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diff --git a/old/7bct310.txt b/old/7bct310.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..14008cc --- /dev/null +++ b/old/7bct310.txt @@ -0,0 +1,954 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Buried Cities, Volume 3, by Jennie Hall +#3 in our series by Jennie Hall + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: Buried Cities, Volume 3 + Mycenae + +Author: Jennie Hall + +Release Date: January, 2006 [EBook #9627] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on October 10, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURIED CITIES, VOLUME 3 *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Widger and PG Distributed Proofreaders + + + + +BURIED CITIES, VOLUME 3 + +MYCENAE + +BY + +JENNIE HALL + +Author of "Four Old Greeks," Etc. Instructor in History and English in +the Francis W. Parker School, Chicago + +With Many Drawings and Photographs From Original Sources + + + +The publishers are grateful to the estate of Miss Jennie Hall and to her +many friends for assistance in planning the publication of this book. +Especial thanks are due to Miss Nell C. Curtis of the Lincoln School, +New York City, for helping to finish Miss Hall's work of choosing the +pictures, and to Miss Irene I. Cleaves of the Francis Parker School, +Chicago, who wrote the captions. It was Miss Katharine Taylor, now of +the Shady Hill School, Cambridge, who brought these stories to our +attention. + + + + +FOREWORD: TO BOYS AND GIRLS + +Do you like to dig for hidden treasure? Have you ever found Indian +arrowheads or Indian pottery? I knew a boy who was digging a cave in +a sandy place, and he found an Indian grave. With his own hands he +uncovered the bones and skull of some brave warrior. That brown skull +was more precious to him than a mint of money. Another boy I knew was +making a cave of his own. Suddenly he dug into an older one made years +before. He crawled into it with a leaping heart and began to explore. He +found an old carpet and a bit of burned candle. They proved that some +one had lived there. What kind of a man had he been and what kind +of life had he lived--black or white or red, robber or beggar or +adventurer? Some of us were walking in the woods one day when we saw a +bone sticking out of the ground. Luckily we had a spade, and we set to +work digging. Not one moment was the tool idle. First one bone and then +another came to light and among them a perfect horse's skull. We felt as +though we had rescued Captain Kidd's treasure, and we went home draped +in bones. + +Suppose that instead of finding the bones of a horse we had uncovered a +gold-wrapped king. Suppose that instead of a deserted cave that boy +had dug into a whole buried city with theaters and mills and shops and +beautiful houses. Suppose that instead of picking up an Indian arrowhead +you could find old golden vases and crowns and bronze swords lying in +the earth. If you could be a digger and a finder and could choose your +find, would you choose a marble statue or a buried bakeshop with bread +two thousand years old still in the oven or a king's grave filled with +golden gifts? It is of such digging and such finding that this book +tells. + + + +CONTENTS + + 1. How a Lost City Was Found + + _Pictures of Mycenae_: + + The Circle of Royal Tombs + + Doctor and Mrs. Schliemann at Work + + The Gate of Lions + + Inside the Treasury of Atreus + + The Interior of the Palace + + Gold Mask; Cow's Head + + The Warrior Vase + + Bronze Helmets; Gem + + Bronze Daggers + + Carved Ivory Head; Bronze Brooches + + A Cup from Vaphio + + Gold Plates; Gold Ornament + + Mycenae in the Distance + + + + +MYCENAE + + +HOW A LOST CITY WAS FOUND + +Thirty years ago a little group of people stood on a hill in Greece. The +hilltop was covered with soft soil. The summer sun had dried the grass +and flowers, but little bushes grew thick over the ground. In this way +the hill was like an ordinary hill, but all around the edge of it ran +the broken ring of a great wall. In some places it stood thirty feet +above the earth. Here and there it was twenty feet thick. It was built +of huge stones. At one place a tower stood up. In another two stone +lions stood on guard. It was these ruined walls that interested the +people on the hill. One of the men was a Greek. A red fez was on his +head. He wore an embroidered jacket and loose white sleeves. A stiff +kilted skirt hung to his knees. He was pointing about at the wall and +talking in Greek to a lady and gentleman. They were visitors, come to +see these ruins of Mycenae. + +"Once, long, long ago," he was saying, "a great city was inside these +walls. Giants built the walls. See the huge stones. Only giants could +lift them. It was a city of giants. See