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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/9625-8.txt b/9625-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b9de5a --- /dev/null +++ b/9625-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1929 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Buried Cities, Part 1, Pompeii, by Jennie Hall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Buried Cities, Part 1, Pompeii + +Author: Jennie Hall + +Release Date: August 10, 2004 [EBook #9625] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURIED CITIES, PART 1, POMPEII *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Widger and PG Distributed +Proofreaders + + + + + +BURIED CITIES, PART 1 + +POMPEII + +BY + +JENNIE HALL + +Author of "Four Old Greeks," Etc. Instructor in History and English in +the Francis W. Parker School, Chicago + +With Many Drawings and Photographs From Original Sources + + + +The publishers are grateful to the estate of Miss Jennie Hall and to her +many friends for assistance in planning the publication of this book. +Especial thanks are due to Miss Nell C. Curtis of the Lincoln School, +New York City, for helping to finish Miss Hall's work of choosing the +pictures, and to Miss Irene I. Cleaves of the Francis Parker School, +Chicago, who wrote the captions. It was Miss Katharine Taylor, now of +the Shady Hill School, Cambridge, who brought these stories to our +attention. + + + + +FOREWORD: TO BOYS AND GIRLS + +Do you like to dig for hidden treasure? Have you ever found Indian +arrowheads or Indian pottery? I knew a boy who was digging a cave in +a sandy place, and he found an Indian grave. With his own hands he +uncovered the bones and skull of some brave warrior. That brown skull +was more precious to him than a mint of money. Another boy I knew was +making a cave of his own. Suddenly he dug into an older one made years +before. He crawled into it with a leaping heart and began to explore. He +found an old carpet and a bit of burned candle. They proved that some +one had lived there. What kind of a man had he been and what kind +of life had he lived--black or white or red, robber or beggar or +adventurer? Some of us were walking in the woods one day when we saw a +bone sticking out of the ground. Luckily we had a spade, and we set to +work digging. Not one moment was the tool idle. First one bone and then +another came to light and among them a perfect horse's skull. We felt as +though we had rescued Captain Kidd's treasure, and we went home draped +in bones. + +Suppose that instead of finding the bones of a horse we had uncovered a +gold-wrapped king. Suppose that instead of a deserted cave that boy +had dug into a whole buried city with theaters and mills and shops and +beautiful houses. Suppose that instead of picking up an Indian arrowhead +you could find old golden vases and crowns and bronze swords lying in +the earth. If you could be a digger and a finder and could choose your +find, would you choose a marble statue or a buried bakeshop with bread +two thousand years old still in the oven or a king's grave filled with +golden gifts? It is of such digging and such finding that this book +tells. + + + +CONTENTS + + FOREWORD: To BOYS AND GIRLS + + + POMPEII + + 1. The Greek Slave and the Little Roman Boy + + 2. Vesuvius + + 3. Pompeii Today + + _Pictures of Pompeii:_ + + A Roman Boy + + The City of Naples + + Vesuvius in Eruption + + Pompeii from an Airplane + + Nola Street; the Stabian Gate + + In the Street of Tombs + + The Amphitheater; the Baths + + Temple of Apollo; School of the Gladiators + + The Smaller Theater + + A Sacrifice + + Scene in the Forum; Hairpins; Bath Appliances + + Peristyle of the House of the Vettii + + Lady Playing a Harp + + Kitchen of the House of the Vettii + + Kitchen Utensils; Centaur Cup + + The House of the Tragic Poet + + Mosaic of Watch Dog + + The House of Diomede + + A Bakery; Section of a Mill + + Lucius Cæcilius Jueundus + + Bronze Candleholder + + The Dancing Faun + Hermes in Repose + + The Arch of Nero + + + + +[Illustration: Line Art of Bronze Lamp. Caption: _Bronze Lamps_. The +bowl held olive oil. A wick came out at the nozzle. These lamps gave a +dim and smoky light.] + + + + +THE GREEK SLATE AND THE LITTLE ROMAN BOY + +Ariston, the Greek slave, was busily painting. He stood in a little room +with three smooth walls. The fourth side was open upon a court. A little +fountain splashed there. Above stretched the brilliant sky of Italy. The +August sun shone hotly down. It cut sharp shadows of the columns on the +cement floor. This was the master's room. The artist was painting the +walls. Two were already gay with pictures. They showed the mighty deeds +of warlike Herakles. Here was Herakles strangling the lion, Herakles +killing the hideous hydra, Herakles carrying the wild boar on his +shoulders, Herakles training the mad horses. But now the boy was +painting the best deed of all--Herakles saving Alcestis from death. He +had made the hero big and beautiful. The strong muscles lay smooth in +the great body. One hand trailed the club. On the other arm hung the +famous lion skin. With that hand the god led Alcestis. He turned his +head toward her and smiled. On the ground lay Death, bruised and +bleeding. One batlike black wing hung broken. He scowled after the hero +and the woman. In the sky above him stood Apollo, the lord of life, +looking down. But the picture of the god was only half finished. The +figure was sketched in outline. Ariston was rapidly laying on paint with +his little brushes. His eyes glowed with Apollo's own fire. His lips +were open, and his breath came through them pantingly. + +"O god of beauty, god of Hellas, god of freedom, help me!" he half +whispered while his brush worked. + +For he had a great plan in his mind. Here he was, a slave in this rich +Roman's house. Yet he was a free-born son of Athens, from a family of +painters. Pirates had brought him here to Pompeii, and had sold him as a +slave. His artist's skill had helped him, even in this cruel land. For +his master, Tetreius, loved beauty. The Roman had soon found that his +young Greek slave was a painter. He had said to his steward: + +"Let this boy work at the mill no longer. He shall paint the walls of my +private room." + +So he had talked to Ariston about what the pictures should be. The Greek +had found that this solemn, frowning Roman was really a kind man. Then +hope had sprung up in his breast and had sung of freedom. + +"I will do my best to please him," he had thought. "When all the walls +are beautiful, perhaps he will smile at my work. Then I will clasp his +knees. I will tell him of my father, of Athens, of how I was stolen. +Perhaps he will send me home." + +Now the painting was almost done. As he worked, a thousand pictures were +flashing through his mind. He saw his beloved old home in lovely Athens. +He felt his father's hand on his, teaching him to paint. He gazed again +at the Parthenon, more beautiful than a dream. Then he saw himself +playing on the fishing boat on that terrible holiday. He saw the pirate +ship sail swiftly from behind a rocky point and pounce upon them. He saw +himself and his friends dragged aboard. He felt the tight rope on his +wrists as they bound him and threw him under the deck. He saw himself +standing here in the market place of Pompeii. He heard himself sold for +a slave. At that thought he threw down his brush and groaned. + +But soon he grew calmer. Perhaps the sweet drip of the fountain cooled +his hot thoughts. Perhaps the soft touch of the sun soothed his heart. +He took up his brushes again and set to work. + +"The last figure shall be the most beautiful of all," he said to +himself. "It is my own god, Apollo." + +So he worked tenderly on the face. With a few little strokes he made the +mouth smile kindly. He made the blue eyes deep and gentle. He lifted the +golden curls with a little breeze from Olympos. The god's smile cheered +him. The beautiful colors filled his mind. He forgot his sorrows. He +forgot everything but his picture. Minute by minute it grew under his +moving brush. He smiled into the god's eyes. + +Meantime a great noise arose in the house. There were cries of fear. +There was running of feet. + +"A great cloud!" "Earthquake!" "Fire and hail!" "Smoke from hell!" "The +end of the world!" "Run! Run!" + +And men and women, all slaves, ran screaming through the house and out +of the front door. But the painter only half heard the cries. His ears, +his eyes, his thoughts were full of Apollo. + +For a little the house was still. Only the fountain and the shadows and +the artist's brush moved there. Then came a great noise as though the +sky had split open. The low, sturdy house trembled. Ariston's brush was +shaken and blotted Apollo's eye. Then there was a clattering on the +cement floor as of a million arrows. Ariston ran into the court. From +the heavens showered a hail of gray, soft little pebbles like beans. +They burned his upturned face. They stung his bare arms. He gave a cry +and ran back under the porch roof. Then he heard a shrill call above all +the clattering. It came from the far end of the house. Ariston ran back +into the private court. There lay Caius, his master's little sick son. +His couch was under the open sky, and the gray hail was pelting down +upon him. He was covering his head with his arms and wailing. + +"Little master!" called Ariston. "What is it? What has happened to us?" +"Oh, take me!" cried the little boy. + +"Where are the others?" asked Ariston. + +"They ran away," answered Caius. "They were afraid, Look! O-o-h!" + +He pointed to the sky and screamed with terror. + +Ariston looked. Behind the city lay a beautiful hill, green with trees. +But now from the flat top towered a huge, black cloud. It rose straight +like a pine tree and then spread its black branches over the heavens. +And from that cloud showered these hot, pelting pebbles of pumice stone. + +"It is a volcano," cried Ariston. + +He had seen one spouting fire as he had voyaged on the pirate ship. + +"I want my father," wailed the little boy. + +Then Ariston remembered that his master was away from home. He had gone +in a ship to Rome to get a great physician for his sick boy. He had left +Caius in the charge of his nurse, for the boy's mother was dead. But +now every slave had turned coward and had run away and left the little +master to die. + +Ariston pulled the couch into one of the rooms. Here the roof kept off +the hail of stones. + +"Your father is expected home to-day, master Caius," said the Greek. "He +will come. He never breaks his word. We will wait for him here. This +strange shower will soon be over." + +So he sat on the edge of the couch, and the little Roman laid his head +in his slave's lap and sobbed. Ariston watched the falling pebbles. They +were light and full of little holes. Every now and then black rocks of +the size of his head whizzed through the air. Sometimes one fell into +the open cistern and the water hissed at its heat. The pebbles lay piled +a foot deep all over the courtyard floor. And still they fell thick and +fast. + +"Will it never stop?" thought Ariston. + +Several times the ground swayed under him. It felt like the moving of a +ship in a storm. Once there was thunder and a trembling of the house. +Ariston was looking at a little bronze statue that stood on a tall, +slender column. It tottered to and fro in the earthquake. Then it fell, +crashing into the piled-up stones. In a few minutes the falling shower +had covered it. + +Ariston began to be more afraid. He thought of Death as he had painted +him in his picture. He imagined that he saw him hiding behind a column. +He thought he heard his cruel laugh. He tried to look up toward the +mountain, but the stones pelted him down. He felt terribly alone. Was +all the rest of the world dead? Or was every one else in some safe +place? + +"Come, Caius, we must get away," he cried. "We shall be buried here." + +He snatched up one of the blankets from the couch. He threw the ends +over his shoulders and let a loop hang at his back. He stood the sick +boy in this and wound the ends around them both. Caius was tied to his +slave's back. His heavy little head hung on Ariston's shoulder. Then the +Greek tied a pillow over his own head. He snatched up a staff and ran +from the house. He looked at his picture as he passed. He thought he +saw Death half rise from the ground. But Apollo seemed to smile at his +artist. + +At the front door Ariston stumbled. He found the street piled deep with +the gray, soft pebbles. He had to scramble up on his hands and knees. +From the house opposite ran a man. He looked wild with fear. He was +clutching a little statue of gold. Ariston called to him, "Which way to +the gate?" + +But the man did not hear. He rushed madly on. Ariston followed him. It +cheered the boy a little to see that somebody else was still alive in +the world. But he had a hard task. He could not run. The soft pebbles +crunched under his feet and made him stumble. He leaned far forward +under his heavy burden. The falling shower scorched his bare arms and +legs. Once a heavy stone struck him on his cushioned head, and he fell. +But he was up in an instant. He looked around bewildered. His head was +ringing. The air was hot and choking. The sun was gone. The shower was +blinding. Whose house was this? The door stood open. The court was +empty. Where was the city gate? Would he never get out? He did not know +this street. Here on the corner was a wine shop with its open sides. But +no men stood there drinking. Wine cups were tipped over and broken on +the marble counter. Ariston stood in a daze and watched the wine +spilling into the street. + +Then a crowd came rushing past him. It was evidently a family fleeing +for their lives. Their mouths were open as though they were crying. But +Ariston could not hear their voices. His ears shook with the roar of the +mountain. An old man was hugging a chest. Gold coins were spilling out +as he ran. Another man was dragging a fainting woman. A young girl ran +ahead of them with white face and streaming hair. Ariston stumbled on +after this company. A great black slave came swiftly around a corner and +ran into him and knocked him over, but fled on without looking back. As +the Greek boy fell forward, the rough little pebbles scoured his face. +He lay there moaning. Then he began to forget his troubles. His aching +body began to rest. He thought he would sleep. He saw Apollo smiling. +Then Caius struggled and cried out. He pulled at the blanket and tried +to free himself. This roused Ariston, and he sat up. He felt the hot +pebbles again. He heard the mountain roar. He dragged himself to his +feet and started on. Suddenly the street led him out into a broad space. +Ariston looked around him. All about stretched wide porches with their +columns. Temple roofs rose above them. Statues stood high on their +pedestals. He was in the forum. The great open square was crowded with +hurrying people. Under one of the porches Ariston saw the money changers +locking their boxes. From a wide doorway ran several men. They were +carrying great bundles of woolen cloth, richly embroidered and dyed +with precious purple. Down the great steps of Jupiter's temple ran a +priest. Under his arms he clutched two large platters of gold. Men were +running across the forum dragging bags behind them. + +Every one seemed trying to save his most precious things. And every one +was hurrying to the gate at the far end. Then that was the way out! +Ariston picked up his heavy feet and ran. Suddenly the earth swayed +under him. He heard horrible thunder. He thought the mountain was +falling upon him. He looked behind. He saw the columns of the porch +tottering. A man was running out from one of the buildings. But as he +ran, the walls crashed down. The gallery above fell cracking. He was +buried. Ariston saw it all and cried out in horror. Then he prayed: + +"O Lord Poseidon, shaker of the earth, save me! I am a Greek!" + +Then he came out of the forum. A steep street sloped down to a gate. A +river of people was pouring out there. The air was full of cries. The +great noise of the crowd made itself heard even in the noise of the +volcano. The streets were full of lost treasures. Men pushed and fell +and were trodden upon. But at last Ariston passed through the gateway +and was out of the city. He looked about. + +"It is no better," he sobbed to himself. + +The air was thicker now. The shower had changed to hot dust as fine +as ashes. It blurred his eyes. It stopped his nostrils. It choked his +lungs. He tore his chiton from top to bottom and wrapped it about his +mouth and nose. He looked back at Caius and pulled the blanket over his +head. Behind him a huge cloud was reaching out long black arms from the +mountain to catch him. Ahead, the sun was only a red wafer in the shower +of ashes. Around him people were running off to hide under rocks or +trees or in the country houses. Some were running, running anywhere to +get away. Out of one courtyard dashed a chariot. The driver was lashing +his horses. He pushed them ahead through the crowd. He knocked people +over, but he did not stop to see what harm he had done. Curses flew +after him. He drove on down the road. + +Ariston remembered when he himself had been dragged up here two years +ago from the pirate ship. + +"This leads to the sea," he thought. "I will go there. Perhaps I shall +meet my master, Tetreius. He will come by ship. Surely I shall find him. +The gods will send him to me. O blessed gods!" + +But what a sea! It roared and tossed and boiled. While Ariston looked, +a ship was picked up and crushed and swallowed. The sea poured up the +steep shore for hundreds of feet. Then it rushed back and left its +strange fish gasping on the dry land. Great rocks fell from the sky, +and steam rose up as they splashed into the water. The sun was growing +fainter. The black cloud was coming on. Soon it would be dark. And then +what? Ariston lay down where the last huge wave had cooled the ground. +"It is all over, Caius," he murmured. "I shall never see Athens again." + +For a while there were no more earthquakes. The sea grew a little less +wild. Then the half-fainting Ariston heard shouts. He lifted his head. +A small boat had come ashore. The rowers had leaped out. They were +dragging it up out of reach of the waves. + +"How strange!" thought Ariston. "They are not running away. They must be +brave. We are all cowards." + +"Wait for me here!" cried a lordly voice to the rowers. + +When he heard that voice Ariston struggled to his feet and called. + +"Marcus Tetreius! Master!" + +He saw the man turn and run toward him. Then the boy toppled over and +lay face down in the ashes. + +When he came to himself he felt a great shower of water in his face. The +burden was gone from his back. He was lying in a row boat, and the boat +was falling to the bottom of the sea. Then it was flung up to the skies. +Tetreius was shouting orders. The rowers were streaming with sweat and +sea water. + +In some way or other they all got up on the waiting ship. It always +seemed to Ariston as though a wave had thrown him there. Or had Poseidon +carried him? At any rate, the great oars of the galley were flying. He +could hear every rower groan as he pulled at his oar. The sails, too, +were spread. The master himself stood at the helm. His face was one +great frown. The boat was flung up and down like a ball. Then fell +darkness blacker than night. + +"Who can steer without sun or stars?" thought the boy. + +Then he remembered the look on his master's face as he stood at the +tiller. Such a look Ariston had painted on Herakles' face as he +strangled the lion. + +"He will get us out," thought the slave. + +For an hour the swift ship fought with the waves. The oarsmen were +rowing for their lives. The master's arm was strong, and his heart was +not for a minute afraid. The wind was helping. At last they reached calm +waters. + +"Thanks be to the gods!" cried Tetreius. "We are out of that boiling +pot." + +At his words fire shot out of the mountain. It glowed red in the dusty +air. It flung great red arms across the sky after the ship. Every man +and spar and oar on the vessel seemed burning in its light. Then the +fire died, and thick darkness swallowed everything. Ariston's heart +seemed smothered in his breast. He heard the slaves on the rowers' +benches scream with fear. Then he heard their leader crying to them. He +heard a whip whiz through the air and strike on bare shoulders. Then +there was a crash as though the mountain had clapped its hands. A +thicker shower of ashes filled the air. But the rowers were at their +oars again. The ship was flying. + +So for two hours or more Tetreius and his men fought for safety. Then +they came out into fresher air and calmer water. Tetreius left the +rudder. "Let the men rest and thank the gods," he said to his overseer. +"We have come up out of the grave." + +When Ariston heard that, he remembered the Death he had left painted +on his master's wall. By that time the picture was surely buried under +stones and ashes. The boy covered his face with his ragged chiton and +wept. He hardly knew what he was crying for--the slavery, the picture, +the buried city, the fear of that horrid night, the sorrows of the +people left back there, his father, his dear home in Athens. At last +he fell asleep. The night was horrible with dreams--fire, earthquake, +strangling ashes, cries, thunder, lightning. But his tired body held +him asleep for several hours. Finally he awoke. He was lying on a soft +mattress. A warm blanket covered him. Clean air filled his nostrils. The +gentle light of dawn lay upon his eyes. A strange face bent over him. + +"It is only weariness," a kind voice was saying. "He needs food and rest +more than medicine." + +Then Ariston saw Tetreius, also, bending over him. The slave leaped to +his feet. He was ashamed to be caught asleep in his master's presence. +He feared a frown for his laziness. + +"My picture is finished, master," he cried, still half asleep. + +"And so is your slavery," said Tetreius, and his eyes shone. + +"It was not a slave who carried my son out of hell on his back. It was a +hero." He turned around and called, "Come hither, my friends." + +Three Roman gentlemen stepped up. They looked kindly upon Ariston. + +"This is the lad who saved my son," said Tetreius. "I call you to +witness that he is no longer a slave. Ariston, I send you from my hand a +free man." + +He struck his hand lightly on the Greek's shoulder, as all Roman masters +did when they freed a slave. Ariston cried aloud with joy. He sank to +his knees weeping. But Tetreius went on. + +"This kind physician says that Caius will live. But he needs good air +and good nursing. He must go to some one of Aesculapius' holy places. He +shall sleep in the temple and sit in the shady porches, and walk in the +sacred groves. The wise priests will give him medicines. The god will +send healing dreams. Do you know of any such place, Ariston?" + +The Greek thought of the temple and garden of Aesculapius on the sunny +side of the Acropolis at home in Athens. But he could not speak. He +gazed hungrily into Tetreius' eyes. The Roman smiled. + +"Ariston, this ship is bound for Athens! All my life I have loved +her--her statues, her poems, her great deeds. I have wished that my son +might learn from her wise men. The volcano has buried my home, Ariston. +But my wealth and my friends and my son are aboard this ship. What do +you say, my friend? Will you be our guide in Athens?" Ariston leaped up +from his knees. A fire of joy burned in his eyes. He stretched his hands +to the sky. + +"O blessed Herakles," he cried, "again thou hast conquered Death. Thou +didst snatch us from the grave of Pompeii. Give health to this Roman +boy. O fairest Athena, shed new beauty upon our violet crowned Athens. +For there is coming to visit her the best of men, my master Tetreius." + + +[Illustration: _A Marble Table_: The lions' heads were painted yellow. +You can see a table much like this in the garden pictured later.] + + + + +VESUVIUS + +So a living city was buried in a few hours. Wooded hills and green +fields lay covered under great ash heaps. Ever since that terrible +eruption Vesuvius has been restless. Sometimes she has been quiet for +a hundred years or more and men have almost forgotten that she ever +thundered and spouted and buried cities. But all at once she would move +again. She would shoot steam and ashes into the sky. At night fire +would leap out of her top. A few times she sent out dust and lava and +destroyed houses and fields. A man who lived five hundred years after +Pompeii was destroyed described Vesuvius as she was in his time. He +said: + +"This mountain is steep and thick with woods below. Above, it is very +craggy and wild. At the top is a deep cave. It seems to reach the bottom +of the mountain. If you peep in you can see fire. But this ordinarily +keeps in and does not trouble the people. But sometimes the mountain +bellows like an ox. Soon after it casts out huge masses of cinders. If +these catch a man, he hath no way to save his life. If they fall upon +houses, the roofs are crushed by the weight. If the wind blow stiff, +the ashes rise out of sight and are carried to far countries. But this +bellowing comes only every hundred years or thereabout. And the air +around the mountain is pure. None is more healthy. Physicians send +thither sick men to get well." + +The ashes that had covered Pompeii changed to rich soil. Green vines +and shrubs and trees sprang up and covered it, and flowers made it gay. +Therefore people said to themselves: + +"After all, she is a good old mountain. There will never be another +eruption while we are alive." + +So villages grew up around her feet. Farmers came and built little +houses and planted crops and were happy working the fertile soil. They +did not dream that they were living above a buried city, that the roots +of their vines sucked water from an old Roman house, that buried statues +lay gazing up toward them as they worked. + +About three hundred years ago came another terrible eruption. Again +there were earthquakes. Again the mountain bellowed. Again black clouds +turned day into night. Lightning flashed from cloud to cloud. Tempests +of hot rain fell. The sea rushed back and forth on the shore. The whole +top of the mountain was blown out or sank into the melting pot. Seven +rivers of red-hot lava poured down the slopes. They flowed for five +miles and fell into the sea. On the way they set fire to forests and +covered five little villages. Thousands of people were killed. + +Since that time Vesuvius has been very active. Almost every year there +have been eruptions with thunder and earthquakes and showers and lava. +A few of these have done much damage. [Footnote: In this year, 1922, +Vesuvius has been very active for the first time since 1906. It has been +causing considerable alarm in Naples. A new cone, 230 feet high, has +developed.--Ed.] And even on her calmest days a cloud has always hung +above the mountain top. Sometimes it has been thin and white--a cloud of +steam. Sometimes it has been black and curling--a cloud of dust. + +Vesuvius is a dangerous thing, but very beautiful. It stands tall and +pointed and graceful against a lovely sky. Its little cloud waves from +it like a plume. At night the mountain is swallowed by the dark. But +the red rivers down its slopes glare in the sky. It is beautiful and +terrible like a tiger. Thousands of people have loved it. They have +climbed it and looked down its crater. It is like looking into the heart +of the earth. One of these travelers wrote of his visit in 1793. He +said: + +"For many days Vesuvius has been in action. I have watched it from +Naples. It is wonderfully beautiful and always changing. On one day huge +clouds poured out of the top. They hung in the sky far above, white as +snow. Suddenly a cloud of smoke rushed out of another mouth. It was as +black as ink. The black column rose tall and curling beside the snowy +clouds. That was a picture in black and white. But at another time I saw +one in bright colors. + +"On a certain night there were towers and curls and waves and spires of +flames leaping from the top of the mountain. Millions of red-hot stones +were shot into the sky. They sailed upward for hundreds of feet, then +curved and fell like skyrockets. I looked through my telescope and saw +liquid lava boiling and bubbling over the crater's edge. I could see it +splash upon the rocks and glide slowly down the sides of the cone. The +whole top of the mountain was red with melted rock. And above it waved +the changing flames of red, orange, yellow, blue. + +"On another night, as I was getting into bed, I felt an earthquake. I +looked out of my window toward Vesuvius. All the top was glowing with +red-hot matter. A terrible roaring came from the mountain. In an instant +fire shot high into the air. The red column curved and showered the +whole cone. In half a minute came another earthquake shock. My doors and +windows rattled. Things were shaken from my table to the floor. Then +came the thunder of an explosion from the mountain and another shower +of fire. After a few seconds there were noises like the trampling of +horses' hoofs. It was, of course, the noise of the shot-out stones +falling upon the rocks of the mountainsides eight miles away. + +"I decided to ascend the volcano and see the crater from which all these +interesting things came. A few friends went with me. For most of the way +we traveled on horses. After two or three hours we reached the bottom of +the cone of rocks and ashes. From there we had to go on foot. We went +over to the river of red-hot lava. We planned to walk up along its edge. +But the hot rock was smoking, and the wind blew the smoke into our +faces. A thick mist of fine ashes from the crater almost suffocated us. +Sulphur fumes blew toward us and choked us. I said, + +"'We must cross the stream of lava. On the other side the wind will not +trouble us.' + +"'Cross that melted rock?' my friends cried out. 'We should sink into it +and be burned alive.' + +"But as we stood talking great stones were thrown out of the volcano. +They rolled down the mountainside close to us. If they had struck us +it would have been death. There was only one way to save ourselves. I +covered my face with my hat and rushed across the stream of lava. The +melted rock was so thick and heavy that I did not sink in. I only burned +my boots and scorched my hands. My friends followed me. On that side we +were safe. We climbed for half an hour. Then we came to the head of our +red river. It did not flow over the edge of the crater. Many feet down +from the top it had torn a hole through the cone. I shall never forget +the sight as long as I live. There was a vast arch in the black rock. +From this arch rushed a clear torrent of lava. It flowed smoothly like +honey. It glowed with all the splendor of the sun. It looked thin like +golden water. + +"'I could stir it with a stick,' said one of my friends. + +"'I doubt it,' I said. 'See how slowly it flows. It must be very thick +and heavy.' + +"To test it we threw pebbles into it. They did not sink, but floated on +like corks. We rolled in heavier stones of seventy or eighty pounds. +They only made shallow dents in the stream and floated down with the +current. A great rock of three hundred pounds lay near. I raised it upon +end and let it fall into the lava. Very slowly it sank and disappeared. + +"As the stream flowed on it spread out wider over the mountain. Farther +down the slope it grew darker and harder. It started from the arch like +melted gold. Then it changed to orange, to bright red, to dark red, to +brown, as it cooled. At the lower end it was black and hard and broken +like cinders. + +"We climbed a little higher above the arch. There was a kind of chimney +in the rock. Smoke and stream were coming out of it. I went close. The +fumes of sulphur choked me. I reached out and picked some lumps of pure +sulphur from the edge of the rock. For one moment the smoke ceased. I +held my breath and looked down the hole. I saw the glare of red-hot lava +flowing beneath. The mountain was a pot, full of boiling rock." + +Another man writes of a visit in 1868, a quieter year. + +"At first we climbed gentle slopes through vineyards and fields and +villages. Sometimes we came suddenly upon a black line in a green +meadow. A few years before it had flowed down red-hot. Further up we +reached large stretches of rock. Here wild vines and lupines were +growing in patches where the lava had decayed into soil. Then came +bare slopes with dark hollow and sharp ridges. We walked on old stiff +lava-streams. Sometimes we had to plod through piles of coarse, porous +cinders. Sometimes we climbed over tangled, lumpy beds of twisted, shiny +rock. Sometimes we looked into dark arched tunnels. Red streams had +once flowed out of them. A few times we passed near fresh cracks in the +mountain. Here steam puffed out. + +"At last we reached a broad, hot piece of ground. Here were smoking +holes. The night before I had looked at them with a telescope from the +foot of the mountain. I had seen red rivers flowing from them. Now they +were empty. Last night's lava lay on the slope, cooled and black. I +was standing on it. My feet grew hot. I had to keep moving. The air I +breathed was warm and smelled like that of an iron foundry. I pushed my +pole into a crack in the rock. The wood caught fire. I was standing on a +thin crust. What was below? I broke out a piece of the hard lava. A red +spot glared up at me. Under the crust red-hot lava was still flowing. I +knew that it would be several years before it would be perfectly cool." + +So for three centuries people have watched Vesuvius at work. But she is +much older than that--thousands of years older--older than any city or +country or people in the world. In all that time she has poured out +millions of tons of matter--lava, huge glassy boulders, little pebbles +of pumice stone, long shining hairs, fine dust or ashes. All these +things are different forms of melted rock. Sometimes the steam blows the +liquid into fine dust; sometimes it breaks it into little pieces and +fills them with bubbles. At another time the steam is not so strong and +only pushes the stuff out gently over the crater's edge. Many different +minerals are found in these rocks--iron, copper, lead, mica, zinc, +sulphur. Some pieces are beautiful in color--blue, green, red, yellow. +Precious stones have sometimes been found--garnets, topaz, quartz, +tourmaline, lapis lazuli. But most of the stone is dull black or brown +or gray. + +All this heavy matter drops close to the mountain. And on calm days the +ashes, also, fall near at home. Indeed, the volcano has built up its own +mountain. But a heavy wind often carries the fine dust for hundreds of +miles. Once it was blown as far as Constantinople and it darkened the +sun and frightened people there. Some of the ashes fall into the sea. +For years the currents carry them about from shore to shore. At last +they settle to the bottom and make clay or sand or mud. The material +lies there for thousands of years and is hard packed into a soft fine +grained rock, called tufa. The city of Naples to-day is built of such +stone that once lay under the sea. An earthquake long ago lifted the +ocean bottom and turned it into dry land. Now men live upon it and cut +streets in it and grow crops on it. + +So for many miles about, Vesuvius has been making earth. Her ashes lie +hundreds of feet deep. Men dig wells and still find only material that +has been thrown out of the volcano. When this matter grows old and lies +under the sun and rain it turns to good soil. The acids of water and air +and plants eat into it. Rain wears it away. Plant roots crack the rocks +open. The top layer becomes powdered and rotted and mixed with vegetable +loam and is fertile soil. So the country all around the volcano is a +rich garden. Tomatoes, melons, grapes, olives, figs, cover the land. + +But Vesuvius alone has not made all this ground. She is in a nest of +volcanoes. They have all been at work like her, spouting ashes and +pumice and rocks and lava. Ten miles away is a wide stretch of country +where there are more than a dozen old craters. Twenty miles out in the +blue bay a volcano stands up out of the water. A hundred miles south +is a group of small volcanic islands. They have hot springs. One has a +volcano that spouts every five or six minutes. At night it is like a +lighthouse for sailors. One of these Islands is only two thousand years +old. The men of Pompeii saw it pushed up out of the sea during an +earthquake. A little farther south is Mt. Aetna in Sicily. It is a +greater mountain than Vesuvius and has done more work than she has done. +So all the southern part of Italy seems to be the home of volcanoes and +earthquakes. + +There are many other such places scattered over the world--Iceland, +Mexico, South America, Japan, the Sandwich Islands. Here the same +terrible play is going on--thunder, clouds, falling ashes, scalding +rain, flowing lava. The earth is being turned inside out, and men are +learning what she is made of. + + +[ILLUSTRATION: _Bronze lampholder_: Five lamps hung from the branches +of this bronze tree. It was twenty inches high.] + + + + +POMPEII TO-DAY + +Years came and went and changed the world. The old gods died, and the +new religion of Christ grew strong. The old temples fell into ruins, and +new churches were built in their places. Instead of the old Roman in his +white toga came merchants in crimson velvet and knights in steel armor +and gentlemen in ruffles and modern men in plain clothes. + +Among all these changes, Pompeii was almost forgotten. But after a long +while people began to be much interested in ancient Italy. They read old +Roman books, and learned of her wonderful cities. They began to dig here +and there and find beautiful statues and vases and jewels. They read the +story of Pompeii in an old Roman book--a whole city suddenly buried just +as her people had left her! + +"There we should find treasures!" they said. "We should see houses, +temples, shops, streets, as they were seventeen hundred years ago. We +should find them full of statues and rich things. Perhaps we should find +some of the people who lived in ancient days. But where to dig?" + +Their question was answered by accident. At that time certain men were +making a tunnel to carry spring water from the hills across the country +to a little town near Naples. The tunnel happened to pass over buried +Pompeii. They dug up some blocks of stone with Latin inscriptions carved +on them. After that other people found little ancient relics near the +same place. + +"This must be where Pompeii lies buried," the wise men said. + +They began to excavate. That was about two hundred years ago. Ever since +that time the work has gone on. Sometimes people have been discouraged +and have given up. At other times six hundred men have been working +busily. Kings have given money. Emperors and princes and queens have +visited the excavations. Artists have made pictures of the ruins, and +scholars have written books about them. But it is a great task to +uncover a whole city that is buried ten or twelve feet deep. The +excavation is not yet finished. Perhaps when you are old men and women +the work will be completed, and a whole Roman city will be open to your +eyes. + +But even as it is to-day, that ghost of a city is among the world's +wonders. There is the thick stone wall that goes all about the town. On +its wide top the soldiers used to stand to fight in ancient days. Now +the stones are fallen; its towers are broken; its gates are open. Yet +there the battered little giant stands at its task of protecting the +town. Out of its eight gates stretch the paved streets. + +Perhaps some day you will cross the ocean to visit this "dead city." +It lies on a slope at the foot of Vesuvius. Behind stands the tall, +graceful volcano with its floating feather of steam and smoke. In front +lies a little plain, and beyond it a long ridge of steep mountains. Off +at the side shines the dark blue sea with island peaks rising out of it. +On hillsides and plain are green vineyards and dark forests dotted with +white farmhouses. + +In some places there are high mounds of dirt outside the city wall. They +are made by the ashes that have been dug out by the excavators and piled +here. If you climb one of them you will be able to look over the city. +You will find it a little place--less than a mile long and half a mile +wide inside its ragged wall. And yet many thousand people used to live +here. So the houses had to be crowded together. You will see no grassy +lawns nor vacant lots nor playgrounds nor parks with pleasant trees. +Many narrow streets cross one another and cut the city into solid blocks +of buildings. You will be confused because you will see thousands of +broken walls standing up, but no roofs. They are gone--crushed by the +piling ashes long ago. + +At last you will come down and go in at one of the gates through the +rough, thick wall, past the empty watch towers. You will tread the very +paving stones that men's feet trampled nineteen hundred years ago as +they fled from the volcano. You will climb a steep, narrow street. This +is the street the fishermen and sailors used in olden times when they +came in from the river or sea, carrying baskets of fish or leading mules +loaded with goods from their ships. This is the street where people +poured out to the sea on that terrible day of the eruption. + +You will pass a ruined temple of Apollo with standing columns and lonely +altar and steps that lead to a room that is gone. A little farther on +you will come out into a large open paved space. It is the forum. This +used to be the busiest place in all Pompeii. At certain hours of the day +it was filled with little tables and with merchants calling out and with +gentlemen and slaves buying good's. But now it is empty and very still. +Around the sides a few beautiful columns are yet standing with carved +marble at the top connecting them. But others lie broken, and most of +them are gone entirely. This is all that is left of the porches where +men used to walk and talk of business and war and politics and gossip. + +At one end of the forum is a high stone platform and wide stone steps +leading up to a row of broken columns in front of a fallen wall. This is +the ruin of the temple of Jupiter, the great Roman god. Daily, men used +to come here to pray before a statue in a dim room. Here, in the ruins, +the excavators found the head of that statue--a beautiful marble thing +with long curling hair and beard, and calm face. They found, too, a +great broken body of marble. And in that large body a smaller statue was +partly carved. This was a puzzling thing, but the excavators studied it +out at last. They said: + +"Old Roman books tell us that sixteen years before the great eruption +there had been another earthquake. It had shaken down many buildings and +had cracked many walls. But the people loved their city, and when the +earthquake was over, they began to rebuild and to make their houses and +temples better than ever. We have found many signs of that earthquake. +We have found uncarved blocks of marble in the forum. Evidently masons +were at work there when the eruption stopped them. We have found rebuilt +walls in some of the houses. And here is the temple of Jupiter being +used as a marble shop. Probably the early earthquake had shaken down and +broken the statue of the god. A sculptor was set to work to carve a new +one from the ruin. But suddenly the volcano burst forth, the artist +dropped his chisel and mallet, and here we have found his unfinished +work--a statue within a statue." + +Behind the roofless porches of the forum are other ruined +buildings--where the officers of the city did business, where the +citizens met to vote, where tailors spread out their cloth and sold +robes and cloaks. One large market building is particularly interesting. +You will enter a courtyard with walls all around it and signs of lost +porches. Broken partitions show where little stalls used to open upon +the court. Other stalls opened upon the street. In some of these the +excavators found, buried in the ashes and charred by the fire, figs, +chestnuts, plums, grapes, glass dishes of fruit, loaves of bread, and +little cakes. Were customers buying the night's dessert when Vesuvius +frightened them away? In a cool corner of the building is a fish market +with sloping marble counter. Near it in the middle of the courtyard are +the bases of columns arranged in a circle around a deep basin in the +floor. In the bottom of this basin the excavators found a thick layer +of fish scales. Evidently the masters used to buy their fish from the +market in the corner. Then the slaves carried them here to the shaded +pool of water and cleaned them and scaled them and washed them. In +another corner the excavators found skeletons of sheep. Here was a +pen for live animals which a man might buy for his banquet or for a +sacrifice to his gods. His slave would lead the sheep away through the +crowds. But on that terrible day when the volcano belched, the poor +bleating animals were deserted. Their pen held them and the ashes +covered them and to-day we can see their skeletons. + +The walls around the market are still standing, though the top is broken +and the roof is fallen. They are still covered with paintings. If you +will look at them you can guess what used to be for sale here. There are +game birds and fish and wine jars all pictured here in beautiful colors. +There are cupids playing about a flour mill and cupids weaving garlands. +There are also pictures of the gods and heroes and the deeds they did. +Imagine this painted market full of chattering people, the little shops +gay with piles of beautiful fruit and vegetables, the graceful columns +and dark porches adding beauty. Imagine these people crying out and +running and these columns swaying and falling when Vesuvius bellowed and +shook the earth. And yet we can see the very fruits that men were buying +and the pictures they were enjoying. + +The forum with its markets and shops and offices and temples and statues +was the very heart of the city. Many streets led into it. Perhaps you +will walk down one of them, between broken walls, past open doorways. +After several street corners you will come to a large building with high +walls still standing and with tall, arched entrance. This also was one +of the gay places in Pompeii, for it was a bathhouse. Every day all +the ladies and gentlemen of the town came strolling toward it down the +streets. The men went in at the wide doorway. The women turned and +entered their own apartments around the corner. And as they walked +toward the entrance they passed little shops built into the walls of +the bathhouse. At every stall stood the shopkeeper, bowing, smiling, +begging, calling. "Perfumes, sweet lady!" + +"Rings, rings, beautiful madam, for your beautiful fingers!" + +"Oil for your body, sir, after the bath!" + +"A taste of sweets, madam, before you enter! Honey cakes of my own +making!" + +"Don't forget to buy my dressing for your hair before you go in! You'll +get nothing like it in there." + +So they chattered and called and coaxed. Some of the people bought, and +some went laughing by and entered the bathhouse. As the gentlemen went +in, a large court opened before them. Here were men bowling or jumping +or running or punching the bag or playing ball or taking some other kind +of exercise before the bath. Others were resting in the shade of the +porches. A poet sat in a cool corner reading his verses to a few +listeners. Some men, after their games, were scraping their sweating +bodies with the strigil. Others were splashing in the marble +swimming tank. Here and there barbers were working over handsome +gentlemen--smoothing their faces, perfuming their hair, polishing their +nails. There was talk and laughter everywhere. Men were lazily coming +and going through a door that led into the baths. There were large rooms +with high ceilings and painted walls. In one we can still see the round +marble basin. The walls are painted with trees and birds and swimming +fish and statues. It was like bathing in a beautiful garden to bathe +here. Another room was for the hot bath, with double walls and hot air +circulating between to make the whole room warm. The bathhouse was a +great building full of comforts. No wonder that all the idle Pompeians +came here to bathe, to play, to visit, to tell and hear the news. It was +a gay and noisy place. We have a letter that one of those old Romans +wrote to a friend. He says: + +"I am living near a bath. Sounds are heard on all sides. The men of +strong muscle exercise and swing the heavy lead weights. I hear their +groans as they strain, and the whistling of their breath. I hear the +massagist slapping a lazy fellow who is being rubbed with ointment. A +ball player begins to play and counts his throws. Perhaps there is a +sudden quarrel, or a thief is caught, or some one is singing in the +bath. And the bathers plunge into the swimming tank with loud splashes. +Above all the din you hear the calls of the hair puller and the sellers +of cakes and sweetmeats and sausages." + +After you leave the baths perhaps you will turn down Stabian Street. It +has narrow sidewalks. The broken walls of houses fence it in closely +on both sides and cast black shadows across it. It is paved with clean +blocks of lava. You will see wheel ruts worn deep in the hard stone. +Almost two thousand years old they are, made by the carts of the +farmers, perhaps, who brought in vegetables for the market. At the +street crossings you will see three or four big stone blocks standing +up above the pavement. They are stepping-stones for rainy weather. +Evidently floods used to pour down these sloping streets. You can +imagine little Roman boys skipping across from block to block and trying +to keep their sandals dry. + +The street will lead you to the district of good houses where the +wealthy men lived. Through open doorways you will get glimpses into the +old ruined courtyards. It is hard guessing how the rooms used to look. +But when you come to the door of the house of Vettius you will cry out +with wonder. There is a lovely garden in the corner of the house. A long +passage leads to it straight from the street. Around it runs a paved +porch with pretty columns. Here you will walk in the shade and look out +at the gay little garden, blooming in the sunshine. In every corner tiny +streams of water spurt from little statues of bronze and marble and +trickle into cool basins. Marble tables stand among the flowers. You +will half expect a slave to bring out old drinking cups and wine bowls +and set them here for his master's pleasure, or tablets and stylus for +him to write his letters. Everything is in order and beautiful. It was +not quite so when the excavators uncovered this house. The statues were +thrown down. The flowers were scorched and dead under the piled-up +ashes. But it was easy for the modern excavators to tell from the ground +where the flower beds had been and where the gravel paths. Even the +lead water pipe that carried the stream to the fountain needed little +repairing. So the excavators set up the statues, cleaned the marble +tables and benches, planted shrubs and flowers, repaired the porch roof, +and we have a garden such as the old Romans loved and such as many +houses in Pompeii had. + +Several rooms look out upon this garden. One of them is perhaps the most +interesting place in all Pompeii. You will walk into it and look around +and laugh with delight. The whole wall is painted with pictures, big and +little--pictures of columns and roofs, of plants and animals, of men +and gods. They are all framed in with wide spaces of beautiful red. And +tucked away between them in narrow bands of black are the gayest little +scenes in the world. They are worth going all the way across the ocean +to see. Psyches--delicate little winged girls like fairies--are picking +slender flowers and putting them into tall, graceful baskets. They are +so light and so tiny that they seem to be flitting along the wall +like bright butterflies. In other panels plump little cupids--winged +boys--are playing at being men. They are picking grapes and working a +wine press and selling wine. It is big work for tiny creatures, and they +must kick up their dimpled legs and puff out their chubby cheeks to do +it. They are melting gold and carrying gold dishes and selling jewelry +and swinging a blacksmith's hammer with their fat little arms. They are +carrying roses to market on a ragged goat and weaving rose garlands and +selling them to an elegant little lady. Everywhere these gay little +creatures are skipping about at their play among the beautiful red +spaces and large pictures. This was surely a charming dining room in the +old days. The guests must have been merry every time their eyes lighted +upon the bright wall. And if they looked out at the open side, there +smiled the garden with its flowers and statues and splashing fountains +and columns. + +There lived in this house two men by the name of Vettius. We know this +because the excavators found here two seals. In those days men fastened +their letters and receipts and bills with wax. While the wax was soft +they stamped their names in it with a metal seal. On the stamps that +were found in this house were carved Aulus Vettius Restitutus and Aulus +Vettius Conviva. Perhaps they were freedmen who once had been slaves of +Aulus Vettius. But they must have earned a fortune for themselves, for +there were two money chests in the house. And they must have had slaves +of their own to take care of their twenty rooms and more. In the tiny +kitchen the excavators found a good store of charcoal and the ashes of +a little fire on top of the stone stove. And on its three little legs +a bronze dish was sitting over the dead fire. A slave must have been +cooking his master's dinner when the volcano frightened him away. + +Vettius' dining room is empty of its wooden tables and couches. But some +houses had stone ones built in their gardens for pleasant summer days. +These the ashes did not crush, and they are still in place. Columns +stood about the tables and vines climbed up them and across to make cool +shade. The tables were always long and narrow and built around three +sides of a rectangle. Low couches stand along the outside edges. Here +guests used to lie propped up on their left elbows with pretty cushions +to make them comfortable. In the open space in the middle of the square +servants came and went and passed the dishes across the narrow tables. +Children used to have little wooden stools and sit in this middle space +opposite their elders. But in one old ruined garden dining room you will +see a little stone bench for the children, built along the end of the +table. It must have been pleasant to have supper there with the sunset +coloring the sky, behind old Vesuvius, the cool breeze shaking the +leaves of the garden shrubs, and the fountain tinkling, and a bird +chirping in a corner, and the shadows beginning to creep under the long +porches, and the tiny flames of lamps fluttering in the dusky rooms +behind. + +After you leave the house of Vettius and walk down the street, you will +come to a certain door. In the sidewalk before it you will see "Have" +spelled with bits of colored marble. It is the old Latin word for +"Welcome." It is too pleasant an invitation to refuse. Go in through +the high doorway and down the narrow passage to the atrium. Every Roman +house had this atrium. It is like a large reception hall with many +rooms opening off it--bedrooms, dining rooms, sitting rooms. Beautiful +hangings instead of doors used to shut these rooms in. The atrium had an +opening in the roof where the sun shone in and softly lighted the big +room. Here the master used to receive his guests. In the house of +Vettius the two money chests were found in the atrium. In this same room +in the house of "Welcome," there was found on the floor a little bronze +statue, a dancing faun, one of the gay friends of Dionysus. It is a tiny +thing only two feet high, but so pretty that the excavators named the +house after it--The House of the Faun. Evidently the old owner loved +beautiful things and had money to buy them. Even the floors of some of +his rooms are made in mosaic pictures. There are doves at play, and +ducks and fish and shells all laid under your feet in bright bits of +colored marble. And beyond the pleasant court with its porches and +garden is a large sitting room. In the floor of this the excavators +found the most wonderful mosaic picture of all, a picture of a battle, +with waving spears and prancing horses and fallen men. Two kings are +facing each other to fight--Darius, king of Persia, standing in his +chariot, and Alexander, king of Greece, riding his war horse. The bits +of stone are so small and of such perfect color that the mosaic looks +like a beautiful painting. Imagine how the excavators' hearts leaped +when the spades took the gray ashes off this bright picture. It was too +precious a thing to leave here in the rain and wind. So the excavators +carefully took it up and put it into the museum of Naples where there +are other valuable things from Pompeii. + +There are many other houses almost as pleasant and beautiful as this +House of the Faun. Every one has its atrium and its sunny court and its +fountains and statues and its painted walls. But Pompeii was a city of +business, too, and had many workshops. There is a dye shop where the +excavators found large lead pots and glass bottles still full of dye. +There are cleaners' shops where the slaves used to take their masters' +robes to be cleaned. Here the excavators found vats and white clay +for cleaning, and pictures on the wall showing men at work. There are +tanneries where leather was made. The rusted tools were found which the +men had thrown down so long ago. There is a pottery shop with two ovens +for baking the vases. On a certain street corner you will see an old +wine shop. It is a little room cut into the corner wall of a great +house. Its two sides are open upon the street with broad marble +counters. Below the counters are big, deep jars. Their open tops thrust +themselves through the slab. You can look into their mouths where the +shopkeeper used to dip out the wine. On the walls of the room are marks +that show where shelves hung in ancient days to hold cups and glasses. +In the outer edge of the sidewalk before the shop are two round holes +cut into the stone. Long ago poles were thrust into them to hold an +awning that shaded the walk in front of the counters. We can imagine men +stopping in this pleasant shade as they passed. The busy slave inside +the shop whips out a cup and a graceful, long-handled ladle and dips out +the sweet-smelling wine from the wide-mouthed jar. And we can imagine +how the cups fell clattering from the men's hands when Vesuvius +thundered. In one shop, indeed, the excavators found an overturned cup +on the counter and a wine stain on the marble. But the most interesting +shops are the bakeries. There were twenty of them in Pompeii. You will +see the ovens in the courtyard. They are big beehives built of stone or +brick. The baker made a fire inside and let the walls become hot. Then +he raked out the coals and cleaned the floor and put in his bread. The +hot walls baked the loaves. In one oven the excavators found a burned +loaf eighteen hundred years old. When the earthquake shook his house, +did the baker snatch out the rest of the ovenful to feed his hungry +family as they groped about for safety in the terrible darkness? +In several bakeries you will see, also, the mills. They are great +mortar-shaped things standing taller than a man. The heavy stone above +turned around upon the stone below. A man poured wheat in at the top. It +fell down and was ground between the two stones and dropped out at the +bottom as flour. A horse or donkey was hitched to the mill to turn it. +Around and around he walked all day. He was blindfolded to prevent his +becoming dizzy. You will see on the stone floor in one bakery the path +that was made by years of this walking. In the old days this silent +empty court must have been an interesting place. The donkey's hoofs beat +lazy time on the stone floor. Now and then a slave lifted up a bag of +wheat and poured it into the mill or scooped out the white flour from +the trough at the bottom. Another man sifted the flour and the breeze +blew the white dust over his bare arms. Some of the ovens were smoking +and glowing with fresh fire. Others were shut, with the browning bread +inside, and a good smell hung in the air. And out in front was a little +shop where the master sold the thin loaves and the fancy little cakes. + +In the hundreds of houses and shops of this little town the excavators +have found bronze tables and lamps and lamp stands and wine jars and +kitchen pots and pans and spoons and glass vases and silver cups and +gold hairpins and jewelry and ivory combs and bronze strigils and +mirrors and several statues of bronze and marble. But where they +had hoped to find thousands of precious things they have found only +hundreds. Many pedestals are empty of their statues. Here and there the +very paintings have been cut from the walls. Those are the pictures we +should most like to see. How beautiful could they have been? + +"Evidently men came back soon after the eruption," say the excavators. +"The tops of their ruined houses must have stood up above the ashes. +They dug down and rescued their most precious things. We have even found +broken places in walls where we think men dug tunnels from one house to +another. That is why the temple and market place have so few statues. +That is why we find so little jewelry and money and dishes. But we have +enough. The city is our treasure." + +One rich find they did make, however. There was a pleasant farmhouse out +of town on the slope of Vesuvius. Evidently the man who owned it had +a vineyard and an olive grove and grain fields. For there are olive +presses and wine presses and a great court full of vats for making wine +and a floor for threshing wheat and a mill for grinding flour and a +stable and a wide courtyard that must have held many carts. And there +are bathrooms and many pleasant rooms besides. In the room with the wine +presses was a stone cistern for storing the fresh grape juice. Here +the excavators found a treasure and a mystery. In