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diff --git a/9399.txt b/9399.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..77f2ffd --- /dev/null +++ b/9399.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1062 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Roman Lawyer in Jerusalem, by W. W. Story + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A Roman Lawyer in Jerusalem + First Century + +Author: W. W. Story + +Posting Date: February 16, 2013 [EBook #9399] +Release Date: November, 2005 +First Posted: September 29, 2003 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A ROMAN LAWYER IN JERUSALEM *** + + + + +Produced by Ted Garvin, Danny Wool and PG Distributed Proofreaders + + + + + + + + + + A Roman Lawyer in Jerusalem + + First Century + + By + + W.W. Story + + + + + + A ROMAN LAWYER IN JERUSALEM + + + Marcus, abiding in Jerusalem, + Greeting to Caius, his best friend in Rome! + _Salve!_ these presents will be borne to you + By Lucius, who is wearied with this place, + Sated with travel, looks upon the East + As simply hateful--blazing, barren, bleak, + And longs again to find himself in Rome, + After the tumult of its streets, its trains + Of slaves and clients, and its villas cool + With marble porticoes beside the sea, + And friends and banquets--more than all, its games-- + This life seems blank and flat. He pants to stand + In its vast circus all alive with heads + And quivering arms and floating robes--the air + Thrilled by the roaring _fremitus_ of men-- + The sunlit awning heaving overhead, + Swollen and strained against its corded veins + And flapping out its hem with loud report-- + The wild beasts roaring from the pit below-- + The wilder crowd responding from above + With one long yell that sends the startled blood + With thrill and sudden flush into the cheeks-- + A hundred trumpets screaming--the dull thump + Of horses galloping across the sand-- + The clang of sabbards, the sharp clash of steel-- + Live swords, that whirl a circle of grey fire-- + Brass helmets flashing 'neath their streaming hair-- + A universal tumult--then a hush + Worse than the tumult--all eyes staining down + To the arena's pit--all lips set close-- + All muscles strained--and then that sudden yell, + _Habet!_--That's Rome, says Lucius! so it is! + That is, 'tis _his_ Rome--'tis not yours and mine. + + And yet, great Jupiter here at my side, + He stands with face aside as if he saw + The games he thus describes, and says, "That's life! + Life! life! my friend, and this is simply death! + Ah! for my Rome!" I jot his very words + Just as he utters them. I hate these games, + And Darius knows it, yet he will go on, + And all against my will he stirs my blood-- + I suspend my letter for a while. + + A walk has calmed me--I begin again-- + Letting this last page, since it is written, stand. + Lucius is going: you will see him soon + In our great Forum, there with him will walk, + And hear him rail and rave against the East. + I stay behind--for these bare silences, + These hills that in the sunset melt and burn, + This proud stern people, these dead seas and lakes, + These sombre cedars, this intense still sky, + To me, o'erwearied with life's din and strain, + Are grateful as the solemn blank of night + After the fierce day's irritant excess; + Besides, a deep absorbing interest + Detains me here, fills up my mind, and sways + My inmost thoughts--has got, as 'twere a gripe + Upon my very life, as strange as new. + I scarcely know how well to speak of this, + Fearing your raillery at best--at worst + Even your contempt; yet, spite of all, I speak. + + First, do not deem me to have lost my head, + Sunstruck, as that man Paulus was at Rome. + No, I am sane as ever, and my pulse + Beats even, with no fever in my blood. + And yet I half incline to think his words, + Wild as they were, were not entirely wild. + Nay, shall I dare avow it? I half tend, + Here in this place, surrounded by these men-- + Despite the jeering natural at first, + And then the pressure of my life-long thought + Trained up against it--to excuse his faith, + And half admit the Christus he thinks God + Is, at the least, a most mysterious man. + Bear with me if I now avow so much: + When next we meet I will expose my mind, + But now the subject I must scarcely touch. + + How many a time, while sauntering up and down + The Forum's space, or pausing 'neath the shade + Of some grand temple, arch, or portico, + Have we discussed some knotty point of law, + Some curious case, whose contradicting facts + Looked Janus-faced to innocence and guilt. + I see you now arresting me, to note + With quiet fervor and uplifted hand + Some subtle view or fact by me o'erlooked, + And