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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Buried Cities, Volume 1, by Jennie Hall
+#1 in our series by Jennie Hall
+
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+*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****
+
+
+Title: Buried Cities, Volume 1
+       Pompeii
+
+Author: Jennie Hall
+
+Release Date: January, 2006 [EBook #9625]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on October 10, 2003]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURIED CITIES, VOLUME 1 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Widger and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+BURIED CITIES, VOLUME 1
+
+POMPEII
+
+BY
+
+JENNIE HALL
+
+Author of "Four Old Greeks," Etc. Instructor in History and English in
+the Francis W. Parker School, Chicago
+
+With Many Drawings and Photographs From Original Sources
+
+
+
+The publishers are grateful to the estate of Miss Jennie Hall and to her
+many friends for assistance in planning the publication of this book.
+Especial thanks are due to Miss Nell C. Curtis of the Lincoln School,
+New York City, for helping to finish Miss Hall's work of choosing the
+pictures, and to Miss Irene I. Cleaves of the Francis Parker School,
+Chicago, who wrote the captions. It was Miss Katharine Taylor, now of
+the Shady Hill School, Cambridge, who brought these stories to our
+attention.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD: TO BOYS AND GIRLS
+
+Do you like to dig for hidden treasure? Have you ever found Indian
+arrowheads or Indian pottery? I knew a boy who was digging a cave in
+a sandy place, and he found an Indian grave. With his own hands he
+uncovered the bones and skull of some brave warrior. That brown skull
+was more precious to him than a mint of money. Another boy I knew was
+making a cave of his own. Suddenly he dug into an older one made years
+before. He crawled into it with a leaping heart and began to explore. He
+found an old carpet and a bit of burned candle. They proved that some
+one had lived there. What kind of a man had he been and what kind
+of life had he lived--black or white or red, robber or beggar or
+adventurer? Some of us were walking in the woods one day when we saw a
+bone sticking out of the ground. Luckily we had a spade, and we set to
+work digging. Not one moment was the tool idle. First one bone and then
+another came to light and among them a perfect horse's skull. We felt as
+though we had rescued Captain Kidd's treasure, and we went home draped
+in bones.
+
+Suppose that instead of finding the bones of a horse we had uncovered a
+gold-wrapped king. Suppose that instead of a deserted cave that boy
+had dug into a whole buried city with theaters and mills and shops and
+beautiful houses. Suppose that instead of picking up an Indian arrowhead
+you could find old golden vases and crowns and bronze swords lying in
+the earth. If you could be a digger and a finder and could choose your
+find, would you choose a marble statue or a buried bakeshop with bread
+two thousand years old still in the oven or a king's grave filled with
+golden gifts? It is of such digging and such finding that this book
+tells.
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+  FOREWORD: To BOYS AND GIRLS
+
+
+  POMPEII
+
+  1. The Greek Slave and the Little Roman Boy
+
+  2. Vesuvius
+
+  3. Pompeii Today
+
+  _Pictures of Pompeii:_
+
+  A Roman Boy
+
+  The City of Naples
+
+  Vesuvius in Eruption
+
+  Pompeii from an Airplane
+
+  Nola Street; the Stabian Gate
+
+  In the Street of Tombs
+
+  The Amphitheater; the Baths
+
+  Temple of Apollo; School of the Gladiators
+
+  The Smaller Theater
+
+  A Sacrifice
+
+  Scene in the Forum; Hairpins; Bath Appliances
+
+  Peristyle of the House of the Vettii
+
+  Lady Playing a Harp
+
+  Kitchen of the House of the Vettii
+
+  Kitchen Utensils; Centaur Cup
+
+  The House of the Tragic Poet
+
+  Mosaic of Watch Dog
+
+  The House of Diomede
+
+  A Bakery; Section of a Mill
+
+  Lucius Cæcilius Jueundus
+
+  Bronze Candleholder
+
+  The Dancing Faun
+  Hermes in Repose
+
+  The Arch of Nero
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Line Art of Bronze Lamp. Caption: _Bronze Lamps_. The
+bowl held olive oil. A wick came out at the nozzle. These lamps gave a
+dim and smoky light.]
+
+
+
+
+THE GREEK SLATE AND THE LITTLE ROMAN BOY
+
+Ariston, the Greek slave, was busily painting. He stood in a little room
+with three smooth walls. The fourth side was open upon a court. A little
+fountain splashed there. Above stretched the brilliant sky of Italy. The
+August sun shone hotly down. It cut sharp shadows of the columns on the
+cement floor. This was the master's room. The artist was painting the
+walls. Two were already gay with pictures. They showed the mighty deeds
+of warlike Herakles. Here was Herakles strangling the lion, Herakles
+killing the hideous hydra, Herakles carrying the wild boar on his
+shoulders, Herakles training the mad horses. But now the boy was
+painting the best deed of all--Herakles saving Alcestis from death. He
+had made the hero big and beautiful. The strong muscles lay smooth in
+the great body. One hand trailed the club. On the other arm hung the
+famous lion skin. With that hand the god led Alcestis. He turned his
+head toward her and smiled. On the ground lay Death, bruised and
+bleeding. One batlike black wing hung broken. He scowled after the hero
+and the woman. In the sky above him stood Apollo, the lord of life,
+looking down. But the picture of the god was only half finished. The
+figure was sketched in outline. Ariston was rapidly laying on paint with
+his little brushes. His eyes glowed with Apollo's own fire. His lips
+were open, and his breath came through them pantingly.
+
+"O god of beauty, god of Hellas, god of freedom, help me!" he half
+whispered while his brush worked.
+
+For he had a great plan in his mind. Here he was, a slave in this rich
+Roman's house. Yet he was a free-born son of Athens, from a family of
+painters. Pirates had brought him here to Pompeii, and had sold him as a
+slave. His artist's skill had helped him, even in this cruel land. For
+his master, Tetreius, loved beauty. The Roman had soon found that his
+young Greek slave was a painter. He had said to his steward:
+
+"Let this boy work at the mill no longer. He shall paint the walls of my
+private room."
+
+So he had talked to Ariston about what the pictures should be. The Greek
+had found that this solemn, frowning Roman was really a kind man. Then
+hope had sprung up in his breast and had sung of freedom.
+
+"I will do my best to please him," he had thought. "When all the walls
+are beautiful, perhaps he will smile at my work. Then I will clasp his
+knees. I will tell him of my father, of Athens, of how I was stolen.
+Perhaps he will send me home."
+
+Now the painting was almost done. As he worked, a thousand pictures were
+flashing through his mind. He saw his beloved old home in lovely Athens.
+He felt his father's hand on his, teaching him to paint. He gazed again
+at the Parthenon, more beautiful than a dream. Then he saw himself
+playing on the fishing boat on that terrible holiday. He saw the pirate
+ship sail swiftly from behind a rocky point and pounce upon them. He saw
+himself and his friends dragged aboard. He felt the tight rope on his
+wrists as they bound him and threw him under the deck. He saw himself
+standing here in the market place of Pompeii. He heard himself sold for
+a slave. At that thought he threw down his brush and groaned.
+
+But soon he grew calmer. Perhaps the sweet drip of the fountain cooled
+his hot thoughts. Perhaps the soft touch of the sun soothed his heart.
+He took up his brushes again and set to work.
+
+"The last figure shall be the most beautiful of all," he said to
+himself. "It is my own god, Apollo."
+
+So he worked tenderly on the face. With a few little strokes he made the
+mouth smile kindly. He made the blue eyes deep and gentle. He lifted the
+golden curls with a little breeze from Olympos. The god's smile cheered
+him. The beautiful colors filled his mind. He forgot his sorrows. He
+forgot everything but his picture. Minute by minute it grew under his
+moving brush. He smiled into the god's eyes.
+
+Meantime a great noise arose in the house. There were cries of fear.
+There was running of feet.
+
+"A great cloud!" "Earthquake!" "Fire and hail!" "Smoke from hell!" "The
+end of the world!" "Run! Run!"
+
+And men and women, all slaves, ran screaming through the house and out
+of the front door. But the painter only half heard the cries. His ears,
+his eyes, his thoughts were full of Apollo.
+
+For a little the house was still. Only the fountain and the shadows and
+the artist's brush moved there. Then came a great noise as though the
+sky had split open. The low, sturdy house trembled. Ariston's brush was
+shaken and blotted Apollo's eye. Then there was a clattering on the
+cement floor as of a million arrows. Ariston ran into the court. From
+the heavens showered a hail of gray, soft little pebbles like beans.
+They burned his upturned face. They stung his bare arms. He gave a cry
+and ran back under the porch roof. Then he heard a shrill call above all
+the clattering. It came from the far end of the house. Ariston ran back
+into the private court. There lay Caius, his master's little sick son.
+His couch was under the open sky, and the gray hail was pelting down
+upon him. He was covering his head with his arms and wailing.
+
+"Little master!" called Ariston. "What is it? What has happened to us?"
