sun), <a href="#li1802">1802</a>; hearpan +wynne (<i>harp-joy, the pleasant harp</i>), <a href="#li2108">2108</a>; þät he ... ge-drogen +häfde eorðan wynne (<i>that he had had his earthly joy</i>), <a href="#li2728">2728</a>; +dat. sg. weorod wäs on wynne, <a href="#li2015">2015</a>; instr. pl. mägenes wynnum (<i>in +joy of strength</i>), <a href="#li1717">1717</a>; so, <a href="#li1888">1888</a>.—Comp.: êðel-, hord-, lîf-, +lyft-, symbel-wyn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwynleás">wyn-leás</a>, adj., <i>joyless</i>: acc. sg. wyn-leásne wudu, <a href="#li1417">1417</a>; +wyn-leás wîc, <a href="#li822">822</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwynsum">wyn-sum</a>, adj., <i>winsome, pleasant</i>: acc. sg. wudu +wyn-suman (<i>the ship</i>), <a href="#li1920">1920</a>; nom. pl. word wæron wyn-sume, <a href="#li613">613</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrcan">wyrcan</a>, v. irreg.: 1) <i>to do, effect</i>, w. acc.: inf. +(wundor) wyrcan, <a href="#li931">931</a>.—2) <i>to make, create</i>, w. acc.: pret. sg. +þät se äl-mihtiga eorðan worh[te], <a href="#li92">92</a>; swâ hine <i>(the helmet</i>) +worhte wæpna smið, <a href="#li1453">1453</a>.—3) <i>to gain, win, acquire</i>, w. gen.: +subj. pres. wyrce, se þe môte, dômes ær deáðe, <a href="#li1388">1388</a>.</p> + +<p>be-wyrcan, <i>to gird, surround</i>: pret. pl. bronda betost wealle +be-worhton, <a href="#li3163">3163</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wyrcan: 1) intrans., <i>to act, behave</i>: inf. swâ sceal geong +guma gôde gewyrcean ... on fäder wine þät ... (<i>a young man shall so +act with benefits towards his father's friends that</i> ...), <a href="#li20">20</a>.—2) +w. acc., <i>to do, make, effect, perform</i>: inf. ne meahte ic ät +hilde mid Hruntinge wiht ge-wyrcan, <a href="#li1661">1661</a>; sweorde ne meahte on þam +aglæcan ... wunde ge-wyrcean, <a href="#li2907">2907</a>; pret. sg. ge-worhte, <a href="#li636">636</a>, <a href="#li1579">1579</a>, +<a href="#li2713">2713</a>; pret. part. acc. ic þâ leóde wât ... fäste ge-worhte. <a href="#li1865">1865</a>.—3) +<i>to make, construct</i>: inf. (medo-ärn) ge-wyrcean, <a href="#li69">69</a>; (wîg-bord) +ge-wyrcean, <a href="#li2338">2338</a>; (hlæw) ge-wyrcean, <a href="#li2803">2803</a>; pret. pl. II. ge-worhton, +<a href="#li3097">3097</a>; III. ge-worhton, <a href="#li3158">3158</a>; pret. part. ge-worht, <a href="#li1697">1697</a>.—4) <i>to +win, acquire</i>: pres. sg. ic me mid Hruntinge dôm ge-wyrce, <a href="#li1492">1492</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glWyrd">Wyrd</a>, st. f., <i>Weird</i> (one of the Norns, guide of human +destiny; mostly weakened down = <i>fate, providence</i>): nom. sg., +<a href="#li455">455</a>, <a href="#li477">477</a>, <a href="#li572">572</a>, <a href="#li735">735</a>, <a href="#li1206">1206</a>, <a href="#li2421">2421</a>, <a href="#li2527">2527</a>, <a href="#li2575">2575</a>, <a href="#li2815">2815</a>; acc. sg. wyrd, <a href="#li1057">1057</a>, +<a href="#li1234">1234</a>; gen. pl. wyrda, <a href="#li3031">3031</a>. (Cf. Weird Sisters of Macbeth.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrdan">wyrdan</a>, w. v., <i>to ruin, kill, destroy</i>: pret. sg. he tô +lange leóde mine wanode and wyrde, <a href="#li1338">1338</a>.</p> + +<p>â-wyrdan, w. v., <i>to destroy, kill</i>: pret. part.: äðeling monig +wundum â-wyrded, <a href="#li1114">1114</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrthe">wyrðe</a>, adj., <i>noble; worthy, honored, valued</i>: acc. sg. m. +wyrðne (ge-dôn) (<i>to esteem worthy</i>), <a href="#li2186">2186</a>; nom. pl. wyrðe, <a href="#li368">368</a>; +compar. nom. sg. rîces wyrðra (<i>worthier of rule</i>), <a href="#li862">862</a>.—Comp. +fyrd-wyrðe. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweorth1">weorð</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrgen">wyrgen</a>, st, f., <i>throttler</i> [cf. sphinx], <i>she-wolf</i>; +in comp. grund-wyrgen.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewyrht">wyrht</a>, st. n., <i>work; desert</i>; in comp. eald-gewyrht, +<a href="#li2658">2658</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrm">wyrm</a>, st. m., <i>worm, dragon, drake</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li898">898</a>, <a href="#li2288">2288</a>, +<a href="#li2344">2344</a>, <a href="#li2568">2568</a>, <a href="#li2630">2630</a>, <a href="#li2670">2670</a>, <a href="#li2746">2746</a>, <a href="#li2828">2828</a>; acc. sg. wyrm, <a href="#li887">887</a>, <a href="#li892">892</a>, <a href="#li2706">2706</a>, +<a href="#li3040">3040</a>, <a href="#li3133">3133</a>; dat. sg. wyrme, <a href="#li2308">2308</a>, <a href="#li2520">2520</a>; gen. wyrmes, <a href="#li2317">2317</a>, <a href="#li2349">2349</a>, <a href="#li2760">2760</a>, +<a href="#li2772">2772</a>, <a href="#li2903">2903</a>; acc. pl. wyrmas, <a href="#li1431">1431</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrmcyn">wyrm-cyn</a>, st. m., <i>worm-kin, race of reptiles, dragons</i>: +gen. sg. wyrm-cynnes fela, <a href="#li1426">1426</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrmfâh">wyrm-fâh</a>, adj., <i>dragon-ornamented, snake-adorned</i> +(ornamented with figures of dragons, snakes, etc.: cf. Dietrich in +Germania X., 278): nom. sg. sweord ... wreoðen-hilt and wyrm-fâh, +<a href="#li1699">1699</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrmhord">wyrm-hord</a>, st. n., <i>dragon-hoard</i>: gen. pl. wyrm-horda, +<a href="#li2223">2223</a>.</p> + +<p>for-<a class="glentry" name="glforwyrnan">wyrnan</a>, w. v., <i>to refuse, reject</i>: subj. pres. II. +þät þu me nô for-wyrne, þät... (<i>that thou refuse me not +that</i>...), <a href="#li429">429</a>; pret. sg. he ne for-wyrnde worold-rædenne, <a href="#li1143">1143</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewyrpan">wyrpan</a>, w. v. reflex., <i>to refresh one's self, +recover</i>: pret. sg. he hyne ge-wyrpte, <a href="#li2977">2977</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrpe">wyrpe</a>, st. m., <i>change</i>: acc. sg. äfter weá-spelle wyrpe +ge-fremman (<i>after the woe-spell to bring about a change of +things</i>), <a href="#li1316">1316</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrsa">wyrsa</a>, compar. adj., <i>worse</i>: acc. sg. neut. þät wyrse, +<a href="#li1740">1740</a>; instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle, <a href="#li2970">2970</a>; gen. sg. wyrsan geþinges, <a href="#li525">525</a>; +nom. acc. pl. wyrsan wîg-frecan, <a href="#li1213">1213</a>, <a href="#li2497">2497</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrt">wyrt</a>, st. f., [<i>-wort</i>], <i>root</i>: instr. pl. wudu +wyrtum fäst, <a href="#li1365">1365</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwýscan">wýscan</a>, w. v., <i>to wish, desire</i>: pret. sg. wîscte (rihde, +MS.) þäs yldan (<i>wished to delay that</i> or <i>for this reason</i>, +<a href="#li2440">2440</a>, <a href="#li1605">1605</a>(?). See <a href="#note1605">Note</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossY">Y</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyfel">yfel</a>, st n., <i>evil</i>: gen. pl. yfla, <a href="#li2095">2095</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyldan">yldan</a>, w. v., <i>to delay, put off</i>: inf. ne þät se aglæca +yldan þôhte, <a href="#li740">740</a>; weard wine-geômor wîscte þäs yldan, þät he lytel fäc +long-gestreóna brûcan môste, <a href="#li2240">2240</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glylde">ylde</a>, st. m. pl., <i>men</i>: dat. pl. yldum, <a href="#li77">77</a>, <a href="#li706">706</a>, <a href="#li2118">2118</a>; +gen. pl. ylda, <a href="#li150">150</a>, <a href="#li606">606</a>, <a href="#li1662">1662</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glelde">elde</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyldest">yldest</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gleald">eald</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyldo">yldo</a>, st. f., <i>age (senectus), old age</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1737">1737</a>, +<a href="#li1887">1887</a>; atol yldo, <a href="#li1767">1767</a>; dat. sg. on ylde, <a href="#li22">22</a>.