this cistern lay the +skeleton of a man. With him were a thousand pieces of gold money, some +gold jewelry, and a wonderful dinner set of silver dishes. There are a +hundred and three pieces--plates, platters, cups, bowls. And every one +has beaten up from it beautiful designs of flowers and people. An artist +must have made them, and a rich man must have bought them. How did they +come here in this farmhouse? They must have been meant for a nobleman's +table. Had some thief stolen them and hidden here, only to be caught +by the volcano? Did some rich lady of the city have this farm for her +country place? And had she sent her treasure here to escape when the +volcano burst forth? At any rate here it lay for eighteen hundred years. +And now it is in a museum in Paris, far from its old owner's home. + +In this buried city we find the houses in which men lived, the pictures +they loved, the food they ate, the jewels they wore, the cups they drank +from. But what of the people themselves? Were they real men and women? +How did they look? Did they all escape? Not all, for many skeletons have +been found here and there through the city--in the market place, in the +streets, in the houses. And sometimes the excavators have found still +stranger, sadder things. Often as a man has been digging in the +hard-packed ashes, his spade has struck into a hole. Then he has called +the chief excavator. + +"Let us see what it is," the excavator has said, "Perhaps it will be +something interesting." + +So they have mixed plaster and poured it into the hole. They have given +it a little time to harden and then have dug away the ashes from around +it. In that way they have made a plaster cast just the shape of the +hole. And several times when they have uncovered their cast they have +found it to be the form of a man or woman or child. Perhaps the person +had been hurrying through the street and had stumbled and fallen. The +gases had choked him, the ashes had slowly covered him. Under the +moistening rain and the pressure of all the hundreds of years the ashes +had hardened almost to stone. Meantime the body had decayed and had sunk +down into a handful of dust. But the hardened ashes still stood firm +around the space where the body had been. When this hole was filled with +plaster, the cast took just the form of the one who had been buried +there so long ago--the folds of his clothes, the ring on his finger, the +girl's knot of hair, the negro slave's woolly head. So we can really +look upon the faces of some of the ancient people of Pompeii. And in +another way we can learn the names of many of them. + +One of the streets that leads out from the wall is called the "Street of +Tombs." It is the ancient burying ground. You will walk along the paved +street between rows of monuments. Some will be like great square altars +of marble beautifully carved. Some will be tall platforms with steps +leading up. There will be marble benches where you may sit and think of +the old Pompeians who were twice buried in their beautiful tombs. And +there on the marble monument you will see their names carved in old +Latin letters, and kind things that their friends said about them. There +are: + +Marcus Cerrinius Restitutus; Aulus Veius, who was several times an +officer of the city; Mamia, a priestess; Marcus Porcius; Numerius +Istacidius and his wife and daughter and others of his family, all in +a great tomb standing on a high platform; Titus Terentius Felix, whose +wife, Fabia Sabina, built his tomb; Tyche, a slave; Aulus Umbricius +Scaurus, whose statue was set up in the market place to do him honor; +Gaius Calventius Quietus, who was given a seat of honor at the theater +on account of his generosity; Nævoleia Tyche, who had once been a slave, +but who had been freed, had married, and grown wealthy and had slaves of +her own; Gnæus Vibius Saturninus, whose freedman built his tomb; Marcus +Arrius Diomedes, a freedman; Numerius Velasius Gratus, twelve years old; +Salvinus, six years old; and many another. + +After seeing the tombs and houses and shops you will leave that little +city, I think, feeling that the people of ancient times were much like +us, that men and mountains have done wonderful things in this old world, +that it is good to know how people of other times lived and worked and +died. + + + + +PICTURES OF POMPEII + + +A ROMAN BOY. + +This statue, now in the Metropolitan Museum, was found at Pompeii. +Probably Caius was dressed just like this, and carried such a stick when +he played in his father's courtyard. + + +THE CITY OF NAPLES, WITH MOUNT VESUVIUS ACROSS THE BAY. + + +VESUVIUS IN ERUPTION, FROM AN AIRPLANE. + +Nowadays men know from history what may happen when Vesuvius wakes. But +in 79 A.D., when Pompeii was buried, the mountain had slept for hundreds +of years, and no man knew that an eruption might bury a city. + + +POMPEII FROM AN AIRPLANE. + +The roofs are all gone and all the partitions inside the houses show. +That is why it all looks so crowded and confused. But if you study it +carefully you can see some interesting things. The big open space is +the forum. It is about five hundred feet long, running northeast and +southwest. South of it is the temple of Apollo. North of it, where you +see the bases of columns in a circle, was the market. Next to the market +is the place where the gods of the city were worshipped. The broad +street beside the forum running southeast is the one down which Ariston +fled. Then he turned into the forum, ran out the gate near the lower end +into the steep street that runs southwest and ends at a city gate near +the sea. + + +NOLA STREET AND THE TEMPLE OF FORTUNE. + +You must imagine this temple with an altar in front, a broad flight of +steps, and a portico of beautiful columns. You can see the street paved +with blocks of lava, the deep wheel ruts, and the stepping stones for +rainy weather. + + +THE STABIAN GATE. + +Pompeii was surrounded by two high walls fifteen feet apart, with earth +between. An embankment of earth was piled up inside also. This is one of +the eight gates in the wall. IN THE STREET OF TOMBS. + +On the tomb of Nævoleia Tyche was a carving of a ship gliding into port, +the sailors furling the sails. Within this tomb is a chamber where +funeral urns stand, containing the ashes of Tyche and her husband, and +of the slaves they had freed. Pompeians always burned the bodies of the +dead. + + +THE AMPHITHEATER. + +Like other Roman towns, Pompeii had an amphitheater. Here twenty +thousand people could come and watch the gladiators fight in pairs till +one was killed. Then the dead body was dragged off, and another pair +appeared and fought. Sometimes the gladiators were prisoners captured in +war, like the famous Spartacus; sometimes they were slaves; sometimes +criminals condemned to death. Sometimes a man was pitted against a wild +beast; sometimes two wild beasts fought each other. The amphitheater had +no roof. Vesuvius, with its column of smoke, was in plain view from the +seats. There was a great awning to protect the spectators. The lower +seats were for officials and distinguished people; for the middle rows +there was an admission fee; all the upper seats were free. + + +RUINS OF THE GREAT STABIAN BATHS. + +A few large houses had baths of their own, but most people went every +day to a great public bath which was a very gay place. This open court +which you see, was for games. + + +THE RUINED TEMPLE OF APOLLO. + +The temple was built on a high foundation. A broad flight of steps led +up to it, with an altar at the foot. There was a porch all round it held +up by a row of columns. Some of the columns have stood up through all +the earthquakes and eruptions of two thousand years. Inside the porch +was a small room for the statue of Apollo. In the paved court around +this temple were many altars and statues of the gods. This was at one +time the most important temple in Pompeii. + + +THE SCHOOL OF THE GLADIATORS. + +In this large open court the gladiators had their training and practice. +In small cells around the court they lived. They were kept under close +guard, for they were dangerous men. Sixty-three skeletons were found +here, many of them in irons. + + +THE SMALLER THEATER. + +Pompeii had two theaters for plays and music, besides the amphitheater +where the gladiators fought. The smaller theater, unlike the others, had +a roof. It seated fifteen hundred people. We think perhaps contests in +music were held here. + + +A SACRIFICE. + +A boar, a ram, and a bull are to be killed, and a part of the flesh is +to be burned on the altar to please the gods. + + +A SCENE IN THE FORUM. + +On the walls of a room in a house in Pompeii men found this picture, +showing how interesting the life of the forum was. At the left is a +table where a man has kitchen utensils for sale. But he is dreaming and +does not see a customer coming. So his friend is waking him up. Near him +is a shoemaker selling sandals to some women. + + +IVORY HAIRPINS. + +Underneath are two ivory toilet boxes. One was probably for perfumed +oil. + + +APPLIANCES FOR THE BATH. + +These were found hanging in a ring in one of the great public baths. You +see a flask for oil, a saucer to pour the oil into, and four scrapers to +scrape off the oil and dirt before a plunge. + + +PERISTYLE OF THE HOUSE OF THE VETTII. + +With the columns and tables and statues that were found, this court has +been built on the site of an old ruined villa. Flowers bloom and the +fountain plays in it to-day just as they did over two thousand years +ago. There are wall paintings in the shadows at the back. The little +boys holding the ducks must look very much like Caius when he was a +little boy. When he went to the farm in the hills for a hot summer, he +had ducks to play with; here are statues to remind him, in the winter +time, of what fun that was. + +A garden like this, not generally so large, was laid out _inside_ every +important house in Pompeii. The family rooms surrounded it. These rooms +received most of their light and air from this garden. Caius was lying +on a couch in a garden like this, when the shower of pebbles suddenly +began. Ariston was painting the walls of a room that overlooked the +garden. + + +LADY PLAYING A HARP. + +This is part of a beautiful wall painting in a Pompeian house, the sort +of painting that Ariston was making when the volcano burst forth. See +how much the little boy looks like his mother, and what beautiful bands +they both have in their hair. Chairs like this one have been found in +the ruins, and the same design is on many other pieces of furniture. + +The Metropolitan Museum owns the complete wall paintings for a Pompeian +room. They are put up just as they were in Pompeii. There is even an +iron window grating. A beautiful table from Pompeii stands in the +center. The room is one of the gayest in the whole museum, with its rich +reds and bright yellows, greens, and blues. + + +KITCHEN OF THE HOUSE OF THE VETTII. + +In this house the cook must have been in the kitchen, just ready to go +to work when he had to flee. He left the pot on a tripod on a bed of +coals, ready for use. You can see an arched opening underneath the +fireplace. This was where the cook kept his fuel. The small size of +the kitchens shows that the Pompeians were not great gluttons. + + +KITCHEN UTENSILS. + +These kettles and frying pans and ladles are made of bronze, an alloy of +copper and tin. They look very much like our kitchen furnishings. + + +CENTAUR CUP. + +Some rich Pompeian had a pair of beautiful silver cups with graceful +handles. The design was made in hammered silver, and showed centaurs +talking to cupids that are sitting on their backs. A centaur was half +man, half horse. + + +THE HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET (restored). + +From the ruins and from ancient books, men know almost all the rooms of +a Pompeian house. So they have pictured this one as it was before the +disaster, with its many beautiful wall paintings, its mosaic floors, its +tiled roofs. If you can imagine these two halves fitted together, and +yourself inside, you can visit one of the most attractive houses in +Pompeii. Do you see how the tiled roof slants downward from four sides +to a rectangular opening in the highest part of the house? Below this +opening was a shallow basin into which the rainwater fell. This basin +was in the center of the atrium, the most important room in the house. +The walls of this room were painted with scenes from the Trojan war. +This is the house which has the mosaic picture of a dog on the floor of +the long entrance hall (see next page). On each side of the hall, facing +the street, are large rooms for shops, where, doubtless, the owner +conducted his business. He was not a "Tragic Poet." Some people think he +was a goldsmith. On each side of the atrium were sleeping rooms. Can you +see that the doors are very high with a grating at the top to let in +light and air? Windows were few and small, and generally the rooms took +light and air from the inside courts rather than from outside. Back of +the atrium was a large reception room with bedrooms on each side. And +back of this was a large open court, or garden, with a colonnade on +three sides and a solid wall at the back. Opening on this garden was a +large dining room with beautiful wall paintings, a tiny kitchen, and +some sleeping rooms. This house had stairways and second story rooms +over the shops. This seems to us a very comfortable homelike house. + + +THE HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET (as it looks to-day). + +Here you see the shallow basin in the floor of the atrium. This basin +had two outlets. You can see the round cistern mouth near the pool. +There was also an outlet to the street to carry off the overflow. At the +back of the garden you can see a shrine to the household gods. At every +meal a portion was set aside in little dishes for the gods. + + +MOSAIC OF WATCH DOG. + +From the vestibule of the House of the Tragic Poet. It says loudly, +"Beware the dog!" Pictures and patterns made of little pieces of +polished stone like this are called mosaic. Sometimes American +vestibules are tiled in a simple mosaic. Wouldn't it be fun if they had +such exciting pictures as this? A real dog, or two or three, probably +was standing inside the door, chained, or held by slaves. + + +THE HOUSE OF DIOMEDE. + +There was a wine cellar under the colonnade. Here were twenty skeletons; +two, children. Near the door were found skeletons of two men. One had a +large key, doubtless the key of this door. He wore a gold ring and was +carrying a good deal of money. He was probably the master of the house. +Evidently the family thought at first that the wine cellar would be a +safe place, but when they found that it was not so, the master took one +slave and started out to find a way to escape. But they all perished. + + +RUINS OF A BAKERY, WITH MILLSTONES. + + +SECTION OF A MILL. + +If one of the mills that were found in the bakery were sawed in two, it +would look like this. You can see where the baker's man poured in the +wheat, and where the flour dropped down, and the heavy timbers fastened +to the upper millstone to turn it by. + + +PORTRAIT OF LUCIUS CÆCILIUS JUCUNDUS. + +This Lucius was an auctioneer who had set free one of his slaves, Felix. +Felix, in gratitude, had this portrait of his master cast in bronze. +It stood on a marble pillar in the atrium of the house. + + +BRONZE CANDLEHOLDER. + +It is the figure of the Roman God Silenus. He was the son of Pan, and +the oldest of the satyrs, who were supposed to be half goat. Can you +find the goat's horns among his curls? He was a rollicking old satyr, +very fond of wine, always getting into mischief. The grape design at the +base of the little statue, and the snake supporting the candleholder, +both are symbols of the sileni. + + +THE DANCING FAUN. + +In one of the largest and most elegant houses in Pompeii, on the floor +of the atrium, or principal room of the house, men found in the ashes +this bronze statue of a dancing faun. Doesn't he look as if he loved +to dance, snapping his fingers to keep time? Although this great house +contained on the floor of one room the most famous of ancient mosaic +pictures, representing Alexander the Great in battle, and although it +contains many other fine mosaics, it was named from this statue, the +House of the Faun, Casa del Fauno. + + +HERMES IN REPOSE. + +This bronze statue was found in Herculaneum, the city on the other slope +of Vesuvius which was buried in liquid mud. This mud has become solid +rock, from sixty to one hundred feet deep so that excavation is very +difficult, and the city is still for the most part buried. + + +THE ARCH OF NERO. + +The visitors to-day are walking where Caius walked so long ago on the +same paving stones. The three stones were set up to keep chariots out of +the forum. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Buried Cities, Part 1, Pompeii, by Jennie Hall + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURIED CITIES, PART 1, POMPEII *** + +***** This file should be named 9625-8.txt or 9625-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/9/6/2/9625/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Widger and PG Distributed +Proofreaders + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/9625-8.zip b/9625-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..88a447a --- /dev/null +++ b/9625-8.zip diff --git a/9625-h.zip b/9625-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f9a7604 --- /dev/null +++ b/9625-h.zip diff --git a/9625-h/9625-h.htm b/9625-h/9625-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3d7d4c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/9625-h/9625-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2260 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<title>BURIED CITIES, Part 1, Pompeii</title> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> + +<style type="text/css"> + <!-- + body {margin:10%; text-align:justify} + P { text-indent: 1em; + margin-top: .75em; + margin-bottom: .75em; } + H1,H2,H3,H4,H5,H6 { text-align: center; } + HR { width: 33%; text-align: center; } + blockquote {font-size: 97%; } + .figleft {float: left;} + .figright {float: right;} + .toc { margin-left: 15%; margin-bottom: 0em;} + CENTER { padding: 10px;} + PRE { font-family: Times; font-size: 97%; margin-left: 15%;} + // --> +</style> + +</head> +<body> + +<h1>Buried Cities, Part 1, Pompeii</h1> +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Buried Cities, Part 1, Pompeii, by Jennie Hall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Buried Cities, Part 1, Pompeii + +Author: Jennie Hall + +Release Date: August 10, 2004 [EBook #9625] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURIED CITIES, PART 1, POMPEII *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Widger and PG Distributed +Proofreaders + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + +<br><hr><br> + + +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="titlepage.jpg (28K)" src="images/titlepage.jpg" height="699" width="739"> +</center> +<br><br> + + +<center> +<h1>BURIED CITIES</h1> + +<h3>BY</h3> + +<h2>JENNIE HALL</h2> + +<br><br><br><br> +</center> + + +<p>The publishers are grateful to the estate of Miss Jennie Hall and to her +many friends for assistance in planning the publication of this book. +Especial thanks are due to Miss Nell C. Curtis of the Lincoln School, +New York City, for helping to finish Miss Hall's work of choosing the +pictures, and to Miss Irene I. Cleaves of the Francis Parker School, +Chicago, who wrote the captions. It was Miss Katharine Taylor, now of +the Shady Hill School, Cambridge, who brought these stories to our +attention.</p> + +<br><br><br><br> +<center> +<h2> +FOREWORD: TO BOYS AND GIRLS</h2> +</center><br> +<p>Do you like to dig for hidden treasure? Have you ever found Indian +arrowheads or Indian pottery? I knew a boy who was digging a cave in +a sandy place, and he found an Indian grave. With his own hands he +uncovered the bones and skull of some brave warrior. That brown skull +was more precious to him than a mint of money. Another boy I knew was +making a cave of his own. Suddenly he dug into an older one made years +before. He crawled into it with a leaping heart and began to explore. He +found an old carpet and a bit of burned candle. They proved that some +one had lived there. What kind of a man had he been and what kind +of life had he lived—black or white or red, robber or beggar or +adventurer? Some of us were walking in the woods one day when we saw a +bone sticking out of the ground. Luckily we had a spade, and we set to +work digging. Not one moment was the tool idle. First one bone and then +another came to light and among them a perfect horse's skull. We felt as +though we had rescued Captain Kidd's treasure, and we went home draped +in bones.</p> + +<p>Suppose that instead of finding the bones of a horse we had uncovered a +gold-wrapped king. Suppose that instead of a deserted cave that boy +had dug into a whole buried city with theaters and mills and shops and +beautiful houses. Suppose that instead of picking up an Indian arrowhead +you could find old golden vases and crowns and bronze swords lying in +the earth. If you could be a digger and a finder and could choose your +find, would you choose a marble statue or a buried bakeshop with bread +two thousand years old still in the oven or a king's grave filled with +golden gifts? It is of such digging and such finding that this book +tells.</p> + +<br><br><br><br> + +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + + +<center> +<table summary=""> +<tr><td> + + + +<h3><a href="#pompeii">POMPEII</a></h3> + +<p> 1. <a href="#slave">The Greek Slave and the Little Roman Boy</a></p> + +<p> 2. <a href="#vesuvius">Vesuvius</a></p> + +<p> 3. <a href="#pompeii_today">Pompeii Today</a></p> +<br><br> + <h3><a href="#PICTURES_OF_POMPEII"><i>Pictures of Pompeii:</i></a></h3> + +<p> <a href="#01">A Roman Boy</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#02">The City of Naples</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#03">Vesuvius in Eruption</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#04">Pompeii from an Airplane</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#05">Nola Street; the Stabian Gate</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#07">In the Street of Tombs</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#08">The Amphitheater</a></p> + +<p><a href="#09">The Baths</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#10">Temple of Apollo</a></p> + +<p><a href="#11">School of the Gladiators</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#12">The Smaller Theater</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#13">A Sacrifice</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#63d">Scene in the Forum</a></p> + +<p><a href="#63b">Hairpins</a></p> + +<p><a href="#63c">Bath Appliances</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#14">Peristyle of the House of the Vettii</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#15">Lady Playing a Harp</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#16">Kitchen of the House of the Vettii</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#67a">Kitchen Utensils</a> + +<p> <a href="#17">The House of the Tragic Poet</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#19">Mosaic of Watch Dog</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#20">The House of Diomede</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#21"> A Bakery</a></p> + +<p><a href="#22">Section of a Mill</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#23">Lucius Cæcilius Jueundus</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#24">Bronze Candleholder</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#25">The Dancing Faun</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#26">Hermes in Repose</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#27">The Arch of Nero</a></p> + +</td></tr> +</table> +</center> + +<br><br> +<hr> +<br><br> + +<a name="pompeii"></a> +<br><br> + +<center><h1>POMPEII</h1></center> + +<center> +<img alt="lamp.jpg (17K)" src="images/lamp.jpg" height="263" width="534"> +<br> +Line Art of Bronze Lamp. Caption: <i>Bronze Lamps</i>.<br> +The bowl held olive oil. A wick came out at the nozzle.<br> +These lamps gave a dim and smoky light.<br> +</center> +<a name="slave"></a> +<br><br> +<center> +<h2> +THE GREEK SLAVE AND THE LITTLE ROMAN BOY</h2> +<br> +</center> +<p>Ariston, the Greek slave, was busily painting. He stood in a little room +with three smooth walls. The fourth side was open upon a court. A little +fountain splashed there. Above stretched the brilliant sky of Italy. The +August sun shone hotly down. It cut sharp shadows of the columns on the +cement floor. This was the master's room. The artist was painting the +walls. Two were already gay with pictures. They showed the mighty deeds +of warlike Herakles. Here was Herakles strangling the lion, Herakles +killing the hideous hydra, Herakles carrying the wild boar on his +shoulders, Herakles training the mad horses. But now the boy was +painting the best deed of all—Herakles saving Alcestis from death. He +had made the hero big and beautiful. The strong muscles lay smooth in +the great body. One hand trailed the club. On the other arm hung the +famous lion skin. With that hand the god led Alcestis. He turned his +head toward her and smiled. On the ground lay Death, bruised and +bleeding. One batlike black wing hung broken. He scowled after the hero +and the woman. In the sky above him stood Apollo, the lord of life, +looking down. But the picture of the god was only half finished. The +figure was sketched in outline. Ariston was rapidly laying on paint with +his little brushes. His eyes glowed with Apollo's own fire. His lips +were open, and his breath came through them pantingly.</p> + +<p>"O god of beauty, god of Hellas, god of freedom, help me!" he half +whispered while his brush worked.</p> + +<p>For he had a great plan in his mind. Here he was, a slave in this rich +Roman's house. Yet he was a free-born son of Athens, from a family of +painters. Pirates had brought him here to Pompeii, and had sold him as a +slave. His artist's skill had helped him, even in this cruel land. For +his master, Tetreius, loved beauty. The Roman had soon found that his +young Greek slave was a painter. He had said to his steward:</p> + +<p>"Let this boy work at the mill no longer. He shall paint the walls of my +private room."</p> + +<p>So he had talked to Ariston about what the pictures should be. The Greek +had found that this solemn, frowning Roman was really a kind man. Then +hope had sprung up in his breast and had sung of freedom.</p> + +<p>"I will do my best to please him," he had thought. "When all the walls +are beautiful, perhaps he will smile at my work. Then I will clasp his +knees. I will tell him of my father, of Athens, of how I was stolen. +Perhaps he will send me home."</p> + +<p>Now the painting was almost done. As he worked, a thousand pictures were +flashing through his mind. He saw his beloved old home in lovely Athens. +He felt his father's hand on his, teaching him to paint. He gazed again +at the Parthenon, more beautiful than a dream. Then he saw himself +playing on the fishing boat on that terrible holiday. He saw the pirate +ship sail swiftly from behind a rocky point and pounce upon them. He saw +himself and his friends dragged aboard. He felt the tight rope on his +wrists as they bound him and threw him under the deck. He saw himself +standing here in the market place of Pompeii. He heard himself sold for +a slave. At that thought he threw down his brush and groaned.</p> + +<p>But soon he grew calmer. Perhaps the sweet drip of the fountain cooled +his hot thoughts. Perhaps the soft touch of the sun soothed his heart. +He took up his brushes again and set to work.</p> + +<p>"The last figure shall be the most beautiful of all," he said to +himself. "It is my own god, Apollo."</p> + +<p>So he worked tenderly on the face. With a few little strokes he made the +mouth smile kindly. He made the blue eyes deep and gentle. He lifted the +golden curls with a little breeze from Olympos. The god's smile cheered +him. The beautiful colors filled his mind. He forgot his sorrows. He +forgot everything but his picture. Minute by minute it grew under his +moving brush. He smiled into the god's eyes.</p> + +<p>Meantime a great noise arose in the house. There were cries of fear. +There was running of feet.</p> + +<p>"A great cloud!" "Earthquake!" "Fire and hail!" "Smoke from hell!" "The +end of the world!" "Run! Run!"</p> + +<p>And men and women, all slaves, ran screaming through the house and out +of the front door. But the painter only half heard the cries. His ears, +his eyes, his thoughts were full of Apollo.</p> + +<p>For a little the house was still. Only the fountain and the shadows and +the artist's brush moved there. Then came a great noise as though the +sky had split open. The low, sturdy house trembled. Ariston's brush was +shaken and blotted Apollo's eye. Then there was a clattering on the +cement floor as of a million arrows. Ariston ran into the court. From +the heavens showered a hail of gray, soft little pebbles like beans. +They burned his upturned face. They stung his bare arms. He gave a cry +and ran back under the porch roof. Then he heard a shrill call above all +the clattering. It came from the far end of the house. Ariston ran back +into the private court. There lay Caius, his master's little sick son. +His couch was under the open sky, and the gray hail was pelting down +upon him. He was covering his head with his arms and wailing.</p> + +<p>"Little master!" called Ariston. "What is it? What has happened to us?" +"Oh, take me!" cried the little boy.</p> + +<p>"Where are the others?" asked Ariston.</p> + +<p>"They ran away," answered Caius. "They were afraid, Look! O-o-h!"</p> + +<p>He pointed to the sky and screamed with terror.</p> + +<p>Ariston looked. Behind the city lay a beautiful hill, green with trees. +But now from the flat top towered a huge, black cloud. It rose straight +like a pine tree and then spread its black branches over the heavens. +And from that cloud showered these hot, pelting pebbles of pumice stone.</p> + +<p>"It is a volcano," cried Ariston.</p> + +<p>He had seen one spouting fire as he had voyaged on the pirate ship.</p> + +<p>"I want my father," wailed the little boy.</p> + +<p>Then Ariston remembered that his master was away from home. He had gone +in a ship to Rome to get a great physician for his sick boy. He had left +Caius in the charge of his nurse, for the boy's mother was dead. But +now every slave had turned coward and had run away and left the little +master to die.</p> + +<p>Ariston pulled the couch into one of the rooms. Here the roof kept off +the hail of stones.</p> + +<p>"Your father is expected home to-day, master Caius," said the Greek. "He +will come. He never breaks his word. We will wait for him here. This +strange shower will soon be over."</p> + +<p>So he sat on the edge of the couch, and the little Roman laid his head +in his slave's lap and sobbed. Ariston watched the falling pebbles. They +were light and full of little holes. Every now and then black rocks of +the size of his head whizzed through the air. Sometimes one fell into +the open cistern and the water hissed at its heat. The pebbles lay piled +a foot deep all over the courtyard floor. And still they fell thick and +fast.</p> + +<p>"Will it never stop?" thought Ariston.</p> + +<p>Several times the ground swayed under him. It felt like the moving of a +ship in a storm. Once there was thunder and a trembling of the house. +Ariston was looking at a little bronze statue that stood on a tall, +slender column. It tottered to and fro in the earthquake. Then it fell, +crashing into the piled-up stones. In a few minutes the falling shower +had covered it.</p> + +<p>Ariston began to be more afraid. He thought of Death as he had painted +him in his picture. He imagined that he saw him hiding behind a column. +He thought he heard his cruel laugh. He tried to look up toward the +mountain, but the stones pelted him down. He felt terribly alone. Was +all the rest of the world dead? Or was every one else in some safe +place?</p> + +<p>"Come, Caius, we must get away," he cried. "We shall be buried here."</p> + +<p>He snatched up one of the blankets from the couch. He threw the ends +over his shoulders and let a loop hang at his back. He stood the sick +boy in this and wound the ends around them both. Caius was tied to his +slave's back. His heavy little head hung on Ariston's shoulder. Then the +Greek tied a pillow over his own head. He snatched up a staff and ran +from the house. He looked at his picture as he passed. He thought he +saw Death half rise from the ground. But Apollo seemed to smile at his +artist.</p> + +<p>At the front door Ariston stumbled. He found the street piled deep with +the gray, soft pebbles. He had to scramble up on his hands and knees. +From the house opposite ran a man. He looked wild with fear. He was +clutching a little statue of gold. Ariston called to him, "Which way to +the gate?"</p> + +<p>But the man did not hear. He rushed madly on. Ariston followed him. It +cheered the boy a little to see that somebody else was still alive in +the world. But he had a hard task. He could not run. The soft pebbles +crunched under his feet and made him stumble. He leaned far forward +under his heavy burden. The falling shower scorched his bare arms and +legs. Once a heavy stone struck him on his cushioned head, and he fell. +But he was up in an instant. He looked around bewildered. His head was +ringing. The air was hot and choking. The sun was gone. The shower was +blinding. Whose house was this? The door stood open. The court was +empty. Where was the city gate? Would he never get out? He did not know +this street. Here on the corner was a wine shop with its open sides. But +no men stood there drinking. Wine cups were tipped over and broken on +the marble counter. Ariston stood in a daze and watched the wine +spilling into the street.</p> + +<p>Then a crowd came rushing past him. It was evidently a family fleeing +for their lives. Their mouths were open as though they were crying. But +Ariston could not hear their voices. His ears shook with the roar of the +mountain. An old man was hugging a chest. Gold coins were spilling out +as he ran. Another man was dragging a fainting woman. A young girl ran +ahead of them with white face and streaming hair. Ariston stumbled on +after this company. A great black slave came swiftly around a corner and +ran into him and knocked him over, but fled on without looking back. As +the Greek boy fell forward, the rough little pebbles scoured his face. +He lay there moaning. Then he began to forget his troubles. His aching +body began to rest. He thought he would sleep. He saw Apollo smiling. +Then Caius struggled and cried out. He pulled at the blanket and tried +to free himself. This roused Ariston, and he sat up. He felt the hot +pebbles again. He heard the mountain roar. He dragged himself to his +feet and started on. Suddenly the street led him out into a broad space. +Ariston looked around him. All about stretched wide porches with their +columns. Temple roofs rose above them. Statues stood high on their +pedestals. He was in the forum. The great open square was crowded with +hurrying people. Under one of the porches Ariston saw the money changers +locking their boxes. From a wide doorway ran several men. They were +carrying great bundles of woolen cloth, richly embroidered and dyed +with precious purple. Down the great steps of Jupiter's temple ran a +priest. Under his arms he clutched two large platters of gold. Men were +running across the forum dragging bags behind them.</p> + +<p>Every one seemed trying to save his most precious things. And every one +was hurrying to the gate at the far end. Then that was the way out! +Ariston picked up his heavy feet and ran. Suddenly the earth swayed +under him. He heard horrible thunder. He thought the mountain was +falling upon him. He looked behind. He saw the columns of the porch +tottering. A man was running out from one of the buildings. But as he +ran, the walls crashed down. The gallery above fell cracking. He was +buried. Ariston saw it all and cried out in horror. Then he prayed:</p> + +<p>"O Lord Poseidon, shaker of the earth, save me! I am a Greek!"</p> + +<p>Then he came out of the forum. A steep street sloped down to a gate. A +river of people was pouring out there. The air was full of cries. The +great noise of the crowd made itself heard even in the noise of the +volcano. The streets were full of lost treasures. Men pushed and fell +and were trodden upon. But at last Ariston passed through the gateway +and was out of the city. He looked about.</p> + +<p>"It is no better," he sobbed to himself.</p> + +<p>The air was thicker now. The shower had changed to hot dust as fine +as ashes. It blurred his eyes. It stopped his nostrils. It choked his +lungs. He tore his chiton from top to bottom and wrapped it about his +mouth and nose. He looked back at Caius and pulled the blanket over his +head. Behind him a huge cloud was reaching out long black arms from the +mountain to catch him. Ahead, the sun was only a red wafer in the shower +of ashes. Around him people were running off to hide under rocks or +trees or in the country houses. Some were running, running anywhere to +get away. Out of one courtyard dashed a chariot. The driver was lashing +his horses. He pushed them ahead through the crowd. He knocked people +over, but he did not stop to see what harm he had done. Curses flew +after him. He drove on down the road.</p> + +<p>Ariston remembered when he himself had been dragged up here two years +ago from the pirate ship.</p> + +<p>"This leads to the sea," he thought. "I will go there. Perhaps I shall +meet my master, Tetreius. He will come by ship. Surely I shall find him. +The gods will send him to me. O blessed gods!"</p> + +<p>But what a sea! It roared and tossed and boiled. While Ariston looked, +a ship was picked up and crushed and swallowed. The sea poured up the +steep shore for hundreds of feet. Then it rushed back and left its +strange fish gasping on the dry land. Great rocks fell from the sky, +and steam rose up as they splashed into the water. The sun was growing +fainter. The black cloud was coming on. Soon it would be dark. And then +what? Ariston lay down where the last huge wave had cooled the ground. +"It is all over, Caius," he murmured. "I shall never see Athens again."</p> + +<p>For a while there were no more earthquakes. The sea grew a little less +wild. Then the half-fainting Ariston heard shouts. He lifted his head. +A small boat had come ashore. The rowers had leaped out. They were +dragging it up out of reach of the waves.</p> + +<p>"How strange!" thought Ariston. "They are not running away. They must be +brave. We are all cowards."</p> + +<p>"Wait for me here!" cried a lordly voice to the rowers.</p> + +<p>When he heard that voice Ariston struggled to his feet and called.</p> + +<p>"Marcus Tetreius! Master!"</p> + +<p>He saw the man turn and run toward him. Then the boy toppled over and +lay face down in the ashes.</p> + +<p>When he came to himself he felt a great shower of water in his face. The +burden was gone from his back. He was lying in a row boat, and the boat +was falling to the bottom of the sea. Then it was flung up to the skies. +Tetreius was shouting orders. The rowers were streaming with sweat and +sea water.</p> + +<p>In some way or other they all got up on the waiting ship. It always +seemed to Ariston as though a wave had thrown him there. Or had Poseidon +carried him? At any rate, the great oars of the galley were flying. He +could hear every rower groan as he pulled at his oar. The sails, too, +were spread. The master himself stood at the helm. His face was one +great frown. The boat was flung up and down like a ball. Then fell +darkness blacker than night.</p> + +<p>"Who can steer without sun or stars?" thought the boy.</p> + +<p>Then he remembered the look on his master's face as he stood at the +tiller. Such a look Ariston had painted on Herakles' face as he +strangled the lion.</p> + +<p>"He will get us out," thought the slave.</p> + +<p>For an hour the swift ship fought with the waves. The oarsmen were +rowing for their lives. The master's arm was strong, and his heart was +not for a minute afraid. The wind was helping. At last they reached calm +waters.</p> + +<p>"Thanks be to the gods!" cried Tetreius. "We are out of that boiling +pot."</p> + +<p>At his words fire shot out of the mountain. It glowed red in the dusty +air. It flung great red arms across the sky after the ship. Every man +and spar and oar on the vessel seemed burning in its light. Then the +fire died, and thick darkness swallowed everything. Ariston's heart +seemed smothered in his breast. He heard the slaves on the rowers' +benches scream with fear. Then he heard their leader crying to them. He +heard a whip whiz through the air and strike on bare shoulders. Then +there was a crash as though the mountain had clapped its hands. A +thicker shower of ashes filled the air. But the rowers were at their +oars again. The ship was flying.</p> + +<p>So for two hours or more Tetreius and his men fought for safety. Then +they came out into fresher air and calmer water. Tetreius left the +rudder. "Let the men rest and thank the gods," he said to his overseer. +"We have come up out of the grave."</p> + +<p>When Ariston heard that, he remembered the Death he had left painted +on his master's wall. By that time the picture was surely buried under +stones and ashes. The boy covered his face with his ragged chiton and +wept. He hardly knew what he was crying for—the slavery, the picture, +the buried city, the fear of that horrid night, the sorrows of the +people left back there, his father, his dear home in Athens. At last +he fell asleep. The night was horrible with dreams—fire, earthquake, +strangling ashes, cries, thunder, lightning. But his tired body held +him asleep for several hours. Finally he awoke. He was lying on a soft +mattress. A warm blanket covered him. Clean air filled his nostrils. The +gentle light of dawn lay upon his eyes. A strange face bent over him.</p> + +<p>"It is only weariness," a kind voice was saying. "He needs food and rest +more than medicine."</p> + +<p>Then Ariston saw Tetreius, also, bending over him. The slave leaped to +his feet. He was ashamed to be caught asleep in his master's presence. +He feared a frown for his laziness.</p> + +<p>"My picture is finished, master," he cried, still half asleep.</p> + +<p>"And so is your slavery," said Tetreius, and his eyes shone.</p> + +<p>"It was not a slave who carried my son out of hell on his back. It was a +hero." He turned around and called, "Come hither, my friends."</p> + +<p>Three Roman gentlemen stepped up. They looked kindly upon Ariston.</p> + +<p>"This is the lad who saved my son," said Tetreius. "I call you to +witness that he is no longer a slave. Ariston, I send you from my hand a +free man."</p> + +<p>He struck his hand lightly on the Greek's shoulder, as all Roman masters +did when they freed a slave. Ariston cried aloud with joy. He sank to +his knees weeping. But Tetreius went on.</p> + +<p>"This kind physician says that Caius will live. But he needs good air +and good nursing. He must go to some one of Aesculapius' holy places. He +shall sleep in the temple and sit in the shady porches, and walk in the +sacred groves. The wise priests will give him medicines. The god will +send healing dreams. Do you know of any such place, Ariston?"</p> + +<p>The Greek thought of the temple and garden of Aesculapius on the sunny +side of the Acropolis at home in Athens. But he could not speak. He +gazed hungrily into Tetreius' eyes. The Roman smiled.</p> + +<p>"Ariston, this ship is bound for Athens! All my life I have loved +her—her statues, her poems, her great deeds. I have wished that my son +might learn from her wise men. The volcano has buried my home, Ariston. +But my wealth and my friends and my son are aboard this ship. What do +you say, my friend? Will you be our guide in Athens?" Ariston leaped up +from his knees. A fire of joy burned in his eyes. He stretched his hands +to the sky.</p> + +<p>"O blessed Herakles," he cried, "again thou hast conquered Death. Thou +didst snatch us from the grave of Pompeii. Give health to this Roman +boy. O fairest Athena, shed new beauty upon our violet crowned Athens. +For there is coming to visit her the best of men, my master Tetreius."</p> +<br><br><br><br> + + +<a name="vesuvius"></a> +<center> +<img alt="table.jpg (24K)" src="images/table.jpg" height="267" width="404"><br> +<i>A Marble Table</i>: The lions' heads were painted yellow.<br> +You can see a table much like this in the garden pictured later. +</center> +<br> + +<center> +<h2>VESUVIUS</h2> +</center> +<br> +<p>So a living city was buried in a few hours. Wooded hills and green +fields lay covered under great ash heaps. Ever since that terrible +eruption Vesuvius has been restless. Sometimes she has been quiet for +a hundred years or more and men have almost forgotten that she ever +thundered and spouted and buried cities. But all at once she would move +again. She would shoot steam and ashes into the sky. At night fire +would leap out of her top. A few times she sent out dust and lava and +destroyed houses and fields. A man who lived five hundred years after +Pompeii was destroyed described Vesuvius as she was in his time. He +said:</p> + +<p>"This mountain is steep and thick with woods below. Above, it is very +craggy and wild. At the top is a deep cave. It seems to reach the bottom +of the mountain. If you peep in you can see fire. But this ordinarily +keeps in and does not trouble the people. But sometimes the mountain +bellows like an ox. Soon after it casts out huge masses of cinders. If +these catch a man, he hath no way to save his life. If they fall upon +houses, the roofs are crushed by the weight. If the wind blow stiff, +the ashes rise out of sight and are carried to far countries. But this +bellowing comes only every hundred years or thereabout. And the air +around the mountain is pure. None is more healthy. Physicians send +thither sick men to get well."</p> + +<p>The ashes that had covered Pompeii changed to rich soil. Green vines +and shrubs and trees sprang up and covered it, and flowers made it gay. +Therefore people said to themselves:</p> + +<p>"After all, she is a good old mountain. There will never be another +eruption while we are alive."</p> + +<p>So villages grew up around her feet. Farmers came and built little +houses and planted crops and were happy working the fertile soil. They +did not dream that they were living above a buried city, that the roots +of their vines sucked water from an old Roman house, that buried statues +lay gazing up toward them as they worked.</p> + +<p>About three hundred years ago came another terrible eruption. Again +there were earthquakes. Again the mountain bellowed. Again black clouds +turned day into night. Lightning flashed from cloud to cloud. Tempests +of hot rain fell. The sea rushed back and forth on the shore. The whole +top of the mountain was blown out or sank into the melting pot. Seven +rivers of red-hot lava poured down the slopes. They flowed for five +miles and fell into the sea. On the way they set fire to forests and +covered five little villages. Thousands of people were killed.</p> + +<p>Since that time Vesuvius has been very active. Almost every year there +have been eruptions with thunder and earthquakes and showers and lava. +A few of these have done much damage. [Footnote: In this year, 1922, +Vesuvius has been very active for the first time since 1906. It has been +causing considerable alarm in Naples. A new cone, 230 feet high, has +developed.—Ed.] And even on her calmest days a cloud has always hung +above the mountain top. Sometimes it has been thin and white—a cloud of +steam. Sometimes it has been black and curling—a cloud of dust.</p> + +<p>Vesuvius is a dangerous thing, but very beautiful. It stands tall and +pointed and graceful against a lovely sky. Its little cloud waves from +it like a plume. At night the mountain is swallowed by the dark. But +the red rivers down its slopes glare in the sky. It is beautiful and +terrible like a tiger. Thousands of people have loved it. They have +climbed it and looked down its crater. It is like looking into the heart +of the earth. One of these travelers wrote of his visit in 1793. He +said:</p> + +<p>"For many days Vesuvius has been in action. I have watched it from +Naples. It is wonderfully beautiful and always changing. On one day huge +clouds poured out of the top. They hung in the sky far above, white as +snow. Suddenly a cloud of smoke rushed out of another mouth. It was as +black as ink. The black column rose tall and curling beside the snowy +clouds. That was a picture in black and white. But at another time I saw +one in bright colors.</p> + +<p>"On a certain night there were towers and curls and waves and spires of +flames leaping from the top of the mountain. Millions of red-hot stones +were shot into the sky. They sailed upward for hundreds of feet, then +curved and fell like skyrockets. I looked through my telescope and saw +liquid lava boiling and bubbling over the crater's edge. I could see it +splash upon the rocks and glide slowly down the sides of the cone. The +whole top of the mountain was red with melted rock. And above it waved +the changing flames of red, orange, yellow, blue.</p> + +<p>"On another night, as I was getting into bed, I felt an earthquake. I +looked out of my window toward Vesuvius. All the top was glowing with +red-hot matter. A terrible roaring came from the mountain. In an instant +fire shot high into the air. The red column curved and showered the +whole cone. In half a minute came another earthquake shock. My doors and +windows rattled. Things were shaken from my table to the floor. Then +came the thunder of an explosion from the mountain and another shower +of fire. After a few seconds there were noises like the trampling of +horses' hoofs. It was, of course, the noise of the shot-out stones +falling upon the rocks of the mountainsides eight miles away.</p> + +<p>"I decided to ascend the volcano and see the crater from which all these +interesting things came. A few friends went with me. For most of the way +we traveled on horses. After two or three hours we reached the bottom of +the cone of rocks and ashes. From there we had to go on foot. We went +over to the river of red-hot lava. We planned to walk up along its edge. +But the hot rock was smoking, and the wind blew the smoke into our +faces. A thick mist of fine ashes from the crater almost suffocated us. +Sulphur fumes blew toward us and choked us. I said,</p> + +<p>"'We must cross the stream of lava. On the other side the wind will not +trouble us.'</p> + +<p>"'Cross that melted rock?' my friends cried out. 'We should sink into it +and be burned alive.'</p> + +<p>"But as we stood talking great stones were thrown out of the volcano. +They rolled down the mountainside close to us. If they had struck us +it would have been death. There was only one way to save ourselves. I +covered my face with my hat and rushed across the stream of lava. The +melted rock was so thick and heavy that I did not sink in. I only burned +my boots and scorched my hands. My friends followed me. On that side we +were safe. We climbed for half an hour. Then we came to the head of our +red river. It did not flow over the edge of the crater. Many feet down +from the top it had torn a hole through the cone. I shall never forget +the sight as long as I live. There was a vast arch in the black rock. +From this arch rushed a clear torrent of lava. It flowed smoothly like +honey. It glowed with all the splendor of the sun. It looked thin like +golden water.</p> + +<p>"'I could stir it with a stick,' said one of my friends.</p> + +<p>"'I doubt it,' I said. 'See how slowly it flows. It must be very thick +and heavy.'</p> + +<p>"To test it we threw pebbles into it. They did not sink, but floated on +like corks. We rolled in heavier stones of seventy or eighty pounds. +They only made shallow dents in the stream and floated down with the +current. A great rock of three hundred pounds lay near. I raised it upon +end and let it fall into the lava. Very slowly it sank and disappeared.</p> + +<p>"As the stream flowed on it spread out wider over the mountain. Farther +down the slope it grew darker and harder. It started from the arch like +melted gold. Then it changed to orange, to bright red, to dark red, to +brown, as it cooled. At the lower end it was black and hard and broken +like cinders.</p> + +<p>"We climbed a little higher above the arch. There was a kind of chimney +in the rock. Smoke and stream were coming out of it. I went close. The +fumes of sulphur choked me. I reached out and picked some lumps of pure +sulphur from the edge of the rock. For one moment the smoke ceased. I +held my breath and looked down the hole. I saw the glare of red-hot lava +flowing beneath. The mountain was a pot, full of boiling rock."</p> + +<p>Another man writes of a visit in 1868, a quieter year.</p> + +<p>"At first we climbed gentle slopes through vineyards and fields and +villages. Sometimes we came suddenly upon a black line in a green +meadow. A few years before it had flowed down red-hot. Further up we +reached large stretches of rock. Here wild vines and lupines were +growing in patches where the lava had decayed into soil. Then came +bare slopes with dark hollow and sharp ridges. We walked on old stiff +lava-streams. Sometimes we had to plod through piles of coarse, porous +cinders. Sometimes we climbed over tangled, lumpy beds of twisted, shiny +rock. Sometimes we looked into dark arched tunnels. Red streams had +once flowed out of them. A few times we passed near fresh cracks in the +mountain. Here steam puffed out.</p> + +<p>"At last we reached a broad, hot piece of ground. Here were smoking +holes. The night before I had looked at them with a telescope from the +foot of the mountain. I had seen red rivers flowing from them. Now they +were empty. Last night's lava lay on the slope, cooled and black. I +was standing on it. My feet grew hot. I had to keep moving. The air I +breathed was warm and smelled like that of an iron foundry. I pushed my +pole into a crack in the rock. The wood caught fire. I was standing on a +thin crust. What was below? I broke out a piece of the hard lava. A red +spot glared up at me. Under the crust red-hot lava was still flowing. I +knew that it would be several years before it would be perfectly cool."</p> + +<p>So for three centuries people have watched Vesuvius at work. But she is +much older than that—thousands of years older—older than any city or +country or people in the world. In all that time she has poured out +millions of tons of matter—lava, huge glassy boulders, little pebbles +of pumice stone, long shining hairs, fine dust or ashes. All these +things are different forms of melted rock. Sometimes the steam blows the +liquid into fine dust; sometimes it breaks it into little pieces and +fills them with bubbles. At another time the steam is not so strong and +only pushes the stuff out gently over the crater's edge. Many different +minerals are found in these rocks—iron, copper, lead, mica, zinc, +sulphur. Some pieces are beautiful in color—blue, green, red, yellow. +Precious stones have sometimes been found—garnets, topaz, quartz, +tourmaline, lapis lazuli. But most of the stone is dull black or brown +or gray.</p> + +<p>All this heavy matter drops close to the mountain. And on calm days the +ashes, also, fall near at home. Indeed, the volcano has built up its own +mountain. But a heavy wind often carries the fine dust for hundreds of +miles. Once it was blown as far as Constantinople and it darkened the +sun and frightened people there. Some of the ashes fall into the sea. +For years the currents carry them about from shore to shore. At last +they settle to the bottom and make clay or sand or mud. The material +lies there for thousands of years and is hard packed into a soft fine +grained rock, called tufa. The city of Naples to-day is built of such +stone that once lay under the sea. An earthquake long ago lifted the +ocean bottom and turned it into dry land. Now men live upon it and cut +streets in it and grow crops on it.</p> + +<p>So for many miles about, Vesuvius has been making earth. Her ashes lie +hundreds of feet deep. Men dig wells and still find only material that +has been thrown out of the volcano. When this matter grows old and lies +under the sun and rain it turns to good soil. The acids of water and air +and plants eat into it. Rain wears it away. Plant roots crack the rocks +open. The top layer becomes powdered and rotted and mixed with vegetable +loam and is fertile soil. So the country all around the volcano is a +rich garden. Tomatoes, melons, grapes, olives, figs, cover the land.</p> + +<p>But Vesuvius alone has not made all this ground. She is in a nest of +volcanoes. They have all been at work like her, spouting ashes and +pumice and rocks and lava. Ten miles away is a wide stretch of country +where there are more than a dozen old craters. Twenty miles out in the +blue bay a volcano stands up out of the water. A hundred miles south +is a group of small volcanic islands. They have hot springs. One has a +volcano that spouts every five or six minutes. At night it is like a +lighthouse for sailors. One of these Islands is only two thousand years +old. The men of Pompeii saw it pushed up out of the sea during an +earthquake. A little farther south is Mt. Aetna in Sicily. It is a +greater mountain than Vesuvius and has done more work than she has done. +So all the southern part of Italy seems to be the home of volcanoes and +earthquakes.</p> + +<p>There are many other such places scattered over the world—Iceland, +Mexico, South America, Japan, the Sandwich Islands. Here the same +terrible play is going on—thunder, clouds, falling ashes, scalding +rain, flowing lava. The earth is being turned inside out, and men are +learning what she is made of.</p> +<br><br> + + +<a name="pompeii_today"></a> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="lampholder.jpg (22K)" src="images/lampholder.jpg" height="395" width="324"><br> +<i>Bronze lampholder</i>: Five lamps hung from the branches<br> +of this bronze tree. It was twenty inches high. +</center> + +<br><br> + + +<center><h2> +POMPEII TO-DAY</h2></center> +<br> +<p>Years came and went and changed the world. The old gods died, and the +new religion of Christ grew strong. The old temples fell into ruins, and +new churches were built in their places. Instead of the old Roman in his +white toga came merchants in crimson velvet and knights in steel armor +and gentlemen in ruffles and modern men in plain clothes.</p> + +<p>Among all these changes, Pompeii was almost forgotten. But after a long +while people began to be much interested in ancient Italy. They read old +Roman books, and learned of her wonderful cities. They began to dig here +and there and find beautiful statues and vases and jewels. They read the +story of Pompeii in an old Roman book—a whole city suddenly buried just +as her people had left her!</p> + +<p>"There we should find treasures!" they said. "We should see houses, +temples, shops, streets, as they were seventeen hundred years ago. We +should find them full of statues and rich things. Perhaps we should find +some of the people who lived in ancient days. But where to dig?"</p> + +<p>Their question was answered by accident. At that time certain men were +making a tunnel to carry spring water from the hills across the country +to a little town near Naples. The tunnel happened to pass over buried +Pompeii. They dug up some blocks of stone with Latin inscriptions carved +on them. After that other people found little ancient relics near the +same place.</p> + +<p>"This must be where Pompeii lies buried," the wise men said.</p> + +<p>They began to excavate. That was about two hundred years ago. Ever since +that time the work has gone on. Sometimes people have been discouraged +and have given up. At other times six hundred men have been working +busily. Kings have given money. Emperors and princes and queens have +visited the excavations. Artists have made pictures of the ruins, and +scholars have written books about them. But it is a great task to +uncover a whole city that is buried ten or twelve feet deep. The +excavation is not yet finished. Perhaps when you are old men and women +the work will be completed, and a whole Roman city will be open to your +eyes.</p> + +<p>But even as it is to-day, that ghost of a city is among the world's +wonders. There is the thick stone wall that goes all about the town. On +its wide top the soldiers used to stand to fight in ancient days. Now +the stones are fallen; its towers are broken; its gates are open. Yet +there the battered little giant stands at its task of protecting the +town. Out of its eight gates stretch the paved streets.</p> + +<p>Perhaps some day you will cross the ocean to visit this "dead city." +It lies on a slope at the foot of Vesuvius. Behind stands the tall, +graceful volcano with its floating feather of steam and smoke. In front +lies a little plain, and beyond it a long ridge of steep mountains. Off +at the side shines the dark blue sea with island peaks rising out of it. +On hillsides and plain are green vineyards and dark forests dotted with +white farmhouses.</p> + +<p>In some places there are high mounds of dirt outside the city wall. They +are made by the ashes that have been dug out by the excavators and piled +here. If you climb one of them you will be able to look over the city. +You will find it a little place—less than a mile long and half a mile +wide inside its ragged wall. And yet many thousand people used to live +here. So the houses had to be crowded together. You will see no grassy +lawns nor vacant lots nor playgrounds nor parks with pleasant trees. +Many narrow streets cross one another and cut the city into solid blocks +of buildings. You will be confused because you will see thousands of +broken walls standing up, but no roofs. They are gone—crushed by the +piling ashes long ago.