+"Oh, take me!" cried the little boy.
+
+"Where are the others?" asked Ariston.
+
+"They ran away," answered Caius. "They were afraid, Look! O-o-h!"
+
+He pointed to the sky and screamed with terror.
+
+Ariston looked. Behind the city lay a beautiful hill, green with trees.
+But now from the flat top towered a huge, black cloud. It rose straight
+like a pine tree and then spread its black branches over the heavens.
+And from that cloud showered these hot, pelting pebbles of pumice stone.
+
+"It is a volcano," cried Ariston.
+
+He had seen one spouting fire as he had voyaged on the pirate ship.
+
+"I want my father," wailed the little boy.
+
+Then Ariston remembered that his master was away from home. He had gone
+in a ship to Rome to get a great physician for his sick boy. He had left
+Caius in the charge of his nurse, for the boy's mother was dead. But
+now every slave had turned coward and had run away and left the little
+master to die.
+
+Ariston pulled the couch into one of the rooms. Here the roof kept off
+the hail of stones.
+
+"Your father is expected home to-day, master Caius," said the Greek. "He
+will come. He never breaks his word. We will wait for him here. This
+strange shower will soon be over."
+
+So he sat on the edge of the couch, and the little Roman laid his head
+in his slave's lap and sobbed. Ariston watched the falling pebbles. They
+were light and full of little holes. Every now and then black rocks of
+the size of his head whizzed through the air. Sometimes one fell into
+the open cistern and the water hissed at its heat. The pebbles lay piled
+a foot deep all over the courtyard floor. And still they fell thick and
+fast.
+
+"Will it never stop?" thought Ariston.
+
+Several times the ground swayed under him. It felt like the moving of a
+ship in a storm. Once there was thunder and a trembling of the house.
+Ariston was looking at a little bronze statue that stood on a tall,
+slender column. It tottered to and fro in the earthquake. Then it fell,
+crashing into the piled-up stones. In a few minutes the falling shower
+had covered it.
+
+Ariston began to be more afraid. He thought of Death as he had painted
+him in his picture. He imagined that he saw him hiding behind a column.
+He thought he heard his cruel laugh. He tried to look up toward the
+mountain, but the stones pelted him down. He felt terribly alone. Was
+all the rest of the world dead? Or was every one else in some safe
+place?
+
+"Come, Caius, we must get away," he cried. "We shall be buried here."
+
+He snatched up one of the blankets from the couch. He threw the ends
+over his shoulders and let a loop hang at his back. He stood the sick
+boy in this and wound the ends around them both. Caius was tied to his
+slave's back. His heavy little head hung on Ariston's shoulder. Then the
+Greek tied a pillow over his own head. He snatched up a staff and ran
+from the house. He looked at his picture as he passed. He thought he
+saw Death half rise from the ground. But Apollo seemed to smile at his
+artist.
+
+At the front door Ariston stumbled. He found the street piled deep with
+the gray, soft pebbles. He had to scramble up on his hands and knees.
+From the house opposite ran a man. He looked wild with fear. He was
+clutching a little statue of gold. Ariston called to him, "Which way to
+the gate?"
+
+But the man did not hear. He rushed madly on. Ariston followed him. It
+cheered the boy a little to see that somebody else was still alive in
+the world. But he had a hard task. He could not run. The soft pebbles
+crunched under his feet and made him stumble. He leaned far forward
+under his heavy burden. The falling shower scorched his bare arms and
+legs. Once a heavy stone struck him on his cushioned head, and he fell.
+But he was up in an instant. He looked around bewildered. His head was
+ringing. The air was hot and choking. The sun was gone. The shower was
+blinding. Whose house was this? The door stood open. The court was
+empty. Where was the city gate? Would he never get out? He did not know
+this street. Here on the corner was a wine shop with its open sides. But
+no men stood there drinking. Wine cups were tipped over and broken on
+the marble counter. Ariston stood in a daze and watched the wine
+spilling into the street.
+
+Then a crowd came rushing past him. It was evidently a family fleeing
+for their lives. Their mouths were open as though they were crying. But
+Ariston could not hear their voices. His ears shook with the roar of the
+mountain. An old man was hugging a chest. Gold coins were spilling out
+as he ran. Another man was dragging a fainting woman. A young girl ran
+ahead of them with white face and streaming hair. Ariston stumbled on
+after this company. A great black slave came swiftly around a corner and
+ran into him and knocked him over, but fled on without looking back. As
+the Greek boy fell forward, the rough little pebbles scoured his face.
+He lay there moaning. Then he began to forget his troubles. His aching
+body began to rest. He thought he would sleep. He saw Apollo smiling.
+Then Caius struggled and cried out. He pulled at the blanket and tried
+to free himself. This roused Ariston, and he sat up. He felt the hot
+pebbles again. He heard the mountain roar. He dragged himself to his
+feet and started on. Suddenly the street led him out into a broad space.
+Ariston looked around him. All about stretched wide porches with their
+columns. Temple roofs rose above them. Statues stood high on their
+pedestals. He was in the forum. The great open square was crowded with
+hurrying people. Under one of the porches Ariston saw the money changers
+locking their boxes. From a wide doorway ran several men. They were
+carrying great bundles of woolen cloth, richly embroidered and dyed
+with precious purple. Down the great steps of Jupiter's temple ran a
+priest. Under his arms he clutched two large platters of gold. Men were
+running across the forum dragging bags behind them.
+
+Every one seemed trying to save his most precious things. And every one
+was hurrying to the gate at the far end. Then that was the way out!
+Ariston picked up his heavy feet and ran. Suddenly the earth swayed
+under him. He heard horrible thunder. He thought the mountain was
+falling upon him. He looked behind. He saw the columns of the porch
+tottering. A man was running out from one of the buildings. But as he
+ran, the walls crashed down. The gallery above fell cracking. He was
+buried. Ariston saw it all and cried out in horror. Then he prayed:
+
+"O Lord Poseidon, shaker of the earth, save me! I am a Greek!"
+
+Then he came out of the forum. A steep street sloped down to a gate. A
+river of people was pouring out there. The air was full of cries. The
+great noise of the crowd made itself heard even in the noise of the
+volcano. The streets were full of lost treasures. Men pushed and fell
+and were trodden upon. But at last Ariston passed through the gateway
+and was out of the city. He looked about.
+
+"It is no better," he sobbed to himself.
+
+The air was thicker now. The shower had changed to hot dust as fine
+as ashes. It blurred his eyes. It stopped his nostrils. It choked his
+lungs. He tore his chiton from top to bottom and wrapped it about his
+mouth and nose. He looked back at Caius and pulled the blanket over his
+head. Behind him a huge cloud was reaching out long black arms from the
+mountain to catch him. Ahead, the sun was only a red wafer in the shower
+of ashes. Around him people were running off to hide under rocks or
+trees or in the country houses. Some were running, running anywhere to
+get away. Out of one courtyard dashed a chariot. The driver was lashing
+his horses. He pushed them ahead through the crowd. He knocked people
+over, but he did not stop to see what harm he had done. Curses flew
+after him. He drove on down the road.
+
+Ariston remembered when he himself had been dragged up here two years
+ago from the pirate ship.
+
+"This leads to the sea," he thought. "I will go there. Perhaps I shall
+meet my master, Tetreius. He will come by ship. Surely I shall find him.
+The gods will send him to me. O blessed gods!"
+
+But what a sea! It roared and tossed and boiled. While Ariston looked,
+a ship was picked up and crushed and swallowed. The sea poured up the
+steep shore for hundreds of feet. Then it rushed back and left its
+strange fish gasping on the dry land. Great rocks fell from the sky,
+and steam rose up as they splashed into the water. The sun was growing
+fainter. The black cloud was coming on. Soon it would be dark. And then
+what? Ariston lay down where the last huge wave had cooled the ground.
+"It is all over, Caius," he murmured. "I shall never see Athens again."
+
+For a while there were no more earthquakes. The sea grew a little less
+wild. Then the half-fainting Ariston heard shouts. He lifted his head.
+A small boat had come ashore. The rowers had leaped out. They were
+dragging it up out of reach of the waves.
+
+"How strange!" thought Ariston. "They are not running away. They must be
+brave. We are all cowards."
+
+"Wait for me here!" cried a lordly voice to the rowers.
+
+When he heard that voice Ariston struggled to his feet and called.
+
+"Marcus Tetreius! Master!"
+
+He saw the man turn and run toward him. Then the boy toppled over and
+lay face down in the ashes.
+
+When he came to himself he felt a great shower of water in his face. The
+burden was gone from his back. He was lying in a row boat, and the boat
+was falling to the bottom of the sea. Then it was flung up to the skies.
+Tetreius was shouting orders. The rowers were streaming with sweat and
+sea water.
+
+In some way or other they all got up on the waiting ship. It always
+seemed to Ariston as though a wave had thrown him there. Or had Poseidon
+carried him? At any rate, the great oars of the galley were flying. He
+could hear every rower groan as he pulled at his oar. The sails, too,
+were spread. The master himself stood at the helm. His face was one
+great frown. The boat was flung up and down like a ball. Then fell
+darkness blacker than night.