their great ovens." + +He pointed down the hill at a doorway in the earth. "You cannot see well +from here. I will take you down. We can look in. A great dome, built of +stone, is buried in the earth. A passage leads into it, but it is filled +with dirt. We can look down through the broken top. The room inside is +bigger than my whole house. There giants used to bake their bread. Once +a wicked Turk came here. He was afraid of nothing. He said, 'The giants' +treasure lies in this oven. I will have it.' So he sent men down. But +they found only broken pieces of carved marble--no gold." + +While the guide talked, the gentleman was tramping about the walls. He +peered into all the dark corners. He thrust a stick into every hole. He +rubbed the stones with his hands. At last he turned to his guide. + +"You are right," he said. "There was once a great city inside these +walls. Houses were crowded together on this hill where we stand. Men and +women walked the streets of a city that is buried under our feet, but +they were not giants. They were beautiful women and handsome men. + +"It was a famous old city, this Mycenae. Poets sang songs about her. I +have read those old songs. They tell of Agamemnon, its king, and his +war against Troy. They call him the king of men. They tell of his +gold-decked palace and his rich treasures and the thick walls of his +city. + +"But Agamemnon died, and weak kings sat in his palace. The warriors of +Mycenae grew few, and after hundreds of years, when the city was old and +weak, her enemies conquered her. They broke her walls, they threw down +her houses, they drove out her people. Mycenae became a mass of empty +ruins. For two thousand years the dry winds of summer blew dust over her +palace floors. The rains of winter and spring washed down mud from her +acropolis into her streets and houses. Winged seeds flew into the cracks +of her walls and into the corners of her ruined buildings. There they +sprouted and grew, and at last flowers and grass covered the ruins. +Now only these broken walls remain. You feed your sheep in the city of +Agamemnon. Down there on the hillside farmers have planted grain above +ancient palaces. But I will uncover this wonderful city. You shall see! +You shall see how your ancestors lived. + +"Oh! for years I have longed to see this place. When I was a little boy +in Germany my father told me the old stories of Troy, and he told me of +how great cities were buried. My heart burned to see them. Then, one +night, I heard a man recite some of the lines of Homer. I loved the +beautiful Greek words. I made him say them over and over. I wept because +I was not a Greek. I said to myself, 'I will see Greece! I will study +Greek. I will work hard. I will make a bankful of money. Then I will +go to Greece. I will uncover Troy-city and see Priam's palace. I +will uncover Mycenae and see Agamemnon's grave.' I have come. I have +uncovered Troy. Now I am here. I will come again and bring workmen with +me. You shall see wonders." He walked excitedly around and around the +ruins. He told stories of the old city. He asked his wife to recite +the old tales of Homer. She half sang the beautiful Greek words. Her +husband's eyes grew wet as he listened. + +This man's name was Dr. Henry Schliemann. He kept his word. He went +away but he came again in a few years. He hired men and horse-carts. He +rented houses in the little village. Myceae was a busy place again after +three thousand years. More than a hundred men were digging on the top +of this hill. They wore the fezes and kilts of the modern Greek. Little +two-wheeled horse-carts creaked about, loading and dumping. + +Some of the men were working about the wall near the stone lions. + +"This is the great gate of the city," said Dr. Schliemann. "Here the +king and his warriors used to march through, thousands of years ago. But +it is filled up with dirt. We must clear it out. We must get down to the +very stones they trod." + +But it was slow work. The men found the earth full of great stone +blocks. They had to dig around them carefully, so that Dr. Schliemann +might see what they were. + +"How did so many great stones come here?" they said among themselves. + +Then Dr. Schliemann told them. He pointed to the wall above the gate. + +"Once, long, long ago," he said, "the warriors of Mycenae stood up +there. Down here stood an army--the men of Argos, their enemies. The men +of Argos battered at the gate. They shot arrows at the men of Mycenae, +and the men of Mycenae shot at the Argives, and they threw down great +stones upon them. See, here is one of those broken stones, and here, and +here. After a long time the people of Mycenae had no food left in their +city. Their warriors fainted from hunger. Then the Argives beat down