</p> + +<p>At last you will come down and go in at one of the gates through the +rough, thick wall, past the empty watch towers. You will tread the very +paving stones that men's feet trampled nineteen hundred years ago as +they fled from the volcano. You will climb a steep, narrow street. This +is the street the fishermen and sailors used in olden times when they +came in from the river or sea, carrying baskets of fish or leading mules +loaded with goods from their ships. This is the street where people +poured out to the sea on that terrible day of the eruption.</p> + +<p>You will pass a ruined temple of Apollo with standing columns and lonely +altar and steps that lead to a room that is gone. A little farther on +you will come out into a large open paved space. It is the forum. This +used to be the busiest place in all Pompeii. At certain hours of the day +it was filled with little tables and with merchants calling out and with +gentlemen and slaves buying good's. But now it is empty and very still. +Around the sides a few beautiful columns are yet standing with carved +marble at the top connecting them. But others lie broken, and most of +them are gone entirely. This is all that is left of the porches where +men used to walk and talk of business and war and politics and gossip.</p> + +<p>At one end of the forum is a high stone platform and wide stone steps +leading up to a row of broken columns in front of a fallen wall. This is +the ruin of the temple of Jupiter, the great Roman god. Daily, men used +to come here to pray before a statue in a dim room. Here, in the ruins, +the excavators found the head of that statue—a beautiful marble thing +with long curling hair and beard, and calm face. They found, too, a +great broken body of marble. And in that large body a smaller statue was +partly carved. This was a puzzling thing, but the excavators studied it +out at last. They said:</p> + +<p>"Old Roman books tell us that sixteen years before the great eruption +there had been another earthquake. It had shaken down many buildings and +had cracked many walls. But the people loved their city, and when the +earthquake was over, they began to rebuild and to make their houses and +temples better than ever. We have found many signs of that earthquake. +We have found uncarved blocks of marble in the forum. Evidently masons +were at work there when the eruption stopped them. We have found rebuilt +walls in some of the houses. And here is the temple of Jupiter being +used as a marble shop. Probably the early earthquake had shaken down and +broken the statue of the god. A sculptor was set to work to carve a new +one from the ruin. But suddenly the volcano burst forth, the artist +dropped his chisel and mallet, and here we have found his unfinished +work—a statue within a statue."</p> + +<p>Behind the roofless porches of the forum are other ruined +buildings—where the officers of the city did business, where the +citizens met to vote, where tailors spread out their cloth and sold +robes and cloaks. One large market building is particularly interesting. +You will enter a courtyard with walls all around it and signs of lost +porches. Broken partitions show where little stalls used to open upon +the court. Other stalls opened upon the street. In some of these the +excavators found, buried in the ashes and charred by the fire, figs, +chestnuts, plums, grapes, glass dishes of fruit, loaves of bread, and +little cakes. Were customers buying the night's dessert when Vesuvius +frightened them away? In a cool corner of the building is a fish market +with sloping marble counter. Near it in the middle of the courtyard are +the bases of columns arranged in a circle around a deep basin in the +floor. In the bottom of this basin the excavators found a thick layer +of fish scales. Evidently the masters used to buy their fish from the +market in the corner. Then the slaves carried them here to the shaded +pool of water and cleaned them and scaled them and washed them. In +another corner the excavators found skeletons of sheep. Here was a +pen for live animals which a man might buy for his banquet or for a +sacrifice to his gods. His slave would lead the sheep away through the +crowds. But on that terrible day when the volcano belched, the poor +bleating animals were deserted. Their pen held them and the ashes +covered them and to-day we can see their skeletons.</p> + +<p>The walls around the market are still standing, though the top is broken +and the roof is fallen. They are still covered with paintings. If you +will look at them you can guess what used to be for sale here. There are +game birds and fish and wine jars all pictured here in beautiful colors. +There are cupids playing about a flour mill and cupids weaving garlands. +There are also pictures of the gods and heroes and the deeds they did. +Imagine this painted market full of chattering people, the little shops +gay with piles of beautiful fruit and vegetables, the graceful columns +and dark porches adding beauty. Imagine these people crying out and +running and these columns swaying and falling when Vesuvius bellowed and +shook the earth. And yet we can see the very fruits that men were buying +and the pictures they were enjoying.</p> + +<p>The forum with its markets and shops and offices and temples and statues +was the very heart of the city. Many streets led into it. Perhaps you +will walk down one of them, between broken walls, past open doorways. +After several street corners you will come to a large building with high +walls still standing and with tall, arched entrance. This also was one +of the gay places in Pompeii, for it was a bathhouse. Every day all +the ladies and gentlemen of the town came strolling toward it down the +streets. The men went in at the wide doorway. The women turned and +entered their own apartments around the corner. And as they walked +toward the entrance they passed little shops built into the walls of +the bathhouse. At every stall stood the shopkeeper, bowing, smiling, +begging, calling. "Perfumes, sweet lady!"</p> + +<p>"Rings, rings, beautiful madam, for your beautiful fingers!"</p> + +<p>"Oil for your body, sir, after the bath!"</p> + +<p>"A taste of sweets, madam, before you enter! Honey cakes of my own +making!"</p> + +<p>"Don't forget to buy my dressing for your hair before you go in! You'll +get nothing like it in there."</p> + +<p>So they chattered and called and coaxed. Some of the people bought, and +some went laughing by and entered the bathhouse. As the gentlemen went +in, a large court opened before them. Here were men bowling or jumping +or running or punching the bag or playing ball or taking some other kind +of exercise before the bath. Others were resting in the shade of the +porches. A poet sat in a cool corner reading his verses to a few +listeners. Some men, after their games, were scraping their sweating +bodies with the strigil. Others were splashing in the marble +swimming tank. Here and there barbers were working over handsome +gentlemen—smoothing their faces, perfuming their hair, polishing their +nails. There was talk and laughter everywhere. Men were lazily coming +and going through a door that led into the baths. There were large rooms +with high ceilings and painted walls. In one we can still see the round +marble basin. The walls are painted with trees and birds and swimming +fish and statues. It was like bathing in a beautiful garden to bathe +here. Another room was for the hot bath, with double walls and hot air +circulating between to make the whole room warm. The bathhouse was a +great building full of comforts. No wonder that all the idle Pompeians +came here to bathe, to play, to visit, to tell and hear the news. It was +a gay and noisy place. We have a letter that one of those old Romans +wrote to a friend. He says:</p> + +<p>"I am living near a bath. Sounds are heard on all sides. The men of +strong muscle exercise and swing the heavy lead weights. I hear their +groans as they strain, and the whistling of their breath. I hear the +massagist slapping a lazy fellow who is being rubbed with ointment. A +ball player begins to play and counts his throws. Perhaps there is a +sudden quarrel, or a thief is caught, or some one is singing in the +bath. And the bathers plunge into the swimming tank with loud splashes. +Above all the din you hear the calls of the hair puller and the sellers +of cakes and sweetmeats and sausages."</p> + +<p>After you leave the baths perhaps you will turn down Stabian Street. It +has narrow sidewalks. The broken walls of houses fence it in closely +on both sides and cast black shadows across it. It is paved with clean +blocks of lava. You will see wheel ruts worn deep in the hard stone. +Almost two thousand years old they are, made by the carts of the +farmers, perhaps, who brought in vegetables for the market. At the +street crossings you will see three or four big stone blocks standing +up above the pavement. They are stepping-stones for rainy weather. +Evidently floods used to pour down these sloping streets. You can +imagine little Roman boys skipping across from block to block and trying +to keep their sandals dry.</p> + +<p>The street will lead you to the district of good houses where the +wealthy men lived. Through open doorways you will get glimpses into the +old ruined courtyards. It is hard guessing how the rooms used to look. +But when you come to the door of the house of Vettius you will cry out +with wonder. There is a lovely garden in the corner of the house. A long +passage leads to it straight from the street. Around it runs a paved +porch with pretty columns. Here you will walk in the shade and look out +at the gay little garden, blooming in the sunshine. In every corner tiny +streams of water spurt from little statues of bronze and marble and +trickle into cool basins. Marble tables stand among the flowers. You +will half expect a slave to bring out old drinking cups and wine bowls +and set them here for his master's pleasure, or tablets and stylus for +him to write his letters. Everything is in order and beautiful. It was +not quite so when the excavators uncovered this house. The statues were +thrown down. The flowers were scorched and dead under the piled-up +ashes. But it was easy for the modern excavators to tell from the ground +where the flower beds had been and where the gravel paths. Even the +lead water pipe that carried the stream to the fountain needed little +repairing. So the excavators set up the statues, cleaned the marble +tables and benches, planted shrubs and flowers, repaired the porch roof, +and we have a garden such as the old Romans loved and such as many +houses in Pompeii had.</p> + +<p>Several rooms look out upon this garden. One of them is perhaps the most +interesting place in all Pompeii. You will walk into it and look around +and laugh with delight. The whole wall is painted with pictures, big and +little—pictures of columns and roofs, of plants and animals, of men +and gods. They are all framed in with wide spaces of beautiful red. And +tucked away between them in narrow bands of black are the gayest little +scenes in the world. They are worth going all the way across the ocean +to see. Psyches—delicate little winged girls like fairies—are picking +slender flowers and putting them into tall, graceful baskets. They are +so light and so tiny that they seem to be flitting along the wall +like bright butterflies. In other panels plump little cupids—winged +boys—are playing at being men. They are picking grapes and working a +wine press and selling wine. It is big work for tiny creatures, and they +must kick up their dimpled legs and puff out their chubby cheeks to do +it. They are melting gold and carrying gold dishes and selling jewelry +and swinging a blacksmith's hammer with their fat little arms. They are +carrying roses to market on a ragged goat and weaving rose garlands and +selling them to an elegant little lady. Everywhere these gay little +creatures are skipping about at their play among the beautiful red +spaces and large pictures. This was surely a charming dining room in the +old days. The guests must have been merry every time their eyes lighted +upon the bright wall. And if they looked out at the open side, there +smiled the garden with its flowers and statues and splashing fountains +and columns.</p> + +<p>There lived in this house two men by the name of Vettius. We know this +because the excavators found here two seals. In those days men fastened +their letters and receipts and bills with wax. While the wax was soft +they stamped their names in it with a metal seal. On the stamps that +were found in this house were carved Aulus Vettius Restitutus and Aulus +Vettius Conviva. Perhaps they were freedmen who once had been slaves of +Aulus Vettius. But they must have earned a fortune for themselves, for +there were two money chests in the house. And they must have had slaves +of their own to take care of their twenty rooms and more. In the tiny +kitchen the excavators found a good store of charcoal and the ashes of +a little fire on top of the stone stove. And on its three little legs +a bronze dish was sitting over the dead fire. A slave must have been +cooking his master's dinner when the volcano frightened him away.</p> + +<p>Vettius' dining room is empty of its wooden tables and couches. But some +houses had stone ones built in their gardens for pleasant summer days. +These the ashes did not crush, and they are still in place. Columns +stood about the tables and vines climbed up them and across to make cool +shade. The tables were always long and narrow and built around three +sides of a rectangle. Low couches stand along the outside edges. Here +guests used to lie propped up on their left elbows with pretty cushions +to make them comfortable. In the open space in the middle of the square +servants came and went and passed the dishes across the narrow tables. +Children used to have little wooden stools and sit in this middle space +opposite their elders. But in one old ruined garden dining room you will +see a little stone bench for the children, built along the end of the +table. It must have been pleasant to have supper there with the sunset +coloring the sky, behind old Vesuvius, the cool breeze shaking the +leaves of the garden shrubs, and the fountain tinkling, and a bird +chirping in a corner, and the shadows beginning to creep under the long +porches, and the tiny flames of lamps fluttering in the dusky rooms +behind.</p> + +<p>After you leave the house of Vettius and walk down the street, you will +come to a certain door. In the sidewalk before it you will see "Have" +spelled with bits of colored marble. It is the old Latin word for +"Welcome." It is too pleasant an invitation to refuse. Go in through +the high doorway and down the narrow passage to the atrium. Every Roman +house had this atrium. It is like a large reception hall with many +rooms opening off it—bedrooms, dining rooms, sitting rooms. Beautiful +hangings instead of doors used to shut these rooms in. The atrium had an +opening in the roof where the sun shone in and softly lighted the big +room. Here the master used to receive his guests. In the house of +Vettius the two money chests were found in the atrium. In this same room +in the house of "Welcome," there was found on the floor a little bronze +statue, a dancing faun, one of the gay friends of Dionysus. It is a tiny +thing only two feet high, but so pretty that the excavators named the +house after it—The House of the Faun. Evidently the old owner loved +beautiful things and had money to buy them. Even the floors of some of +his rooms are made in mosaic pictures. There are doves at play, and +ducks and fish and shells all laid under your feet in bright bits of +colored marble. And beyond the pleasant court with its porches and +garden is a large sitting room. In the floor of this the excavators +found the most wonderful mosaic picture of all, a picture of a battle, +with waving spears and prancing horses and fallen men. Two kings are +facing each other to fight—Darius, king of Persia, standing in his +chariot, and Alexander, king of Greece, riding his war horse. The bits +of stone are so small and of such perfect color that the mosaic looks +like a beautiful painting. Imagine how the excavators' hearts leaped +when the spades took the gray ashes off this bright picture. It was too +precious a thing to leave here in the rain and wind. So the excavators +carefully took it up and put it into the museum of Naples where there +are other valuable things from Pompeii.</p> + +<p>There are many other houses almost as pleasant and beautiful as this +House of the Faun. Every one has its atrium and its sunny court and its +fountains and statues and its painted walls. But Pompeii was a city of +business, too, and had many workshops. There is a dye shop where the +excavators found large lead pots and glass bottles still full of dye. +There are cleaners' shops where the slaves used to take their masters' +robes to be cleaned. Here the excavators found vats and white clay +for cleaning, and pictures on the wall showing men at work. There are +tanneries where leather was made. The rusted tools were found which the +men had thrown down so long ago. There is a pottery shop with two ovens +for baking the vases. On a certain street corner you will see an old +wine shop. It is a little room cut into the corner wall of a great +house. Its two sides are open upon the street with broad marble +counters. Below the counters are big, deep jars. Their open tops thrust +themselves through the slab. You can look into their mouths where the +shopkeeper used to dip out the wine. On the walls of the room are marks +that show where shelves hung in ancient days to hold cups and glasses. +In the outer edge of the sidewalk before the shop are two round holes +cut into the stone. Long ago poles were thrust into them to hold an +awning that shaded the walk in front of the counters. We can imagine men +stopping in this pleasant shade as they passed. The busy slave inside +the shop whips out a cup and a graceful, long-handled ladle and dips out +the sweet-smelling wine from the wide-mouthed jar. And we can imagine +how the cups fell clattering from the men's hands when Vesuvius +thundered. In one shop, indeed, the excavators found an overturned cup +on the counter and a wine stain on the marble. But the most interesting +shops are the bakeries. There were twenty of them in Pompeii. You will +see the ovens in the courtyard. They are big beehives built of stone or +brick. The baker made a fire inside and let the walls become hot. Then +he raked out the coals and cleaned the floor and put in his bread. The +hot walls baked the loaves. In one oven the excavators found a burned +loaf eighteen hundred years old. When the earthquake shook his house, +did the baker snatch out the rest of the ovenful to feed his hungry +family as they groped about for safety in the terrible darkness? +In several bakeries you will see, also, the mills. They are great +mortar-shaped things standing taller than a man. The heavy stone above +turned around upon the stone below. A man poured wheat in at the top. It +fell down and was ground between the two stones and dropped out at the +bottom as flour. A horse or donkey was hitched to the mill to turn it. +Around and around he walked all day. He was blindfolded to prevent his +becoming dizzy. You will see on the stone floor in one bakery the path +that was made by years of this walking. In the old days this silent +empty court must have been an interesting place. The donkey's hoofs beat +lazy time on the stone floor. Now and then a slave lifted up a bag of +wheat and poured it into the mill or scooped out the white flour from +the trough at the bottom. Another man sifted the flour and the breeze +blew the white dust over his bare arms. Some of the ovens were smoking +and glowing with fresh fire. Others were shut, with the browning bread +inside, and a good smell hung in the air. And out in front was a little +shop where the master sold the thin loaves and the fancy little cakes.</p> + +<p>In the hundreds of houses and shops of this little town the excavators +have found bronze tables and lamps and lamp stands and wine jars and +kitchen pots and pans and spoons and glass vases and silver cups and +gold hairpins and jewelry and ivory combs and bronze strigils and +mirrors and several statues of bronze and marble. But where they +had hoped to find thousands of precious things they have found only +hundreds. Many pedestals are empty of their statues. Here and there the +very paintings have been cut from the walls. Those are the pictures we +should most like to see. How beautiful could they have been?</p> + +<p>"Evidently men came back soon after the eruption," say the excavators. +"The tops of their ruined houses must have stood up above the ashes. +They dug down and rescued their most precious things. We have even found +broken places in walls where we think men dug tunnels from one house to +another. That is why the temple and market place have so few statues. +That is why we find so little jewelry and money and dishes. But we have +enough. The city is our treasure."</p> + +<p>One rich find they did make, however. There was a pleasant farmhouse out +of town on the slope of Vesuvius. Evidently the man who owned it had +a vineyard and an olive grove and grain fields. For there are olive +presses and wine presses and a great court full of vats for making wine +and a floor for threshing wheat and a mill for grinding flour and a +stable and a wide courtyard that must have held many carts. And there +are bathrooms and many pleasant rooms besides. In the room with the wine +presses was a stone cistern for storing the fresh grape juice. Here +the excavators found a treasure and a mystery. In this cistern lay the +skeleton of a man. With him were a thousand pieces of gold money, some +gold jewelry, and a wonderful dinner set of silver dishes. There are a +hundred and three pieces—plates, platters, cups, bowls. And every one +has beaten up from it beautiful designs of flowers and people. An artist +must have made them, and a rich man must have bought them. How did they +come here in this farmhouse? They must have been meant for a nobleman's +table. Had some thief stolen them and hidden here, only to be caught +by the volcano? Did some rich lady of the city have this farm for her +country place? And had she sent her treasure here to escape when the +volcano burst forth? At any rate here it lay for eighteen hundred years. +And now it is in a museum in Paris, far from its old owner's home.</p> + +<p>In this buried city we find the houses in which men lived, the pictures +they loved, the food they ate, the jewels they wore, the cups they drank +from. But what of the people themselves? Were they real men and women? +How did they look? Did they all escape? Not all, for many skeletons have +been found here and there through the city—in the market place, in the +streets, in the houses. And sometimes the excavators have found still +stranger, sadder things. Often as a man has been digging in the +hard-packed ashes, his spade has struck into a hole. Then he has called +the chief excavator.</p> + +<p>"Let us see what it is," the excavator has said, "Perhaps it will be +something interesting."</p> + +<p>So they have mixed plaster and poured it into the hole. They have given +it a little time to harden and then have dug away the ashes from around +it. In that way they have made a plaster cast just the shape of the +hole. And several times when they have uncovered their cast they have +found it to be the form of a man or woman or child. Perhaps the person +had been hurrying through the street and had stumbled and fallen. The +gases had choked him, the ashes had slowly covered him. Under the +moistening rain and the pressure of all the hundreds of years the ashes +had hardened almost to stone. Meantime the body had decayed and had sunk +down into a handful of dust. But the hardened ashes still stood firm +around the space where the body had been. When this hole was filled with +plaster, the cast took just the form of the one who had been buried +there so long ago—the folds of his clothes, the ring on his finger, the +girl's knot of hair, the negro slave's woolly head. So we can really +look upon the faces of some of the ancient people of Pompeii. And in +another way we can learn the names of many of them.</p> + +<p>One of the streets that leads out from the wall is called the "Street of +Tombs." It is the ancient burying ground. You will walk along the paved +street between rows of monuments. Some will be like great square altars +of marble beautifully carved. Some will be tall platforms with steps +leading up. There will be marble benches where you may sit and think of +the old Pompeians who were twice buried in their beautiful tombs. And +there on the marble monument you will see their names carved in old +Latin letters, and kind things that their friends said about them. There +are:</p> + +<p>Marcus Cerrinius Restitutus; Aulus Veius, who was several times an +officer of the city; Mamia, a priestess; Marcus Porcius; Numerius +Istacidius and his wife and daughter and others of his family, all in +a great tomb standing on a high platform; Titus Terentius Felix, whose +wife, Fabia Sabina, built his tomb; Tyche, a slave; Aulus Umbricius +Scaurus, whose statue was set up in the market place to do him honor; +Gaius Calventius Quietus, who was given a seat of honor at the theater +on account of his generosity; Nævoleia Tyche, who had once been a slave, +but who had been freed, had married, and grown wealthy and had slaves of +her own; Gnæus Vibius Saturninus, whose freedman built his tomb; Marcus +Arrius Diomedes, a freedman; Numerius Velasius Gratus, twelve years old; +Salvinus, six years old; and many another.</p> + +<p>After seeing the tombs and houses and shops you will leave that little +city, I think, feeling that the people of ancient times were much like +us, that men and mountains have done wonderful things in this old world, +that it is good to know how people of other times lived and worked and +died. </p> +<br><br> + +<a name="PICTURES_OF_POMPEII"></a> +<br><br> + +<center> +<h2>PICTURES OF POMPEII</h2></center> +<br><br> +<a name="01"></a> +<br><br> +<h3> +A ROMAN BOY.</h3> +<p>This statue, now in the Metropolitan Museum, was found at Pompeii. +Probably Caius was dressed just like this, and carried such a stick when +he played in his father's courtyard.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="01.jpg (109K)" src="images/01.jpg" height="995" width="672"> +</center> +<br><br> + + +<br><br> +<a name="02"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>THE CITY OF NAPLES, WITH MOUNT VESUVIUS ACROSS THE BAY.</h3> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="02.jpg (148K)" src="images/02.jpg" height="676" width="915"> +</center> +<br><br> + + +<br><br> +<a name="03"></a> +<br><br> +<h3> +VESUVIUS IN ERUPTION, FROM AN AIRPLANE.</h3> +<p>Nowadays men know from history what may happen when Vesuvius wakes. But +in 79 A.D., when Pompeii was buried, the mountain had slept for hundreds +of years, and no man knew that an eruption might bury a city.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="03.jpg (94K)" src="images/03.jpg" height="908" width="582"> +</center> +<br><br> + + +<br><br> +<a name="04"></a> +<br><br> +<h3> +POMPEII FROM AN AIRPLANE.</h3> +<p>The roofs are all gone and all the partitions inside the houses show. +That is why it all looks so crowded and confused. But if you study it +carefully you can see some interesting things. The big open space is +the forum. It is about five hundred feet long, running northeast and +southwest. South of it is the temple of Apollo. North of it, where you +see the bases of columns in a circle, was the market. Next to the market +is the place where the gods of the city were worshipped. The broad +street beside the forum running southeast is the one down which Ariston +fled. Then he turned into the forum, ran out the gate near the lower end +into the steep street that runs southwest and ends at a city gate near +the sea. NOLA STREET AND THE TEMPLE OF FORTUNE.</p> + +<p>You must imagine this temple with an altar in front, a broad flight of +steps, and a portico of beautiful columns. You can see the street paved +with blocks of lava, the deep wheel ruts, and the stepping stones for +rainy weather.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="04.jpg (187K)" src="images/04.jpg" height="905" width="656"> +</center> +<br><br> + + +<br><br> +<a name="05"></a> +<br><br> +<h3> +THE STABIAN GATE.</h3> +<p>Pompeii was surrounded by two high walls fifteen feet apart, with earth +between. An embankment of earth was piled up inside also. This is one of +the eight gates in the wall. +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="05.jpg (62K)" src="images/05.jpg" height="420" width="659"> +</center> +<br><br> + + +<br><br> +<a name="07"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>IN THE STREET OF TOMBS.</h3> +<p>On the tomb of Nævoleia Tyche was a carving of a ship gliding into port, +the sailors furling the sails. Within this tomb is a chamber where +funeral urns stand, containing the ashes of Tyche and her husband, and +of the slaves they had freed. Pompeians always burned the bodies of the +dead.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="07.jpg (111K)" src="images/07.jpg" height="664" width="864"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="08"></a> +<br><br> +<h3> +THE AMPHITHEATER.</h3> +<p>Like other Roman towns, Pompeii had an amphitheater. Here twenty +thousand people could come and watch the gladiators fight in pairs till +one was killed. Then the dead body was dragged off, and another pair +appeared and fought. Sometimes the gladiators were prisoners captured in +war, like the famous Spartacus; sometimes they were slaves; sometimes +criminals condemned to death. Sometimes a man was pitted against a wild +beast; sometimes two wild beasts fought each other. The amphitheater had +no roof. Vesuvius, with its column of smoke, was in plain view from the +seats. There was a great awning to protect the spectators. The lower +seats were for officials and distinguished people; for the middle rows +there was an admission fee; all the upper seats were free.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="08.jpg (65K)" src="images/08.jpg" height="417" width="661"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="09"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>RUINS OF THE GREAT STABIAN BATHS.</h3> +<p>A few large houses had baths of their own, but most people went every +day to a great public bath which was a very gay place. This open court +which you see, was for games. +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="09.jpg (68K)" src="images/09.jpg" height="408" width="662"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="10"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>THE RUINED TEMPLE OF APOLLO.</h3> +<p>The temple was built on a high foundation. A broad flight of steps led +up to it, with an altar at the foot. There was a porch all round it held +up by a row of columns. Some of the columns have stood up through all +the earthquakes and eruptions of two thousand years. Inside the porch +was a small room for the statue of Apollo. In the paved court around +this temple were many altars and statues of the gods. This was at one +time the most important temple in Pompeii.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="10.jpg (83K)" src="images/10.jpg" height="507" width="661"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="11"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>THE SCHOOL OF THE GLADIATORS.</h3> +<p>In this large open court the gladiators had their training and practice. +In small cells around the court they lived. They were kept under close +guard, for they were dangerous men. Sixty-three skeletons were found +here, many of them in irons. +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="11.jpg (79K)" src="images/11.jpg" height="417" width="662"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="12"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>THE SMALLER THEATER.</h3> +<p>Pompeii had two theaters for plays and music, besides the amphitheater +where the gladiators fought. The smaller theater, unlike the others, had +a roof. It seated fifteen hundred people. We think perhaps contests in +music were held here. +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="12.jpg (159K)" src="images/12.jpg" height="653" width="884"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="13"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>A SACRIFICE.</h3> +<p>A boar, a ram, and a bull are to be killed, and a part of the flesh is +to be burned on the altar to please the gods. +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="13.jpg (157K)" src="images/13.jpg" height="442" width="945"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="63d"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>A SCENE IN THE FORUM.</h3> +<p>On the walls of a room in a house in Pompeii men found this picture, +showing how interesting the life of the forum was. At the left is a +table where a man has kitchen utensils for sale. But he is dreaming and +does not see a customer coming. So his friend is waking him up. Near him +is a shoemaker selling sandals to some women.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="63d.jpg (53K)" src="images/63d.jpg" height="328" width="628"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="63b"></a> +<br><br> +<h3> +IVORY HAIRPINS.</h3> +<p>Underneath are two ivory toilet boxes. One was probably for perfumed +oil.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="63b.jpg (16K)" src="images/63b.jpg" height="295" width="300"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="63c"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>APPLIANCES FOR THE BATH.</h3> +<p>These were found hanging in a ring in one of the great public baths. You +see a flask for oil, a saucer to pour the oil into, and four scrapers to +scrape off the oil and dirt before a plunge. +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="63c.jpg (18K)" src="images/63c.jpg" height="386" width="239"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="14"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>PERISTYLE OF THE HOUSE OF THE VETTII.</h3> +<p>With the columns and tables and statues that were found, this court has +been built on the site of an old ruined villa. Flowers bloom and the +fountain plays in it to-day just as they did over two thousand years +ago. There are wall paintings in the shadows at the back. The little +boys holding the ducks must look very much like Caius when he was a +little boy. When he went to the farm in the hills for a hot summer, he +had ducks to play with; here are statues to remind him, in the winter +time, of what fun that was.</p> + +<p>A garden like this, not generally so large, was laid out <i>inside</i> every +important house in Pompeii. The family rooms surrounded it. These rooms +received most of their light and air from this garden. Caius was lying +on a couch in a garden like this, when the shower of pebbles suddenly +began. Ariston was painting the walls of a room that overlooked the +garden.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="14.jpg (117K)" src="images/14.jpg" height="525" width="819"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="15"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>LADY PLAYING A HARP.</h3> +<p>This is part of a beautiful wall painting in a Pompeian house, the sort +of painting that Ariston was making when the volcano burst forth. See +how much the little boy looks like his mother, and what beautiful bands +they both have in their hair. Chairs like this one have been found in +the ruins, and the same design is on many other pieces of furniture.</p> + +<p>The Metropolitan Museum owns the complete wall paintings for a Pompeian +room. They are put up just as they were in Pompeii. There is even an +iron window grating. A beautiful table from Pompeii stands in the +center. The room is one of the gayest in the whole museum, with its rich +reds and bright yellows, greens, and blues. +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="15.jpg (121K)" src="images/15.jpg" height="687" width="672"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="16"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>KITCHEN OF THE HOUSE OF THE VETTII.</h3> +<p>In this house the cook must have been in the kitchen, just ready to go +to work when he had to flee. He left the pot on a tripod on a bed of +coals, ready for use. You can see an arched opening underneath the +fireplace. This was where the cook kept his fuel. The small size of +the kitchens shows that the Pompeians were not great gluttons. +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="16.jpg (96K)" src="images/16.jpg" height="777" width="507"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="67a"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>KITCHEN UTENSILS.</h3> +<p>These kettles and frying pans and ladles are made of bronze, an alloy of +copper and tin. They look very much like our kitchen furnishings.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="67a.jpg (120K)" src="images/67a.jpg" height="844" width="713"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="centaur"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>CENTAUR CUP.</h3> +<p>Some rich Pompeian had a pair of beautiful silver cups with graceful +handles. The design was made in hammered silver, and showed centaurs +talking to cupids that are sitting on their backs. A centaur was half +man, half horse.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="centaur.jpg (25K)" src="images/centaur.jpg" height="214" width="430"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="17"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>THE HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET (restored).</h3> +<p>From the ruins and from ancient books, men know almost all the rooms of +a Pompeian house. So they have pictured this one as it was before the +disaster, with its many beautiful wall paintings, its mosaic floors, its +tiled roofs. If you can imagine these two halves fitted together, and +yourself inside, you can visit one of the most attractive houses in +Pompeii. Do you see how the tiled roof slants downward from four sides +to a rectangular opening in the highest part of the house? Below this +opening was a shallow basin into which the rainwater fell. This basin +was in the center of the atrium, the most important room in the house. +The walls of this room were painted with scenes from the Trojan war. +This is the house which has the mosaic picture of a dog on the floor of +the long entrance hall (see next page). On each side of the hall, facing +the street, are large rooms for shops, where, doubtless, the owner +conducted his business. He was not a "Tragic Poet." Some people think he +was a goldsmith. On each side of the atrium were sleeping rooms. Can you +see that the doors are very high with a grating at the top to let in +light and air? Windows were few and small, and generally the rooms took +light and air from the inside courts rather than from outside. Back of +the atrium was a large reception room with bedrooms on each side. And +back of this was a large open court, or garden, with a colonnade on +three sides and a solid wall at the back. Opening on this garden was a +large dining room with beautiful wall paintings, a tiny kitchen, and +some sleeping rooms. This house had stairways and second story rooms +over the shops. This seems to us a very comfortable homelike house.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="17.jpg (76K)" src="images/17.jpg" height="429" width="664"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="18"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>THE HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET (as it looks to-day).</h3> +<p>Here you see the shallow basin in the floor of the atrium. This basin +had two outlets. You can see the round cistern mouth near the pool. +There was also an outlet to the street to carry off the overflow. At the +back of the garden you can see a shrine to the household gods. At every +meal a portion was set aside in little dishes for the gods. +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="18.jpg (73K)" src="images/18.jpg" height="437" width="661"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="19"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>MOSAIC OF WATCH DOG.</h3> +<p>From the vestibule of the House of the Tragic Poet. It says loudly, +"Beware the dog!" Pictures and patterns made of little pieces of +polished stone like this are called mosaic. Sometimes American +vestibules are tiled in a simple mosaic. Wouldn't it be fun if they had +such exciting pictures as this? A real dog, or two or three, probably +was standing inside the door, chained, or held by slaves. +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="19.jpg (118K)" src="images/19.jpg" height="822" width="517"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="20"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>THE HOUSE OF DIOMEDE.</h3> +<p>There was a wine cellar under the colonnade. Here were twenty skeletons; +two, children. Near the door were found skeletons of two men. One had a +large key, doubtless the key of this door. He wore a gold ring and was +carrying a good deal of money. He was probably the master of the house. +Evidently the family thought at first that the wine cellar would be a +safe place, but when they found that it was not so, the master took one +slave and started out to find a way to escape. But they all perished.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="20.jpg (159K)" src="images/20.jpg" height="664" width="878"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="21"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>RUINS OF A BAKERY, WITH MILLSTONES.</h3> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="21.jpg (75K)" src="images/21.jpg" height="422" width="666"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="22"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>SECTION OF A MILL.</h3> +<p>If one of the mills that were found in the bakery were sawed in two, it +would look like this. You can see where the baker's man poured in the +wheat, and where the flour dropped down, and the heavy timbers fastened +to the upper millstone to turn it by.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="22.jpg (103K)" src="images/22.jpg" height="741" width="686"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="23"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>PORTRAIT OF LUCIUS CÆCILIUS JUCUNDUS.</h3> +<p>This Lucius was an auctioneer who had set free one of his slaves, Felix. +Felix, in gratitude, had this portrait of his master cast in bronze. +It stood on a marble pillar in the atrium of the house.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="23.jpg (44K)" src="images/23.jpg" height="709" width="341"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="24"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>BRONZE CANDLEHOLDER.</h3> +<p>It is the figure of the Roman God Silenus. He was the son of Pan, and +the oldest of the satyrs, who were supposed to be half goat. Can you +find the goat's horns among his curls? He was a rollicking old satyr, +very fond of wine, always getting into mischief. The grape design at the +base of the little statue, and the snake supporting the candleholder, +both are symbols of the sileni.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="24.jpg (74K)" src="images/24.jpg" height="1134" width="534"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="25"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>THE DANCING FAUN.</h3> +<p>In one of the largest and most elegant houses in Pompeii, on the floor +of the atrium, or principal room of the house, men found in the ashes +this bronze statue of a dancing faun. Doesn't he look as if he loved +to dance, snapping his fingers to keep time? Although this great house +contained on the floor of one room the most famous of ancient mosaic +pictures, representing Alexander the Great in battle, and although it +contains many other fine mosaics, it was named from this statue, the +House of the Faun, Casa del Fauno.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="25.jpg (58K)" src="images/25.jpg" height="1162" width="554"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="26"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>HERMES IN REPOSE.</h3> +<p>This bronze statue was found in Herculaneum, the city on the other slope +of Vesuvius which was buried in liquid mud. This mud has become solid +rock, from sixty to one hundred feet deep so that excavation is very +difficult, and the city is still for the most part buried.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="26.jpg (108K)" src="images/26.jpg" height="1112" width="841"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="27"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>THE ARCH OF NERO.</h3> +<p>The visitors to-day are walking where Caius walked so long ago on the +same paving stones. The three stones were set up to keep chariots out of +the forum.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="27.jpg (109K)" src="images/27.jpg" height="903" width="662"> +</center> +<br><br> + + +<br><hr><br> + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Buried Cities, Part 1, Pompeii, by Jennie Hall + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURIED CITIES, PART 1, POMPEII *** + +***** This file should be named 9625-h.htm or 9625-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/9/6/2/9625/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Widger and PG Distributed +Proofreaders + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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0000000..edbd909 --- /dev/null +++ b/9625-h/images/lampholder.jpg diff --git a/9625-h/images/table.jpg b/9625-h/images/table.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9023af3 --- /dev/null +++ b/9625-h/images/table.jpg diff --git a/9625-h/images/titlepage.jpg b/9625-h/images/titlepage.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7d91680 --- /dev/null +++ b/9625-h/images/titlepage.jpg diff --git a/9625.txt b/9625.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e738d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/9625.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1929 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Buried Cities, Part 1, Pompeii, by Jennie Hall + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Buried Cities, Part 1, Pompeii + +Author: Jennie Hall + +Release Date: August 10, 2004 [EBook #9625] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURIED CITIES, PART 1, POMPEII *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Widger and PG Distributed +Proofreaders + + + + + +BURIED CITIES, PART 1 + +POMPEII + +BY + +JENNIE HALL + +Author of "Four Old Greeks," Etc. Instructor in History and English in +the Francis W. Parker School, Chicago + +With Many Drawings and Photographs From Original Sources + + + +The publishers are grateful to the estate of Miss Jennie Hall and to her +many friends for assistance in planning the publication of this book. +Especial thanks are due to Miss Nell C. Curtis of the Lincoln School, +New York City, for helping to finish Miss Hall's work of choosing the +pictures, and to Miss Irene I. Cleaves of the Francis Parker School, +Chicago, who wrote the captions. It was Miss Katharine Taylor, now of +the Shady Hill School, Cambridge, who brought these stories to our +attention. + + + + +FOREWORD: TO BOYS AND GIRLS + +Do you like to dig for hidden treasure? Have you ever found Indian +arrowheads or Indian pottery? I knew a boy who was digging a cave in +a sandy place, and he found an Indian grave. With his own hands he +uncovered the bones and skull of some brave warrior. That brown skull +was more precious to him than a mint of money. Another boy I knew was +making a cave of his own. Suddenly he dug into an older one made years +before. He crawled into it with a leaping heart and began to explore. He +found an old carpet and a bit of burned candle. They proved that some +one had lived there. What kind of a man had he been and what kind +of life had he lived--black or white or red, robber or beggar or +adventurer? Some of us were walking in the woods one day when we saw a +bone sticking out of the ground. Luckily we had a spade, and we set to +work digging. Not one moment was the tool idle. First one bone and then +another came to light and among them a perfect horse's skull. We felt as +though we had rescued Captain Kidd's treasure, and we went home draped +in bones. + +Suppose that instead of finding the bones of a horse we had uncovered a +gold-wrapped king. Suppose that instead of a deserted cave that boy +had dug into a whole buried city with theaters and mills and shops and +beautiful houses. Suppose that instead of picking up an Indian arrowhead +you could find old golden vases and crowns and bronze swords lying in +the earth. If you could be a digger and a finder and could choose your +find, would you choose a marble statue or a buried bakeshop with bread +two thousand years old still in the oven or a king's grave filled with +golden gifts? It is of such digging and such finding that this book +tells. + + + +CONTENTS + + FOREWORD: To BOYS AND GIRLS + + + POMPEII + + 1. The Greek Slave and the Little Roman Boy + + 2. Vesuvius + + 3. Pompeii Today + + _Pictures of Pompeii:_ + + A Roman Boy + + The City of Naples + + Vesuvius in Eruption + + Pompeii from an Airplane + + Nola Street; the Stabian Gate + + In the Street of Tombs + + The Amphitheater; the Baths + + Temple of Apollo; School of the Gladiators + + The Smaller Theater + + A Sacrifice + + Scene in the Forum; Hairpins; Bath Appliances + + Peristyle of the House of the Vettii + + Lady Playing a Harp + + Kitchen of the House of the Vettii + + Kitchen Utensils; Centaur Cup + + The House of the Tragic Poet + + Mosaic of Watch Dog + + The House of Diomede + + A Bakery; Section of a Mill + + Lucius Caecilius Jueundus + + Bronze Candleholder + + The Dancing Faun + Hermes in Repose + + The Arch of Nero + + + + +[Illustration: Line Art of Bronze Lamp. Caption: _Bronze Lamps_. The +bowl held olive oil. A wick came out at the nozzle. These lamps gave a +dim and smoky light.] + + + + +THE GREEK SLATE AND THE LITTLE ROMAN BOY + +Ariston, the Greek slave, was busily painting. He stood in a little room +with three smooth walls. The fourth side was open upon a court. A little +fountain splashed there. Above stretched the brilliant sky of Italy. The +August sun shone hotly down. It cut sharp shadows of the columns on the +cement floor. This was the master's room. The artist was painting the +walls. Two were already gay with pictures. They showed the mighty deeds +of warlike Herakles. Here was Herakles strangling the lion, Herakles +killing the hideous hydra, Herakles carrying the wild boar on his +shoulders, Herakles training the mad horses. But now the boy was +painting the best deed of all--Herakles saving Alcestis from death. He +had made the hero big and beautiful. The strong muscles lay smooth in +the great body. One hand trailed the club. On the other arm hung the +famous lion skin. With that hand the god led Alcestis. He turned his +head toward her and smiled. On the ground lay Death, bruised and +bleeding. One batlike black wing hung broken. He scowled after the hero +and the woman. In the sky above him stood Apollo, the lord of life, +looking down. But the picture of the god was only half finished. The +figure was sketched in outline. Ariston was rapidly laying on paint with +his little brushes. His eyes glowed with Apollo's own fire. His lips +were open, and his breath came through them pantingly. + +"O god of beauty, god of Hellas, god of freedom, help me!" he half +whispered while his brush worked. + +For he had a great plan in his mind. Here he was, a slave in this rich +Roman's house. Yet he was a free-born son of Athens, from a family of +painters. Pirates had brought him here to Pompeii, and had sold him as a +slave. His artist's skill had helped him, even in this cruel land. For +his master, Tetreius, loved beauty. The Roman had soon found that his +young Greek slave was a painter. He had said to his steward: + +"Let this boy work at the mill no longer. He shall paint the walls of my +private room." + +So he had talked to Ariston about what the pictures should be. The Greek +had found that this solemn, frowning Roman was really a kind man. Then +hope had sprung up in his breast and had sung of freedom. + +"I will do my best to please him," he had thought. "When all the walls +are beautiful, perhaps he will smile at my work. Then I will clasp his +knees. I will tell him of my father, of Athens, of how I was stolen. +Perhaps he will send me home." + +Now the painting was almost done. As he worked, a thousand pictures were +flashing through his mind. He saw his beloved old home in lovely Athens. +He felt his father's hand on his, teaching him to paint. He gazed again +at the Parthenon, more beautiful than a dream. Then he saw himself +playing on the fishing boat on that terrible holiday. He saw the pirate +ship sail swiftly from behind a rocky point and pounce upon them. He saw +himself and his friends dragged aboard. He felt the tight rope on his +wrists as they bound him and threw him under the deck. He saw himself +standing here in the market place of Pompeii. He heard himself sold for +a slave. At that thought he threw down his brush and groaned. + +But soon he grew calmer. Perhaps the sweet drip of the fountain cooled +his hot thoughts. Perhaps the soft touch of the sun soothed his heart. +He took up his brushes again and set to work. + +"The last figure shall be the most beautiful of all," he said to +himself. "It is my own god, Apollo." + +So he worked tenderly on the face. With a few little strokes he made the +mouth smile kindly. He made the blue eyes deep and gentle. He lifted the +golden curls with a little breeze from Olympos. The god's smile cheered +him. The beautiful colors filled his mind. He forgot his sorrows. He +forgot everything but his picture. Minute by minute it grew under his +moving brush. He smiled into the god's eyes. + +Meantime a great noise arose in the house. There were cries of fear. +There was running of feet. + +"A great cloud!" "Earthquake!" "Fire and hail!" "Smoke from hell!" "The +end of the world!" "Run! Run!" + +And men and women, all slaves, ran screaming through the house and out +of the front door. But the painter only half heard the cries. His ears, +his eyes, his thoughts were full of Apollo. + +For a little the house was still. Only the fountain and the shadows and +the artist's brush moved there. Then came a great noise as though the +sky had split open. The low, sturdy house trembled. Ariston's brush was +shaken and blotted Apollo's eye. Then there was a clattering on the +cement floor as of a million arrows. Ariston ran into the court. From +the heavens showered a hail of gray, soft little pebbles like beans. +They burned his upturned face. They stung his bare arms. He gave a cry +and ran back under the porch roof. Then he heard a shrill call above all +the clattering. It came from the far end of the house. Ariston ran back +into the private court. There lay Caius, his master's little sick son. +His couch was under the open sky, and the gray hail was pelting down +upon him. He was covering his head with his arms and wailing. + +"Little master!" called Ariston. "What is it? What has happened to us?" +"Oh, take me!" cried the little boy. + +"Where are the others?" asked Ariston. + +"They ran away," answered Caius. "They were afraid, Look! O-o-h!" + +He pointed to the sky and screamed with terror. + +Ariston looked. Behind the city lay a beautiful hill, green with trees. +But now from the flat top towered a huge, black cloud. It rose straight +like a pine tree and then spread its black branches over the heavens. +And from that cloud showered these hot, pelting pebbles of pumice stone. + +"It is a volcano," cried Ariston. + +He had seen one spouting fire as he had voyaged on the pirate ship. + +"I want my father," wailed the little boy. + +Then Ariston remembered that his master was away from home. He had gone +in a ship to Rome to get a great physician for his sick boy. He had left +Caius in the charge of his nurse, for the boy's mother was dead. But +now every slave had turned coward and had run away and left the little +master to die. + +Ariston pulled the couch into one of the rooms. Here the roof kept off +the hail of stones. + +"Your father is expected home to-day, master Caius," said the Greek. "He +will come. He never breaks his word. We will wait for him here. This +strange shower will soon be over." + +So he sat on the edge of the couch, and the little Roman laid his head +in his slave's lap and sobbed. Ariston watched the falling pebbles. They +were light and full of little holes. Every now and then black rocks of +the size of his head whizzed through the air. Sometimes one fell into +the open cistern and the water hissed at its heat. The pebbles lay piled +a foot deep all over the courtyard floor. And still they fell thick and +fast. + +"Will it never stop?" thought Ariston. + +Several times the ground swayed under him. It felt like the moving of a +ship in a storm. Once there was thunder and a trembling of the house. +Ariston was looking at a little bronze statue that stood on a tall, +slender column. It tottered to and fro in the earthquake. Then it fell, +crashing into the piled-up stones. In a few minutes the falling shower +had covered it. + +Ariston began to be more afraid. He thought of Death as he had painted +him in his picture. He imagined that he saw him hiding behind a column. +He thought he heard his cruel laugh. He tried to look up toward the +mountain, but the stones pelted him down. He felt terribly alone. Was +all the rest of the world dead? Or was every one else in some safe +place? + +"Come, Caius, we must get away," he cried. "We shall be buried here." + +He snatched up one of the blankets from the couch. He threw the ends +over his shoulders and let a loop hang at his back. He stood the sick +boy in this and wound the ends around them both. Caius was tied to his +slave's back. His heavy little head hung on Ariston's shoulder. Then the +Greek tied a pillow over his own head. He snatched up a staff and ran +from the house. He looked at his picture as he passed. He thought he +saw Death half rise from the ground. But Apollo seemed to smile at his +artist. + +At the front door Ariston stumbled. He found the street piled deep with +the gray, soft pebbles. He had to scramble up on his hands and knees. +From the house opposite ran a man. He looked wild with fear. He was +clutching a little statue of gold. Ariston called to him, "Which way to +the gate?" + +But the man did not hear. He rushed madly on. Ariston followed him. It +cheered the boy a little to see that somebody else was still alive in +the world. But he had a hard task. He could not run. The soft pebbles +crunched under his feet and made him stumble. He leaned far forward +under his heavy burden. The falling shower scorched his bare arms and +legs. Once a heavy stone struck him on his cushioned head, and he fell. +But he was up in an instant. He looked around bewildered. His head was +ringing. The air was hot and choking. The sun was gone. The shower was +blinding. Whose house was this? The door stood open. The court was +empty. Where was the city gate? Would he never get out? He did not know +this street. Here on the corner was a wine shop with its open sides. But +no men stood there drinking. Wine cups were tipped over and broken on +the marble counter. Ariston stood in a daze and watched the wine +spilling into the street. + +Then a crowd came rushing past him. It was evidently a family fleeing +for their lives. Their mouths were open as though they were crying. But +Ariston could not hear their voices. His ears shook with the roar of the +mountain. An old man was hugging a chest. Gold coins were spilling out +as he ran. Another man was dragging a fainting woman. A young girl ran +ahead of them with white face and streaming hair. Ariston stumbled on +after this company. A great black slave came swiftly around a corner and +ran into him and knocked him over, but fled on without looking back. As +the Greek boy fell forward, the rough little pebbles scoured his face. +He lay there moaning. Then he began to forget his troubles. His aching +body began to rest. He thought he would sleep. He saw Apollo smiling. +Then Caius struggled and cried out. He pulled at the blanket and tried +to free himself. This roused Ariston, and he sat up. He felt the hot +pebbles again. He heard the mountain roar. He dragged himself to his +feet and started on. Suddenly the street led him out into a broad space. +Ariston looked around him. All about stretched wide porches with their +columns. Temple roofs rose above them. Statues stood high on their +pedestals. He was in the forum. The great open square was crowded with +hurrying people. Under one of the porches Ariston saw the money changers +locking their boxes. From a wide doorway ran several men. They were +carrying great bundles of woolen cloth, richly embroidered and dyed +with precious purple. Down the great steps of Jupiter's temple ran a +priest. Under his arms he clutched two large platters of gold. Men were +running across the forum dragging bags behind them. + +Every one seemed trying to save his most precious things. And every one +was hurrying to the gate at the far end. Then that was the way out! +Ariston picked up his heavy feet and ran. Suddenly the earth swayed +under him. He heard horrible thunder. He thought the mountain was +falling upon him. He looked behind. He saw the columns of the porch +tottering. A man was running out from one of the buildings. But as he +ran, the walls crashed down. The gallery above fell cracking. He was +buried. Ariston saw it all and cried out in horror. Then he prayed: + +"O Lord Poseidon, shaker of the earth, save me! I am a Greek!" + +Then he came out of the forum. A steep street sloped down to a gate. A +river of people was pouring out there. The air was full of cries. The +great noise of the crowd made itself heard even in the noise of the +volcano. The streets were full of lost treasures. Men pushed and fell +and were trodden upon. But at last Ariston passed through the gateway +and was out of the city. He looked about. + +"It is no better," he sobbed to himself. + +The air was thicker now. The shower had changed to hot dust as fine +as ashes. It blurred his eyes. It stopped his nostrils. It choked his +lungs. He tore his chiton from top to bottom and wrapped it about his +mouth and nose. He looked back at Caius and pulled the blanket over his +head. Behind him a huge cloud was reaching out long black arms from the +mountain to catch him. Ahead, the sun was only a red wafer in the shower +of ashes. Around him people were running off to hide under rocks or +trees or in the country houses. Some were running, running anywhere to +get away. Out of one courtyard dashed a chariot. The driver was lashing +his horses. He pushed them ahead through the crowd. He knocked people +over, but he did not stop to see what harm he had done. Curses flew +after him. He drove on down the road. + +Ariston remembered when he himself had been dragged up here two years +ago from the pirate ship. + +"This leads to the sea," he thought. "I will go there. Perhaps I shall +meet my master, Tetreius. He will come by ship. Surely I shall find him. +The gods will send him to me. O blessed gods!" + +But what a sea! It roared and tossed and boiled. While Ariston looked, +a ship was picked up and crushed and swallowed. The sea poured up the +steep shore for hundreds of feet. Then it rushed back and left its +strange fish gasping on the dry land. Great rocks fell from the sky, +and steam rose up as they splashed into the water. The sun was growing +fainter. The black cloud was coming on. Soon it would be dark. And then +what? Ariston lay down where the last huge wave had cooled the ground. +"It is all over, Caius," he murmured. "I shall never see Athens again." + +For a while there were no more earthquakes. The sea grew a little less +wild. Then the half-fainting Ariston heard shouts. He lifted his head. +A small boat had come ashore. The rowers had leaped out. They were +dragging it up out of reach of the waves. + +"How strange!" thought Ariston. "They are not running away. They must be +brave. We are all cowards." + +"Wait for me here!" cried a lordly voice to the rowers. + +When he heard that voice Ariston struggled to his feet and called. + +"Marcus Tetreius! Master!" + +He saw the man turn and run toward him. Then the boy toppled over and +lay face down in the ashes. + +When he came to himself he felt a great shower of water in his face. The +burden was gone from his back. He was lying in a row boat, and the boat +was falling to the bottom of the sea. Then it was flung up to the skies. +Tetreius was shouting orders. The rowers were streaming with sweat and +sea water. + +In some way or other they all got up on the waiting ship. It always +seemed to Ariston as though a wave had thrown him there. Or had Poseidon +carried him? At any rate, the great oars of the galley were flying. He +could hear every rower groan as he pulled at his oar. The sails, too, +were spread. The master himself stood at the helm. His face was one +great frown. The boat was flung up and down like a ball. Then fell +darkness blacker than night. + +"Who can steer without sun or stars?" thought the boy. + +Then he remembered the look on his master's face as he stood at the +tiller. Such a look Ariston had painted on Herakles' face as he +strangled the lion. + +"He will get us out," thought the slave. + +For an hour the swift ship fought with the waves. The oarsmen were +rowing for their lives. The master's arm was strong, and his heart was +not for a minute afraid. The wind was helping. At last they reached calm +waters. + +"Thanks be to the gods!" cried Tetreius. "We are out of that boiling +pot." + +At his words fire shot out of the mountain. It glowed red in the dusty +air. It flung great red arms across the sky after the ship. Every man +and spar and oar on the vessel seemed burning in its light. Then the +fire died, and thick darkness swallowed everything. Ariston's heart +seemed smothered in his breast. He heard the slaves on the rowers' +benches scream with fear. Then he heard their leader crying to them. He +heard a whip whiz through the air and strike on bare shoulders. Then +there was a crash as though the mountain had clapped its hands. A +thicker shower of ashes filled the air. But the rowers were at their +oars again. The ship was flying. + +So for two hours or more Tetreius and his men fought for safety. Then +they came out into fresher air and calmer water. Tetreius left the +rudder. "Let the men rest and thank the gods," he said to his overseer. +"We have come up out of the grave." + +When Ariston heard that, he remembered the Death he had left painted +on his master's wall. By that time the picture was surely buried under +stones and ashes. The boy covered his face with his ragged chiton and +wept. He hardly knew what he was crying for--the slavery, the picture, +the buried city, the fear of that horrid night, the sorrows of the +people left back there, his father, his dear home in Athens. At last +he fell asleep. The night was horrible with dreams--fire, earthquake, +strangling ashes, cries, thunder, lightning. But his tired body held +him asleep for several hours. Finally he awoke. He was lying on a soft +mattress. A warm blanket covered him. Clean air filled his nostrils. The +gentle light of dawn lay upon his eyes. A strange face bent over him. + +"It is only weariness," a kind voice was saying. "He needs food and rest +more than medicine." + +Then Ariston saw Tetreius, also, bending over him. The slave leaped to +his feet. He was ashamed to be caught asleep in his master's presence. +He feared a frown for his laziness. + +"My picture is finished, master," he cried, still half asleep. + +"And so is your slavery," said Tetreius, and his eyes shone. + +"It was not a slave who carried my son out of hell on his back. It was a +hero." He turned around and called, "Come hither, my friends." + +Three Roman gentlemen stepped up. They looked kindly upon Ariston. + +"This is the lad who saved my son," said Tetreius. "I call you to +witness that he is no longer a slave. Ariston, I send you from my hand a +free man." + +He struck his hand lightly on the Greek's shoulder, as all Roman masters +did when they freed a slave. Ariston cried aloud with joy. He sank to +his knees weeping. But Tetreius went on. + +"This kind physician says that Caius will live. But he needs good air +and good nursing. He must go to some one of Aesculapius' holy places. He +shall sleep in the temple and sit in the shady porches, and walk in the +sacred groves. The wise priests will give him medicines. The god will +send healing dreams. Do you know of any such place, Ariston?" + +The Greek thought of the temple and garden of Aesculapius on the sunny +side of the Acropolis at home in Athens. But he could not speak. He +gazed hungrily into Tetreius' eyes. The Roman smiled. + +"Ariston, this ship is bound for Athens! All my life I have loved +her--her statues, her poems, her great deeds. I have wished that my son +might learn from her wise men. The volcano has buried my home, Ariston. +But my wealth and my friends and my son are aboard this ship. What do +you say, my friend? Will you be our guide in Athens?" Ariston leaped up +from his knees. A fire of joy burned in his eyes. He stretched his hands +to the sky. + +"O blessed Herakles," he cried, "again thou hast conquered Death. Thou +didst snatch us from the grave of Pompeii. Give health to this Roman +boy. O fairest Athena, shed new beauty upon our violet crowned Athens. +For there is coming to visit her the best of men, my master Tetreius." + + +[Illustration: _A Marble Table_: The lions' heads were painted yellow. +You can see a table much like this in the garden pictured later.] + + + + +VESUVIUS + +So a living city was buried in a few hours. Wooded hills and green +fields lay covered under great ash heaps. Ever since that terrible +eruption Vesuvius has been restless. Sometimes she has been quiet for +a hundred years or more and men have almost forgotten that she ever +thundered and spouted and buried cities. But all at once she would move +again. She would shoot steam and ashes into the sky. At night fire +would leap out of her top. A few times she sent out dust and lava and +destroyed houses and fields. A man who lived five hundred years after +Pompeii was destroyed described Vesuvius as she was in his time. He +said: + +"This mountain is steep and thick with woods below. Above, it is very +craggy and wild. At the top is a deep cave. It seems to reach the bottom +of the mountain. If you peep in you can see fire. But this ordinarily +keeps in and does not trouble the people. But sometimes the mountain +bellows like an ox. Soon after it casts out huge masses of cinders. If +these catch a man, he hath no way to save his life. If they fall upon +houses, the roofs are crushed by the weight. If the wind blow stiff, +the ashes rise out of sight and are carried to far countries. But this +bellowing comes only every hundred years or thereabout. And the air +around the mountain is pure. None is more healthy. Physicians send +thither sick men to get well." + +The ashes that had covered Pompeii changed to rich soil. Green vines +and shrubs and trees sprang up and covered it, and flowers made it gay. +Therefore people said to themselves: + +"After all, she is a good old mountain. There will never be another +eruption while we are alive." + +So villages grew up around her feet. Farmers came and built little +houses and planted crops and were happy working the fertile soil. They +did not dream that they were living above a buried city, that the roots +of their vines sucked water from an old Roman house, that buried statues +lay gazing up toward them as they worked. + +About three hundred years ago came another terrible eruption. Again +there were earthquakes. Again the mountain bellowed. Again black clouds +turned day into night. Lightning flashed from cloud to cloud. Tempests +of hot rain fell. The sea rushed back and forth on the shore. The whole +top of the mountain was blown out or sank into the melting pot. Seven +rivers of red-hot lava poured down the slopes. They flowed for five +miles and fell into the sea. On the way they set fire to forests and +covered five little villages. Thousands of people were killed. + +Since that time Vesuvius has been very active. Almost every year there +have been eruptions with thunder and earthquakes and showers and lava. +A few of these have done much damage. [Footnote: In this year, 1922, +Vesuvius has been very active for the first time since 1906. It has been +causing considerable alarm in Naples. A new cone, 230 feet high, has +developed.--Ed.] And even on her calmest days a cloud has always hung +above the mountain top. Sometimes it has been thin and white--a cloud of +steam. Sometimes it has been black and curling--a cloud of dust. + +Vesuvius is a dangerous thing, but very beautiful. It stands tall and +pointed and graceful against a lovely sky. Its little cloud waves from +it like a plume. At night the mountain is swallowed by the dark. But +the red rivers down its slopes glare in the sky. It is beautiful and +terrible like a tiger. Thousands of people have loved it. They have +climbed it and looked down its crater. It is like looking into the heart +of the earth. One of these travelers wrote of his visit in 1793. He +said: + +"For many days Vesuvius has been in action. I have watched it from +Naples. It is wonderfully beautiful and always changing. On one day huge +clouds poured out of the top. They hung in the sky far above, white as +snow. Suddenly a cloud of smoke rushed out of another mouth. It was as +black as ink. The black column rose tall and curling beside the snowy +clouds. That was a picture in black and white. But at another time I saw +one in bright colors. + +"On a certain night there were towers and curls and waves and spires of +flames leaping from the top of the mountain. Millions of red-hot stones +were shot into the sky. They sailed upward for hundreds of feet, then +curved and fell like skyrockets. I looked through my telescope and saw +liquid lava boiling and bubbling over the crater's edge. I could see it +splash upon the rocks and glide slowly down the sides of the cone. The +whole top of the mountain was red with melted rock. And above it waved +the changing flames of red, orange, yellow, blue. + +"On another night, as I was getting into bed, I felt an earthquake. I +looked out of my window toward Vesuvius. All the top was glowing with +red-hot matter. A terrible roaring came from the mountain. In an instant +fire shot high into the air. The red column curved and showered the +whole cone. In half a minute came another earthquake shock. My doors and +windows rattled. Things were shaken from my table to the floor. Then +came the thunder of an explosion from the mountain and another shower +of fire. After a few seconds there were noises like the trampling of +horses' hoofs. It was, of course, the noise of the shot-out stones +falling upon the rocks of the mountainsides eight miles away. + +"I decided to ascend the volcano and see the crater from which all these +interesting things came. A few friends went with me. For most of the way +we traveled on horses. After two or three hours we reached the bottom of +the cone of rocks and ashes. From there we had to go on foot. We went +over to the river of red-hot lava. We planned to walk up along its edge. +But the hot rock was smoking, and the wind blew the smoke into our +faces. A thick mist of fine ashes from the crater almost suffocated us. +Sulphur fumes blew toward us and choked us. I said, + +"'We must cross the stream of lava. On the other side the wind will not +trouble us.' + +"'Cross that melted rock?' my friends cried out. 'We should sink into it +and be burned alive.' + +"But as we stood talking great stones were thrown out of the volcano. +They rolled down the mountainside close to us. If they had struck us +it would have been death. There was only one way to save ourselves. I +covered my face with my hat and rushed across the stream of lava. The +melted rock was so thick and heavy that I did not sink in. I only burned +my boots and scorched my hands. My friends followed me. On that side we +were safe. We climbed for half an hour. Then we came to the head of our +red river. It did not flow over the edge of the crater. Many feet down +from the top it had torn a hole through the cone. I shall never forget +the sight as long as I live. There was a vast arch in the black rock. +From this arch rushed a clear torrent of lava. It flowed smoothly like +honey. It glowed with all the splendor of the sun. It looked thin like +golden water. + +"'I could stir it with a stick,' said one of my friends. + +"'I doubt it,' I said. 'See how slowly it flows. It must be very thick +and heavy.' + +"To test it we threw pebbles into it. They did not sink, but floated on +like corks. We rolled in heavier stones of seventy or eighty pounds. +They only made shallow dents in the stream and floated down with the +current. A great rock of three hundred pounds lay near. I raised it upon +end and let it fall into the lava. Very slowly it sank and disappeared. + +"As the stream flowed on it spread out wider over the mountain. Farther +down the slope it grew darker and harder. It started from the arch like +melted gold. Then it changed to orange, to bright red, to dark red, to +brown, as it cooled. At the lower end it was black and hard and broken +like cinders. + +"We climbed a little higher above the arch. There was a kind of chimney +in the rock. Smoke and stream were coming out of it. I went close. The +fumes of sulphur choked me. I reached out and picked some lumps of pure +sulphur from the edge of the rock. For one moment the smoke ceased. I +held my breath and looked down the hole. I saw the glare of red-hot lava +flowing beneath. The mountain was a pot, full of boiling rock." + +Another man writes of a visit in 1868, a quieter year. + +"At first we climbed gentle slopes through vineyards and fields and +villages. Sometimes we came suddenly upon a black line in a green +meadow. A few years before it had flowed down red-hot. Further up we +reached large stretches of rock. Here wild vines and lupines were +growing in patches where the lava had decayed into soil. Then came +bare slopes with dark hollow and sharp ridges. We walked on old stiff +lava-streams. Sometimes we had to plod through piles of coarse, porous +cinders. Sometimes we climbed over tangled, lumpy beds of twisted, shiny +rock. Sometimes we looked into dark arched tunnels. Red streams had +once flowed out of them. A few times we passed near fresh cracks in the +mountain. Here steam puffed out. + +"At last we reached a broad, hot piece of ground. Here were smoking +holes. The night before I had looked at them with a telescope from the +foot of the mountain. I had seen red rivers flowing from them. Now they +were empty. Last night's lava lay on the slope, cooled and black. I +was standing on it. My feet grew hot. I had to keep moving. The air I +breathed was warm and smelled like that of an iron foundry. I pushed my +pole into a crack in the rock. The wood caught fire. I was standing on a +thin crust. What was below? I broke out a piece of the hard lava. A red +spot glared up at me. Under the crust red-hot lava was still flowing. I +knew that it would be several years before it would be perfectly cool." + +So for three centuries people have watched Vesuvius at work. But she is +much older than that--thousands of years older--older than any city or +country or people in the world. In all that time she has poured out +millions of tons of matter--lava, huge glassy boulders, little pebbles +of pumice stone, long shining hairs, fine dust or ashes. All these +things are different forms of melted rock. Sometimes the steam blows the +liquid into fine dust; sometimes it breaks it into little pieces and +fills them with bubbles. At another time the steam is not so strong and +only pushes the stuff out gently over the crater's edge. Many different +minerals are found in these rocks--iron, copper, lead, mica, zinc, +sulphur. Some pieces are beautiful in color--blue, green, red, yellow. +Precious stones have sometimes been found--garnets, topaz, quartz, +tourmaline, lapis lazuli. But most of the stone is dull black or brown +or gray. + +All this heavy matter drops close to the mountain. And on calm days the +ashes, also, fall near at home. Indeed, the volcano has built up its own +mountain. But a heavy wind often carries the fine dust for hundreds of +miles. Once it was blown as far as Constantinople and it darkened the +sun and frightened people there. Some of the ashes fall into the sea. +For years the currents carry them about from shore to shore. At last +they settle to the bottom and make clay or sand or mud. The material +lies there for thousands of years and is hard packed into a soft fine +grained rock, called tufa. The city of Naples to-day is built of such +stone that once lay under the sea. An earthquake long ago lifted the +ocean bottom and turned it into dry land. Now men live upon it and cut +streets in it and grow crops on it. + +So for many miles about, Vesuvius has been making earth. Her ashes lie +hundreds of feet deep. Men dig wells and still find only material that +has been thrown out of the volcano. When this matter grows old and lies +under the sun and rain it turns to good soil. The acids of water and air +and plants eat into it. Rain wears it away. Plant roots crack the rocks +open. The top layer becomes powdered and rotted and mixed with vegetable +loam and is fertile soil. So the country all around the volcano is a +rich garden. Tomatoes, melons, grapes, olives, figs, cover the land. + +But Vesuvius alone has not made all this ground. She is in a nest of +volcanoes. They have all been at work like her, spouting ashes and +pumice and rocks and lava. Ten miles away is a wide stretch of country +where there are more than a dozen old craters. Twenty miles out in the +blue bay a volcano stands up out of the water. A hundred miles south +is a group of small volcanic islands. They have hot springs. One has a +volcano that spouts every five or six minutes. At night it is like a +lighthouse for sailors. One of these Islands is only two thousand years +old. The men of Pompeii saw it pushed up out of the sea during an +earthquake. A little farther south is Mt. Aetna in Sicily. It is a +greater mountain than Vesuvius and has done more work than she has done. +So all the southern part of Italy seems to be the home of volcanoes and +earthquakes. + +There are many other such places scattered over the world--Iceland, +Mexico, South America, Japan, the Sandwich Islands. Here the same +terrible play is going on--thunder, clouds, falling ashes, scalding +rain, flowing lava. The earth is being turned inside out, and men are +learning what she is made of. + + +[ILLUSTRATION: _Bronze lampholder_: Five lamps hung from the branches +of this bronze tree. It was twenty inches high.] + + + + +POMPEII TO-DAY + +Years came and went and changed the world. The old gods died, and the +new religion of Christ grew strong. The old temples fell into ruins, and +new churches were built in their places. Instead of the old Roman in his +white toga came merchants in crimson velvet and knights in steel armor +and gentlemen in ruffles and modern men in plain clothes. + +Among all these changes, Pompeii was almost forgotten. But after a long +while people began to be much interested in ancient Italy. They read old +Roman books, and learned of her wonderful cities. They began to dig here +and there and find beautiful statues and vases and jewels. They read the +story of Pompeii in an old Roman book--a whole city suddenly buried just +as her people had left her! + +"There we should find treasures!" they said. "We should see houses, +temples, shops, streets, as they were seventeen hundred years ago. We +should find them full of statues and rich things. Perhaps we should find +some of the people who lived in ancient days. But where to dig?" + +Their question was answered by accident. At that time certain men were +making a tunnel to carry spring water from the hills across the country +to a little town near Naples. The tunnel happened to pass over buried +Pompeii. They dug up some blocks of stone with Latin inscriptions carved +on them. After that other people found little ancient relics near the +same place. + +"This must be where Pompeii lies buried," the wise men said. + +They began to excavate. That was about two hundred years ago. Ever since +that time the work has gone on. Sometimes people have been discouraged +and have given up. At other times six hundred men have been working +busily. Kings have given money. Emperors and princes and queens have +visited the excavations. Artists have made pictures of the ruins, and +scholars have written books about them. But it is a great task to +uncover a whole city that is buried ten or twelve feet deep. The +excavation is not yet finished. Perhaps when you are old men and women +the work will be completed, and a whole Roman city will be open to your +eyes. + +But even as it is to-day, that ghost of a city is among the world's +wonders. There is the thick stone wall that goes all about the town. On +its wide top the soldiers used to stand to fight in ancient days. Now +the stones are fallen; its towers are broken; its gates are open. Yet +there the battered little giant stands at its task of protecting the +town. Out of its eight gates stretch the paved streets. + +Perhaps some day you will cross the ocean to visit this "dead city." +It lies on a slope at the foot of Vesuvius. Behind stands the tall, +graceful volcano with its floating feather of steam and smoke. In front +lies a little plain, and beyond it a long ridge of steep mountains. Off +at the side shines the dark blue sea with island peaks rising out of it. +On hillsides and plain are green vineyards and dark forests dotted with +white farmhouses. + +In some places there are high mounds of dirt outside the city wall. They +are made by the ashes that have been dug out by the excavators and piled +here. If you climb one of them you will be able to look over the city. +You will find it a little place--less than a mile long and half a mile +wide inside its ragged wall. And yet many thousand people used to live +here. So the houses had to be crowded together. You will see no grassy +lawns nor vacant lots nor playgrounds nor parks with pleasant trees. +Many narrow streets cross one another and cut the city into solid blocks +of buildings. You will be confused because you will see thousands of +broken walls standing up, but no roofs. They are gone--crushed by the +piling ashes long ago. + +At last you will come down and go in at one of the gates through the +rough, thick wall, past the empty watch towers. You will tread the very +paving stones that men's feet trampled nineteen hundred years ago as +they fled from the volcano. You will climb a steep, narrow street. This +is the street the fishermen and sailors used in olden times when they +came in from the river or sea, carrying baskets of fish or leading mules +loaded with goods from their ships. This is the street where people +poured out to the sea on that terrible day of the eruption. + +You will pass a ruined temple of Apollo with standing columns and lonely +altar and steps that lead to a room that is gone. A little farther on +you will come out into a large open paved space. It is the forum. This +used to be the busiest place in all Pompeii. At certain hours of the day +it was filled with little tables and with merchants calling out and with +gentlemen and slaves buying good's. But now it is empty and very still. +Around the sides a few beautiful columns are yet standing with carved +marble at the top connecting them. But others lie broken, and most of +them are gone entirely. This is all that is left of the porches where +men used to walk and talk of business and war and politics and gossip. + +At one end of the forum is a high stone platform and wide stone steps +leading up to a row of broken columns in front of a fallen wall. This is +the ruin of the temple of Jupiter, the great Roman god. Daily, men used +to come here to pray before a statue in a dim room. Here, in the ruins, +the excavators found the head of that statue--a beautiful marble thing +with long curling hair and beard, and calm face. They found, too, a +great broken body of marble. And in that large body a smaller statue was +partly carved. This was a puzzling thing, but the excavators studied it +out at last. They said: + +"Old Roman books tell us that sixteen years before the great eruption +there had been another earthquake. It had shaken down many buildings and +had cracked many walls. But the people loved their city, and when the +earthquake was over, they began to rebuild and to make their houses and +temples better than ever. We have found many signs of that earthquake. +We have found uncarved blocks of marble in the forum. Evidently masons +were at work there when the eruption stopped them. We have found rebuilt +walls in some of the houses. And here is the temple of Jupiter being +used as a marble shop. Probably the early earthquake had shaken down and +broken the statue of the god. A sculptor was set to work to carve a new +one from the ruin. But suddenly the volcano burst forth, the artist +dropped his chisel and mallet, and here we have found his unfinished +work--a statue within a statue." + +Behind the roofless porches of the forum are other ruined +buildings--where the officers of the city did business, where the +citizens met to vote, where tailors spread out their cloth and sold +robes and cloaks. One large market building is particularly interesting. +You will enter a courtyard with walls all around it and signs of lost +porches. Broken partitions show where little stalls used to open upon +the court. Other stalls opened upon the street. In some of these the +excavators found, buried in the ashes and charred by the fire, figs, +chestnuts, plums, grapes, glass dishes of fruit, loaves of bread, and +little cakes. Were customers buying the night's dessert when Vesuvius +frightened them away? In a cool corner of the building is a fish market +with sloping marble counter. Near it in the middle of the courtyard are +the bases of columns arranged in a circle around a deep basin in the +floor. In the bottom of this basin the excavators found a thick layer +of fish scales. Evidently the masters used to buy their fish from the +market in the corner. Then the slaves carried them here to the shaded +pool of water and cleaned them and scaled them and washed them. In +another corner the excavators found skeletons of sheep. Here was a +pen for live animals which a man might buy for his banquet or for a +sacrifice to his gods. His slave would lead the sheep away through the +crowds. But on that terrible day when the volcano belched, the poor +bleating animals were deserted. Their pen held them and the ashes +covered them and to-day we can see their skeletons. + +The walls around the market are still standing, though the top is broken +and the roof is fallen. They are still covered with paintings. If you +will look at them you can guess what used to be for sale here. There are +game birds and fish and wine jars all pictured here in beautiful colors. +There are cupids playing about a flour mill and cupids weaving garlands. +There are also pictures of the gods and heroes and the deeds they did. +Imagine this painted market full of chattering people, the little shops +gay with piles of beautiful fruit and vegetables, the graceful columns +and dark porches adding beauty. Imagine these people crying out and +running and these columns swaying and falling when Vesuvius bellowed and +shook the earth. And yet we can see the very fruits that men were buying +and the pictures they were enjoying. + +The forum with its markets and shops and offices and temples and statues +was the very heart of the city. Many streets led into it. Perhaps you +will walk down one of them, between broken walls, past open doorways. +After several street corners you will come to a large building with high +walls still standing and with tall, arched entrance. This also was one +of the gay places in Pompeii, for it was a bathhouse. Every day all +the ladies and gentlemen of the town came strolling toward it down the +streets. The men went in at the wide doorway. The women turned and +entered their own apartments around the corner. And as they walked +toward the entrance they passed little shops built into the walls of +the bathhouse. At every stall stood the shopkeeper, bowing, smiling, +begging, calling. "Perfumes, sweet lady!" + +"Rings, rings, beautiful madam, for your beautiful fingers!" + +"Oil for your body, sir, after the bath!" + +"A taste of sweets, madam, before you enter! Honey cakes of my own +making!" + +"Don't forget to buy my dressing for your hair before you go in! You'll +get nothing like it in there." + +So they chattered and called and coaxed. Some of the people bought, and +some went laughing by and entered the bathhouse. As the gentlemen went +in, a large court opened before them. Here were men bowling or jumping +or running or punching the bag or playing ball or taking some other kind +of exercise before the bath. Others were resting in the shade of the +porches. A poet sat in a cool corner reading his verses to a few +listeners. Some men, after their games, were scraping their sweating +bodies with the strigil. Others were splashing in the marble +swimming tank. Here and there barbers were working over handsome +gentlemen--smoothing their faces, perfuming their hair, polishing their +nails. There was talk and laughter everywhere. Men were lazily coming +and going through a door that led into the baths. There were large rooms +with high ceilings and painted walls. In one we can still see the round +marble basin. The walls are painted with trees and birds and swimming +fish and statues. It was like bathing in a beautiful garden to bathe +here. Another room was for the hot bath, with double walls and hot air +circulating between to make the whole room warm. The bathhouse was a +great building full of comforts. No wonder that all the idle Pompeians +came here to bathe, to play, to visit, to tell and hear the news. It was +a gay and noisy place. We have a letter that one of those old Romans +wrote to a friend. He says: + +"I am living near a bath. Sounds are heard on all sides. The men of +strong muscle exercise and swing the heavy lead weights. I hear their +groans as they strain, and the whistling of their breath. I hear the +massagist slapping a lazy fellow who is being rubbed with ointment. A +ball player begins to play and counts his throws. Perhaps there is a +sudden quarrel, or a thief is caught, or some one is singing in the +bath. And the bathers plunge into the swimming tank with loud splashes. +Above all the din you hear the calls of the hair puller and the sellers +of cakes and sweetmeats and sausages." + +After you leave the baths perhaps you will turn down Stabian Street. It +has narrow sidewalks. The broken walls of houses fence it in closely +on both sides and cast black shadows across it. It is paved with clean +blocks of lava. You will see wheel ruts worn deep in the hard stone. +Almost two thousand years old they are, made by the carts of the +farmers, perhaps, who brought in vegetables for the market. At the +street crossings you will see three or four big stone blocks standing +up above the pavement. They are stepping-stones for rainy weather. +Evidently floods used to pour down these sloping streets. You can +imagine little Roman boys skipping across from block to block and trying +to keep their sandals dry. + +The street will lead you to the district of good houses where the +wealthy men lived. Through open doorways you will get glimpses into the +old ruined courtyards. It is hard guessing how the rooms used to look. +But when you come to the door of the house of Vettius you will cry out +with wonder. There is a lovely garden in the corner of the house. A long +passage leads to it straight from the street. Around it runs a paved +porch with pretty columns. Here you will walk in the shade and look out +at the gay little garden, blooming in the sunshine. In every corner tiny +streams of water spurt from little statues of bronze and marble and +trickle into cool basins. Marble tables stand among the flowers. You +will half expect a slave to bring out old drinking cups and wine bowls +and set them here for his master's pleasure, or tablets and stylus for +him to write his letters. Everything is in order and beautiful. It was +not quite so when the excavators uncovered this house. The statues were +thrown down. The flowers were scorched and dead under the piled-up +ashes. But it was easy for the modern excavators to tell from the ground +where the flower beds had been and where the gravel paths. Even the +lead water pipe that carried the stream to the fountain needed little +repairing. So the excavators set up the statues, cleaned the marble +tables and benches, planted shrubs and flowers, repaired the porch roof, +and we have a garden such as the old Romans loved and such as many +houses in Pompeii had. + +Several rooms look out upon this garden. One of them is perhaps the most +interesting place in all Pompeii. You will walk into it and look around +and laugh with delight. The whole wall is painted with pictures, big and +little--pictures of columns and roofs, of plants and animals, of men +and gods. They are all framed in with wide spaces of beautiful red. And +tucked away between them in narrow bands of black are the gayest little +scenes in the world. They are worth going all the way across the ocean +to see. Psyches--delicate little winged girls like fairies--are picking +slender flowers and putting them into tall, graceful baskets. They are +so light and so tiny that they seem to be flitting along the wall +like bright butterflies. In other panels plump little cupids--winged +boys--are playing at being men. They are picking grapes and working a +wine press and selling wine. It is big work for tiny creatures, and they +must kick up their dimpled legs and puff out their chubby cheeks to do +it. They are melting gold and carrying gold dishes and selling jewelry +and swinging a blacksmith's hammer with their fat little arms. They are +carrying roses to market on a ragged goat and weaving rose garlands and +selling them to an elegant little lady. Everywhere these gay little +creatures are skipping about at their play among the beautiful red +spaces and large pictures. This was surely a charming dining room in the +old days. The guests must have been merry every time their eyes lighted +upon the bright wall. And if they looked out at the open side, there +smiled the garden with its flowers and statues and splashing fountains +and columns. + +There lived in this house two men by the name of Vettius. We know this +because the excavators found here two seals. In those days men fastened +their letters and receipts and bills with wax. While the wax was soft +they stamped their names in it with a metal seal. On the stamps that +were found in this house were carved Aulus Vettius Restitutus and Aulus +Vettius Conviva. Perhaps they were freedmen who once had been slaves of +Aulus Vettius. But they must have earned a fortune for themselves, for +there were two money chests in the house. And they must have had slaves +of their own to take care of their twenty rooms and more. In the tiny +kitchen the excavators found a good store of charcoal and the ashes of +a little fire on top of the stone stove. And on its three little legs +a bronze dish was sitting over the dead fire. A slave must have been +cooking his master's dinner when the volcano frightened him away. + +Vettius' dining room is empty of its wooden tables and couches. But some +houses had stone ones built in their gardens for pleasant summer days. +These the ashes did not crush, and they are still in place. Columns +stood about the tables and vines climbed up them and across to make cool +shade. The tables were always long and narrow and built around three +sides of a rectangle. Low couches stand along the outside edges. Here +guests used to lie propped up on their left elbows with pretty cushions +to make them comfortable. In the open space in the middle of the square +servants came and went and passed the dishes across the narrow tables. +Children used to have little wooden stools and sit in this middle space +opposite their elders. But in one old ruined garden dining room you will +see a little stone bench for the children, built along the end of the +table. It must have been pleasant to have supper there with the sunset +coloring the sky, behind old Vesuvius, the cool breeze shaking the +leaves of the garden shrubs, and the fountain tinkling, and a bird +chirping in a corner, and the shadows beginning to creep under the long +porches, and the tiny flames of lamps fluttering in the dusky rooms +behind. + +After you leave the house of Vettius and walk down the street, you will +come to a certain door. In the sidewalk before it you will see "Have" +spelled with bits of colored marble. It is the old Latin word for +"Welcome." It is too pleasant an invitation to refuse. Go in through +the high doorway and down the narrow passage to the atrium. Every Roman +house had this atrium. It is like a large reception hall with many +rooms opening off it--bedrooms, dining rooms, sitting rooms. Beautiful +hangings instead of doors used to shut these rooms in. The atrium had an +opening in the roof where the sun shone in and softly lighted the big +room. Here the master used to receive his guests. In the house of +Vettius the two money chests were found in the atrium. In this same room +in the house of "Welcome," there was found on the floor a little bronze +statue, a dancing faun, one of the gay friends of Dionysus. It is a tiny +thing only two feet high, but so pretty that the excavators named the +house after it--The House of the Faun. Evidently the old owner loved +beautiful things and had money to buy them. Even the floors of some of +his rooms are made in mosaic pictures. There are doves at play, and +ducks and fish and shells all laid under your feet in bright bits of +colored marble. And beyond the pleasant court with its porches and +garden is a large sitting room. In the floor of this the excavators +found the most wonderful mosaic picture of all, a picture of a battle, +with waving spears and prancing horses and fallen men. Two kings are +facing each other to fight--Darius, king of Persia, standing in his +chariot, and Alexander, king of Greece, riding his war horse. The bits +of stone are so small and of such perfect color that the mosaic looks +like a beautiful painting. Imagine how the excavators' hearts leaped +when the spades took the gray ashes off this bright picture. It was too +precious a thing to leave here in the rain and wind. So the excavators +carefully took it up and put it into the museum of Naples where there +are other valuable things from Pompeii. + +There are many other houses almost as pleasant and beautiful as this +House of the Faun. Every one has its atrium and its sunny court and its +fountains and statues and its painted walls. But Pompeii was a city of +business, too, and had many workshops. There is a dye shop where the +excavators found large lead pots and glass bottles still full of dye. +There are cleaners' shops where the slaves used to take their masters' +robes to be cleaned. Here the excavators found vats and white clay +for cleaning, and pictures on the wall showing men at work. There are +tanneries where leather was made. The rusted tools were found which the +men had thrown down so long ago. There is a pottery shop with two ovens +for baking the vases. On a certain street corner you will see an old +wine shop. It is a little room cut into the corner wall of a great +house. Its two sides are open upon the street with broad marble +counters. Below the counters are big, deep jars. Their open tops thrust +themselves through the slab. You can look into their mouths where the +shopkeeper used to dip out the wine. On the walls of the room are marks +that show where shelves hung in ancient days to hold cups and glasses. +In the outer edge of the sidewalk before the shop are two round holes +cut into the stone. Long ago poles were thrust into them to hold an +awning that shaded the walk in front of the counters. We can imagine men +stopping in this pleasant shade as they passed. The busy slave inside +the shop whips out a cup and a graceful, long-handled ladle and dips out +the sweet-smelling wine from the wide-mouthed jar. And we can imagine +how the cups fell clattering from the men's hands when Vesuvius +thundered. In one shop, indeed, the excavators found an overturned cup +on the counter and a wine stain on the marble. But the most interesting +shops are the bakeries. There were twenty of them in Pompeii. You will +see the ovens in the courtyard. They are big beehives built of stone or +brick. The baker made a fire inside and let the walls become hot. Then +he raked out the coals and cleaned the floor and put in his bread. The +hot walls baked the loaves. In one oven the excavators found a burned +loaf eighteen hundred years old. When the earthquake shook his house, +did the baker snatch out the rest of the ovenful to feed his hungry +family as they groped about for safety in the terrible darkness? +In several bakeries you will see, also, the mills. They are great +mortar-shaped things standing taller than a man. The heavy stone above +turned around upon the stone below. A man poured wheat in at the top. It +fell down and was ground between the two stones and dropped out at the +bottom as flour. A horse or donkey was hitched to the mill to turn it. +Around and around he walked all day. He was blindfolded to prevent his +becoming dizzy. You will see on the stone floor in one bakery the path +that was made by years of this walking. In the old days this silent +empty court must have been an interesting place. The donkey's hoofs beat +lazy time on the stone floor. Now and then a slave lifted up a bag of +wheat and poured it into the mill or scooped out the white flour from +the trough at the bottom. Another man sifted the flour and the breeze +blew the white dust over his bare arms. Some of the ovens were smoking +and glowing with fresh fire. Others were shut, with the browning bread +inside, and a good smell hung in the air. And out in front was a little +shop where the master sold the thin loaves and the fancy little cakes. + +In the hundreds of houses and shops of this little town the excavators +have found bronze tables and lamps and lamp stands and wine jars and +kitchen pots and pans and spoons and glass vases and silver cups and +gold hairpins and jewelry and ivory combs and bronze strigils and +mirrors and several statues of bronze and marble. But where they +had hoped to find thousands of precious things they have found only +hundreds. Many pedestals are empty of their statues. Here and there the +very paintings have been cut from the walls. Those are the pictures we +should most like to see. How beautiful could they have been? + +"Evidently men came back soon after the eruption," say the excavators. +"The tops of their ruined houses must have stood up above the ashes. +They dug down and rescued their most precious things. We have even found +broken places in walls where we think men dug tunnels from one house to +another. That is why the temple and market place have so few statues. +That is why we find so little jewelry and money and dishes. But we have +enough. The city is our treasure." + +One rich find they did make, however. There was a pleasant farmhouse out +of town on the slope of Vesuvius. Evidently the man who owned it had +a vineyard and an olive grove and grain fields. For there are olive +presses and wine presses and a great court full of vats for making wine +and a floor for threshing wheat and a mill for grinding flour and a +stable and a wide courtyard that must have held many carts. And there +are bathrooms and many pleasant rooms besides. In the room with the wine +presses was a stone cistern for storing the fresh grape juice. Here +the excavators found a treasure and a mystery. In this cistern lay the +skeleton of a man. With him were a thousand pieces of gold money, some +gold jewelry, and a wonderful dinner set of silver dishes. There are a +hundred and three pieces--plates, platters, cups, bowls. And every one +has beaten up from it beautiful designs of flowers and people. An artist +must have made them, and a rich man must have bought them. How did they +come here in this farmhouse? They must have been meant for a nobleman's +table. Had some thief stolen them and hidden here, only to be caught +by the volcano? Did some rich lady of the city have this farm for her +country place? And had she sent her treasure here to escape when the +volcano burst forth? At any rate here it lay for eighteen hundred years. +And now it is in a museum in Paris, far from its old owner's home. + +In this buried city we find the houses in which men lived, the pictures +they loved, the food they ate, the jewels they wore, the cups they drank +from. But what of the people themselves? Were they real men and women? +How did they look? Did they all escape? Not all, for many skeletons have +been found here and there through the city--in the market place, in the +streets, in the houses. And sometimes the excavators have found still +stranger, sadder things. Often as a man has been digging in the +hard-packed ashes, his spade has struck into a hole. Then he has called +the chief excavator. + +"Let us see what it is," the excavator has said, "Perhaps it will be +something interesting." + +So they have mixed plaster and poured it into the hole. They have given +it a little time to harden and then have dug away the ashes from around +it. In that way they have made a plaster cast just the shape of the +hole. And several times when they have uncovered their cast they have +found it to be the form of a man or woman or child. Perhaps the person +had been hurrying through the street and had stumbled and fallen. The +gases had choked him, the ashes had slowly covered him. Under the +moistening rain and the pressure of all the hundreds of years the ashes +had hardened almost to stone. Meantime the body had decayed and had sunk +down into a handful of dust. But the hardened ashes still stood firm +around the space where the body had been. When this hole was filled with +plaster, the cast took just the form of the one who had been buried +there so long ago--the folds of his clothes, the ring on his finger, the +girl's knot of hair, the negro slave's woolly head. So we can really +look upon the faces of some of the ancient people of Pompeii. And in +another way we can learn the names of many of them. + +One of the streets that leads out from the wall is called the "Street of +Tombs." It is the ancient burying ground. You will walk along the paved +street between rows of monuments. Some will be like great square altars +of marble beautifully carved. Some will be tall platforms with steps +leading up. There will be marble benches where you may sit and think of +the old Pompeians who were twice buried in their beautiful tombs. And +there on the marble monument you will see their names carved in old +Latin letters, and kind things that their friends said about them. There +are: + +Marcus Cerrinius Restitutus; Aulus Veius, who was several times an +officer of the city; Mamia, a priestess; Marcus Porcius; Numerius +Istacidius and his wife and daughter and others of his family, all in +a great tomb standing on a high platform; Titus Terentius Felix, whose +wife, Fabia Sabina, built his tomb; Tyche, a slave; Aulus Umbricius +Scaurus, whose statue was set up in the market place to do him honor; +Gaius Calventius Quietus, who was given a seat of honor at the theater +on account of his generosity; Naevoleia Tyche, who had once been a slave, +but who had been freed, had married, and grown wealthy and had slaves of +her own; Gnaeus Vibius Saturninus, whose freedman built his tomb; Marcus +Arrius Diomedes, a freedman; Numerius Velasius Gratus, twelve years old; +Salvinus, six years old; and many another. + +After seeing the tombs and houses and shops you will leave that little +city, I think, feeling that the people of ancient times were much like +us, that men and mountains have done wonderful things in this old world, +that it is good to know how people of other times lived and worked and +died. + + + + +PICTURES OF POMPEII + + +A ROMAN BOY. + +This statue, now in the Metropolitan Museum, was found at Pompeii. +Probably Caius was dressed just like this, and carried such a stick when +he played in his father's courtyard. + + +THE CITY OF NAPLES, WITH MOUNT VESUVIUS ACROSS THE BAY. + + +VESUVIUS IN ERUPTION, FROM AN AIRPLANE. + +Nowadays men know from history what may happen when Vesuvius wakes. But +in 79 A.D., when Pompeii was buried, the mountain had slept for hundreds +of years, and no man knew that an eruption might bury a city. + + +POMPEII FROM AN AIRPLANE. + +The roofs are all gone and all the partitions inside the houses show. +That is why it all looks so crowded and confused. But if you study it +carefully you can see some interesting things. The big open space is +the forum. It is about five hundred feet long, running northeast and +southwest. South of it is the temple of Apollo. North of it, where you +see the bases of columns in a circle, was the market. Next to the market +is the place where the gods of the city were worshipped. The broad +street beside the forum running southeast is the one down which Ariston +fled. Then he turned into the forum, ran out the gate near the lower end +into the steep street that runs southwest and ends at a city gate near +the sea. + + +NOLA STREET AND THE TEMPLE OF FORTUNE. + +You must imagine this temple with an altar in front, a broad flight of +steps, and a portico of beautiful columns. You can see the street paved +with blocks of lava, the deep wheel ruts, and the stepping stones for +rainy weather. + + +THE STABIAN GATE. + +Pompeii was surrounded by two high walls fifteen feet apart, with earth +between. An embankment of earth was piled up inside also. This is one of +the eight gates in the wall. IN THE STREET OF TOMBS. + +On the tomb of Naevoleia Tyche was a carving of a ship gliding into port, +the sailors furling the sails. Within this tomb is a chamber where +funeral urns stand, containing the ashes of Tyche and her husband, and +of the slaves they had freed. Pompeians always burned the bodies of the +dead. + + +THE AMPHITHEATER. + +Like other Roman towns, Pompeii had an amphitheater. Here twenty +thousand people could come and watch the gladiators fight in pairs till +one was killed. Then the dead body was dragged off, and another pair +appeared and fought. Sometimes the gladiators were prisoners captured in +war, like the famous Spartacus; sometimes they were slaves; sometimes +criminals condemned to death. Sometimes a man was pitted against a wild +beast; sometimes two wild beasts fought each other. The amphitheater had +no roof. Vesuvius, with its column of smoke, was in plain view from the +seats. There was a great awning to protect the spectators. The lower +seats were for officials and distinguished people; for the middle rows +there was an admission fee; all the upper seats were free. + + +RUINS OF THE GREAT STABIAN BATHS. + +A few large houses had baths of their own, but most people went every +day to a great public bath which was a very gay place. This open court +which you see, was for games. + + +THE RUINED TEMPLE OF APOLLO. + +The temple was built on a high foundation. A broad flight of steps led +up to it, with an altar at the foot. There was a porch all round it held +up by a row of columns. Some of the columns have stood up through all +the earthquakes and eruptions of two thousand years. Inside the porch +was a small room for the statue of Apollo. In the paved court around +this temple were many altars and statues of the gods. This was at one +time the most important temple in Pompeii. + + +THE SCHOOL OF THE GLADIATORS. + +In this large open court the gladiators had their training and practice. +In small cells around the court they lived. They were kept under close +guard, for they were dangerous men. Sixty-three skeletons were found +here, many of them in irons. + + +THE SMALLER THEATER. + +Pompeii had two theaters for plays and music, besides the amphitheater +where the gladiators fought. The smaller theater, unlike the others, had +a roof. It seated fifteen hundred people. We think perhaps contests in +music were held here. + + +A SACRIFICE. + +A boar, a ram, and a bull are to be killed, and a part of the flesh is +to be burned on the altar to please the gods. + + +A SCENE IN THE FORUM. + +On the walls of a room in a house in Pompeii men found this picture, +showing how interesting the life of the forum was. At the left is a +table where a man has kitchen utensils for sale. But he is dreaming and +does not see a customer coming. So his friend is waking him up. Near him +is a shoemaker selling sandals to some women. + + +IVORY HAIRPINS. + +Underneath are two ivory toilet boxes. One was probably for perfumed +oil. + + +APPLIANCES FOR THE BATH. + +These were found hanging in a ring in one of the great public baths. You +see a flask for oil, a saucer to pour the oil into, and four scrapers to +scrape off the oil and dirt before a plunge. + + +PERISTYLE OF THE HOUSE OF THE VETTII. + +With the columns and tables and statues that were found, this court has +been built on the site of an old ruined villa. Flowers bloom and the +fountain plays in it to-day just as they did over two thousand years +ago. There are wall paintings in the shadows at the back. The little +boys holding the ducks must look very much like Caius when he was a +little boy. When he went to the farm in the hills for a hot summer, he +had ducks to play with; here are statues to remind him, in the winter +time, of what fun that was. + +A garden like this, not generally so large, was laid out _inside_ every +important house in Pompeii. The family rooms surrounded it. These rooms +received most of their light and air from this garden. Caius was lying +on a couch in a garden like this, when the shower of pebbles suddenly +began. Ariston was painting the walls of a room that overlooked the +garden. + + +LADY PLAYING A HARP. + +This is part of a beautiful wall painting in a Pompeian house, the sort +of painting that Ariston was making when the volcano burst forth. See +how much the little boy looks like his mother, and what beautiful bands +they both have in their hair. Chairs like this one have been found in +the ruins, and the same design is on many other pieces of furniture. + +The Metropolitan Museum owns the complete wall paintings for a Pompeian +room. They are put up just as they were in Pompeii. There is even an +iron window grating. A beautiful table from Pompeii stands in the +center. The room is one of the gayest in the whole museum, with its rich +reds and bright yellows, greens, and blues. + + +KITCHEN OF THE HOUSE OF THE VETTII. + +In this house the cook must have been in the kitchen, just ready to go +to work when he had to flee. He left the pot on a tripod on a bed of +coals, ready for use. You can see an arched opening underneath the +fireplace. This was where the cook kept his fuel. The small size of +the kitchens shows that the Pompeians were not great gluttons. + + +KITCHEN UTENSILS. + +These kettles and frying pans and ladles are made of bronze, an alloy of +copper and tin. They look very much like our kitchen furnishings. + + +CENTAUR CUP. + +Some rich Pompeian had a pair of beautiful silver cups with graceful +handles. The design was made in hammered silver, and showed centaurs +talking to cupids that are sitting on their backs. A centaur was half +man, half horse. + + +THE HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET (restored). + +From the ruins and from ancient books, men know almost all the rooms of +a Pompeian house. So they have pictured this one as it was before the +disaster, with its many beautiful wall paintings, its mosaic floors, its +tiled roofs. If you can imagine these two halves fitted together, and +yourself inside, you can visit one of the most attractive houses in +Pompeii. Do you see how the tiled roof slants downward from four sides +to a rectangular opening in the highest part of the house? Below this +opening was a shallow basin into which the rainwater fell. This basin +was in the center of the atrium, the most important room in the house. +The walls of this room were painted with scenes from the Trojan war. +This is the house which has the mosaic picture of a dog on the floor of +the long entrance hall (see next page). On each side of the hall, facing +the street, are large rooms for shops, where, doubtless, the owner +conducted his business. He was not a "Tragic Poet." Some people think he +was a goldsmith. On each side of the atrium were sleeping rooms. Can you +see that the doors are very high with a grating at the top to let in +light and air? Windows were few and small, and generally the rooms took +light and air from the inside courts rather than from outside. Back of +the atrium was a large reception room with bedrooms on each side. And +back of this was a large open court, or garden, with a colonnade on +three sides and a solid wall at the back. Opening on this garden was a +large dining room with beautiful wall paintings, a tiny kitchen, and +some sleeping rooms. This house had stairways and second story rooms +over the shops. This seems to us a very comfortable homelike house. + + +THE HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET (as it looks to-day). + +Here you see the shallow basin in the floor of the atrium. This basin +had two outlets. You can see the round cistern mouth near the pool. +There was also an outlet to the street to carry off the overflow. At the +back of the garden you can see a shrine to the household gods. At every +meal a portion was set aside in little dishes for the gods. + + +MOSAIC OF WATCH DOG. + +From the vestibule of the House of the Tragic Poet. It says loudly, +"Beware the dog!" Pictures and patterns made of little pieces of +polished stone like this are called mosaic. Sometimes American +vestibules are tiled in a simple mosaic. Wouldn't it be fun if they had +such exciting pictures as this? A real dog, or two or three, probably +was standing inside the door, chained, or held by slaves. + + +THE HOUSE OF DIOMEDE. + +There was a wine cellar under the colonnade. Here were twenty skeletons; +two, children. Near the door were found skeletons of two men. One had a +large key, doubtless the key of this door. He wore a gold ring and was +carrying a good deal of money. He was probably the master of the house. +Evidently the family thought at first that the wine cellar would be a +safe place, but when they found that it was not so, the master took one +slave and started out to find a way to escape. But they all perished. + + +RUINS OF A BAKERY, WITH MILLSTONES. + + +SECTION OF A MILL. + +If one of the mills that were found in the bakery were sawed in two, it +would look like this. You can see where the baker's man poured in the +wheat, and where the flour dropped down, and the heavy timbers fastened +to the upper millstone to turn it by. + + +PORTRAIT OF LUCIUS CAECILIUS JUCUNDUS. + +This Lucius was an auctioneer who had set free one of his slaves, Felix. +Felix, in gratitude, had this portrait of his master cast in bronze. +It stood on a marble pillar in the atrium of the house. + + +BRONZE CANDLEHOLDER. + +It is the figure of the Roman God Silenus. He was the son of Pan, and +the oldest of the satyrs, who were supposed to be half goat. Can you +find the goat's horns among his curls? He was a rollicking old satyr, +very fond of wine, always getting into mischief. The grape design at the +base of the little statue, and the snake supporting the candleholder, +both are symbols of the sileni. + + +THE DANCING FAUN. + +In one of the largest and most elegant houses in Pompeii, on the floor +of the atrium, or principal room of the house, men found in the ashes +this bronze statue of a dancing faun. Doesn't he look as if he loved +to dance, snapping his fingers to keep time? Although this great house +contained on the floor of one room the most famous of ancient mosaic +pictures, representing Alexander the Great in battle, and although it +contains many other fine mosaics, it was named from this statue, the +House of the Faun, Casa del Fauno. + + +HERMES IN REPOSE. + +This bronze statue was found in Herculaneum, the city on the other slope +of Vesuvius which was buried in liquid mud. This mud has become solid +rock, from sixty to one hundred feet deep so that excavation is very +difficult, and the city is still for the most part buried. + + +THE ARCH OF NERO. + +The visitors to-day are walking where Caius walked so long ago on the +same paving stones. The three stones were set up to keep chariots out of +the forum. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Buried Cities, Part 1, Pompeii, by Jennie Hall + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURIED CITIES, PART 1, POMPEII *** + +***** This file should be named 9625.txt or 9625.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/9/6/2/9625/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Widger and PG Distributed +Proofreaders + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: Buried Cities, Volume 1 + Pompeii + +Author: Jennie Hall + +Release Date: January, 2006 [EBook #9625] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on October 10, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURIED CITIES, VOLUME 1 *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Widger and PG Distributed Proofreaders + + + + +BURIED CITIES, VOLUME 1 + +POMPEII + +BY + +JENNIE HALL + +Author of "Four Old Greeks," Etc. Instructor in History and English in +the Francis W. Parker School, Chicago + +With Many Drawings and Photographs From Original Sources + + + +The publishers are grateful to the estate of Miss Jennie Hall and to her +many friends for assistance in planning the publication of this book. +Especial thanks are due to Miss Nell C. Curtis of the Lincoln School, +New York City, for helping to finish Miss Hall's work of choosing the +pictures, and to Miss Irene I. Cleaves of the Francis Parker School, +Chicago, who wrote the captions. It was Miss Katharine Taylor, now of +the Shady Hill School, Cambridge, who brought these stories to our +attention. + + + + +FOREWORD: TO BOYS AND GIRLS + +Do you like to dig for hidden treasure? Have you ever found Indian +arrowheads or Indian pottery? I knew a boy who was digging a cave in +a sandy place, and he found an Indian grave. With his own hands he +uncovered the bones and skull of some brave warrior. That brown skull +was more precious to him than a mint of money. Another boy I knew was +making a cave of his own. Suddenly he dug into an older one made years +before. He crawled into it with a leaping heart and began to explore. He +found an old carpet and a bit of burned candle. They proved that some +one had lived there. What kind of a man had he been and what kind +of life had he lived--black or white or red, robber or beggar or +adventurer? Some of us were walking in the woods one day when we saw a +bone sticking out of the ground. Luckily we had a spade, and we set to +work digging. Not one moment was the tool idle. First one bone and then +another came to light and among them a perfect horse's skull. We felt as +though we had rescued Captain Kidd's treasure, and we went home draped +in bones. + +Suppose that instead of finding the bones of a horse we had uncovered a +gold-wrapped king. Suppose that instead of a deserted cave that boy +had dug into a whole buried city with theaters and mills and shops and +beautiful houses. Suppose that instead of picking up an Indian arrowhead +you could find old golden vases and crowns and bronze swords lying in +the earth. If you could be a digger and a finder and could choose your +find, would you choose a marble statue or a buried bakeshop with bread +two thousand years old still in the oven or a king's grave filled with +golden gifts? It is of such digging and such finding that this book +tells. + + + +CONTENTS + + FOREWORD: To BOYS AND GIRLS + + + POMPEII + + 1. The Greek Slave and the Little Roman Boy + + 2. Vesuvius + + 3. Pompeii Today + + _Pictures of Pompeii:_ + + A Roman Boy + + The City of Naples + + Vesuvius in Eruption + + Pompeii from an Airplane + + Nola Street; the Stabian Gate + + In the Street of Tombs + + The Amphitheater; the Baths + + Temple of Apollo; School of the Gladiators + + The Smaller Theater + + A Sacrifice + + Scene in the Forum; Hairpins; Bath Appliances + + Peristyle of the House of the Vettii + + Lady Playing a Harp + + Kitchen of the House of the Vettii + + Kitchen Utensils; Centaur Cup + + The House of the Tragic Poet + + Mosaic of Watch Dog + + The House of Diomede + + A Bakery; Section of a Mill + + Lucius Caecilius Jueundus + + Bronze Candleholder + + The Dancing Faun + Hermes in Repose + + The Arch of Nero + + + + +[Illustration: Line Art of Bronze Lamp. Caption: _Bronze Lamps_. The +bowl held olive oil. A wick came out at the nozzle. These lamps gave a +dim and smoky light.] + + + + +THE GREEK SLATE AND THE LITTLE ROMAN BOY + +Ariston, the Greek slave, was busily painting. He stood in a little room +with three smooth walls. The fourth side was open upon a court. A little +fountain splashed there. Above stretched the brilliant sky of Italy. The +August sun shone hotly down. It cut sharp shadows of the columns on the +cement floor. This was the master's room. The artist was painting the +walls. Two were already gay with pictures. They showed the mighty deeds +of warlike Herakles. Here was Herakles strangling the lion, Herakles +killing the hideous hydra, Herakles carrying the wild boar on his +shoulders, Herakles training the mad horses. But now the boy was +painting the best deed of all--Herakles saving Alcestis from death. He +had made the hero big and beautiful. The strong muscles lay smooth in +the great body. One hand trailed the club. On the other arm hung the +famous lion skin. With that hand the god led Alcestis. He turned his +head toward her and smiled. On the ground lay Death, bruised and +bleeding. One batlike black wing hung broken. He scowled after the hero +and the woman. In the sky above him stood Apollo, the lord of life, +looking down. But the picture of the god was only half finished. The +figure was sketched in outline. Ariston was rapidly laying on paint with +his little brushes. His eyes glowed with Apollo's own fire. His lips +were open, and his breath came through them pantingly. + +"O god of beauty, god of Hellas, god of freedom, help me!" he half +whispered while his brush worked. + +For he had a great plan in his mind. Here he was, a slave in this rich +Roman's house. Yet he was a free-born son of Athens, from a family of +painters. Pirates had brought him here to Pompeii, and had sold him as a +slave. His artist's skill had helped him, even in this cruel land. For +his master, Tetreius, loved beauty. The Roman had soon found that his +young Greek slave was a painter. He had said to his steward: + +"Let this boy work at the mill no longer. He shall paint the walls of my +private room." + +So he had talked to Ariston about what the pictures should be. The Greek +had found that this solemn, frowning Roman was really a kind man. Then +hope had sprung up in his breast and had sung of freedom. + +"I will do my best to please him," he had thought. "When all the walls +are beautiful, perhaps he will smile at my work. Then I will clasp his +knees. I will tell him of my father, of Athens, of how I was stolen. +Perhaps he will send me home." + +Now the painting was almost done. As he worked, a thousand pictures were +flashing through his mind. He saw his beloved old home in lovely Athens. +He felt his father's hand on his, teaching him to paint. He gazed again +at the Parthenon, more beautiful than a dream. Then he saw himself +playing on the fishing boat on that terrible holiday. He saw the pirate +ship sail swiftly from behind a rocky point and pounce upon them. He saw +himself and his friends dragged aboard. He felt the tight rope on his +wrists as they bound him and threw him under the deck. He saw himself +standing here in the market place of Pompeii. He heard himself sold for +a slave. At that thought he threw down his brush and groaned. + +But soon he grew calmer. Perhaps the sweet drip of the fountain cooled +his hot thoughts. Perhaps the soft touch of the sun soothed his heart. +He took up his brushes again and set to work. + +"The last figure shall be the most beautiful of all," he said to +himself. "It is my own god, Apollo." + +So he worked tenderly on the face. With a few little strokes he made the +mouth smile kindly. He made the blue eyes deep and gentle. He lifted the +golden curls with a little breeze from Olympos. The god's smile cheered +him. The beautiful colors filled his mind. He forgot his sorrows. He +forgot everything but his picture. Minute by minute it grew under his +moving brush. He smiled into the god's eyes. + +Meantime a great noise arose in the house. There were cries of fear. +There was running of feet. + +"A great cloud!" "Earthquake!" "Fire and hail!" "Smoke from hell!" "The +end of the world!" "Run! Run!" + +And men and women, all slaves, ran screaming through the house and out +of the front door. But the painter only half heard the cries. His ears, +his eyes, his thoughts were full of Apollo. + +For a little the house was still. Only the fountain and the shadows and +the artist's brush moved there. Then came a great noise as though the +sky had split open. The low, sturdy house trembled. Ariston's brush was +shaken and blotted Apollo's eye. Then there was a clattering on the +cement floor as of a million arrows. Ariston ran into the court. From +the heavens showered a hail of gray, soft little pebbles like beans. +They burned his upturned face. They stung his bare arms. He gave a cry +and ran back under the porch roof. Then he heard a shrill call above all +the clattering. It came from the far end of the house. Ariston ran back +into the private court. There lay Caius, his master's little sick son. +His couch was under the open sky, and the gray hail was pelting down +upon him. He was covering his head with his arms and wailing. + +"Little master!" called Ariston. "What is it? What has happened to us?" +"Oh, take me!" cried the little boy. + +"Where are the others?" asked Ariston. + +"They ran away," answered Caius. "They were afraid, Look! O-o-h!" + +He pointed to the sky and screamed with terror. + +Ariston looked. Behind the city lay a beautiful hill, green with trees. +But now from the flat top towered a huge, black cloud. It rose straight +like a pine tree and then spread its black branches over the heavens. +And from that cloud showered these hot, pelting pebbles of pumice stone. + +"It is a volcano," cried Ariston. + +He had seen one spouting fire as he had voyaged on the pirate ship. + +"I want my father," wailed the little boy. + +Then Ariston remembered that his master was away from home. He had gone +in a ship to Rome to get a great physician for his sick boy. He had left +Caius in the charge of his nurse, for the boy's mother was dead. But +now every slave had turned coward and had run away and left the little +master to die. + +Ariston pulled the couch into one of the rooms. Here the roof kept off +the hail of stones. + +"Your father is expected home to-day, master Caius," said the Greek. "He +will come. He never breaks his word. We will wait for him here. This +strange shower will soon be over." + +So he sat on the edge of the couch, and the little Roman laid his head +in his slave's lap and sobbed. Ariston watched the falling pebbles. They +were light and full of little holes. Every now and then black rocks of +the size of his head whizzed through the air. Sometimes one fell into +the open cistern and the water hissed at its heat. The pebbles lay piled +a foot deep all over the courtyard floor. And still they fell thick and +fast. + +"Will it never stop?" thought Ariston. + +Several times the ground swayed under him. It felt like the moving of a +ship in a storm. Once there was thunder and a trembling of the house. +Ariston was looking at a little bronze statue that stood on a tall, +slender column. It tottered to and fro in the earthquake. Then it fell, +crashing into the piled-up stones. In a few minutes the falling shower +had covered it. + +Ariston began to be more afraid. He thought of Death as he had painted +him in his picture. He imagined that he saw him hiding behind a column. +He thought he heard his cruel laugh. He tried to look up toward the +mountain, but the stones pelted him down. He felt terribly alone. Was +all the rest of the world dead? Or was every one else in some safe +place? + +"Come, Caius, we must get away," he cried. "We shall be buried here." + +He snatched up one of the blankets from the couch. He threw the ends +over his shoulders and let a loop hang at his back. He stood the sick +boy in this and wound the ends around them both. Caius was tied to his +slave's back. His heavy little head hung on Ariston's shoulder. Then the +Greek tied a pillow over his own head. He snatched up a staff and ran +from the house. He looked at his picture as he passed. He thought he +saw Death half rise from the ground. But Apollo seemed to smile at his +artist. + +At the front door Ariston stumbled. He found the street piled deep with +the gray, soft pebbles. He had to scramble up on his hands and knees. +From the house opposite ran a man. He looked wild with fear. He was +clutching a little statue of gold. Ariston called to him, "Which way to +the gate?" + +But the man did not hear. He rushed madly on. Ariston followed him. It +cheered the boy a little to see that somebody else was still alive in +the world. But he had a hard task. He could not run. The soft pebbles +crunched under his feet and made him stumble. He leaned far forward +under his heavy burden. The falling shower scorched his bare arms and +legs. Once a heavy stone struck him on his cushioned head, and he fell. +But he was up in an instant. He looked around bewildered. His head was +ringing. The air was hot and choking. The sun was gone. The shower was +blinding. Whose house was this? The door stood open. The court was +empty. Where was the city gate? Would he never get out? He did not know +this street. Here on the corner was a wine shop with its open sides. But +no men stood there drinking. Wine cups were tipped over and broken on +the marble counter. Ariston stood in a daze and watched the wine +spilling into the street. + +Then a crowd came rushing past him. It was evidently a family fleeing +for their lives. Their mouths were open as though they were crying. But +Ariston could not hear their voices. His ears shook with the roar of the +mountain. An old man was hugging a chest. Gold coins were spilling out +as he ran. Another man was dragging a fainting woman. A young girl ran +ahead of them with white face and streaming hair. Ariston stumbled on +after this company. A great black slave came swiftly around a corner and +ran into him and knocked him over, but fled on without looking back. As +the Greek boy fell forward, the rough little pebbles scoured his face. +He lay there moaning. Then he began to forget his troubles. His aching +body began to rest. He thought he would sleep. He saw Apollo smiling. +Then Caius struggled and cried out. He pulled at the blanket and tried +to free himself. This roused Ariston, and he sat up. He felt the hot +pebbles again. He heard the mountain roar. He dragged himself to his +feet and started on. Suddenly the street led him out into a broad space. +Ariston looked around him. All about stretched wide porches with their +columns. Temple roofs rose above them. Statues stood high on their +pedestals. He was in the forum. The great open square was crowded with +hurrying people. Under one of the porches Ariston saw the money changers +locking their boxes. From a wide doorway ran several men. They were +carrying great bundles of woolen cloth, richly embroidered and dyed +with precious purple. Down the great steps of Jupiter's temple ran a +priest. Under his arms he clutched two large platters of gold. Men were +running across the forum dragging bags behind them. + +Every one seemed trying to save his most precious things. And every one +was hurrying to the gate at the far end. Then that was the way out! +Ariston picked up his heavy feet and ran. Suddenly the earth swayed +under him. He heard horrible thunder. He thought the mountain was +falling upon him. He looked behind. He saw the columns of the porch +tottering. A man was running out from one of the buildings. But as he +ran, the walls crashed down. The gallery above fell cracking. He was +buried. Ariston saw it all and cried out in horror. Then he prayed: + +"O Lord Poseidon, shaker of the earth, save me! I am a Greek!" + +Then he came out of the forum. A steep street sloped down to a gate. A +river of people was pouring out there. The air was full of cries. The +great noise of the crowd made itself heard even in the noise of the +volcano. The streets were full of lost treasures. Men pushed and fell +and were trodden upon. But at last Ariston passed through the gateway +and was out of the city. He looked about. + +"It is no better," he sobbed to himself. + +The air was thicker now. The shower had changed to hot dust as fine +as ashes. It blurred his eyes. It stopped his nostrils. It choked his +lungs. He tore his chiton from top to bottom and wrapped it about his +mouth and nose. He looked back at Caius and pulled the blanket over his +head. Behind him a huge cloud was reaching out long black arms from the +mountain to catch him. Ahead, the sun was only a red wafer in the shower +of ashes. Around him people were running off to hide under rocks or +trees or in the country houses. Some were running, running anywhere to +get away. Out of one courtyard dashed a chariot. The driver was lashing +his horses. He pushed them ahead through the crowd. He knocked people +over, but he did not stop to see what harm he had done. Curses flew +after him. He drove on down the road. + +Ariston remembered when he himself had been dragged up here two years +ago from the pirate ship. + +"This leads to the sea," he thought. "I will go there. Perhaps I shall +meet my master, Tetreius. He will come by ship. Surely I shall find him. +The gods will send him to me. O blessed gods!" + +But what a sea! It roared and tossed and boiled. While Ariston looked, +a ship was picked up and crushed and swallowed. The sea poured up the +steep shore for hundreds of feet. Then it rushed back and left its +strange fish gasping on the dry land. Great rocks fell from the sky, +and steam rose up as they splashed into the water. The sun was growing +fainter. The black cloud was coming on. Soon it would be dark. And then +what? Ariston lay down where the last huge wave had cooled the ground. +"It is all over, Caius," he murmured. "I shall never see Athens again." + +For a while there were no more earthquakes. The sea grew a little less +wild. Then the half-fainting Ariston heard shouts. He lifted his head. +A small boat had come ashore. The rowers had leaped out. They were +dragging it up out of reach of the waves. + +"How strange!" thought Ariston. "They are not running away. They must be +brave. We are all cowards." + +"Wait for me here!" cried a lordly voice to the rowers. + +When he heard that voice Ariston struggled to his feet and called. + +"Marcus Tetreius! Master!" + +He saw the man turn and run toward him. Then the boy toppled over and +lay face down in the ashes. + +When he came to himself he felt a great shower of water in his face. The +burden was gone from his back. He was lying in a row boat, and the boat +was falling to the bottom of the sea. Then it was flung up to the skies. +Tetreius was shouting orders. The rowers were streaming with sweat and +sea water. + +In some way or other they all got up on the waiting ship. It always +seemed to Ariston as though a wave had thrown him there. Or had Poseidon +carried him? At any rate, the great oars of the galley were flying. He +could hear every rower groan as he pulled at his oar. The sails, too, +were spread. The master himself stood at the helm. His face was one +great frown. The boat was flung up and down like a ball. Then fell +darkness blacker than night. + +"Who can steer without sun or stars?" thought the boy. + +Then he remembered the look on his master's face as he stood at the +tiller. Such a look Ariston had painted on Herakles' face as he +strangled the lion. + +"He will get us out," thought the slave. + +For an hour the swift ship fought with the waves. The oarsmen were +rowing for their lives. The master's arm was strong, and his heart was +not for a minute afraid. The wind was helping. At last they reached calm +waters. + +"Thanks be to the gods!" cried Tetreius. "We are out of that boiling +pot." + +At his words fire shot out of the mountain. It glowed red in the dusty +air. It flung great red arms across the sky after the ship. Every man +and spar and oar on the vessel seemed burning in its light. Then the +fire died, and thick darkness swallowed everything. Ariston's heart +seemed smothered in his breast. He heard the slaves on the rowers' +benches scream with fear. Then he heard their leader crying to them. He +heard a whip whiz through the air and strike on bare shoulders. Then +there was a crash as though the mountain had clapped its hands. A +thicker shower of ashes filled the air. But the rowers were at their +oars again. The ship was flying. + +So for two hours or more Tetreius and his men fought for safety. Then +they came out into fresher air and calmer water. Tetreius left the +rudder. "Let the men rest and thank the gods," he said to his overseer. +"We have come up out of the grave." + +When Ariston heard that, he remembered the Death he had left painted +on his master's wall. By that time the picture was surely buried under +stones and ashes. The boy covered his face with his ragged chiton and +wept. He hardly knew what he was crying for--the slavery, the picture, +the buried city, the fear of that horrid night, the sorrows of the +people left back there, his father, his dear home in Athens. At last +he fell asleep. The night was horrible with dreams--fire, earthquake, +strangling ashes, cries, thunder, lightning. But his tired body held +him asleep for several hours. Finally he awoke. He was lying on a soft +mattress. A warm blanket covered him. Clean air filled his nostrils. The +gentle light of dawn lay upon his eyes. A strange face bent over him. + +"It is only weariness," a kind voice was saying. "He needs food and rest +more than medicine." + +Then Ariston saw Tetreius, also, bending over him. The slave leaped to +his feet. He was ashamed to be caught asleep in his master's presence. +He feared a frown for his laziness. + +"My picture is finished, master," he cried, still half asleep. + +"And so is your slavery," said Tetreius, and his eyes shone. + +"It was not a slave who carried my son out of hell on his back. It was a +hero." He turned around and called, "Come hither, my friends." + +Three Roman gentlemen stepped up. They looked kindly upon Ariston. + +"This is the lad who saved my son," said Tetreius. "I call you to +witness that he is no longer a slave. Ariston, I send you from my hand a +free man." + +He struck his hand lightly on the Greek's shoulder, as all Roman masters +did when they freed a slave. Ariston cried aloud with joy. He sank to +his knees weeping. But Tetreius went on. + +"This kind physician says that Caius will live. But he needs good air +and good nursing. He must go to some one of Aesculapius' holy places. He +shall sleep in the temple and sit in the shady porches, and walk in the +sacred groves. The wise priests will give him medicines. The god will +send healing dreams. Do you know of any such place, Ariston?" + +The Greek thought of the temple and garden of Aesculapius on the sunny +side of the Acropolis at home in Athens. But he could not speak. He +gazed hungrily into Tetreius' eyes. The Roman smiled. + +"Ariston, this ship is bound for Athens! All my life I have loved +her--her statues, her poems, her great deeds. I have wished that my son +might learn from her wise men. The volcano has buried my home, Ariston. +But my wealth and my friends and my son are aboard this ship. What do +you say, my friend? Will you be our guide in Athens?" Ariston leaped up +from his knees. A fire of joy burned in his eyes. He stretched his hands +to the sky. + +"O blessed Herakles," he cried, "again thou hast conquered Death. Thou +didst snatch us from the grave of Pompeii. Give health to this Roman +boy. O fairest Athena, shed new beauty upon our violet crowned Athens. +For there is coming to visit her the best of men, my master Tetreius." + + +[Illustration: _A Marble Table_: The lions' heads were painted yellow. +You can see a table much like this in the garden pictured later.] + + + + +VESUVIUS + +So a living city was buried in a few hours. Wooded hills and green +fields lay covered under great ash heaps. Ever since that terrible +eruption Vesuvius has been restless. Sometimes she has been quiet for +a hundred years or more and men have almost forgotten that she ever +thundered and spouted and buried cities. But all at once she would move +again. She would shoot steam and ashes into the sky. At night fire +would leap out of her top. A few times she sent out dust and lava and +destroyed houses and fields. A man who lived five hundred years after +Pompeii was destroyed described Vesuvius as she was in his time. He +said: + +"This mountain is steep and thick with woods below. Above, it is very +craggy and wild. At the top is a deep cave. It seems to reach the bottom +of the mountain. If you peep in you can see fire. But this ordinarily +keeps in and does not trouble the people. But sometimes the mountain +bellows like an ox. Soon after it casts out huge masses of cinders. If +these catch a man, he hath no way to save his life. If they fall upon +houses, the roofs are crushed by the weight. If the wind blow stiff, +the ashes rise out of sight and are carried to far countries. But this +bellowing comes only every hundred years or thereabout. And the air +around the mountain is pure. None is more healthy. Physicians send +thither sick men to get well." + +The ashes that had covered Pompeii changed to rich soil. Green vines +and shrubs and trees sprang up and covered it, and flowers made it gay. +Therefore people said to themselves: + +"After all, she is a good old mountain. There will never be another +eruption while we are alive." + +So villages grew up around her feet. Farmers came and built little +houses and planted crops and were happy working the fertile soil. They +did not dream that they were living above a buried city, that the roots +of their vines sucked water from an old Roman house, that buried statues +lay gazing up toward them as they worked. + +About three hundred years ago came another terrible eruption. Again +there were earthquakes. Again the mountain bellowed. Again black clouds +turned day into night. Lightning flashed from cloud to cloud. Tempests +of hot rain fell. The sea rushed back and forth on the shore. The whole +top of the mountain was blown out or sank into the melting pot. Seven +rivers of red-hot lava poured down the slopes. They flowed for five +miles and fell into the sea. On the way they set fire to forests and +covered five little villages. Thousands of people were killed. + +Since that time Vesuvius has been very active. Almost every year there +have been eruptions with thunder and earthquakes and showers and lava. +A few of these have done much damage. [Footnote: In this year, 1922, +Vesuvius has been very active for the first time since 1906. It has been +causing considerable alarm in Naples. A new cone, 230 feet high, has +developed.--Ed.] And even on her calmest days a cloud has always hung +above the mountain top. Sometimes it has been thin and white--a cloud of +steam. Sometimes it has been black and curling--a cloud of dust. + +Vesuvius is a dangerous thing, but very beautiful. It stands tall and +pointed and graceful against a lovely sky. Its little cloud waves from +it like a plume. At night the mountain is swallowed by the dark. But +the red rivers down its slopes glare in the sky. It is beautiful and +terrible like a tiger. Thousands of people have loved it. They have +climbed it and looked down its crater. It is like looking into the heart +of the earth. One of these travelers wrote of his visit in 1793. He +said: + +"For many days Vesuvius has been in action. I have watched it from +Naples. It is wonderfully beautiful and always changing. On one day huge +clouds poured out of the top. They hung in the sky far above, white as +snow. Suddenly a cloud of smoke rushed out of another mouth. It was as +black as ink. The black column rose tall and curling beside the snowy +clouds. That was a picture in black and white. But at another time I saw +one in bright colors. + +"On a certain night there were towers and curls and waves and spires of +flames leaping from the top of the mountain. Millions of red-hot stones +were shot into the sky. They sailed upward for hundreds of feet, then +curved and fell like skyrockets. I looked through my telescope and saw +liquid lava boiling and bubbling over the crater's edge. I could see it +splash upon the rocks and glide slowly down the sides of the cone. The +whole top of the mountain was red with melted rock. And above it waved +the changing flames of red, orange, yellow, blue. + +"On another night, as I was getting into bed, I felt an earthquake. I +looked out of my window toward Vesuvius. All the top was glowing with +red-hot matter. A terrible roaring came from the mountain. In an instant +fire shot high into the air. The red column curved and showered the +whole cone. In half a minute came another earthquake shock. My doors and +windows rattled. Things were shaken from my table to the floor. Then +came the thunder of an explosion from the mountain and another shower +of fire. After a few seconds there were noises like the trampling of +horses' hoofs. It was, of course, the noise of the shot-out stones +falling upon the rocks of the mountainsides eight miles away. + +"I decided to ascend the volcano and see the crater from which all these +interesting things came. A few friends went with me. For most of the way +we traveled on horses. After two or three hours we reached the bottom of +the cone of rocks and ashes. From there we had to go on foot. We went +over to the river of red-hot lava. We planned to walk up along its edge. +But the hot rock was smoking, and the wind blew the smoke into our +faces. A thick mist of fine ashes from the crater almost suffocated us. +Sulphur fumes blew toward us and choked us. I said, + +"'We must cross the stream of lava. On the other side the wind will not +trouble us.' + +"'Cross that melted rock?' my friends cried out. 'We should sink into it +and be burned alive.' + +"But as we stood talking great stones were thrown out of the volcano. +They rolled down the mountainside close to us. If they had struck us +it would have been death. There was only one way to save ourselves. I +covered my face with my hat and rushed across the stream of lava. The +melted rock was so thick and heavy that I did not sink in. I only burned +my boots and scorched my hands. My friends followed me. On that side we +were safe. We climbed for half an hour. Then we came to the head of our +red river. It did not flow over the edge of the crater. Many feet down +from the top it had torn a hole through the cone. I shall never forget +the sight as long as I live. There was a vast arch in the black rock. +From this arch rushed a clear torrent of lava. It flowed smoothly like +honey. It glowed with all the splendor of the sun. It looked thin like +golden water. + +"'I could stir it with a stick,' said one of my friends. + +"'I doubt it,' I said. 'See how slowly it flows. It must be very thick +and heavy.' + +"To test it we threw pebbles into it. They did not sink, but floated on +like corks. We rolled in heavier stones of seventy or eighty pounds. +They only made shallow dents in the stream and floated down with the +current. A great rock of three hundred pounds lay near. I raised it upon +end and let it fall into the lava. Very slowly it sank and disappeared. + +"As the stream flowed on it spread out wider over the mountain. Farther +down the slope it grew darker and harder. It started from the arch like +melted gold. Then it changed to orange, to bright red, to dark red, to +brown, as it cooled. At the lower end it was black and hard and broken +like cinders. + +"We climbed a little higher above the arch. There was a kind of chimney +in the rock. Smoke and stream were coming out of it. I went close. The +fumes of sulphur choked me. I reached out and picked some lumps of pure +sulphur from the edge of the rock. For one moment the smoke ceased. I +held my breath and looked down the hole. I saw the glare of red-hot lava +flowing beneath. The mountain was a pot, full of boiling rock." + +Another man writes of a visit in 1868, a quieter year. + +"At first we climbed gentle slopes through vineyards and fields and +villages. Sometimes we came suddenly upon a black line in a green +meadow. A few years before it had flowed down red-hot. Further up we +reached large stretches of rock. Here wild vines and lupines were +growing in patches where the lava had decayed into soil. Then came +bare slopes with dark hollow and sharp ridges. We walked on old stiff +lava-streams. Sometimes we had to plod through piles of coarse, porous +cinders. Sometimes we climbed over tangled, lumpy beds of twisted, shiny +rock. Sometimes we looked into dark arched tunnels. Red streams had +once flowed out of them. A few times we passed near fresh cracks in the +mountain. Here steam puffed out. + +"At last we reached a broad, hot piece of ground. Here were smoking +holes. The night before I had looked at them with a telescope from the +foot of the mountain. I had seen red rivers flowing from them. Now they +were empty. Last night's lava lay on the slope, cooled and black. I +was standing on it. My feet grew hot. I had to keep moving. The air I +breathed was warm and smelled like that of an iron foundry. I pushed my +pole into a crack in the rock. The wood caught fire. I was standing on a +thin crust. What was below? I broke out a piece of the hard lava. A red +spot glared up at me. Under the crust red-hot lava was still flowing. I +knew that it would be several years before it would be perfectly cool." + +So for three centuries people have watched Vesuvius at work. But she is +much older than that--thousands of years older--older than any city or +country or people in the world. In all that time she has poured out +millions of tons of matter--lava, huge glassy boulders, little pebbles +of pumice stone, long shining hairs, fine dust or ashes. All these +things are different forms of melted rock. Sometimes the steam blows the +liquid into fine dust; sometimes it breaks it into little pieces and +fills them with bubbles. At another time the steam is not so strong and +only pushes the stuff out gently over the crater's edge. Many different +minerals are found in these rocks--iron, copper, lead, mica, zinc, +sulphur. Some pieces are beautiful in color--blue, green, red, yellow. +Precious stones have sometimes been found--garnets, topaz, quartz, +tourmaline, lapis lazuli. But most of the stone is dull black or brown +or gray. + +All this heavy matter drops close to the mountain. And on calm days the +ashes, also, fall near at home. Indeed, the volcano has built up its own +mountain. But a heavy wind often carries the fine dust for hundreds of +miles. Once it was blown as far as Constantinople and it darkened the +sun and frightened people there. Some of the ashes fall into the sea. +For years the currents carry them about from shore to shore. At last +they settle to the bottom and make clay or sand or mud. The material +lies there for thousands of years and is hard packed into a soft fine +grained rock, called tufa. The city of Naples to-day is built of such +stone that once lay under the sea. An earthquake long ago lifted the +ocean bottom and turned it into dry land. Now men live upon it and cut +streets in it and grow crops on it. + +So for many miles about, Vesuvius has been making earth. Her ashes lie +hundreds of feet deep. Men dig wells and still find only material that +has been thrown out of the volcano. When this matter grows old and lies +under the sun and rain it turns to good soil. The acids of water and air +and plants eat into it. Rain wears it away. Plant roots crack the rocks +open. The top layer becomes powdered and rotted and mixed with vegetable +loam and is fertile soil. So the country all around the volcano is a +rich garden. Tomatoes, melons, grapes, olives, figs, cover the land. + +But Vesuvius alone has not made all this ground. She is in a nest of +volcanoes. They have all been at work like her, spouting ashes and +pumice and rocks and lava. Ten miles away is a wide stretch of country +where there are more than a dozen old craters. Twenty miles out in the +blue bay a volcano stands up out of the water. A hundred miles south +is a group of small volcanic islands. They have hot springs. One has a +volcano that spouts every five or six minutes. At night it is like a +lighthouse for sailors. One of these Islands is only two thousand years +old. The men of Pompeii saw it pushed up out of the sea during an +earthquake. A little farther south is Mt. Aetna in Sicily. It is a +greater mountain than Vesuvius and has done more work than she has done. +So all the southern part of Italy seems to be the home of volcanoes and +earthquakes. + +There are many other such places scattered over the world--Iceland, +Mexico, South America, Japan, the Sandwich Islands. Here the same +terrible play is going on--thunder, clouds, falling ashes, scalding +rain, flowing lava. The earth is being turned inside out, and men are +learning what she is made of. + + +[ILLUSTRATION: _Bronze lampholder_: Five lamps hung from the branches +of this bronze tree. It was twenty inches high.] + + + + +POMPEII TO-DAY + +Years came and went and changed the world. The old gods died, and the +new religion of Christ grew strong. The old temples fell into ruins, and +new churches were built in their places. Instead of the old Roman in his +white toga came merchants in crimson velvet and knights in steel armor +and gentlemen in ruffles and modern men in plain clothes. + +Among all these changes, Pompeii was almost forgotten. But after a long +while people began to be much interested in ancient Italy. They read old +Roman books, and learned of her wonderful cities. They began to dig here +and there and find beautiful statues and vases and jewels. They read the +story of Pompeii in an old Roman book--a whole city suddenly buried just +as her people had left her! + +"There we should find treasures!" they said. "We should see houses, +temples, shops, streets, as they were seventeen hundred years ago. We +should find them full of statues and rich things. Perhaps we should find +some of the people who lived in ancient days. But where to dig?" + +Their question was answered by accident. At that time certain men were +making a tunnel to carry spring water from the hills across the country +to a little town near Naples. The tunnel happened to pass over buried +Pompeii. They dug up some blocks of stone with Latin inscriptions carved +on them. After that other people found little ancient relics near the +same place. + +"This must be where Pompeii lies buried," the wise men said. + +They began to excavate. That was about two hundred years ago. Ever since +that time the work has gone on. Sometimes people have been discouraged +and have given up. At other times six hundred men have been working +busily. Kings have given money. Emperors and princes and queens have +visited the excavations. Artists have made pictures of the ruins, and +scholars have written books about them. But it is a great task to +uncover a whole city that is buried ten or twelve feet deep. The +excavation is not yet finished. Perhaps when you are old men and women +the work will be completed, and a whole Roman city will be open to your +eyes. + +But even as it is to-day, that ghost of a city is among the world's +wonders. There is the thick stone wall that goes all about the town. On +its wide top the soldiers used to stand to fight in ancient days. Now +the stones are fallen; its towers are broken; its gates are open. Yet +there the battered little giant stands at its task of protecting the +town. Out of its eight gates stretch the paved streets. + +Perhaps some day you will cross the ocean to visit this "dead city." +It lies on a slope at the foot of Vesuvius. Behind stands the tall, +graceful volcano with its floating feather of steam and smoke. In front +lies a little plain, and beyond it a long ridge of steep mountains. Off +at the side shines the dark blue sea with island peaks rising out of it. +On hillsides and plain are green vineyards and dark forests dotted with +white farmhouses. + +In some places there are high mounds of dirt outside the city wall. They +are made by the ashes that have been dug out by the excavators and piled +here. If you climb one of them you will be able to look over the city. +You will find it a little place--less than a mile long and half a mile +wide inside its ragged wall. And yet many thousand people used to live +here. So the houses had to be crowded together. You will see no grassy +lawns nor vacant lots nor playgrounds nor parks with pleasant trees. +Many narrow streets cross one another and cut the city into solid blocks +of buildings. You will be confused because you will see thousands of +broken walls standing up, but no roofs. They are gone--crushed by the +piling ashes long ago. + +At last you will come down and go in at one of the gates through the +rough, thick wall, past the empty watch towers. You will tread the very +paving stones that men's feet trampled nineteen hundred years ago as +they fled from the volcano. You will climb a steep, narrow street. This +is the street the fishermen and sailors used in olden times when they +came in from the river or sea, carrying baskets of fish or leading mules +loaded with goods from their ships. This is the street where people +poured out to the sea on that terrible day of the eruption. + +You will pass a ruined temple of Apollo with standing columns and lonely +altar and steps that lead to a room that is gone. A little farther on +you will come out into a large open paved space. It is the forum. This +used to be the busiest place in all Pompeii. At certain hours of the day +it was filled with little tables and with merchants calling out and with +gentlemen and slaves buying good's. But now it is empty and very still. +Around the sides a few beautiful columns are yet standing with carved +marble at the top connecting them. But others lie broken, and most of +them are gone entirely. This is all that is left of the porches where +men used to walk and talk of business and war and politics and gossip. + +At one end of the forum is a high stone platform and wide stone steps +leading up to a row of broken columns in front of a fallen wall. This is +the ruin of the temple of Jupiter, the great Roman god. Daily, men used +to come here to pray before a statue in a dim room. Here, in the ruins, +the excavators found the head of that statue--a beautiful marble thing +with long curling hair and beard, and calm face. They found, too, a +great broken body of marble. And in that large body a smaller statue was +partly carved. This was a puzzling thing, but the excavators studied it +out at last. They said: + +"Old Roman books tell us that sixteen years before the great eruption +there had been another earthquake. It had shaken down many buildings and +had cracked many walls. But the people loved their city, and when the +earthquake was over, they began to rebuild and to make their houses and +temples better than ever. We have found many signs of that earthquake. +We have found uncarved blocks of marble in the forum. Evidently masons +were at work there when the eruption stopped them. We have found rebuilt +walls in some of the houses. And here is the temple of Jupiter being +used as a marble shop. Probably the early earthquake had shaken down and +broken the statue of the god. A sculptor was set to work to carve a new +one from the ruin. But suddenly the volcano burst forth, the artist +dropped his chisel and mallet, and here we have found his unfinished +work--a statue within a statue." + +Behind the roofless porches of the forum are other ruined +buildings--where the officers of the city did business, where the +citizens met to vote, where tailors spread out their cloth and sold +robes and cloaks. One large market building is particularly interesting. +You will enter a courtyard with walls all around it and signs of lost +porches. Broken partitions show where little stalls used to open upon +the court. Other stalls opened upon the street. In some of these the +excavators found, buried in the ashes and charred by the fire, figs, +chestnuts, plums, grapes, glass dishes of fruit, loaves of bread, and +little cakes. Were customers buying the night's dessert when Vesuvius +frightened them away? In a cool corner of the building is a fish market +with sloping marble counter. Near it in the middle of the courtyard are +the bases of columns arranged in a circle around a deep basin in the +floor. In the bottom of this basin the excavators found a thick layer +of fish scales. Evidently the masters used to buy their fish from the +market in the corner. Then the slaves carried them here to the shaded +pool of water and cleaned them and scaled them and washed them. In +another corner the excavators found skeletons of sheep. Here was a +pen for live animals which a man might buy for his banquet or for a +sacrifice to his gods. His slave would lead the sheep away through the +crowds. But on that terrible day when the volcano belched, the poor +bleating animals were deserted. Their pen held them and the ashes +covered them and to-day we can see their skeletons. + +The walls around the market are still standing, though the top is broken +and the roof is fallen. They are still covered with paintings. If you +will look at them you can guess what used to be for sale here. There are +game birds and fish and wine jars all pictured here in beautiful colors. +There are cupids playing about a flour mill and cupids weaving garlands. +There are also pictures of the gods and heroes and the deeds they did. +Imagine this painted market full of chattering people, the little shops +gay with piles of beautiful fruit and vegetables, the graceful columns +and dark porches adding beauty. Imagine these people crying out and +running and these columns swaying and falling when Vesuvius bellowed and +shook the earth. And yet we can see the very fruits that men were buying +and the pictures they were enjoying. + +The forum with its markets and shops and offices and temples and statues +was the very heart of the city. Many streets led into it. Perhaps you +will walk down one of them, between broken walls, past open doorways. +After several street corners you will come to a large building with high +walls still standing and with tall, arched entrance. This also was one +of the gay places in Pompeii, for it was a bathhouse. Every day all +the ladies and gentlemen of the town came strolling toward it down the +streets. The men went in at the wide doorway. The women turned and +entered their own apartments around the corner. And as they walked +toward the entrance they passed little shops built into the walls of +the bathhouse. At every stall stood the shopkeeper, bowing, smiling, +begging, calling. "Perfumes, sweet lady!" + +"Rings, rings, beautiful madam, for your beautiful fingers!" + +"Oil for your body, sir, after the bath!" + +"A taste of sweets, madam, before you enter! Honey cakes of my own +making!" + +"Don't forget to buy my dressing for your hair before you go in! You'll +get nothing like it in there." + +So they chattered and called and coaxed. Some of the people bought, and +some went laughing by and entered the bathhouse. As the gentlemen went +in, a large court opened before them. Here were men bowling or jumping +or running or punching the bag or playing ball or taking some other kind +of exercise before the bath. Others were resting in the shade of the +porches. A poet sat in a cool corner reading his verses to a few +listeners. Some men, after their games, were scraping their sweating +bodies with the strigil. Others were splashing in the marble +swimming tank. Here and there barbers were working over handsome +gentlemen--smoothing their faces, perfuming their hair, polishing their +nails. There was talk and laughter everywhere. Men were lazily coming +and going through a door that led into the baths. There were large rooms +with high ceilings and painted walls. In one we can still see the round +marble basin. The walls are painted with trees and birds and swimming +fish and statues. It was like bathing in a beautiful garden to bathe +here. Another room was for the hot bath, with double walls and hot air +circulating between to make the whole room warm. The bathhouse was a +great building full of comforts. No wonder that all the idle Pompeians +came here to bathe, to play, to visit, to tell and hear the news. It was +a gay and noisy place. We have a letter that one of those old Romans +wrote to a friend. He says: + +"I am living near a bath. Sounds are heard on all sides. The men of +strong muscle exercise and swing the heavy lead weights. I hear their +groans as they strain, and the whistling of their breath. I hear the +massagist slapping a lazy fellow who is being rubbed with ointment. A +ball player begins to play and counts his throws. Perhaps there is a +sudden quarrel, or a thief is caught, or some one is singing in the +bath. And the bathers plunge into the swimming tank with loud splashes. +Above all the din you hear the calls of the hair puller and the sellers +of cakes and sweetmeats and sausages." + +After you leave the baths perhaps you will turn down Stabian Street. It +has narrow sidewalks. The broken walls of houses fence it in closely +on both sides and cast black shadows across it. It is paved with clean +blocks of lava. You will see wheel ruts worn deep in the hard stone. +Almost two thousand years old they are, made by the carts of the +farmers, perhaps, who brought in vegetables for the market. At the +street crossings you will see three or four big stone blocks standing +up above the pavement. They are stepping-stones for rainy weather. +Evidently floods used to pour down these sloping streets. You can +imagine little Roman boys skipping across from block to block and trying +to keep their sandals dry. + +The street will lead you to the district of good houses where the +wealthy men lived. Through open doorways you will get glimpses into the +old ruined courtyards. It is hard guessing how the rooms used to look. +But when you come to the door of the house of Vettius you will cry out +with wonder. There is a lovely garden in the corner of the house. A long +passage leads to it straight from the street. Around it runs a paved +porch with pretty columns. Here you will walk in the shade and look out +at the gay little garden, blooming in the sunshine. In every corner tiny +streams of water spurt from little statues of bronze and marble and +trickle into cool basins. Marble tables stand among the flowers. You +will half expect a slave to bring out old drinking cups and wine bowls +and set them here for his master's pleasure, or tablets and stylus for +him to write his letters. Everything is in order and beautiful. It was +not quite so when the excavators uncovered this house. The statues were +thrown down. The flowers were scorched and dead under the piled-up +ashes. But it was easy for the modern excavators to tell from the ground +where the flower beds had been and where the gravel paths. Even the +lead water pipe that carried the stream to the fountain needed little +repairing. So the excavators set up the statues, cleaned the marble +tables and benches, planted shrubs and flowers, repaired the porch roof, +and we have a garden such as the old Romans loved and such as many +houses in Pompeii had. + +Several rooms look out upon this garden. One of them is perhaps the most +interesting place in all Pompeii. You will walk into it and look around +and laugh with delight. The whole wall is painted with pictures, big and +little--pictures of columns and roofs, of plants and animals, of men +and gods. They are all framed in with wide spaces of beautiful red. And +tucked away between them in narrow bands of black are the gayest little +scenes in the world. They are worth going all the way across the ocean +to see. Psyches--delicate little winged girls like fairies--are picking +slender flowers and putting them into tall, graceful baskets. They are +so light and so tiny that they seem to be flitting along the wall +like bright butterflies. In other panels plump little cupids--winged +boys--are playing at being men. They are picking grapes and working a +wine press and selling wine. It is big work for tiny creatures, and they +must kick up their dimpled legs and puff out their chubby cheeks to do +it. They are melting gold and carrying gold dishes and selling jewelry +and swinging a blacksmith's hammer with their fat little arms. They are +carrying roses to market on a ragged goat and weaving rose garlands and +selling them to an elegant little lady. Everywhere these gay little +creatures are skipping about at their play among the beautiful red +spaces and large pictures. This was surely a charming dining room in the +old days. The guests must have been merry every time their eyes lighted +upon the bright wall. And if they looked out at the open side, there +smiled the garden with its flowers and statues and splashing fountains +and columns. + +There lived in this house two men by the name of Vettius. We know this +because the excavators found here two seals. In those days men fastened +their letters and receipts and bills with wax. While the wax was soft +they stamped their names in it with a metal seal. On the stamps that +were found in this house were carved Aulus Vettius Restitutus and Aulus +Vettius Conviva. Perhaps they were freedmen who once had been slaves of +Aulus Vettius. But they must have earned a fortune for themselves, for +there were two money chests in the house. And they must have had slaves +of their own to take care of their twenty rooms and more. In the tiny +kitchen the excavators found a good store of charcoal and the ashes of +a little fire on top of the stone stove. And on its three little legs +a bronze dish was sitting over the dead fire. A slave must have been +cooking his master's dinner when the volcano frightened him away. + +Vettius' dining room is empty of its wooden tables and couches. But some +houses had stone ones built in their gardens for pleasant summer days. +These the ashes did not crush, and they are still in place. Columns +stood about the tables and vines climbed up them and across to make cool +shade. The tables were always long and narrow and built around three +sides of a rectangle. Low couches stand along the outside edges. Here +guests used to lie propped up on their left elbows with pretty cushions +to make them comfortable. In the open space in the middle of the square +servants came and went and passed the dishes across the narrow tables. +Children used to have little wooden stools and sit in this middle space +opposite their elders. But in one old ruined garden dining room you will +see a little stone bench for the children, built along the end of the +table. It must have been pleasant to have supper there with the sunset +coloring the sky, behind old Vesuvius, the cool breeze shaking the +leaves of the garden shrubs, and the fountain tinkling, and a bird +chirping in a corner, and the shadows beginning to creep under the long +porches, and the tiny flames of lamps fluttering in the dusky rooms +behind. + +After you leave the house of Vettius and walk down the street, you will +come to a certain door. In the sidewalk before it you will see "Have" +spelled with bits of colored marble. It is the old Latin word for +"Welcome." It is too pleasant an invitation to refuse. Go in through +the high doorway and down the narrow passage to the atrium. Every Roman +house had this atrium. It is like a large reception hall with many +rooms opening off it--bedrooms, dining rooms, sitting rooms. Beautiful +hangings instead of doors used to shut these rooms in. The atrium had an +opening in the roof where the sun shone in and softly lighted the big +room. Here the master used to receive his guests. In the house of +Vettius the two money chests were found in the atrium. In this same room +in the house of "Welcome," there was found on the floor a little bronze +statue, a dancing faun, one of the gay friends of Dionysus. It is a tiny +thing only two feet high, but so pretty that the excavators named the +house after it--The House of the Faun. Evidently the old owner loved +beautiful things and had money to buy them. Even the floors of some of +his rooms are made in mosaic pictures. There are doves at play, and +ducks and fish and shells all laid under your feet in bright bits of +colored marble. And beyond the pleasant court with its porches and +garden is a large sitting room. In the floor of this the excavators +found the most wonderful mosaic picture of all, a picture of a battle, +with waving spears and prancing horses and fallen men. Two kings are +facing each other to fight--Darius, king of Persia, standing in his +chariot, and Alexander, king of Greece, riding his war horse. The bits +of stone are so small and of such perfect color that the mosaic looks +like a beautiful painting. Imagine how the excavators' hearts leaped +when the spades took the gray ashes off this bright picture. It was too +precious a thing to leave here in the rain and wind. So the excavators +carefully took it up and put it into the museum of Naples where there +are other valuable things from Pompeii. + +There are many other houses almost as pleasant and beautiful as this +House of the Faun. Every one has its atrium and its sunny court and its +fountains and statues and its painted walls. But Pompeii was a city of +business, too, and had many workshops. There is a dye shop where the +excavators found large lead pots and glass bottles still full of dye. +There are cleaners' shops where the slaves used to take their masters' +robes to be cleaned. Here the excavators found vats and white clay +for cleaning, and pictures on the wall showing men at work. There are +tanneries where leather was made. The rusted tools were found which the +men had thrown down so long ago. There is a pottery shop with two ovens +for baking the vases. On a certain street corner you will see an old +wine shop. It is a little room cut into the corner wall of a great +house. Its two sides are open upon the street with broad marble +counters. Below the counters are big, deep jars. Their open tops thrust +themselves through the slab. You can look into their mouths where the +shopkeeper used to dip out the wine. On the walls of the room are marks +that show where shelves hung in ancient days to hold cups and glasses. +In the outer edge of the sidewalk before the shop are two round holes +cut into the stone. Long ago poles were thrust into them to hold an +awning that shaded the walk in front of the counters. We can imagine men +stopping in this pleasant shade as they passed. The busy slave inside +the shop whips out a cup and a graceful, long-handled ladle and dips out +the sweet-smelling wine from the wide-mouthed jar. And we can imagine +how the cups fell clattering from the men's hands when Vesuvius +thundered. In one shop, indeed, the excavators found an overturned cup +on the counter and a wine stain on the marble. But the most interesting +shops are the bakeries. There were twenty of them in Pompeii. You will +see the ovens in the courtyard. They are big beehives built of stone or +brick. The baker made a fire inside and let the walls become hot. Then +he raked out the coals and cleaned the floor and put in his bread. The +hot walls baked the loaves. In one oven the excavators found a burned +loaf eighteen hundred years old. When the earthquake shook his house, +did the baker snatch out the rest of the ovenful to feed his hungry +family as they groped about for safety in the terrible darkness? +In several bakeries you will see, also, the mills. They are great +mortar-shaped things standing taller than a man. The heavy stone above +turned around upon the stone below. A man poured wheat in at the top. It +fell down and was ground between the two stones and dropped out at the +bottom as flour. A horse or donkey was hitched to the mill to turn it. +Around and around he walked all day. He was blindfolded to prevent his +becoming dizzy. You will see on the stone floor in one bakery the path +that was made by years of this walking. In the old days this silent +empty court must have been an interesting place. The donkey's hoofs beat +lazy time on the stone floor. Now and then a slave lifted up a bag of +wheat and poured it into the mill or scooped out the white flour from +the trough at the bottom. Another man sifted the flour and the breeze +blew the white dust over his bare arms. Some of the ovens were smoking +and glowing with fresh fire. Others were shut, with the browning bread +inside, and a good smell hung in the air. And out in front was a little +shop where the master sold the thin loaves and the fancy little cakes. + +In the hundreds of houses and shops of this little town the excavators +have found bronze tables and lamps and lamp stands and wine jars and +kitchen pots and pans and spoons and glass vases and silver cups and +gold hairpins and jewelry and ivory combs and bronze strigils and +mirrors and several statues of bronze and marble. But where they +had hoped to find thousands of precious things they have found only +hundreds. Many pedestals are empty of their statues. Here and there the +very paintings have been cut from the walls. Those are the pictures we +should most like to see. How beautiful could they have been? + +"Evidently men came back soon after the eruption," say the excavators. +"The tops of their ruined houses must have stood up above the ashes. +They dug down and rescued their most precious things. We have even found +broken places in walls where we think men dug tunnels from one house to +another. That is why the temple and market place have so few statues. +That is why we find so little jewelry and money and dishes. But we have +enough. The city is our treasure." + +One rich find they did make, however. There was a pleasant farmhouse out +of town on the slope of Vesuvius. Evidently the man who owned it had +a vineyard and an olive grove and grain fields. For there are olive +presses and