+
+"Who can steer without sun or stars?" thought the boy.
+
+Then he remembered the look on his master's face as he stood at the
+tiller. Such a look Ariston had painted on Herakles' face as he
+strangled the lion.
+
+"He will get us out," thought the slave.
+
+For an hour the swift ship fought with the waves. The oarsmen were
+rowing for their lives. The master's arm was strong, and his heart was
+not for a minute afraid. The wind was helping. At last they reached calm
+waters.
+
+"Thanks be to the gods!" cried Tetreius. "We are out of that boiling
+pot."
+
+At his words fire shot out of the mountain. It glowed red in the dusty
+air. It flung great red arms across the sky after the ship. Every man
+and spar and oar on the vessel seemed burning in its light. Then the
+fire died, and thick darkness swallowed everything. Ariston's heart
+seemed smothered in his breast. He heard the slaves on the rowers'
+benches scream with fear. Then he heard their leader crying to them. He
+heard a whip whiz through the air and strike on bare shoulders. Then
+there was a crash as though the mountain had clapped its hands. A
+thicker shower of ashes filled the air. But the rowers were at their
+oars again. The ship was flying.
+
+So for two hours or more Tetreius and his men fought for safety. Then
+they came out into fresher air and calmer water. Tetreius left the
+rudder. "Let the men rest and thank the gods," he said to his overseer.
+"We have come up out of the grave."
+
+When Ariston heard that, he remembered the Death he had left painted
+on his master's wall. By that time the picture was surely buried under
+stones and ashes. The boy covered his face with his ragged chiton and
+wept. He hardly knew what he was crying for--the slavery, the picture,
+the buried city, the fear of that horrid night, the sorrows of the
+people left back there, his father, his dear home in Athens. At last
+he fell asleep. The night was horrible with dreams--fire, earthquake,
+strangling ashes, cries, thunder, lightning. But his tired body held
+him asleep for several hours. Finally he awoke. He was lying on a soft
+mattress. A warm blanket covered him. Clean air filled his nostrils. The
+gentle light of dawn lay upon his eyes. A strange face bent over him.
+
+"It is only weariness," a kind voice was saying. "He needs food and rest
+more than medicine."
+
+Then Ariston saw Tetreius, also, bending over him. The slave leaped to
+his feet. He was ashamed to be caught asleep in his master's presence.
+He feared a frown for his laziness.
+
+"My picture is finished, master," he cried, still half asleep.
+
+"And so is your slavery," said Tetreius, and his eyes shone.
+
+"It was not a slave who carried my son out of hell on his back. It was a
+hero." He turned around and called, "Come hither, my friends."
+
+Three Roman gentlemen stepped up. They looked kindly upon Ariston.
+
+"This is the lad who saved my son," said Tetreius. "I call you to
+witness that he is no longer a slave. Ariston, I send you from my hand a
+free man."
+
+He struck his hand lightly on the Greek's shoulder, as all Roman masters
+did when they freed a slave. Ariston cried aloud with joy. He sank to
+his knees weeping. But Tetreius went on.
+
+"This kind physician says that Caius will live. But he needs good air
+and good nursing. He must go to some one of Aesculapius' holy places. He
+shall sleep in the temple and sit in the shady porches, and walk in the
+sacred groves. The wise priests will give him medicines. The god will
+send healing dreams. Do you know of any such place, Ariston?"
+
+The Greek thought of the temple and garden of Aesculapius on the sunny
+side of the Acropolis at home in Athens. But he could not speak. He
+gazed hungrily into Tetreius' eyes. The Roman smiled.
+
+"Ariston, this ship is bound for Athens! All my life I have loved
+her--her statues, her poems, her great deeds. I have wished that my son
+might learn from her wise men. The volcano has buried my home, Ariston.
+But my wealth and my friends and my son are aboard this ship. What do
+you say, my friend? Will you be our guide in Athens?" Ariston leaped up
+from his knees. A fire of joy burned in his eyes. He stretched his hands
+to the sky.
+
+"O blessed Herakles," he cried, "again thou hast conquered Death. Thou
+didst snatch us from the grave of Pompeii. Give health to this Roman
+boy. O fairest Athena, shed new beauty upon our violet crowned Athens.
+For there is coming to visit her the best of men, my master Tetreius."
+
+
+[Illustration: _A Marble Table_: The lions' heads were painted yellow.
+You can see a table much like this in the garden pictured later.]
+
+
+
+
+VESUVIUS
+
+So a living city was buried in a few hours. Wooded hills and green
+fields lay covered under great ash heaps. Ever since that terrible
+eruption Vesuvius has been restless. Sometimes she has been quiet for
+a hundred years or more and men have almost forgotten that she ever
+thundered and spouted and buried cities. But all at once she would move
+again. She would shoot steam and ashes into the sky. At night fire
+would leap out of her top. A few times she sent out dust and lava and
+destroyed houses and fields. A man who lived five hundred years after
+Pompeii was destroyed described Vesuvius as she was in his time. He
+said:
+
+"This mountain is steep and thick with woods below. Above, it is very
+craggy and wild. At the top is a deep cave. It seems to reach the bottom
+of the mountain. If you peep in you can see fire. But this ordinarily
+keeps in and does not trouble the people. But sometimes the mountain
+bellows like an ox. Soon after it casts out huge masses of cinders. If
+these catch a man, he hath no way to save his life. If they fall upon
+houses, the roofs are crushed by the weight. If the wind blow stiff,
+the ashes rise out of sight and are carried to far countries. But this
+bellowing comes only every hundred years or thereabout. And the air
+around the mountain is pure. None is more healthy. Physicians send
+thither sick men to get well."
+
+The ashes that had covered Pompeii changed to rich soil. Green vines
+and shrubs and trees sprang up and covered it, and flowers made it gay.
+Therefore people said to themselves:
+
+"After all, she is a good old mountain. There will never be another
+eruption while we are alive."
+
+So villages grew up around her feet. Farmers came and built little
+houses and planted crops and were happy working the fertile soil. They
+did not dream that they were living above a buried city, that the roots
+of their vines sucked water from an old Roman house, that buried statues
+lay gazing up toward them as they worked.
+
+About three hundred years ago came another terrible eruption. Again
+there were earthquakes. Again the mountain bellowed. Again black clouds
+turned day into night. Lightning flashed from cloud to cloud. Tempests
+of hot rain fell. The sea rushed back and forth on the shore. The whole
+top of the mountain was blown out or sank into the melting pot. Seven
+rivers of red-hot lava poured down the slopes. They flowed for five
+miles and fell into the sea. On the way they set fire to forests and
+covered five little villages. Thousands of people were killed.
+
+Since that time Vesuvius has been very active. Almost every year there
+have been eruptions with thunder and earthquakes and showers and lava.
+A few of these have done much damage. [Footnote: In this year, 1922,
+Vesuvius has been very active for the first time since 1906. It has been
+causing considerable alarm in Naples. A new cone, 230 feet high, has
+developed.--Ed.] And even on her calmest days a cloud has always hung
+above the mountain top. Sometimes it has been thin and white--a cloud of
+steam. Sometimes it has been black and curling--a cloud of dust.
+
+Vesuvius is a dangerous thing, but very beautiful. It stands tall and
+pointed and graceful against a lovely sky. Its little cloud waves from
+it like a plume. At night the mountain is swallowed by the dark. But
+the red rivers down its slopes glare in the sky. It is beautiful and
+terrible like a tiger. Thousands of people have loved it. They have
+climbed it and looked down its crater. It is like looking into the heart
+of the earth. One of these travelers wrote of his visit in 1793. He
+said:
+
+"For many days Vesuvius has been in action. I have watched it from
+Naples. It is wonderfully beautiful and always changing. On one day huge
+clouds poured out of the top. They hung in the sky far above, white as
+snow. Suddenly a cloud of smoke rushed out of another mouth. It was as
+black as ink. The black column rose tall and curling beside the snowy
+clouds. That was a picture in black and white. But at another time I saw
+one in bright colors.
+
+"On a certain night there were towers and curls and waves and spires of
+flames leaping from the top of the mountain. Millions of red-hot stones
+were shot into the sky. They sailed upward for hundreds of feet, then
+curved and fell like skyrockets. I looked through my telescope and saw
+liquid lava boiling and bubbling over the crater's edge. I could see it
+splash upon the rocks and glide slowly down the sides of the cone. The
+whole top of the mountain was red with melted rock. And above it waved
+the changing flames of red, orange, yellow, blue.