the +gate. They rushed into the city and drove out the people. They did not +want men ever again to live in Mycenae, so they took crowbars and tried +to tear down the wall. A few stones they knocked off. See, here, and +here, and here they are, where they fell off the wall. But these great +stones are very heavy. This one must weigh a hundred twenty tons,--more +than all the people of your village. So the Argives gave up the attempt, +and there stand the walls yet. Then the rain washed down the dirt from +the hill and covered these great stones, and now we are digging them out +again." + +The men worked at the gateway for many weeks. At last all the dirt and +the blocks had been cleared away. The tall gateway stood open. A hole +was in the stone door-casing at top and bottom. Schliemann put his hand +into it. + +"See!" he cried. "Here turned the wooden hinge of the gate." + +He pointed to another large hole on the side of the casing. "Here the +gatekeeper thrust in the beam to hold the gate shut." + +Just inside the gate he found the little room where the keeper had +stayed. He found also two little sentry boxes high up on the wall. Here +guards had stood and looked over the country, keeping watch against +enemies. From the gate the wall bent around the edge of the hilltop, +shutting it in. In two places had been towers for watchmen. Inside this +great wall the king's palace and a few houses had been safe. Outside, +other houses had been built. But in time of war all the people had +flocked into the fortress. The gate had been shut. The warriors had +stood on the wall to defend their city. + +But while some of Dr. Schliemann's men were digging at the gateway and +the wall, others were working outside the city. They were making a great +hole, a hundred and thirteen feet square. They put the dirt into baskets +and carried it to the little carts to be hauled away. And always Dr. +Schliemann and his wife worked with them. From morning until dusk every +day they were there. It was August, and the sun was hot. The wind blew +dust into their faces and made their eyes sore, and yet they were happy. +Every day they found some little thing that excited them,--a terra cotta +goblet, a broken piece of a bone lyre, a bronze ax, the ashes of an +ancient fire. + +At first Dr. Schliemann and his wife had fingered over every spadeful +of dirt. There might be something precious in it. "Dig carefully, +carefully!" Dr. Schliemann had said to the workmen. "Nothing must be +broken. Nothing must be lost. I must see everything. Perhaps a bit of a +broken vase may tell a wonderful story." + +But during this work of many weeks he had taught his workmen how to dig. +Now each man looked over every spadeful of earth himself, as he dug it +up. He took out every scrap of stone or wood or pottery or metal and +gave it to Schliemann or his wife. So the excavators had only to study +these things and to tell the men where to work. When a man struck some +new thing with his spade, he called out. Then the excavators ran to +that place and dug with their own hands. When anything was found, Dr. +Schliemann sent it to the village. There it was kept in a house under +guard. At night Dr. Schliemann drew plans of Mycenae. He read again old +Greek books about the city. As he read he studied his plans. He wrote +and wrote. + +"As soon as possible, I must tell the world about what we find," he said +to his wife. "People will love my book, because they love the stories of +Homer." + +There had been four months of hard work. A few precious things had +been uncovered,--a few of bronze and clay, a few of gold, some carved +gravestones. But were these the wonders Schliemann had promised? Was +this to be all? They had dug down more than twenty feet. A few more +days, and they would probably reach the solid rock. There could be +nothing below that. November was rainy and disagreeable. The men had to +work in the mud and wet. There was much disappointment on the hilltop. + +Then one day a spade grated on gravel. Once before that had happened, +and they had found gold below. They called out to Dr. Schliemann. He and +his wife came quickly. Fire leaped into Schliemann's eyes. + +"Stop!" he said. "Now I will dig. Spades are too clumsy." + +So he and his wife dropped upon their knees in the mud. They dug with +their knives. Carefully, bit by bit, they lifted the dirt. All at once +there was a glint of gold. + +"Do not touch it!" cried Schliemann, "we must see it all at once. What +will it be?" + +So they dug on. The men stood about watching. Every now and then they +shouted out, when some wonderful thing was uncovered, and Schliemann +would stop work and cry, + +"Did not I tell you? Is it not worth the work?" + +At last they had lifted off all the earth and gravel. There