—2) <i>age (ætas), time, +era</i>: gen. sg. yldo bearn, <a href="#li70">70</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gleldo">eldo</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyldra">yldra</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gleald">eald</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glylf">ylf</a>, st. f., <i>elf (incubus, alp</i>): nom. pl. ylfe, <a href="#li112">112</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glymb">ymb</a>, prep. w. acc.: 1) local, <i>around, about, at, upon</i>: +ymb hine (<i>around, with, him</i>), <a href="#li399">399</a>. With prep, postponed: hine +ymb, <a href="#li690">690</a>; ymb brontne ford (<i>around the seas, on the high sea</i>), +<a href="#li568">568</a>; ymb þâ gif-healle (<i>around the gift-hall, throne-hall</i>), +<a href="#li839">839</a>; ymb þäs helmes hrôf (<i>around the helm's roof, crown</i>), +<a href="#li1031">1031</a>.—2) temporal, <i>about, after</i>: ymb ân-tîd ôðres dôgores +(<i>about the same time the next day</i>), <a href="#li219">219</a>; ymb âne niht (<i>after +a night</i>), <a href="#li135">135</a>.—3) causal, <i>about, on account of, for, owing +to</i>: (frînan) ymb þînne sîð (<i>on account of, concerning?, thy +journey</i>), <a href="#li353">353</a>; hwät þu ... ymb Brecan spræce (<i>hast spoken about +B.</i>), <a href="#li531">531</a>; so, <a href="#li1596">1596</a>, <a href="#li3174">3174</a>; nâ ymb his lîf cearað (<i>careth not for +his life</i>), <a href="#li1537">1537</a>; so, <a href="#li450">450</a>; ymb feorh sacan, <a href="#li439">439</a>; sundor-nytte +beheóld ymb aldor Dena, <a href="#li669">669</a>; ymb sund (<i>about the swimming, the +prize for swimming</i>), <a href="#li507">507</a>.</p> + +<p>ymbe, I. prep. w. acc. = ymb: 1) local, <a href="#li2884">2884</a>, <a href="#li3171">3171</a>; hlæw oft ymbe +hwearf (prep, postponed), <a href="#li2297">2297</a>. 2) causal, <a href="#li2071">2071</a>, <a href="#li2619">2619</a>.—II. adv., +<i>around</i>: him ... ymbe, <a href="#li2598">2598</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glymbsittend">ymb-sittend</a>, pres. part., <i>neighbor</i> gen. pl. +ymb-sittendra, <a href="#li9">9</a>.</p> + +<p>ymbe-sittend, the same: nom. pl. ymbe-sittend, <a href="#li1828">1828</a>; gen. pl. +ymbe-sittendra, <a href="#li2735">2735</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyppe">yppe</a>, w. f., <i>high seat, dais, throne</i>: dat. sg. eode ... +tô yppan, <a href="#li1816">1816</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrfe">yrfe</a>, st. n., <i>bequest, legacy</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3052">3052</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrfelâf">yrfe-lâf</a>, st. f., <i>sword left as a bequest</i>: acc. sg. +yrfe-lâfe, <a href="#li1054">1054</a>; instr. sg. yrfe-lâfe, <a href="#li1904">1904</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrfeweard">yrfe-weard</a>, st. m., <i>heir, son</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2732">2732</a>; gen. sg. +yrfe-weardes, <a href="#li2454">2454</a>. (-as, MS.