+
+"On another night, as I was getting into bed, I felt an earthquake. I
+looked out of my window toward Vesuvius. All the top was glowing with
+red-hot matter. A terrible roaring came from the mountain. In an instant
+fire shot high into the air. The red column curved and showered the
+whole cone. In half a minute came another earthquake shock. My doors and
+windows rattled. Things were shaken from my table to the floor. Then
+came the thunder of an explosion from the mountain and another shower
+of fire. After a few seconds there were noises like the trampling of
+horses' hoofs. It was, of course, the noise of the shot-out stones
+falling upon the rocks of the mountainsides eight miles away.
+
+"I decided to ascend the volcano and see the crater from which all these
+interesting things came. A few friends went with me. For most of the way
+we traveled on horses. After two or three hours we reached the bottom of
+the cone of rocks and ashes. From there we had to go on foot. We went
+over to the river of red-hot lava. We planned to walk up along its edge.
+But the hot rock was smoking, and the wind blew the smoke into our
+faces. A thick mist of fine ashes from the crater almost suffocated us.
+Sulphur fumes blew toward us and choked us. I said,
+
+"'We must cross the stream of lava. On the other side the wind will not
+trouble us.'
+
+"'Cross that melted rock?' my friends cried out. 'We should sink into it
+and be burned alive.'
+
+"But as we stood talking great stones were thrown out of the volcano.
+They rolled down the mountainside close to us. If they had struck us
+it would have been death. There was only one way to save ourselves. I
+covered my face with my hat and rushed across the stream of lava. The
+melted rock was so thick and heavy that I did not sink in. I only burned
+my boots and scorched my hands. My friends followed me. On that side we
+were safe. We climbed for half an hour. Then we came to the head of our
+red river. It did not flow over the edge of the crater. Many feet down
+from the top it had torn a hole through the cone. I shall never forget
+the sight as long as I live. There was a vast arch in the black rock.
+From this arch rushed a clear torrent of lava. It flowed smoothly like
+honey. It glowed with all the splendor of the sun. It looked thin like
+golden water.
+
+"'I could stir it with a stick,' said one of my friends.
+
+"'I doubt it,' I said. 'See how slowly it flows. It must be very thick
+and heavy.'
+
+"To test it we threw pebbles into it. They did not sink, but floated on
+like corks. We rolled in heavier stones of seventy or eighty pounds.
+They only made shallow dents in the stream and floated down with the
+current. A great rock of three hundred pounds lay near. I raised it upon
+end and let it fall into the lava. Very slowly it sank and disappeared.
+
+"As the stream flowed on it spread out wider over the mountain. Farther
+down the slope it grew darker and harder. It started from the arch like
+melted gold. Then it changed to orange, to bright red, to dark red, to
+brown, as it cooled. At the lower end it was black and hard and broken
+like cinders.
+
+"We climbed a little higher above the arch. There was a kind of chimney
+in the rock. Smoke and stream were coming out of it. I went close. The
+fumes of sulphur choked me. I reached out and picked some lumps of pure
+sulphur from the edge of the rock. For one moment the smoke ceased. I
+held my breath and looked down the hole. I saw the glare of red-hot lava
+flowing beneath. The mountain was a pot, full of boiling rock."
+
+Another man writes of a visit in 1868, a quieter year.
+
+"At first we climbed gentle slopes through vineyards and fields and
+villages. Sometimes we came suddenly upon a black line in a green
+meadow. A few years before it had flowed down red-hot. Further up we
+reached large stretches of rock. Here wild vines and lupines were
+growing in patches where the lava had decayed into soil. Then came
+bare slopes with dark hollow and sharp ridges. We walked on old stiff
+lava-streams. Sometimes we had to plod through piles of coarse, porous
+cinders. Sometimes we climbed over tangled, lumpy beds of twisted, shiny
+rock. Sometimes we looked into dark arched tunnels. Red streams had
+once flowed out of them. A few times we passed near fresh cracks in the
+mountain. Here steam puffed out.
+
+"At last we reached a broad, hot piece of ground. Here were smoking
+holes. The night before I had looked at them with a telescope from the
+foot of the mountain. I had seen red rivers flowing from them. Now they
+were empty. Last night's lava lay on the slope, cooled and black. I
+was standing on it. My feet grew hot. I had to keep moving. The air I
+breathed was warm and smelled like that of an iron foundry. I pushed my
+pole into a crack in the rock. The wood caught fire. I was standing on a
+thin crust. What was below? I broke out a piece of the hard lava. A red
+spot glared up at me. Under the crust red-hot lava was still flowing. I
+knew that it would be several years before it would be perfectly cool."
+
+So for three centuries people have watched Vesuvius at work. But she is
+much older than that--thousands of years older--older than any city or
+country or people in the world. In all that time she has poured out
+millions of tons of matter--lava, huge glassy boulders, little pebbles
+of pumice stone, long shining hairs, fine dust or ashes. All these
+things are different forms of melted rock. Sometimes the steam blows the
+liquid into fine dust; sometimes it breaks it into little pieces and
+fills them with bubbles. At another time the steam is not so strong and
+only pushes the stuff out gently over the crater's edge. Many different
+minerals are found in these rocks--iron, copper, lead, mica, zinc,
+sulphur. Some pieces are beautiful in color--blue, green, red, yellow.
+Precious stones have sometimes been found--garnets, topaz, quartz,
+tourmaline, lapis lazuli. But most of the stone is dull black or brown
+or gray.
+
+All this heavy matter drops close to the mountain. And on calm days the
+ashes, also, fall near at home. Indeed, the volcano has built up its own
+mountain. But a heavy wind often carries the fine dust for hundreds of
+miles. Once it was blown as far as Constantinople and it darkened the
+sun and frightened people there. Some of the ashes fall into the sea.
+For years the currents carry them about from shore to shore. At last
+they settle to the bottom and make clay or sand or mud. The material
+lies there for thousands of years and is hard packed into a soft fine
+grained rock, called tufa. The city of Naples to-day is built of such
+stone that once lay under the sea. An earthquake long ago lifted the
+ocean bottom and turned it into dry land. Now men live upon it and cut
+streets in it and grow crops on it.
+
+So for many miles about, Vesuvius has been making earth. Her ashes lie
+hundreds of feet deep. Men dig wells and still find only material that
+has been thrown out of the volcano. When this matter grows old and lies
+under the sun and rain it turns to good soil. The acids of water and air
+and plants eat into it. Rain wears it away. Plant roots crack the rocks
+open. The top layer becomes powdered and rotted and mixed with vegetable
+loam and is fertile soil. So the country all around the volcano is a
+rich garden. Tomatoes, melons, grapes, olives, figs, cover the land.
+
+But Vesuvius alone has not made all this ground. She is in a nest of
+volcanoes. They have all been at work like her, spouting ashes and
+pumice and rocks and lava. Ten miles away is a wide stretch of country
+where there are more than a dozen old craters. Twenty miles out in the
+blue bay a volcano stands up out of the water. A hundred miles south
+is a group of small volcanic islands. They have hot springs. One has a
+volcano that spouts every five or six minutes. At night it is like a
+lighthouse for sailors. One of these Islands is only two thousand years
+old. The men of Pompeii saw it pushed up out of the sea during an
+earthquake. A little farther south is Mt. Aetna in Sicily. It is a
+greater mountain than Vesuvius and has done more work than she has done.
+So all the southern part of Italy seems to be the home of volcanoes and
+earthquakes.
+
+There are many other such places scattered over the world--Iceland,
+Mexico, South America, Japan, the Sandwich Islands. Here the same
+terrible play is going on--thunder, clouds, falling ashes, scalding
+rain, flowing lava. The earth is being turned inside out, and men are
+learning what she is made of.
+
+
+[ILLUSTRATION: _Bronze lampholder_: Five lamps hung from the branches
+of this bronze tree. It was twenty inches high.]
+
+
+
+
+POMPEII TO-DAY
+
+Years came and went and changed the world. The old gods died, and the
+new religion of Christ grew strong. The old temples fell into ruins, and
+new churches were built in their places. Instead of the old Roman in his
+white toga came merchants in crimson velvet and knights in steel armor
+and gentlemen in ruffles and modern men in plain clothes.
+
+Among all these changes, Pompeii was almost forgotten. But after a long
+while people began to be much interested in ancient Italy. They read old
+Roman books, and learned of her wonderful cities. They began to dig here
+and there and find beautiful statues and vases and jewels. They read the
+story of Pompeii in an old Roman book--a whole city suddenly buried just
+as her people had left her!
+
+"There we should find treasures!" they said. "We should see houses,
+temples, shops, streets, as they were seventeen hundred years ago. We
+should find them full of statues and rich things. Perhaps we should find
+some of the people who lived in ancient days. But where to dig?"
+
+Their question was answered by accident. At that time certain men were
+making a tunnel to carry spring water from the hills across the country
+to a little town near Naples. The tunnel happened to pass over buried
+Pompeii. They dug up some blocks of stone with Latin inscriptions carved
+on them. After that other people found little ancient relics near the
+same place.
+
+"This must be where Pompeii lies buried," the wise men said.