urging me, who always strain my point + (Being too much, I know, a partisan), + To pause, and press not to the issue so, + But more apart, with less impetuous zeal, + Survey as from an upper floor the facts. + + I need you now to rein me in, too quick + To ride a whim beyond the term of Truth, + For here a case comes up to which in vain + I seek a clue: you could clear up my mind, + But you are absent--so I send these notes. + + The case is of one Judas, Simon's son, + Iscariot called--a Jew--and one of those + Who followed Christus, held by some a god, + But deemed by others to have preached and taught + A superstition vile, of which one point + Was worship of an ass; but this is false! + Judas, his follower, all the sect declare, + Bought by a bribe of thirty silver coins, + Basely betrayed his master unto death. + The question is--Did Judas, doing this, + Act from base motives and commit a crime? + Or, all things taken carefully in view, + Can he be justified in what he did? + + Here on the spot, surrounded by the men + Who acted in the drama, I have sought + To study out this strange and tragic case. + Many are dead--as Herod, Caiaphas, + And also Pilate--a most worthy man, + Under whose rule, but all without his fault, + And, as I fancy, all against his will, + Christus was crucified. This I regret: + His words with me would have the greatest weight; + But Lysias still is living, an old man, + The chief of the Centurions, whose report + Is to be trusted, as he saw and heard, + Not once, but many a time and oft, this man. + His look and bearing, Lysias thus describes: + "Tall, slender, not erect, a little bent; + Brows arched and dark; a high-ridged lofty head; + Thin temples, veined and delicate; large eyes, + Sad, very serious, seeming as it were + To look beyond you, and whene'er he spoke + Illumined by an inner lamping light-- + At times, too, gleaming with a strange wild fire + When taunted by the rabble in the streets; + A Jewish face, complexion pale but dark; + Thin, high-art nostrils, quivering constantly; + Long nose, full lips, hands tapering, full of veins; + His movements nervous; as he walked he seemed + Scarcely to heed the persons whom he passed, + And for the most part gazed upon the ground. + + "As for his followers, I knew them all-- + A strange mad set and full of fancies wild-- + John, Peter, James--and Judas best of all-- + All seemed to me good men without offence-- + A little crazed--but who is wholly sane? + They went about and cured the sick and halt, + And gave away their money to the poor, + And all their talk was charity and peace. + If Christus thought and said he was a god, + 'Twas harmless madness, not deserving death. + What most aroused the wealthy Rabbis' rage + Was that he set the poor against the rich, + And cried that rich men all would go to hell, + And, worst of all, roundly denounced the priests, + With all their rich phylacteries and robes-- + Said they were hypocrites who made long prayers, + And robbed poor widows and devoured their means; + And were at best but whited sepulchres: + And this it was that brought him to the Cross. + + "Those who went with him and believed in him + Were mostly dull, uneducated men, + Simple and honest, dazed by what he did, + And misconceiving every word he said. + He led them with him in a spell-bound awe, + And all his cures they called miraculous. + They followed him like sheep where'er he went, + With feelings mixed of wonder, fear and love. + Yes! I suppose they loved him, though they fled + Stricken with fear when we arrested him." + + "What! all--all fled?" I asked. "Did none remain?" + "Not one," he said--"all left him to his fate, + Not one dared own he was a follower-- + Not one gave witness for him of them all. + Stop! When I say not one of them, I mean + No one but Judas--Judas whom they call + The traitor--who betrayed him to his death. + He rushed into the council-hall and cried, + ''Tis I have sinned--Christus is innocent.'" + + And here I come to what of all I've heard + Most touched me--I for this my letter write. + Paulus, you know, had only for this man, + This Judas, words of scorn and bitter hate. + Mark now the different view that Lysias took, + When, urged by me, his story thus he told: + + "Some say that Judas was a base, vile man + Who sold his master for the meanest bribe; + Others again insist he was most right, + Giving to justice one who merely sought + To overthrow the Church, subvert the law, + And on its ruins build himself a throne. + I, knowing Judas--and none better knew-- + I, caring naught for Christus more than him, + But hating lies, the simple truth will tell, + No man can say I ever told a lie-- + I am too old now to