was a great +mass of golden things--golden hairpins, and bracelets, and great golden +earrings like wreaths of yellow flowers, and necklaces with pictures +of warriors embossed in the gold, and brooches in the shape of stags' +heads. There were gold covers for buttons, and every one was molded into +some beautiful design of crest or circle or flower or cuttle-fish. + +And among them lay the bones of three persons. Across the forehead of +one was a diadem of gold, worked into designs of flowers. "See!" cried +Schliemann, "these are queens. See their crowns, their scepters." + +For near the hands lay golden scepters, with crystal balls. + +And there were golden boxes with covers. Perhaps long ago, one of these +queens had kept her jewels in them. There was a golden drinking cup with +swimming fish on its sides. There were vases of bronze and silver and +gold. There was a pile of gold and amber beads, lying where they had +fallen when the string had rotted away from the queenly neck. And +scattered all over the bodies and under them were thin flakes of gold in +the shapes of flowers, butterflies, grasshoppers, swans, eagles, leaves. +It seemed as though a golden tree had shed its leaves into the grave. + +"Think! Think! Think!" cried Schliemann. "These delicate lovely things +have lain buried here for three thousand years. You have pastured your +sheep above them. Once queens wore them and walked the streets we are +uncovering." + +The news of the find spread like wildfire over the country. Thousands of +people came to visit the buried city. It was the most wonderful treasure +that had ever been found. The king of Athens sent soldiers to guard the +place. They camped on the acropolis. Their fires blazed there at night. +Schliemann telegraphed to the king: + +"With great joy I announce to your majesty that I have discovered +the tombs which old stories say are the graves of Agamemnon and his +followers. I have found in them great treasures in the shape of ancient +things in pure gold. These treasures, alone, are enough to fill a great +museum. It will be the most wonderful collection in the world. During +the centuries to come it will draw visitors from all over the earth to +Greece. I am working for the joy of the work, not for money. So I give +this treasure, with much happiness, to Greece. May it be the corner +stone of great good fortune for her." + +The work went on, and soon they found another grave, even more +wonderful. Here lay five people--two of them women, three of them +warriors. Golden masks covered the faces of the men. Two wore golden +breastplates. The gold clasp of the greave was still around one knee. +Near one man lay a golden crown and a sceptre, and a sword belt of gold. +There was a heap of stone arrowheads, and a pile of twenty bronze swords +and daggers. One had a picture of a lion hunt inlaid in gold. The wooden +handles of the swords and daggers were rotted away, but the gold nails +that had fastened them lay there, and the gold dust that had gilded +them. Near the warriors' hands were drinking cups of heavy gold. There +were seal rings with carved stones. There was the silver mask of an +ox head with golden horns, and the golden mask of a lion's head. And +scattered over everything were buttons, and ribbons, and leaves, and +flowers of gold. + +Schliemann gazed at the swords with burning eyes. + +"The heroes of Troy have used these swords," he said to his wife, +"Perhaps Achilles himself has handled them." He looked long at the +golden masks of kingly faces. + +"I believe that one of these masks covered the face of Agamemnon. I +believe I am kneeling at the side of the king of men," he said in a +hushed voice. + +Why were all these things there? Thousands of years before, when their +king had died, the people had grieved. + +"He is going to the land of the dead," they had thought. "It is a dull +place. We will send gifts with him to cheer his heart. He must have +lions to hunt and swords to kill them. He must have cattle to eat. He +must have his golden cup for wine." + +So they had put these things into the grave, thinking that the king +could take them with him. They even had put in food, for Schliemann +found oyster shells buried there. And they had thought that a king, even +in the land of the dead, must have servants to work for him. So they had +sacrificed slaves, and had sent them with their lord. Schliemann found +their bones above the grave. And besides the silver mask of the ox head +they had sent real cattle. After the king had been laid in his grave, +they had killed oxen before the altar. Part they had burned in the +sacred fire for the dead king, and part the people had eaten for the +funeral feast. These bones and ashes, too, Schliemann found. For a long, +long time the