+
+They began to excavate. That was about two hundred years ago. Ever since
+that time the work has gone on. Sometimes people have been discouraged
+and have given up. At other times six hundred men have been working
+busily. Kings have given money. Emperors and princes and queens have
+visited the excavations. Artists have made pictures of the ruins, and
+scholars have written books about them. But it is a great task to
+uncover a whole city that is buried ten or twelve feet deep. The
+excavation is not yet finished. Perhaps when you are old men and women
+the work will be completed, and a whole Roman city will be open to your
+eyes.
+
+But even as it is to-day, that ghost of a city is among the world's
+wonders. There is the thick stone wall that goes all about the town. On
+its wide top the soldiers used to stand to fight in ancient days. Now
+the stones are fallen; its towers are broken; its gates are open. Yet
+there the battered little giant stands at its task of protecting the
+town. Out of its eight gates stretch the paved streets.
+
+Perhaps some day you will cross the ocean to visit this "dead city."
+It lies on a slope at the foot of Vesuvius. Behind stands the tall,
+graceful volcano with its floating feather of steam and smoke. In front
+lies a little plain, and beyond it a long ridge of steep mountains. Off
+at the side shines the dark blue sea with island peaks rising out of it.
+On hillsides and plain are green vineyards and dark forests dotted with
+white farmhouses.
+
+In some places there are high mounds of dirt outside the city wall. They
+are made by the ashes that have been dug out by the excavators and piled
+here. If you climb one of them you will be able to look over the city.
+You will find it a little place--less than a mile long and half a mile
+wide inside its ragged wall. And yet many thousand people used to live
+here. So the houses had to be crowded together. You will see no grassy
+lawns nor vacant lots nor playgrounds nor parks with pleasant trees.
+Many narrow streets cross one another and cut the city into solid blocks
+of buildings. You will be confused because you will see thousands of
+broken walls standing up, but no roofs. They are gone--crushed by the
+piling ashes long ago.
+
+At last you will come down and go in at one of the gates through the
+rough, thick wall, past the empty watch towers. You will tread the very
+paving stones that men's feet trampled nineteen hundred years ago as
+they fled from the volcano. You will climb a steep, narrow street. This
+is the street the fishermen and sailors used in olden times when they
+came in from the river or sea, carrying baskets of fish or leading mules
+loaded with goods from their ships. This is the street where people
+poured out to the sea on that terrible day of the eruption.
+
+You will pass a ruined temple of Apollo with standing columns and lonely
+altar and steps that lead to a room that is gone. A little farther on
+you will come out into a large open paved space. It is the forum. This
+used to be the busiest place in all Pompeii. At certain hours of the day
+it was filled with little tables and with merchants calling out and with
+gentlemen and slaves buying good's. But now it is empty and very still.
+Around the sides a few beautiful columns are yet standing with carved
+marble at the top connecting them. But others lie broken, and most of
+them are gone entirely. This is all that is left of the porches where
+men used to walk and talk of business and war and politics and gossip.
+
+At one end of the forum is a high stone platform and wide stone steps
+leading up to a row of broken columns in front of a fallen wall. This is
+the ruin of the temple of Jupiter, the great Roman god. Daily, men used
+to come here to pray before a statue in a dim room. Here, in the ruins,
+the excavators found the head of that statue--a beautiful marble thing
+with long curling hair and beard, and calm face. They found, too, a
+great broken body of marble. And in that large body a smaller statue was
+partly carved. This was a puzzling thing, but the excavators studied it
+out at last. They said:
+
+"Old Roman books tell us that sixteen years before the great eruption
+there had been another earthquake. It had shaken down many buildings and
+had cracked many walls. But the people loved their city, and when the
+earthquake was over, they began to rebuild and to make their houses and
+temples better than ever. We have found many signs of that earthquake.
+We have found uncarved blocks of marble in the forum. Evidently masons
+were at work there when the eruption stopped them. We have found rebuilt
+walls in some of the houses. And here is the temple of Jupiter being
+used as a marble shop. Probably the early earthquake had shaken down and
+broken the statue of the god. A sculptor was set to work to carve a new
+one from the ruin. But suddenly the volcano burst forth, the artist
+dropped his chisel and mallet, and here we have found his unfinished
+work--a statue within a statue."
+
+Behind the roofless porches of the forum are other ruined
+buildings--where the officers of the city did business, where the
+citizens met to vote, where tailors spread out their cloth and sold
+robes and cloaks. One large market building is particularly interesting.
+You will enter a courtyard with walls all around it and signs of lost
+porches. Broken partitions show where little stalls used to open upon
+the court. Other stalls opened upon the street. In some of these the
+excavators found, buried in the ashes and charred by the fire, figs,
+chestnuts, plums, grapes, glass dishes of fruit, loaves of bread, and
+little cakes. Were customers buying the night's dessert when Vesuvius
+frightened them away? In a cool corner of the building is a fish market
+with sloping marble counter. Near it in the middle of the courtyard are
+the bases of columns arranged in a circle around a deep basin in the
+floor. In the bottom of this basin the excavators found a thick layer
+of fish scales. Evidently the masters used to buy their fish from the
+market in the corner. Then the slaves carried them here to the shaded
+pool of water and cleaned them and scaled them and washed them. In
+another corner the excavators found skeletons of sheep. Here was a
+pen for live animals which a man might buy for his banquet or for a
+sacrifice to his gods. His slave would lead the sheep away through the
+crowds. But on that terrible day when the volcano belched, the poor
+bleating animals were deserted. Their pen held them and the ashes
+covered them and to-day we can see their skeletons.
+
+The walls around the market are still standing, though the top is broken
+and the roof is fallen. They are still covered with paintings. If you
+will look at them you can guess what used to be for sale here. There are
+game birds and fish and wine jars all pictured here in beautiful colors.
+There are cupids playing about a flour mill and cupids weaving garlands.
+There are also pictures of the gods and heroes and the deeds they did.
+Imagine this painted market full of chattering people, the little shops
+gay with piles of beautiful fruit and vegetables, the graceful columns
+and dark porches adding beauty. Imagine these people crying out and
+running and these columns swaying and falling when Vesuvius bellowed and
+shook the earth. And yet we can see the very fruits that men were buying
+and the pictures they were enjoying.
+
+The forum with its markets and shops and offices and temples and statues
+was the very heart of the city. Many streets led into it. Perhaps you
+will walk down one of them, between broken walls, past open doorways.
+After several street corners you will come to a large building with high
+walls still standing and with tall, arched entrance. This also was one
+of the gay places in Pompeii, for it was a bathhouse. Every day all
+the ladies and gentlemen of the town came strolling toward it down the
+streets. The men went in at the wide doorway. The women turned and
+entered their own apartments around the corner. And as they walked
+toward the entrance they passed little shops built into the walls of
+the bathhouse. At every stall stood the shopkeeper, bowing, smiling,
+begging, calling. "Perfumes, sweet lady!"
+
+"Rings, rings, beautiful madam, for your beautiful fingers!"
+
+"Oil for your body, sir, after the bath!"
+
+"A taste of sweets, madam, before you enter! Honey cakes of my own
+making!"
+
+"Don't forget to buy my dressing for your hair before you go in! You'll
+get nothing like it in there."
+
+So they chattered and called and coaxed. Some of the people bought, and
+some went laughing by and entered the bathhouse. As the gentlemen went
+in, a large court opened before them. Here were men bowling or jumping
+or running or punching the bag or playing ball or taking some other kind
+of exercise before the bath. Others were resting in the shade of the
+porches. A poet sat in a cool corner reading his verses to a few
+listeners. Some men, after their games, were scraping their sweating
+bodies with the strigil. Others were splashing in the marble
+swimming tank. Here and there barbers were working over handsome
+gentlemen--smoothing their faces, perfuming their hair, polishing their
+nails. There was talk and laughter everywhere. Men were lazily coming
+and going through a door that led into the baths. There were large rooms
+with high ceilings and painted walls. In one we can still see the round
+marble basin. The walls are painted with trees and birds and swimming
+fish and statues. It was like bathing in a beautiful garden to bathe
+here. Another room was for the hot bath, with double walls and hot air
+circulating between to make the whole room warm. The bathhouse was a
+great building full of comforts. No wonder that all the idle Pompeians
+came here to bathe, to play, to visit, to tell and hear the news. It was
+a gay and noisy place. We have a letter that one of those old Romans
+wrote to a friend. He says:
+
+"I am living near a bath. Sounds are heard on all sides. The men of
+strong muscle exercise and swing the heavy lead weights. I hear their
+groans as they strain, and the whistling of their breath. I hear the
+massagist slapping a lazy fellow who is being rubbed with ointment. A
+ball player begins to play and counts his throws. Perhaps there is a
+sudden quarrel, or a thief is caught, or some one is singing in the
+bath. And the bathers plunge into the swimming tank with loud splashes.
+Above all the din you hear the calls of the hair puller and the sellers
+of cakes and sweetmeats and sausages."