begin. Besides, + The truth is truth, and let the truth be told. + Judas, I say, alone of all the men + Who followed Christus thought that he was God. + Some feared him for his power of miracles; + Some were attracted by a sort of spell; + Some followed him to hear his sweet, clear voice + And gentle speaking, hearing with their ears, + And knowing not the sense of what he said-- + But one alone believed he was the Lord, + The true Messiah of the Jews. That one + Was Judas--he alone of all the crowd. + + "He to betray his master for a bribe! + He last of all. I say this friend of mine + Was brave when all the rest were cowards there. + His was a noble nature: frank and bold, + Almost to rashness bold, yet sensitive, + Who took his dreams for firm realities-- + Who once believing, all in all believed-- + Rushing at obstacles and scorning risk, + Ready to venture all to gain his end, + No compromise or subterfuge for him, + His act went from his thought straight to the butt; + Yet with this ardent and impatient mood + Was joined a visionary mind that took + Impressions quick and fine, yet deep as life. + Therefore it was that in this subtle soil + The master's words took root and grew and flowered. + He heard and followed and obeyed; his faith + was serious, earnest, real--winged to fly; + He doubted not, like some who walked with him-- + Desired no first place, as did James and John-- + Denied him not with Peter: not to him + His master said, 'Away! thou'rt an offence; + Get thee behind me, Satan!'--not to him, + 'Am I so long with ye who know me not?' + Fixed as a rock, untempted by desires + To gain the post of honor when his Lord + Should come to rule--chosen from out the midst + Of six-score men as his apostle--then + Again selected to the place of trust, + Unselfish, honest, he among them walked. + + "That he was honest, and was so esteemed, + Is plain from this--they chose him out of all + To bear the common purse, and take and pay. + John says he was a thief, because he grudged + The price that for some ointment once was paid, + And urged 'twere better given to the poor. + But did not Christus ever for the poor + Lift up his voice--'Give all things to the poor! + Sell everything and give all to the poor!' + And Judas, who believed, not made believe, + Used his own words, and Christus, who excused + The gift because of love, rebuked him not. + Thief! ay, he 'twas, this very thief, they chose + To bear the purse and give alms to the poor. + I, for my part, see nothing wrong in this." + + "But why, if Judas was a man like this, + Frank, noble, honest"--here I interposed-- + "Why was it that he thus betrayed his Lord?" + + "This question oft did I revolve," said he, + "When all the facts were fresh, and oft revolved + In latter days, and with no change of mind; + And this is my solution of the case: + + "Daily he heard his master's voice proclaim, + 'I am the Lord! the Father lives in me! + Who knoweth me knows the eternal God! + He who believes in me shall never die! + No! he shall see me with my angels come + With power and glory here upon the earth + To judge the quick and dead! Among you here + Some shall not taste of death before I come + God's kingdom to establish on the earth!' + + "What meant these words? They seethed in Judas' soul. + Here is my God--Messias, King of kings, + Christus, the Lord--the Saviour of us all. + How long shall he be taunted and reviled, + And threatened by this crawling scum of men? + Oh, who shall urge the coming of that day + When he in majesty shall clothe himself + And stand before the astounded world its King?' + Long brooding over this inflamed his soul, + And, ever rash in schemes as wild in thought, + At last he said, 'No longer will I bear + This ignominy heaped upon my Lord. + No man hath power to harm the Almighty One. + Ay, let men's hands be lifted, then at once, + Effulgent like the sun, swift like the sword, + The jagged lightning flashes from the cloud, + Shall he be manifest--the living God-- + And prostrate all shall on the earth adore!' + + "Such was his thought when at the passover + The Lord with his disciples met and supped: + And Christus saw the trouble in his mind, + And said 'Behold, among you here is one + That shall betray me--he to whom I give + This sop,' and he the sop to Judas gave; + And added--'That thou doest, quickly do;' + And Judas left him, hearing these last words-- + 'Now shall the Son of man be glorified.' + + "Ah yes! his master had divined his thought-- + His master should be glorified through him. + + "Straight unto me and the high priests he came, + Filled with this hope, and said, 'Behold me here, + Judas, a follower of Christus! Come! + I will point out my master whom you seek!' + And out at once they sent me with my band; + And as we went, I said, rebuking him, + 'How, Judas, is it you who thus betray + The Lord and master whom you love, to death?' + And, smiling, then he answered, 'Fear you not + Do you your duty; take no heed of me.' + 'Is not this vile?' I said; 'I had not deemed + Such baseness in you.' 