wine presses and a great court full of vats for making wine +and a floor for threshing wheat and a mill for grinding flour and a +stable and a wide courtyard that must have held many carts. And there +are bathrooms and many pleasant rooms besides. In the room with the wine +presses was a stone cistern for storing the fresh grape juice. Here +the excavators found a treasure and a mystery. In this cistern lay the +skeleton of a man. With him were a thousand pieces of gold money, some +gold jewelry, and a wonderful dinner set of silver dishes. There are a +hundred and three pieces--plates, platters, cups, bowls. And every one +has beaten up from it beautiful designs of flowers and people. An artist +must have made them, and a rich man must have bought them. How did they +come here in this farmhouse? They must have been meant for a nobleman's +table. Had some thief stolen them and hidden here, only to be caught +by the volcano? Did some rich lady of the city have this farm for her +country place? And had she sent her treasure here to escape when the +volcano burst forth? At any rate here it lay for eighteen hundred years. +And now it is in a museum in Paris, far from its old owner's home. + +In this buried city we find the houses in which men lived, the pictures +they loved, the food they ate, the jewels they wore, the cups they drank +from. But what of the people themselves? Were they real men and women? +How did they look? Did they all escape? Not all, for many skeletons have +been found here and there through the city--in the market place, in the +streets, in the houses. And sometimes the excavators have found still +stranger, sadder things. Often as a man has been digging in the +hard-packed ashes, his spade has struck into a hole. Then he has called +the chief excavator. + +"Let us see what it is," the excavator has said, "Perhaps it will be +something interesting." + +So they have mixed plaster and poured it into the hole. They have given +it a little time to harden and then have dug away the ashes from around +it. In that way they have made a plaster cast just the shape of the +hole. And several times when they have uncovered their cast they have +found it to be the form of a man or woman or child. Perhaps the person +had been hurrying through the street and had stumbled and fallen. The +gases had choked him, the ashes had slowly covered him. Under the +moistening rain and the pressure of all the hundreds of years the ashes +had hardened almost to stone. Meantime the body had decayed and had sunk +down into a handful of dust. But the hardened ashes still stood firm +around the space where the body had been. When this hole was filled with +plaster, the cast took just the form of the one who had been buried +there so long ago--the folds of his clothes, the ring on his finger, the +girl's knot of hair, the negro slave's woolly head. So we can really +look upon the faces of some of the ancient people of Pompeii. And in +another way we can learn the names of many of them. + +One of the streets that leads out from the wall is called the "Street of +Tombs." It is the ancient burying ground. You will walk along the paved +street between rows of monuments. Some will be like great square altars +of marble beautifully carved. Some will be tall platforms with steps +leading up. There will be marble benches where you may sit and think of +the old Pompeians who were twice buried in their beautiful tombs. And +there on the marble monument you will see their names carved in old +Latin letters, and kind things that their friends said about them. There +are: + +Marcus Cerrinius Restitutus; Aulus Veius, who was several times an +officer of the city; Mamia, a priestess; Marcus Porcius; Numerius +Istacidius and his wife and daughter and others of his family, all in +a great tomb standing on a high platform; Titus Terentius Felix, whose +wife, Fabia Sabina, built his tomb; Tyche, a slave; Aulus Umbricius +Scaurus, whose statue was set up in the market place to do him honor; +Gaius Calventius Quietus, who was given a seat of honor at the theater +on account of his generosity; Naevoleia Tyche, who had once been a slave, +but who had been freed, had married, and grown wealthy and had slaves of +her own; Gnaeus Vibius Saturninus, whose freedman built his tomb; Marcus +Arrius Diomedes, a freedman; Numerius Velasius Gratus, twelve years old; +Salvinus, six years old; and many another. + +After seeing the tombs and houses and shops you will leave that little +city, I think, feeling that the people of ancient times were much like +us, that men and mountains have done wonderful things in this old world, +that it is good to know how people of other times lived and worked and +died. + + + + +PICTURES OF POMPEII + + +A ROMAN BOY. + +This statue, now in the Metropolitan Museum, was found at Pompeii. +Probably Caius was dressed just like this, and carried such a stick when +he played in his father's courtyard. + + +THE CITY OF NAPLES, WITH MOUNT VESUVIUS ACROSS THE BAY. + + +VESUVIUS IN ERUPTION, FROM AN AIRPLANE. + +Nowadays men know from history what may happen when Vesuvius wakes. But +in 79 A.D., when Pompeii was buried, the mountain had slept for hundreds +of years, and no man knew that an eruption might bury a city. + + +POMPEII FROM AN AIRPLANE. + +The roofs are all gone and all the partitions inside the houses show. +That is why it all looks so crowded and confused. But if you study it +carefully you can see some interesting things. The big open space is +the forum. It is about five hundred feet long, running northeast and +southwest. South of it is the temple of Apollo. North of it, where you +see the bases of columns in a circle, was the market. Next to the market +is the place where the gods of the city were worshipped. The broad +street beside the forum running southeast is the one down which Ariston +fled. Then he turned into the forum, ran out the gate near the lower end +into the steep street that runs southwest and ends at a city gate near +the sea. + + +NOLA STREET AND THE TEMPLE OF FORTUNE. + +You must imagine this temple with an altar in front, a broad flight of +steps, and a portico of beautiful columns. You can see the street paved +with blocks of lava, the deep wheel ruts, and the stepping stones for +rainy weather. + + +THE STABIAN GATE. + +Pompeii was surrounded by two high walls fifteen feet apart, with earth +between. An embankment of earth was piled up inside also. This is one of +the eight gates in the wall. IN THE STREET OF TOMBS. + +On the tomb of Naevoleia Tyche was a carving of a ship gliding into port, +the sailors furling the sails. Within this tomb is a chamber where +funeral urns stand, containing the ashes of Tyche and her husband, and +of the slaves they had freed. Pompeians always burned the bodies of the +dead. + + +THE AMPHITHEATER. + +Like other Roman towns, Pompeii had an amphitheater. Here twenty +thousand people could come and watch the gladiators fight in pairs till +one was killed. Then the dead body was dragged off, and another pair +appeared and fought. Sometimes the gladiators were prisoners captured in +war, like the famous Spartacus; sometimes they were slaves; sometimes +criminals condemned to death. Sometimes a man was pitted against a wild +beast; sometimes two wild beasts fought each other. The amphitheater had +no roof. Vesuvius, with its column of smoke, was in plain view from the +seats. There was a great awning to protect the spectators. The lower +seats were for officials and distinguished people; for the middle rows +there was an admission fee; all the upper seats were free. + + +RUINS OF THE GREAT STABIAN BATHS. + +A few large houses had baths of their own, but most people went every +day to a great public bath which was a very gay place. This open court +which you see, was for games. + + +THE RUINED TEMPLE OF APOLLO. + +The temple was built on a high foundation. A broad flight of steps led +up to it, with an altar at the foot. There was a porch all round it held +up by a row of columns. Some of the columns have stood up through all +the earthquakes and eruptions of two thousand years. Inside the porch +was a small room for the statue of Apollo. In the paved court around +this temple were many altars and statues of the gods. This was at one +time the most important temple in Pompeii. + + +THE SCHOOL OF THE GLADIATORS. + +In this large open court the gladiators had their training and practice. +In small cells around the court they lived. They were kept under close +guard, for they were dangerous men. Sixty-three skeletons were found +here, many of them in irons. + + +THE SMALLER THEATER. + +Pompeii had two theaters for plays and music, besides the amphitheater +where the gladiators fought. The smaller theater, unlike the others, had +a roof. It seated fifteen hundred people. We think perhaps contests in +music were held here. + + +A SACRIFICE. + +A boar, a ram, and a bull are to be killed, and a part of the flesh is +to be burned on the altar to please the gods. + + +A SCENE IN THE FORUM. + +On the walls of a room in a house in Pompeii men found this picture, +showing how interesting the life of the forum was. At the left is a +table where a man has kitchen utensils for sale. But he is dreaming and +does not see a customer coming. So his friend is waking him up. Near him +is a shoemaker selling sandals to some women. + + +IVORY HAIRPINS. + +Underneath are two ivory toilet boxes. One was probably for perfumed +oil. + + +APPLIANCES FOR THE BATH. + +These were found hanging in a ring in one of the great public baths. You +see a flask for oil, a saucer to pour the oil into, and four scrapers to +scrape off the oil and dirt before a plunge. + + +PERISTYLE OF THE HOUSE OF THE VETTII. + +With the columns and tables and statues that were found, this court has +been built on the site of an old ruined villa. Flowers bloom and the +fountain plays in it to-day just as they did over two thousand years +ago. There are wall paintings in the shadows at the back. The little +boys holding the ducks must look very much like Caius when he was a +little boy. When he went to the farm in the hills for a hot summer, he +had ducks to play with; here are statues to remind him, in the winter +time, of what fun that was. + +A garden like this, not generally so large, was laid out _inside_ every +important house in Pompeii. The family rooms surrounded it. These rooms +received most of their light and air from this garden. Caius was lying +on a couch in a garden like this, when the shower of pebbles suddenly +began. Ariston was painting the walls of a room that overlooked the +garden. + + +LADY PLAYING A HARP. + +This is part of a beautiful wall painting in a Pompeian house, the sort +of painting that Ariston was making when the volcano burst forth. See +how much the little boy looks like his mother, and what beautiful bands +they both have in their hair. Chairs like this one have been found in +the ruins, and the same design is on many other pieces of furniture. + +The Metropolitan Museum owns the complete wall paintings for a Pompeian +room. They are put up just as they were in Pompeii. There is even an +iron window grating. A beautiful table from Pompeii stands in the +center. The room is one of the gayest in the whole museum, with its rich +reds and bright yellows, greens, and blues. + + +KITCHEN OF THE HOUSE OF THE VETTII. + +In this house the cook must have been in the kitchen, just ready to go +to work when he had to flee. He left the pot on a tripod on a bed of +coals, ready for use. You can see an arched opening underneath the +fireplace. This was where the cook kept his fuel. The small size of +the kitchens shows that the Pompeians were not great gluttons. + + +KITCHEN UTENSILS. + +These kettles and frying pans and ladles are made of bronze, an alloy of +copper and tin. They look very much like our kitchen furnishings. + + +CENTAUR CUP. + +Some rich Pompeian had a pair of beautiful silver cups with graceful +handles. The design was made in hammered silver, and showed centaurs +talking to cupids that are sitting on their backs. A centaur was half +man, half horse. + + +THE HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET (restored). + +From the ruins and from ancient books, men know almost all the rooms of +a Pompeian house. So they have pictured this one as it was before the +disaster, with its many beautiful wall paintings, its mosaic floors, its +tiled roofs. If you can imagine these two halves fitted together, and +yourself inside, you can visit one of the most attractive houses in +Pompeii. Do you see how the tiled roof slants downward from four sides +to a rectangular opening in the highest part of the house? Below this +opening was a shallow basin into which the rainwater fell. This basin +was in the center of the atrium, the most important room in the house. +The walls of this room were painted with scenes from the Trojan war. +This is the house which has the mosaic picture of a dog on the floor of +the long entrance hall (see next page). On each side of the hall, facing +the street, are large rooms for shops, where, doubtless, the owner +conducted his business. He was not a "Tragic Poet." Some people think he +was a goldsmith. On each side of the atrium were sleeping rooms. Can you +see that the doors are very high with a grating at the top to let in +light and air? Windows were few and small, and generally the rooms took +light and air from the inside courts rather than from outside. Back of +the atrium was a large reception room with bedrooms on each side. And +back of this was a large open court, or garden, with a colonnade on +three sides and a solid wall at the back. Opening on this garden was a +large dining room with beautiful wall paintings, a tiny kitchen, and +some sleeping rooms. This house had stairways and second story rooms +over the shops. This seems to us a very comfortable homelike house. + + +THE HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET (as it looks to-day). + +Here you see the shallow basin in the floor of the atrium. This basin +had two outlets. You can see the round cistern mouth near the pool. +There was also an outlet to the street to carry off the overflow. At the +back of the garden you can see a shrine to the household gods. At every +meal a portion was set aside in little dishes for the gods. + + +MOSAIC OF WATCH DOG. + +From the vestibule of the House of the Tragic Poet. It says loudly, +"Beware the dog!" Pictures and patterns made of little pieces of +polished stone like this are called mosaic. Sometimes American +vestibules are tiled in a simple mosaic. Wouldn't it be fun if they had +such exciting pictures as this? A real dog, or two or three, probably +was standing inside the door, chained, or held by slaves. + + +THE HOUSE OF DIOMEDE. + +There was a wine cellar under the colonnade. Here were twenty skeletons; +two, children. Near the door were found skeletons of two men. One had a +large key, doubtless the key of this door. He wore a gold ring and was +carrying a good deal of money. He was probably the master of the house. +Evidently the family thought at first that the wine cellar would be a +safe place, but when they found that it was not so, the master took one +slave and started out to find a way to escape. But they all perished. + + +RUINS OF A BAKERY, WITH MILLSTONES. + + +SECTION OF A MILL. + +If one of the mills that were found in the bakery were sawed in two, it +would look like this. You can see where the baker's man poured in the +wheat, and where the flour dropped down, and the heavy timbers fastened +to the upper millstone to turn it by. + + +PORTRAIT OF LUCIUS CAECILIUS JUCUNDUS. + +This Lucius was an auctioneer who had set free one of his slaves, Felix. +Felix, in gratitude, had this portrait of his master cast in bronze. +It stood on a marble pillar in the atrium of the house. + + +BRONZE CANDLEHOLDER. + +It is the figure of the Roman God Silenus. He was the son of Pan, and +the oldest of the satyrs, who were supposed to be half goat. Can you +find the goat's horns among his curls? He was a rollicking old satyr, +very fond of wine, always getting into mischief. The grape design at the +base of the little statue, and the snake supporting the candleholder, +both are symbols of the sileni. + + +THE DANCING FAUN. + +In one of the largest and most elegant houses in Pompeii, on the floor +of the atrium, or principal room of the house, men found in the ashes +this bronze statue of a dancing faun. Doesn't he look as if he loved +to dance, snapping his fingers to keep time? Although this great house +contained on the floor of one room the most famous of ancient mosaic +pictures, representing Alexander the Great in battle, and although it +contains many other fine mosaics, it was named from this statue, the +House of the Faun, Casa del Fauno. + + +HERMES IN REPOSE. + +This bronze statue was found in Herculaneum, the city on the other slope +of Vesuvius which was buried in liquid mud. This mud has become solid +rock, from sixty to one hundred feet deep so that excavation is very +difficult, and the city is still for the most part buried. + + +THE ARCH OF NERO. + +The visitors to-day are walking where Caius walked so long ago on the +same paving stones. The three stones were set up to keep chariots out of +the forum. + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Buried Cities, Volume 1, by Jennie Hall + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURIED CITIES, VOLUME 1 *** + +This file should be named 7bct110.txt or 7bct110.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, 7bct111.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, 7bct110a.txt + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Widger and PG Distributed Proofreaders + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: Buried Cities, Volume 1 + Pompeii + +Author: Jennie Hall + +Release Date: January, 2006 [EBook #9625] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on October 10, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURIED CITIES, VOLUME 1 *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Widger and PG Distributed Proofreaders + + + + +BURIED CITIES, VOLUME 1 + +POMPEII + +BY + +JENNIE HALL + +Author of "Four Old Greeks," Etc. Instructor in History and English in +the Francis W. Parker School, Chicago + +With Many Drawings and Photographs From Original Sources + + + +The publishers are grateful to the estate of Miss Jennie Hall and to her +many friends for assistance in planning the publication of this book. +Especial thanks are due to Miss Nell C. Curtis of the Lincoln School, +New York City, for helping to finish Miss Hall's work of choosing the +pictures, and to Miss Irene I. Cleaves of the Francis Parker School, +Chicago, who wrote the captions. It was Miss Katharine Taylor, now of +the Shady Hill School, Cambridge, who brought these stories to our +attention. + + + + +FOREWORD: TO BOYS AND GIRLS + +Do you like to dig for hidden treasure? Have you ever found Indian +arrowheads or Indian pottery? I knew a boy who was digging a cave in +a sandy place, and he found an Indian grave. With his own hands he +uncovered the bones and skull of some brave warrior. That brown skull +was more precious to him than a mint of money. Another boy I knew was +making a cave of his own. Suddenly he dug into an older one made years +before. He crawled into it with a leaping heart and began to explore. He +found an old carpet and a bit of burned candle. They proved that some +one had lived there. What kind of a man had he been and what kind +of life had he lived--black or white or red, robber or beggar or +adventurer? Some of us were walking in the woods one day when we saw a +bone sticking out of the ground. Luckily we had a spade, and we set to +work digging. Not one moment was the tool idle. First one bone and then +another came to light and among them a perfect horse's skull. We felt as +though we had rescued Captain Kidd's treasure, and we went home draped +in bones. + +Suppose that instead of finding the bones of a horse we had uncovered a +gold-wrapped king. Suppose that instead of a deserted cave that boy +had dug into a whole buried city with theaters and mills and shops and +beautiful houses. Suppose that instead of picking up an Indian arrowhead +you could find old golden vases and crowns and bronze swords lying in +the earth. If you could be a digger and a finder and could choose your +find, would you choose a marble statue or a buried bakeshop with bread +two thousand years old still in the oven or a king's grave filled with +golden gifts? It is of such digging and such finding that this book +tells. + + + +CONTENTS + + FOREWORD: To BOYS AND GIRLS + + + POMPEII + + 1. The Greek Slave and the Little Roman Boy + + 2. Vesuvius + + 3. Pompeii Today + + _Pictures of Pompeii:_ + + A Roman Boy + + The City of Naples + + Vesuvius in Eruption + + Pompeii from an Airplane + + Nola Street; the Stabian Gate + + In the Street of Tombs + + The Amphitheater; the Baths + + Temple of Apollo; School of the Gladiators + + The Smaller Theater + + A Sacrifice + + Scene in the Forum; Hairpins; Bath Appliances + + Peristyle of the House of the Vettii + + Lady Playing a Harp + + Kitchen of the House of the Vettii + + Kitchen Utensils; Centaur Cup + + The House of the Tragic Poet + + Mosaic of Watch Dog + + The House of Diomede + + A Bakery; Section of a Mill + + Lucius Cæcilius Jueundus + + Bronze Candleholder + + The Dancing Faun + Hermes in Repose + + The Arch of Nero + + + + +[Illustration: Line Art of Bronze Lamp. Caption: _Bronze Lamps_. The +bowl held olive oil. A wick came out at the nozzle. These lamps gave a +dim and smoky light.] + + + + +THE GREEK SLATE AND THE LITTLE ROMAN BOY + +Ariston, the Greek slave, was busily painting. He stood in a little room +with three smooth walls. The fourth side was open upon a court. A little +fountain splashed there. Above stretched the brilliant sky of Italy. The +August sun shone hotly down. It cut sharp shadows of the columns on the +cement floor. This was the master's room. The artist was painting the +walls. Two were already gay with pictures. They showed the mighty deeds +of warlike Herakles. Here was Herakles strangling the lion, Herakles +killing the hideous hydra, Herakles carrying the wild boar on his +shoulders, Herakles training the mad horses. But now the boy was +painting the best deed of all--Herakles saving Alcestis from death. He +had made the hero big and beautiful. The strong muscles lay smooth in +the great body. One hand trailed the club. On the other arm hung the +famous lion skin. With that hand the god led Alcestis. He turned his +head toward her and smiled. On the ground lay Death, bruised and +bleeding. One batlike black wing hung broken. He scowled after the hero +and the woman. In the sky above him stood Apollo, the lord of life, +looking down. But the picture of the god was only half finished. The +figure was sketched in outline. Ariston was rapidly laying on paint with +his little brushes. His eyes glowed with Apollo's own fire. His lips +were open, and his breath came through them pantingly. + +"O god of beauty, god of Hellas, god of freedom, help me!" he half +whispered while his brush worked. + +For he had a great plan in his mind. Here he was, a slave in this rich +Roman's house. Yet he was a free-born son of Athens, from a family of +painters. Pirates had brought him here to Pompeii, and had sold him as a +slave. His artist's skill had helped him, even in this cruel land. For +his master, Tetreius, loved beauty. The Roman had soon found that his +young Greek slave was a painter. He had said to his steward: + +"Let this boy work at the mill no longer. He shall paint the walls of my +private room." + +So he had talked to Ariston about what the pictures should be. The Greek +had found that this solemn, frowning Roman was really a kind man. Then +hope had sprung up in his breast and had sung of freedom. + +"I will do my best to please him," he had thought. "When all the walls +are beautiful, perhaps he will smile at my work. Then I will clasp his +knees. I will tell him of my father, of Athens, of how I was stolen. +Perhaps he will send me home." + +Now the painting was almost done. As he worked, a thousand pictures were +flashing through his mind. He saw his beloved old home in lovely Athens. +He felt his father's hand on his, teaching him to paint. He gazed again +at the Parthenon, more beautiful than a dream. Then he saw himself +playing on the fishing boat on that terrible holiday. He saw the pirate +ship sail swiftly from behind a rocky point and pounce upon them. He saw +himself and his friends dragged aboard. He felt the tight rope on his +wrists as they bound him and threw him under the deck. He saw himself +standing here in the market place of Pompeii. He heard himself sold for +a slave. At that thought he threw down his brush and groaned. + +But soon he grew calmer. Perhaps the sweet drip of the fountain cooled +his hot thoughts. Perhaps the soft touch of the sun soothed his heart. +He took up his brushes again and set to work. + +"The last figure shall be the most beautiful of all," he said to +himself. "It is my own god, Apollo." + +So he worked tenderly on the face. With a few little strokes he made the +mouth smile kindly. He made the blue eyes deep and gentle. He lifted the +golden curls with a little breeze from Olympos. The god's smile cheered +him. The beautiful colors filled his mind. He forgot his sorrows. He +forgot everything but his picture. Minute by minute it grew under his +moving brush. He smiled into the god's eyes. + +Meantime a great noise arose in the house. There were cries of fear. +There was running of feet. + +"A great cloud!" "Earthquake!" "Fire and hail!" "Smoke from hell!" "The +end of the world!" "Run! Run!" + +And men and women, all slaves, ran screaming through the house and out +of the front door. But the painter only half heard the cries. His ears, +his eyes, his thoughts were full of Apollo. + +For a little the house was still. Only the fountain and the shadows and +the artist's brush moved there. Then came a great noise as though the +sky had split open. The low, sturdy house trembled. Ariston's brush was +shaken and blotted Apollo's eye. Then there was a clattering on the +cement floor as of a million arrows. Ariston ran into the court. From +the heavens showered a hail of gray, soft little pebbles like beans. +They burned his upturned face. They stung his bare arms. He gave a cry +and ran back under the porch roof. Then he heard a shrill call above all +the clattering. It came from the far end of the house. Ariston ran back +into the private court. There lay Caius, his master's little sick son. +His couch was under the open sky, and the gray hail was pelting down +upon him. He was covering his head with his arms and wailing. + +"Little master!" called Ariston. "What is it? What has happened to us?" +"Oh, take me!" cried the little boy. + +"Where are the others?" asked Ariston. + +"They ran away," answered Caius. "They were afraid, Look! O-o-h!" + +He pointed to the sky and screamed with terror. + +Ariston looked. Behind the city lay a beautiful hill, green with trees. +But now from the flat top towered a huge, black cloud. It rose straight +like a pine tree and then spread its black branches over the heavens. +And from that cloud showered these hot, pelting pebbles of pumice stone. + +"It is a volcano," cried Ariston. + +He had seen one spouting fire as he had voyaged on the pirate ship. + +"I want my father," wailed the little boy. + +Then Ariston remembered that his master was away from home. He had gone +in a ship to Rome to get a great physician for his sick boy. He had left +Caius in the charge of his nurse, for the boy's mother was dead. But +now every slave had turned coward and had run away and left the little +master to die. + +Ariston pulled the couch into one of the rooms. Here the roof kept off +the hail of stones. + +"Your father is expected home to-day, master Caius," said the Greek. "He +will come. He never breaks his word. We will wait for him here. This +strange shower will soon be over." + +So he sat on the edge of the couch, and the little Roman laid his head +in his slave's lap and sobbed. Ariston watched the falling pebbles. They +were light and full of little holes. Every now and then black rocks of +the size of his head whizzed through the air. Sometimes one fell into +the open cistern and the water hissed at its heat. The pebbles lay piled +a foot deep all over the courtyard floor. And still they fell thick and +fast. + +"Will it never stop?" thought Ariston. + +Several times the ground swayed under him. It felt like the moving of a +ship in a storm. Once there was thunder and a trembling of the house. +Ariston was looking at a little bronze statue that stood on a tall, +slender column. It tottered to and fro in the earthquake. Then it fell, +crashing into the piled-up stones. In a few minutes the falling shower +had covered it. + +Ariston began to be more afraid. He thought of Death as he had painted +him in his picture. He imagined that he saw him hiding behind a column. +He thought he heard his cruel laugh. He tried to look up toward the +mountain, but the stones pelted him down. He felt terribly alone. Was +all the rest of the world dead? Or was every one else in some safe +place? + +"Come, Caius, we must get away," he cried. "We shall be buried here." + +He snatched up one of the blankets from the couch. He threw the ends +over his shoulders and let a loop hang at his back. He stood the sick +boy in this and wound the ends around them both. Caius was tied to his +slave's back. His heavy little head hung on Ariston's shoulder. Then the +Greek tied a pillow over his own head. He snatched up a staff and ran +from the house. He looked at his picture as he passed. He thought he +saw Death half rise from the ground. But Apollo seemed to smile at his +artist. + +At the front door Ariston stumbled. He found the street piled deep with +the gray, soft pebbles. He had to scramble up on his hands and knees. +From the house opposite ran a man. He looked wild with fear. He was +clutching a little statue of gold. Ariston called to him, "Which way to +the gate?" + +But the man did not hear. He rushed madly on. Ariston followed him. It +cheered the boy a little to see that somebody else was still alive in +the world. But he had a hard task. He could not run. The soft pebbles +crunched under his feet and made him stumble. He leaned far forward +under his heavy burden. The falling shower scorched his bare arms and +legs. Once a heavy stone struck him on his cushioned head, and he fell. +But he was up in an instant. He looked around bewildered. His head was +ringing. The air was hot and choking. The sun was gone. The shower was +blinding. Whose house was this? The door stood open. The court was +empty. Where was the city gate? Would he never get out? He did not know +this street. Here on the corner was a wine shop with its open sides. But +no men stood there drinking. Wine cups were tipped over and broken on +the marble counter. Ariston stood in a daze and watched the wine +spilling into the street. + +Then a crowd came rushing past him. It was evidently a family fleeing +for their lives. Their mouths were open as though they were crying. But +Ariston could not hear their voices. His ears shook with the roar of the +mountain. An old man was hugging a chest. Gold coins were spilling out +as he ran. Another man was dragging a fainting woman. A young girl ran +ahead of them with white face and streaming hair. Ariston stumbled on +after this company. A great black slave came swiftly around a corner and +ran into him and knocked him over, but fled on without looking back. As +the Greek boy fell forward, the rough little pebbles scoured his face. +He lay there moaning. Then he began to forget his troubles. His aching +body began to rest. He thought he would sleep. He saw Apollo smiling. +Then Caius struggled and cried out. He pulled at the blanket and tried +to free himself. This roused Ariston, and he sat up. He felt the hot +pebbles again. He heard the mountain roar. He dragged himself to his +feet and started on. Suddenly the street led him out into a broad space. +Ariston looked around him. All about stretched wide porches with their +columns. Temple roofs rose above them. Statues stood high on their +pedestals. He was in the forum. The great open square was crowded with +hurrying people. Under one of the porches Ariston saw the money changers +locking their boxes. From a wide doorway ran several men. They were +carrying great bundles of woolen cloth, richly embroidered and dyed +with precious purple. Down the great steps of Jupiter's temple ran a +priest. Under his arms he clutched two large platters of gold. Men were +running across the forum dragging bags behind them. + +Every one seemed trying to save his most precious things. And every one +was hurrying to the gate at the far end. Then that was the way out! +Ariston picked up his heavy feet and ran. Suddenly the earth swayed +under him. He heard horrible thunder. He thought the mountain was +falling upon him. He looked behind. He saw the columns of the porch +tottering. A man was running out from one of the buildings. But as he +ran, the walls crashed down. The gallery above fell cracking. He was +buried. Ariston saw it all and cried out in horror. Then he prayed: + +"O Lord Poseidon, shaker of the earth, save me! I am a Greek!" + +Then he came out of the forum. A steep street sloped down to a gate. A +river of people was pouring out there. The air was full of cries. The +great noise of the crowd made itself heard even in the noise of the +volcano. The streets were full of lost treasures. Men pushed and fell +and were trodden upon. But at last Ariston passed through the gateway +and was out of the city. He looked about. + +"It is no better," he sobbed to himself. + +The air was thicker now. The shower had changed to hot dust as fine +as ashes. It blurred his eyes. It stopped his nostrils. It choked his +lungs. He tore his chiton from top to bottom and wrapped it about his +mouth and nose. He looked back at Caius and pulled the blanket over his +head. Behind him a huge cloud was reaching out long black arms from the +mountain to catch him. Ahead, the sun was only a red wafer in the shower +of ashes. Around him people were running off to hide under rocks or +trees or in the country houses. Some were running, running anywhere to +get away. Out of one courtyard dashed a chariot. The driver was lashing +his horses. He pushed them ahead through the crowd. He knocked people +over, but he did not stop to see what harm he had done. Curses flew +after him. He drove on down the road. + +Ariston remembered when he himself had been dragged up here two years +ago from the pirate ship. + +"This leads to the sea," he thought. "I will go there. Perhaps I shall +meet my master, Tetreius. He will come by ship. Surely I shall find him. +The gods will send him to me. O blessed gods!" + +But what a sea! It roared and tossed and boiled. While Ariston looked, +a ship was picked up and crushed and swallowed. The sea poured up the +steep shore for hundreds of feet. Then it rushed back and left its +strange fish gasping on the dry land. Great rocks fell from the sky, +and steam rose up as they splashed into the water. The sun was growing +fainter. The black cloud was coming on. Soon it would be dark. And then +what? Ariston lay down where the last huge wave had cooled the ground. +"It is all over, Caius," he murmured. "I shall never see Athens again." + +For a while there were no more earthquakes. The sea grew a little less +wild. Then the half-fainting Ariston heard shouts. He lifted his head. +A small boat had come ashore. The rowers had leaped out. They were +dragging it up out of reach of the waves. + +"How strange!" thought Ariston. "They are not running away. They must be +brave. We are all cowards." + +"Wait for me here!" cried a lordly voice to the rowers. + +When he heard that voice Ariston struggled to his feet and called. + +"Marcus Tetreius! Master!" + +He saw the man turn and run toward him. Then the boy toppled over and +lay face down in the ashes. + +When he came to himself he felt a great shower of water in his face. The +burden was gone from his back. He was lying in a row boat, and the boat +was falling to the bottom of the sea. Then it was flung up to the skies. +Tetreius was shouting orders. The rowers were streaming with sweat and +sea water. + +In some way or other they all got up on the waiting ship. It always +seemed to Ariston as though a wave had thrown him there. Or had Poseidon +carried him? At any rate, the great oars of the galley were flying. He +could hear every rower groan as he pulled at his oar. The sails, too, +were spread. The master himself stood at the helm. His face was one +great frown. The boat was flung up and down like a ball. Then fell +darkness blacker than night. + +"Who can steer without sun or stars?" thought the boy. + +Then he remembered the look on his master's face as he stood at the +tiller. Such a look Ariston had painted on Herakles' face as he +strangled the lion. + +"He will get us out," thought the slave. + +For an hour the swift ship fought with the waves. The oarsmen were +rowing for their lives. The master's arm was strong, and his heart was +not for a minute afraid. The wind was helping. At last they reached calm +waters. + +"Thanks be to the gods!" cried Tetreius. "We are out of that boiling +pot." + +At his words fire shot out of the mountain. It glowed red in the dusty +air. It flung great red arms across the sky after the ship. Every man +and spar and oar on the vessel seemed burning in its light. Then the +fire died, and thick darkness swallowed everything. Ariston's heart +seemed smothered in his breast. He heard the slaves on the rowers' +benches scream with fear. Then he heard their leader crying to them. He +heard a whip whiz through the air and strike on bare shoulders. Then +there was a crash as though the mountain had clapped its hands. A +thicker shower of ashes filled the air. But the rowers were at their +oars again. The ship was flying. + +So for two hours or more Tetreius and his men fought for safety. Then +they came out into fresher air and calmer water. Tetreius left the +rudder. "Let the men rest and thank the gods," he said to his overseer. +"We have come up out of the grave." + +When Ariston heard that, he remembered the Death he had left painted +on his master's wall. By that time the picture was surely buried under +stones and ashes. The boy covered his face with his ragged chiton and +wept. He hardly knew what he was crying for--the slavery, the picture, +the buried city, the fear of that horrid night, the sorrows of the +people left back there, his father, his dear home in Athens. At last +he fell asleep. The night was horrible with dreams--fire, earthquake, +strangling ashes, cries, thunder, lightning. But his tired body held +him asleep for several hours. Finally he awoke. He was lying on a soft +mattress. A warm blanket covered him. Clean air filled his nostrils. The +gentle light of dawn lay upon his eyes. A strange face bent over him. + +"It is only weariness," a kind voice was saying. "He needs food and rest +more than medicine." + +Then Ariston saw Tetreius, also, bending over him. The slave leaped to +his feet. He was ashamed to be caught asleep in his master's presence. +He feared a frown for his laziness. + +"My picture is finished, master," he cried, still half asleep. + +"And so is your slavery," said Tetreius, and his eyes shone. + +"It was not a slave who carried my son out of hell on his back. It was a +hero." He turned around and called, "Come hither, my friends." + +Three Roman gentlemen stepped up. They looked kindly upon Ariston. + +"This is the lad who saved my son," said Tetreius. "I call you to +witness that he is no longer a slave. Ariston, I send you from my hand a +free man." + +He struck his hand lightly on the Greek's shoulder, as all Roman masters +did when they freed a slave. Ariston cried aloud with joy. He sank to +his knees weeping. But Tetreius went on. + +"This kind physician says that Caius will live. But he needs good air +and good nursing. He must go to some one of Aesculapius' holy places. He +shall sleep in the temple and sit in the shady porches, and walk in the +sacred groves. The wise priests will give him medicines. The god will +send healing dreams. Do you know of any such place, Ariston?" + +The Greek thought of the temple and garden of Aesculapius on the sunny +side of the Acropolis at home in Athens. But he could not speak. He +gazed hungrily into Tetreius' eyes. The Roman smiled. + +"Ariston, this ship is bound for Athens! All my life I have loved +her--her statues, her poems, her great deeds. I have wished that my son +might learn from her wise men. The volcano has buried my home, Ariston. +But my wealth and my friends and my son are aboard this ship. What do +you say, my friend? Will you be our guide in Athens?" Ariston leaped up +from his knees. A fire of joy burned in his eyes. He stretched his hands +to the sky. + +"O blessed Herakles," he cried, "again thou hast conquered Death. Thou +didst snatch us from the grave of Pompeii. Give health to this Roman +boy. O fairest Athena, shed new beauty upon our violet crowned Athens. +For there is coming to visit her the best of men, my master Tetreius." + + +[Illustration: _A Marble Table_: The lions' heads were painted yellow. +You can see a table much like this in the garden pictured later.] + + + + +VESUVIUS + +So a living city was buried in a few hours. Wooded hills and green +fields lay covered under great ash heaps. Ever since that terrible +eruption Vesuvius has been restless. Sometimes she has been quiet for +a hundred years or more and men have almost forgotten that she ever +thundered and spouted and buried cities. But all at once she would move +again. She would shoot steam and ashes into the sky. At night fire +would leap out of her top. A few times she sent out dust and lava and +destroyed houses and fields. A man who lived five hundred years after +Pompeii was destroyed described Vesuvius as she was in his time. He +said: + +"This mountain is steep and thick with woods below. Above, it is very +craggy and wild. At the top is a deep cave. It seems to reach the bottom +of the mountain. If you peep in you can see fire. But this ordinarily +keeps in and does not trouble the people. But sometimes the mountain +bellows like an ox. Soon after it casts out huge masses of cinders. If +these catch a man, he hath no way to save his life. If they fall upon +houses, the roofs are crushed by the weight. If the wind blow stiff, +the ashes rise out of sight and are carried to far countries. But this +bellowing comes only every hundred years or thereabout. And the air +around the mountain is pure. None is more healthy. Physicians send +thither sick men to get well." + +The ashes that had covered Pompeii changed to rich soil. Green vines +and shrubs and trees sprang up and covered it, and flowers made it gay. +Therefore people said to themselves: + +"After all, she is a good old mountain. There will never be another +eruption while we are alive." + +So villages grew up around her feet. Farmers came and built little +houses and planted crops and were happy working the fertile soil. They +did not dream that they were living above a buried city, that the roots +of their vines sucked water from an old Roman house, that buried statues +lay gazing up toward them as they worked. + +About three hundred years ago came another terrible eruption. Again +there were earthquakes. Again the mountain bellowed. Again black clouds +turned day into night. Lightning flashed from cloud to cloud. Tempests +of hot rain fell. The sea rushed back and forth on the shore. The whole +top of the mountain was blown out or sank into the melting pot. Seven +rivers of red-hot lava poured down the slopes. They flowed for five +miles and fell into the sea. On the way they set fire to forests and +covered five little villages. Thousands of people were killed. + +Since that time Vesuvius has been very active. Almost every year there +have been eruptions with thunder and earthquakes and showers and lava. +A few of these have done much damage. [Footnote: In this year, 1922, +Vesuvius has been very active for the first time since 1906. It has been +causing considerable alarm in Naples. A new cone, 230 feet high, has +developed.--Ed.] And even on her calmest days a cloud has always hung +above the mountain top. Sometimes it has been thin and white--a cloud of +steam. Sometimes it has been black and curling--a cloud of dust. + +Vesuvius is a dangerous thing, but very beautiful. It stands tall and +pointed and graceful against a lovely sky. Its little cloud waves from +it like a plume. At night the mountain is swallowed by the dark. But +the red rivers down its slopes glare in the sky. It is beautiful and +terrible like a tiger. Thousands of people have loved it. They have +climbed it and looked down its crater. It is like looking into the heart +of the earth. One of these travelers wrote of his visit in 1793. He +said: + +"For many days Vesuvius has been in action. I have watched it from +Naples. It is wonderfully beautiful and always changing. On one day huge +clouds poured out of the top. They hung in the sky far above, white as +snow. Suddenly a cloud of smoke rushed out of another mouth. It was as +black as ink. The black column rose tall and curling beside the snowy +clouds. That was a picture in black and white. But at another time I saw +one in bright colors. + +"On a certain night there were towers and curls and waves and spires of +flames leaping from the top of the mountain. Millions of red-hot stones +were shot into the sky. They sailed upward for hundreds of feet, then +curved and fell like skyrockets. I looked through my telescope and saw +liquid lava boiling and bubbling over the crater's edge. I could see it +splash upon the rocks and glide slowly down the sides of the cone. The +whole top of the mountain was red with melted rock. And above it waved +the changing flames of red, orange, yellow, blue. + +"On another night, as I was getting into bed, I felt an earthquake. I +looked out of my window toward Vesuvius. All the top was glowing with +red-hot matter. A terrible roaring came from the mountain. In an instant +fire shot high into the air. The red column curved and showered the +whole cone. In half a minute came another earthquake shock. My doors and +windows rattled. Things were shaken from my table to the floor. Then +came the thunder of an explosion from the mountain and another shower +of fire. After a few seconds there were noises like the trampling of +horses' hoofs. It was, of course, the noise of the shot-out stones +falling upon the rocks of the mountainsides eight miles away. + +"I decided to ascend the volcano and see the crater from which all these +interesting things came. A few friends went with me. For most of the way +we traveled on horses. After two or three hours we reached the bottom of +the cone of rocks and ashes. From there we had to go on foot. We went +over to the river of red-hot lava. We planned to walk up along its edge. +But the hot rock was smoking, and the wind blew the smoke into our +faces. A thick mist of fine ashes from the crater almost suffocated us. +Sulphur fumes blew toward us and choked us. I said, + +"'We must cross the stream of lava. On the other side the wind will not +trouble us.' + +"'Cross that melted rock?' my friends cried out. 'We should sink into it +and be burned alive.' + +"But as we stood talking great stones were thrown out of the volcano. +They rolled down the mountainside close to us. If they had struck us +it would have been death. There was only one way to save ourselves. I +covered my face with my hat and rushed across the stream of lava. The +melted rock was so thick and heavy that I did not sink in. I only burned +my boots and scorched my hands. My friends followed me. On that side we +were safe. We climbed for half an hour. Then we came to the head of our +red river. It did not flow over the edge of the crater. Many feet down +from the top it had torn a hole through the cone. I shall never forget +the sight as long as I live. There was a vast arch in the black rock. +From this arch rushed a clear torrent of lava. It flowed smoothly like +honey. It glowed with all the splendor of the sun. It looked thin like +golden water. + +"'I could stir it with a stick,' said one of my friends. + +"'I doubt it,' I said. 'See how slowly it flows. It must be very thick +and heavy.' + +"To test it we threw pebbles into it. They did not sink, but floated on +like corks. We rolled in heavier stones of seventy or eighty pounds. +They only made shallow dents in the stream and floated down with the +current. A great rock of three hundred pounds lay near. I raised it upon +end and let it fall into the lava. Very slowly it sank and disappeared. + +"As the stream flowed on it spread out wider over the mountain. Farther +down the slope it grew darker and harder. It started from the arch like +melted gold. Then it changed to orange, to bright red, to dark red, to +brown, as it cooled. At the lower end it was black and hard and broken +like cinders. + +"We climbed a little higher above the arch. There was a kind of chimney +in the rock. Smoke and stream were coming out of it. I went close. The +fumes of sulphur choked me. I reached out and picked some lumps of pure +sulphur from the edge of the rock. For one moment the smoke ceased. I +held my breath and looked down the hole. I saw the glare of red-hot lava +flowing beneath. The mountain was a pot, full of boiling rock." + +Another man writes of a visit in 1868, a quieter year. + +"At first we climbed gentle slopes through vineyards and fields and +villages. Sometimes we came suddenly upon a black line in a green +meadow. A few years before it had flowed down red-hot. Further up we +reached large stretches of rock. Here wild vines and lupines were +growing in patches where the lava had decayed into soil. Then came +bare slopes with dark hollow and sharp ridges. We walked on old stiff +lava-streams. Sometimes we had to plod through piles of coarse, porous +cinders. Sometimes we climbed over tangled, lumpy beds of twisted, shiny +rock. Sometimes we looked into dark arched tunnels. Red streams had +once flowed out of them. A few times we passed near fresh cracks in the +mountain. Here steam puffed out. + +"At last we reached a broad, hot piece of ground. Here were smoking +holes. The night before I had looked at them with a telescope from the +foot of the mountain. I had seen red rivers flowing from them. Now they +were empty. Last night's lava lay on the slope, cooled and black. I +was standing on it. My feet grew hot. I had to keep moving. The air I +breathed was warm and smelled like that of an iron foundry. I pushed my +pole into a crack in the rock. The wood caught fire. I was standing on a +thin crust. What was below? I broke out a piece of the hard lava. A red +spot glared up at me. Under the crust red-hot lava was still flowing. I +knew that it would be several years before it would be perfectly cool." + +So for three centuries people have watched Vesuvius at work. But she is +much older than that--thousands of years older--older than any city or +country or people in the world. In all that time she has poured out +millions of tons of matter--lava, huge glassy boulders, little pebbles +of pumice stone, long shining hairs, fine dust or ashes. All these +things are different forms of melted rock. Sometimes the steam blows the +liquid into fine dust; sometimes it breaks it into little pieces and +fills them with bubbles. At another time the steam is not so strong and +only pushes the stuff out gently over the crater's edge. Many different +minerals are found in these rocks--iron, copper, lead, mica, zinc, +sulphur. Some pieces are beautiful in color--blue, green, red, yellow. +Precious stones have sometimes been found--garnets, topaz, quartz, +tourmaline, lapis lazuli. But most of the stone is dull black or brown +or gray. + +All this heavy matter drops close to the mountain. And on calm days the +ashes, also, fall near at home. Indeed, the volcano has built up its own +mountain. But a heavy wind often carries the fine dust for hundreds of +miles. Once it was blown as far as Constantinople and it darkened the +sun and frightened people there. Some of the ashes fall into the sea. +For years the currents carry them about from shore to shore. At last +they settle to the bottom and make clay or sand or mud. The material +lies there for thousands of years and is hard packed into a soft fine +grained rock, called tufa. The city of Naples to-day is built of such +stone that once lay under the sea. An earthquake long ago lifted the +ocean bottom and turned it into dry land. Now men live upon it and cut +streets in it and grow crops on it. + +So for many miles about, Vesuvius has been making earth. Her ashes lie +hundreds of feet deep. Men dig wells and still find only material that +has been thrown out of the volcano. When this matter grows old and lies +under the sun and rain it turns to good soil. The acids of water and air +and plants eat into it. Rain wears it away. Plant roots crack the rocks +open. The top layer becomes powdered and rotted and mixed with vegetable +loam and is fertile soil. So the country all around the volcano is a +rich garden. Tomatoes, melons, grapes, olives, figs, cover the land. + +But Vesuvius alone has not made all this ground. She is in a nest of +volcanoes. They have all been at work like her, spouting ashes and +pumice and rocks and lava. Ten miles away is a wide stretch of country +where there are more than a dozen old craters. Twenty miles out in the +blue bay a volcano stands up out of the water. A hundred miles south +is a group of small volcanic islands. They have hot springs. One has a +volcano that spouts every five or six minutes. At night it is like a +lighthouse for sailors. One of these Islands is only two thousand years +old. The men of Pompeii saw it pushed up out of the sea during an +earthquake. A little farther south is Mt. Aetna in Sicily. It is a +greater mountain than Vesuvius and has done more work than she has done. +So all the southern part of Italy seems to be the home of volcanoes and +earthquakes. + +There are many other such places scattered over the world--Iceland, +Mexico, South America, Japan, the Sandwich Islands. Here the same +terrible play is going on--thunder, clouds, falling ashes, scalding +rain, flowing lava. The earth is being turned inside out, and men are +learning what she is made of. + + +[ILLUSTRATION: _Bronze lampholder_: Five lamps hung from the branches +of this bronze tree. It was twenty inches high.] + + + + +POMPEII TO-DAY + +Years came and went and changed the world. The old gods died, and the +new religion of Christ grew strong. The old temples fell into ruins, and +new churches were built in their places. Instead of the old Roman in his +white toga came merchants in crimson velvet and knights in steel armor +and gentlemen in ruffles and modern men in plain clothes. + +Among all these changes, Pompeii was almost forgotten. But after a long +while people began to be much interested in ancient Italy. They read old +Roman books, and learned of her wonderful cities. They began to dig here +and there and find beautiful statues and vases and jewels. They read the +story of Pompeii in an old Roman book--a whole city suddenly buried just +as her people had left her! + +"There we should find treasures!" they said. "We should see houses, +temples, shops, streets, as they were seventeen hundred years ago. We +should find them full of statues and rich things. Perhaps we should find +some of the people who lived in ancient days. But where to dig?" + +Their question was answered by accident. At that time certain men were +making a tunnel to carry spring water from the hills across the country +to a little town near Naples. The tunnel happened to pass over buried +Pompeii. They dug up some blocks of stone with Latin inscriptions carved +on them. After that other people found little ancient relics near the +same place. + +"This must be where Pompeii lies buried," the wise men said. + +They began to excavate. That was about two hundred years ago. Ever since +that time the work has gone on. Sometimes people have been discouraged +and have given up. At other times six hundred men have been working +busily. Kings have given money. Emperors and princes and queens have +visited the excavations. Artists have made pictures of the ruins, and +scholars have written books about them. But it is a great task to +uncover a whole city that is buried ten or twelve feet deep. The +excavation is not yet finished. Perhaps when you are old men and women +the work will be completed, and a whole Roman city will be open to your +eyes. + +But even as it is to-day, that ghost of a city is among the world's +wonders. There is the thick stone wall that goes all about the town. On +its wide top the soldiers used to stand to fight in ancient days. Now +the stones are fallen; its towers are broken; its gates are open. Yet +there the battered little giant stands at its task of protecting the +town. Out of its eight gates stretch the paved streets. + +Perhaps some day you will cross the ocean to visit this "dead city." +It lies on a slope at the foot of Vesuvius. Behind stands the tall, +graceful volcano with its floating feather of steam and smoke. In front +lies a little plain, and beyond it a long ridge of steep mountains. Off +at the side shines the dark blue sea with island peaks rising out of it. +On hillsides and plain are green vineyards and dark forests dotted with +white farmhouses. + +In some places there are high mounds of dirt outside the city wall. They +are made by the ashes that have been dug out by the excavators and piled +here. If you climb one of them you will be able to look over the city. +You will find it a little place--less than a mile long and half a mile +wide inside its ragged wall. And yet many thousand people used to live +here. So the houses had to be crowded together. You will see no grassy +lawns nor vacant lots nor playgrounds nor parks with pleasant trees. +Many narrow streets cross one another and cut the city into solid blocks +of buildings. You will be confused because you will see thousands of +broken walls standing up, but no roofs. They are gone--crushed by the +piling ashes long ago. + +At last you will come down and go in at one of the gates through the +rough, thick wall, past the empty watch towers. You will tread the very +paving stones that men's feet trampled nineteen hundred years ago as +they fled from the volcano. You will climb a steep, narrow street. This +is the street the fishermen and sailors used in olden times when they +came in from the river or sea, carrying baskets of fish or leading mules +loaded with goods from their ships. This is the street where people +poured out to the sea on that terrible day of the eruption. + +You will pass a ruined temple of Apollo with standing columns and lonely +altar and steps that lead to a room that is gone. A little farther on +you will come out into a large open paved space. It is the forum. This +used to be the busiest place in all Pompeii. At certain hours of the day +it was filled with little tables and with merchants calling out and with +gentlemen and slaves buying good's. But now it is empty and very still. +Around the sides a few beautiful columns are yet standing with carved +marble at the top connecting them. But others lie broken, and most of +them are gone entirely. This is all that is left of the porches where +men used to walk and talk of business and war and politics and gossip. + +At one end of the forum is a high stone platform and wide stone steps +leading up to a row of broken columns in front of a fallen wall. This is +the ruin of the temple of Jupiter, the great Roman god. Daily, men used +to come here to pray before a statue in a dim room. Here, in the ruins, +the excavators found the head of that statue--a beautiful marble thing +with long curling hair and beard, and calm face. They found, too, a +great broken body of marble. And in that large body a smaller statue was +partly carved. This was a puzzling thing, but the excavators studied it +out at last. They said: + +"Old Roman books tell us that sixteen years before the great eruption +there had been another earthquake. It had shaken down many buildings and +had cracked many walls. But the people loved their city, and when the +earthquake was over, they began to rebuild and to make their houses and +temples better than ever. We have found many signs of that earthquake. +We have found uncarved blocks of marble in the forum. Evidently masons +were at work there when the eruption stopped them. We have found rebuilt +walls in some of the houses. And here is the temple of Jupiter being +used as a marble shop. Probably the early earthquake had shaken down and +broken the statue of the god. A sculptor was set to work to carve a new +one from the ruin. But suddenly the volcano burst forth, the artist +dropped his chisel and mallet, and here we have found his unfinished +work--a statue within a statue." + +Behind the roofless porches of the forum are other ruined +buildings--where the officers of the city did business, where the +citizens met to vote, where tailors spread out their cloth and sold +robes and cloaks. One large market building is particularly interesting. +You will enter a courtyard with walls all around it and signs of lost +porches. Broken partitions show where little stalls used to open upon +the court. Other stalls opened upon the street. In some of these the +excavators found, buried in the ashes and charred by the fire, figs, +chestnuts, plums, grapes, glass dishes of fruit, loaves of bread, and +little cakes. Were customers buying the night's dessert when Vesuvius +frightened them away? In a cool corner of the building is a fish market +with sloping marble counter. Near it in the middle of the courtyard are +the bases of columns arranged in a circle around a deep basin in the +floor. In the bottom of this basin the excavators found a thick layer +of fish scales. Evidently the masters used to buy their fish from the +market in the corner. Then the slaves carried them here to the shaded +pool of water and cleaned them and scaled them and washed them. In +another corner the excavators found skeletons of sheep. Here was a +pen for live animals which a man might buy for his banquet or for a +sacrifice to his gods. His slave would lead the sheep away through the +crowds. But on that terrible day when the volcano belched, the poor +bleating animals were deserted. Their pen held them and the ashes +covered them and to-day we can see their skeletons. + +The walls around the market are still standing, though the top is broken +and the roof is fallen. They are still covered with paintings. If you +will look at them you can guess what used to be for sale here. There are +game birds and fish and wine jars all pictured here in beautiful colors. +There are cupids playing about a flour mill and cupids weaving garlands. +There are also pictures of the gods and heroes and the deeds they did. +Imagine this painted market full of chattering people, the little shops +gay with piles of beautiful fruit and vegetables, the graceful columns +and dark porches adding beauty. Imagine these people crying out and +running and these columns swaying and falling when Vesuvius bellowed and +shook the earth. And yet we can see the very fruits that men were buying +and the pictures they were enjoying. + +The forum with its markets and shops and offices and temples and statues +was the very heart of the city. Many streets led into it. Perhaps you +will walk down one of them, between broken walls, past open doorways. +After several street corners you will come to a large building with high +walls still standing and with tall, arched entrance. This also was one +of the gay places in Pompeii, for it was a bathhouse. Every day all +the ladies and gentlemen of the town came strolling toward it down the +streets. The men went in at the wide doorway. The women turned and +entered their own apartments around the corner. And as they walked +toward the entrance they passed little shops built into the walls of +the bathhouse. At every stall stood the shopkeeper, bowing, smiling, +begging, calling. "Perfumes, sweet lady!" + +"Rings, rings, beautiful madam, for your beautiful fingers!" + +"Oil for your body, sir, after the bath!" + +"A taste of sweets, madam, before you enter! Honey cakes of my own +making!" + +"Don't forget to buy my dressing for your hair before you go in! You'll +get nothing like it in there." + +So they chattered and called and coaxed. Some of the people bought, and +some went laughing by and entered the bathhouse. As the gentlemen went +in, a large court opened before them. Here were men bowling or jumping +or running or punching the bag or playing ball or taking some other kind +of exercise before the bath. Others were resting in the shade of the +porches. A poet sat in a cool corner reading his verses to a few +listeners. Some men, after their games, were scraping their sweating +bodies with the strigil. Others were splashing in the marble +swimming tank. Here and there barbers were working over handsome +gentlemen--smoothing their faces, perfuming their hair, polishing their +nails. There was talk and laughter everywhere. Men were lazily coming +and going through a door that led into the baths. There were large rooms +with high ceilings and painted walls. In one we can still see the round +marble basin. The walls are painted with trees and birds and swimming +fish and statues. It was like bathing in a beautiful garden to bathe +here. Another room was for the hot bath, with double walls and hot air +circulating between to make the whole room warm. The bathhouse was a +great building full of comforts. No wonder that all the idle Pompeians +came here to bathe, to play, to visit, to tell and hear the news. It was +a gay and noisy place. We have a letter that one of those old Romans +wrote to a friend. He says: + +"I am living near a bath. Sounds are heard on all sides. The men of +strong muscle exercise and swing the heavy lead weights. I hear their +groans as they strain, and the whistling of their breath. I hear the +massagist slapping a lazy fellow who is being rubbed with ointment. A +ball player begins to play and counts his throws. Perhaps there is a +sudden quarrel, or a thief is caught, or some one is singing in the +bath. And the bathers plunge into the swimming tank with loud splashes. +Above all the din you hear the calls of the hair puller and the sellers +of cakes and sweetmeats and sausages." + +After you leave the baths perhaps you will turn down Stabian Street. It +has narrow sidewalks. The broken walls of houses fence it in closely +on both sides and cast black shadows across it. It is paved with clean +blocks of lava. You will see wheel ruts worn deep in the hard stone. +Almost two thousand years old they are, made by the carts of the +farmers, perhaps, who brought in vegetables for the market. At the +street crossings you will see three or four big stone blocks standing +up above the pavement. They are stepping-stones for rainy weather. +Evidently floods used to pour down these sloping streets. You can +imagine little Roman boys skipping across from block to block and trying +to keep their sandals dry. + +The street will lead you to the district of good houses where the +wealthy men lived. Through open doorways you will get glimpses into the +old ruined courtyards. It is hard guessing how the rooms used to look. +But when you come to the door of the house of Vettius you will cry out +with wonder. There is a lovely garden in the corner of the house. A long +passage leads to it straight from the street. Around it runs a paved +porch with pretty columns. Here you will walk in the shade and look out +at the gay little garden, blooming in the sunshine. In every corner tiny +streams of water spurt from little statues of bronze and marble and +trickle into cool basins. Marble tables stand among the flowers. You +will half expect a slave to bring out old drinking cups and wine bowls +and set them here for his master's pleasure, or tablets and stylus for +him to write his letters. Everything is in order and beautiful. It was +not quite so when the excavators uncovered this house. The statues were +thrown down. The flowers were scorched and dead under the piled-up +ashes. But it was easy for the modern excavators to tell from the ground +where the flower beds had been and where the gravel paths. Even the +lead water pipe that carried the stream to the fountain needed little +repairing. So the excavators set up the statues, cleaned the marble +tables and benches, planted shrubs and flowers, repaired the porch roof, +and we have a garden such as the old Romans loved and such as many +houses in Pompeii had. + +Several rooms look out upon this garden. One of them is perhaps the most +interesting place in all Pompeii. You will walk into it and look around +and laugh with delight. The whole wall is painted with pictures, big and +little--pictures of columns and roofs, of plants and animals, of men +and gods. They are all framed in with wide spaces of beautiful red. And +tucked away between them in narrow bands of black are the gayest little +scenes in the world. They are worth going all the way across the ocean +to see. Psyches--delicate little winged girls like fairies--are picking +slender flowers and putting them into tall, graceful baskets. They are +so light and so tiny that they seem to be flitting along the wall +like bright butterflies. In other panels plump little cupids--winged +boys--are playing at being men. They are picking grapes and working a +wine press and selling wine. It is big work for tiny creatures, and they +must kick up their dimpled legs and puff out their chubby cheeks to do +it. They are melting gold and carrying gold dishes and selling jewelry +and swinging a blacksmith's hammer with their fat little arms. They are +carrying roses to market on a ragged goat and weaving rose garlands and +selling them to an elegant little lady. Everywhere these gay little +creatures are skipping about at their play among the beautiful red +spaces and large pictures. This was surely a charming dining room in the +old days. The guests must have been merry every time their eyes lighted +upon the bright wall. And if they looked out at the open side, there +smiled the garden with its flowers and statues and splashing fountains +and columns. + +There lived in this house two men by the name of Vettius. We know this +because the excavators found here two seals. In those days men fastened +their letters and receipts and bills with wax. While the wax was soft +they stamped their names in it with a metal seal. On the stamps that +were found in this house were carved Aulus Vettius Restitutus and Aulus +Vettius Conviva. Perhaps they were freedmen who once had been slaves of +Aulus Vettius. But they must have earned a fortune for themselves, for +there were two money chests in the house. And they must have had slaves +of their own to take care of their twenty rooms and more. In the tiny +kitchen the excavators found a good store of charcoal and the ashes of +a little fire on top of the stone stove. And on its three little legs +a bronze dish was sitting over the dead fire. A slave must have been +cooking his master's dinner when the volcano frightened him away. + +Vettius' dining room is empty of its wooden tables and couches. But some +houses had stone ones built in their gardens for pleasant summer days. +These the ashes did not crush, and they are still in place. Columns +stood about the tables and vines climbed up them and across to make cool +shade. The tables were always long and narrow and built around three +sides of a rectangle. Low couches stand along the outside edges. Here +guests used to lie propped up on their left elbows with pretty cushions +to make them comfortable. In the open space in the middle of the square +servants came and went and passed the dishes across the narrow tables. +Children used to have little wooden stools and sit in this middle space +opposite their elders. But in one old ruined garden dining room you will +see a little stone bench for the children, built along the end of the +table. It must have been pleasant to have supper there with the sunset +coloring the sky, behind old Vesuvius, the cool breeze shaking the +leaves of the garden shrubs, and the fountain tinkling, and a bird +chirping in a corner, and the shadows beginning to creep under the long +porches, and the tiny flames of lamps fluttering in the dusky rooms +behind. + +After you leave the house of Vettius and walk down the street, you will +come to a certain door. In the sidewalk before it you will see "Have" +spelled with bits of colored marble. It is the old Latin word for +"Welcome." It is too pleasant an invitation to refuse. Go in through +the high doorway and down the narrow passage to the atrium. Every Roman +house had this atrium. It is like a large reception hall with many +rooms opening off it--bedrooms, dining rooms, sitting rooms. Beautiful +hangings instead of doors used to shut these rooms in. The atrium had an +opening in the roof where the sun shone in and softly lighted the big +room. Here the master used to receive his guests. In the house of +Vettius the two money chests were found in the atrium. In this same room +in the house of "Welcome," there was found on the floor a little bronze +statue, a dancing faun, one of the gay friends of Dionysus. It is a tiny +thing only two feet high, but so pretty that the excavators named the +house after it--The House of the Faun. Evidently the old owner loved +beautiful things and had money to buy them. Even the floors of some of +his rooms are made in mosaic pictures. There are doves at play, and +ducks and fish and shells all laid under your feet in bright bits of +colored marble. And beyond the pleasant court with its porches and +garden is a large sitting room. In the floor of this the excavators +found the most wonderful mosaic picture of all, a picture of a battle, +with waving spears and prancing horses and fallen men. Two kings are +facing each other to fight--Darius, king of Persia, standing in his +chariot, and Alexander, king of Greece, riding his war horse. The bits +of stone are so small and of such perfect color that the mosaic looks +like a beautiful painting. Imagine how the excavators' hearts leaped +when the spades took the gray ashes off this bright picture. It was too +precious a thing to leave here in the rain and wind. So the excavators +carefully took it up and put it into the museum of Naples where there +are other valuable things from Pompeii. + +There are many other houses almost as pleasant and beautiful as this +House of the Faun. Every one has its atrium and its sunny court and its +fountains and statues and its painted walls. But Pompeii was a city of +business, too, and had many workshops. There is a dye shop where the +excavators found large lead pots and glass bottles still full of dye. +There are cleaners' shops where the slaves used to take their masters' +robes to be cleaned. Here the excavators found vats and white clay +for cleaning, and pictures on the wall showing men at work. There are +tanneries where leather was made. The rusted tools were found which the +men had thrown down so long ago. There is a pottery shop with two ovens +for baking the vases. On a certain street corner you will see an old +wine shop. It is a little room cut into the corner wall of a great +house. Its two sides are open upon the street with broad marble +counters. Below the counters are big, deep jars. Their open tops thrust +themselves through the slab. You can look into their mouths where the +shopkeeper used to dip out the wine. On the walls of the room are marks +that show where shelves hung in ancient days to hold cups and glasses. +In the outer edge of the sidewalk before the shop are two round holes +cut into the stone. Long ago poles were thrust into them to hold an +awning that shaded the walk in front of the counters. We can imagine men +stopping in this pleasant shade as they passed. The busy slave inside +the shop whips out a cup and a graceful, long-handled ladle and dips out +the sweet-smelling wine from the wide-mouthed jar. And we can imagine +how the cups fell clattering from the men's hands when Vesuvius +thundered. In one shop, indeed, the excavators found an overturned cup +on the counter and a wine stain on the marble. But the most interesting +shops are the bakeries. There were twenty of them in Pompeii. You will +see the ovens in the courtyard. They are big beehives built of stone or +brick. The baker made a fire inside and let the walls become hot. Then +he raked out the coals and cleaned the floor and put in his bread. The +hot walls baked the loaves. In one oven the excavators found a burned +loaf eighteen hundred years old. When the earthquake shook his house, +did the baker snatch out the rest of the ovenful to feed his hungry +family as they groped about for safety in the terrible darkness? +In several bakeries you will see, also, the mills. They are great +mortar-shaped things standing taller than a man. The heavy stone above +turned around upon the stone below. A man poured wheat in at the top. It +fell down and was ground between the two stones and dropped out at the +bottom as flour. A horse or donkey was hitched to the mill to turn it. +Around and around he walked all day. He was blindfolded to prevent his +becoming dizzy. You will see on the stone floor in one bakery the path +that was made by years of this walking. In the old days this silent +empty court must have been an interesting place. The donkey's hoofs beat +lazy time on the stone floor. Now and then a slave lifted up a bag of +wheat and poured it into the mill or scooped out the white flour from +the trough at the bottom. Another man sifted the flour and the breeze +blew the white dust over his bare arms. Some of the ovens were smoking +and glowing with fresh fire. Others were shut, with the browning bread +inside, and a good smell hung in the air. And out in front was a little +shop where the master sold the thin loaves and the fancy little cakes. + +In the hundreds of houses and shops of this little town the excavators +have found bronze tables and lamps and lamp stands and wine jars and +kitchen pots and pans and spoons and glass vases and silver cups and +gold hairpins and jewelry and ivory combs and bronze strigils and +mirrors and several statues of bronze and marble. But where they +had hoped to find thousands of precious things they have found only +hundreds. Many pedestals are empty of their statues. Here and there the +very paintings have been cut from the walls. Those are the pictures we +should most like to see. How beautiful could they have been? + +"Evidently men came back soon after the eruption," say the excavators. +"The tops of their ruined houses must have stood up above the ashes. +They dug down and rescued their most precious things. We have even found +broken places in walls where we think men dug tunnels from one house to +another. That is why the temple and market place have so few statues. +That is why we find so little jewelry and money and dishes. But we have +enough. The city is our treasure." + +One rich find they did make, however. There was a pleasant farmhouse out +of town on the slope of Vesuvius. Evidently the man who owned it had +a vineyard and an olive grove and grain fields. For there are olive +presses and wine presses and a great court full of vats for making wine +and a floor for threshing wheat and a mill for grinding flour and a +stable and a wide courtyard that must have held many carts. And there +are bathrooms and many pleasant rooms besides. In the room with the wine +presses was a stone cistern for storing the fresh grape juice. Here +the excavators found a treasure and a mystery. In this cistern lay the +skeleton of a man. With him were a thousand pieces of gold money, some +gold jewelry, and a wonderful dinner set of silver dishes. There are a +hundred and three pieces--plates, platters, cups, bowls. And every one +has beaten up from it beautiful designs of flowers and people. An artist +must have made them, and a rich man must have bought them. How did they +come here in this farmhouse? They must have been meant for a nobleman's +table. Had some thief stolen them and hidden here, only to be caught +by the volcano? Did some rich lady of the city have this farm for her +country place? And had she sent her treasure here to escape when the +volcano burst forth? At any rate here it lay for eighteen hundred years. +And now it is in a museum in Paris, far from its old owner's home. + +In this buried city we find the houses in which men lived, the pictures +they loved, the food they ate, the jewels they wore, the cups they drank +from. But what of the people themselves? Were they real men and women? +How did they look? Did they all escape? Not all, for many skeletons have +been found here and there through the city--in the market place, in the +streets, in the houses. And sometimes the excavators have found still +stranger, sadder things. Often as a man has been digging in the +hard-packed ashes, his spade has struck into a hole. Then he has called +the chief excavator. + +"Let us see what it is," the excavator has said, "Perhaps it will be +something interesting." + +So they have mixed plaster and poured it into the hole. They have given +it a little time to harden and then have dug away the ashes from around +it. In that way they have made a plaster cast just the shape of the +hole. And several times when they have uncovered their cast they have +found it to be the form of a man or woman or child. Perhaps the person +had been hurrying through the street and had stumbled and fallen. The +gases had choked him, the ashes had slowly covered him. Under the +moistening rain and the pressure of all the hundreds of years the ashes +had hardened almost to stone. Meantime the body had decayed and had sunk +down into a handful of dust. But the hardened ashes still stood firm +around the space where the body had been. When this hole was filled with +plaster, the cast took just the form of the one who had been buried +there so long ago--the folds of his clothes, the ring on his finger, the +girl's knot of hair, the negro slave's woolly head. So we can really +look upon the faces of some of the ancient people of Pompeii. And in +another way we can learn the names of many of them. + +One of the streets that leads out from the wall is called the "Street of +Tombs." It is the ancient burying ground. You will walk along the paved +street between rows of monuments. Some will be like great square altars +of marble beautifully carved. Some will be tall platforms with steps +leading up. There will be marble benches where you may sit and think of +the old Pompeians who were twice buried in their beautiful tombs. And +there on the marble monument you will see their names carved in old +Latin letters, and kind things that their friends said about them. There +are: + +Marcus Cerrinius Restitutus; Aulus Veius, who was several times an +officer of the city; Mamia, a priestess; Marcus Porcius; Numerius +Istacidius and his wife and daughter and others of his family, all in +a great tomb standing on a high platform; Titus Terentius Felix, whose +wife, Fabia Sabina, built his tomb; Tyche, a slave; Aulus Umbricius +Scaurus, whose statue was set up in the market place to do him honor; +Gaius Calventius Quietus, who was given a seat of honor at the theater +on account of his generosity; Nævoleia Tyche, who had once been a slave, +but who had been freed, had married, and grown wealthy and had slaves of +her own; Gnæus Vibius Saturninus, whose freedman built his tomb; Marcus +Arrius Diomedes, a freedman; Numerius Velasius Gratus, twelve years old; +Salvinus, six years old; and many another. + +After seeing the tombs and houses and shops you will leave that little +city, I think, feeling that the people of ancient times were much like +us, that men and mountains have done wonderful things in this old world, +that it is good to know how people of other times lived and worked and +died. + + + + +PICTURES OF POMPEII + + +A ROMAN BOY. + +This statue, now in the Metropolitan Museum, was found at Pompeii. +Probably Caius was dressed just like this, and carried such a stick when +he played in his father's courtyard. + + +THE CITY OF NAPLES, WITH MOUNT VESUVIUS ACROSS THE BAY. + + +VESUVIUS IN ERUPTION, FROM AN AIRPLANE. + +Nowadays men know from history what may happen when Vesuvius wakes. But +in 79 A.D., when Pompeii was buried, the mountain had slept for hundreds +of years, and no man knew that an eruption might bury a city. + + +POMPEII FROM AN AIRPLANE. + +The roofs are all gone and all the partitions inside the houses show. +That is why it all looks so crowded and confused. But if you study it +carefully you can see some interesting things. The big open space is +the forum. It is about five hundred feet long, running northeast and +southwest. South of it is the temple of Apollo. North of it, where you +see the bases of columns in a circle, was the market. Next to the market +is the place where the gods of the city were worshipped. The broad +street beside the forum running southeast is the one down which Ariston +fled. Then he turned into the forum, ran out the gate near the lower end +into the steep street that runs southwest and ends at a city gate near +the sea. + + +NOLA STREET AND THE TEMPLE OF FORTUNE. + +You must imagine this temple with an altar in front, a broad flight of +steps, and a portico of beautiful columns. You can see the street paved +with blocks of lava, the deep wheel ruts, and the stepping stones for +rainy weather. + + +THE STABIAN GATE. + +Pompeii was surrounded by two high walls fifteen feet apart, with earth +between. An embankment of earth was piled up inside also. This is one of +the eight gates in the wall. IN THE STREET OF TOMBS. + +On the tomb of Nævoleia Tyche was a carving of a ship gliding into port, +the sailors furling the sails. Within this tomb is a chamber where +funeral urns stand, containing the ashes of Tyche and her husband, and +of the slaves they had freed. Pompeians always burned the bodies of the +dead. + + +THE AMPHITHEATER. + +Like other Roman towns, Pompeii had an amphitheater. Here twenty +thousand people could come and watch the gladiators fight in pairs till +one was killed. Then the dead body was dragged off, and another pair +appeared and fought. Sometimes the gladiators were prisoners captured in +war, like the famous Spartacus; sometimes they were slaves; sometimes +criminals condemned to death. Sometimes a man was pitted against a wild +beast; sometimes two wild beasts fought each other. The amphitheater had +no roof. Vesuvius, with its column of smoke, was in plain view from the +seats. There was a great awning to protect the spectators. The lower +seats were for officials and distinguished people; for the middle rows +there was an admission fee; all the upper seats were free. + + +RUINS OF THE GREAT STABIAN BATHS. + +A few large houses had baths of their own, but most people went every +day to a great public bath which was a very gay place. This open court +which you see, was for games. + + +THE RUINED TEMPLE OF APOLLO. + +The temple was built on a high foundation. A broad flight of steps led +up to it, with an altar at the foot. There was a porch all round it held +up by a row of columns. Some of the columns have stood up through all +the earthquakes and eruptions of two thousand years. Inside the porch +was a small room for the statue of Apollo. In the paved court around +this temple were many altars and statues of the gods. This was at one +time the most important temple in Pompeii. + + +THE SCHOOL OF THE GLADIATORS. + +In this large open court the gladiators had their training and practice. +In small cells around the court they lived. They were kept under close +guard, for they were dangerous men. Sixty-three skeletons were found +here, many of them in irons. + + +THE SMALLER THEATER. + +Pompeii had two theaters for plays and music, besides the amphitheater +where the gladiators fought. The smaller theater, unlike the others, had +a roof. It seated fifteen hundred people. We think perhaps contests in +music were held here. + + +A SACRIFICE. + +A boar, a ram, and a bull are to be killed, and a part of the flesh is +to be burned on the altar to please the gods. + + +A SCENE IN THE FORUM. + +On the walls of a room in a house in Pompeii men found this picture, +showing how interesting the life of the forum was. At the left is a +table where a man has kitchen utensils for sale. But he is dreaming and +does not see a customer coming. So his friend is waking him up. Near him +is a shoemaker selling sandals to some women. + + +IVORY HAIRPINS. + +Underneath are two ivory toilet boxes. One was probably for perfumed +oil. + + +APPLIANCES FOR THE BATH. + +These were found hanging in a ring in one of the great public baths. You +see a flask for oil, a saucer to pour the oil into, and four scrapers to +scrape off the oil and dirt before a plunge. + + +PERISTYLE OF THE HOUSE OF THE VETTII. + +With the columns and tables and statues that were found, this court has +been built on the site of an old ruined villa. Flowers bloom and the +fountain plays in it to-day just as they did over two thousand years +ago. There are wall paintings in the shadows at the back. The little +boys holding the ducks must look very much like Caius when he was a +little boy. When he went to the farm in the hills for a hot summer, he +had ducks to play with; here are statues to remind him, in the winter +time, of what fun that was. + +A garden like this, not generally so large, was laid out _inside_ every +important house in Pompeii. The family rooms surrounded it. These rooms +received most of their light and air from this garden. Caius was lying +on a couch in a garden like this, when the shower of pebbles suddenly +began. Ariston was painting the walls of a room that overlooked the +garden. + + +LADY PLAYING A HARP. + +This is part of a beautiful wall painting in a Pompeian house, the sort +of painting that Ariston was making when the volcano burst forth. See +how much the little boy looks like his mother, and what beautiful bands +they both have in their hair. Chairs like this one have been found in +the ruins, and the same design is on many other pieces of furniture. + +The Metropolitan Museum owns the complete wall paintings for a Pompeian +room. They are put up just as they were in Pompeii. There is even an +iron window grating. A beautiful table from Pompeii stands in the +center. The room is one of the gayest in the whole museum, with its rich +reds and bright yellows, greens, and blues. + + +KITCHEN OF THE HOUSE OF THE VETTII. + +In this house the cook must have been in the kitchen, just ready to go +to work when he had to flee. He left the pot on a tripod on a bed of +coals, ready for use. You can see an arched opening underneath the +fireplace. This was where the cook kept his fuel. The small size of +the kitchens shows that the Pompeians were not great gluttons. + + +KITCHEN UTENSILS. + +These kettles and frying pans and ladles are made of bronze, an alloy of +copper and tin. They look very much like our kitchen furnishings. + + +CENTAUR CUP. + +Some rich Pompeian had a pair of beautiful silver cups with graceful +handles. The design was made in hammered silver, and showed centaurs +talking to cupids that are sitting on their backs. A centaur was half +man, half horse. + + +THE HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET (restored). + +From the ruins and from ancient books, men know almost all the rooms of +a Pompeian house. So they have pictured this one as it was before the +disaster, with its many beautiful wall paintings, its mosaic floors, its +tiled roofs. If you can imagine these two halves fitted together, and +yourself inside, you can visit one of the most attractive houses in +Pompeii. Do you see how the tiled roof slants downward from four sides +to a rectangular opening in the highest part of the house? Below this +opening was a shallow basin into which the rainwater fell. This basin +was in the center of the atrium, the most important room in the house. +The walls of this room were painted with scenes from the Trojan war. +This is the house which has the mosaic picture of a dog on the floor of +the long entrance hall (see next page). On each side of the hall, facing +the street, are large rooms for shops, where, doubtless, the owner +conducted his business. He was not a "Tragic Poet." Some people think he +was a goldsmith. On each side of the atrium were sleeping rooms. Can you +see that the doors are very high with a grating at the top to let in +light and air? Windows were few and small, and generally the rooms took +light and air from the inside courts rather than from outside. Back of +the atrium was a large reception room with bedrooms on each side. And +back of this was a large open court, or garden, with a colonnade on +three sides and a solid wall at the back. Opening on this garden was a +large dining room with beautiful wall paintings, a tiny kitchen, and +some sleeping rooms. This house had stairways and second story rooms +over the shops. This seems to us a very comfortable homelike house. + + +THE HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET (as it looks to-day). + +Here you see the shallow basin in the floor of the atrium. This basin +had two outlets. You can see the round cistern mouth near the pool. +There was also an outlet to the street to carry off the overflow. At the +back of the garden you can see a shrine to the household gods. At every +meal a portion was set aside in little dishes for the gods. + + +MOSAIC OF WATCH DOG. + +From the vestibule of the House of the Tragic Poet. It says loudly, +"Beware the dog!" Pictures and patterns made of little pieces of +polished stone like this are called mosaic. Sometimes American +vestibules are tiled in a simple mosaic. Wouldn't it be fun if they had +such exciting pictures as this? A real dog, or two or three, probably +was standing inside the door, chained, or held by slaves. + + +THE HOUSE OF DIOMEDE. + +There was a wine cellar under the colonnade. Here were twenty skeletons; +two, children. Near the door were found skeletons of two men. One had a +large key, doubtless the key of this door. He wore a gold ring and was +carrying a good deal of money. He was probably the master of the house. +Evidently the family thought at first that the wine cellar would be a +safe place, but when they found that it was not so, the master took one +slave and started out to find a way to escape. But they all perished. + + +RUINS OF A BAKERY, WITH MILLSTONES. + + +SECTION OF A MILL. + +If one of the mills that were found in the bakery were sawed in two, it +would look like this. You can see where the baker's man poured in the +wheat, and where the flour dropped down, and the heavy timbers fastened +to the upper millstone to turn it by. + + +PORTRAIT OF LUCIUS CÆCILIUS JUCUNDUS. + +This Lucius was an auctioneer who had set free one of his slaves, Felix. +Felix, in gratitude, had this portrait of his master cast in bronze. +It stood on a marble pillar in the atrium of the house. + + +BRONZE CANDLEHOLDER. + +It is the figure of the Roman God Silenus. He was the son of Pan, and +the oldest of the satyrs, who were supposed to be half goat. Can you +find the goat's horns among his curls? He was a rollicking old satyr, +very fond of wine, always getting into mischief. The grape design at the +base of the little statue, and the snake supporting the candleholder, +both are symbols of the sileni. + + +THE DANCING FAUN. + +In one of the largest and most elegant houses in Pompeii, on the floor +of the atrium, or principal room of the house, men found in the ashes +this bronze statue of a dancing faun. Doesn't he look as if he loved +to dance, snapping his fingers to keep time? Although this great house +contained on the floor of one room the most famous of ancient mosaic +pictures, representing Alexander the Great in battle, and although it +contains many other fine mosaics, it was named from this statue, the +House of the Faun, Casa del Fauno. + + +HERMES IN REPOSE. + +This bronze statue was found in Herculaneum, the city on the other slope +of Vesuvius which was buried in liquid mud. This mud has become solid +rock, from sixty to one hundred feet deep so that excavation is very +difficult, and the city is still for the most part buried. + + +THE ARCH OF NERO. + +The visitors to-day are walking where Caius walked so long ago on the +same paving stones. The three stones were set up to keep chariots out of +the forum. + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Buried Cities, Volume 1, by Jennie Hall + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURIED CITIES, VOLUME 1 *** + +This file should be named 8bct110.txt or 8bct110.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, 8bct111.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, 8bct110a.txt + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Widger and PG Distributed Proofreaders + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS*Ver.02/11/02*END* + diff --git a/old/8bct110.zip b/old/8bct110.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..347cb30 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/8bct110.zip diff --git a/old/8bct110h.htm b/old/8bct110h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4174913 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/8bct110h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2209 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<title>BURIED CITIES</title> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> +<style type="text/css"> +<!-- +body {margin:10%; text-align:justify} +img {border: 0;} +blockquote {font-size:14pt} +P {font-size:14pt} +--> +</style> +</head> +<body> + +<h1>Buried Cities, Volume 1, Pompeii</h1> +<pre> +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Buried Cities, Volume 1, by Jennie Hall +#1 in our series by Jennie Hall + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: Buried Cities, Volume 1 + Pompeii + +Author: Jennie Hall + +Release Date: January, 2006 [EBook #9625] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on October 10, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURIED CITIES, VOLUME 1 *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Widger and PG Distributed Proofreaders + + + + + +</pre> + +<br><hr><br> + + +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="titlepage.jpg (28K)" src="titlepage.jpg" height="699" width="739"> +</center> +<br><br> + + +<center> +<h1>BURIED CITIES</h1> + +<h3>BY</h3> + +<h2>JENNIE HALL</h2> + +<br><br><br><br> +</center> + + +<p>The publishers are grateful to the estate of Miss Jennie Hall and to her +many friends for assistance in planning the publication of this book. +Especial thanks are due to Miss Nell C. Curtis of the Lincoln School, +New York City, for helping to finish Miss Hall's work of choosing the +pictures, and to Miss Irene I. Cleaves of the Francis Parker School, +Chicago, who wrote the captions. It was Miss Katharine Taylor, now of +the Shady Hill School, Cambridge, who brought these stories to our +attention.</p> + +<br><br><br><br> +<center> +<h2> +FOREWORD: TO BOYS AND GIRLS</h2> +</center><br> +<p>Do you like to dig for hidden treasure? Have you ever found Indian +arrowheads or Indian pottery? I knew a boy who was digging a cave in +a sandy place, and he found an Indian grave. With his own hands he +uncovered the bones and skull of some brave warrior. That brown skull +was more precious to him than a mint of money. Another boy I knew was +making a cave of his own. Suddenly he dug into an older one made years +before. He crawled into it with a leaping heart and began to explore. He +found an old carpet and a bit of burned candle. They proved that some +one had lived there. What kind of a man had he been and what kind +of life had he lived--black or white or red, robber or beggar or +adventurer? Some of us were walking in the woods one day when we saw a +bone sticking out of the ground. Luckily we had a spade, and we set to +work digging. Not one moment was the tool idle. First one bone and then +another came to light and among them a perfect horse's skull. We felt as +though we had rescued Captain Kidd's treasure, and we went home draped +in bones.</p> + +<p>Suppose that instead of finding the bones of a horse we had uncovered a +gold-wrapped king. Suppose that instead of a deserted cave that boy +had dug into a whole buried city with theaters and mills and shops and +beautiful houses. Suppose that instead of picking up an Indian arrowhead +you could find old golden vases and crowns and bronze swords lying in +the earth. If you could be a digger and a finder and could choose your +find, would you choose a marble statue or a buried bakeshop with bread +two thousand years old still in the oven or a king's grave filled with +golden gifts? It is of such digging and such finding that this book +tells.</p> + +<br><br><br><br> + +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + +<h3><a href="#POMPEII">POMPEII</a></h3> + +<p> 1. <a href="#slave">The Greek Slave and the Little Roman Boy</a></p> + +<p> 2. <a href="#vesuvius">Vesuvius</a></p> + +<p> 3. <a href="#pompeii_today">Pompeii Today</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#PICTURES_OF_POMPEII"><b><i>Pictures of Pompeii:</i></b></a></p> + +<p> <a href="#01">A Roman Boy</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#02">The City of Naples</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#03">Vesuvius in Eruption</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#04">Pompeii from an Airplane</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#05">Nola Street; the Stabian Gate</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#07">In the Street of Tombs</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#08">The Amphitheater</a></p> + +<p><a href="#09">The Baths</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#10">Temple of Apollo</a></p> + +<p><a href="#11">School of the Gladiators</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#12">The Smaller Theater</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#13">A Sacrifice</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#63d">Scene in the Forum</a><p> + +<p><a href="#63b">Hairpins</a></p> + +<p><a href="#63c">Bath Appliances</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#14">Peristyle of the House of the Vettii</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#15">Lady Playing a Harp</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#16">Kitchen of the House of the Vettii</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#67a">Kitchen Utensils</a> + +<p><a href="#">Centaur Cup</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#17">The House of the Tragic Poet</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#19">Mosaic of Watch Dog</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#20">The House of Diomede</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#21"> A Bakery</a></p> + +<p><a href="#22">Section of a Mill</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#23">Lucius Cæcilius Jueundus</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#24">Bronze Candleholder</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#25">The Dancing Faun</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#26">Hermes in Repose</a></p> + +<p> <a href="#27">The Arch of Nero</a></p> + + +<br><br> +<hr> +<br><br> + +<a name="pompeii"></a> +<br><br> + +<center><h1>POMPEII</h1></center> + +<center> +<img alt="lamp.jpg (17K)" src="lamp.jpg" height="263" width="534"> +<br> +Line Art of Bronze Lamp. Caption: <i>Bronze Lamps</i>.<br> +The bowl held olive oil. A wick came out at the nozzle.<br> +These lamps gave a dim and smoky light.<br> +</center> +<a name="slave"></a> +<br><br> +<center> +<h2> +THE GREEK SLAVE AND THE LITTLE ROMAN BOY</h2> +<br> +</center> +<p>Ariston, the Greek slave, was busily painting. He stood in a little room +with three smooth walls. The fourth side was open upon a court. A little +fountain splashed there. Above stretched the brilliant sky of Italy. The +August sun shone hotly down. It cut sharp shadows of the columns on the +cement floor. This was the master's room. The artist was painting the +walls. Two were already gay with pictures. They showed the mighty deeds +of warlike Herakles. Here was Herakles strangling the lion, Herakles +killing the hideous hydra, Herakles carrying the wild boar on his +shoulders, Herakles training the mad horses. But now the boy was +painting the best deed of all--Herakles saving Alcestis from death. He +had made the hero big and beautiful. The strong muscles lay smooth in +the great body. One hand trailed the club. On the other arm hung the +famous lion skin. With that hand the god led Alcestis. He turned his +head toward her and smiled. On the ground lay Death, bruised and +bleeding. One batlike black wing hung broken. He scowled after the hero +and the woman. In the sky above him stood Apollo, the lord of life, +looking down. But the picture of the god was only half finished. The +figure was sketched in outline. Ariston was rapidly laying on paint with +his little brushes. His eyes glowed with Apollo's own fire. His lips +were open, and his breath came through them pantingly.</p> + +<p>"O god of beauty, god of Hellas, god of freedom, help me!" he half +whispered while his brush worked.</p> + +<p>For he had a great plan in his mind. Here he was, a slave in this rich +Roman's house. Yet he was a free-born son of Athens, from a family of +painters. Pirates had brought him here to Pompeii, and had sold him as a +slave. His artist's skill had helped him, even in this cruel land. For +his master, Tetreius, loved beauty. The Roman had soon found that his +young Greek slave was a painter. He had said to his steward:</p> + +<p>"Let this boy work at the mill no longer. He shall paint the walls of my +private room."</p> + +<p>So he had talked to Ariston about what the pictures should be. The Greek +had found that this solemn, frowning Roman was really a kind man. Then +hope had sprung up in his breast and had sung of freedom.</p> + +<p>"I will do my best to please him," he had thought. "When all the walls +are beautiful, perhaps he will smile at my work. Then I will clasp his +knees. I will tell him of my father, of Athens, of how I was stolen. +Perhaps he will send me home."</p> + +<p>Now the painting was almost done. As he worked, a thousand pictures were +flashing through his mind. He saw his beloved old home in lovely Athens. +He felt his father's hand on his, teaching him to paint. He gazed again +at the Parthenon, more beautiful than a dream. Then he saw himself +playing on the fishing boat on that terrible holiday. He saw the pirate +ship sail swiftly from behind a rocky point and pounce upon them. He saw +himself and his friends dragged aboard. He felt the tight rope on his +wrists as they bound him and threw him under the deck. He saw himself +standing here in the market place of Pompeii. He heard himself sold for +a slave. At that thought he threw down his brush and groaned.</p> + +<p>But soon he grew calmer. Perhaps the sweet drip of the fountain cooled +his hot thoughts. Perhaps the soft touch of the sun soothed his heart. +He took up his brushes again and set to work.</p> + +<p>"The last figure shall be the most beautiful of all," he said to +himself. "It is my own god, Apollo."</p> + +<p>So he worked tenderly on the face. With a few little strokes he made the +mouth smile kindly. He made the blue eyes deep and gentle. He lifted the +golden curls with a little breeze from Olympos. The god's smile cheered +him. The beautiful colors filled his mind. He forgot his sorrows. He +forgot everything but his picture. Minute by minute it grew under his +moving brush. He smiled into the god's eyes.</p> + +<p>Meantime a great noise arose in the house. There were cries of fear. +There was running of feet.</p> + +<p>"A great cloud!" "Earthquake!" "Fire and hail!" "Smoke from hell!" "The +end of the world!" "Run! Run!"</p> + +<p>And men and women, all slaves, ran screaming through the house and out +of the front door. But the painter only half heard the cries. His ears, +his eyes, his thoughts were full of Apollo.</p> + +<p>For a little the house was still. Only the fountain and the shadows and +the artist's brush moved there. Then came a great noise as though the +sky had split open. The low, sturdy house trembled. Ariston's brush was +shaken and blotted Apollo's eye. Then there was a clattering on the +cement floor as of a million arrows. Ariston ran into the court. From +the heavens showered a hail of gray, soft little pebbles like beans. +They burned his upturned face. They stung his bare arms. He gave a cry +and ran back under the porch roof. Then he heard a shrill call above all +the clattering. It came from the far end of the house. Ariston ran back +into the private court. There lay Caius, his master's little sick son. +His couch was under the open sky, and the gray hail was pelting down +upon him. He was covering his head with his arms and wailing.</p> + +<p>"Little master!" called Ariston. "What is it? What has happened to us?" +"Oh, take me!" cried the little boy.</p> + +<p>"Where are the others?" asked Ariston.</p> + +<p>"They ran away," answered Caius. "They were afraid, Look! O-o-h!"</p> + +<p>He pointed to the sky and screamed with terror.</p> + +<p>Ariston looked. Behind the city lay a beautiful hill, green with trees. +But now from the flat top towered a huge, black cloud. It rose straight +like a pine tree and then spread its black branches over the heavens. +And from that cloud showered these hot, pelting pebbles of pumice stone.</p> + +<p>"It is a volcano," cried Ariston.</p> + +<p>He had seen one spouting fire as he had voyaged on the pirate ship.</p> + +<p>"I want my father," wailed the little boy.</p> + +<p>Then Ariston remembered that his master was away from home. He had gone +in a ship to Rome to get a great physician for his sick boy. He had left +Caius in the charge of his nurse, for the boy's mother was dead. But +now every slave had turned coward and had run away and left the little +master to die.</p> + +<p>Ariston pulled the couch into one of the rooms. Here the roof kept off +the hail of stones.</p> + +<p>"Your father is expected home to-day, master Caius," said the Greek. "He +will come. He never breaks his word. We will wait for him here. This +strange shower will soon be over."</p> + +<p>So he sat on the edge of the couch, and the little Roman laid his head +in his slave's lap and sobbed. Ariston watched the falling pebbles. They +were light and full of little holes. Every now and then black rocks of +the size of his head whizzed through the air. Sometimes one fell into +the open cistern and the water hissed at its heat. The pebbles lay piled +a foot deep all over the courtyard floor. And still they fell thick and +fast.</p> + +<p>"Will it never stop?" thought Ariston.</p> + +<p>Several times the ground swayed under him. It felt like the moving of a +ship in a storm. Once there was thunder and a trembling of the house. +Ariston was looking at a little bronze statue that stood on a tall, +slender column. It tottered to and fro in the earthquake. Then it fell, +crashing into the piled-up stones. In a few minutes the falling shower +had covered it.</p> + +<p>Ariston began to be more afraid. He thought of Death as he had painted +him in his picture. He imagined that he saw him hiding behind a column. +He thought he heard his cruel laugh. He tried to look up toward the +mountain, but the stones pelted him down. He felt terribly alone. Was +all the rest of the world dead? Or was every one else in some safe +place?</p> + +<p>"Come, Caius, we must get away," he cried. "We shall be buried here."</p> + +<p>He snatched up one of the blankets from the couch. He threw the ends +over his shoulders and let a loop hang at his back. He stood the sick +boy in this and wound the ends around them both. Caius was tied to his +slave's back. His heavy little head hung on Ariston's shoulder. Then the +Greek tied a pillow over his own head. He snatched up a staff and ran +from the house. He looked at his picture as he passed. He thought he +saw Death half rise from the ground. But Apollo seemed to smile at his +artist.</p> + +<p>At the front door Ariston stumbled. He found the street piled deep with +the gray, soft pebbles. He had to scramble up on his hands and knees. +From the house opposite ran a man. He looked wild with fear. He was +clutching a little statue of gold. Ariston called to him, "Which way to +the gate?"</p> + +<p>But the man did not hear. He rushed madly on. Ariston followed him. It +cheered the boy a little to see that somebody else was still alive in +the world. But he had a hard task. He could not run. The soft pebbles +crunched under his feet and made him stumble. He leaned far forward +under his heavy burden. The falling shower scorched his bare arms and +legs. Once a heavy stone struck him on his cushioned head, and he fell. +But he was up in an instant. He looked around bewildered. His head was +ringing. The air was hot and choking. The sun was gone. The shower was +blinding. Whose house was this? The door stood open. The court was +empty. Where was the city gate? Would he never get out? He did not know +this street. Here on the corner was a wine shop with its open sides. But +no men stood there drinking. Wine cups were tipped over and broken on +the marble counter. Ariston stood in a daze and watched the wine +spilling into the street.</p> + +<p>Then a crowd came rushing past him. It was evidently a family fleeing +for their lives. Their mouths were open as though they were crying. But +Ariston could not hear their voices. His ears shook with the roar of the +mountain. An old man was hugging a chest. Gold coins were spilling out +as he ran. Another man was dragging a fainting woman. A young girl ran +ahead of them with white face and streaming hair. Ariston stumbled on +after this company. A great black slave came swiftly around a corner and +ran into him and knocked him over, but fled on without looking back. As +the Greek boy fell forward, the rough little pebbles scoured his face. +He lay there moaning. Then he began to forget his troubles. His aching +body began to rest. He thought he would sleep. He saw Apollo smiling. +Then Caius struggled and cried out. He pulled at the blanket and tried +to free himself. This roused Ariston, and he sat up. He felt the hot +pebbles again. He heard the mountain roar. He dragged himself to his +feet and started on. Suddenly the street led him out into a broad space. +Ariston looked around him. All about stretched wide porches with their +columns. Temple roofs rose above them. Statues stood high on their +pedestals. He was in the forum. The great open square was crowded with +hurrying people. Under one of the porches Ariston saw the money changers +locking their boxes. From a wide doorway ran several men. They were +carrying great bundles of woolen cloth, richly embroidered and dyed +with precious purple. Down the great steps of Jupiter's temple ran a +priest. Under his arms he clutched two large platters of gold. Men were +running across the forum dragging bags behind them.</p> + +<p>Every one seemed trying to save his most precious things. And every one +was hurrying to the gate at the far end. Then that was the way out! +Ariston picked up his heavy feet and ran. Suddenly the earth swayed +under him. He heard horrible thunder. He thought the mountain was +falling upon him. He looked behind. He saw the columns of the porch +tottering. A man was running out from one of the buildings. But as he +ran, the walls crashed down. The gallery above fell cracking. He was +buried. Ariston saw it all and cried out in horror. Then he prayed:</p> + +<p>"O Lord Poseidon, shaker of the earth, save me! I am a Greek!"</p> + +<p>Then he came out of the forum. A steep street sloped down to a gate. A +river of people was pouring out there. The air was full of cries. The +great noise of the crowd made itself heard even in the noise of the +volcano. The streets were full of lost treasures. Men pushed and fell +and were trodden upon. But at last Ariston passed through the gateway +and was out of the city. He looked about.</p> + +<p>"It is no better," he sobbed to himself.</p> + +<p>The air was thicker now. The shower had changed to hot dust as fine +as ashes. It blurred his eyes. It stopped his nostrils. It choked his +lungs. He tore his chiton from top to bottom and wrapped it about his +mouth and nose. He looked back at Caius and pulled the blanket over his +head. Behind him a huge cloud was reaching out long black arms from the +mountain to catch him. Ahead, the sun was only a red wafer in the shower +of ashes. Around him people were running off to hide under rocks or +trees or in the country houses. Some were running, running anywhere to +get away. Out of one courtyard dashed a chariot. The driver was lashing +his horses. He pushed them ahead through the crowd. He knocked people +over, but he did not stop to see what harm he had done. Curses flew +after him. He drove on down the road.</p> + +<p>Ariston remembered when he himself had been dragged up here two years +ago from the pirate ship.</p> + +<p>"This leads to the sea," he thought. "I will go there. Perhaps I shall +meet my master, Tetreius. He will come by ship. Surely I shall find him. +The gods will send him to me. O blessed gods!"</p> + +<p>But what a sea! It roared and tossed and boiled. While Ariston looked, +a ship was picked up and crushed and swallowed. The sea poured up the +steep shore for hundreds of feet. Then it rushed back and left its +strange fish gasping on the dry land. Great rocks fell from the sky, +and steam rose up as they splashed into the water. The sun was growing +fainter. The black cloud was coming on. Soon it would be dark. And then +what? Ariston lay down where the last huge wave had cooled the ground. +"It is all over, Caius," he murmured. "I shall never see Athens again."</p> + +<p>For a while there were no more earthquakes. The sea grew a little less +wild. Then the half-fainting Ariston heard shouts. He lifted his head. +A small boat had come ashore. The rowers had leaped out. They were +dragging it up out of reach of the waves.</p> + +<p>"How strange!" thought Ariston. "They are not running away. They must be +brave. We are all cowards."</p> + +<p>"Wait for me here!" cried a lordly voice to the rowers.</p> + +<p>When he heard that voice Ariston struggled to his feet and called.</p> + +<p>"Marcus Tetreius! Master!"</p> + +<p>He saw the man turn and run toward him. Then the boy toppled over and +lay face down in the ashes.</p> + +<p>When he came to himself he felt a great shower of water in his face. The +burden was gone from his back. He was lying in a row boat, and the boat +was falling to the bottom of the sea. Then it was flung up to the skies. +Tetreius was shouting orders. The rowers were streaming with sweat and +sea water.</p> + +<p>In some way or other they all got up on the waiting ship. It always +seemed to Ariston as though a wave had thrown him there. Or had Poseidon +carried him? At any rate, the great oars of the galley were flying. He +could hear every rower groan as he pulled at his oar. The sails, too, +were spread. The master himself stood at the helm. His face was one +great frown. The boat was flung up and down like a ball. Then fell +darkness blacker than night.</p> + +<p>"Who can steer without sun or stars?" thought the boy.</p> + +<p>Then he remembered the look on his master's face as he stood at the +tiller. Such a look Ariston had painted on Herakles' face as he +strangled the lion.</p> + +<p>"He will get us out," thought the slave.</p> + +<p>For an hour the swift ship fought with the waves. The oarsmen were +rowing for their lives. The master's arm was strong, and his heart was +not for a minute afraid. The wind was helping. At last they reached calm +waters.</p> + +<p>"Thanks be to the gods!" cried Tetreius. "We are out of that boiling +pot."</p> + +<p>At his words fire shot out of the mountain. It glowed red in the dusty +air. It flung great red arms across the sky after the ship. Every man +and spar and oar on the vessel seemed burning in its light. Then the +fire died, and thick darkness swallowed everything. Ariston's heart +seemed smothered in his breast. He heard the slaves on the rowers' +benches scream with fear. Then he heard their leader crying to them. He +heard a whip whiz through the air and strike on bare shoulders. Then +there was a crash as though the mountain had clapped its hands. A +thicker shower of ashes filled the air. But the rowers were at their +oars again. The ship was flying.</p> + +<p>So for two hours or more Tetreius and his men fought for safety. Then +they came out into fresher air and calmer water. Tetreius left the +rudder. "Let the men rest and thank the gods," he said to his overseer. +"We have come up out of the grave."</p> + +<p>When Ariston heard that, he remembered the Death he had left painted +on his master's wall. By that time the picture was surely buried under +stones and ashes. The boy covered his face with his ragged chiton and +wept. He hardly knew what he was crying for--the slavery, the picture, +the buried city, the fear of that horrid night, the sorrows of the +people left back there, his father, his dear home in Athens. At last +he fell asleep. The night was horrible with dreams--fire, earthquake, +strangling ashes, cries, thunder, lightning. But his tired body held +him asleep for several hours. Finally he awoke. He was lying on a soft +mattress. A warm blanket covered him. Clean air filled his nostrils. The +gentle light of dawn lay upon his eyes. A strange face bent over him.</p> + +<p>"It is only weariness," a kind voice was saying. "He needs food and rest +more than medicine."</p> + +<p>Then Ariston saw Tetreius, also, bending over him. The slave leaped to +his feet. He was ashamed to be caught asleep in his master's presence. +He feared a frown for his laziness.</p> + +<p>"My picture is finished, master," he cried, still half asleep.</p> + +<p>"And so is your slavery," said Tetreius, and his eyes shone.</p> + +<p>"It was not a slave who carried my son out of hell on his back. It was a +hero." He turned around and called, "Come hither, my friends."</p> + +<p>Three Roman gentlemen stepped up. They looked kindly upon Ariston.</p> + +<p>"This is the lad who saved my son," said Tetreius. "I call you to +witness that he is no longer a slave. Ariston, I send you from my hand a +free man."</p> + +<p>He struck his hand lightly on the Greek's shoulder, as all Roman masters +did when they freed a slave. Ariston cried aloud with joy. He sank to +his knees weeping. But Tetreius went on.</p> + +<p>"This kind physician says that Caius will live. But he needs good air +and good nursing. He must go to some one of Aesculapius' holy places. He +shall sleep in the temple and sit in the shady porches, and walk in the +sacred groves. The wise priests will give him medicines. The god will +send healing dreams. Do you know of any such place, Ariston?"</p> + +<p>The Greek thought of the temple and garden of Aesculapius on the sunny +side of the Acropolis at home in Athens. But he could not speak. He +gazed hungrily into Tetreius' eyes. The Roman smiled.</p> + +<p>"Ariston, this ship is bound for Athens! All my life I have loved +her--her statues, her poems, her great deeds. I have wished that my son +might learn from her wise men. The volcano has buried my home, Ariston. +But my wealth and my friends and my son are aboard this ship. What do +you say, my friend? Will you be our guide in Athens?" Ariston leaped up +from his knees. A fire of joy burned in his eyes. He stretched his hands +to the sky.</p> + +<p>"O blessed Herakles," he cried, "again thou hast conquered Death. Thou +didst snatch us from the grave of Pompeii. Give health to this Roman +boy. O fairest Athena, shed new beauty upon our violet crowned Athens. +For there is coming to visit her the best of men, my master Tetreius."</p> +<br><br><br><br> + + +<a name="vesuvius"></a> +<center> +<img alt="table.jpg (24K)" src="table.jpg" height="267" width="404"><br> +<i>A Marble Table</i>: The lions' heads were painted yellow.