+
+After you leave the baths perhaps you will turn down Stabian Street. It
+has narrow sidewalks. The broken walls of houses fence it in closely
+on both sides and cast black shadows across it. It is paved with clean
+blocks of lava. You will see wheel ruts worn deep in the hard stone.
+Almost two thousand years old they are, made by the carts of the
+farmers, perhaps, who brought in vegetables for the market. At the
+street crossings you will see three or four big stone blocks standing
+up above the pavement. They are stepping-stones for rainy weather.
+Evidently floods used to pour down these sloping streets. You can
+imagine little Roman boys skipping across from block to block and trying
+to keep their sandals dry.
+
+The street will lead you to the district of good houses where the
+wealthy men lived. Through open doorways you will get glimpses into the
+old ruined courtyards. It is hard guessing how the rooms used to look.
+But when you come to the door of the house of Vettius you will cry out
+with wonder. There is a lovely garden in the corner of the house. A long
+passage leads to it straight from the street. Around it runs a paved
+porch with pretty columns. Here you will walk in the shade and look out
+at the gay little garden, blooming in the sunshine. In every corner tiny
+streams of water spurt from little statues of bronze and marble and
+trickle into cool basins. Marble tables stand among the flowers. You
+will half expect a slave to bring out old drinking cups and wine bowls
+and set them here for his master's pleasure, or tablets and stylus for
+him to write his letters. Everything is in order and beautiful. It was
+not quite so when the excavators uncovered this house. The statues were
+thrown down. The flowers were scorched and dead under the piled-up
+ashes. But it was easy for the modern excavators to tell from the ground
+where the flower beds had been and where the gravel paths. Even the
+lead water pipe that carried the stream to the fountain needed little
+repairing. So the excavators set up the statues, cleaned the marble
+tables and benches, planted shrubs and flowers, repaired the porch roof,
+and we have a garden such as the old Romans loved and such as many
+houses in Pompeii had.
+
+Several rooms look out upon this garden. One of them is perhaps the most
+interesting place in all Pompeii. You will walk into it and look around
+and laugh with delight. The whole wall is painted with pictures, big and
+little--pictures of columns and roofs, of plants and animals, of men
+and gods. They are all framed in with wide spaces of beautiful red. And
+tucked away between them in narrow bands of black are the gayest little
+scenes in the world. They are worth going all the way across the ocean
+to see. Psyches--delicate little winged girls like fairies--are picking
+slender flowers and putting them into tall, graceful baskets. They are
+so light and so tiny that they seem to be flitting along the wall
+like bright butterflies. In other panels plump little cupids--winged
+boys--are playing at being men. They are picking grapes and working a
+wine press and selling wine. It is big work for tiny creatures, and they
+must kick up their dimpled legs and puff out their chubby cheeks to do
+it. They are melting gold and carrying gold dishes and selling jewelry
+and swinging a blacksmith's hammer with their fat little arms. They are
+carrying roses to market on a ragged goat and weaving rose garlands and
+selling them to an elegant little lady. Everywhere these gay little
+creatures are skipping about at their play among the beautiful red
+spaces and large pictures. This was surely a charming dining room in the
+old days. The guests must have been merry every time their eyes lighted
+upon the bright wall. And if they looked out at the open side, there
+smiled the garden with its flowers and statues and splashing fountains
+and columns.
+
+There lived in this house two men by the name of Vettius. We know this
+because the excavators found here two seals. In those days men fastened
+their letters and receipts and bills with wax. While the wax was soft
+they stamped their names in it with a metal seal. On the stamps that
+were found in this house were carved Aulus Vettius Restitutus and Aulus
+Vettius Conviva. Perhaps they were freedmen who once had been slaves of
+Aulus Vettius. But they must have earned a fortune for themselves, for
+there were two money chests in the house. And they must have had slaves
+of their own to take care of their twenty rooms and more. In the tiny
+kitchen the excavators found a good store of charcoal and the ashes of
+a little fire on top of the stone stove. And on its three little legs
+a bronze dish was sitting over the dead fire. A slave must have been
+cooking his master's dinner when the volcano frightened him away.
+
+Vettius' dining room is empty of its wooden tables and couches. But some
+houses had stone ones built in their gardens for pleasant summer days.
+These the ashes did not crush, and they are still in place. Columns
+stood about the tables and vines climbed up them and across to make cool
+shade. The tables were always long and narrow and built around three
+sides of a rectangle. Low couches stand along the outside edges. Here
+guests used to lie propped up on their left elbows with pretty cushions
+to make them comfortable. In the open space in the middle of the square
+servants came and went and passed the dishes across the narrow tables.
+Children used to have little wooden stools and sit in this middle space
+opposite their elders. But in one old ruined garden dining room you will
+see a little stone bench for the children, built along the end of the
+table. It must have been pleasant to have supper there with the sunset
+coloring the sky, behind old Vesuvius, the cool breeze shaking the
+leaves of the garden shrubs, and the fountain tinkling, and a bird
+chirping in a corner, and the shadows beginning to creep under the long
+porches, and the tiny flames of lamps fluttering in the dusky rooms
+behind.
+
+After you leave the house of Vettius and walk down the street, you will
+come to a certain door. In the sidewalk before it you will see "Have"
+spelled with bits of colored marble. It is the old Latin word for
+"Welcome." It is too pleasant an invitation to refuse. Go in through
+the high doorway and down the narrow passage to the atrium. Every Roman
+house had this atrium. It is like a large reception hall with many
+rooms opening off it--bedrooms, dining rooms, sitting rooms. Beautiful
+hangings instead of doors used to shut these rooms in. The atrium had an
+opening in the roof where the sun shone in and softly lighted the big
+room. Here the master used to receive his guests. In the house of
+Vettius the two money chests were found in the atrium. In this same room
+in the house of "Welcome," there was found on the floor a little bronze
+statue, a dancing faun, one of the gay friends of Dionysus. It is a tiny
+thing only two feet high, but so pretty that the excavators named the
+house after it--The House of the Faun. Evidently the old owner loved
+beautiful things and had money to buy them. Even the floors of some of
+his rooms are made in mosaic pictures. There are doves at play, and
+ducks and fish and shells all laid under your feet in bright bits of
+colored marble. And beyond the pleasant court with its porches and
+garden is a large sitting room. In the floor of this the excavators
+found the most wonderful mosaic picture of all, a picture of a battle,
+with waving spears and prancing horses and fallen men. Two kings are
+facing each other to fight--Darius, king of Persia, standing in his
+chariot, and Alexander, king of Greece, riding his war horse. The bits
+of stone are so small and of such perfect color that the mosaic looks
+like a beautiful painting. Imagine how the excavators' hearts leaped
+when the spades took the gray ashes off this bright picture. It was too
+precious a thing to leave here in the rain and wind. So the excavators
+carefully took it up and put it into the museum of Naples where there
+are other valuable things from Pompeii.
+
+There are many other houses almost as pleasant and beautiful as this
+House of the Faun. Every one has its atrium and its sunny court and its
+fountains and statues and its painted walls. But Pompeii was a city of
+business, too, and had many workshops. There is a dye shop where the
+excavators found large lead pots and glass bottles still full of dye.
+There are cleaners' shops where the slaves used to take their masters'
+robes to be cleaned. Here the excavators found vats and white clay
+for cleaning, and pictures on the wall showing men at work. There are
+tanneries where leather was made. The rusted tools were found which the
+men had thrown down so long ago. There is a pottery shop with two ovens
+for baking the vases. On a certain street corner you will see an old
+wine shop. It is a little room cut into the corner wall of a great
+house. Its two sides are open upon the street with broad marble
+counters. Below the counters are big, deep jars. Their open tops thrust
+themselves through the slab. You can look into their mouths where the
+shopkeeper used to dip out the wine. On the walls of the room are marks
+that show where shelves hung in ancient days to hold cups and glasses.
+In the outer edge of the sidewalk before the shop are two round holes
+cut into the stone. Long ago poles were thrust into them to hold an
+awning that shaded the walk in front of the counters. We can imagine men
+stopping in this pleasant shade as they passed. The busy slave inside
+the shop whips out a cup and a graceful, long-handled ladle and dips out
+the sweet-smelling wine from the wide-mouthed jar. And we can imagine
+how the cups fell clattering from the men's hands when Vesuvius
+thundered. In one shop, indeed, the excavators found an overturned cup
+on the counter and a wine stain on the marble. But the most interesting
+shops are the bakeries. There were twenty of them in Pompeii. You will
+see the ovens in the courtyard. They are big beehives built of stone or
+brick. The baker made a fire inside and let the walls become hot. Then
+he raked out the coals and cleaned the floor and put in his bread. The
+hot walls baked the loaves. In one oven the excavators found a burned
+loaf eighteen hundred years old. When the earthquake shook his house,
+did the baker snatch out the rest of the ovenful to feed his hungry
+family as they groped about for safety in the terrible darkness?