'Though it seems so now,' + Still smiling he replied, 'wait till the end.' + Then turning round as to himself he said, + 'Now comes the hour that I have prayed to see-- + The hour of joy to all who know the truth.' + + "'Is this man mad?' I thought, and looked at him; + And, in the darkness creeping swiftly on, + His face was glowing, almost shone with light; + And rapt as if in visionary thought + He walked beside me, gazing at the sky. + + "Passing at last beyond the Cedron brook + We reached a garden on whose open gate + Dark vines were loosely swinging. Here we paused + And lifted up our torches, and beheld + Against the blank white wall a shadowy group, + There waiting motionless, without a word; + A moment, and with rapid, nervous step + Judas alone advanced, and, as he reached + The tallest figure lifted quick his head; + And crying, 'Master! Master!' kissed his cheek. + We, knowing it was Christus, forward pressed. + Malchus was at my side, when suddenly + A sword flashed out from one among them there, + And sheared his ear. At once our swords flashed out, + But Christus, lifting up his hand, said, 'Peace, + Sheathe thy sword, Peter--I must drink the cup.' + And I cried also, 'Peace, and sheathe your swords,' + Then on his arm I placed my hand, and said, + 'In the law's name.' He nothing said, but reached + His arm out, and we bound his hands with cords. + This done I turned, but all the rest had fled, + And he alone was left to meet his fate. + + "My men I ordered then to take and bear + Their prisoner to the city; and at once + They moved away, I, seeing not our guide, + Cried, 'Judas!' but no answer: then a groan + So sad and deep it startled me. I turned, + And there against the wall, with ghastly face, + And eyeballs starting in a frenzied glare, + As in a fit, lay Judas; his weak arms + Hung lifeless down, his mouth half open twitched, + His hands were clutched and clinched into his robes, + And now and then his breast heaved with a gasp. + Frightened I dashed some water in his face, + Spoke to him, lifted him, and rubbed his hands. + At last the sense came back into his eyes, + Then with a sudden spasm fled again, + And to the ground he dropped. I searched him o'er, + Fearing some mortal wound, yet none I found. + Then with a gasp again the life returned, + And stayed, but still with strong convulsion twitched. + 'Speak, Judas! Speak!' I cried. What does this mean? + No answer! 'Speak, man!' Then at last he groaned. + 'Go, leave me, leave me, Lysias. Oh, my God! + What have I done? Oh, Christus! Master, Lord. + Forgive me, oh, forgive me!' Then a cry + Of agony that pierced me to the heart, + As groveling on the ground he turned away + And hid his face, and shuddered in his robes. + Was this the man whose face an hour ago + Shone with a joy so strange? What means it all? + Is this a sudden madness? 'Speak!' I cried. + 'What means this, Judas? Be a man and speak?' + Yet there he lay, and neither moved nor spoke. + I thought that he had fainted, till at last, + Sudden he turned, grasped my arm, and cried, + 'Say, Lysias, is this true, or am I mad?' + 'What true?' I said. 'True that you seized the Lord! + You could not seize him--he is God the Lord! + I thought I saw you seize him. Yet I know + That was impossible, for he is God! + And yet you live--you live. He spared you, then. + Where am I? what has happened? A black cloud + Came o'er me when you laid your hands on him. + Where are they all? Where is he? Lysias, speak?' + + "'Judas,' I said, 'what folly is all this? + Christus my men have bound and borne away! + The rest have fled. Rouse now and come with me; + My men await me, rouse yourself and come!' + + "Throwing his arms up, in a fit he fell, + With a loud shriek that pierced the silent night. + I could not stay, but, calling instant aid, + We bore him quick to the adjacent house. + And placing him in kindly charge, I left, + Joining my men who stayed for me below. + + "Straight to the high priest's house we hurried on, + And Christus in an inner room we placed, + Set at his door a guard, and then came out. + After a time there crept into the hall + Where round the blazing coals we sat, a man, + Who in the corner crouched. 