people had not forgotten their dead chiefs. Every year +they had sacrificed oxen to them. They had set up gravestones for them, +and after a while they had heaped great mounds over their graves. + +That was a wonderful old world at Mycenae. The king's palace sat on a +hill. It was not one building, but many--a great hall where the warriors +ate, the women's large room where they worked, two houses of many +bedrooms, treasure vaults, a bath, storehouses. Narrow passages led from +room to room. Flat roofs of thatch and clay covered all. And there were +open courts with porches about the sides. The floors of the court were +of tinted concrete. Sometimes they were inlaid with colored stones. The +walls of the great hall had a painted frieze running about them. And +around the whole palace went a thick stone wall. + +One such old palace has been uncovered at Tiryns near Mycenae. To-day +a visitor can walk there through the house of an ancient king. The +watchman is not there, so the stranger goes through the strong old +gateway. He stands in the courtyard, where the young men used to play +games. He steps on the very floor they trod. He sees the stone bases of +columns about him. The wooden pillars have rotted away, but he imagines +them holding a porch roof, and he sees the men resting in the shade. He +walks into the great room where the warriors feasted. He sees the hearth +in the middle and imagines the fire blazing there. He looks into the +bathroom with its sloping stone floor and its holes to drain off the +water. He imagines Greek maidens coming to the door with vases of water +on their heads. He walks through the long, winding passages and into +room after room. "The children of those old days must have had trouble +finding their way about in this big palace," he thinks. + +Such was the palace of the king. Below it lay many poorer houses, inside +the walls and out. We can imagine men and women walking about this city. +We raise the warriors from their graves. They carry their golden cups in +their hands. Their rings glisten on their fingers, and their bracelets +on their arms. Perhaps, instead of the golden armor, they wear +breastplates of bronze of the same shape, but these same swords hang at +their sides. We look at their golden masks and see their straight noses +and their short beards. We study the carving on their gravestones, and +we see their two-wheeled chariots and their prancing horses. We look at +the carved gems of their seal rings and see them fighting or killing +lions. We look at their embossed drinking cups, and we see them catching +the wild bulls in nets. We gaze at the great walls of Mycenae, and +wonder what machines they had for lifting such heavy stones. We look at +a certain silver vase, and see warriors fighting before this very wall. +We see all the beautiful work in gold and silver and gems and ivory, and +we think, "Those men of old Mycenae were artists." + + + + + +PICTURES OF MYCENAE + + +THE CIRCLE OF ROYAL TOMBS. + +Digging within this circle, Dr. Schliemann found the famous treasure +of golden gifts to the dead, which he gave to Greece. In the Museum at +Athens you can see these wonderful things. (From a photograph in the +Metropolitan Museum.) + + +DR. AND MRS. SCHLIEMANN AT WORK. + +This picture is taken from Dr. Schliemann's own book on his work. + + +THE GATE OF LIONS. + +The stone over the gateway is immensely strong. But the wall builders +were afraid to pile too great a weight upon it. So they left a +triangular space above it. You can see how they cut the big stones with +slanting ends to do this. This triangle they filled with a thinner +stone carved with two lions. The lions' heads are gone. They were made +separately, perhaps of bronze, and stood away from the stone looking out +at people approaching the gate. + + +INSIDE THE TREASURY OF ATREUS. + +No wonder the untaught modern Greeks thought that this was a giants' +oven, where the giants baked their bread. But learned men have shown +that it was connected with a tomb, and that in this room the men +of Mycenae worshipped their dead. It was very wonderfully made and +beautifully ornamented. The big stone over the doorway was nearly thirty +feet long, and weighs a hundred and twenty tons. Men came to this +beehive tomb in the old days of Mycenae, down a long passage with a high +stone wall on either side. The doorway was decorated with many-colored +marbles and beautiful bronze plates. The inside was ornamented, too, and +there was an altar in there. + + +THE INTERIOR OF THE PALACE. + +From these ruins and relics, we know much about the art of the +Mycenaeans, something about their government, their trade, their +religion, their home life, their amusements, and their ways of fighting, +though they lived three thousand