<br> +You can see a table much like this in the garden pictured later. +</center> +<br> + +<center> +<h2>VESUVIUS</h2> +</center> +<br> +<p>So a living city was buried in a few hours. Wooded hills and green +fields lay covered under great ash heaps. Ever since that terrible +eruption Vesuvius has been restless. Sometimes she has been quiet for +a hundred years or more and men have almost forgotten that she ever +thundered and spouted and buried cities. But all at once she would move +again. She would shoot steam and ashes into the sky. At night fire +would leap out of her top. A few times she sent out dust and lava and +destroyed houses and fields. A man who lived five hundred years after +Pompeii was destroyed described Vesuvius as she was in his time. He +said:</p> + +<p>"This mountain is steep and thick with woods below. Above, it is very +craggy and wild. At the top is a deep cave. It seems to reach the bottom +of the mountain. If you peep in you can see fire. But this ordinarily +keeps in and does not trouble the people. But sometimes the mountain +bellows like an ox. Soon after it casts out huge masses of cinders. If +these catch a man, he hath no way to save his life. If they fall upon +houses, the roofs are crushed by the weight. If the wind blow stiff, +the ashes rise out of sight and are carried to far countries. But this +bellowing comes only every hundred years or thereabout. And the air +around the mountain is pure. None is more healthy. Physicians send +thither sick men to get well."</p> + +<p>The ashes that had covered Pompeii changed to rich soil. Green vines +and shrubs and trees sprang up and covered it, and flowers made it gay. +Therefore people said to themselves:</p> + +<p>"After all, she is a good old mountain. There will never be another +eruption while we are alive."</p> + +<p>So villages grew up around her feet. Farmers came and built little +houses and planted crops and were happy working the fertile soil. They +did not dream that they were living above a buried city, that the roots +of their vines sucked water from an old Roman house, that buried statues +lay gazing up toward them as they worked.</p> + +<p>About three hundred years ago came another terrible eruption. Again +there were earthquakes. Again the mountain bellowed. Again black clouds +turned day into night. Lightning flashed from cloud to cloud. Tempests +of hot rain fell. The sea rushed back and forth on the shore. The whole +top of the mountain was blown out or sank into the melting pot. Seven +rivers of red-hot lava poured down the slopes. They flowed for five +miles and fell into the sea. On the way they set fire to forests and +covered five little villages. Thousands of people were killed.</p> + +<p>Since that time Vesuvius has been very active. Almost every year there +have been eruptions with thunder and earthquakes and showers and lava. +A few of these have done much damage. [Footnote: In this year, 1922, +Vesuvius has been very active for the first time since 1906. It has been +causing considerable alarm in Naples. A new cone, 230 feet high, has +developed.--Ed.] And even on her calmest days a cloud has always hung +above the mountain top. Sometimes it has been thin and white--a cloud of +steam. Sometimes it has been black and curling--a cloud of dust.</p> + +<p>Vesuvius is a dangerous thing, but very beautiful. It stands tall and +pointed and graceful against a lovely sky. Its little cloud waves from +it like a plume. At night the mountain is swallowed by the dark. But +the red rivers down its slopes glare in the sky. It is beautiful and +terrible like a tiger. Thousands of people have loved it. They have +climbed it and looked down its crater. It is like looking into the heart +of the earth. One of these travelers wrote of his visit in 1793. He +said:</p> + +<p>"For many days Vesuvius has been in action. I have watched it from +Naples. It is wonderfully beautiful and always changing. On one day huge +clouds poured out of the top. They hung in the sky far above, white as +snow. Suddenly a cloud of smoke rushed out of another mouth. It was as +black as ink. The black column rose tall and curling beside the snowy +clouds. That was a picture in black and white. But at another time I saw +one in bright colors.</p> + +<p>"On a certain night there were towers and curls and waves and spires of +flames leaping from the top of the mountain. Millions of red-hot stones +were shot into the sky. They sailed upward for hundreds of feet, then +curved and fell like skyrockets. I looked through my telescope and saw +liquid lava boiling and bubbling over the crater's edge. I could see it +splash upon the rocks and glide slowly down the sides of the cone. The +whole top of the mountain was red with melted rock. And above it waved +the changing flames of red, orange, yellow, blue.</p> + +<p>"On another night, as I was getting into bed, I felt an earthquake. I +looked out of my window toward Vesuvius. All the top was glowing with +red-hot matter. A terrible roaring came from the mountain. In an instant +fire shot high into the air. The red column curved and showered the +whole cone. In half a minute came another earthquake shock. My doors and +windows rattled. Things were shaken from my table to the floor. Then +came the thunder of an explosion from the mountain and another shower +of fire. After a few seconds there were noises like the trampling of +horses' hoofs. It was, of course, the noise of the shot-out stones +falling upon the rocks of the mountainsides eight miles away.</p> + +<p>"I decided to ascend the volcano and see the crater from which all these +interesting things came. A few friends went with me. For most of the way +we traveled on horses. After two or three hours we reached the bottom of +the cone of rocks and ashes. From there we had to go on foot. We went +over to the river of red-hot lava. We planned to walk up along its edge. +But the hot rock was smoking, and the wind blew the smoke into our +faces. A thick mist of fine ashes from the crater almost suffocated us. +Sulphur fumes blew toward us and choked us. I said,</p> + +<p>"'We must cross the stream of lava. On the other side the wind will not +trouble us.'</p> + +<p>"'Cross that melted rock?' my friends cried out. 'We should sink into it +and be burned alive.'</p> + +<p>"But as we stood talking great stones were thrown out of the volcano. +They rolled down the mountainside close to us. If they had struck us +it would have been death. There was only one way to save ourselves. I +covered my face with my hat and rushed across the stream of lava. The +melted rock was so thick and heavy that I did not sink in. I only burned +my boots and scorched my hands. My friends followed me. On that side we +were safe. We climbed for half an hour. Then we came to the head of our +red river. It did not flow over the edge of the crater. Many feet down +from the top it had torn a hole through the cone. I shall never forget +the sight as long as I live. There was a vast arch in the black rock. +From this arch rushed a clear torrent of lava. It flowed smoothly like +honey. It glowed with all the splendor of the sun. It looked thin like +golden water.</p> + +<p>"'I could stir it with a stick,' said one of my friends.</p> + +<p>"'I doubt it,' I said. 'See how slowly it flows. It must be very thick +and heavy.'</p> + +<p>"To test it we threw pebbles into it. They did not sink, but floated on +like corks. We rolled in heavier stones of seventy or eighty pounds. +They only made shallow dents in the stream and floated down with the +current. A great rock of three hundred pounds lay near. I raised it upon +end and let it fall into the lava. Very slowly it sank and disappeared.</p> + +<p>"As the stream flowed on it spread out wider over the mountain. Farther +down the slope it grew darker and harder. It started from the arch like +melted gold. Then it changed to orange, to bright red, to dark red, to +brown, as it cooled. At the lower end it was black and hard and broken +like cinders.</p> + +<p>"We climbed a little higher above the arch. There was a kind of chimney +in the rock. Smoke and stream were coming out of it. I went close. The +fumes of sulphur choked me. I reached out and picked some lumps of pure +sulphur from the edge of the rock. For one moment the smoke ceased. I +held my breath and looked down the hole. I saw the glare of red-hot lava +flowing beneath. The mountain was a pot, full of boiling rock."</p> + +<p>Another man writes of a visit in 1868, a quieter year.</p> + +<p>"At first we climbed gentle slopes through vineyards and fields and +villages. Sometimes we came suddenly upon a black line in a green +meadow. A few years before it had flowed down red-hot. Further up we +reached large stretches of rock. Here wild vines and lupines were +growing in patches where the lava had decayed into soil. Then came +bare slopes with dark hollow and sharp ridges. We walked on old stiff +lava-streams. Sometimes we had to plod through piles of coarse, porous +cinders. Sometimes we climbed over tangled, lumpy beds of twisted, shiny +rock. Sometimes we looked into dark arched tunnels. Red streams had +once flowed out of them. A few times we passed near fresh cracks in the +mountain. Here steam puffed out.</p> + +<p>"At last we reached a broad, hot piece of ground. Here were smoking +holes. The night before I had looked at them with a telescope from the +foot of the mountain. I had seen red rivers flowing from them. Now they +were empty. Last night's lava lay on the slope, cooled and black. I +was standing on it. My feet grew hot. I had to keep moving. The air I +breathed was warm and smelled like that of an iron foundry. I pushed my +pole into a crack in the rock. The wood caught fire. I was standing on a +thin crust. What was below? I broke out a piece of the hard lava. A red +spot glared up at me. Under the crust red-hot lava was still flowing. I +knew that it would be several years before it would be perfectly cool."</p> + +<p>So for three centuries people have watched Vesuvius at work. But she is +much older than that--thousands of years older--older than any city or +country or people in the world. In all that time she has poured out +millions of tons of matter--lava, huge glassy boulders, little pebbles +of pumice stone, long shining hairs, fine dust or ashes. All these +things are different forms of melted rock. Sometimes the steam blows the +liquid into fine dust; sometimes it breaks it into little pieces and +fills them with bubbles. At another time the steam is not so strong and +only pushes the stuff out gently over the crater's edge. Many different +minerals are found in these rocks--iron, copper, lead, mica, zinc, +sulphur. Some pieces are beautiful in color--blue, green, red, yellow. +Precious stones have sometimes been found--garnets, topaz, quartz, +tourmaline, lapis lazuli. But most of the stone is dull black or brown +or gray.</p> + +<p>All this heavy matter drops close to the mountain. And on calm days the +ashes, also, fall near at home. Indeed, the volcano has built up its own +mountain. But a heavy wind often carries the fine dust for hundreds of +miles. Once it was blown as far as Constantinople and it darkened the +sun and frightened people there. Some of the ashes fall into the sea. +For years the currents carry them about from shore to shore. At last +they settle to the bottom and make clay or sand or mud. The material +lies there for thousands of years and is hard packed into a soft fine +grained rock, called tufa. The city of Naples to-day is built of such +stone that once lay under the sea. An earthquake long ago lifted the +ocean bottom and turned it into dry land. Now men live upon it and cut +streets in it and grow crops on it.</p> + +<p>So for many miles about, Vesuvius has been making earth. Her ashes lie +hundreds of feet deep. Men dig wells and still find only material that +has been thrown out of the volcano. When this matter grows old and lies +under the sun and rain it turns to good soil. The acids of water and air +and plants eat into it. Rain wears it away. Plant roots crack the rocks +open. The top layer becomes powdered and rotted and mixed with vegetable +loam and is fertile soil. So the country all around the volcano is a +rich garden. Tomatoes, melons, grapes, olives, figs, cover the land.</p> + +<p>But Vesuvius alone has not made all this ground. She is in a nest of +volcanoes. They have all been at work like her, spouting ashes and +pumice and rocks and lava. Ten miles away is a wide stretch of country +where there are more than a dozen old craters. Twenty miles out in the +blue bay a volcano stands up out of the water. A hundred miles south +is a group of small volcanic islands. They have hot springs. One has a +volcano that spouts every five or six minutes. At night it is like a +lighthouse for sailors. One of these Islands is only two thousand years +old. The men of Pompeii saw it pushed up out of the sea during an +earthquake. A little farther south is Mt. Aetna in Sicily. It is a +greater mountain than Vesuvius and has done more work than she has done. +So all the southern part of Italy seems to be the home of volcanoes and +earthquakes.</p> + +<p>There are many other such places scattered over the world--Iceland, +Mexico, South America, Japan, the Sandwich Islands. Here the same +terrible play is going on--thunder, clouds, falling ashes, scalding +rain, flowing lava. The earth is being turned inside out, and men are +learning what she is made of.</p> +<br><br> + + +<a name="pompeii_today"></a> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="lampholder.jpg (22K)" src="lampholder.jpg" height="395" width="324"><br> +<i>Bronze lampholder</i>: Five lamps hung from the branches<br> +of this bronze tree. It was twenty inches high. +</center> + +<br><br> + + +<center><h2> +POMPEII TO-DAY</h2></center> +<br> +<p>Years came and went and changed the world. The old gods died, and the +new religion of Christ grew strong. The old temples fell into ruins, and +new churches were built in their places. Instead of the old Roman in his +white toga came merchants in crimson velvet and knights in steel armor +and gentlemen in ruffles and modern men in plain clothes.</p> + +<p>Among all these changes, Pompeii was almost forgotten. But after a long +while people began to be much interested in ancient Italy. They read old +Roman books, and learned of her wonderful cities. They began to dig here +and there and find beautiful statues and vases and jewels. They read the +story of Pompeii in an old Roman book--a whole city suddenly buried just +as her people had left her!</p> + +<p>"There we should find treasures!" they said. "We should see houses, +temples, shops, streets, as they were seventeen hundred years ago. We +should find them full of statues and rich things. Perhaps we should find +some of the people who lived in ancient days. But where to dig?"</p> + +<p>Their question was answered by accident. At that time certain men were +making a tunnel to carry spring water from the hills across the country +to a little town near Naples. The tunnel happened to pass over buried +Pompeii. They dug up some blocks of stone with Latin inscriptions carved +on them. After that other people found little ancient relics near the +same place.</p> + +<p>"This must be where Pompeii lies buried," the wise men said.</p> + +<p>They began to excavate. That was about two hundred years ago. Ever since +that time the work has gone on. Sometimes people have been discouraged +and have given up. At other times six hundred men have been working +busily. Kings have given money. Emperors and princes and queens have +visited the excavations. Artists have made pictures of the ruins, and +scholars have written books about them. But it is a great task to +uncover a whole city that is buried ten or twelve feet deep. The +excavation is not yet finished. Perhaps when you are old men and women +the work will be completed, and a whole Roman city will be open to your +eyes.</p> + +<p>But even as it is to-day, that ghost of a city is among the world's +wonders. There is the thick stone wall that goes all about the town. On +its wide top the soldiers used to stand to fight in ancient days. Now +the stones are fallen; its towers are broken; its gates are open. Yet +there the battered little giant stands at its task of protecting the +town. Out of its eight gates stretch the paved streets.</p> + +<p>Perhaps some day you will cross the ocean to visit this "dead city." +It lies on a slope at the foot of Vesuvius. Behind stands the tall, +graceful volcano with its floating feather of steam and smoke. In front +lies a little plain, and beyond it a long ridge of steep mountains. Off +at the side shines the dark blue sea with island peaks rising out of it. +On hillsides and plain are green vineyards and dark forests dotted with +white farmhouses.</p> + +<p>In some places there are high mounds of dirt outside the city wall. They +are made by the ashes that have been dug out by the excavators and piled +here. If you climb one of them you will be able to look over the city. +You will find it a little place--less than a mile long and half a mile +wide inside its ragged wall. And yet many thousand people used to live +here. So the houses had to be crowded together. You will see no grassy +lawns nor vacant lots nor playgrounds nor parks with pleasant trees. +Many narrow streets cross one another and cut the city into solid blocks +of buildings. You will be confused because you will see thousands of +broken walls standing up, but no roofs. They are gone--crushed by the +piling ashes long ago.</p> + +<p>At last you will come down and go in at one of the gates through the +rough, thick wall, past the empty watch towers. You will tread the very +paving stones that men's feet trampled nineteen hundred years ago as +they fled from the volcano. You will climb a steep, narrow street. This +is the street the fishermen and sailors used in olden times when they +came in from the river or sea, carrying baskets of fish or leading mules +loaded with goods from their ships. This is the street where people +poured out to the sea on that terrible day of the eruption.</p> + +<p>You will pass a ruined temple of Apollo with standing columns and lonely +altar and steps that lead to a room that is gone. A little farther on +you will come out into a large open paved space. It is the forum. This +used to be the busiest place in all Pompeii. At certain hours of the day +it was filled with little tables and with merchants calling out and with +gentlemen and slaves buying good's. But now it is empty and very still. +Around the sides a few beautiful columns are yet standing with carved +marble at the top connecting them. But others lie broken, and most of +them are gone entirely. This is all that is left of the porches where +men used to walk and talk of business and war and politics and gossip.</p> + +<p>At one end of the forum is a high stone platform and wide stone steps +leading up to a row of broken columns in front of a fallen wall. This is +the ruin of the temple of Jupiter, the great Roman god. Daily, men used +to come here to pray before a statue in a dim room. Here, in the ruins, +the excavators found the head of that statue--a beautiful marble thing +with long curling hair and beard, and calm face. They found, too, a +great broken body of marble. And in that large body a smaller statue was +partly carved. This was a puzzling thing, but the excavators studied it +out at last. They said:</p> + +<p>"Old Roman books tell us that sixteen years before the great eruption +there had been another earthquake. It had shaken down many buildings and +had cracked many walls. But the people loved their city, and when the +earthquake was over, they began to rebuild and to make their houses and +temples better than ever. We have found many signs of that earthquake. +We have found uncarved blocks of marble in the forum. Evidently masons +were at work there when the eruption stopped them. We have found rebuilt +walls in some of the houses. And here is the temple of Jupiter being +used as a marble shop. Probably the early earthquake had shaken down and +broken the statue of the god. A sculptor was set to work to carve a new +one from the ruin. But suddenly the volcano burst forth, the artist +dropped his chisel and mallet, and here we have found his unfinished +work--a statue within a statue."</p> + +<p>Behind the roofless porches of the forum are other ruined +buildings--where the officers of the city did business, where the +citizens met to vote, where tailors spread out their cloth and sold +robes and cloaks. One large market building is particularly interesting. +You will enter a courtyard with walls all around it and signs of lost +porches. Broken partitions show where little stalls used to open upon +the court. Other stalls opened upon the street. In some of these the +excavators found, buried in the ashes and charred by the fire, figs, +chestnuts, plums, grapes, glass dishes of fruit, loaves of bread, and +little cakes. Were customers buying the night's dessert when Vesuvius +frightened them away? In a cool corner of the building is a fish market +with sloping marble counter. Near it in the middle of the courtyard are +the bases of columns arranged in a circle around a deep basin in the +floor. In the bottom of this basin the excavators found a thick layer +of fish scales. Evidently the masters used to buy their fish from the +market in the corner. Then the slaves carried them here to the shaded +pool of water and cleaned them and scaled them and washed them. In +another corner the excavators found skeletons of sheep. Here was a +pen for live animals which a man might buy for his banquet or for a +sacrifice to his gods. His slave would lead the sheep away through the +crowds. But on that terrible day when the volcano belched, the poor +bleating animals were deserted. Their pen held them and the ashes +covered them and to-day we can see their skeletons.</p> + +<p>The walls around the market are still standing, though the top is broken +and the roof is fallen. They are still covered with paintings. If you +will look at them you can guess what used to be for sale here. There are +game birds and fish and wine jars all pictured here in beautiful colors. +There are cupids playing about a flour mill and cupids weaving garlands. +There are also pictures of the gods and heroes and the deeds they did. +Imagine this painted market full of chattering people, the little shops +gay with piles of beautiful fruit and vegetables, the graceful columns +and dark porches adding beauty. Imagine these people crying out and +running and these columns swaying and falling when Vesuvius bellowed and +shook the earth. And yet we can see the very fruits that men were buying +and the pictures they were enjoying.</p> + +<p>The forum with its markets and shops and offices and temples and statues +was the very heart of the city. Many streets led into it. Perhaps you +will walk down one of them, between broken walls, past open doorways. +After several street corners you will come to a large building with high +walls still standing and with tall, arched entrance. This also was one +of the gay places in Pompeii, for it was a bathhouse. Every day all +the ladies and gentlemen of the town came strolling toward it down the +streets. The men went in at the wide doorway. The women turned and +entered their own apartments around the corner. And as they walked +toward the entrance they passed little shops built into the walls of +the bathhouse. At every stall stood the shopkeeper, bowing, smiling, +begging, calling. "Perfumes, sweet lady!"</p> + +<p>"Rings, rings, beautiful madam, for your beautiful fingers!"</p> + +<p>"Oil for your body, sir, after the bath!"</p> + +<p>"A taste of sweets, madam, before you enter! Honey cakes of my own +making!"</p> + +<p>"Don't forget to buy my dressing for your hair before you go in! You'll +get nothing like it in there."</p> + +<p>So they chattered and called and coaxed. Some of the people bought, and +some went laughing by and entered the bathhouse. As the gentlemen went +in, a large court opened before them. Here were men bowling or jumping +or running or punching the bag or playing ball or taking some other kind +of exercise before the bath. Others were resting in the shade of the +porches. A poet sat in a cool corner reading his verses to a few +listeners. Some men, after their games, were scraping their sweating +bodies with the strigil. Others were splashing in the marble +swimming tank. Here and there barbers were working over handsome +gentlemen--smoothing their faces, perfuming their hair, polishing their +nails. There was talk and laughter everywhere. Men were lazily coming +and going through a door that led into the baths. There were large rooms +with high ceilings and painted walls. In one we can still see the round +marble basin. The walls are painted with trees and birds and swimming +fish and statues. It was like bathing in a beautiful garden to bathe +here. Another room was for the hot bath, with double walls and hot air +circulating between to make the whole room warm. The bathhouse was a +great building full of comforts. No wonder that all the idle Pompeians +came here to bathe, to play, to visit, to tell and hear the news. It was +a gay and noisy place. We have a letter that one of those old Romans +wrote to a friend. He says:</p> + +<p>"I am living near a bath. Sounds are heard on all sides. The men of +strong muscle exercise and swing the heavy lead weights. I hear their +groans as they strain, and the whistling of their breath. I hear the +massagist slapping a lazy fellow who is being rubbed with ointment. A +ball player begins to play and counts his throws. Perhaps there is a +sudden quarrel, or a thief is caught, or some one is singing in the +bath. And the bathers plunge into the swimming tank with loud splashes. +Above all the din you hear the calls of the hair puller and the sellers +of cakes and sweetmeats and sausages."</p> + +<p>After you leave the baths perhaps you will turn down Stabian Street. It +has narrow sidewalks. The broken walls of houses fence it in closely +on both sides and cast black shadows across it. It is paved with clean +blocks of lava. You will see wheel ruts worn deep in the hard stone. +Almost two thousand years old they are, made by the carts of the +farmers, perhaps, who brought in vegetables for the market. At the +street crossings you will see three or four big stone blocks standing +up above the pavement. They are stepping-stones for rainy weather. +Evidently floods used to pour down these sloping streets. You can +imagine little Roman boys skipping across from block to block and trying +to keep their sandals dry.</p> + +<p>The street will lead you to the district of good houses where the +wealthy men lived. Through open doorways you will get glimpses into the +old ruined courtyards. It is hard guessing how the rooms used to look. +But when you come to the door of the house of Vettius you will cry out +with wonder. There is a lovely garden in the corner of the house. A long +passage leads to it straight from the street. Around it runs a paved +porch with pretty columns. Here you will walk in the shade and look out +at the gay little garden, blooming in the sunshine. In every corner tiny +streams of water spurt from little statues of bronze and marble and +trickle into cool basins. Marble tables stand among the flowers. You +will half expect a slave to bring out old drinking cups and wine bowls +and set them here for his master's pleasure, or tablets and stylus for +him to write his letters. Everything is in order and beautiful. It was +not quite so when the excavators uncovered this house. The statues were +thrown down. The flowers were scorched and dead under the piled-up +ashes. But it was easy for the modern excavators to tell from the ground +where the flower beds had been and where the gravel paths. Even the +lead water pipe that carried the stream to the fountain needed little +repairing. So the excavators set up the statues, cleaned the marble +tables and benches, planted shrubs and flowers, repaired the porch roof, +and we have a garden such as the old Romans loved and such as many +houses in Pompeii had.</p> + +<p>Several rooms look out upon this garden. One of them is perhaps the most +interesting place in all Pompeii. You will walk into it and look around +and laugh with delight. The whole wall is painted with pictures, big and +little--pictures of columns and roofs, of plants and animals, of men +and gods. They are all framed in with wide spaces of beautiful red. And +tucked away between them in narrow bands of black are the gayest little +scenes in the world. They are worth going all the way across the ocean +to see. Psyches--delicate little winged girls like fairies--are picking +slender flowers and putting them into tall, graceful baskets. They are +so light and so tiny that they seem to be flitting along the wall +like bright butterflies. In other panels plump little cupids--winged +boys--are playing at being men. They are picking grapes and working a +wine press and selling wine. It is big work for tiny creatures, and they +must kick up their dimpled legs and puff out their chubby cheeks to do +it. They are melting gold and carrying gold dishes and selling jewelry +and swinging a blacksmith's hammer with their fat little arms. They are +carrying roses to market on a ragged goat and weaving rose garlands and +selling them to an elegant little lady. Everywhere these gay little +creatures are skipping about at their play among the beautiful red +spaces and large pictures. This was surely a charming dining room in the +old days. The guests must have been merry every time their eyes lighted +upon the bright wall. And if they looked out at the open side, there +smiled the garden with its flowers and statues and splashing fountains +and columns.</p> + +<p>There lived in this house two men by the name of Vettius. We know this +because the excavators found here two seals. In those days men fastened +their letters and receipts and bills with wax. While the wax was soft +they stamped their names in it with a metal seal. On the stamps that +were found in this house were carved Aulus Vettius Restitutus and Aulus +Vettius Conviva. Perhaps they were freedmen who once had been slaves of +Aulus Vettius. But they must have earned a fortune for themselves, for +there were two money chests in the house. And they must have had slaves +of their own to take care of their twenty rooms and more. In the tiny +kitchen the excavators found a good store of charcoal and the ashes of +a little fire on top of the stone stove. And on its three little legs +a bronze dish was sitting over the dead fire. A slave must have been +cooking his master's dinner when the volcano frightened him away.</p> + +<p>Vettius' dining room is empty of its wooden tables and couches. But some +houses had stone ones built in their gardens for pleasant summer days. +These the ashes did not crush, and they are still in place. Columns +stood about the tables and vines climbed up them and across to make cool +shade. The tables were always long and narrow and built around three +sides of a rectangle. Low couches stand along the outside edges. Here +guests used to lie propped up on their left elbows with pretty cushions +to make them comfortable. In the open space in the middle of the square +servants came and went and passed the dishes across the narrow tables. +Children used to have little wooden stools and sit in this middle space +opposite their elders. But in one old ruined garden dining room you will +see a little stone bench for the children, built along the end of the +table. It must have been pleasant to have supper there with the sunset +coloring the sky, behind old Vesuvius, the cool breeze shaking the +leaves of the garden shrubs, and the fountain tinkling, and a bird +chirping in a corner, and the shadows beginning to creep under the long +porches, and the tiny flames of lamps fluttering in the dusky rooms +behind.</p> + +<p>After you leave the house of Vettius and walk down the street, you will +come to a certain door. In the sidewalk before it you will see "Have" +spelled with bits of colored marble. It is the old Latin word for +"Welcome." It is too pleasant an invitation to refuse. Go in through +the high doorway and down the narrow passage to the atrium. Every Roman +house had this atrium. It is like a large reception hall with many +rooms opening off it--bedrooms, dining rooms, sitting rooms. Beautiful +hangings instead of doors used to shut these rooms in. The atrium had an +opening in the roof where the sun shone in and softly lighted the big +room. Here the master used to receive his guests. In the house of +Vettius the two money chests were found in the atrium. In this same room +in the house of "Welcome," there was found on the floor a little bronze +statue, a dancing faun, one of the gay friends of Dionysus. It is a tiny +thing only two feet high, but so pretty that the excavators named the +house after it--The House of the Faun. Evidently the old owner loved +beautiful things and had money to buy them. Even the floors of some of +his rooms are made in mosaic pictures. There are doves at play, and +ducks and fish and shells all laid under your feet in bright bits of +colored marble. And beyond the pleasant court with its porches and +garden is a large sitting room. In the floor of this the excavators +found the most wonderful mosaic picture of all, a picture of a battle, +with waving spears and prancing horses and fallen men. Two kings are +facing each other to fight--Darius, king of Persia, standing in his +chariot, and Alexander, king of Greece, riding his war horse. The bits +of stone are so small and of such perfect color that the mosaic looks +like a beautiful painting. Imagine how the excavators' hearts leaped +when the spades took the gray ashes off this bright picture. It was too +precious a thing to leave here in the rain and wind. So the excavators +carefully took it up and put it into the museum of Naples where there +are other valuable things from Pompeii.</p> + +<p>There are many other houses almost as pleasant and beautiful as this +House of the Faun. Every one has its atrium and its sunny court and its +fountains and statues and its painted walls. But Pompeii was a city of +business, too, and had many workshops. There is a dye shop where the +excavators found large lead pots and glass bottles still full of dye. +There are cleaners' shops where the slaves used to take their masters' +robes to be cleaned. Here the excavators found vats and white clay +for cleaning, and pictures on the wall showing men at work. There are +tanneries where leather was made. The rusted tools were found which the +men had thrown down so long ago. There is a pottery shop with two ovens +for baking the vases. On a certain street corner you will see an old +wine shop. It is a little room cut into the corner wall of a great +house. Its two sides are open upon the street with broad marble +counters. Below the counters are big, deep jars. Their open tops thrust +themselves through the slab. You can look into their mouths where the +shopkeeper used to dip out the wine. On the walls of the room are marks +that show where shelves hung in ancient days to hold cups and glasses. +In the outer edge of the sidewalk before the shop are two round holes +cut into the stone. Long ago poles were thrust into them to hold an +awning that shaded the walk in front of the counters. We can imagine men +stopping in this pleasant shade as they passed. The busy slave inside +the shop whips out a cup and a graceful, long-handled ladle and dips out +the sweet-smelling wine from the wide-mouthed jar. And we can imagine +how the cups fell clattering from the men's hands when Vesuvius +thundered. In one shop, indeed, the excavators found an overturned cup +on the counter and a wine stain on the marble. But the most interesting +shops are the bakeries. There were twenty of them in Pompeii. You will +see the ovens in the courtyard. They are big beehives built of stone or +brick. The baker made a fire inside and let the walls become hot. Then +he raked out the coals and cleaned the floor and put in his bread. The +hot walls baked the loaves. In one oven the excavators found a burned +loaf eighteen hundred years old. When the earthquake shook his house, +did the baker snatch out the rest of the ovenful to feed his hungry +family as they groped about for safety in the terrible darkness? +In several bakeries you will see, also, the mills. They are great +mortar-shaped things standing taller than a man. The heavy stone above +turned around upon the stone below. A man poured wheat in at the top. It +fell down and was ground between the two stones and dropped out at the +bottom as flour. A horse or donkey was hitched to the mill to turn it. +Around and around he walked all day. He was blindfolded to prevent his +becoming dizzy. You will see on the stone floor in one bakery the path +that was made by years of this walking. In the old days this silent +empty court must have been an interesting place. The donkey's hoofs beat +lazy time on the stone floor. Now and then a slave lifted up a bag of +wheat and poured it into the mill or scooped out the white flour from +the trough at the bottom. Another man sifted the flour and the breeze +blew the white dust over his bare arms. Some of the ovens were smoking +and glowing with fresh fire. Others were shut, with the browning bread +inside, and a good smell hung in the air. And out in front was a little +shop where the master sold the thin loaves and the fancy little cakes.</p> + +<p>In the hundreds of houses and shops of this little town the excavators +have found bronze tables and lamps and lamp stands and wine jars and +kitchen pots and pans and spoons and glass vases and silver cups and +gold hairpins and jewelry and ivory combs and bronze strigils and +mirrors and several statues of bronze and marble. But where they +had hoped to find thousands of precious things they have found only +hundreds. Many pedestals are empty of their statues. Here and there the +very paintings have been cut from the walls. Those are the pictures we +should most like to see. How beautiful could they have been?</p> + +<p>"Evidently men came back soon after the eruption," say the excavators. +"The tops of their ruined houses must have stood up above the ashes. +They dug down and rescued their most precious things. We have even found +broken places in walls where we think men dug tunnels from one house to +another. That is why the temple and market place have so few statues. +That is why we find so little jewelry and money and dishes. But we have +enough. The city is our treasure."</p> + +<p>One rich find they did make, however. There was a pleasant farmhouse out +of town on the slope of Vesuvius. Evidently the man who owned it had +a vineyard and an olive grove and grain fields. For there are olive +presses and wine presses and a great court full of vats for making wine +and a floor for threshing wheat and a mill for grinding flour and a +stable and a wide courtyard that must have held many carts. And there +are bathrooms and many pleasant rooms besides. In the room with the wine +presses was a stone cistern for storing the fresh grape juice. Here +the excavators found a treasure and a mystery. In this cistern lay the +skeleton of a man. With him were a thousand pieces of gold money, some +gold jewelry, and a wonderful dinner set of silver dishes. There are a +hundred and three pieces--plates, platters, cups, bowls. And every one +has beaten up from it beautiful designs of flowers and people. An artist +must have made them, and a rich man must have bought them. How did they +come here in this farmhouse? They must have been meant for a nobleman's +table. Had some thief stolen them and hidden here, only to be caught +by the volcano? Did some rich lady of the city have this farm for her +country place? And had she sent her treasure here to escape when the +volcano burst forth? At any rate here it lay for eighteen hundred years. +And now it is in a museum in Paris, far from its old owner's home.</p> + +<p>In this buried city we find the houses in which men lived, the pictures +they loved, the food they ate, the jewels they wore, the cups they drank +from. But what of the people themselves? Were they real men and women? +How did they look? Did they all escape? Not all, for many skeletons have +been found here and there through the city--in the market place, in the +streets, in the houses. And sometimes the excavators have found still +stranger, sadder things. Often as a man has been digging in the +hard-packed ashes, his spade has struck into a hole. Then he has called +the chief excavator.</p> + +<p>"Let us see what it is," the excavator has said, "Perhaps it will be +something interesting."</p> + +<p>So they have mixed plaster and poured it into the hole. They have given +it a little time to harden and then have dug away the ashes from around +it. In that way they have made a plaster cast just the shape of the +hole. And several times when they have uncovered their cast they have +found it to be the form of a man or woman or child. Perhaps the person +had been hurrying through the street and had stumbled and fallen. The +gases had choked him, the ashes had slowly covered him. Under the +moistening rain and the pressure of all the hundreds of years the ashes +had hardened almost to stone. Meantime the body had decayed and had sunk +down into a handful of dust. But the hardened ashes still stood firm +around the space where the body had been. When this hole was filled with +plaster, the cast took just the form of the one who had been buried +there so long ago--the folds of his clothes, the ring on his finger, the +girl's knot of hair, the negro slave's woolly head. So we can really +look upon the faces of some of the ancient people of Pompeii. And in +another way we can learn the names of many of them.</p> + +<p>One of the streets that leads out from the wall is called the "Street of +Tombs." It is the ancient burying ground. You will walk along the paved +street between rows of monuments. Some will be like great square altars +of marble beautifully carved. Some will be tall platforms with steps +leading up. There will be marble benches where you may sit and think of +the old Pompeians who were twice buried in their beautiful tombs. And +there on the marble monument you will see their names carved in old +Latin letters, and kind things that their friends said about them. There +are:</p> + +<p>Marcus Cerrinius Restitutus; Aulus Veius, who was several times an +officer of the city; Mamia, a priestess; Marcus Porcius; Numerius +Istacidius and his wife and daughter and others of his family, all in +a great tomb standing on a high platform; Titus Terentius Felix, whose +wife, Fabia Sabina, built his tomb; Tyche, a slave; Aulus Umbricius +Scaurus, whose statue was set up in the market place to do him honor; +Gaius Calventius Quietus, who was given a seat of honor at the theater +on account of his generosity; Nævoleia Tyche, who had once been a slave, +but who had been freed, had married, and grown wealthy and had slaves of +her own; Gnæus Vibius Saturninus, whose freedman built his tomb; Marcus +Arrius Diomedes, a freedman; Numerius Velasius Gratus, twelve years old; +Salvinus, six years old; and many another.</p> + +<p>After seeing the tombs and houses and shops you will leave that little +city, I think, feeling that the people of ancient times were much like +us, that men and mountains have done wonderful things in this old world, +that it is good to know how people of other times lived and worked and +died. </p> +<br><br> + +<a name="PICTURES_OF_POMPEII"></a> +<br><br> + +<center> +<h2>PICTURES OF POMPEII</h2></center> +<br><br> +<a name="01"></a> +<br><br> +<h3> +A ROMAN BOY.</h3> +<p>This statue, now in the Metropolitan Museum, was found at Pompeii. +Probably Caius was dressed just like this, and carried such a stick when +he played in his father's courtyard.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="01.jpg (109K)" src="01.jpg" height="995" width="672"> +</center> +<br><br> + + +<br><br> +<a name="02"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>THE CITY OF NAPLES, WITH MOUNT VESUVIUS ACROSS THE BAY.</h3> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="02.jpg (148K)" src="02.jpg" height="676" width="915"> +</center> +<br><br> + + +<br><br> +<a name="03"></a> +<br><br> +<h3> +VESUVIUS IN ERUPTION, FROM AN AIRPLANE.</h3> +<p>Nowadays men know from history what may happen when Vesuvius wakes. But +in 79 A.D., when Pompeii was buried, the mountain had slept for hundreds +of years, and no man knew that an eruption might bury a city.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="03.jpg (94K)" src="03.jpg" height="908" width="582"> +</center> +<br><br> + + +<br><br> +<a name="04"></a> +<br><br> +<h3> +POMPEII FROM AN AIRPLANE.</h3> +<p>The roofs are all gone and all the partitions inside the houses show. +That is why it all looks so crowded and confused. But if you study it +carefully you can see some interesting things. The big open space is +the forum. It is about five hundred feet long, running northeast and +southwest. South of it is the temple of Apollo. North of it, where you +see the bases of columns in a circle, was the market. Next to the market +is the place where the gods of the city were worshipped. The broad +street beside the forum running southeast is the one down which Ariston +fled. Then he turned into the forum, ran out the gate near the lower end +into the steep street that runs southwest and ends at a city gate near +the sea. NOLA STREET AND THE TEMPLE OF FORTUNE.</p> + +<p>You must imagine this temple with an altar in front, a broad flight of +steps, and a portico of beautiful columns. You can see the street paved +with blocks of lava, the deep wheel ruts, and the stepping stones for +rainy weather.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="04.jpg (187K)" src="04.jpg" height="905" width="656"> +</center> +<br><br> + + +<br><br> +<a name="05"></a> +<br><br> +<h3> +THE STABIAN GATE.</h3> +<p>Pompeii was surrounded by two high walls fifteen feet apart, with earth +between. An embankment of earth was piled up inside also. This is one of +the eight gates in the wall. +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="05.jpg (62K)" src="05.jpg" height="420" width="659"> +</center> +<br><br> + + +<br><br> +<a name="07"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>IN THE STREET OF TOMBS.</h3> +<p>On the tomb of Nævoleia Tyche was a carving of a ship gliding into port, +the sailors furling the sails. Within this tomb is a chamber where +funeral urns stand, containing the ashes of Tyche and her husband, and +of the slaves they had freed. Pompeians always burned the bodies of the +dead.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="07.jpg (111K)" src="07.jpg" height="664" width="864"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="08"></a> +<br><br> +<h3> +THE AMPHITHEATER.</h3> +<p>Like other Roman towns, Pompeii had an amphitheater. Here twenty +thousand people could come and watch the gladiators fight in pairs till +one was killed. Then the dead body was dragged off, and another pair +appeared and fought. Sometimes the gladiators were prisoners captured in +war, like the famous Spartacus; sometimes they were slaves; sometimes +criminals condemned to death. Sometimes a man was pitted against a wild +beast; sometimes two wild beasts fought each other. The amphitheater had +no roof. Vesuvius, with its column of smoke, was in plain view from the +seats. There was a great awning to protect the spectators. The lower +seats were for officials and distinguished people; for the middle rows +there was an admission fee; all the upper seats were free.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="08.jpg (65K)" src="08.jpg" height="417" width="661"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="09"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>RUINS OF THE GREAT STABIAN BATHS.</h3> +<p>A few large houses had baths of their own, but most people went every +day to a great public bath which was a very gay place. This open court +which you see, was for games. +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="09.jpg (68K)" src="09.jpg" height="408" width="662"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="10"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>THE RUINED TEMPLE OF APOLLO.</h3> +<p>The temple was built on a high foundation. A broad flight of steps led +up to it, with an altar at the foot. There was a porch all round it held +up by a row of columns. Some of the columns have stood up through all +the earthquakes and eruptions of two thousand years. Inside the porch +was a small room for the statue of Apollo. In the paved court around +this temple were many altars and statues of the gods. This was at one +time the most important temple in Pompeii.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="10.jpg (83K)" src="10.jpg" height="507" width="661"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="11"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>THE SCHOOL OF THE GLADIATORS.</h3> +<p>In this large open court the gladiators had their training and practice. +In small cells around the court they lived. They were kept under close +guard, for they were dangerous men. Sixty-three skeletons were found +here, many of them in irons. +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="11.jpg (79K)" src="11.jpg" height="417" width="662"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="12"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>THE SMALLER THEATER.</h3> +<p>Pompeii had two theaters for plays and music, besides the amphitheater +where the gladiators fought. The smaller theater, unlike the others, had +a roof. It seated fifteen hundred people. We think perhaps contests in +music were held here. +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="12.jpg (159K)" src="12.jpg" height="653" width="884"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="13"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>A SACRIFICE.</h3> +<p>A boar, a ram, and a bull are to be killed, and a part of the flesh is +to be burned on the altar to please the gods. +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="13.jpg (157K)" src="13.jpg" height="442" width="945"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="63d"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>A SCENE IN THE FORUM.</h3> +<p>On the walls of a room in a house in Pompeii men found this picture, +showing how interesting the life of the forum was. At the left is a +table where a man has kitchen utensils for sale. But he is dreaming and +does not see a customer coming. So his friend is waking him up. Near him +is a shoemaker selling sandals to some women.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="63d.jpg (53K)" src="63d.jpg" height="328" width="628"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="63b"></a> +<br><br> +<h3> +IVORY HAIRPINS.</h3> +<p>Underneath are two ivory toilet boxes. One was probably for perfumed +oil.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="63b.jpg (16K)" src="63b.jpg" height="295" width="300"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="63c"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>APPLIANCES FOR THE BATH.</h3> +<p>These were found hanging in a ring in one of the great public baths. You +see a flask for oil, a saucer to pour the oil into, and four scrapers to +scrape off the oil and dirt before a plunge. +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="63c.jpg (18K)" src="63c.jpg" height="386" width="239"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="14"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>PERISTYLE OF THE HOUSE OF THE VETTII.</h3> +<p>With the columns and tables and statues that were found, this court has +been built on the site of an old ruined villa. Flowers bloom and the +fountain plays in it to-day just as they did over two thousand years +ago. There are wall paintings in the shadows at the back. The little +boys holding the ducks must look very much like Caius when he was a +little boy. When he went to the farm in the hills for a hot summer, he +had ducks to play with; here are statues to remind him, in the winter +time, of what fun that was.</p> + +<p>A garden like this, not generally so large, was laid out <i>inside</i> every +important house in Pompeii. The family rooms surrounded it. These rooms +received most of their light and air from this garden. Caius was lying +on a couch in a garden like this, when the shower of pebbles suddenly +began. Ariston was painting the walls of a room that overlooked the +garden.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="14.jpg (117K)" src="14.jpg" height="525" width="819"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="15"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>LADY PLAYING A HARP.</h3> +<p>This is part of a beautiful wall painting in a Pompeian house, the sort +of painting that Ariston was making when the volcano burst forth. See +how much the little boy looks like his mother, and what beautiful bands +they both have in their hair. Chairs like this one have been found in +the ruins, and the same design is on many other pieces of furniture.</p> + +<p>The Metropolitan Museum owns the complete wall paintings for a Pompeian +room. They are put up just as they were in Pompeii. There is even an +iron window grating. A beautiful table from Pompeii stands in the +center. The room is one of the gayest in the whole museum, with its rich +reds and bright yellows, greens, and blues. +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="15.jpg (121K)" src="15.jpg" height="687" width="672"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="16"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>KITCHEN OF THE HOUSE OF THE VETTII.</h3> +<p>In this house the cook must have been in the kitchen, just ready to go +to work when he had to flee. He left the pot on a tripod on a bed of +coals, ready for use. You can see an arched opening underneath the +fireplace. This was where the cook kept his fuel. The small size of +the kitchens shows that the Pompeians were not great gluttons. +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="16.jpg (96K)" src="16.jpg" height="777" width="507"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="67a"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>KITCHEN UTENSILS.</h3> +<p>These kettles and frying pans and ladles are made of bronze, an alloy of +copper and tin. They look very much like our kitchen furnishings.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="67a.jpg (120K)" src="67a.jpg" height="844" width="713"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="centaur"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>CENTAUR CUP.</h3> +<p>Some rich Pompeian had a pair of beautiful silver cups with graceful +handles. The design was made in hammered silver, and showed centaurs +talking to cupids that are sitting on their backs. A centaur was half +man, half horse.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="centaur.jpg (25K)" src="centaur.jpg" height="214" width="430"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="17"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>THE HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET (restored).</h3> +<p>From the ruins and from ancient books, men know almost all the rooms of +a Pompeian house. So they have pictured this one as it was before the +disaster, with its many beautiful wall paintings, its mosaic floors, its +tiled roofs. If you can imagine these two halves fitted together, and +yourself inside, you can visit one of the most attractive houses in +Pompeii. Do you see how the tiled roof slants downward from four sides +to a rectangular opening in the highest part of the house? Below this +opening was a shallow basin into which the rainwater fell. This basin +was in the center of the atrium, the most important room in the house. +The walls of this room were painted with scenes from the Trojan war. +This is the house which has the mosaic picture of a dog on the floor of +the long entrance hall (see next page). On each side of the hall, facing +the street, are large rooms for shops, where, doubtless, the owner +conducted his business. He was not a "Tragic Poet." Some people think he +was a goldsmith. On each side of the atrium were sleeping rooms. Can you +see that the doors are very high with a grating at the top to let in +light and air? Windows were few and small, and generally the rooms took +light and air from the inside courts rather than from outside. Back of +the atrium was a large reception room with bedrooms on each side. And +back of this was a large open court, or garden, with a colonnade on +three sides and a solid wall at the back. Opening on this garden was a +large dining room with beautiful wall paintings, a tiny kitchen, and +some sleeping rooms. This house had stairways and second story rooms +over the shops. This seems to us a very comfortable homelike house.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="17.jpg (76K)" src="17.jpg" height="429" width="664"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="18"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>THE HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET (as it looks to-day).</h3> +<p>Here you see the shallow basin in the floor of the atrium. This basin +had two outlets. You can see the round cistern mouth near the pool. +There was also an outlet to the street to carry off the overflow. At the +back of the garden you can see a shrine to the household gods. At every +meal a portion was set aside in little dishes for the gods. +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="18.jpg (73K)" src="18.jpg" height="437" width="661"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="19"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>MOSAIC OF WATCH DOG.</h3> +<p>From the vestibule of the House of the Tragic Poet. It says loudly, +"Beware the dog!" Pictures and patterns made of little pieces of +polished stone like this are called mosaic. Sometimes American +vestibules are tiled in a simple mosaic. Wouldn't it be fun if they had +such exciting pictures as this? A real dog, or two or three, probably +was standing inside the door, chained, or held by slaves. +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="19.jpg (118K)" src="19.jpg" height="822" width="517"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="20"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>THE HOUSE OF DIOMEDE.</h3> +<p>There was a wine cellar under the colonnade. Here were twenty skeletons; +two, children. Near the door were found skeletons of two men. One had a +large key, doubtless the key of this door. He wore a gold ring and was +carrying a good deal of money. He was probably the master of the house. +Evidently the family thought at first that the wine cellar would be a +safe place, but when they found that it was not so, the master took one +slave and started out to find a way to escape. But they all perished.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="20.jpg (159K)" src="20.jpg" height="664" width="878"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="21"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>RUINS OF A BAKERY, WITH MILLSTONES.</h3> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="21.jpg (75K)" src="21.jpg" height="422" width="666"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="22"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>SECTION OF A MILL.</h3> +<p>If one of the mills that were found in the bakery were sawed in two, it +would look like this. You can see where the baker's man poured in the +wheat, and where the flour dropped down, and the heavy timbers fastened +to the upper millstone to turn it by.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="22.jpg (103K)" src="22.jpg" height="741" width="686"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="23"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>PORTRAIT OF LUCIUS CÆCILIUS JUCUNDUS.</h3> +<p>This Lucius was an auctioneer who had set free one of his slaves, Felix. +Felix, in gratitude, had this portrait of his master cast in bronze. +It stood on a marble pillar in the atrium of the house.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="23.jpg (44K)" src="23.jpg" height="709" width="341"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="24"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>BRONZE CANDLEHOLDER.</h3> +<p>It is the figure of the Roman God Silenus. He was the son of Pan, and +the oldest of the satyrs, who were supposed to be half goat. Can you +find the goat's horns among his curls? He was a rollicking old satyr, +very fond of wine, always getting into mischief. The grape design at the +base of the little statue, and the snake supporting the candleholder, +both are symbols of the sileni.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="24.jpg (74K)" src="24.jpg" height="1134" width="534"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="25"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>THE DANCING FAUN.</h3> +<p>In one of the largest and most elegant houses in Pompeii, on the floor +of the atrium, or principal room of the house, men found in the ashes +this bronze statue of a dancing faun. Doesn't he look as if he loved +to dance, snapping his fingers to keep time? Although this great house +contained on the floor of one room the most famous of ancient mosaic +pictures, representing Alexander the Great in battle, and although it +contains many other fine mosaics, it was named from this statue, the +House of the Faun, Casa del Fauno.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="25.jpg (58K)" src="25.jpg" height="1162" width="554"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="26"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>HERMES IN REPOSE.</h3> +<p>This bronze statue was found in Herculaneum, the city on the other slope +of Vesuvius which was buried in liquid mud. This mud has become solid +rock, from sixty to one hundred feet deep so that excavation is very +difficult, and the city is still for the most part buried.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="26.jpg (108K)" src="26.jpg" height="1112" width="841"> +</center> +<br><br> +<br><br> + + +<a name="27"></a> +<br><br> +<h3>THE ARCH OF NERO.</h3> +<p>The visitors to-day are walking where Caius walked so long ago on the +same paving stones. The three stones were set up to keep chariots out of +the forum.</p> +<br><br> +<center> +<img alt="27.jpg (109K)" src="27.jpg" height="903" width="662"> +</center> +<br><br> + + +<br><hr><br> + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Buried Cities, Volume 1, by Jennie Hall + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURIED CITIES, VOLUME 1 *** + +This file should be named 8bct110h.htm or 8bct110h.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, 8bct111h.htm +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, 8bct110ah.htm + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, David Widger and PG Distributed Proofreaders + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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