'What man are you?' + Cried some one; and I turning, looked at him. + 'Twas Peter. ''Tis a fellow of that band + That followed Christus, and believed in him.' + ''Tis false!' cried Peter; and he cursed and swore. + 'I know him not--I never saw the man.' + But I said nothing. Soon he went away. + + "That night I saw not Judas. The next day, + Ghastly, clay-white, a shadow of a man, + With robes all soiled and torn, and tangled beard, + Into the chamber where the council sat + Came feebly staggering: scarce should I have known + 'Twas Judas, with that haggard, blasted face: + So had that night's great horror altered him. + As one all blindly walking in a dream + He to the table came--against it leaned-- + Glared wildly round a while; then, stretching forth, + from his torn robes, a trembling hand, flung down, + As if a snake had stung him, a small purse, + That broke and scattered its white coins about, + And, with a shrill voice, cried, 'Take back the purse + 'Twas not for that foul dross I did the deed-- + 'Twas not for that--oh, horror! not for that! + But that I did believe he was the Lord; + And that he is the Lord I still believe. + But oh, the sin!--the sin! I have betrayed + The innocent blood, and I am lost!--am lost!' + So crying, round his face his robes he threw, + And blindly rushed away; and we, aghast, + Looked round--and no one for a moment spoke. + + "Seeing that face, I could but fear the end; + For death was in it, looking through his eyes. + Nor could I follow to arrest the fate + That drove him madly on with scorpion whip. + + "At last the duty of the day was done, + And night came on. Forth from the gates I went, + Anxious and pained by many a dubious thought, + To seek for Judas, and to comfort him. + The sky was dark with heavy lowering clouds; + A lifeless, stifling air weighed on the world; + A dreadful silence like a nightmare lay + Crouched on its bosom, waiting, grim and grey. + In horrible suspense of some dread thing. + A creeping sense of death, a sickening smell, + Infected the dull breathing of the wind. + A thrill of ghosts went by me now and then, + And made my flesh creep as I wandered on. + At last I came to where a cedar stretched + Its black arms out beneath a dusky rock, + And, passing through its shadow, all at once + I started; for against the dubious light + A dark and heavy mass that to and fro + Slung slowly with its weight, before me grew. + A sick dread sense came over me; I stopped-- + I could not stir. A cold and clammy sweat + Oozed out all over me; and all my limbs, + Bending with tremulous weakness like a child's, + Gave way beneath me. Then a sense of shame + Aroused me. I advanced, stretched forth my hand + And pushed the shapeless mass; and at my touch + It yielding swung--the branch above it creaked-- + And back returning struck against my face. + A human body! Was it dead or not? + Swiftly my sword I drew and cut it down, + And on the sand all heavily it dropped. + I plucked the robes away, exposed the face-- + 'Twas Judas, as I feared, cold, stiff, and dead; + That suffering heart of his had ceased to beat." + + Thus Lysias spoke, and ended. I confess + This story of poor Judas touched me much. + What horrible revulsions must have passed + Across that spirit in those few last hours! + What storms, that tore up life even to its roots! + Say what you will--grant all the guilt--and still + What pangs of dread remorse--what agonies + Of desperate repentance, all too late, + In that wild interval between the crime + And its last sad atonement!--life, the while, + Laden with horror all too great to bear, + And pressing madly on to death's abyss; + This was no common mind that thus could feel-- + No vulgar villain sinning for reward! + + _Was_ he a villain lost to sense of shame? + Ay, so say John and Peter and the rest; + And yet--and yet this tale that Lysias tells + Weighs with me more the more I ponder it; + For thus I put it: Either Judas was, + As John affirms, a villain and a thief, + A creature lost to shame and base at heart-- + Or else, which is the view that Lysias takes, + He was a rash and visionary man + Whose faith was firm, who had no thought of crime, + But whom a terrible mistake drove mad. + Take but John's view, and all to me is blind. + Call him a villain who, with greed of gain, + For thirty silver pieces sold his Lord. + Does not the bribe seem all too small and mean? + He held the common purse, and, were he thief, + Had daily power to steal, and lay aside + A secret and accumulating fund; + So doing, he had nothing risked of fame, + While here he braved the scorn of all the world. + Besides, why chose they for their almoner + A man so lost to shame, so foul with greed? + Or why, from some five-score of trusted men, + Choose him as one apostle among twelve? + Or why, if he were known to be so vile, + (And who can hide his baseness at all