years ago. If a great modern city +should be buried, and men should dig it up three thousand years later, +what do you think they will say about us? + + +GOLD MASK. + +This mask was still on the face of the dead king. The artist tried to +make the mask look just as the great king himself had looked, but this +was very hard to do. + + +A COW'S HEAD OF SILVER. + +The king's people put into his grave this silver mask of an ox head with +golden horns. It was a symbol of the cattle sacrificed for the dead. +There is a gold rosette between the eyes. The mouth, muzzle, eyes and +ears are gilded. In Homer's Iliad, which is the story of the Trojan war, +Diomede says, "To thee will I sacrifice a yearling heifer, broad at +brow, unbroken, that never yet hath man led beneath the yoke. Her will I +sacrifice to thee, and gild her horns with gold." + + +THE WARRIOR VASE. + +This vase was made of clay and baked. Then the artist painted figures on +it with colored earth. This was so long ago that men had not learned to +draw very well, but we like the vase because the potter made it such a +beautiful shape, and because we learn from it how the warriors of early +Mycenae dressed. Under their armor they wore short chitons with fringe +at the bottom, and long sleeves, and they carried strangely shaped +shields and short spears or long lances. Do you think those are +knapsacks tied to the lances? + + +BRONZE HELMETS. + +These may have been worn by King Agamemnon, or by the Trojan warriors. +They are now in the Metropolitan Museum in New York. + + +GEM FROM MYCENAE. + +Early men made many pictures much like this--a pillar guarded by an +animal on each side. + + +BRONZE DAGGERS. + +It would take a very skilfull man to-day, a man who was both goldsmith +and artist, to make such daggers as men found at Mycenae. First the +blade was made. Then the artist took a separate sheet of bronze for his +design. This sheet he enamelled, and on it he inlaid his design. On one +of these daggers we see five hunters fighting three lions. Two of the +lions are running away. One lion is pouncing upon a hunter, but his +friends are coming to help him. If you could turn this dagger over, you +would see a lion chasing five gazelles. The artist used pure gold for +the bodies of the hunters and the lions; he used electron, an alloy of +gold and silver, for the hunters' shields and their trousers; and he +made the men's hair, the lions' manes, and the rims of the shields, of +some black substance. When the picture was finished on the plate, he +set the plate into the blade, and riveted on the handle. On the smaller +dagger we see three lions running. + + +CARVED IVORY HEAD. + +It shows the kind of helmet used in Mycenae. Do you think the button at +the top may have had a socket for a horse hair plume? + + +BRONZE BROOCHES. + +These brooches were like modern safety pins, and were used to fasten the +chlamys at the shoulder. The chlamys was a heavy woolen shawl, red or +purple. + + +ONE OF THE CUPS FOUND AT VAPHIO. + +Some people say that these cups are the most wonderful things that +have been found, made by Mycenaean artists. Some people say that no +goldsmiths in the world since then, unless perhaps in Italy in the +fifteenth century, have done such lovely work. The goldsmith took a +plate of gold and hammered his design into it from the wrong side. Then +he riveted the two ends together where the handle was to go, and lined +the cup with a smooth gold plate. One cup shows some hunters trying to +catch wild bulls with a net. One great bull is caught in the net. One +is leaping clear over it. And a third bull is tossing a hunter on his +horns. On the other cup the artist shows some bulls quietly grazing in +the forest, while another one is being led away to sacrifice. + +The Vaphian cups are now in the National museum in Athens. They were +found in a "bee-hive" tomb at Vaphio, an ancient site in Greece, not far +from Sparta. It is thought that they were not made there, but in Crete. + + +PLATES. + +At Mycenae were found seven hundred and one large round plates of gold, +decorated with cuttlefish, flowers, butterflies, and other designs. + + +GOLD ORNAMENT. (Lower right hand corner.) + + +MYCENAE IN THE DISTANCE. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Buried Cities, Volume 3, by Jennie Hall + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURIED CITIES, VOLUME 3 *** + +This file should be named 7bct310.txt or 7bct310.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, 7bct311.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, 7bct310a.txt + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Widger and PG Distributed Proofreaders + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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