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrmtho">yrmðo</a>, st. f., <i>misery, shame, wretchedness</i>: acc. sg. +yrmðe, <a href="#li1260">1260</a>, <a href="#li2006">2006</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrre">yrre</a>, st. n., <i>anger, ire, excitement</i>: acc. sg. godes +yrre, <a href="#li712">712</a>; dat. sg, on yrre, <a href="#li2093">2093</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrre">yrre</a>, adj., <i>angry, irate, furious</i>: nom. sg. yrre oretta +(Beówulf), <a href="#li1533">1533</a>; þegn yrre (the same), <a href="#li1576">1576</a>; gäst yrre (Grendel), +<a href="#li2074">2074</a>; nom. pl. yrre, <a href="#li770">770</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gleorre">eorre</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrringa">yrringa</a>, adv., <i>angrily, fiercely</i>, <a href="#li1566">1566</a>, <a href="#li2965">2965</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrremôd">yrre-môd</a>, adj., <i>wrathful-minded, wild</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li727">727</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glys">ys</a>, <i>he is</i>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwesan">wesan</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossYl">Ý</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glýth">ýð</a> (O.H.G. unda), st. f., <i>wave; sea</i>: nom. pl. ýða, <a href="#li548">548</a>; acc. +pl. ýðe, <a href="#li46">46</a>, <a href="#li1133">1133</a>, <a href="#li1910">1910</a>; dat. pl. ýðum, <a href="#li210">210</a>, <a href="#li421">421</a>, <a href="#li534">534</a>, <a href="#li1438">1438</a>, <a href="#li1908">1908</a>; ýðum +weallan (<i>to surge with waves</i>), <a href="#li515">515</a>, <a href="#li2694">2694</a>; gen. pl. ýða, <a href="#li464">464</a>, <a href="#li849">849</a>, +<a href="#li1209">1209</a>, <a href="#li1470">1470</a>, <a href="#li1919">1919</a>.—Comp: flôd-, lîg-, wäter-ýð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glýthan">ýðan</a>, w. v., <i>to ravage, devastate, destroy</i>: pret. sg. +ýðde eotena cyn, <a href="#li421">421</a> (cf. îðende = <i>depopulating</i>, Bosworth, from +Ælfric's Glossary; pret. ýðde, Wanderer, 85).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glýthe">ýðe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gleáthe">eáðe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glýthelîce">ýðe-lîce</a>, adv., <i>easily</i>: ýðe-lîce he eft â-stôd (<i>he +easily arose afterwards</i>), <a href="#li1557">1557</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glýthgebland">ýð-gebland</a>, st. n., <i>mingling</i> or <i>surging waters, +water-tumult</i>: nom. sg. -geblond, <a href="#li1374">1374</a>, <a href="#li1594">1594</a>; nom. pl. -gebland, +<a href="#li1621">1621</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glýthgewin">ýð-gewin</a>, st. n., <i>strife with the sea, wave-struggle, +rushing of water</i>: dat. sg. ýð-gewinne, <a href="#li2413">2413</a>; gen. sg. -gewinnes, +<a href="#li1435">1435</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glýthlâd">ýð-lâd</a>, st. f., <i>water-journey, sea-voyage</i>: nom. pl. +ýð-lâde, <a href="#li228">228</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glýthlâf">ýð-lâf</a>, st. f., <i>water-leaving, what is left by the water +(undarum reliquiae), shore</i>: dat. sg. be ýð-lâfe, <a href="#li566">566</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glýthlida">ýð-lida</a>, w. m., <i>wave-traverser, ship</i>: acc. sg. ýð-lidan, +<a href="#li198">198</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glýthnaca">ýð-naca</a>, w. m., <i>sea-boat</i>: acc. sg. [ýð-]nacan, <a href="#li1904">1904</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glýthgesêne">ýð-gesêne</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glêthgesýne">êð-gesýne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glýwan">ýwan</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to show</i>: pret. sg. an-sýn ýwde +(<i>showed itself, appeared</i>), <a href="#li2835">2835</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gleáwan">eáwan, eówan</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-ýwan, w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., <i>to lay before, offer</i>: +inf., <a href="#li2150">2150</a>.