times?) + Keep him in close communion to the last? + Naught in his previous life, or acts, or words, + Shows this consummate villain that, full-grown, + Leaps all at once to such a height of crime. + + Again, how comes it that this wretch, whose heart + Is eased to shame, flings back the paltry bribe? + And, when he knows his master is condemned, + Rushes in horror out to seek his death? + Whose fingers pointed at him in the crowd? + Did all men flee his presence till he found + Life too intolerable? Nay; not so! + Death came too close upon the heels of crime, + He had but done what all his tribe deemed just: + All the great mass--I mean the upper class-- + The Rabbis, all the Pharisees and Priests + Ay, and the lower mob as well who cried, + "Give us Barabbas! Christus to the cross!" + These men were all of them on Judas's side, + And Judas had done naught against the law. + Were he this villain, he had but to say, + "I followed Christus till I found at last + He aimed at power to overthrow the State. + I did the duty of an honest man. + I traitor! you are traitors who reprove." + Besides, such villains scorn the world's reproof. + + Or he might say--"You call this act a crime? + What crime was it to say I know this man? + I said no ill of him. If crime there be, + 'Twas yours who doomed him unto death, not mine." + A villain was he? So Barabbas was! + But did Barabbas go and hang himself, + Weary of life--the murderer and thief? + This coarse and vulgar way will never do. + Grant him a villain, all his, acts must be + Acts of a villain; if you once admit + Remorse so bitter that it leads to death, + And death so instant on the heels of crime, + You grant a spirit sensitive to shame, + So sensitive that life can yield no joys + To counterbalance one bad act;--but then + A nature such as this, though led astray, + When greatly tempted, is no thorough wretch. + Was the temptation great? could such a bribe + Tempt such a nature to a crime like this? + I say, to me it simply seems absurd. + Peter at least was not so sensitive. + He cursed and swore, denying that he knew + Who the man Christus was; but after all + He only wept--he never hanged himself. + + But take the other view that Lysias takes, + All is at once consistent, clear, complete. + Firm in the faith that Christus was his God + The great Messiah sent to save the world, + He, seeking for a sign--not for himself, + But to show proof to all that he was God + Conceived this plan, rash if you will, but grand. + "Thinking him man," he said, "mere mortal man, + They seek to seize him--I will make pretence + To take the public bribe and point him out, + And they shall go, all armed with swords and staves, + Strong with the power of law, to seize on him-- + And at their touch he, God himself, shall stand + Revealed before them, and their swords drop, + And prostrate all before him shall adore, + And cry, 'Behold the Lord and King of all!'" + But when the soldiers laid their hands on him + And bound him as they would a prisoner vile, + With taunts, and mockery, and threats of death-- + He all the while submitting--then his dream + Burst into fragments with a crash: aghast + The whole world reeled before him; the dread truth + Swooped like a sea upon him, bearing down + His thoughts in wild confusion. He who dreamed + To open the gates of glory to his Lord, + Opened in their stead the prison's jarring door, + And saw above him his dim dream of Love + Change to a Fury stained with blood and crime. + And then a madness seized him, and remorse + With pangs of torture drove him down to death. + + Conceive with me that sad and suffering heart + If this be true that Lysias says--Conceive! + Alas! Orestes, not so sad thy fate, + For the Apollo pardoned, purified-- + Thy Furies were appeased, thy peace returned, + But Judas perished tortured unto death, + Unpardoned, unappeased, unpurified. + And long as Christus shall be known of men + His name shall bear the brand of infamy, + The curse of generations still unborn. + + Thus much of him: I leave the question here, + Touching on naught beyond, for Lucius waits-- + I hear him fuming in the court below, + Cursing his servants and Jerusalem, + And giving them to the infernal gods. + The sun is sinking--all the sky's afire-- + And vale and mountain glow like molten ore + In the intense full splendor of its rays. + A half-hour hence all will be dull and grey; + And Lucius only waits until the shade + Sweeps down the plain then mounts and makes his way + On through the blinding desert to the sea, + And thence his galley bears him on to Rome. + + _Salve et vale!_--may good fortune wait + On you and all your household! 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