+In several bakeries you will see, also, the mills. They are great
+mortar-shaped things standing taller than a man. The heavy stone above
+turned around upon the stone below. A man poured wheat in at the top. It
+fell down and was ground between the two stones and dropped out at the
+bottom as flour. A horse or donkey was hitched to the mill to turn it.
+Around and around he walked all day. He was blindfolded to prevent his
+becoming dizzy. You will see on the stone floor in one bakery the path
+that was made by years of this walking. In the old days this silent
+empty court must have been an interesting place. The donkey's hoofs beat
+lazy time on the stone floor. Now and then a slave lifted up a bag of
+wheat and poured it into the mill or scooped out the white flour from
+the trough at the bottom. Another man sifted the flour and the breeze
+blew the white dust over his bare arms. Some of the ovens were smoking
+and glowing with fresh fire. Others were shut, with the browning bread
+inside, and a good smell hung in the air. And out in front was a little
+shop where the master sold the thin loaves and the fancy little cakes.
+
+In the hundreds of houses and shops of this little town the excavators
+have found bronze tables and lamps and lamp stands and wine jars and
+kitchen pots and pans and spoons and glass vases and silver cups and
+gold hairpins and jewelry and ivory combs and bronze strigils and
+mirrors and several statues of bronze and marble. But where they
+had hoped to find thousands of precious things they have found only
+hundreds. Many pedestals are empty of their statues. Here and there the
+very paintings have been cut from the walls. Those are the pictures we
+should most like to see. How beautiful could they have been?
+
+"Evidently men came back soon after the eruption," say the excavators.
+"The tops of their ruined houses must have stood up above the ashes.
+They dug down and rescued their most precious things. We have even found
+broken places in walls where we think men dug tunnels from one house to
+another. That is why the temple and market place have so few statues.
+That is why we find so little jewelry and money and dishes. But we have
+enough. The city is our treasure."
+
+One rich find they did make, however. There was a pleasant farmhouse out
+of town on the slope of Vesuvius. Evidently the man who owned it had
+a vineyard and an olive grove and grain fields. For there are olive
+presses and wine presses and a great court full of vats for making wine
+and a floor for threshing wheat and a mill for grinding flour and a
+stable and a wide courtyard that must have held many carts. And there
+are bathrooms and many pleasant rooms besides. In the room with the wine
+presses was a stone cistern for storing the fresh grape juice. Here
+the excavators found a treasure and a mystery. In this cistern lay the
+skeleton of a man. With him were a thousand pieces of gold money, some
+gold jewelry, and a wonderful dinner set of silver dishes. There are a
+hundred and three pieces--plates, platters, cups, bowls. And every one
+has beaten up from it beautiful designs of flowers and people. An artist
+must have made them, and a rich man must have bought them. How did they
+come here in this farmhouse? They must have been meant for a nobleman's
+table. Had some thief stolen them and hidden here, only to be caught
+by the volcano? Did some rich lady of the city have this farm for her
+country place? And had she sent her treasure here to escape when the
+volcano burst forth? At any rate here it lay for eighteen hundred years.
+And now it is in a museum in Paris, far from its old owner's home.
+
+In this buried city we find the houses in which men lived, the pictures
+they loved, the food they ate, the jewels they wore, the cups they drank
+from. But what of the people themselves? Were they real men and women?
+How did they look? Did they all escape? Not all, for many skeletons have
+been found here and there through the city--in the market place, in the
+streets, in the houses. And sometimes the excavators have found still
+stranger, sadder things. Often as a man has been digging in the
+hard-packed ashes, his spade has struck into a hole. Then he has called
+the chief excavator.
+
+"Let us see what it is," the excavator has said, "Perhaps it will be
+something interesting."
+
+So they have mixed plaster and poured it into the hole. They have given
+it a little time to harden and then have dug away the ashes from around
+it. In that way they have made a plaster cast just the shape of the
+hole. And several times when they have uncovered their cast they have
+found it to be the form of a man or woman or child. Perhaps the person
+had been hurrying through the street and had stumbled and fallen. The
+gases had choked him, the ashes had slowly covered him. Under the
+moistening rain and the pressure of all the hundreds of years the ashes
+had hardened almost to stone. Meantime the body had decayed and had sunk
+down into a handful of dust. But the hardened ashes still stood firm
+around the space where the body had been. When this hole was filled with
+plaster, the cast took just the form of the one who had been buried
+there so long ago--the folds of his clothes, the ring on his finger, the
+girl's knot of hair, the negro slave's woolly head. So we can really
+look upon the faces of some of the ancient people of Pompeii. And in
+another way we can learn the names of many of them.
+
+One of the streets that leads out from the wall is called the "Street of
+Tombs." It is the ancient burying ground. You will walk along the paved
+street between rows of monuments. Some will be like great square altars
+of marble beautifully carved. Some will be tall platforms with steps
+leading up. There will be marble benches where you may sit and think of
+the old Pompeians who were twice buried in their beautiful tombs. And
+there on the marble monument you will see their names carved in old
+Latin letters, and kind things that their friends said about them. There
+are:
+
+Marcus Cerrinius Restitutus; Aulus Veius, who was several times an
+officer of the city; Mamia, a priestess; Marcus Porcius; Numerius
+Istacidius and his wife and daughter and others of his family, all in
+a great tomb standing on a high platform; Titus Terentius Felix, whose
+wife, Fabia Sabina, built his tomb; Tyche, a slave; Aulus Umbricius
+Scaurus, whose statue was set up in the market place to do him honor;
+Gaius Calventius Quietus, who was given a seat of honor at the theater
+on account of his generosity; Nævoleia Tyche, who had once been a slave,
+but who had been freed, had married, and grown wealthy and had slaves of
+her own; Gnæus Vibius Saturninus, whose freedman built his tomb; Marcus
+Arrius Diomedes, a freedman; Numerius Velasius Gratus, twelve years old;
+Salvinus, six years old; and many another.
+
+After seeing the tombs and houses and shops you will leave that little
+city, I think, feeling that the people of ancient times were much like
+us, that men and mountains have done wonderful things in this old world,
+that it is good to know how people of other times lived and worked and
+died.
+
+
+
+
+PICTURES OF POMPEII
+
+
+A ROMAN BOY.
+
+This statue, now in the Metropolitan Museum, was found at Pompeii.
+Probably Caius was dressed just like this, and carried such a stick when
+he played in his father's courtyard.
+
+
+THE CITY OF NAPLES, WITH MOUNT VESUVIUS ACROSS THE BAY.
+
+
+VESUVIUS IN ERUPTION, FROM AN AIRPLANE.
+
+Nowadays men know from history what may happen when Vesuvius wakes. But
+in 79 A.D., when Pompeii was buried, the mountain had slept for hundreds
+of years, and no man knew that an eruption might bury a city.
+
+
+POMPEII FROM AN AIRPLANE.
+
+The roofs are all gone and all the partitions inside the houses show.
+That is why it all looks so crowded and confused. But if you study it
+carefully you can see some interesting things. The big open space is
+the forum. It is about five hundred feet long, running northeast and
+southwest. South of it is the temple of Apollo. North of it, where you
+see the bases of columns in a circle, was the market. Next to the market
+is the place where the gods of the city were worshipped. The broad
+street beside the forum running southeast is the one down which Ariston
+fled. Then he turned into the forum, ran out the gate near the lower end
+into the steep street that runs southwest and ends at a city gate near
+the sea.
+
+
+NOLA STREET AND THE TEMPLE OF FORTUNE.
+
+You must imagine this temple with an altar in front, a broad flight of
+steps, and a portico of beautiful columns. You can see the street paved
+with blocks of lava, the deep wheel ruts, and the stepping stones for
+rainy weather.
+
+
+THE STABIAN GATE.
+
+Pompeii was surrounded by two high walls fifteen feet apart, with earth
+between. An embankment of earth was piled up inside also. This is one of
+the eight gates in the wall. IN THE STREET OF TOMBS.
+
+On the tomb of Nævoleia Tyche was a carving of a ship gliding into port,
+the sailors furling the sails. Within this tomb is a chamber where
+funeral urns stand, containing the ashes of Tyche and her husband, and
+of the slaves they had freed. Pompeians always burned the bodies of the
+dead.
+
+
+THE AMPHITHEATER.
+
+Like other Roman towns, Pompeii had an amphitheater. Here twenty
+thousand people could come and watch the gladiators fight in pairs till
+one was killed. Then the dead body was dragged off, and another pair
+appeared and fought. Sometimes the gladiators were prisoners captured in
+war, like the famous Spartacus; sometimes they were slaves; sometimes
+criminals condemned to death. Sometimes a man was pitted against a wild
+beast; sometimes two wild beasts fought each other. The amphitheater had
+no roof. Vesuvius, with its column of smoke, was in plain view from the
+seats. There was a great awning to protect the spectators. The lower
+seats were for officials and distinguished people; for the middle rows
+there was an admission fee; all the upper seats were free.
+
+
+RUINS OF THE GREAT STABIAN BATHS.