</p> + +<h3><a name="glossFin"></a>GLOSSARY TO FINNSBURH.</h3> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glâbrecan">âbrecan</a>, st. v., <i>to shatter</i>: part. his byrne âbrocen +wære (<i>his byrnie was shattered</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glânyman">ânyman</a>, st. v., <i>to take, take away</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbânhelm">bân-helm</a>, st. m., <i>bone-helmet; skull</i>, [<i>shield</i>, +Bosw.].</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glburuhthelu">buruh-þelu</a>, st. f., <i>castle-floor</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcêlod">cêlod</a>, part, (adj.?), <i>keeled</i>, i.e. boat-shaped or +hollow.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldagian">dagian</a>, w. v., <i>to dawn</i>: ne þis ne dagiað eástan +(<i>this is not dawning from the east</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeórmôd">deór-môd</a>, adj., <i>brave in mood</i>: deór-môd häleð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrihtgesîth">driht-gesîð</a>, st m., <i>companion, associate</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleástan">eástan</a>, adv., <i>from the east</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthbûend">eorð-bûend</a>, st. m., <i>earth-dweller, man</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfêr">fêr</a>, st. m. <i>fear, terror</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfýren">fýren</a>, adj., <i>flaming, afire</i>: nom. f. swylce eal +Finns-buruh fýrenu wære (<i>as if all Finnsburh were afire</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgehlyn">gehlyn</a>, st. n., <i>noise, tumult</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgellan">gellan</a>, st. v., <i>to sing</i> (i.e. ring or resound): pres. +sg. gylleð græg-hama (<i>the gray garment</i> [byrnie] <i>rings</i>); +(<i>the gray wolf yelleth</i>?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgenesan">genesan</a>, st. v., <i>to survive, recover from</i>: pret. pl. þâ +wîgend hyra wunda genæson (<i>the warriors were recovering from their +wounds</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldhladen">gold-hladen</a>, adj., <i>laden with gold</i> (wearing heavy gold +ornaments).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgræghama">græg-hama</a>, w. m., <i>gray garment, mail-coat</i>; +(<i>wolf</i>?—Brooke).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgûthwudu">gûð-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>war-wood, spear</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhägsteald">häg-steald</a>, st. m., <i>one who lives in his lord's house, a +house-carl.</i></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathogeong">heaðo-geong</a>, adj., <i>young in war.</i></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheresceorp">here-sceorp</a>, st. n., <i>war-dress, coat of mail</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleothrian">hleoðrian</a>, w. v., <i>to speak, exclaim</i>: pret. sg. hleoðrode +... cyning (<i>the prince exclaimed</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhræw">hræw</a>, st. n., <i>corpse</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrôr">hrôr</a>, adj., <i>strong</i>: here-sceorpum hrôr (<i>strong</i> +[though it was] <i>as armor</i>, Bosw.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllac">lac</a> (<b>lað</b>?)? for <b>flacor</b>, <i>fluttering?