+
+A few large houses had baths of their own, but most people went every
+day to a great public bath which was a very gay place. This open court
+which you see, was for games.
+
+
+THE RUINED TEMPLE OF APOLLO.
+
+The temple was built on a high foundation. A broad flight of steps led
+up to it, with an altar at the foot. There was a porch all round it held
+up by a row of columns. Some of the columns have stood up through all
+the earthquakes and eruptions of two thousand years. Inside the porch
+was a small room for the statue of Apollo. In the paved court around
+this temple were many altars and statues of the gods. This was at one
+time the most important temple in Pompeii.
+
+
+THE SCHOOL OF THE GLADIATORS.
+
+In this large open court the gladiators had their training and practice.
+In small cells around the court they lived. They were kept under close
+guard, for they were dangerous men. Sixty-three skeletons were found
+here, many of them in irons.
+
+
+THE SMALLER THEATER.
+
+Pompeii had two theaters for plays and music, besides the amphitheater
+where the gladiators fought. The smaller theater, unlike the others, had
+a roof. It seated fifteen hundred people. We think perhaps contests in
+music were held here.
+
+
+A SACRIFICE.
+
+A boar, a ram, and a bull are to be killed, and a part of the flesh is
+to be burned on the altar to please the gods.
+
+
+A SCENE IN THE FORUM.
+
+On the walls of a room in a house in Pompeii men found this picture,
+showing how interesting the life of the forum was. At the left is a
+table where a man has kitchen utensils for sale. But he is dreaming and
+does not see a customer coming. So his friend is waking him up. Near him
+is a shoemaker selling sandals to some women.
+
+
+IVORY HAIRPINS.
+
+Underneath are two ivory toilet boxes. One was probably for perfumed
+oil.
+
+
+APPLIANCES FOR THE BATH.
+
+These were found hanging in a ring in one of the great public baths. You
+see a flask for oil, a saucer to pour the oil into, and four scrapers to
+scrape off the oil and dirt before a plunge.
+
+
+PERISTYLE OF THE HOUSE OF THE VETTII.
+
+With the columns and tables and statues that were found, this court has
+been built on the site of an old ruined villa. Flowers bloom and the
+fountain plays in it to-day just as they did over two thousand years
+ago. There are wall paintings in the shadows at the back. The little
+boys holding the ducks must look very much like Caius when he was a
+little boy. When he went to the farm in the hills for a hot summer, he
+had ducks to play with; here are statues to remind him, in the winter
+time, of what fun that was.
+
+A garden like this, not generally so large, was laid out _inside_ every
+important house in Pompeii. The family rooms surrounded it. These rooms
+received most of their light and air from this garden. Caius was lying
+on a couch in a garden like this, when the shower of pebbles suddenly
+began. Ariston was painting the walls of a room that overlooked the
+garden.
+
+
+LADY PLAYING A HARP.
+
+This is part of a beautiful wall painting in a Pompeian house, the sort
+of painting that Ariston was making when the volcano burst forth. See
+how much the little boy looks like his mother, and what beautiful bands
+they both have in their hair. Chairs like this one have been found in
+the ruins, and the same design is on many other pieces of furniture.
+
+The Metropolitan Museum owns the complete wall paintings for a Pompeian
+room. They are put up just as they were in Pompeii. There is even an
+iron window grating. A beautiful table from Pompeii stands in the
+center. The room is one of the gayest in the whole museum, with its rich
+reds and bright yellows, greens, and blues.
+
+
+KITCHEN OF THE HOUSE OF THE VETTII.
+
+In this house the cook must have been in the kitchen, just ready to go
+to work when he had to flee. He left the pot on a tripod on a bed of
+coals, ready for use. You can see an arched opening underneath the
+fireplace. This was where the cook kept his fuel. The small size of
+the kitchens shows that the Pompeians were not great gluttons.
+
+
+KITCHEN UTENSILS.
+
+These kettles and frying pans and ladles are made of bronze, an alloy of
+copper and tin. They look very much like our kitchen furnishings.
+
+
+CENTAUR CUP.
+
+Some rich Pompeian had a pair of beautiful silver cups with graceful
+handles. The design was made in hammered silver, and showed centaurs
+talking to cupids that are sitting on their backs. A centaur was half
+man, half horse.
+
+
+THE HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET (restored).
+
+From the ruins and from ancient books, men know almost all the rooms of
+a Pompeian house. So they have pictured this one as it was before the
+disaster, with its many beautiful wall paintings, its mosaic floors, its
+tiled roofs. If you can imagine these two halves fitted together, and
+yourself inside, you can visit one of the most attractive houses in
+Pompeii. Do you see how the tiled roof slants downward from four sides
+to a rectangular opening in the highest part of the house? Below this
+opening was a shallow basin into which the rainwater fell. This basin
+was in the center of the atrium, the most important room in the house.
+The walls of this room were painted with scenes from the Trojan war.
+This is the house which has the mosaic picture of a dog on the floor of
+the long entrance hall (see next page). On each side of the hall, facing
+the street, are large rooms for shops, where, doubtless, the owner
+conducted his business. He was not a "Tragic Poet." Some people think he
+was a goldsmith. On each side of the atrium were sleeping rooms. Can you
+see that the doors are very high with a grating at the top to let in
+light and air? Windows were few and small, and generally the rooms took
+light and air from the inside courts rather than from outside. Back of
+the atrium was a large reception room with bedrooms on each side. And
+back of this was a large open court, or garden, with a colonnade on
+three sides and a solid wall at the back. Opening on this garden was a
+large dining room with beautiful wall paintings, a tiny kitchen, and
+some sleeping rooms. This house had stairways and second story rooms
+over the shops. This seems to us a very comfortable homelike house.
+
+
+THE HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET (as it looks to-day).
+
+Here you see the shallow basin in the floor of the atrium. This basin
+had two outlets. You can see the round cistern mouth near the pool.
+There was also an outlet to the street to carry off the overflow. At the
+back of the garden you can see a shrine to the household gods. At every
+meal a portion was set aside in little dishes for the gods.
+
+
+MOSAIC OF WATCH DOG.
+
+From the vestibule of the House of the Tragic Poet. It says loudly,
+"Beware the dog!" Pictures and patterns made of little pieces of
+polished stone like this are called mosaic. Sometimes American
+vestibules are tiled in a simple mosaic. Wouldn't it be fun if they had
+such exciting pictures as this? A real dog, or two or three, probably
+was standing inside the door, chained, or held by slaves.
+
+
+THE HOUSE OF DIOMEDE.
+
+There was a wine cellar under the colonnade. Here were twenty skeletons;
+two, children. Near the door were found skeletons of two men. One had a
+large key, doubtless the key of this door. He wore a gold ring and was
+carrying a good deal of money. He was probably the master of the house.
+Evidently the family thought at first that the wine cellar would be a
+safe place, but when they found that it was not so, the master took one
+slave and started out to find a way to escape. But they all perished.
+
+
+RUINS OF A BAKERY, WITH MILLSTONES.
+
+
+SECTION OF A MILL.
+
+If one of the mills that were found in the bakery were sawed in two, it
+would look like this. You can see where the baker's man poured in the
+wheat, and where the flour dropped down, and the heavy timbers fastened
+to the upper millstone to turn it by.
+
+
+PORTRAIT OF LUCIUS CÆCILIUS JUCUNDUS.
+
+This Lucius was an auctioneer who had set free one of his slaves, Felix.
+Felix, in gratitude, had this portrait of his master cast in bronze.
+It stood on a marble pillar in the atrium of the house.
+
+
+BRONZE CANDLEHOLDER.
+
+It is the figure of the Roman God Silenus. He was the son of Pan, and
+the oldest of the satyrs, who were supposed to be half goat. Can you
+find the goat's horns among his curls? He was a rollicking old satyr,
+very fond of wine, always getting into mischief. The grape design at the
+base of the little statue, and the snake supporting the candleholder,
+both are symbols of the sileni.
+
+
+THE DANCING FAUN.
+
+In one of the largest and most elegant houses in Pompeii, on the floor
+of the atrium, or principal room of the house, men found in the ashes
+this bronze statue of a dancing faun. Doesn't he look as if he loved
+to dance, snapping his fingers to keep time? Although this great house
+contained on the floor of one room the most famous of ancient mosaic
+pictures, representing Alexander the Great in battle, and although it
+contains many other fine mosaics, it was named from this statue, the
+House of the Faun, Casa del Fauno.
+
+
+HERMES IN REPOSE.
+
+This bronze statue was found in Herculaneum, the city on the other slope
+of Vesuvius which was buried in liquid mud. This mud has become solid
+rock, from sixty to one hundred feet deep so that excavation is very
+difficult, and the city is still for the most part buried.
+
+
+THE ARCH OF NERO.
+
+The visitors to-day are walking where Caius walked so long ago on the
+same paving stones. The three stones were set up to keep chariots out of
+the forum.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Buried Cities, Volume 1, by Jennie Hall
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