</i></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloncwethan">oncweðan</a>, st. v., <i>to answer</i>: pres. sg. scyld scefte +oncwyð (<i>the shield answers the spear</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonwacnian">onwacnian</a>, w. v., <i>to awake, arouse one's self</i>: imper. +pl. onwacnigeað ..., wîgend mine (<i>awake, my warriors!</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceft">sceft</a> (sceaft), st. m., <i>spear, shaft</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsealobrûn">sealo-brûn</a>, adj., <i>dusky-brown</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigebeorn">sige-beorn</a>, st. m., <i>victorious hero, valiant warrior</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswäther">swäðer</a> (swâ hwäðer), pron., <i>which of two, which</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswân">swân</a>, st. m., <i>swain, youth; warrior</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweart">sweart</a>, adj., <i>swart, black</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswêt">swêt</a>, adj., <i>sweet</i>: acc. m. swêtne medo ... forgyldan +(<i>requite the sweet mead</i>, i.e. repay, by prowess in battle, the +bounty of their chief).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswurdleóma">swurd-leóma</a>, w. m., <i>sword-flame, flashing of swords</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthyrl">þyrl</a>, adj., <i>pierced, cloven</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glundearninga">undearninga</a>, adv., <i>without concealment, openly</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwandrian">wandrian</a>, w. v., <i>to fly about, hover</i>: pret. sg. hräfn +wandrode (<i>the raven hovered</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwathol">waðol</a>, st. m., <i>the full moon</i> [Grein]; [adj., +<i>wandering</i>, Bosw.].</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwälsliht">wäl-sliht</a> (<b>-sleaht</b>), st. m., <i>combat, deadly +struggle</i>: gen. pl. wäl-slihta gehlyn (<i>the din of combats</i>)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweâdæd">weâ-dæd</a>, st. f., <i>deed of woe</i>: nom. pl. ârisað weâ-dæda.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwitian">witian</a> (<b>weotian</b>), w. v., <i>to appoint, determine</i>: +part. þe is ... witod.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwurthlîce">wurðlîce</a> (<b>weorðlîce</b>), adv., <i>worthily, gallantly</i>: +compar. wurð-lîcor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwäg">wäg, weg</a>, st. m., <i>way</i>.</p> + +<h3><a name="corr"></a>CORRECTIONS MADE TO THE SOURCE TEXT:</h3> + +<p>ARGUMENT, recals = recalls +ll. 131, 737 þryð-swyð = þrýð-swýð +l. 256 ôfest = ôfost +l. 303 sciónon = scionon +l. 706 buton = bûton +l. 1115 ât = ät +l. 1133 wîð = wið +ll. 1304, 1560, 1616 missing caesuras supplied +l. 1436 here-sträl = here-stræl +l. 1642 feôwer- = feówer +l. 1747 sträle = stræle +l. 1828 þywað = þýwað +l. 1926 betlic = betlîc +l. 2224 gesceód = gesceôd +ll. 2288, 3036 wâs = wäs +l. 2453 to = tô +l. 2503 Huga = Hûga (marked long, correctly, in the list of names, but not elsewhere) +l. 2586 niðe = nîðe +l. 2587 sið = sîð +l. 2684 irenna = îrenna +l. 2915 Hugas = Hûgas +l. 2956 heáðo-liðendum = heaðo-lîðendum (heáðu- in glossary) +l. 3000 Þât = Þät; feônd- = feónd- +l. 3056 sóð = sôð +l. 3137 Hrônes = Hrones +list of names, under: + Dene, Scedenîgge = Scedenigge + Eádgils, Ohthere = Ôhthere + Freáwaru, Freawaru = Freáwaru + Hrôðgâr, Hrôð-gâre = Hrôðgâre + Hygelac, Hæreð = Häreð +notes, for +l. 31, of l. 31 = of l. 30 +l. 1441, wôð- = wæg- +l. 1916, leôfra = leófra +glossary, under: + äðele, Beowulf's = Beówulf's + ân, gehwilces = gehwylces + æg-hwâ, ægh-wäs = æghwäs + ät-beran, beadolâce = beadulâce + beadu-lâc, beado- = beadu- (twice) + beág, beages = beáges + beorh, heáford- = heáfod + beódan, leodum = leódum + beón, cwênlic = cwênlîc + biddan, bliðne = blîðne + bitter, sträle = stræle + ge-bîdan, therefor = therefore + on-bîdan, earfôðlîce = earfoðlîce + brecan, lêtdse = lêt se + burne, of of = of + bûtan, swîce = swice + cempa, Huga = Hûga + ge-ceósan, usic = ûsic + on-cirran, wealdendas = wealdendes + corðer, þä = þâ + cûð, wîð- = wîd- + cunnan, þeáwe = þeáw + dôgor, gehwam = gehwâm + dôn, ymbsittend = ymbesittend; hettend = hetend; þywað = þýwað + drîfan, feoran = feorran + dryhten, freáh- = freá- + dryht-scipe, drihtscipe = drihtscype + ge-dýgan, wräcsið = wräcsîð + eal, oncyððe = oncýððe + ealdor, heresträl = herestræl + eácen-cräftig, iúmanna = iúmonna + eofor-spreót, hocyhtum = hôcyhtum + eorlîc, eorlic [ellen] = eorlîc + fâh, wâldreóre = wäldreóre + ôð-ferian, panon = þonan + fela, maððum- = mâððum + fêran, wäre = wære + feónd, feonda = feónda + fleón, fenhôpu = fenhopu + floga, wîð- = wîd- + folc-toga, Hrôðgar = Hrôðgâr + for, wonhydum = wonhýdum; handgeweorc = hondgeweorc + fôt-gemearc, long = lang + ge-frignan, þeodcyninga = þeódcyninga + ge-fyrðran, fratwum = frätwum + ge-fýsan, to sêcanne = tô sêceanne + gân, swa = swâ; [or] giong = gióng; flore = flôre; sîttan = sittan + ge-gan, Wîglaf = Wîglâf + gâr-wîga, Wîglaf = Wîglâf + gäst, fêde- = fêðe- + gegn-cwide, þinra = þînra + ge-gyrwan, yðlidan = ýðlidan + geóc, gást = gâst + geômore-lîc, [bið] geômorlic = geômorlîc + for-gildan, therefor = therefore + gold-wlanc, guðrinc = gûðrinc + grêtan, walgæst = wälgæst + grim, searo-grimm = searo-grim + habban, gecorene = gecorone + wið-habban, winsele = wînsele + hatan, sæliðend = sælîðend + hatian, guð-sceaða = gûð-sceaða + hâr, heâre = heáre + here-stræl, -sträl = stræl + heard, -sträl = -stræl; regen- = regn- + heorte, starc- = stearc + heoro-dreór, heoro-dreore (citation) = heoro-dreóre + hlið, hliðu = hliðo (twice) + hôp, hôp = hop + hreow, þât = þät + hrôf, geseáh = geseah + hwîl, seo = seó + hýran, æghwilc = æghwylc + inne, abeád = âbeád + îren, drihtlîc = dryhtlîc + lâð, gewiðru = gewidru; scynnum = scinnum + be-leán, beleân = beleán + mêtan, Aescheres = Äscheres + mearcian, môrhôpu = môrhopu + ge-mearian, hwam = hwâm + morðor-bed, stred = strêd + môd, stið- = stîð + nænig, horð-mâðum = hord-mâððum + on, heáðe = heoðe; willen = willan + ræd, fæst- = fäst + reccan, hu = hû + rîdan, gealgan = galgan + sang, -leasne = leásne + sceapan, Hugas = Hûgas (twice) + scânan, sciónon = scionon + scînan, scînon = scinon + secg, synnigne = sinnigne + ge-sêcan, -cyððe = cýððe + ge-sîgan, ätsäcce = ät säcce + ge-sleán, ge-slôgan = ge-slôgon + standan, sträl = stræl + stapan, furðor = furður + ge-steppan, Ohtheres = Ôhteres + stincan, þä = þâ + styrian, ge-wiðru = ge-widru + sweord, maððum- = mâððum + ge-swîcan, þeodne = þeódne + teón (w. v.), naläs = nalas; teodan = teódan + tô, hälum = hælum; sitte = site; Eofore = Jofore + ge-trûwan, -wäre = wære + ge-twæfan, ôððe = oððe + þær, snotera = snottra + þe, gimfästan = ginfästan + of-þincan, gehwam = gehwâm + ge-þolian, þât = þät + þu, sælran = selran + þûsend, seófon = seofan + un-heóre, -speru = -sporu + ûs, æg-hwilc = æg-hwylc + wacan, wôcon = wôcun + werian, beaduscrûd = beaduscrûda + be-werian, scynnum = scinnum + wên, orlêg = orleg; ôr-wena = or-wêna + weorðian, leôde = leóde + willa, wyllum = willum + wilnian, fäðer = fäder + nât, hwilc = hwylc (twice) + ge-wîtan, wäre = wære</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div style='display:block;margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEOWULF ***</div> +<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0;'>This file should be named 9700-h.htm or 9700-h.zip</div> +<div style='display:block;margin:1em 0;'>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in https://www.gutenberg.org/9/7/0/9700/</div> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will +be renamed. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; 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